M U

Ton cu ha v hi nhp kinh t quc t l mt xu hng tt yu trong s pht trin ca thng mi quc t hin nay. Mi quc gia tham gia vo sn chi ton cu u c c v s c hi to ln pht trin, tuy nhin cng gp nhng thch thc khng nh bi tnh phc tp v s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt. Nhm to iu kin thun li cho thng mi quc t din ra sun s, t do, cng bng v c th d on c, T chc thng mi quc t (WTO) ra i. S ra i ca WTO cng mt lot cc hip nh (GATT, GATS, TRIPS) v cc vn bn c lin quan l mt nn tng php l quan trng cc giao dch thng mi quc t c thc hin d dng. Trong s cc vn bn php l y phi k n hip nh chng bn ph gi (Agreement on Antidumping Practices ADP) mt vn bn c ngha to ln trong vic gii quyt tranh chp v vic bn ph gi, mt hnh ng ph bin xy ra trong thng mi quc t. Chnh v tm quan trng ca vic gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan n bn ph gi v chng bn ph gi, nhm chng ti xin chn ti: Phn tch Hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) vi ngha l LUT CHI ca WTO Ngoi phn m u, kt lun v ti liu tham kho, bi tiu lun gm c 3 phn chnh sau: I. Khi qut chung v bn ph gi v bin php chng bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t II. Hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) III. Tnh hnh bn ph gi trn th gii t khi ADP c hiu lc n nay Mc d c gng nhiu song bi tiu lun ca nhm chng ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu st v hn ch nht nh, rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca c gio cng cc bn. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n!

NI DUNG
I. Khi qut chung v bn ph gi v cc bin php bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t 1. Bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t 1.1. Khi nim Theo nh ngha ca T chc thng mi th gii (WTO), mt sn phm b coi l bn ph gi nu nh gi xut khu ca sn phm c xut khu t mt nc ny sang mt nc khc thp hn mc gi c th so snh c ca sn phm tng t c tiu dng ti nc xut khu theo iu kin thng mi thng thng. Nh vy v bn cht, bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t l hnh vi phn bit gi c: i vi cng mt sn phm hoc sn phm tng t, nhng gi xut khu li thp hn gi tiu th ni a. Theo nh ngha ny, sn phm tng t l sn phm ging ht, tc sn phm c tt c cc c tnh ging vi sn phm ang c xem xt, hoc trong trng hp khng c sn phm no nh vy th l sn phm khc mc d khng ging mi c tnh nhng c nhiu c im gn ging vi sn phm ang c xem xt. Khi nim ny khc vi bn ph gi trong ni a tng nc vn thng c hiu l hnh vi bn hng ho vi gi thp hn gi thnh sn xut ca tng n v sn phm. 1.2. Nguyn nhn C nhiu nguyn nhn dn ti hin tng bn ph gi ca nh sn xut, xut khu. Nhiu trng hp vic bn ph gi c mc ch khng lnh mnh nhm t c nhng li ch nht nh nh:

- Bn ph gi loi b cc i th cnh tranh trn th trng t chim th c quyn; - Bn gi thp ti th trng nc nhp khu chim lnh th phn; - Bn gi thp thu ngoi t mnh trong cc trng hp m nhu cu ngoi t ca doanh nghip tr nn khn cp hay khan him ngoi t ... i khi vic bn ph gi l vic khng mong mun do nh sn xut, xut khu khng th bn c hng, cung vt cu, sn xut b nh tr, sn phm lu kho lu ngy c th b h hi ... nn nh bn ph gi hng ho thu hi mt phn vn. 2. Tc ng ca vic bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t 2.1. i vi nc xut khu Li ch cho doanh nghip tin hnh bn ph gi: - Bn ph gi gip cho nh sn xut c iu kin pht huy ti a nng lc sn xut, kh nng tng li nhun v thm nhp th trng mi; - Khi bn ph gi, cc doanh nghip thc hin bn ph gi c kh nng nh bi i th, loi b dn cc i th cnh tranh v chim lnh th trng nc ngoi. V ty thuc vo kh nng cnh tranh v mc ph gi, c th tr thnh doanh nghip c quyn, c quyn nhm, qua tn dng li th ca doanh nghip c quyn tng li nhun; Tuy nhin, bn ph gi li gy thit hi cho cc doanh nghip khc ti chnh nc xut khu: cc doanh nghip sn xut cng ngnh c th b thit hi v li ch kinh t (thit hi thc t hin ti/ thit hi hay ri ro tim n) do b cc doanh nghip bn ph gi chim lnh mt th phn ti nc nhp khu Trong mt s trng hp, khi doanh nghip bn ph gi khng kim sot c th trng ni a ti nc mnh, vic bn ph gi c th s c tc ng

ngc tr li nc xut khu th hin qua vic nhp khu tr li bn ti chnh th trng nc xut khu. 2.2. i vi nc nhp khu Li ch cho ngi tiu dng ti nc nhp khu: ngi tiu dng c c hi hng li v gi c. Khi c hin tng bn ph gi, cc sn phm b bn ph gi s c gi r hn gi tr thc t ca n hoc thp hn gi bn ti th trng nc xut khu. c bit khi doanh nghip tin hnh bn ph gi v mc ch qung b sn phm v chim lnh th phn ca i th cnh tranh s khin cho ngi tiu dng ti nc xut khu c c hi tip cn nhiu hn vi hng ha nc ngoi vi gi r m cht lng vn c m bo. Tuy nhin, trong di hn, khi chim c th phn ln, doanh nghip bn ph gi s nhanh chng nng gi c ln v khi , ngi tiu dng ti nc nhp khu s chu tc ng tiu cc ca vic nng gi hoc l phi thay i hnh vi tiu dng ca mnh sang tiu dng mt hng khc. Thit hi cho cc nh sn xut nc nhp khu: mt khi sn phm ging hoc tng t nhp khu t cc nc khc vo th trng ni a nc nhp khu, ngay lp tc hoc ch trong mt thi gian, cc nh sn xut ni a nc nhp khu s b mt th phn, b nh hng ti doanh thu, thm ch c th b nh bt ra khi th trng v khng cnh tranh ni v gi c Ngoi ra, vic nh hng ti cc nh sn xut nc nhp khu li tc ng trc tip n lao ng, vic lm nc nhp khu V vy trong phn ln trng hp, bn ph gi c hiu vi ngha tiu cc v hu ht cc nc u c bin php i ph vi hnh vi bn ph gi ca cc nc khc. 3. Bin php chng bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t C 4 nhm bin php chnh c p dng nhm chng li hnh vi bn ph gi trc khi ADP ra i l: 3.1. Bin php s dng thu chng bn ph gi

 chng li bn ph gi cc quc gia s dng cc bin php thu quan, ngay t nm 1904 thu chng bn ph gi c p dng ti Canada. Ti cc nc pht trin khi nim thu chng bn ph gi khng c g xa l trc thi im hip nh chng bn ph gi ADP ra i. Tuy nhin trc khi c ADP mc thu c p mt cch t do, ty thuc vo quan im ch quan ca cc quc gia nn khng to ra tnh minh bch v nghim minh, vic nh thu mang nng tnh cht bo h cc ngnh sn xut trong nc. iu ny gy ra nhng vn nghim trng hn trong thng mi l tr a thng mi gia cc quc gia. Cc bin php chng bn ph gi trc khi c ADP thng p dng mc thu sut cao hn nhiu ln so vi mc thu rng buc nn p dng i vi cc hng ha ny, c th ly v d nh trng hp ca Hoa K. Hoa K p dng mt mc thu chng bn ph gi cao gp 10 ln i vi Trung quc nc chu nh hng xu nht ca cc bin php chng bn ph gi, mc thu chng bn ph gi trung bnh m Trung Quc phi chu trong giai on 1990-1995 ti EU l 38% cn ti M l 104%. 3.2. Bin php tm thi

L bin php do c quan c thm quyn p dng vi cc hng ha b iu tra nhp khu vo nc nhp khu trc khi c quyt nh cui cng v bin php chng bn ph gi nhm hn ch nhng thit hi do hnh vi bn ph gi gy ra. 3.3. Bo m bng tin t cc

Tc l bo m bng tin t cc hoc np mt khon tin tng ng vi mc thu chng bn ph gi tm thi c p. V d nh vic M yu cu cc nh nhp khu tm ti M phi np mt khon tin t cc khi xc inh c hnh vi bn ph gi. 3.4. Bin php cam kt v gi

Cam kt v gi l vic nh sn xut, xut khu cam kt sa i mc gi bn tng gi ln, hoc ngng xut khu ph gi hng ha; tha thun ny thng l t nguyn sau khi c kt lun s b c hnh vi bn ph gi. Vic s dng rng ri cc bin php chng bn ph gi tng ln t nm 1980 v nht l trong nhng nm 1990, s lng cc bin php chng bn ph gi c p dng cng nh s lng hng ha tng ln nhanh chng. L gii cho vic tng ln nhanh chng v s lng cc bin php chng bn ph gi phi k n s thay i trong cn cn thng mi gia cc quc gia, gim bo h bng thu, tng hng nhp khu, m rng ngnh sn xut trong nc II. Phn tch Hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) thy r y l lut chi ca WTO 1. Gii thiu v WTO v lut chi ca WTO WTO l th ch thng mi ton cu ln nht th gii hin nay vi 153 thnh vin (nm 2010). C th ni WTO l mt tp hp tt nht v hon chnh nht hin nay cc quy nh php lut trong thng mi lm nn tng cho hot ng thng mi ton cu. WTO l hin hu ca mt nn thng mi t do, minh bch v cng bng. Nn thng mi t do l iu kin to ra li ch ln nht cho cc quc gia v nguyn tc c bn chi phi nn thng mi t do l nguyn tc li th so snh. Cc loi ro cn thng mi b loi b qu trnh cnh tranh din ra t do. Cc quy lut ca nn thng mi t do c pht huy tt a c bit l quy lut cnh tranh. Ngun lc ca th gii c phn b v s dng c hiu qu cao nht. duy tr c nn thng mi t do , cn phi c mt h thng cc nguyn tc lm nn tng cho cc hot ng n nh, lu di v to cn c buc cc quc gia thnh vin phi tun theo. Cc nguyn tc kin to th ch WTO gm c nguyn tc nc c u i nht (MFN), i x quc gia (NT), c th d on, thng mi ngy cng t do hn thng qua m phn v dnh u i i vi cc nc ang pht trin. Cng vi cc nguyn tc l mt lot

cc hip nh nh Hip nh chung v thng mi v thu quan, Hip nh tr cp, Hip nh chng bn ph gi, Hip nh v cc hng ro k thut v v sinh, kim dch ng thc vt, Hip nh v mua sm ca chnh ph... Tng s cc Hip nh ny c lu gi trong 500 trang cng vi khong 23.000 trang cc cam kt ca cc nc thnh vin. y l mt khi lng s cc quy nh php l v cam kt bo v cho mt nn thng mi t do, minh bch v cng bng ca ton th gii. Quan nim kinh doanh trong iu kin ton cu ho v hi nhp kinh t quc t i hi cc quc gia ch trng n vic tun th cc nguyn tc ca WTO tc l nhng ngi chi trn sn chi WTO phi tun th nghim tc cc lut chi quc t ca WTO trnh lm tn hi li ch ca nhau cng nh li ch ca i tc hoc li ch chung ca tt c cc nc thnh vin trong WTO ng thi phi ti u ho phc li ca c cng ng. 2. Phn tch hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) 2.1. S ra i ca hip nh chng bn ph gi

Hin tng bn ph gi c ngun gc kh sm trong thc tin thng mi quc t. Mc d cn c nhng quan im khc nhau, song php lut cc nc u coi y l mt trong nhng hnh vi thng mi khng lnh mnh. Mt s nc c nhng o lut v chng bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t t rt sm. Trn bnh din quan h thng mi a bin, Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi (GATT) nm 1947 l vn kin php l u tin quy nh v vn ny (iu VI). Nm 1967, cc bn k kt ca GATT tha thun Hip nh v thc hin iu VI ca GATT, thng c gi l B lut chng bn ph gi. Trong vng m phn Tokyo, Hip nh ny c sa i, b sung vo nm 1979. Cui cng, vi kt qu ca Vng m phn Uruguay, vn bn ph gi v bin php chng bn ph gi c iu chnh bi Hip nh v thc hin iu VI ca Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi nm 1994 (sau y gi tt l Hip nh ADP). L mt trong nhng hip nh thng mi a bin ca WTO, Hip nh ny c xp trong Ph lc I A ca Hip nh Marrakesh

thnh lp T chc Thng mi th gii, c hiu lc bt buc i vi tt c cc nc thnh vin ca WTO, l c s php l buc cc nc thnh vin ca WTO phi tham gia. 2.2. Phn tch ni dung hip nh ADP thy r y l lut chi ca WTO Trong WTO, cc nguyn tc v chng bn ph gi c quy nh ti: iu VI Hip nh chung v thu quan v Thng mi (GATT) (bao gm cc nguyn tc chung v vn ny); Hip nh v chng bn ph gi (Agreement on Antidumping Practices ADP) chi tit ho iu VI GATT (cc quy tc, iu kin, trnh t th tc kin iu tra v p dng bin php chng bn ph gi c th) Mi nc li c quy nh ring v vn chng bn ph gi (xy dng trn c s cc nguyn tc chung lin quan ca WTO). Cc v kin chng bn ph gi v vic p thu chng bn ph gi thc t cc nc tun th cc quy nh ni a ny. Do , ADP cng l mt lut chi m cc quc gia khi gia nhp WTO cn phi nm r v tun th chi cho ng lut cng nh tn dng c nhng lut chi sao cho c li cho mnh nht. a) Cc nhm ni dung chnh ca Hip nh chng bn ph gi - Nhm cc quy nh v iu kin p thu (cch thc xc nh bin ph gi, thit hi, mi quan h nhn qu gia vic bn ph gi v thit hi, cch thc xc nh mc thu v phng thc p thu) - Nhm cc quy nh v th tc iu tra (iu kin np n kin, cc bc iu tra, thi hn iu tra, quyn t tng ca cc bn tham gia v kin, bin php tm thi) b) Mt s quy nh c th

Cch tnh bin ph gi Bin ph gi c tnh ton theo cng thc: Bin ph gi = (Gi Thng thng Gi Xut khu)/Gi Xut khu Trong : - Gi Thng thng l gi bn ca sn phm tng t ti th trng nc xut khu (hoc gi bn ca sn phm tng t
1

t nc xut khu sang mt

nc th ba; hoc gi xy dng t tng chi ph sn xut ra sn phm, chi ph qun l, bn hng v khon li nhun hp l WTO c quy nh c th cc iu kin p dng tng phng php ny); - Gi xut khu l gi trn hp ng gia nh xut khu nc ngoi vi nh nhp khu (hoc gi bn cho ngi mua c lp u tin). Cch xc nh yu t thit hi Vic xc nh thit hi l mt bc khng th thiu trong mt v iu tra chng bn ph gi v ch khi kt lun iu tra khng nh c thit hi ng k cho ngnh sn xut ni a nc nhp khu th nc nhp khu mi c th xem xt vic p dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi. V hnh thc, cc thit hi ny c th tn ti di 02 dng: thit hi thc t, hoc nguy c thit hi (nguy c rt gn); V mc , cc thit hi ny phi mc ng k; V phng php, cc thit hi thc t c xem xt trn c s phn tch tt c cc yu t c lin quan n thc trng ca ngnh sn xut ni a (v d t l
1

Sn phm tng t

Sn phm tng t vi sn phm b iu tra l: Sn phm ging ht (c tt c cc c tnh ging sn phm ang b iu tra); Sn phm gn ging(c nhiu c im gn ging vi sn phm ang b iu tra), trong trng hp khng c sn phm ging ht.

v mc tng lng nhp khu, th phn ca sn phm nhp khu, thay i v doanh s, sn lng, nng sut, nhn cng) iu kin tin hnh kin bn ph gi Theo quy nh ca WTO, nc nhp khu khng c tin hnh iu tra (v khng c p thu i khng) nu nc xut khu l nc ang pht trin v c lng nhp khu sn phm lin quan t hn 3% tng nhp khu hng ho tng t vo nc nhp khu. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny s khng c p dng nu tng lng nhp khu sn phm lin quan t tt c cc nc xut khu c hon cnh tng t (cng l nc ang pht trin c lng nhp khu thp hn 3%) chim trn 7% tng lng nhp khu hng ho tng t vo nc nhp khu.

Xc nh lng nhp khu khng ng k (trong v kin chng bn ph gi) nh th no? Gi s Trung Quc, Vit Nam, n v Campuchia (l cc nc ang pht trin) cng vi nhiu nc khc cng nhp khu mt mt hng X vo nc Y. Trong : Hng Trung Quc chim 10% tng lng nhp khu hng X vo Y; Cc nc Vit Nam, n , Campuchia mi nc chim 2,5% tng lng nhp khu hng X vo Y; 82,5% tng lng nhp khu hng X vo Y n t cc nc khc. Nu ngnh sn xut mt hng X ca nc Y nh kin chng bn ph gi mt hng X ch ca Vit Nam nhp khu vo Y th n kin s b bc hoc nu v kin khi xng th cng s b nh ch do Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin v c lng nhp khu t hn 3% tng nhp khu hng X vo Y.

Nu v kin chng li Vit Nam v Trung Quc th cng theo tiu ch ny, v vic c th s tip tc vi hng Trung Quc nhng phi chm dt vi hng Vit Nam. Tuy nhin nu v kin tin hnh chng li c Vit Nam, Campuchia, n v Trung Quc th v kin s c tin hnh bnh thng vi tt c 4 nc ny v tng lng nhp khu hng X vo nc Y t 3 nc Vit Nam, n , Campuchia (nc ang pht trin c lng nhp trong tng nhp hng X vo Y di 3%) l 7,5% (cao hn mc 7% theo quy nh).

Quy nh v ch th c quyn i kin khi c hin tng bn ph gi Mt v kin chng bn ph gi ch c th c tin hnh nu n c bt u bi cc ch th c quyn khi kinl: Ngnh sn xut sn phm tng t ca nc nhp khu (hoc i din ca ngnh); hoc C quan c thm quyn ca nc nhp khu ; Hu ht cc v kin chng bn ph gi trn thc t u c khi xng t n kin ca ngnh sn xut ni a nc nhp khu. Quy nh v n kin c xem xt th n kin phi p ng cc iu kin sau: Cc nh sn xut ng h n kin c sn lng sn phm tng t chim t nht 50% tng sn lng sn xut ra bi tt c cc nh sn xut by t kin ng h hoc phn i n kin; v Cc nh sn xut ng h n kin phi c sn lng sn phm tng t chim t nht 25% tng sn lng sn phm tng t ca ton b ngnh sn xut trong nc.

V d v iu kin khi kin ca ngnh sn xut ni a nc xut khu Gi s ngnh sn xut mt hng A ca nc B mun kin cc nh xut khu Vit Nam v bn ph gi mt hng A vo nc B. Nu ngnh sn xut mt hng A ca nc B c tng cng 5 nh sn xut (NSX), trong : NSX 1 sn xut ra 9% tng sn lng ni a A ca nc B NSX 2 sn xut ra 5% tng sn lng ni a A ca nc B NSX 3 v 4 sn xut ra 15% tng sn lng ni a A ca nc B NSX 5 sn xut ra 56% tng sn lng ni a A ca nc B Nu NSX 4 (15%) khi kin, cc NSX 1 (9%), 2 (5%), 3 (15%) u by t kin v vic khi kin ny v NSX 5 (56%) khng c kin g th: Nu NSX 2 (5%) ng h, NSX 1 (9%) v 3 (15%) phn i: tng sn lng ca cc NSX ng h (NSX 4 v 2) l 20% nh hn so vi 24% tng sn lng ca cc NSX phn i (NSX 1 v 3) => n kin s b bc do khng tho mn iu kin i). Nu NSX 1 (9%) ng h, NSX 2 (5%) v 3 (15%) phn i: tng sn lng ca cc NSX ng h (NSX 4 v 1) l 24% ln hn so vi 20% tng sn lng ca cc NSX phn i (NSX 2 v 3) nhng li nh hn 25% => n kin s b bc do tho mn iu kin i) nhng khng tha mn iu kin ii)

c) Hip nh chng bn ph gi tun th y cc nguyn tc ca WTO Nguyn tc khng phn bit i x Trong thng mi quc t, khi hng ha b xem l bn ph gi th chng c th b p t cc bin php chng bn ph gi (anti-dumping) nh thu chng ph gi, t cc hoc th chp, cam kt hn ch nh lng hoc iu chnh mc

gi ca nh xut khu nhm trit tiu nguy c gy thit hi cho ngnh sn xut trong nc nhp khu, trong thu chng bn ph gi l bin php ph bin nht hin nay. V thc cht, thu chng bn ph gi l mt loi thu nhp khu b sung nh vo nhng hng ha b bn ph gi nc nhp khu nhm hn ch nhng thit hi do vic bn ph gi a n cho ngnh sn xut ca nc nhm bo m s cng bng trong thng mi (ni chnh xc l mt s bo h hp l cho sn xut trong nc). Thu chng bn ph gi nh vo cc nh sn xut ring l ch khng phi l thu p t chung cho hng ha ca mt quc gia. Nguyn tc chung nu ra trong Hip nh ca WTO l khng c phn bit i x khi p dng thu chng ph gi, tc l nu hng ha b bn ph gi c xut khu t nhng quc gia khc nhau vi cng bin ph gi nh nhau th s p t mc thu chng ph gi ngang nhau. Mc thu chng ph gi s ph thuc vo bin ph gi ca tng nh xut khu ch khng phi p dng bnh qun (ngay c khi cc nh xut khu t cng mt quc gia) v khng c php vt qu bin ph gi c xc nh. Nguyn tc minh bch ho yu cu cc nc phi cng khai, minh bch cc loi th tc, chnh sch v quy nh cc nc thnh vin bit r rng v c th, loi b tnh trng mp m v quy nh v th tc. Thng l quc t nh ngha hnh ng bn ph gi l bn sang nc khc vi gi thp hn th trng trong nc.'Than phin' ch l theo cm tnh, cn khi kin th phi tm bng chng c tnh thuyt phc, v iu ny thng khng n gin. Cc th tc r rng v phng thc khi xng cc v kin chng bn ph gi v tin hnh iu tra c xy dng trong ADP. Cng vi l cc iu kin m bo rng cc bn lin quan u c c hi a ra bng chng. Nguyn tc c th d on c

Nhng thay i v iu chnh v lut php, chnh sch trong lnh vc thng mi cn c thc hin theo mt chiu hng nht nh m cc nc thnh vin u c th d on c. Mi nc c quy nh ring v vn chng bn ph gi (xy dng trn c s cc nguyn tc chung lin quan ca WTO). Cc v kin chng bn ph gi v vic p thu chng bn ph gi thc t cc nc tun th cc quy nh ni a ny. 2.3. Tc ng ca hip nh chng bn ph gi

2.3.1. Tc ng ti cc nc ang pht trin Cc nc ang pht trin chu nh hng qu nhiu bi cc bin php chng bn ph gi vi hng xut khu ca h c v s lng cc bin php cng nh mc thu chng bn ph gi m h phi chu. Nhng nc ang pht trin chu nhiu nh hng nht l Trung Quc, Philippines, Mexico, Malaysia v Thi Lan. Cc nc ang pht trin s dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi i vi hng nhp khu nhiu vo nc h nhiu hn so vi mc s dng cc bin php ny ca cc nc pht trin. Nhng nc ang pht trin thng hay s dng bin php ny l n , Argentina, Mexico, Brazil v Nam Phi. Thng thng, cc bin php chng bn ph gi thng c cc nc pht trin giu c p dng. Nhng nc s dng truyn thng l Hoa K, EU, Australia v Canada.Tuy nhin, chnh cc nc ang pht trin l l cc nc lm tng mc s dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi k t 1995 n nay. Nghin cu ca WTO cho thy rng, nhng nc l i tng ca cc bin php chng bn ph gi cng chnh l nhng nc bt u s dng bin php ny m nguyn nhn chnh l do tr a thng mi. Tc ng tiu cc i vi nn kinh t trong nc s nng n hn mt khi cc bin php chng bn ph gi c s dng rng ri i vi hng nhp khu. Mt khc, nhng bin php do cc nn kinh t ln t ra , chng hn nh Hoa K hoc EU, s gy nh hng

ln cho thng mi quc t ni chung do cc nh xut khu b gt ra khi th trng tim nng hn. Tn tht do s dng cc cc bin php chng bn ph gi li ln hn so vi ngun li m chnh sch bo h c th em li.Cc iu tra chng bn ph gi c thc hin trc khi p dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi cng tiu tn nhng khon chi ln ca chnh ph cc nc. y cng chnh l l do m mt s t cc nc ang pht trin s dng cng c ny. Trong s nhng bin php c Hoa K v EU thc hin, 90% cc bin php ca EU v 60% cc bin php ca Hoa K l nhm vo cc nc ang pht trin. Nghin cu v nh hng ca cc cuc iu tra theo yu cu ca EU v Hoa K cho thy rng, mc d cui cng khng phi chu bin php no nhng mt khi c iu tra th hng nhp khu t nc ang b xem xt cng gim t 15 n 20%. Trong s cc bin php chng bn ph gi ang c hiu lc, 75% lin quan n cc sn phm kim loi, ha cht, my mc, thit b in t, hng dt v nha. Nhng mt hng ny u l mt hng xut khu ch cht ca nhng nc ang pht trin nng ng trong giai on u ca qu trnh pht trin cng nghip. Khi cuc iu tra chng bn ph gi bt u, cc cng ty b co buc phi gii p nhng cu hi ca c quan c thm quyn, m nhng th tc hnh chnh nc ang pht trin thng rt kh khn v rc ri. Nu khng gii p c nhng thc mc trn, c quan c thm quyn c php tnh thu chng bn ph gi da trn nhng thng tin c sn, thng t nhng nc ang tm kim bo h. Hu qu l cc nc ang pht trin phi chu mc thu chng bn ph gi cao hn nhiu so vi cc nc pht trin. 2.3.2. Tc ng ti cc nc pht trin

Khc vi mc ch ban u l tr a thng mi, cc nc pht trin hin nay s dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi nh mt bin php bo h ngnh sn xut trong nc v hn ch nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin. Nhng quc gia in hnh v vic s dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi hin nay l M, EU, Australia, Canada Cc bin php chng bn ph gi mt khi c s dng c tc ng nht nh n cc mt hng nhp khu vo cc nc pht trin.Vic tnh thu chng bn ph gi cao vi cc hng ha nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin to cho nhng hng ha sn xut trong nc nhng v th cnh tranh nht nh, n nh sn xut ca mnh trc s xm ln ca hng ha nc b coi l bn ph gi. Ngoi ra th vi h thng php lut hon thin, cc nc pht trin c th gim hoc trnh c nhng bin php tnh thu chng bn ph gi, t c vn c th duy tr th mnh hng ha nc mnh khi xut khu.Tuy nhin, d pht trin hay ang pht trin th cc nc u chu nhng thit thi nht nh v nn kinh t khi chu thu chng bn ph gi hoc p dng cc bin php chng bn ph gi vi hng ha nhp khu. 3. V vic Vit Nam kin Hoa K ra WTO v cc bin php chng bn ph gi m nc ny p dng ln mt hng tm ng lnh ca Vit Nam (DS404) 3.1. Tm tt v v kin

Tiu : US Tm ( Vit Nam) Nguyn n: Vit Nam B n: Hoa K Cc bn th ba: Trung Quc; Lin minh Chu u; n ; Nht Bn; Hn Quc, Mexico; Thi Lan Yu cu tham vn: 1/2/2010 3.2. Bi cnh v vic

Bt u t thng 1/2004, B thng mi Hoa K ( DOC) khi xng v iu tra bn ph gi i vi mt hng tm ng lnh ca Vit Nam vi 3 doanh nghip c lng xut khu ln nht ( gi l b n bt buc) gm Minh Ph, Minh Hi v Camimex. n thng 2/2005, DOC bt u p thu chng bn ph gi vi cc thu sut: - T 4,3% n 5,24% i vi tng b n bt buc - Mc 4,57% (l mc bnh qun gia quyn ca thu sut p dng cho 3 b n bt buc) i vi cc b n t nguyn khng c la chn iu tra - Mc thu sut ton quc 25,76% cho tt c cc doanh nghip cn li Theo php lut v chng bn ph gi ca Hoa K, sau mt nm k t ngy lnh p thu chng bn ph gi c ban hnh, DOC s tin hnh r sot hnh chnh xt li mc thu chnh thc m DOC p dng. Tnh n thi im Vit Nam n yu cu tham vn chnh ph Hoa K tc vo thng 2/2011, DOC tin hnh c 3 cuc r sot hnh chnh (POR) v mi ch c kt qu cui cng ca t r sot hnh chnh th hai v th ba: - t r sot th hai POR2 (4/2007): Trong 30 doanh nghip xut khu tm ca Vit Nam ng k tham gia r sot, ch c 2 doanh nghip cng ty Minh Ph v Camimex c DOC la chn l b n bt buc v c lng xut khu ln. Ngy 2/9/2008, DOC ban hnh quyt nh cui cng theo mc thu sut cho cc n v bt buc l khng ng k ch trong khong 0- 0,01%. Cn cc b n t nguyn khng c la chn vn phi duy tr mc thu sut 4,75%, mc thu sut ton quc 25,76%. - t r sot th ba POR3 (4/2008): trong s 28 doanh nghip ng k tham gia r sot, DOC chn 3 doanh nghip: cng ty Minh Ph, Camimex v Phng Nam. Ngy 15/9/2008 DOC a ra kt qu trong 3 doanh nghip trn u nhn c mc thu ti thiu (Minh Ph: 0,43%; Camimex: 0,08%; Phng Nam: 0,21%). Cc doanh nghip b n t nguyn c hng mc thu sut 4,75%, mc thu sut p dng cho cc doanh nghip khc l 25,76%.

Trc nguy c DOC tip tc dng phng php tnh ton nh POR2, POR3 dn n bt li cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong POR4, Hip hi Ch bin v Xut khu Thy sn (VASEP) v Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam (VCCI) ch ng a ra phn tch v kin ngh xut kin Hoa K ra WTO ln Chnh ph. Thng 2/2010, Chnh ph chp thun xut ny v bt u v kin bng tham vn gi Chnh ph Hoa K. 3.3. Giai on tham vn

Ngy 1/2/2010, Vit Nam gi yu cu tham vn ti Hoa K lin quan n mt s bin php chng bn ph gi vi sn phm tm nc m ng lnh ca Vit Nam. Vit Nam khiu ni cc bin php ca DOC l vi phm WTO gm c: - S dng phng php Quy v 0 Zeroing trong tnh ton bin ph gi; - Gii hn s lng b n c la chn iu tra trong iu tra ban u v r sot hnh chnh; - Phng thc xc nh thu sut p dng i vi cc b n t nguyn khng c la chn trong iu tra r sot hnh chnh ln 2 v 3; - Phng php xc nh mc thu sut ton quc da trn thng tin sn c bt li i vi nhng doanh nghip Vit Nam khng chng minh c s c lp trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca h vi Nh nc. Vit Nam cho rng cc bin php ny khng ph hp vi ngha v ca Hoa K theo: iu I, II, VI:1 v VI:2 Hip nh GATT 1994; mt s iu ca Hip nh v Chng bn ph gi (CBPG); iu XVI:4 Hip nh Thnh lp WTO v Ngh nh th gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam. Ngy 12/02/2010, Lin minh Chu u v Nht Bn yu cu c tham gia tham vn. Ngy 15/02/2010, Thi Lan cng yu cu c tham gia tham vn.

Ngy 7/4/2010, Pha Vit Nam yu cu thnh lp Ban hi thm. Ti cuc hp ngy 20/4/2010, C quan Gii quyt Tranh chp trong WTO (DSB) tr hon vic thnh lp Ban Hi thm. 3.4. Qu trnh Hi thm v Phc thm

Ti cuc hp ngy 18/05/2010, C quan Gii quyt Tranh chp trong WTO (DSB) quyt nh thnh lp Ban Hi thm. Lin minh Chu u, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Mexico, Thi Lan, Trung Quc v n tham gia l cc Bn th ba. Ngy 14/7/2010, Vit Nam ngh xc nh thnh phn Ban Hi thm. Ngy 26/7/2010, thnh phn Ban Hi thm c xc nh. Ngy 10/1/2011, Ch tch Ban hi thm thng bo thi gian lm vic ti DSB sau khi tham vn cc bn lin quan v thng nht thi hn ban hnh bo co cui cng l ngy 22/04/2011. Do mt s mu thun khng lng trc, Ban Hi thm d kin s a ra bo co cui cng ti cc bn vo ngy 06/5/2011. Ngy 19/6/2011, Ch tch Ban Hi thm thng bo vi DSB rng bo co cui cng s c ban hnh ti cc bn vo thng 7/2011. 3.5. Kt qu ca v kin

Ngy 11/7/2010, Ban Hi thm ban hnh bo co ti cc bn c lin quan trn c s phn tch cc vn khiu kin, cc lp lun v phn bin ca cc bn lin quan. Trong bn bo co ghi r: - V khiu kin lin quan n phng php quy v 0: Phng php Quy v 0 trong iu tra r sot thu chng bn ph gi l mt thng l c Hoa K s dng trong hu ht cc v iu tra chng bn ph gi ca nc ny. Ni dung ca phng php ny l khi tnh ton bin ph gi chung, B Thng mi Hoa K (DOC) ch tnh cc bin ph gi c gi tr dng (ln hn 0), bin ph gi c gi tr m s c t ng chuyn v thnh 0. Vi phng php ny, bin ph gi chung c tnh ton s cao hn, t mc thu chng bn ph gi cng b i ln rt nhiu. Ban Hi thm ng h quan im ca Vit Nam,

cho rng phng php ny ca DOC vi phm iu 9.3 ca Hip nh v Chng bn ph gi v iu VI:2 GATT 1994. - V khiu kin lin quan n hn ch s b n bt buc: Lin quan n vn iu tra ring cc b n khng c la chn iu tra nhng t nguyn cung cp bn tr li trong bo co ca mnh, Ban Hi thm bc b khiu ni ca Vit Nam vi l do trn thc t khng c doanh nghip no ca Vit Nam khng c la chn iu tra nhng cung cp bn tr li t nguyn. y c th xem l ni dung duy nht m Vit Nam c th xem l cha thng trong v kin ny. - V khiu kin lin quan n mc thu sut cho cc b n t nguyn khng c la chn: theo iu 9.4 hip nh chng bn ph gi, thu sut p dng cho cc b n t nguyn khng c la chn iu tra s bng bnh qun gia quyn thu sut xc nh cho cc b n bt buc (tr cc trng hp b n bt buc c mc thu sut xc nh da trn cc thng tin sn c bt li hoc c thu sut bng 0% hoc t 0-2%). Tuy nhin, trong hip nh khng h c qui nh thu sut cho cc n v t nguyn khi b n bt buc c mc thu sut bng 0 hoc khng ng k nh trong trng hp ca POR2 v POR3. V vy rt kh xc nh l DOC c sai phm hay khng. Thc t, Ban Hi thm khng tr li Vit Nam v vn ny. Tuy nhin, DOC s dng phng php quy v 0 trong v iu tra gc tnh ton thu sut cho b n t nguyn nn vic DOC b y nguyn mc thu sut ny cc b n t nguyn trong POR2 v POR3 c Ban Hi thm xc nh l vi phm WTO. - V khiu ni lin quan n vic xc nh mc thu sut ton quc: Theo iu 9.4 hip nh bn ph gi ca WTO, c quan iu tra phi tin hnh iu tra xc nh thu sut ring cho tng b n trong v vic chng bn ph gi; trong trng hp khng th iu tra ht c (do s lng b n qu nhiu v ngun lc ca c quan iu tra hn ch), c quan ny c th ch iu tra mt s lng b n nht nh, s b n cn li (khng c iu tra) s c hng thu sut bng bnh qun gia quyn ca cc b n c iu tra. Nh vy, qui nh

ny ch r s ch c 2 loi thu sut l thu sut ring cho b n bt buc (individual rates), thu sut cho cc b n cn li (all other rate) trong v iu tra chng bn ph gi. Tuy vy, trong v tm ng lnh ny ca Vit Nam, ngoi 2 mc thu sut cho b n bt buc v b n t nguyn cn c mc thu sut cho ton quc ginh cho cc doanh nghip khng c la chn iu tra v khng tha mn iu kin hot ng c lp, khng chu s kim sot ca Nh nc c hng mc all others rate. Ban Hi thm ng tnh vi lp lun ny ca Vit Nam. Theo , thu sut loi all others c p dng khng km theo iu kin g nn DOC t thm iu kin doanh nghip phi chng minh c mnh c lp khi s kim sot ca Nh nc l vi phm hip nh chng bn ph gi ca WTO. T cc phn quyt trn WTO kt lun Hoa K c cc hnh vi vi phm cc quy nh trong hip nh chng bn ph gi ca WTO gy tn hi n quyn li Vit Nam theo quy nh ny. Da theo qui nh ca iu 19.1 DSU ( DSU l bn ghi nh v cc qui tc v th tc iu chnh vic gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO), Ban Hi thm khuyn ngh Hoa K nn c s iu chnh sao cho ph hp vi quy nh ca hip nh. 3.6. ngha ca v vic

DS 404 l v kin u tin m Vit Nam khi xng vi t cch l nguyn n trong khun kh WTO. Theo nh gi, v kin c xem l thnh cng ln khng ch vic la chn trng v ng nhng vn c kh nng thng cao, ng thi l nhng bin php, phng php, thng l m Hoa K ang v s p dng cho tt c cc cuc iu tra m cn vic chun b cc lp lun xc ng, thuyt phc t c kt qu tt nht c th. Thnh cng ny c ngha rt quan trng: - m bo vic Hoa K s khng p dng cc bin php bt li lin quan i vi hng ha Vit Nam. Vn kin chng bn ph gi Hoa K c th s bt khc nghit hn; mc thit hi t cc v kin c th s gim ng k. V

vic ny cng chng minh vi th gii rng Vit Nam s u tranh tch cc bo v cc quyn li ca nh xut khu trong cc v kin chng bn ph gi ti bt k nc no. - L mt kinh nghim thc t khch l Vit Nam t tin, ch ng s dng cng c gii quyt tranh chp trong khun kh WTO bo v cc quyn v li ch hp php ca Vit Nam trong thng mi quc t m khng lm nh hng n quan h ngoi giao gia cc bn tranh chp.

III. Tnh hnh bn ph gi trn th gii t khi ADP c hiu lc n nay v mt s kin ngh cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong vic i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi 1. Thc trng bn ph gi v p dng thu bn ph gi gia cc nc trn th gii trong thng mi quc t 1.1. Tnh hnh bn ph gi trn th gii v cc v vic lin quan n Vit Nam Ngy nay, ng trc thch thc v cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt trn th trng ni a, cc quc gia tng cng s dng cc cng c bo h ngy cng tinh vi thng qua cc bin php bo m thng mi cng bng ca WTO, trong c thu chng bn ph gi.V vy, cc v kin bn gi xy ra trn th gii ngy cng tng v s lng ch th tham gia v ngy cng m rng phm vi hng ho p dng. Theo s liu ca Ban Th k WTO, t nm 1995 n ht nm 2004 trn th gii tin hnh 2647 cuc iu tra v chng bn ph gi, ng u danh sch l n (399 v), Hoa K (354 v), v EU (303 v). Trong s 97 nc b kin, cc nc ng u l Trung Quc (386 v), Hn Quc (94 v), Hoa K (146 v)... Bng 1: Nhng nc thnh vin WTO tin hnh kin chng bn ph gi nhiu nht (tnh t 1/1/1995 n 31/12/2006)

Tn nc

S v iu tra

S v p dng bin

S v b kin

php chng bn ph gi ra WTO

457

331

Hoa K

373

239

24

EU

362

231

Achentina

219

152

Nam Phi

200

120

Tt c thnh vin WTO

3044

1941

58

Bng 2: Nhng nc thnh vin WTO b kin chng ph gi nhiu nht (tnh t 1/1/1995 n 31/12/2006) Tn nc

STT

S v b kin

S v b p dng bin php chng bn ph gi

Trung Quc

536

375

Hn Quc

229

136

Hoa K i Loan

175

104

173

107

Nht Bn

135

97

Indonesia

130

73

127

75

Thi Lan

120

76

Mc d khng phi l mc tiu ln ca cc v kin chng bn ph gi nhng vi nng lc xut khu ngy cng tng v vi li th cnh tranh ch yu v gi, nhiu loi hng ho Vit Nam ang phi i mt ngy cng nhiu hn vi nhng nguy c kin chng bn ph gi cc th trng. Sau khi gia nhp WTO, vi k vng v mt bc nhy vt trong xut khu ca hng ho Vit Nam, nguy c ny cng tng ln tng ng. Bng 3: Tnh hnh cc v kin chng bn ph gi i vi hng ha Vit Nam giai on 2000 2007 Nm Mt hng Nc iu tra Mc thu chng bn ph gi 2007 2006 Bt la ga Giy m vi Dy curoa 2005 Nan hoa xe p, xe my n hunh quang Giy m da 2004 Vn lt sng EU Peru 10% $5,2/n v Ai Cp $0,32/ci Th Nh K Peru Th Nh K Achentina Cha c kt lun Cha c kt lun $4,55/kg 81%

n hunh quang Cht ci inox ng tut thp

EU

66,1%

EU EU

7,7% Bn khi kin rt n kin

Xe p Sm lp xe p Vng khuyn kim loi 2003 Tm xt km 2002 C da trn Bt la ga

EU Th Nh K

15,5-34,5% 29-49%

EU

51,2-78,8%

Hoa K EU Hoa K Hn Quc

4,13-25,76% 28% 36,84-63,88% Bn khi kin rt n kin

Bt la ga

EU

Bn khi kin rt n kin

Giy v giy khng thm nc

Canada

V kin chm dt do kt lun khng c thit hi i vi ngnh sn xut ni a

2001 2000

Ti Bt la ga

Canada Ba Lan

1.45CAD/kg 0,09euro/chic

2. Cc gii php i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi ca Vit Nam 2.1. V pha chnh ph

Chnh ph cn tch cc h tr cc doanh nghip trong khng kin; Thnh lp qu tr gip theo ui cc v kin h tr ti chnh cho cc doanh nghip khng kin. Cung cp cho cc doanh nghip cc thng tin cn thit v cc th tc khng kin, gii thiu cc lut s gii nc s ti c kh nng gip cho doanh nghip thng kin... 2.2. V pha cc hip hi ngnh hng

Cc hip hi ngnh hng cn pht huy vai tr l t chc tp hp v tng cng s hp tc gia cc doanh nghip trong ngnh nhm nng cao nng lc khng kin ca cc doanh nghip. Thng qua hip hi quy nh hnh vi bo v ln nhau, phi hp gi c trn th trng, trnh tnh trng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh c th to ra c gy ra cc v kin ca nc ngoi. Thit lp c ch phi hp trong tham gia khng kin v hng li khi khng kin thnh cng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tham gia khng kin. T chc cho cc doanh nghip nghin cu thng tin v gi c, nh hng pht trin th trng, nhng quy nh php l ca nc s ti v chng bn ph gi... cc doanh nghip khng kin c hiu qu gim bt tn tht do thiu thng tin. 2.3. V pha cc doanh nghip

Bn thn doanh nghip cn ch ng theo ui cc v kin khi b nc ngoi kin bn ph gi;

- Hon thin h thng s sch chng t k ton ph hp vi cc quy nh ca lut php v chun mc quc t, lu tr y h s v tnh hnh kinh doanh nhm chun b sn sng cc chng c, cc lp lun chng minh khng bn ph gi ca doanh nghip, t chc nhn s, d tr kinh ph, xy dng cc phng n bo v li ch ca doanh nghip... - To ra nhng mi lin kt vi cc t chc lobby vn ng hnh lang nhm li ko nhng i tng c cng quyn li nc khi kin ng h mnh. Nh trong v kin tm c Lin minh hnh ng ngnh thng mi cng nghip tiu dng M (CITAC) Hip hi cc nh nhp khu v phn phi tm M (ASDA) ng v pha cc doanh nghip Vit Nam chng li v kin bn ph gi ca M. - Ch ng thng lng vi chnh ph ca nc khi kin thc hin cam kt gi nu doanh nghip thc s c hnh vi ph gi, gy thit hi cho cc doanh nghip cng ngnh hng ca nc nhp khu. C th thy, vi mc tng trng xut khu hng nm gn 20% trong thi gian gn y v vic mt s mt hng xut khu Vit Nam bc u c c ch ng vng chc ti cc th trng ln dn n kh nng cc v kin chng bn ph gi ngy cng gia tng. iu ny v lu di s km hm tc tng trng xut khu ca Vit Nam. V vy, gim thiu ti a nhng tc ng tiu cc do cc v kin bn ph gi gy ra, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn c cc bin php khng ch ng ph c hiu qu m phi ch ng ngn nga nhng nguy c xy ra cc v kin chng bn ph gi. l phi thc hin chin lc a dng ho sn phm v th trng xut khu, tng cng vai tr ca cc hip hi ngnh hng, chun b y cc iu kin v thng tin, tin hnh cam kt gi khi cn thit...

KT LUN
L mt trong nhng bin php c tnh cht t v trong thng mi quc t, vic p dng thu chng bn ph gi i vi hng ha nhp khu ca cc quc gia c GATT trc y v WTO hin nay tha nhn. Mc ch cao nht ca thu chng bn ph gi l nhm hn ch v loi b nhng thit hi do hnh vi bn ph gi ca hng ha nc ngoi, nhm gi vng th cn bng trong cnh tranh gia hng nhp khu v hng sn xut ni a. Tuy nhin, trn thc t cng c nhng trng hp nc nhp khu lm dng thu chng bn ph gi bo h ngnh sn xut trong nc. Chnh v vy, Hip nh ADP ca WTO c nhng quy nh chi tit ha cc iu kin, th tc v iu tra v p dng thu chng bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t, m bo hot ng thng mi gia cc quc gia c cng bng, t do, minh bch theo ng nhng nguyn tc hay lut chi ca WTO. Trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t, vi c im l nn kinh t chuyn i, ang pht trin, Vit Nam ng thi phi i mt vi tnh trng bn ph gi ca hng ha nc ngoi ti th trng ni a v tnh trng hng ha xut khu b p dng cc bin php bo h ti th trng nc ngoi, trong c bin php lm dng thu bn ph gi. Trong bi cnh , nhu cu cp bch t ra l Vit Nam sm xy dng v hon thin php lut v t v thng mi ni chung v php lut v chng bn ph gi ni ring, trn c s hi ha ha vi cc quy nh v thc tin ca thng mi quc t.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

WTO Training Manual (Second Edition, October 2001), Antidumping, chapter 10. B Thng mi, Chng bn ph gi - mt tri ca t do ho thng mi, 2003. V Kim Dng, Bn ph gi v hot ng xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam, Tp ch Kinh t v Pht trin, s 94, 2005. inh Th M Loan, Cam kt gi theo php lut chng bn ph gi ca EU, Tp ch Thng mi, s 1+2, 2006. on Tt Thng, Nhng gii php gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi, Tp ch Thng mi, s 10, 2005. Bn ph gi v nhng gii php i vi Vit Nam (Lm Minh Chu i hc kinh t Nng)

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

H thng ngn gn v WTO v cc cam kt gia nhp ca Vit Nam (Phng Thng mi v cng nghip Vit Nam VCCI) y ban quc gia v hp tc kinh t quc t, Tc ng ca cc hip nh WTO i vi cc nc ang pht trin.

8.

9. 10. 11.

http://chongbanphagia.vn/ http://wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds404_e.htm http://trungtamwto.vn/wto/van-kien/hiep-dinh-chong-ban-pha-gia-thucthi-dieu-vi

MC LC
M U................................................................................................................................ 1 NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................ 2 I. Khi qut chung v bn ph gi v cc bin php bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t .... 2 1. Bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t ....................................................................... 2 1.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Nguyn nhn........................................................................................................... 2 2. Tc ng ca vic bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t ........................................... 3 2.1. i vi nc xut khu .........................................................................................................3 2.2. i vi nc nhp khu ........................................................................................................4 3. Bin php chng bn ph gi trong thng mi quc t ............................................. 4 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. Bin php s dng thu chng bn ph gi ............................................................. 4 Bin php tm thi .............................................................................................. 5 Bo m bng tin t cc.................................................................................... 5 Bin php cam kt v gi ..................................................................................... 5

II. Phn tch Hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) thy r y l lut chi ca WTO ......... 6 1. 2. Gii thiu v WTO v lut chi ca WTO.............................................................. 6 Phn tch hip nh chng bn ph gi (ADP) ............................................................ 7 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. S ra i ca hip nh chng bn ph gi.............................................................. 7 Phn tch ni dung hip nh ADP thy r y l lut chi ca WTO .................... 8 Tc ng ca hip nh chng bn ph gi ........................................................... 14

3. V vic Vit Nam kin Hoa K ra WTO v cc bin php chng bn ph gi m nc ny p dng ln mt hng tm ng lnh ca Vit Nam (DS404) ..................................... 16 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. Tm tt v v kin ............................................................................................ 16 Bi cnh v vic ............................................................................................... 16 Giai on tham vn ........................................................................................... 18 Qu trnh Hi thm v Phc thm........................................................................ 19 Kt qu ca v kin ........................................................................................... 19 ngha ca v vic ........................................................................................... 21

III. Tnh hnh bn ph gi trn th gii t khi ADP c hiu lc n nay v mt s kin ngh cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong vic i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi ......... 23 1. Thc trng bn ph gi v p dng thu bn ph gi gia cc nc trn th gii trong thng mi quc t ........................................................................................................ 23 1.1. 2. Tnh hnh bn ph gi trn th gii v cc v vic lin quan n Vit Nam............... 23 Cc gii php i ph vi cc v kin chng bn ph gi ca Vit Nam .................... 27 2.1. V pha chnh ph ............................................................................................. 27

2.2. 2.3.

V pha cc hip hi ngnh hng ......................................................................... 27 V pha cc doanh nghip .................................................................................. 27

KT LUN .......................................................................................................................... 29 TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................................... 30 MC LC............................................................................................................................ 31