1

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A. :

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.

E:

. : ={1,3,5,7,9,11,.......}
1 100: ={1,2,3,4,5,6,.....,100}
B. :
,
.,
, :
{/ }
. : ={ / }
1 10: ={ /110}

, : =

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:
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.

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( )=( )= ( ).

, =.

= , , .

E:

={/ } ( )

=.

= =.

()=.

-={/ }

-={/ }

E:

1. :

) A = { c / 2 p c 5} ) B = { c / -3 p c p 2} ) G = c / c 2 = 9

) D = c / c 2 = 4

) E = c / 2 c 2 + c - 6 = 0

2.:
) A = {c / c - 1 p 3} ) B = { c / c + 2 5}

) G = { c / 3c + 5 = 1}

) D = c / 16 c 3 - 9 c = 0

3. : R ( c ) = ( c 2 - 25)(4 c 2 - 9)( c 2 - 2)
:
) A = { c / R( c ) = 0} ) B = {c / R( c ) = 0} ) G = { c / R( c ) = 0}
) D = {c / R( c ) = 0}
4. W = {1, 2,3, 4,5} A = {1, 2,3} B = {3, 4}
. :

A B , A B , B , (A B)' , (A B)' , A 'B , A B '

5. A = {1, 2,3, 4,5} , B = {4, 5, 6, 7} , G = {1, 4, 7} .
: A B , A G , B G , ( A B) G , ( A G) B , ( A B) G
6. A B A B :
)=[1,4] =(3,5) )=[2,7] =[7,10] )=[-1,2] =(2,3)
)=[-3,1] =(-1,1)
7. ={ l / 2 -4++1=0 }
={ l / 2 +(+1)+2-1=0 }.)

A B A B ) ={0,1,2,3,4,5}
, , ( ) .

E:

:

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. , , ...

:

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={1,2,.....,}
1,2,....., .
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={1,2,3,4,5,6}

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. ={1} ,={2,4} ,={1,3,5}

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E:

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Venn

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.

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) .

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9.
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) 30 , 20 15
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10. , ,
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E:

10

k
,

.
k
fA=

f1,f2,.,f , {1},{2},.....{}
k
k
k
f1= 1 , f2= 2 ,......., f= , :

0 fi1 i=1,2,,

+f +.....+f
f=f
=1 i 1 2

fA:

. ()
'' ()
()=
=
()


0 ()1
( )=0
()=1

={1,2,....,}
. {i}, i=1,2,,,
, (i), :
0 ()1 i=1,2,,
v
P( )=1
i
i=i
() {}.
={1,2,....,} , ,
(1)+(2)+....+()
( )=0.

E:

11

( )=()+()-( )
= ( )=()+()
()=1-()
()()
(-)=( )=()-( )
(-)=( )=()-( )

De Morgan
, , :
( )=
( )=

E:

12

1. . :
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2. 52 .
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3. 4 ,10 6 .
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): 2 4 .
7. 50 1 50.
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E:

13

): 6 4.
8.
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1
1
()=
()=
.
4
3
3

,
5
:
) .
) .
) .
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9. . ()=()
1
*
()=(), , {1} , ()=()=
.
+1
10. .
:
)( )()
)( )( )
11. ()0,28 ()0,71. :
) ( )1,01-( )
) , .
12. 2004 ,
. , 0<()<1.
()
1
) 4

5.
(') ()
) () ,:
) ,
) 1453 ,
, .
13. ()=0,6
()=0,8.
) .
) :
) ( ) 0,6
) ( )0,8
) ( )0,4.
14. ={,,,,}.
1
1
1
) ()=() =
,()=
()=
, ().
12
4
3
) ()=2(), ()=2(), ()=2() ()=2(),
={,,} ={,,}.
15. ()=0,5
()=0,3. :
)0,2 ( )0,5 )0,7 ( ) 1 )( )0,4 ) 0,2 (-)0,5 .
E:

14

+=+

+(+)=(+)+

()=()

(+)=+

(+)=+

+0=

1=

+(-)=0

1.

a
= = , ( , 0 )

2.

a

=
= , ( ,, 0 )

3.

a
+ +
=
=
, (, 0)

4.

a
+
=
= =
, ( , , ( + ) 0 )

+

5.

a
+ +
=

=
, ( ,, 0 , )

- -

E:

1
=1 0
a

15

........ , 2

=
,=1

,=0

: =0 0 0 ( ).

= ( )

= +

= -

( ) =

- =

1
0

= 0

:
.

1.( + ) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2

2.(-) 2 = 2 -2 + 2
3.(+ ) 3 = 3 +3 2 +3 2 + 3
4 .(-) 3 = 3 -3 2+3 2 - 3
5 .( - )( + )= 2 - 2

E:

16

6.(+ +) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 +2 + 2 +2
7. 3 + 3 =( + )( 2 - + 2 )
8 . 3 - 3 = ( - )( 2 + + 2 )

9 . - = ( - )( -1 + -2 + -3 2 + .......+ -1 )

10. + =(-)( -1 - -2+ -32 -.......- -2 + -1 )

:
.

1.
, ..
.


. (-).

2.
(
)

.
.

3.

(- )(+ )= 2 - 2

4.
,
:

( + ) 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 (- ) 2 = 2 -2 + 2

E:

17

5.-
:

3 + 3 = ( + )( 2 - + 2 ) 3 - 3 = ( - )( 2 + + 2 )

6.
)

x2 +(a+)+

x2

, 2 (+) (
, ) (
) :

x 2 + (a + ) + =(+)(+)
)

x2 ++

1, 2 : x 2 + + =(- 1 )(- 2 )
1 : x 2 + + = ( - 1 ) 2

E:

18

1. :
) a 3 b + a 2 b 2 ) 6 c 2 y 5w - 3c 2 y 3w 4 ) 5 c 3 - 8 c 2 + 5 c - 8 v) 5 c 3 - 8 c 2 + 5 c - 8
v) c 3 - c 2 y + c y 2 - y 3 ) x8 - y 4 ) 64 x 2 y 4 - 36w 6 ) 8x + 27 ) 24a - 3
3

) ab 4 + a 4 b
2.: ) 36a + 12a + 1 ) 9w -12w + 4 ) 4 c 2 - 8 c + 4 ) 9 c 4 y 2 + 6 x 2 y + 1
2

) x + 7 x + 12 ) x - 5x + 4 ) x - 5x - 6 ) -4 x - 24 x + 28
2

) 3x -12 x - 15 ) x + x - 30
2

3.: ) 4a 3 - a ( b - g ) 2 ) c 5 - c 3 + 8 c 2 - 8 ) a 2 - b 2 - g 2 + 2 bg
) a 2 + b 2 + a 3 + b 3 + 2ab ) ( c 2 - 9) - c 2 - 6 c - 9 ) c 3a 3 + c 3 - a 3 - 1
4. 2 .
5. , :
) (+3)2 , .
) (-6)2 , .
6. (-3)+(+3)=2, = -=3.
7. :

c 2 - 5x + 6
3 2 + 3ab
2 b 2 - 6ab
20 c 3 - 20 y 3
)
)
) 2
)
x - 6x + 9
4ab + 4b 2
12a 2 b 2 - 4ab 3
15 x 2 + 15 xy + 15 y 2
2c 2 y2 - 8
)
4 x2 y + 8x

8. :

E:

19

2
2
+ +5+6
) = 2
2
-4
-1

) =

) =

2 +y2 +2xy
)
x2 -y2

2
-8+16
x3 -16x
:
2
2
2
+y x +2xy+y

E:

2 +4+4
a2 +2a
:
-y
a2x-a2 y

20

: , > ,
- .:
> ->0

1. > > >
2. > >

:
.

3. > >

a>

>

<

a<

<

:
,
.

4. > > +>+

: ( )
.

5. > > ,,,> >

:
.

6. > > ,>

1
,

.
.
! .
: (2+1)(y2+4)(xy+2)2

E:

21

:
x2y2+4x2+y2+4x2y2+4xy+4 x2y2+4x2+y2+4-x2y2-4xy-40 4x2+y2-4xy0
(2x-y)20 I ,y .

.

.
7 1 7 1
: >>0, a - > a

, > 7>7 (1)

, ( ) >

<

>-

(2)

7 1 7 1
(1)+(2) : a - > a

,
.

.
.:

2 +2
3 -3

2
-

2 +2
2 2
2 2
2
2 + + , 2 0 (-) 0
2
2 +2
3 -3
2 +2
(-)(2 ++2 )
2 +2
2
2

++
2
-
2
-
2

2 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ 2 +2+2 -2+ 0 (-) 0 .

E:

22

, :

-
. :
1. ->0 >.
2. -<0, <.
3. -=0 =.

, . :
1.
2.
3.

>1 >.
<1 <.
=1 =.

[,]

<< (,)

< [,)
< (,]

>

<

[, + )
(,+ )
(- ,]

(- ,)

E:

23

b p 1 ab + 2 p 2 b + a ) a p -3

1. ) a f 2

b p 2 ab - 6 f 2a - 3b

2. ) a p 3 p b a b + 9 p 3(a + b )

) a p -2 p b

a 2 - 2b f a ( b - 2)

) a p b p -4 4b - a (4 - b ) p a 2
3. :

) a (a + 4b ) b (2a - b ) ) b (a - b ) - a (a - 2b ) ab
) (a - b )(a + b ) b (4a - 5b ) ) 4b (a - 2 b ) (a - b ) 2
4.: ) 2( c - 1) ( c + 1) 2 - 8 ) 25 - 2( c - 3) 2 8 c - (2 c + 1) 2
)

( c + 2) 2 c 1
c
( c - 5) 2
) 2 +
6
3 2
2
8

5.: ) a - 4a + 5 f 0 ) 2a -10a + 25 f 0 ) a - a + 1 f 0
2

) a - 7a + 16 f 0
4

6. , :
) a 2 + b 2 + 20 4(2 b - a ) ) (a + 1) 2 + b 2 4a - 3(2 b + 3) .
7. 1 p a p 2

-3 p b p -2

: ) 4a - 3b ) 3a + 5b
) a 2 + b 2

1 1
- .
a b

E:

24

: =
-

, 0
, p o

1.

||=|-|

2.

||

||
2

3.

||

4.

>0 = = = -

5.

= = = -

6.

||=|| ||

7.

8.

- + +

9.

- >0

10.

- >0

,: d(,)=|-|=|-|

, .
=

, 0
, <0

. =|-2-2|-|2-4+4|

: -2-2=-(2+2)<0 2-4+4=(-2)20.
=-(-2-2)-( 2-4+4)= 2+2- 2+4-4=4-2.

E:

25

,
.
, .

. <2<, :
=|-2|+|2-4|-|-|-|3-2-4|

<2 -2<0

>2 2>4 2-4>0

< -<0

<2 3<6 (1) >2 -2<-4 (2). (1)+(2) 3-2<2

3-2-4<-2 3-2-4<0.

=-(-2)+(2-4)-[-(-)]-[-(3-2-4)]=
-+2+2-4+-+3-2-4=3--6.

,
:
1.
.
2.

.
3. ,
.

. =2+|+3|-|2-|

+3=0 =-3

2--0 =2.

+3
2-

-3
+

E:

2
+
+

+
0

26

<-3:

=2-(+3)-(2-)=2--3-2+=2-5

-32:

=2+(+3)-(2-)=2++3-2+=4+1

>2:

=2+(+3)-[-(2-)]=2++3+2-=2+5

E:

27

1. :
) x 2 + 1 - - x 2 - 4

) x 2 + 4 x + 4 - 6 x - x 2 - 9

) ( x - 1)( x + 1) + 3 - x 2 - 10 x + 25
2. 2 p x p 4 :
)|-4|+ |-2| )|3-6|-|2-8| )5+|-4|-|8-4|
3. -4 p x p -1
: )|+4|-2|+1|+3|| )|2-3|-|1-3|+|-|
4. :
)|+1|+|+3| )|-2|-||2+4| )||+|-1|+|3-|
)|+4|-2 +|-3|.
5. =-d(,-3)+d(5,)
:
) .
) ( ).
6. :
=|-|||+|+|||
7. :
a)|+y||x-2|+|y+2|
)d(,)d(,3)+d(3,)
8. :
=|-3|-|+1|+|y-1|-|y+2|
-13

-2y1

a)Na .
) .

E:

28

9. :
)|+1|2-4=|-1|2
)(||-||)2+2||=2+2
10. :
)

|3 +2|
=||
||2 +2

3||+2
=||
||+3

11. :
2
)
1
2
+1

2
4 +9
12

||

12. |+|=|-| =0 =0.

13. |2+|=|2|+||, , 0,
.

14. |3-2|=|3|+|2|, , 0,
.

E:

29

: )

, .
) -

, .

2 =

< , 0

( ) =

=||

0. :

0.

0.

0.

: ) 3,4
, .
) 5, ,
. ,
,
.
) 6

E:

30

1. :
)

75 - 48 + 27 = 4 3 ) 2 45 + 80 - 245 = 3 5

) 3 18 + 72 - 50 = 10 2 ) 3 32 - 128 + 18 = 7 2
2. :
) =( 12 + 48 - 27 ) 3 ) = ( 32 - 50 + 18) 8
) = ( 20 + 45)( 80 - 5)
3. :
) = ( 3 - 2) 2 ) = ( 6 - 7) 2 )= ( 3 - 2) 2
4. :
) 7 - 4 3 ) 6 + 2 5 ) 11 - 6 2 ) 5 + 2 6
5. R :
) x2 + 25 x 2 - 9 x 2 ) 16 x2 + 4 x 2 - 3x
6. 0 p x p 1 :

A = x2 - x2 - 2x + 1
7. 2 p y p 3 : = y 2 - 4 y + 4 +

y2 - 6 y + 9

x2 + 2 x + 1
x2 - 6 x + 9
x +1
x -3

8. -1 p x p 3 : =

9. :
)

5 6

3 4

5 12

611
8

7 23

713

10. : )

1
10
1
12
1
3
)
)
) 3
)
)
8 5
2
5
2
5- 2
6+ 2
9

E:

31

3
5+ 2

3
5- 3

1
1
) 3
3
3
3- 2
4+3 2

11. a f 0 :
) 4 a 3 a 2 a )

3 4

a5 4 a 7

5 3

a 6 a 3 ) 5 6 a 4 3 a 8

12. :
) 3 a 6 a

a4a

) 3

a 9 a ) 3 4 a

13. : ) 5
14. : ) 6 6 p

3 + 2 ) 5 - 2 3 - 10

4 ) 6 + 2 f 2 + 3 .

E:

32

( ),
,
+=0

a o

=-

) =0 0==- :

( ) =0 : 0=0

() 0

:0=

1.
3 ( + 1 ) - 2 = 2 ( - 2 ) + 1 3 + 3 - 2 = 2 -4 + 1
3 - 2 - 2 = - 4 + 1 - 3 - = -6 = 6

2.

3 - ( + 1 ) = - 2 ( - 1 )

- - + 2 = 2 - 3 + 1

3.

2 + 3 ( -1)= 3 -2

0 = -1

3 - - 1 = - 2 + 2

0 = 0

2 + 3 -3 = 3 - 2 3 - 3 = - 2 + 3 - 2

1. |()|= :
,
() (
, ,
(-) , (-)
).
,
|()|= ()=
.
: ) ||=0 =0
) ||=
.

E:

33

: :

4 -5 | -3 | | 3 c , 9 | , 3
,
<| 6 , 2 c | , 6
12
2

4 -5 | -3 | | 3 c , 9 | , 3
,
<| 6 , 2 c | , 6
12
2
4 -5 | -3 | | 3 ( -3 )|-3
= | -2 ( -3 )| -6
12
2
4 - 5 | - 3 | 3 | ( - 3 ) | - 3
= 2 |( -3 )| -6
12
2
4 -5 | -3 |
3 | -9 |-3
12
-12
= 1 2 2| - 3 | -1 2 6
12
2

4 - 5 | - 3 | - 1 8 | - 3 | + 1 8 = 2 4 | -3 | - 7 2
-5 | - 3 | - 1 8 | - 3 | -2 4 | -3 | = -7 2 - 1 8 - 4 -4 7 | -3 | = - 9 4 | -3 |= 2
-3 = 2 -3 = -2 = 5 = 1
4 -5 | -3 | -6 (3 | -3 | -3 )= 2 4 | -3 | -7 2

2. |()|=|()|
,
|()|=|()|.
()=() ()=-().
: 2 | 3 - | -| 2 + 5 | = 0

2 | 3 - | -| 2 + 5 |= 0

2 (3 - )= -(2 + 5 )

2 | 3 - |= |2 + 5 |

2 (3 - )= 2 + 5

( 6 -2 = 2 + 5 4 = 1 = 1

) (6 -2 = -2 -5

0 =1 )

3. |()|=()

() :
) ()

0 ()=()

()

0.

E:

34

) ()<0 ()=-()
()<0.
: | x - 4 | = 5 - 2 x

-4 0 4,:

|-4|=5-2 -4=5-2 3=9 =3

4
-4<0 <4,:

|-4|=5-2 ,( -4)=5-2 , +4=5-2 =1

<4
4. |()|+|()|=0
|()|

|()|

()=0 ()=0
, .
: | 2 , 9 | | 2 3|=0

| 2 , 9 | | 2 3|=0
2 , 9 < 0

2 < 9

= 3

2 3 < 0

(+3)=0

=0 =-3

=-3

1: ,
.
. 2(-1)=4(-+1) 2-2=4-4+4 2-4=2-4+4
2:

( 2 -4)=(-2) 2 (-2)(+2)=(-2) 2

E:

(1)

35

3:
)
.
( -2 )( + 2 ) 0 -2 0 2 + 2 0 -2

( -2 ) 2
-2
=
=
( -2 )( + 2 )
+2
) ,
.
( (1) )
= 2 : 0 = 0
= - 2 : 0 = 1 6

<

= .

>0,

<0, .

>0,

= .

<0,

=- || .

:
1. x 3 < 64 x = 3 6 4 x =4 ( 3)

2. x 4 < 8 1 x =

3. x

8 1 x = 3 ( 1)

< , 8 1 ( 2)

4. x 5 < - 3 2 x = - 5 | - 3 2 | x = - 2 ( 4)
5. x 7 +8x 4 < 0 x 4 ( x 3 8) x 4 =0 x=0 3 +8=0 3 =-8 =- 3 |-8| =-2
( )

2 ++=0

0 . =0

1 .

2 ,
.

E:

36

(=0)

2 + = 0 2 = - 2 = 0

0 , = - .

- ; 0, .

(=0) ,

2 + = 0 ( + )= 0
=0

+ =0

= -

2 + +=0
=-

:
=2 , 4

>0

=0

<0

1,2 <

-
2

1,2 <

-
2

:
>0 .
<0 (
).


:
) 2 , >0

) 1 , =0

.
) , <0
.

E:

37

1.
4 2 + 8 = 0 4 ( + 2 )= 0 4 = 0
=0

+2=0

= -2

2.
32-9=0 32=9 2=3 = 3
3.

2 -1 = ( -6 )( + 6 ) 2 -1 = 2 -3 6 2 -2 -3 5 = 0
= 2 -4 = (-2 ) 2 -4 1 (-3 5 )= 4 + 1 4 0 = 1 4 4
-
2 14 4
2 1 2
<
<
2
2 1
2
14
-1 0
1 =
= 7 2 =
= -5
2
2
1 ,2 =

, :
2 + ( + 1 ) + + 4 = 0
.

= 0
( + 1 ) 2 , 4 1 ( + 4 )= 0 2 + 2 +1 -4 -1 6 =0 2 -2 -1 5 = 0
= (-2 ) 2 -4 1 (-1 5 )= 6 4

1,2 <

2 64
28
<
< 5 -3
2 1
2

A
2++-0 0 =
1

S= + =1 2

= =
1 2

Vieta.

E:

-+
--
=
,:
2
2
2

38

2++-0 0 1 2 S= 1+ 2

= 1 2 Q

x2-Sx+P=0
:

S= 1+ 2 = 1 2
,
1 2,:
) (, ..)
) :
12+22=(1+2)2-212
13+23=(1+2)(12-12+22)

. 2+3-5=0.
) 1,2 .
) :
) 1+ 2 ) 1 2

) 12+22

) 13+23 )

) 2 +

) =32-4 1 (-5)=9+20=29>0 .
3
) ) + =- =- =-3
1 2
1

-5
=-5
) = = =
1 2 1

) 12+22=(1+2)2-212=(-3)2-2 (-5)=19
) 13+23=(1+2)(12-12+22)=(-3)[19-(-5)]=-72
+
1
1
-3 3
)
+
= 1 2 =
=
-5
5

1
2
1 2
2
2

+
19 19
2
1
1
2
+
=
=
=)
-5
5

1
2
1 2

E:

39

2++-0 0 :

1. 0 S=0

2. 0 =1

. 32+(+2)+-1=0.
:
)

)=(+2)2-4 3(-1)=2+4+4-12+12=2-8+16=(-4)20
S= -

+2
=0 =0 +2=0 =-2 .

) =(+2)2-4 3(-1)=2+4+4-12+12=2-8+16=(-4)20
=

=1

-1
3

E:

=1 -1=3 =4

40

[()]2 +()+=0 0

()=y y2+y+=0 ,
, ()=y .

(2+1)2-7(2+1)+10=0

2+1=y y2-7y+10=0

= (-7 ) 2 , 4 1 10 < 4 9 , 4 0 < 9

7 9 73
=
= 5 2
2 1
2
T
y 1 ,2 =

2 +1=5
2 < 4

2 1 < 2

= 2

2 < 1
= 1

2+||+=0

||2=2

,
||2+||+=0 y=||. y
y=|| .

2-6||+8=0

y=|x| ||2 -6||+8=0

=(-6)2-4

8=4

6 4
62
<
< 4 2
2
2

y 1,2 <

||=4 ||=2

= 4 = 2
2++=0 0

=
2++=0. =
.

E:

41

4-22-8=0 (
=2)

=2 2-2-8=0
=(-2)2-4 1 (-8)=36

26
< 4 -2
2
2
2 =-2
2 =4
1,2 <

36

<

:
.
.. (
.. ).

.. .

.
.

+10
2
- 2
=
+ 2 -4 -2

-10 2

-10
2
=

+2 2 -4 -2
+2 (-2)(+2) -2

-10
2
-(-2)(+2)
=(-2)(+2)

+2
(-2)(+2)
-2
(-2)-(-10)=2(+2) 2 -2-+10=2+4
(-2)(+2)

2 -5+6= 0 =(-5)2 , 4 1 6 < 1

5 1 51
=
=
= 3 2
1,2
2
2

=2 .

E:

: +2 0 -2 0

42

5c
4 c - 5 2c -1
+c =
12
3
5
c + 3 2c - 5
c+4
2c _ 3 c - 2
c -3
)
)
==4
6
12
10
2
5
1. : )

c - 5 14 7 c
- =
- 3( c - 3)
2
4
2

2. : )

4
3c
3c 2 - 8
1
3
5
)
+
=
= 2
2
2 c - 3 3c - 2 c
c
c +2 2-c c -4

c
c +3 c +4
2( c + 1)
1
1- c
=
)
=
- 2
c - 5c + 6 c - 3 c - 2
c - 1 c - 2 c - 3c + 2
2

1
1
1
- 2
= 2
c - 3c + 2 c + c - 2 c - 4
2

3.N :
) 2 3 x - 6 - 18 = 0

x -1 - 4
x+3
x+3
= 2 )
= 53
2
3

4- x -2
4 - x + 10
= 52
9

x - 3 6 - 2x
3- x
+
= 82
3
6

) 10 - 5 - 5 x = -20 + 4 x - 4 + 6 x - 6 ) 2 x + 1 = x + 4
) x + 3 = 7 - x ) 2 x + 3 - 4 x - 5 = 0 )

x + 1 3x - 2
=0
4
6

4.N :
) x - 3 = 1 ) |||-2|=5 ) |5-|2-1||=4 ) ||-1|+4|=7
) |1-|3-2||=6 ) ||+3| -2|=|-5| ) 7 - 2 x - 3 - 6 = 4
) x 2 - 3 x + x 2 - 9 = 0 ) x 2 - 4 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0 ) x 3 - x + x 2 + x = 0
) x + 3 + x 2 + x = 0
5.N :

E:

43

)|2-8|=2-8 )|2|-4|-+3=0 ) -2|+4|=1

6.N :
) l ( lc + 6) = l 2 - 9( -1 - c )

) l 2 ( c + 1) = - ( -1 - lc )

) l (2 c + 1) - 2(1 + 2lc ) = l 2 ( c - 1) ) 2( l 2 + 2 c ) - l (4 + lc ) = 0
) l 2 (lc - l + 2) - l ( c + 1) = 0 ) 2l 2 c - l 2 (l 2 c - 1) = -2l (lc - 1)
) 3( l - c ) = 2l ( c + l ) - l 2 ( c + 1) ) (l 2 - 8)( c + 1) = -2l (3 - c ) + 2l 2
7. : ) x3 = 64 ) x = 81 ) x = -21
4

) x = -32
5

) x + 8x = 0
7

) 25x = 16 x
5

) 2x + 16x = 0

) 8x + x = 0 .
4

2
2
8. : ) c 2c , 3 < 0 ) c , 4c 4 < 0

) ,c 2 2c 8 < 0

) c 2 , 3c 4 < 0

) c 2 6c 5 < 0 ) c 2 5c 7 < 0
) 9c 2 , 6c 1 < 0

) ,c 2 5c , 6 < 0
) 2c 2 8c ,10 < 0

) ,3c 2 5c , 2 < 0 ) 4c 2 12c 9 < 0

) 2c 2 7c 6 < 0 ) ,2c 2 6c ,11 < 0

9.: ) c 2 ,16 < 0 ) 2c 2 ,18 < 0

) , 3c 2 12 < 0

) ,7c 2 35c < 0 ) 2c 2 , 8c < 0

) , 3c 2 , 27c < 0

) 36 ,16c 2 < 0

) c 2 3c < 0 ) 2c 2 , 8c < 0 ) 5c 2 , 30c < 0

10. : ) (c , 2)(c 2 5c 4) < 0 ) (c 2 4c)(c 2 , 7 c 6) < 0

) (3c 2 , 48)(,c 2 , 4c 32) < 0 ) (c 2 , 9c 8)(,c 2 5c , 7) < 0
11.: ) c(3c 10) < 3(c 2)

) 1, c(3 , 5c) < c(c 2)

) 4(c 2) < 4 , (c , 3)(c 3)

) (c ,1) 2 < 4 , 5(2c 1)

) (c , 2) 2 , (c ,1)(c 1) < ( c 3) 2 , 6c )

E:

2c 3 (c 1)(c ,1) 3 , c
,
<
6
3
2

44

4(1, 7c ) 2 3c(7 c ,1)

,
< 2c 2 10
25
5

c(3c , 2) (2c ,1) 2 2

c ,6
,
< 1,
3
6
2

12. :
) x 2 , (2a b )c 6ab < 0

) 2c 2 , (3a , 2)c a (a , 2) < 0

) ,c 2 (2a b )c , a(a b ) < 0 ) ,2c 2 (a , 3)c a ,1 < 0

13.
:
) c 2 , 2ac a 2 , b 2 2b , 1 < 0 ) abc 2 , (a 2 b 2 ) b < 0 , 0

1
a

) c , (a )c 1 < 0 0.
2

14. lc 2 , (l ,1)c ,1 < 0 4. )

) .
15. c 2 , c ,12 < 0 (1)

c 2 (2l , 9)c l 2 , 6l < 0

(2). (1) (2). : ) )

(2).
16.

ac 2 ,18c 21 < 0 6. :

) ) .
17.

ac 2 16c , 20 < 0 10. :

) ) .
18. c1 , c2
: ) c1 c2

1
1

c 1 c2

c2 c1

.
c 1 c2

c 2 , 3c 1 < 0 ,
) c1c2

) c12 c2 2

) c13 c2 3

19. c1 , c2 c 2 5c , 4 < 0 ,
: ) c1 c2

(c1 , c2 )2 )

1
1
2.
2
c1
c2

E:

) c1c2

) c12 c2 2

) c13c2 c2 3c1

45

20. c1 , c2 2c 2 3c , 4 < 0 ,
: ) c1 c2

(c1 1)(c2 1)

) c1c2

) c12 c2 2

c12 c2 2

) (2c1 , 3)(2 c2 , 3) .

21. c1 , c2 2c 2 3c , 4 < 0 ,
: ) c1 c2

c1 c2

) c1c2

) c12 c2 2

c1
c2
)

c2
c1

) c1 , c2 .

22. : )2

1
-2
2

4 ) -3 5 ) -6 1 ) -4 -1 )

) ,

2
6.
3

23. : )-2
+2 ) 1+ 1- ) 2 .
24. c1 , c2 c 2 , 3c ,1 < 0 ,
:
)

2c1 2c2 ) c12 c2 2 )

c
c
1
1

) 1 2 .
2
2
c1
c2

25. c1 , c2 ,c 2 5c , 2 < 0 ,
:
) 3c1

3c2

) ,c1 ,c2 )

1
1

) c12 c2 2 .
c1
c2

26. c1 , c2 c 2 , 4c , 2 < 0 ,
:
)
)

1
1

2
c1
c2 2

3c1 1
3c2 1

.
c1 , 3
c2 , 3

27. :

c12
c2
2
c2
c1

) c12 , c1c2 c2 2 , c1c2

x 2 (l ,1)c 2l , 6 < 0

) .
) : )
).

E:

46

28. : , 2 x 2 (l , 5)c l , 3 < 0 .

.
29. : x 2 (l 1) c l < 0 .
.
30. : x 2 , 4(l 1) c 8l ,1 < 0 . ) c1 , c2
) =( c1 -2)( c2 -2)
.) c12 c2 c1 c1c2 2 c2 < 64 .
31. :
) x 2 5 | c | 4 < 0

) x 2 2 | c | , 3 < 0

) 3c 2 | c | ,2 < ,3(| c | 1)

x2 , 4 < 3 | c |

c 2 | ,6c | ,40 < 0

32. :
) c 4 , 5c 2 4 < 0

) c 4 7c 2 10 < 0

) c 4 , 8c 2 , 9 < 0

) c 4 , 5c 2 6 < 0

) 4c 4 ,17c 2 4 < 0

33. :
) c 6 7c 3 , 8 < 0

) ,8c6 7c3 1 < 0

) c8 ,17c 4 16 < 0

) , 16c8 ,15c 4 1 < 0

34. :
) c , 6 c 8 < 0

) c , 4 c 3 < 0

) c 5 c 4 < 0

35. :
) (c 5) 2 , 2(c 5) , 3 < 0

) (2c ,1) 2 2(2c ,1) ,15 < 0

) (c 2 1) 2 , 7(c 2 1) 10 < 0

) (c ,1) 2 , 3 | c ,1| ,4 < 0

) (c , 5) 2 , 3 | 5 , c | ,10 < 0

E:

) 5 , (2c ,1) 2 < 4 |1 , 2c |

47

36.:
) 1,
)
)

3
6
< 2
c 2 c 2c

c ,10
c
2
,
<
2
c ,4 2,c c 2

c
4c
4
< 2
,
c , c c ,1 c 1

4
c ,1
1
<
,
c ,1 c 1 c ,1
2

c
4c
4
< 2
,
c , c c ,1 c 1
2

c
5c , 20
14
, 2
<, 2
c 2 c , 4c
c 2c

37.:
)

1
1,

1
c

< 2c

1
1,

1
c

4
c,

2 4
,1
7
c c
)
,
< .
1
2
3
1,
c
1

E:

1
c

<

c
4

c
1,

1
c

c
1

1
c

<

2c
c 2 ,1

48

,
1 :

, )

(
,
).

: x -3 , x 5 ; , 1 , 10 x

2 x -4 x + 5
10+x
2 x -4
x +5
10+x
<-1 4
-4
<4 (-1 )-4

4
2
4
4
2
4
2 x -4 -2 (x + 5 )<-4 -(10 + x ) 2 x -4 -2 x -1 0 <-4 -1 0 -x

2 x -2 x + x <-1 0 + 10 -4 + 4 x <0

0 <

0>

0<0

0>0

0>

<

0
0

E:

49

,
.

4 -5 (x -2 ) 13 -3 (x + 1)

1-

7 -

f
4
2

4 -5 (x -2 ) 13 -3 (x + 1) 4 -5 + 1 0 13 -3 -3 -5 +3 1 3 -3 -4 -1 0

-2 -4 2

:
7 -
7 -

1>
4 1 -4
>4 4 -(7 - )>2 4 -7 + >2
4
2
4
2
-2 >7 -4 - >3 <-3

-3

<-3 (- ,- 3 ) .

() () ()

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

:
-4<2(-1)-3(4-)<11

2(-1)-3(4-)>-4 2-2-12+3>-4

2+3>-4+14 5>10 >2.

2(-1)-3(4-)<11

E:

50
2-2-12+3<11 5<25 <5
:
0

2<<5 x (2 ,5 )

|()|< |()|

>0

||

||<

-<<

: |1-2|<7

|1-2|<7 -7<1-2<7 -7-1<1-2-1<7-1

-8<-2<6 - 8 = , 2 x = 6
4>>-3
,2

-2

,2

-3<<4
:

()> ()

||>

> <-

: |2+4|>8

2+4>8

2+4<-8

2>8-4

2<-8-4

2>4

2<-12

>2

<-6

E:

||

51

|()|< |()|

|()|> |()|

|()|<0

|()|

|()|>0 x R - x / A (x )= 0 |

|()|

()=0

<|()|< ,
<|()| |()|<
.

: 1<|+5|<3

|+5|>3

-3<+5<3

-8<<-2

|+5|>1

+5>1 +5<-1

-8

>-4 <-6

-6

-4

-2

: -8<<-6 -4<<-2

E:

52

2

2 ++ =24 :
>0 , 1,2

++
2

=0 , 1,2

++
2

1,2

<0,

++

2
2 ++<
++

2 ++

0:

2 ++>0 2

( )

,
.

E:

53

) 2+3-10>0 ) -2+2-1<0
) 2+4+16<0 ) 22-4+3>0

) 2+3-10>0 , =32-4 1

x 1,2 <

(-10)=49

, 3 49
, 3 7 =-5 =2
1
2
<
2
2

+3-10
2

)2+2+1

) 32+2+4>0

-5

. x (- ,-5 ) (2 ,+ )

) -2+2-1<0

x 1,2

, =22-4(-1)(-1)=4-4=0
,2
<
<1
2( , 1)

-2+2-1

x ( - ,1 ) ( 1 ,+ ) .

) 32+2+4<0 , =22-4 3 4=4-48=-44<0

=3>0 .

-
3 +2+4
.
2

) 2+4+16<0 , =42-4 1 4=16-16=0

x1,2 <

,4
< ,2
21

-
+4+16
+
.
2

) 22-4+3>0

-2
+

, =(-4)2 -4 2 3=16-24<0

=2>0 .

-
+
2 -4+3
+

2

) +2+1

, =2 -4 1 1=4-4=0
2

E:

54

,2
< ,1
2 1

x 1,2 <

-
-1
+
+2+1
+
+
,
2

=-1 ( =-1 2+2+1=0)

2++>0 ( )
:
<0 ( ) >0 ( )

2++<0 (
) :
<0 ( ) <0 ( )

2++

0 >0

0 <0

++ 0 :
2

1. (-2)-2+2-3 0

R.

(-2)<0

0
4 -4(2 -3-4+6) 0
-42+28-24 0
-2+7-6 0( +4)

(-2)2-4(-2)(2-3)
2

<2

(1)

=72-4(-1)(-6)=49-24=25

1 ,2 < , 7

25
, 7 5 =1 =6
1
2
<
2( , 1)
,2

-
1
6
+
- +7-6
+
1 6 (2) (1) (2)
2

E:

55
1 (- ,1].
2. 42+4(2-1)+4-3>0 R.

<0
[4(2-1)]2-4(4-3)4<0

4>0

16(2-1)2-16(4-3)<0
(2-1)2 (4-3)<0 ( +16)
42-4+1-4+3<0
42--3<0
=(-1)2-4(-3)4=1+48=49

<
1,2

1 49
2 4

42--3

<

17
8

,6
8
<
< < < 1
1
2
8
8

-
+

,3
4

, 3 <<1 ( , 3 ,1) .
4
4

()()......()<0 ()().....()>
:

( ) (),(),.......() .

()().......() .

E:

56

(-2)(2+6+9)(2-3-4)(2-+2)<0

-2=0 =2

2+6+9=0
2

,=0 =-3

-3-4=0

,=25 =-1 =4

2--2=0

,=-7<0

-
-3
-1
-2
2
-3-4
+
+
0
2
+6+9
+
0
+
2
--2
+
+

(- ,-3) (-3,-1) (2,4) .

2
+
+
+

A (x )
>0
B (x )

+
-

+
0

+
+
-

+
+

+
+
+

A (x )
<0
B (x )

, :
A (x ) >0 ( ) ( )>0 ,
B (x )

() 0

A (x )
<0 ( ) ( )<0 , () 0
B (x )

:
.

:
)

x-3

x2 ,3x ,10

;0

(x+2)(x2 ,9)
0
x2 2x ,3

) :
x 2 , 3x , 10 0 x 5

E:

-2

( A (x) 0
B(x)

A (x)
0)
B(x)

57

x-3

x2 ,3x ,10

; 0 (-3)(x , 3x , 10) ; 0
2

-3=0 =3 2-3-10=0 =5 =-2

-3-10
-3

-2

+
-

( - ,-2)

+
+

U (3,5).

2+2-3 0 1 -3 .

(x+2)(x2 ,9)
2
2
0 (x+2)(x , 9)(x 2x , 3) 0
2
x 2x ,3

+2
2-9
2+2-3

( - ,-3)

-3
+
+
-

0
0
(-3,-2]

-2
- 0
-

1
+
+

3
+
0

+
0

+
+

+
-

(1,3].

-3 1
.

A (x)
B(x)

...
:

( ).

A (x ) ,
B (x)
.

E:

58

: )

2x-1
4
10
x
1 )

,
2
2
x+1
x
,1
x ,4
x ,1

) 2-4 0 2

2x-1
2x-1
2x-1
x2 ,4
-1 0
,
0
1
x2 ,4
x2 -4
x2 ,4 x2 ,4
2x-1-x2 +4
-x2 2x 3
2
2
0
0 (-x 2x 3)(x , 4) 0
2
2
x -4
x ,4

- +2+3
2-4

-2

+
-

-1
+

2
0

+
-

U (2,3]

(-2,-1]

3
+
+
+

+
0

+
-

-2 2
.
) 2-1 0 1
4
10
4
10
x
x

,
x ,1
x ,1
x +1
x+1
(x + 1 )( -1)
x 2 ,1

4 ( -1)
10
( +1 )

,
( -1)
(x + 1)( -1 )
(x -1)( +1 )
4 ( -1 )-10 + ( + 1 )
0
( x + 1 )( -1 )

4(-1)
10
(+1)
+
0
(x+1)(-1) (x-1)(+1) (-1)

2
4 -4 -1 0 + +

(x +1)( -1)

2
+5 -14

(x +1)( -1)

( 2 + 5 -1 4 )( -1 )( + 1 )

2+5-14=0 =-7 =2

E:

-1=0 =1 +1=0 =-1

59

+5-14
-1
+1

-
+
+

-7
o

-1
-

1
o

o
+

2
+
+
-

+
o

+
+
+
+

(- ,- 7 ] (- 1 ,1 ) [ 2 ,+ ]
-1 1
.

E:

60

1. : ) 3(c - 2) - 5( c + 1) 3 - 2( c - 3)

3 - 2c
3c - 5
c c -4
c
) c + 3 p 2f 23
6
4
2
2
10 + c
c -3 c +5
)
p -1 4
2
4
)

2.
:
) 3(c - 1) + 2c p c + 1 2( c + 3) - c 2
)1 -

1- c
4- c c +4
p c 1
2
4
8

) 3 )

1 - 2c 1
c + 20 3c + 30
6
2
2
7
7

4c - 3
6
c c 5

-c f
-
5
15
4 2 4

3. :
) 3 - 5c c + 1 7 c - 5 ) 2(c -1) 3 - c p 3( c + 1)
) -5 - 4(c - 2) p 2( c + 3) p 5(2 + c ) - 4 c
)

4 - 2c
3c + 2
2( c - 1) p
3
2

c + 5 5( c - 3)
p
p c -1
3
6

4. :
) 3 -

x -1
2 x+4 +4
15 x - 2 - 9
)
1 ) x + 4 - 5
8 x-2 -7
3
3
2

) x - 1 + 2 x - 2 f 5 x - 5 - 6 ) 2 x - 1 + 2 -

E:

6x - 3 4x - 8 + 3

8
5

61

5.:
) 1 p x + 5 p 3 ) 3 p 2 x - 1 5 ) 5 3 x - 1 p 8 ) 4 6 - 2 x 10
6.:
) x - 4 - x + 1 f 0 ) 4 - x - 2 3 x ) 3 -

x -3
x+2
2

7. :
) f ( x) =

x-2
x -3

) f ( x ) =

) f ( x) =

x -6

) f ( x) =

5x - 2
5x - 2
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = 4 x + 20
x + 13
x - 2 - 2x -1

) f ( x ) =

x -2 + 6- x

x -3

) f ( x ) =

x -5
) f ( x ) =

x-3
3- x

1
x+6
- 2
) f ( x) =
x - 2x x - 9
2

1
- 5- x
x+3

8. :
) x 2 2 x , 3 f 0

) ,3x 2 4 x 4 0
) ,x 2 8 x ,16 0
) 3x 2 , 6 x 3 p 0 .

) , x 2 3 x 4 0

) ,x 2 4 x 12 f 0

) ,x 2 2 x , 3 0

) ,3x 2 3 x ,1 0

) x 2 , 4 x 4 0

) 2 x2 , 4 x 2 p 0

9.:
) c 2 , 5c p 0 ) c 2 3c 0
) c 2 f ,7c ) , 2c 2 4c

) 2c 2 , 5c 0 ) ,c 2 , 6c 0

) c 2 , 9 0

) c ,c 2 .

10.:
) c ,c 2 ) 4(c , 5) , (c , 4)(c 4) 0

) 2(c , 3)(c 3) , (c ,1) 2 p ,4

11. :
) c 2 , 2c , 3 p 0 ,c 2 c 2 0
) c 2 4c , 5 f 0 c 2 , 4 0

) c 2 c , 2 0

) c 2 c , 6 0 c 2 , 2c 1 f 0

) c 2 , 5c 4 0 ,c 2 2c 8 0 .

E:

c 2 2c , 8 p 0

62

12. :
) 4(c 1) p c(c 7) p 2(2c 5)

) 3 c 2 , 2c 8

13. c 2 ,14c 50
5 26.
14.a :
) f ( x) < c 2 , 4c , 5
) f ( x ) <

) f ( x ) < 9 , c 2

) f ( x) <

x2

x2 , 7 x

,x 2 , 3 x 10
.
x2 4 x 3

15. , f
:
) f ( x) < x 2 , 3 x ,10 )

f ( x ) < ,3 x 2 4 x 4 .

16. , f
:
) f ( x) < x 2 3 x , 4

) f ( x) < ,2 x 2 3 x 5 .

17. , f
g:
) f ( x ) < x 2 4 x , 6 g ( x) < 2 x , 3

) f ( x ) < , x 2 4 x 8 g ( x ) < x 2 , 3 x 4 .

18. x 2 (l , 3)c 6 < 0 2

.
19 . , x 2 (l 5)c , 3l , 7 < 0
.
20. (l ,1) x 2 4c l 2 < 0, l 1
.
21. l x 2 (l , 3)c l < 0, l 0
.

E:

63

22 . 4c 2 4(2l ,1)c 4 , 3l 0
.
23. :

(l , 2)c 2 , 2lc 2l , 3 f 0 .

24. :
) (c , 2)(c 2 2c , 3) f 0

) (c , 3)(c 2 , 4c 3) 0

) (c 2 , 4)(,c 2 3c 10) 0 ) (c 2 3c , 4)(c 2 , 3c 2) p 0

25.:
) c(c 2 , c , 6)(c 2 , c 2) p 0

) c 2 (9 , c 2 )(2 , c) p 0

) (16 , c 2 )(4 , 2c)(,c 2 2c ,1) 0

26. :
)

c,2
5,c
1, c
0 )
0 )
0
c4
c 1
4,c

25 , c2
c ,3
f0
p
0
)
c 2 4c , 5
c2

c2 , 2c , 3
0.
)
c,2
27.:

(c 3)(,c 2 c ,1)
(c , 2)(9 , c2 )
(c2 ,1)(,c2 c 6)
0
)
0 )
0 )
c 2 2c , 3
c2 , 2c , 8
c2 , 4
28.:
)
)

c2 , 5
4
c,2

2c2 , 4c 5
c8
c
3
13
1 )
c )
2
2
2c 1
c 2
c 3 c c 3c

c ,1
2

1 .
c 1 1, c

E:

64

A
: *
R.
a: * R
H
:
+1,.-1,
.

(.)
: ,
.
.
+1=+ +1-=
=1+(-1)

- . :

. : ,, .
:
2=+ =

+
2

:
1. ,

+
2

+ +......+
2. O 1,2,3,........., 1 2
.
2

. :
- ,
: S =

E:

( + )
1

65

,
, : S =

[2 +(-1)] .
1

.
i) - , +1
+1- .
S :
S-1
6444447444448
ii) S = 1 +2 +....+ -1 + S =S -1 + < S -S-1

.
. : ) =3-5 .
) ()
2
S =2 - , ..

) +1 +1=3(-1)-5=3-2.

+1- =3-2-(3-5)=3-2-3+5=3

. =3 =1: 1 =-2
2
2
) S-1 =2 -1( -(-1)=2 -5+3
2
2
=S -S-1 =2 --(2 -5-3) =4-3

+1=4(+1)-3=4+1

+1-=4+1-(4-3)=4

. =4 1 =1

.
.

=1+(-1) 1,.
.
. 7 9, 4
9 16. .

E:

66

1 +6=9
= +6

1 +6=9 1 < ,3

7 +1 =16

+3+ +8=16
2 +11=16 =2

1

1

4 9

,
,, .:
i.

, 1=, +2=

ii.

=1+(-1)
.

iii.

.
7 2 50
..

2,1, 2, 3,........, 7,50 1=2 9=1+8 50=2+8 8=48

=6.

2,8,14,20,26,32,38,44,50.

.
i.

1, 3,5,...... .
=2

ii.

2, 4,6,...... .
=2 .

.,
i.

. :
.....,-3,-2,-,,+,+2,+3,......

ii.

.
-, +
:
.....,-5,-3,-,+,+3,+5,......

.
) .
20 -560.

E:

67

) .
4 105.

) : -2,-,,+,+2
-2+-+++++2=20 5=20 =4.
(-2)(-)(+)(+2)=-560 (4-2)(4-)4(4+)(4+2)=-560
4(16-2)(16-42)=-560 16(16-2)(4-2)=-560 (16-2)(4-2)=-35
4-202+99=0.

2= 2-20+99=0
2
=11 =9 < 11 = 11
.
2
< 9 = 3 . =3 =4 -2,1,4,7,10
=-3 =4 10,7,4,1,-2
-2,1,4,7,10

) -3,-,+,+3
-3+-++++3=4 4=4 =1
(-3)(-)(+)(+3)=105 (2-92)(2-2)=105 94-102-104=0

26
2 = ,
2=4 = 2
9
=2 =1 -5,-1,3,7
=-2 =1 7,3,-1,-5
-5,-1,3,7

E:

68

: ,

. .

+1

= +1 =

=1-1

- . :

. 1 0( 0)
0 0( 0)

. : ,, .
:
2=

4 . ,,, 2= 2=

,.

=.

. :

S =
1

-1
-1

. 1 , :

-
1
1 = +1 -1 = -1
S =
=
1 -1
-1
-1
-1

-1

.
- , +1

+1

S :
S-1
6444447444448
S = 1 +2 +....+ -1 + S =S-1 + < S -S-1

E:

69

+1

) - =
.
-1
2

. 1,.
) S=2(3-1).
. 1,.

+2

) +1
.
=

+1
2
3

+2

+2 -1

3
2
3
+2-(+1) -(-1)
-1
+1 = 2
<
<3
2
< 3 2 < <
+1
+1

3
3
2
-1
2

. =

3
1=9
2

) -1 S-1=2(3-1-1)

3
4

< 3 .
=S-S-1=2(3 -1)- 2(3 -1)= 2 3 , 2
3
3

-1

4 +1
3

+1
3

<
< 3 . . =3 1=4.
4

3
3

,
, ,
.,:

1,2,...., .

. , 1,2,....,,.

1= +2= +2=1+1 =+1

+1 ,

+1 ,

E:

70

=1-1

.
.

2
9

162 5 ,

1,2,3,4,5
. 1=

7=162 16=162

, 1,2,3,4,5,162

7=162 , :

6=162 6=729 = 3 .

2 2
, ,2,6,18,54,162
9 3

=3 :

=-3 :

,-

2
3

,2,-6,18,-54,162

.
() . ,:

1,3,5,....., .
=2.

2,4,6,....., .
=2.

1,2,3,..... . =

.,

., .

2
: .....,
,
, ,,, ,....
3
2

.,

2 .,

3
.....,
,
, ,, ,....
5
3

E:

71

.
) 3 .
8, 21/8.
) 4 .
64, .

,,

3
=8 < 8 =2

21
8

=2 =4:

=2 =

1
4

1
2

1
2

1
2

21

1
2
2
4 +4+4=21 4 -17+4=0 =4 =
4
8

,2,8

: 8,2,

1
2

.: S=

E:

a1
1-

1
2

,2,8

||<1

72

1. 15 : 7, 15, 23, 31, ..
2. () : 8 = 22 14 = 40.
.
3. 2 92.
20 .
4. 1 = 23, = - 2 = 5.
S.
5. : 1 = 3, = 4 S = 136.
.
6. : 1 = 1, = 25 S = 91. .
7. () :
1 42 + 43 5 = 0
8. . : 4+12=0 7+19=-30.
:
) ,
) =.
9. . 3+4+12=10 13 8.
:
) ,
) 23
) =2.

E:

73

10. R + 1 2 + 3
1 .
11.
16. .
12. , :3+, 2(-), -5,
.
13. ,, .
(+)2-2 , (+)2-2, (+)2-2.
14. ,, :
+
+

+
+

.. :
2 , 2 , 2
.
15. :
)1+4+7+....+94 )-5-1+3+7+....+135

)-6-9-12-.....-114

16. :
) 50 3.
) 40 5.
) 21 153.
) 5 31 206.
17. . 16 50, 6 11
40. 31 .

E:

74

18. . 1=45 6+11=0. .

19. . =4 21=316.
.
20. . 6=8 11=23. :
) ,
) 14,
) S=15+16+...+25
21. - : =5-8,
., .
22. N*, () :
S = 22 5, () 1 .
23. N* S = 32 ( ),
() .
24. 6 50 10 ,
.. .
25. . 55,
695.
26. 4 ., 20,

25
24

27. :
) (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + .. + (x + 60) = 1050
) 1 + 7 + 13 + .. + x = 280, x >0

E:

75

28. 20 .
. 1
16 , 7 28 .
) 10 ;
) 4 10 ;
) 6 , 9
, 12 ,
;
) ;
29. 12
1200/m2 100/m2
.
) m2 ;
) 82 m2 ;
) 200 m2,
;
30. . 1=48 5=3. 5 .
31. . 6=-108 3=4. :
)
) 5
32. : 1 = 6, = 2 = 3072. .
33. x R :
.

E:

x -1 ,

5x + 1 ,

x + 3

76

34. , , 23-2 , ., ,, 0,
, , , ..
35. 7

192,96,48,......
36. :
)5+10+20+....+640
)4-8+16-.....-8192
37. x, , z 147, x, , z
, x, z,
.
38. :
) 3 + 32 + 33 + .. + 3x = 120, x N*
) 1 + x + x2 + x3 + .. + x39 = 0
39. 21
27.
40. - =3 2.
) .
.
) 6 .
41. - = 24-, R .
) .
) 7 127, .

E:

77

42. 2 486 4 ,
.
43.
42 512.
44. 4
4096 .
45. .
) 10 ,
6 .
)

33 . 10 .
i. 20 .
ii.
;
46.
.
20 .
) 7 ;
) 5 ;
) 7
1000 ,
.

E:

78

47.
.:
)4,2,1,...

)9,-3,1.... )18,12,8,...

48. . 1=18 , ||<1. 3

27, :
)
) .
49. : 1+

50.)

2+|x| (2+|x|)2

+.....=

2|x|
3

x
1

2
2
x +1

2
3
x x
x
2
+
+
+......=
) :

2
2 2
3
x +1 x +1 x +1

E:

79

:
()
.

,:

y f(x) f .

, y .

=f(A) .

:
f:

f(x)

f:
, :

A .

( ),
f(x) ( ).

:f()=+-1-1+......+1+0
, = .

: f(x)=

P(x)
Q(x)

() Q(x) ,

,
:

={ / Q(x) 0 }

E:

80

: f(x)= A(x) ,
A= x/A(x)0|

: f(x)=
:

1
A(x)

A= x/A(x)>0|

:
,
,
.
: :
) f(x)=

x-5
1
3-x -2
) f(x)= 2x-6+x-1 ) f(x)=
) f(x)= x+22
x-3
2x+8
x +2x-3

) 2+2-3 0 1 -3.
= -{-3,1}
) 2-60 26 3
[3,+ )
) 3-0 3 2+8>0 2>-8 >-4
-4<3.
=(-4,3].
) +20 -2 -3 0 3.
=[-2,3) (3,+ ).

().:
3x-2,
a 1

f(x)=
-x2 +2x+8, <1

E:

81

,
,:
=(- ,1] (1,+ )=

E:

82

1. :

3x + 2
f ( x) =
12 + 4 x

1
f ( x) = 2
x -4

3x + 6
x
) f ( x) = 3
x -1
x -1
2x - 3
4
) f ( x ) = 2
- 2
4x - 9 x + 4x + 3
5x + 3
x-2
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = 4
x - 27 x
16 x 6 - x 2
)

f ( x) =

x2 - 9
f ( x) = 2
x + 3x - 4

2x - 3
4
x + 3x - 4 x - 3
5x + 3
) f ( x ) = 3
x - 4x2 + 4x
) f ( x ) =

2..:
) f ( x) =

x-2
x -3

) f ( x ) =

) f ( x) =

x -6

) f ( x) =

5x - 2
5x - 2
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = 4 x + 20
x + 13
x - 2 - 2x -1
x -3

) f ( x ) =

x -2 + 6- x

) f ( x ) =

x -5
) f ( x ) =

x-3
3- x

1
x+6
- 2
) f ( x) =
x - 2x x - 9
2

1
- 5- x
x+3

3.:

2
f(x)= x -4x-5

2
f(x)= 2x -4x+3

2
f(x)= 9-x

f(x)=

f(x)=

x+2
x2 -7x

f(x)=

2x-1
-2x2 +x+6

5-x
2
9x -6x+1

4.:

f(x)=

2
-x +3x+10
x-2

3
f(x)= x2 -x-2+ -x2 +2x+15

3 2
x +2x-3
f(x)=
x2 -16

E:

f(x)=

-x2 -3x+10
x2 +4x+3

83

5. :

2x-5, x 0

f(x)=
-x2 +3, x ;0

) f;
) :

5
2

)f(-3) )f

)f(-1) )f(0) )f

1
)f( 2

3 ).

6. :

3x-1,
x<1

f(x)= -x+3 1x2

x
=
2

a) f ;
) :
f(-1), f

1
, f(5), f(2).
2

7. f(x)=x2-4x+5.
) f;
) :
)f(-2)

)f(0) )f(5).

) :
)f(-3a)

)f(2a2) )f(a-)

) f(x)=2
8. :

f(x)=ax- x+3
f(6)=9.

E:

84

a)Na f.
) f(-2) f(13).
9. f: :
f(x+2)=3f(2)-2(x-3)
. :
) f(2)
) f() .
10. f: :
f(2-1)=42-6 -f(3)
. :
) f(3)
) f() .

E:

85

-
: yy
y,
, .

yy .

(,) ,
.

yy xy
.

y=0,
(,0).

yy =0,
(0,y).

(x,y) ,:

y=0

yy =0.

(0,0).

E:

86

4 ,
:

(,y) :

1 , ,y>0.

2 , <0 y>0.

3 , ,y<0.

4 , >0 y<0.

(,) ,:

(-,) yy.

(,-) .

(-,-) (0,0).

(,)
y=x.

A
(1,y1) (2,y2) , (
) :
= (x2 -x1 )2 +(y2 -y1 )2

E:

87

1. (2+4,3-) .
.
2.
: )( a 2 - 9 , a 2 + 2a - 3 ) )(||-2, a 2 - 5a + 6 )
)( |2-5|-3 ,|-3|-2).
3. (3,5) (-1,2)

(-1,-2)

:) ) yy ) )
1 3 .
4. (2-7,3-y) (-5,1). ,y ,
: ) ) yy )
) 1 3 .
5. :
)(2,4) (5,8) )(-3,-4) (3,4) )(-5,1) (7,6) )(-7,-3) (-3,0)
6. (-1,-2) (,1) =5.
7. (1,4) ,(5,2) (-2,-2)
.
8. (-2,3) (1,5).
) .
) .
) .
9. (2,6) 10.
10. yy (-2,1)

13 .

E:

88

: f A .
y, (,f(x)),
f.
H f Cf.
: (,) f
, : f()=

;
f
f(x). f
. (
) f .
. (
).

:
y=f(x) y=0 f(x)=0
( ) .

yy:
y=f(x) =0. y=f(0)
.
: 0 ,
yy.

E:

89

:
Cf , yy
( ).
Cf f(x)>0 k f(x)<0.
. ) f(x)=2x-4.
)
:
)

) .

: f(x)=0 2x-4=0 2x=4

x=2.A (2,0).

yy: =0 f(0)=-4.A
yy B(0,-4).

) Cf f(x)>0 2x-4>0 2x>4 x>2.

Cf f(x)<0 2x-4<0 2x<4 x<2.
f (2,+ )

(-, 2).

f,g Cf,Cg ,:

f(x)=g(x), Cf,Cg .

f(x)>g(x), Cf Cg.

f(x)<g(x), Cg Cf.

.
f(x)=x2+8x-12

g(x)=-x2+2x+8.

f(x)=g(x) x2+8x-12=-x2+2x+8 2x2+6x-20

x=2 =-5 .

E:

90

=2 f(2)=8 =-5 f(-5)=-27

(2,8)
(-5,-27).

E:

91

1.
:
) f ( x ) = c 2 - 3 c - 4 ) f ( x) =| 2 x - 5 | ) f ( x ) =

x+6
x -5
) f ( x ) = 3
x-2
x

) f ( x) = 4 - x ) f ( x) =| x - 1| - | 2 - x |
2. :

2x-6,

x 2

f(x)=
2

x -3x-10, x<2

) f.
) f .
3.

:
)f(x)=|-2|-|2+1| )f(x)=4-52+4

)f(x)=5+272

)f(x)=5-16.

4. :
f(x)=

(2,-

a
3a
2
x -1 x+1

2
). :
3

) .
) .
) .
5.

f ( x) = 2 x - 5 g ( x) = x - 3 .

: ) C f , C g ) :
) C g ) C f C g .

E:

92

6. f ( x) =| x - 2 | -5 . : ) C f
. ) C f : )
) .
7. :
f(x)=x2-x+2

g(x)=x2+x+8

Cf 2, Cg
(-2,2). :
) .
) Cf Cg.

E:

93

f(x)=ax+
:

=0, .

: 00<180

:
.
(1,y1) (2,y2) ,
:
=

y2 -y
1
x2 -x1

f(x)=ax+

A - ,0 .

yy (0,).

=0 f(x)=
.

(>0)
y=0 .
E:

(<0)

( =0)

94

f(x)=ax

(0,0).

=.

y=ax+.

=1 (=45 ) y=x
.
=-1 (=135 ) y=-x
.

1:y=a1x+1 2:y=a2x+2 , :

1=2 .

1=2 1=2 .

12 =-1 .

) , 1:y=(22+4)-7 2:y=(2+4)+13

.
) , 1:y=(+1)-3 2:y=

-2
2

+4 .

) 22+4=2+4 2-4+4=0 =2
) +1

-2
2

=-1 (+1)(-2)=-2 2--2=-2 2-=0 (-1)=0

=0 =1.

E:

95

1. y=(+2) +2+8 .
) ) .
2. y=(2-6)+-1 .
) ) .
3. y=(3-)++1 450 .
) ) .
4. :

c - 5
-2c + 1

x>2
x2

)f(x)=

)f()=||-2

2 -2 < x < 3
-2 x + 8 x 3

) f ( x ) =

)f()=|+2| -|-1|

5. :
) :y=(3-5)+2 :y=4-1

): y=(-3)-1 :y=(5-)+4

): y=( l 2 + 4l ) -7 : y=(+10)+21 ): y=(-3)+2 : y=(43)

) : y=|+2|-1 : y=-5

) : y=|-3|-2 : y=|3+7|

6. :
) :y=(+1) : y=(+3)-2 ) :y=(+8) : y=(+8) -4
): y=(-1) -2 : y =
) : y= 2l 2 c - 4

2-l
lc + 3
c + 6 ): y=(-2)-1 : y= 2
3

: y= 3l 4 c - 5 .

7. : y=(+3)+5 : y=(+8)+2+1.
: ) ).
8. :
)(-4,0) (0,2) )(0,-2) (3,1) )(0,3) (2,1) )(0,-1) (4,-1)

E:

96

9. :
) :y=-3+2 (2,-1)
) :y=2+5 (2,-13).
10. :y=2+7
(-4,-1).

E:

97

-

f,:

f(x)=(x)+c, c>0,
c .( 1)

f(x)=(x)-c, c>0,
c .( 2)

( 1)

( 2)

f,:

f(x)=(x-c), c>0,
c .( 3)

f(x)=(x+c), c>0,
c .( 4)

E:

98

( 3)

( 4)

:
f, :

f(x)=(x+c)+d, c,d>0
c
d .

f(x)=(x+c)-d, c,d>0
c
d .

f(x)=(x-c)+d, c,d>0
c
d .

f(x)=(x-c)-d, c,d>0
c
d .

E:

99

:
1. f
, 1,2 :
1<2, f(1)<f(2)
f ,
( ), .
( 1)
2. f
, 1,2 :
1<2, f(1)>f(2)
f ,
( ), .
( 2)

( 1)

( 2)

3.
.

E:

100

1,2 1<2
f(1),f(2) ( ).

f(1)-f(2)
1,2 1<2
f(1)-f(2).
f(1)-f(2)>0,
f(1)-f(2)<0, ( ).

1,2 1 2
=

f(x1 )-f(x2 )
.
x1 -x2

>0, f .
<0, f . ( )

: :
) f(x)=2- x-5
) f(x)=

)f(x)=x2+4x-5 (-2,+ )

3x+1
( - ,2).
x-2

) f. 5-0 5
=(- ,5]
1,2(- ,5] 1<2 f(1)-f(2).
< - >- 5- >5- 5- > 5- - 5- <- 5- 2- 5- <2- 5-
1 2
1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

f(1 )<f(2 ) f =(- ,5].

) 1,2(- 2,+ ) 1<2

f(1)-f(2):

f(1)-f(2)=12+4x1-5 -( 22+4x2-5 )= 12- 22+4x1-4x2=( 1-2)( 1+2)+4(1-2)=

E:

101

( 1-2)( 1+2+4). :

1<2 1-2<0(1)

1,2(- 2,+ ) 1>-2 2>-2 1+2>-4

1+2+4>0(2)

(1),(2) ( 1-2)( 1+2+4)<0 f(1)-f(2)<0 f(1)<f(2).

f (-2,+ ).
) 1,2( - ,2) 1 2
.

f(x1 )-f(x2 )
=
x1 -x2

3x +1 3x +1
1 - 2
(3x1 +1)(x2 -2)-(3x2 +1)(x1 -2)
x -2 x -2
(x1 -2)(x2 -2)
1
2
=
=
x 1 -x2
x -x
1 2

3x1x2 -6x1 +x2 -2-3x1x2 +6x2 -x1 +2

7x2 -7x1
-7(x 1 -x2 )
=
=
=
(x1 -2)(x2 -2)(x 1 -x2 )
(x1 -2)(x2 -2)(x 1 -x2 ) (x1 -2)(x2 -2)(x 1 -x2 )
-7
. 1<2 1-2<0
(x1 -2)(x2 -2)

2<2 2-2<0 (1-2)( 2-2) >0.

<0 f ( -,2).

:
1 2,
1 2 .
:

f 1 2,
1 2.

f 1 2,
1 2.

(,) (,) ,
(,) (,) :

E:

102

1(,) 2(,) f(x1)<f(x2).

A
:
1. f 0,
f(x)f(x0) 0
f(x0) f.

2. f 0,
f(x)f(x0) 0
f(x0) f.

, :

f(x)M f(x) .

f(x)=M f(x)= ,
.

. f(x)=
1.

H f =
:

E:

2x
-1
2
x +1

103

2
2
2x
2x
2x+x +1
(x+1)
f(x) -1
-1
+1 0
0
0
2
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1

.
2
2
2x
2x
2x-x -1
-(x-1)
E f (x ) 1
1
,1 0
0
0
2
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1

.

:
2
2
2x
2x
2x+x +1
(x+1)
2
f(x)=-1
+1=0
=-1
=0
=0 (x+1) =0 x=-1
2
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
2
2
2x
2x
2x-x -1
-(x-1)
2
=1
=0
=0 -(x-1) =0 x=1
f (x )=1
, 1=0
2
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1

f =-1 -1 =1
1.

:
1) f ,:

f(-x)=f(x) .

2) f ,:

f(-x)=f(x) .

,
0. :

(-,)

[-,]

(- ,-) (,+ )

(- ,-] [,+ )

(-,-) (,)

E:

104

[-,-] [,]
, ,a ,a |
*

,
yy.
,
.

;
,
:

0,
.

f(-x),
:
f(-x)=f(x), f ,
f(-x)=-f(x), f .
f(-x) f(x) f(-x) -f(x) .

: ,
) -

) f(-x) f(x)

f(-x) -f(x).
, .

E:

105

1.
:
f(x)=|x|

, g(x)=|x|+2

, h(x)=|x|-2

2.
:
f(x)=|x|

, g(x)=|x-2|

, h(x)=|x+2|

3.
:
a)f(x)=|x| g(x)=|x+2|+1
)f(x)=|x| g(x)=|x-1|-2.
4. :
) f ( x) = x 3 + 5 x ) f ( x ) = 2 x + x ) f ( x) = 12 - 3 x - 4 x ) f ( x) = 4 - x - 3
5. f

i)f(x-4) p f(3x) ii)f(|x|) p f(2).

6. f

)f(|-2|) f f(4) )f(|2-3|) f f(5).

7. :
) f ( x) = 3 x 2 - 2

f ( x) = 5 - 2( x + 1)

) f ( x ) = 1 - x 2 ) f ( x) = -2 x 4 + 6

) f ( x ) = 3( x - 5) 2 + 11

8. f(x)=

2
4x -4x+5
2
. f
2
3
4x +3

2.
9. :
) f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 ) f ( x) = x 3 + 3x ) f ( x) = 5 x - 4 x ) f ( x ) = x x
2

E:

106

x2 + x
x
) f ( x) = 2
) f ( x ) = 3
) f ( x) = x - 3 + x + 3
x -4
x - 9x
2x + 4 x -1
) f ( x) =
+
) f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x + 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 4
x+3 x-3
10. f : f ( y - x) = f ( y) - f ( x) x, y .
) f(0) ) .

11. f :

f ( y + x) + f ( y - x) = 2 f ( x) + f ( y )

x, y . ) f(0) ) .

12. f: . :
g(x)=xf(x)-|f(x)|
.
13. f: . :
g(x)=f(f(x))-x4f(x)
.

E:

107

f(x)=ax2

: =
: ,
yy.

: (- ,0]
[0,+ ).

: =0 f(0)=0.

:
, + f(x) + .

A , - f(x) + .

: f(x)=ax2,
(0.0) .

f(x)=-ax2

: =
: ,
yy.

: (- ,0]
[0,+ ).

: =0 f(0)=0.

:
, + f(x) - .

A , - f(x) - .

: f(x)=ax2,
(0.0) .

E:

108

f(x)=ax2 g(x)=-ax2 0
.

|| yy (
)

f(x)=

a
>0
x

: =(- ,0) (0,+ )

: ,
(0,0).
: y=x y=-x

: (- ,0)
(0,+ ).

: .

:
, + f(x) 0
A , -

f(x) 0.

( ,
).

0 ,
,
0 , f(x) , .
0 ,

0 , f(x) .

E:

109

( ,
).

: f (x )= a >0
x

, , 1
3 .

f(x)=

a
>0
x

: =(- ,0) (0,+ )

: ,
(0,0).
: y=x y=-x

: (- ,0)
(0,+ ).

: .

:
, + f(x) 0
A , -

f(x) 0.

( ,
).

0 ,
,
0 , f(x) .
0 ,

0 , f(x) - .

E:

110

( ,
).

: f(x)=-

a
x

>0

,
, 2 4 .

E:

111

1.Na , :
)f(x)=(8-2)2 .
)f(x)=(||-3)2 .
2. , :
)f(x)=(3-)x2 (- ,0].
)f(x)=(||-1)2 [0,+ ).
)f(x)=(2+3+2)2 ( -,0]
)f(x)=(62+7+1)2 [0,+ )
3. , :
a) f(x)=

3+6

) f(x)=

2 ,5-14

(- ,0).

) f(x)=

42 ,4+1

(0,+ )

) f(x)=

(0,+ ).

2 ,4+10
(- ,0).

4. , :
) f(x)=

1-|+3|
1 3 .

) f(x)=

2 +4+3
2 4 .

5. :
a)f(x)=x2

g(x)=x2+1 h(x)=(x-1)2

)f(x)=-x2 g(x)=-x2-2

h(x)=-(x+1)2

E:

112

6. :
a) f(x)=

4
x

g(x)=

4
x

-3

h(x)=

4
x+1

7. :

f(x)=

|a-1|-1
x

(-2,-1) g(x)=ax2 .
) .
) f g.
8. :

2x -2x<1

f(x)= 2

x1

) f.
) .
)
.
9. :
2
x
f(x)= 1

x[-2,1)

x[1,+)

) f .
)
.

E:

113

f(x)=ax2+x+ >0
=

: =-

: (- ,-

.
2

]
2

,+ ).
2

: = f()= .
2
2
4

To K(,) .
2 4

- :

[-

: ,
f(x)=ax2+x+ >0
:

yy: (0,)
. f(x)=x2-4x+3.

: =

: =-

: (- ,2]

-4
==2
2
21

[2,+ ).

: =2 f(2)=-1

To K(2,-1)

:
: y=0 f(x)=0
x2-4x+3=0 x=1 =3

(1,0) (3,0).
yy: =0 f(0)=3.
(0,3).

E:

114

f(x)=ax2+x+ <0
=

: =-

: (- ,-

]
2

.
2

,+ ).
2

: = f()= .
2
2
4

To K(,) .
2 4

- :

[-

: ,
f(x)=ax2+x+ >0
:

E:

115

. f(x)=-x2-2x+3

: =-

: (- ,-1]

=-1
2

[-1,+ ).

: = f(-1)=4.
2
To K(-1,4) .

:
: y=0
f(x)=0 -x2-2x+3=0 x=1 =-3

(1,0) (-3,0).

yy: =0 f(0)=3.
(0,3).

E:

116

.
1. :
)f(x)=x2+4x-2
) f(x)=-x2+6x-4
) f(x)=-4x2+4x-1
2.Na
:
) f(x)=x2-2x-3
) f(x)=2x2+4x+3
) f(x)=-3x2-4
3. f(x)=x2-6x+5.
a)Na .
) .
) .
) .
4. f(x)=-2x2+8x-6.
a)Na .
) .
) .
) .
5. f(x)=x2++ (3,-5).
.
6. f(x)=2+(+2)-2(2-1) =-1.
) ,
) .
7. f(x)=-2+(+2)-2 . :
) ,
) .
8. , :
f(x)=x2+(-2)x-+1
:
)
)yy.

E:

117

E: