pp.

1-28

Johann et al.(2006) Raban

& Rafaeli (2007)

Fller et al. (2007) Mkip et al. (2005)(CBI)

CBI
CBI

 13

closed innovation
vertical integrationexclusive control

open
innovation
Chesbrough (2003)

Chesbrough
(2006)Johann et al. (2006) Raban & Rafaeli (2007)

(Cooper & Kleinschmidt, 1995; Thomke & von Hippel, 2002; Fller et al., 2006)

(Franke & Shah, 2003; von Hippel, 2002; Ernst et al., 2004; Mkip et al., 2005)


pp. 1-28

McWilliam (2000)Sawhney & Prandelli (2000)Johann et al. (2006) Raban

& Rafaeli (2007)

Community-Based Innovation, CBI

(Fller et al., 2006)
(Mkip et al., 2005; Fller et
al., 2006)

(alt.coffee)(www.hog.com)(Fller
et al., 2007; Mkip et al., 2005; Hienerth, 2006; Franke & Shah, 2003) Fller et al.
(2007) 3 15

(User Innovation)

 13

(CBI Model)

(Online Community)
Rheingold (1993)
Kaufman

(Wellman, 2002) Nonaka & Konno (1998)

Ba Kurt Lewin (field)(place)
(field)
(Nonaka and Konno,
1998)Ba

McWilliam (2000)
Sawhney & Prandelli (2000)Johann et al. (2006) Raban & Rafaeli (2007)

Chakravorti (2004) Harvard Business Review

(network hub)
Zhu & He (2003)


pp. 1-28

(Community Based Innovation, CBI)

(CBI) 1970 (user innovation)
(co-design)(von Hippel, 1988)
()
(Katila and Ahuja, 2002; von Zedtwitz and Gassmann, 2002; Urban, 2005; Piller and
Walcher, 2006)

(von Hippel, 2002; Hienerth, 2006) von Hippel (1988) Mascitelli

(2000)

(von Hippel, 2002; Franke & Shah,

2003)
(Harhoff et al., 2003) Lynn et al. (1996)Tether (2002)
Hienerth (2006)

(Franke & Shah, 2003; Kristenson, 2004)

Ozer
(1999) Hienerth (2006)

(the innovation cycle)

(Funk, 2003; Dahan and Hauser, 2002; Teece, 1988)

(CBI)

(Fller et al., 2007)

 13

(Cooper & Kleinschmidt, 1995; Thomke & von Hippel, 2002; Tietz
et al., 2005; Fller et al., 2006)
(Franke & Shah, 2003; von Hippel, 2002;
Ernst et al., 2004; Mkip et al., 2005)(CBI)

(social exchange and

interaction theory)
CBI

CBI
CBI


pp. 1-28

1 CBI

(CBI)

(social
exchange and interaction theory)

NPD NPD

NPD

From Closed to Open Innovation

Ariss & Zhang (2002)

Viskari et al. (2007)Chesbrough (2006)2003

(Intellectual Property, IP)

(communities of practice)(formal work

group)(project team)(informal network)

 13

(Wenger & Snyder,

2000)

(Closed Innovation Model)

(closed innovation)

(Chesbrough, 2006)

vertical integrationexclusive control

IBMIntelGE Lucent


pp. 1-28

The Closed Innovation Model

(Cisico) Scheiman (2006)

(PricewaterhouseCoopers)
46%29%
11%5% 9%

Open Innovation Model

20

 13

(open innovation)
Chesbrough (2006)

Chesbrough, H., 2006. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape.
Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts: 256.

The Open Innovation Model

10


pp. 1-28

Docherty (2006)
2
2

co-development

collaborative innovation

joint venture

open innovation

open-source model

()

()

()

Docherty, Michael, 2006. Primer on Open Innovation: Principles and Practice, Vision Magazine,
30(2): 13-17.

(2007)

11

 13

(2003) Chesbrough (2006)

3

VC

()

Docherty (2006)

12


pp. 1-28

1. R&D
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

(nice to haves)
(must haves) Chesbrough (2006)

(1)
(2)(3)(4)

(CBI Model)
(PricewaterhouseCoopers)

13

 13

46

(Community Based
Innovation; CBI)

()

14


pp. 1-28

CBI
1.

2.
3.

15

 13

4.
Fller et al. (2006)

BMWAudiP&GIBM
CBI

4
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
4

Kozinets
(1999)(social ties)
(self-centrality of consumption)(tourist
)(insider)(devotee

16


pp. 1-28

)(mingler)
Baym (1998) Finholt and Sproull (1990)

(lurkers) Zhang and Storck (2001); Wenger (1998) Finholt and Sproull (1990)
(peripheral members)
Kozinets (2002)

lead users von Hippel (2001)lead

users

Fller et al. (2006)

(usegroups)(newsgroups)

Fisher-Buttinger (2002)

(Bulter et al.,
2002)

(flow

17

 13

concept)(toolkit approach)(social exchange theory)

(design requirement)(Fller et al., 2006)

Csikszentmihalyi (1997)

Hoffman and Novak (1996)

(Computer-Mediated Environment; CME)
Baronas and Louis (1988)

(Csikszentmihalyi, 1997)

(
)()(
)(
)(
)(von Hippel, 2001; Dahan
and Hauser, 2002)

Fller & Hienerth (2004)

Prahalad & Ramaswamy (2000)

18


pp. 1-28

cooption

(involvement research) Hoffman and Novak (1996)

Por (1997)

Peter Drucker (innovate or die)

2007

Christensen

19

 13

Prahalad & Ramaswamy (2003)

()
(encouraging active dialogue)()
(mobilizing customer communities)

()(managing customer diversity)()

(co-creating personalized experience)
(CBI)

(CBI Model)
(in-depth interview)

20


pp. 1-28

(Audi AG)

200720071010
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26


pp. 1-28

A Study of the Formation Process and Building of

Online Community-Based Innovation Concept
Kuo-Ming Chu2

Abstract
Innovation seems to have become the most key factor that helps firms create the
intangible assets and improve the competitiveness. However, closed innovation which early
firms used to adopt was costly, and difficult to estimate its investment risk. Firms have
turned to the open innovation to combine the inside resources with outside ones in recent
years. Johann et al. (2006) and Raban & Rafaeli (2007) pointed out that the online
community is the important channel of the source for product innovation. It may not only
collect the preference and innovation of the users, but also further understand their
acceptance toward new products. However, a systematic research either in academic or
practice field in this regard has been unavailable. Accordingly, this research combines the
idea of Community-Based Innovation (CBI) proposed by Fller et al. (2007) with that
developed by Mkip et al. (2005), and introduces the concept into the process of new
product development of the firm. Hopefully, this research can help reinforce the literatures
regarding the linkage between user innovation and commercialization. In addition, this
research is expected to work out a successful model regarding the formation process of CBI,
by way of consolidating the experiences of the enterprises at home and abroad which have
successfully implemented CBI. They seem to be a promising source of innovation
capabilities for new product development. Moreover, a complete concept of CommunityBased Innovation, which is developed by this research, can also be an important reference
for both academic and practice fields in terms of upgrading the enterprises innovation
abilities and performance.
Key Words: Community-Based Innovation, New Product Development, Closed
Innovation, Open Innovation, User Innovation

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Cheng Shiu University.

27