S. A. Starostin, A. V. Dybo, O. A.

Mudrak

An Etymological Dictionary
of Altaic Languages

S. A. Starostin, A. V. Dybo, O. A. Mudrak

(with the assistance of I. Gruntov and V. Glumov)

An Etymological Dictionary
of Altaic Languages

CONTENTS
Preface. ............................................................................................................. 7
Introduction .................................................................................................. 11
Chapter one. The problem of interlingual borrowings
in Altaic languages.................................................................................. 13
Chapter two. Comparative phonology of Altaic languages.............. 22
Chapter three. Comparative and historical phonologies of Altaic
subgroups............................................................................................... 136
Chapter four. Elements of a comparative morphology of Altaic
languages................................................................................................ 173
Chapter five. Classification of Altaic languages and dating of
Proto-Altaic ............................................................................................ 230
Structure of the dictionary and adopted conventions ........................... 237
Selected bibliography and abbreviations of quoted literature ............ 241
Abbreviations of periodical editions ........................................................ 265
Abbreviations of language names ............................................................ 267
Dictionary .................................................................................................... 271
Indices......................................................................................................... 1558

PREFACE

This is a first attempt at an etymological dictionary of Altaic languages.

The history of Altaic comparative studies is a difficult one. Even now
there is still no consensus among scholars on the very problem of the
existence of Altaic as a genetic unit. We sincerely hope that this publication will bring an end to this discussion, which has lasted for more
than 30 years.
The dictionary presented below should by no means be regarded as
final and conclusive. We have tried to collect all existing etymologies
that seem to be semantically reliable and fit the established system of
phonetic correspondences. Among the 2800 etymologies presented approximately half are new, developed by our team during more than 10
years of preparatory work. New etymologies will most certainly follow, while some of those presented will doubtlessly be rearranged or
even refuted in the course of future research. The current reconstruction will also inevitably change - as it happened with Indo-European,
Uralic and most of the other established language families during the
decades of their investigation. Nevertheless, we regard it as a valid
starting point, worth presenting to the general academic audience, and
look forward for criticism, suggestions and corrections.
Wherever necessary we give references to etymological literature,
although we decided to keep the discussion as short as possible. Many
existing etymologies are not mentioned in this dictionary because they
contradict the system of correspondences followed in the present volume or because we think we have found better solutions. It would be
futile, e.g., to struggle with some of the etymologies linking words with
Jpn. *p- to those with Altaic *k-, since we do not believe that such a
correspondence exists at all. We must say, however, that most of the
etymologies presented in the classical works of G. Ramstedt and N.
Poppe, as well as very many Japanese etymologies of R. Miller and S.
Martin, have been preserved, which in itself shows that the proposed
phonological reinterpretation of the Proto-Altaic system is just an extension of previous research.
The Altaic family as a genetic unity of Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu languages had been proposed as early as 1730 by F. J. v.

PREFACE

Stralenberg. Until the early 20th century, however, there was no clear
idea about the classification or comparative grammar of Altaic. The few
scholars that studied the languages regarded them rather as part of a
common Ural-Altaic family, together with Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic
languages - an idea now completely discarded.
The undebatable father of scientific Altaic studies was Gustaf John
Ramstedt. He started his research in the very beginning of the century,
and made a huge contribution both to Altaic studies as a whole and to
the study of individual subgroups of Altaic. His research was concluded by the fundamental Einfhrung in die Altaische Sprachwissenschaft published in 1952, two years after his death in 1950.
Ramstedt formulated many basic phonetic rules of correspondences
between the Altaic languages, laid the foundations of Altaic comparative grammar, and finalized the subclassification of the Altaic family by
separating Uralic from Altaic and adding Korean and Japanese to its
classic Western core.
Other scholars whose contributions to the Altaic field were really
substantial are N. Poppe, K. Menges, V. Tsintsius, V. Illich-Svitych, S.
Martin and R. A. Miller. A full account of their achievements would
deserve a special study, but suffice it to say that due to their efforts a
basic reconstruction of Common Altaic was already available by the
late fifties / early sixties of the 20th century.
A reaction started in the sixties. A number of scholars (for some reason, primarily Turcologists) initiated what seemed at that time a
counter-Altaic revolt. The names of the main anti-Altaicists are G.
Clauson, G. Doerfer and A. Shcherbak. Among them G. Doerfer should
be distinguished as the most consistent, most fruitful, and most vigorous in his anti-Altaic efforts.
Although the arguments of anti-Altaicists were many - from phonetic to lexico-statistical - their basic argument can be summed up as
follows: the relationship between the Altaic languages is not what a
genuine genetic relationship should be. All the numerous resemblances
between them were explained as a result of secondary convergence
within a Sprachbund of originally unrelated languages. The whole
idea of the original Proto-Altaic unity was very seriously threatened.
Simultaneously the Eastern branch of Altaic - Korean and Japanese,
or Korean-Japanese - was brought under heavy suspicion. No serious
alternative for Korean was proposed, but an active search for
non-Altaic relatives of Japanese began. Distinguished scholars like S.
Murayama (who always hesitated between the Altaic and Austronesian
affinity of Japanese) and P. Benedict started searching for Japa-

PREFACE

nese-Austronesian parallels, with Benedict (following mainly the Japanese scholar Kawamoto) finally proclaiming the inclusion of Japanese without Korean and Altaic - into his Austro-Thai family.
After a critical evaluation of the problem we came to the conclusion
that Altaic should be still characterized as a genetic unity, probably
forming a branch of the larger Nostratic macrofamily, but certainly a
separate family on its own. The very fact that it is possible to compile a
dictionary of common Altaic heritage appears to be a proof of the validity of the Altaic theory.
The work on the dictionary started in the late 80s. Initially we
worked together with I. Shervashidze, who later switched to different
projects, and the work was continued by S. Starostin, A. Dybo and O.
Mudrak. We must gratefully mention our numerous younger colleagues and students who helped at various stages of compiling the
dictionary, and especially Ilia Gruntov, Vladimir Glumov, Vasiliy
Chernov and Martine Robbeets. The work was sponsored by grants
from the Soros (Open Society) foundation, from the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research and the Russian Foundation of Humanities; since 1997 the research was supported by the Investor Group
Ariel within the framework of the Tower of Babel project.
All the work was conducted within the STARLING database created by S. Starostin. The Altaic database is constantly available on line
at the Web address http://starling.rinet.ru. Special thanks go to programmers: Ph. Krylov who designed the Windows version of
STARLING software, Yu. Bronnikov who designed the scripts for the
Internet site; and to S. Bolotov who designed the fonts for this complicated edition.
We would like also to express deep gratitude to colleagues who had
read the manuscript and given us many valuable suggestions, both
stylistical and etymological: Bernard Comrie, Alexander Lubotsky and
Cormack McCarthie.

INTRODUCTION
(by S. A. Starostin)

CHAPTER ONE

THE PROBLEM OF INTERLINGUAL BORROWINGS

IN ALTAIC LANGUAGES
Since the gist of the anti-Altaic criticism is the idea that what Ramstedt
and Poppe regarded as common Altaic heritage is in fact a result of
later borrowings, it is this problem that we shall tackle first in the introduction.
This problem is of utmost importance for the whole Altaic theory.
We must be able to distinguish between commonly inherited morphemes and borrowed ones - since interlingual borrowing was very
widely practiced during the final stages of the development of Altaic
languages.
There are two basic contact zones in the Altaic area: the
Turko-Mongolian and the Mongolo-Tungus. There had also been some
contacts between Tungus and Korean, Korean and Mongolian, Korean
and Japanese - but they are relatively insignificant in comparison with
the very intense Turko-Mongolian and Mongolo-Tungus contacts.
1.1. Turko-Mongolian contacts.
It has been convincingly demonstrated by several authors (in a most
detailed way by Clark 1980) that there are no (or almost no) Mongolian
loanwords in Early Old Turkic, i.e. before the 13th century A.D. However, already in the Secret History of Mongols (13th c.) we find a number
of identifiable Turkic loanwords. Logically enough, in Late Old Turkic,
Middle Turkic and modern Turkic languages we also find a large
number of Mongolisms.
This can only mean that Turko-Mongolian contacts started in the
13th century, and there were no direct contacts before that time.
But there is also a large number of Turko-Mongolian matches that
cannot be explained as post-13th century loans. This fact was acknowledged by most critics of the Altaic theory, and a bold attempt was
made by Doerfer to explain such matches as being prehistoric loans
from Turkic into Mongolian (for Altaicists, of course, such matches rep resent rather common inherited vocabulary).
Let us formulate the criteria that distinguish early Turkic borrowings in Mongolian loans from the inherited vocabulary ( = prehistoric
loans in Doerfers terminology).

14

INTRODUCTION

1. The words involved are attested in Turkic before the 13th centur y;
2. They appear in Mongolian in a form typical for 13th century Uyghur/Karakhanide Turkic
The latter criterion means that in the donor language the following
changes occurred, compared with Proto-Turkic: a) voiced *d-, *g- > *t-,
*k-; b) *, * > *, *z; c) long vowels and diphthongs disappeared.
The most obvious criterion here is b), since the correspondences
Turk. * (>) : Mong. s and Turk. * (>z): Mong. z, , s only occur within
this layer of loanwords (see Clark 1980). Let us take a closer look at
such cases:
PT *jl green, greens (OT jal): WMong. jasil buckthorn
PT *gEik turn, order (OT kezik): WMong. kesig wake, turn (already in
MMong. as keik)
PT *gE- to walk, walk through (OT kez-): WMong. kes-, kese- to
wander, roam
PT *ei lady, begs consort (OT ii): WMong. esi empress (MMong. esi)
PT *seik feeling (OT sezik): WMong. sesig
PT *(i)-ru exceedingly (OT aru): WMong. asuru
PT *d- to meet (OT tu-): WMong. tus(u)PT *k sable (OT ki): WMong. er-kis male sable, ebsi-gis female sable
PT *Ko pair (OT qo): WMong. qos(i) (MMong. qoi) id.
PT *Ko hut, camping (MK qo family): WMong. qos(i) (also qol >
WMong. qosili)
PT *jm grape (OT zm, jzm) > WMong. m
PT *jmi vegetable(s) : MMong. (HY) emii
PT *K- to scrape (OT qa-), *K-gu scraper (e.g. Chag. qaau):
MMong. qaiur scraper
PT *bi-, *b- (OT bi-) to become boiled, *b-lak smth. boiled >
WMong. bis(i)la, basila a k. of home cheese
PT *Kar- opposite (OT qar) > WMong. qarsi
PT *ulu country, city (OT ulu) > WMong. ulus
PT *j- blaze, *jn lightning (OT jau-, jan) > WMong. jain id.
PT *jE copper > WMong. es id.
PT *bo free, empty, *boan- to become empty, poor (OT bo, boan-) >
WMong. busani- id.; *boug permission (OT bou) > WMong. bou
id.
PT *ag fang > MMong. *au (au in Uygh. script)
PT *boga pregnant (OT boaz) : WMong. bous
PT *K jade (OT qa): WMong. qas(i) (MMong. qai)
PT *di vessel (OT ei): WMong. idis(i) id.
PT *Kebi carpet (OT kebiz): WMong. kebis id.
PT *kele / *keler lizard (OT keler): WMong. keles

CHAPTER ONE

15

PT *arb magic (OT arv): WMong. arbis knowledge

PT *dua- to hobble, *duak hobble (OT tua-, tuaq): WMong. tua-,
tusi- to hobble, MMong. tuaa hobble
PT *Kaa lazy (OT qaa): WMong. qaa id.
PT *Ki- to screen, *Ki-ge shadow (OT ki-, kige): MMong. ki-,
kige
From these loans we may infer that:
1. OT ( < *) is rendered in Mong. as s, frequently followed by optional
-i (Mongolian lacked a phonological distinction between and s, but s
was pronounced as before i); sometimes we find -- in front of other
vowels (bou, tua-) - an obvious feature of incompletely adapted
loanwords;
2. OT z ( < *) is also usually rendered as s, but in a few casesas ;
3. Initial j- is rendered either as j- (jasil, jain) or as - (emii, es). This
may reflect dialectal variation within Turkic (note that many modern
languages also display the variation j-/- < PT *j-) or an OT articulation
like *-;
4. No voiced initial consonants - except b - are present in this layer of
loans, which is quite consistent with OT phonology;
5. Turkic syllabic structure is retained with the following details:
a) verbal stems usually add a vowel (kez- > kese-, kes-; tu- > tus(u)-);
this is explained by the fact that Mong. has very few monosyllabic
verbal stems.
b) polysyllabic nominal stems usually do not, but occasionally also add
one (tuaq > tuaa);
c) monosyllabic nominal stems never add a vowel (except the parasitic
-i after -s- - to render Turkic );
6. vowels are usually quite faithfully retained - except which is regularly rendered by i (of course there is occasional variation between o
and u, and of weak vowels in the non-initial syllable);
7. voiced intervocalic consonants are rendered as voiced (notably -g- is
rendered as -- > -0- in boaz > bous, cf. Kalm., Dag. bs).
Now if we investigate the loans from Mongolian into modern
Turkic languages we find a very similar system of correspondences:
WMong. sibau(n) bird (MMong. ibaun) : Chag. ibaun
WMong. qaurai dry > Tat. qawrai
WMong. qasiar beak, nose > Uzb. qanar
WMong. dabaan, MMong. dabaan mountain pass > Chag. taban
WMong. aursu (Khalkha grs) chaff > Kirgh. qaursu
WMong. qara- look, qaraul patrol (MMong. qaraul) > Chag. qara-,
qarawul

16

INTRODUCTION

WMong. egei, MMong. egei elder sister > Chag. egei

WMong. absar, MMong. ab(u)sar gap, interval > Kirgh. apsar
WMong. giraul, uruul (MMong. xurqaul) pheasant > Chag. qravul
WMong. ura(n) roebuck (MMong. qura-ltuq) > Oyr. quran
WMong. silegs(n) lynx (MMong. ileusun) > Kum. silewsn
WMong. soqur (MMong. soxar, soqor) blind > Koman soqur
WMong. uuqa stove > Leb., Kumd. joqq
WMong. igder, MMong. iuder(en) dew > Chag. drn
etc.
Of course the system slightly differs: Mongolian voiced initial consonants are usually rendered by voiceless Turkic ones (since voiced
consonants are only retained in Oghuz languages that had hardly any
direct contacts with Mongolian and obtained all their Mongolisms
through Kypchak and Karluk intermediaries). But in general we see
that both loans from Turkic into Mongolian and vice versa reflect generally a single socio-linguistic situation: intensive Turko-Mongolian
contacts after the 13th century, with loanwords flowing in both directions - a situation quite consistent with what we know about the history of Turkic and Mongolian peoples.
A well-known fact, however, is the existence of a large number of
different Turko-Mongolian matches, frequently doublets to those investigated above. Thus we have OT az fang (PT *ag) corresponding
to WMong. araa, arija, MMong. araa, aral id. Doerfer and other
anti-Altaicists (e.g. Shcherbak) would like to view such cases also as
borrowings, but belonging to an earlier stratum.
We can indeed reconstruct a hypothetical (as Doerfer would put it,
teleologische Sternchenform) PT *aiga borrowed in PM as *aria, and
having later lost the final vowel. Note that we cannot presume the
other direction of borrowing, since PM had no *--, and in the case of a
borrowing from Mong. into Turkic we would expect something like
*arg. But what about MMong. aral fang, ara-tai predator - forms
clearly derived from a root *ara- (*ari-), together with the form *ara-a /
*ari-a? In order to explain these forms we have to use a more imaginative scenario: a) either postulate a PT root *a, lost in all attested Turkic
languages and borrowed in Mong. as *ari (*ara), along with its derivative, PT *a-ga; later the new derivatives *ara-l and *ara-taj were formed
on Mongolian ground, while the plain root *ari was lost, just as in
Turkic; b) or postulate PT derivatives *a-l, *a-taj (with suffixation
quite peculiar for Turkic) that were borrowed into Mongolian together
with *a-ga, but were subsequently lost in Turkic.
Needless to say, explanations like this are unsatisfactory. A much
easier and more elegant solution is to trace both Turkic and Mongolian

CHAPTER ONE

17

to a common Altaic root *ai, with a common old suffix *-ga. As is frequently the case, the suffixless stem was not preserved, but it gave rise
to a set of derivatives in Mongolian.
Besides providing a better explanation of Turko-Mongolian matches
(and the case of *ag is not isolated - there are literally hundreds of
such cases), such a solution also helps to avoid the inevitable conclusion at which Doerfer arrived in his investigations: that all early loanwords marched in only one direction - from Turkic to Mongolian. Indeed, Turkic has more distinctions than Mongolian in what concerns,
e.g., the oppositions *l-* or *r-*. Mongolian has only *l and *r, thus all
cases of Turk. * : Mong. *l and Turk. * : Mong. *r are to be explained as
borrowed in Mongolian from Turkic; and there are no obvious cases of
a converse situation.
But oneway borrowing is a specific situation which requires an explanation. This may be either a big difference in the cultural levels of
contact participants, which we have absolutely no reason to suppose in
this case, or borrowing from a dialect which once existed (and of course
also borrowed from the other contact participant), but later ceased to
exist. We would thus have to suppose that Old Turkic (and in fact all
other Turkic languages) are descendants of a PT dialect that had no
contacts with Mongolian; but there existed a hypothetical sister-Proto-Turkic that had contacts with Mongolian but later ceased to
exist without leaving any trace.
We see that the general scientific principle of Occams razor clearly
speaks in favour of the genetic relationship between Turkic and Mongolian, since this is inevitably the simpliest solution in all available
cases.
1.2. Mongolo-Tungus contacts.
Borrowings from Mongolian into Tungus-Manchu languages are quite
abundant. The majority of them penetrated from Mongolian into Manchu, and from Manchu into the other Tungus-Manchu languages; but a
considerable number penetrated also from Dagur into the neighbouring Solon language, and from Buryat into Evenki and the neighbouring
Even and Negidal languages. How can we distinguish Mongolian loanwords from inherited common Altaic etyma?
Consider the following examples:
PM *hiaur root : Evk. (Kamn.) iagur, Sol. or
PM *hre seed : Sol. ur
PM *hergi steep bank : Man. ergi
PM *haiuri favour : Nan. aeuri

18

INTRODUCTION

PM *harga(l)-sun dung : Evk. argahun

PM *hojimu-sun stockings : Evk. oimahun, oimusu
PM *hab-taj sorcery > Evk. aptaj, *hab-galdaj shaman mask > Evk.
awaaldaj
PM *huta-sun thread > Evk. uta-sun
PM *hergi- go round, *hergil- turn round > Man. erguwe-, Evk. erglge device for tanning skins ( = Mong. *hergileg), Evn. ergin-.
These and many other examples reveal one phonetic peculiarity: a
correspondence of PM *h- : TM 0-. They also have another peculiarity:
in the vast majority of them the wordform structure of Mongolian (including all derivational suffixes) is faithfully retained in TM languages.
It is obvious that the words entered TM languages already after the loss
of *h- in Mongolian - which (in Northern Mongolian dialects) occurred
as early as in the XIVth century.
Consider now another group of examples:
PM *hila-an fly : Orok pulikte, pumikte, Evk. hunmikte (PTM *pulmi-kte)
midge
PM *hnir smell : Orok p(n) smell, Evk. huukte- to smell (PTM
*pu-)
PM *halagan palm (of the hand): Ul. paa, Evk. hana, Man. falau id.
(PTM *pala)
PM *hari- be tired, exhausted : Evk. har-, Man. fara- to faint, feel
giddy (PTM *paru-)
PM *heki head : Evk. hje forehead, Man. fexi brain (PTM *pjKe)
PM *hiru-ar bottom, ground : Evk. here, Man. fere, Ul. pere(g) (PTM
*pere)
etc.
This group of examples has a quite different correspondence for PM
*h-, viz., PTM *p-. If we suppose borrowing from Mongolian, we have
to assume that:
1. This borrowing occurred long before the XIVth century, in the period
when Mong. *h- was still pronounced as *p- (a feature not preserved in
any Mongolian dialect);
2. This borrowing occurred even earlier, namely, during the epoch of
Common TM unity (somewhere in the 1st millennium BC), since all of
the above examples belong to the common TM wordstock, so apparently were borrowed into PTM;
3. Borrowed were not the Mongolian forms listed above, but their
roots, which were later supplied (in many cases) with different TM suffixes.
Many other groups of examples also show very specific features.
Cf.:

CHAPTER ONE

19

a) WMong. qou all: Evk. kkte, Orok kupu-kte

WMong. qalu- to come near: Orok qal- id., Man. xani near
WMong. kere- quarrel, fight: Evk. kerbe- kill, Man. keru-le- to fine
WMong. qura rain: Evk. kur-ge-kn, Ul. kre(n) storm
WMong. ki(n) strength: Evk. kus- to fight, kusn strength, Man.
xusu-n id.
b) WMong. quil- to scrape with fingers : Evk. os-, Orok os- to
scrape
WMong. kila-su hair: Evk. ina-kta, Orok snaqta id.
WMong. kr precipice: Evk. ure, Orok xure mountain
WMong. qudura tail strap: Evk. irgi, Orok xudu tail
WMong. kele(n) tongue: Evk. ini, Man. ilegu, Orok sinu id.
In group a) we have words with PTM *k-; in group b) - with PTM
*x-. Mongolian in both cases has k- ( = q- in front of back vowels). So
why would TM languages borrow the same Mongolian phoneme both
as TM *k- and TM *x-?
Note that both groups of examples seem to be archaic enough (different suffixation and wide distribution in TM).
To explain this picture we can either postulate two different phonemes in early Mongolian (at the time of borrowing > TM), e.g. *k 1 and
*k2, with this distinction lost and not reflected in any variety of Mongolian, or try to presume a different direction of borrowing (TM > Mong.,
with both TM *k- and *x- > Mong. k-; but why not *x- > Mong. h- in this
case?).
This all is theoretically possible, but certainly the usual solution a
historical linguist assumes in such cases is that we are dealing with genetic relationship and that two phonemes have to be reconstructed for
Proto-Altaic (in our case - *k and *k), which converged in Mongolian,
but stay distinct (as *k- vs. *x-) in Tungus-Manchu.
We see that here, too, a hypothesis about common origin fares much
better than the loanword theory. Of course, there are loanwords from
Mongolian into TM languages, but they are recent (certainly after the
XIVth century) and penetrated from Mongolian into different TM languages (basically - into Manchu and Evenki, also through a different
route - from Dagur into Solon) long after the split of
Proto-Tungus-Manchu.
One of the significant arguments that Doerfer raised against the Altaic theory was the absence of common Turkic-TM vocabulary. Indeed,
if the three families are not related and all the lexical parallels observed
are due either to borrowings in Turkic from Mongolian, in Mongolian
from Turkic, and in TM from Mongolian, we would expect no common

20

INTRODUCTION

Turkic-TM parallels without Mongolian intermediaries. But in fact we

do have quite a number of such cases, somehow overlooked by the critics:
PT *aj / *ej elder female relative : PTM *as woman PT *Eb(r)dek
duck: PTM *bu, *bu-lduka a k. of duck PT *bk- to look, watch:
PTM *baKa- to find PT *bAja recently: PTM *bai- early PT *bilik
wick: PTM *bulin id.
PT *brak- to abandon, throw: PTM *bur- to lose, let go
PT *bodu- to fasten, attach: PTM *boda- to accompany
PT *bul- icy surface: PTM *belu- / *bul- slippery ice surface
PT *bt thigh : PTM *begdi / *bugdi leg
PT *El, *El-pe- film, membrane: PTM *alba-n bark
PT *jak- to burn: PTM *deg-e-gi- id.
and many, many others (see the body of the dictionary). To explain
those cases we have either to refute them all, or to suppose a third ancient contact zone (Turkic > TM) which is extremely dubious (there exist loans in Evenki from Yakut and vice versa, apparently reflecting
quite recent contacts; but no archaic contacts seem to be observable), or
- which is the most preferable solution - once again to presume genetic
relationship.
A very important issue while formulating any genetic hypothesis is
the problem of basic vocabulary. However, to make a correct estimation of the proportion of basic vocabulary preserved in each branch,
one needs to have a sufficient knowledge of comparative phonology,
i.e. regular correspondences established between languages compared.
Here we must agree with the critics: the correspondences established
between Altaic languages in the classical works of Ramstedt and Poppe
indeed were unsatisfactory in many respects, partially due to insufficient attention paid to the stratification of loanwords. But instead of
trying to improve the correspondences and to untangle difficult phonological and lexical riddles, the critics had chosen an easier way: to refute the genetic relationship as such.
Some researchers, however, took a different approach. Among them
we should name such distinguished scholars as V. M. Illich-Svitych
(with his three-way distinction of stops in PA), V.Tsintsius (with her
many papers on PTM phonology and the three-way correspondence of
stops), S. Martin (with a pioneer attempt at the Korean-Japanese reconstruction, which was largely unsuccessful, but provided a lot of insights into the prehistory of Korean and Japanese) and R. Miller (with
many successful attempts at establishing phonetic correspondences
between Japanese and other Altaic languages).

CHAPTER ONE

21

All this work was summarized and continued in the book of one of
the authors of the present dictionary (). Even since that time
many correspondences have been made more precise and some
changed, during the prolonged collective processing of the vast Altaic
evidence. Below we shall outline the reconstruction of PA phonology
as it is now perceived by the authors.

CHAPTER TWO

COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGY OF ALTAIC LANGUAGES

2.0. Root structure
The most common root structure in Altaic languages is *CVCV, occasionally with a medial consonant cluster - *CVCCV. The final vowel,
however, is very unstable: best preserved in TM languages (although
also not always easily reconstructable because of morphological processes), it is frequently dropped in Korean, Mongolian and Turkic (in
the latter family in fact - in the majority of cases). Japanese usually preserves the final vowel, although its quality is normally lost (shifted to
the previous syllable or fused with the quality of vowels in suffixed
syllables); however, in cases when the final (medial) root consonant is
lost (on the process *cVRV-V > *CVRV > *CVV > *CV in Japanese see
below), Japanese reflects original disyllables as monosyllables.
Japanese also has quite a number of monosyllabic verbal roots of the
type *CVC-. We agree with Martin (JLTT) that these roots were originally disyllabic as well, however reconstructing them as *CVCa- is certainly incorrect. The OJ verbal conjugation shows explicitly that the
verbal stems if we examine their interaction with the gerundive suffix *-i can be subdivided into three main types: *CVCa- (those having
the gerund in -e < *-a-i), *CVC- (those having the gerund in -i < *--i),
and *CVC- (those having the gerund in -ji < *-i). We can only suggest
the possibility that the latter type reflects original verbal roots *CVCi
(occasionally perhaps also *CVCu, although there are reasons to suppose that some of the latter actually merged with the type *CVC-). The
gerund form in *-i in this case may actually reflect the original final
root vowel that had early disappeared before other verbal suffixes of
the type *-V(CV)-.
A small number of trisyllabic roots such as *laku walk, *kabari
oar, *kobani armpit etc. are also reconstructed for Proto-Altaic. It
cannot be excluded that in many or most of these cases the final syllable is originally a suffix, but the deriving stem is not used separately
and the derivation had already become obscure in the protolanguage.

CHAPTER TWO

23

The monosyllabic structure *CV was typical for pronominal and

auxiliary morphemes, but a small number of verbal (and, quite exceptionally, nominal) monosyllabic roots can also be reconstructed:
PT *b(i)- bind, PTM *ba- propose for marriage, Kor. pa, PJ *b string
(PA *b)
PT *j-t- lie, PM *de-b- lay, put, PTM *d bed, *d-du- lie, PJ
*d-nt-r- spend the night (PA *d)
PT *Ko- put, PTM *ga- take, PK *k- id. (PA *ga)
PM *ni-u- hide, concel, PTM *n- put, PJ *n- lie, sleep, PK *n-blie (PA *n)
PT *sa-t- sell, PJ *si-r price, but PK *s- buy (PA *sa) PT *d- say,
PM *da-wu- sound, PTM *de(b)- song, tune (PA *t)
PT *j- eat, PM *e-m- be hungry, *o-ug ( < *a-ug) meal, PTM
*e-p- eat, PK *- eat, OJ ja-pa- hungry (PA *)
PTM *p- be unable, not dare: PM *ja-da- be unable, PJ *pi-r- become less, humble oneself (PA *p)
PT *be-, PTM *be, PJ *b-i bait (PA *b)
PT *d-n spirit, breath, Manchu u-n pulse, vein, but PJ *t, PM *i-su
blood (PA *; here the *-n in PT and Manchu is probably suffixed)
PM *do-/*du- middle, PTM *d inside, PK *ti inside (PA *d)
A special type of cases is represented by a number of verbal roots
emerging as monosyllables of the type *CV in some languages, but having the structure *CVl(V) or, less frequently, *CVr(V) in others:
PT *l- take, PM *ali- take, receive, PTM *al(i)- id., but PJ *- receive
(PA *la)
PM *br-il- die, perish: PTM *bu- die (but bur- in some forms, e.g. in
Nanai) (PA *bri)
PM *ere- healthy, sober: PTM *eri- to breathe, PJ *r- be: PT *er- be
(but *e- in many verb forms in modern languages) (PA *ra)
PT *gl- come, PM *gel(i)- walk, run after, PTM *gel- get on ones
way, but PK *k- go away, PJ *k- come (PA *gle)
PT *Kl- do, make, but PM *ki- id., PJ *k- (in *k-tk- build) (PA *ki(lo))
PT *ol- sit (but frequently o- in *ol-tur-, *o-tur- id.), PM *ol- obtain ( <
become): PTM *- to become; to make; PK *- come (PA *lu)
PM *hil- warm, PTM *pile- dry under the sun, but PJ *p- dry up
(PA *plo)
PT *sal- to put, but PK *h-, PJ *s- make, do (PA *sle)
We reconstruct disyllables here, but the exceptional loss of *r and *l
remains unexplained. A possible solution would be to reconstruct
those roots as *CVC, with the root-final resonant lost occasionally.
However, the number of cases is not large, and the roots in question are

24

INTRODUCTION

frequently used as auxiliary verbs, which by itself could explain the

exceptional phonetic development. It is also possible that *-r- and *-l- in
those cases are originally suffixed, and the roots belong to the rare (but
existing) type *CV. The problem obviously requires further investigation.
2.1. The consonant system of Proto-Altaic
The consonants reconstructed for Proto-Altaic are:
pt

p
t

b
d

m
n

z
j

It is interesting to note that *z and *j are in complementary distribution: *z occurs only word-initially, while *j never occurs in the beginning of the word. However, their reflexes are so different that it seems
hardly possible to regard them synchronically as a single phoneme.
The correspondences between Altaic languages can be summarized
as follows:
PA
*p*p
*p*p
*b*b

Tung.
*p*p
*p*b
*b*b

*m*m
*t-

*m*m
*t-

Mong.
*h-, *j*h, b / -b
*b-,h*b
*b*h / [*R]b,
*b[Vg] /-b
*m*m
*t- /[i]

Turk.
*0-, *j*p
*b*b
*b*b

Jpn.
*p*p
*p*p
*p- / b[a,,Vj]
*p [*iV,*j]w

Kor.
*p*p
*p*p
*p*b / -p

*m*m
*t-

*m*m
*t-

*t / [i] / -d
*d- / [i]
*d / [i]
*d- / [i]

*b*m
*t[dV+,,r]
*t
*d*t
*j-

*t
*t*t
*d-

*t
*d-/()
*t
*d-

*t
*t*r / -t
*t-

*d / [i]
*n*n
*r

*d
*j*n
*r

*t
*t- / d[i,]
*t
*d- / t [V +
*p,*t,*k,*]
*t / [*iV,*j] j
*n*n
*r, *t

*d
*n*n
*r

*d
*n*n
*r

*r / -t
*n*n
*r

25

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*l*l
*s*s
*z**
**
**
**
*
**
*-

Tung.
*l*l
*s*s
*s**
**s
**
**
*r
*l*l
*-

*
*j
*k*k
*k*k

*
*j
*x*k/x
*k*k

*g*g

*g*g

*-

*-

Mong.
*l-, n*l
*s*s
*s**
*d- / *[i]
*
**
**j, n
*r
*d- /[i]
*l
*s- / *[*A]

Turk.
*j*l
*s*s
*j**
*d*
*j*j
*j*
*
*j*
*s- /
*[*A]
*s
*s
*j, h
*j
*k*k*k, g[Vh] / -g *k
*k*g*g / -g
*k,
g[(V)r]
*g*g*h, g[Vh] /
*g
-g
*0-, *j-/ g[u] / *0-, *jn[a,o,e]
*, n, m,h
*

Jpn.
*n*r
*s*s
*s*t*t
*t*s
*d*j
*m*n, *m
*r / t[i,u]
*n*s
*s-

Kor.
*n*r
*s-, h*s
*s**
**
**
*n*
*r
*n*r
*s-

*s
*j, *0
*k*k
*k*k

*s
*j, *0
*k*k, h
*k*0, h /-k

*k*k/[*iV] 0

*k*0, h / -k

*0-/*n-(/*m[]-)

*n-

*n, *m

*, 0

Below is an outline of the development of every Proto-Altaic consonant with full reference to the text of the dictionary.
2.1.1. PA initial *p
PA
*p-

Turk.
*0-, *j-

Mong.
*h-, *j-

Tung.
*p-

Kor.
*p-

Jpn.
*p-

26

INTRODUCTION

Notes:
Turkic usually has 0-, but frequently has a j- before original diphthongs *a, *o (note: never before *u).
Mongolian usually has *h-, but in some cases also has a j- (before
original *e and diphthongs, but much less frequently than Turkic).
The problem of Khalaj hDoerfer has reconstructed PT *h- which yields h- in Khalaj, but 0- in all
other Turkic languages. It may well be that Khalaj indeed reflects a
phoneme lost elsewhere. In that case we would certainly expect Khalaj
h- to reflect PA *p- (just as MMong. has h- < *p- or Evk. has h- < *p-).
The real situation is, however, much more complex.
We may note that PA *p- is in fact in the vast majority of cases reflected as Khalaj h-. Cf.: Khal. hadaq foot < PT *(h)adak < PA *pgdi;
Khal. haa tree < PT *(h)-ga < PA *p[]ju; Khal. hraq far < PT
*(h)ra- < PA *pra; Khal. hl wet < PT *(h)l < PA *ple; Khal. hr bee
< PT *(h)r < PA *pra; Khal. har-qan tired, lean < PT *(h)r- < PA
*pra; Khal. hat- to throw < PT *(h)t- < PA *pta; Khal. hi- to extinguish < PT *(h)- < PA *pi; Khal. hu bitter < PT *(h)ig < PA
*po; Khal. huv- to rub < PT *(h)ob- < PA *ppo; Khal. hsgn-, hizto demolish < PT *(h)- < PA *pui; Khal. hadru- to separate < PT
*(h)adr- < PA *pdA; Khal. ht hole < PT *(h)t < PA *pt; Khal. harq
excrement < PT *(h)ark < PA *parkV; Khal. has- to hang < PT *(h)as- <
PA *pasi; Khal. hidi vessel < PT *(h)di < PA *pdi; Khal. hur- to hit <
PT *(h)ur- < PA *pri; Khal. hrk- to rise < PT *(h)r- < PA *pre; Khal.
hrt back < PT *(h)r-t < PA *pr.
There are only six cases where Khalaj has 0- in the place of PA *p-,
and all of them can be easily explained as recent borrowings from Azeri or Turkmenian: Khal. i- to drink ( = Turkm., Az. i-) < PT *(h)i- <
PA *pii; Khal. t meat ( = Turkm. et, Az. t) < PT *(h)et < PA *pta;
Khal. ar heavy ( = Turkm., Az. ar) < PT *(hi)agr < PA *pk; Khal.
n ten ( = Turkm. n, Az. on) < PT *(h)n < PA *pVbV(n); Khal. esr- to
cough ( = Turkm. sgr-) < PT *(h)skr- < PA *psi; Khal. kki two
( = Turkm., Az. ik(k)i) < PT *k(k)i < PA pke.
In all other cases when Khalaj has 0-, the Turkic forms go back to
PA roots with *0- or *-, cf.: Khal. u- to fly < PT *u- < PA *o; Khal.
l hand < PT *el < PA *li; Khal. it- to hear < PT *it- < PA *ai;
Khal. uza-, uzu- long < PT *ua-, *u- < PA *uo; Khal. az mouth <
PT *Ag < PA *ga; Khal. ol- to be < PT *ol- < PA *lu; Khal. - to sleep
< PT *- < PA *ju; Khal. o that < PT *o- < PA *; Khal. m- to suck <
PT *em- < PA *emV; Khal. a meal < PT *(i)a < PA *oe; Khal. it dog <

CHAPTER TWO

27

PT *it < PA *ndo; Khal. ala- to understand < PT *- < PA *V; Khal.
i interior < PT *i < PA *iu; Khal. -r that side < PT *a- < PA *;
Khal. uaq knuckle-bone < PT *(i)a()uk < PA *a; Khal. z inside <
PT * < PA *i; Khal. nd oath < PT *nt < PA *nta; Khal. y- to
bend < PT *eg- < PA *egi; Khal. r- to reach < PT *r- < PA *re; Khal.
n- to go down < PT *n- < PA *ni; Khal. ist upper part < PT *-t <
PA *i; Khal. gr dusk < PT *r < PA *na; Khal. ilgr in front < PT
*ilk < PA *leka; Khal. el- to measure < PT *l-- < PA *le; Khal. lnto cry < PT *jala- < PA *jula; Khal. ini- suffer < PT *n- < PA
*nV; Khal. deed, work < PT * < PA *i; Khal. al-t below < PT *al< PA *ale; Khal. al- to take < PT *l- < PA *la; Khal. r- to be < PT *er< PA *ra; Khal. ar-, aru- clean < PT *r- < PA *ero; Khal. arqa back <
PT *ar-ka < PA *ara; Khal. arpa barley < PT *arpa < PA *arpa; Khal. ej
front < PT * < PA *; Khal. m trousers < PT *(i)m < PA *umi;
Khal. rin lip < PT *Erin < PA *r; Khal. k covering < PT *- <
PA *po; Khal. irdek duck < PT *Eb-rdek < PA *jbi; Khal. ut- to win <
PT *ut- < PA *uta; Khal. eger hunting dog < PT *eker < PA *ku.
However, there is a significant number of cases where Khalaj has
initial h- which appears to be an innovation (prothesis), cf.: Khal. hil- to
die < PT *l < PA *oli; Khal. hr man < PT *r < PA *ri; Khal. hj
moon < PT * < PA *u; Khal. ht fire < PT *t < PA *ta; Khal. hjto say < PT *j- < PA *eju; Khal. hv house < PT *eb < PA *be; Khal.
h- to dig < PT *e- < PA *V; Khal. hirin, hrn white < PT *r <
PA *obri; Khal. hin- to grow < PT *n- < PA *ni; Khal. havul quiet <
PT *m- < PA *mV; Khal. ha- back < PT *(i)g- < PA *ga; Khal. hzto go astray < PT *- < PA *a; Khal. hajaz clear sky < PT *aa < PA
*aa; Khal. hikk lung < PT *pke < PA *opekV; Khal. hjir- to twist,
spin < PT *egir- < PA *egVrV; Khal. hiri- to plait < PT *r- < PA *re;
Khal. ham vulva < PT *(i)am < PA *amu; Khal. hll front < PT *l- < PA
*la; Khal. h anger < PT * < PA *; Khal. hla-bula variegated <
PT *la < PA *lV; Khal. hunger < PT * < PA *o; Khal. hat horse
< PT *at < PA *atV; Khal. hoqlao bow < PT *ok- < PA *k; Khal. hjlsieve < PT *lge- < PA *algi; Khal. hra space between < PT *ra < PA
*rV; Khal. haz few < PT * < PA *a; Khal. hps- to winnow < PT
*ebs- < PA *eba; Khal. hoqu- to call < PT *ok- < PA *oki; Khal. hottuz
thirty < PT *otu < PA *[u]-.
One may note that this prothetic h- is very frequent before long
vowels and before the following -j-, -v-. However, the rules are not
strict, and in general the emergence of h- in Khalaj is unpredictable.
Absence of h- in Khalaj is therefore an almost certain sign of *0- (or *-)
in Altaic, but its presence may be original or secondary. We shall thus
continue to use PT forms without initial *h- (keeping in mind though

28

INTRODUCTION

that it was probably present in the system) - given that the reconstruction of *h- can be made only on Khalaj data, and the latter is often quite
ambiguous.
2.1.2. PA non-initial *-pPA
*p

Turk.
*p

Mong.
Tung.
*h (*w),b / *p
-b

Kor.
*p

Jpn.
*p

Notes.
Japanese can occasionally have -m- before the following nasal, cf.
*tpo > *tm- ( = PT *tuba- < *tupa-).
The PM consonant *-h- in intervocalic position is traditionally romanized as --, because it is not orthographically distinguished from
-g- (or -G-, also romanized as --). In order not to depart from tradition
too much, we shall write -g- for -g- (non-vanishing -g-) and -- for -h(vanishing -g-), even though phonetically it was most probably -h(perhaps voiced --) in Middle Mongolian.
It should also be noted that Mongolian did not tolerate *-h- (--) in
front of -i-: in this position it always has -j-. Sometimes -j- also appears
instead of *-h- (--) before -e-.
Mongolian preserves non-initial *p as b in syllable-final position
and in clusters with resonants. In intervocalic position it exhibits a
variation of *-h- (sometimes with a preservation of the labial feature,
*-hw- = -w-) and *-b-.
Japanese usually preserves *-p- as -p-, but (as in case of other aspirated and voiced stops) reveals occasional cases of secondary voiced or
prenasalized *-(m)p-.
It turns out that there is a fairly good correlation between Mong.
*-h- and Jpn. *-p-, on the one hand, and Mong. *-b- and Jpn. -mp-, on
the other. Here is a complete correlation chart:
2.1.2.1. Mong. *-h- : Jpn. *-pPA
*epa
*ope
*epo
*kpa
*kpu
*kpu
*kpu

Mong.
*ou-da*e-rm
*(h)aag
*kee
*kajir*kuji*kaa-

Jpn.
*tapai
*tp
*p-mn
*kpa
*kp-(mpis)
*kp*kupai

29

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*kpa
*kpa
*kpe
*kopira
*pu
*pikV
*pa
*ppa
*spi
*pu
*spa
*tpe
*tpa
*tope
*tpa
*apu

Mong.
*kaur-ag
*kawu-da*kew*krge
*eeg
*(h)e
*uwu*baa-su
*sje
*si*sire*tawul*taji*taa*ta-, *tuji*aa-

Jpn.
*kp
*kapa
*kp*kpr
*np*pkpk-si
*apa-ik*pp(u)i
*spna
*sp*spr*tpr*tptu*tp*tp*dup-

2.1.2.2. Mong. *-b- (-w- before consonants) : Jpn. *-mpPA

*p[u]
*dupu
*pa
*gpa
*gpa
*kpi
*kpe
*kupV
*keporV
*ipu
*opa(rV)
*spi
*spi
*spi
*spo
*spi
*spu
*spi
*ope
*tpe
*tpa

Mong.
*uwali
*iber
*ebr
*gabi
*gobur
*kibag
*kb-re
*kubi
*kabir*ibi
*(h)obur
*sibee
*sabaga
*sabir-/*sibere*saba
*sebesre*saw-ga
*sibe*ow-kar
*debi*tebeg

Jpn.
*tmp-mi
*tumpasa
*mpr
*kmp*kmp
*kmp (/*km)
*kmpu
*kmp-r*km(p)ura
*numpa*ampura*smp
*smpi
*simpuki
*smpa
*smpm*smpa*simpai
*smpa*tmp*tampua

30

PA
*tpe
*tp
*topu

INTRODUCTION

Mong.
*tb- (but also
*tee-, *teji-)
*tobid
*toburu-

Jpn.
*tmp*tmpa
*tmp-ra

There are several cases of Mong. -b- : Jpn. -p- after Jpn. initial *p-:
apparently in this position prenasalization did not occur. Cf.:
PA
*pa
*ppa
*pp[a]

Mong.
*ebej
*haba-kai
*jabu-

Jpn.
*pp
*ppi
*ppr-

There are some exceptions, most of them allowing for an explanation:

1. PA *po > Mong. aba-rga, but Jpn. *p-. Jpn. *p- big may in fact
belong to another root, cf. TM *ebi- to be satiated, enough.
2. PA *gpe > Mong. gbege, but Jpn. *kp(u)i. Jpn. *kp(u)i swelling of
feet may in fact, together with *kp- hard, strong reflect a different Altaic root *kpe strong; to swell (cf. TM *xabul- swell), or at
least may have been influenced by this root phonetically.
3. PA *kape > Mong. kibe, but Jpn. *kpr(n)k: an example of Lymans
law, prohibiting two voiced (prenasalized) consonants within one
root in Japanese.
4. PA *kpo > Mong. kajila-, but Jpn. *kmpr-. Here Mong. kajila- melt
was probably influenced by kajira- burn, roast.
5. PA *ljpV > Mong. *nia-, but Jpn. nimpr-. Irregular development in
this case was probably caused by the cluster -jp- (perhaps the same
in 6 and 7?)
6. PA *spi > Mong. siu-, but Jpn. *smpr-. Jpn. *smpr- tie, bind may
be actually a combined reflex of PA *spi, *sbi and *po, all distinguished only in the Western Altaic branch.
7. PA *ipo > Mong. *iar, but Jpn. *(d)impu-s-.
We see that the exceptions are both few and dubious, while the evidence in favour of Mong. *-h- : Jpn. *-p- and Mong. *-b- : Jpn. *-mp- is
rather strong. One would be tempted to reconstruct two different phonemes here, but this is probably not the best solution, since there exist
two other rows of correspondences (for PA *-p- and *-b- respectively),
and there is no trace of evidence in favour of the existence of four series
of stops in Altaic.
The explanation here is perhaps prosodic. Already Poppe in his Introduction noticed the split in Mongolian and put forward a hypothe-

CHAPTER TWO

31

sis that the reason for the split may have been accentological, something like Verners law causing voicing of *-p- (in our reconstruction,
*-p-), e.g., in a stressed position. The idea was at that time purely hypothetical, since there was nothing to prove or disprove it. But if we
look at the charts above, we may notice that, although exceptions are
rather many, there is in Japanese a general tendency for words in type
1 to have low pitch on the syllable with -p- (cf. *tp, *kp-, *kp, *kp-,
*pkpk-si, *tpr-), and in type 2 to have high pitch on the syllable
with *-mp- (cf. *tmp-mi, *mpr, *kmp, *kmp, *smp, *smpi,
*smpm-, *tmp-, *tmpa, *tmp-ra). Pitch, especially on non-initial
syllables, is not always reconstructable, and certainly was subject to a
lot of secondary influences (analogical, morphological etc.). Nevertheless, the correlation seems significant and may help us reconstruct prosodic characteristics of non-initial syllables in Proto-Altaic (on the better known prosody of the initial syllables see below).
It is therefore highly probable that PA possessed some prosodic distinction on the second syllable (pitch or perhaps vowel length) that
caused voicing of *-p- > *-b- in Mongolian and prenasalization (probably initially through gemination *-p- > *-pp- > *-mp-) in
Proto-Japanese. Mongolian has not preserved traces of this feature
elsewhere; Japanese, however, demonstrates its effects in every series
of stops, not only labials. See more on that below.
Examples for medial *-p- can be found in following entries of the
dictionary: *pa, *apakV, *pa, *api, *ep, *pu, *p, *p,
*p[], *op, *pa, *opa, *pa, *opi, *upV, *dpa, *dup,
*pa, *p, *ep, *po, *pV, *gp, *gepV, *gpe, *gpa, *gp, *gpi,
*api, *pu, *apu, *oprV, *kp, *kp, *kp, *kp, *kpV, *kapa,
*kp, *kpu, *kp, *kp, *kpV, *kpi, *kp, *kupe, *k[]p,
*kp, *kp, *kapu, *kapV, *kp, *kpa, *kpe, *kp, *keporV,
*kp, *kpa, *kpe, *kupe, *kapV, *kpe, *kp, *kpi, *kpra,
*lp, *po, *pV, *epa, *lp, *ip, *lapV, *lp[], *p, *lopV,
*np, *nepV(V), *op(rV), *pkV, *opV, *p, *pV, *pV, *pp,
*ppa, *papo, *ppa, *pp[], *sp, *sp, *sp, *sp, *sepa, *sp,
*sp, *sp, *sp, *sp, *spu, *sp, *sp, *pV, *opa, *p,
*sp, *op, *tpV, *tp, *tpe, *tp, *tp, *top, *tpo(rV), *tp,
*tepV, *tp, *tep, *tpa, *tp, *topu, *tupi, *tpo, *tp, *topu,
*tp, *tpi, *p, *zepi, *ap, *pV, *ipo, *ipu, *ape, *p,
*apV(V).

32

INTRODUCTION

2.1.3. PA initial *p
PA
*p-

Turk.
*b-

Mong.
*b-,h-

Tung.
*p-

Kor.
*p-

Jpn.
*p-

Notes.
Mongolian has here variation between b- (in the majority of cases)
and *h- (less frequently, but still in a sufficient amount of cases).
Here, too, we may note a dependence of the distribution on prosodic factors.
a) before an original long vowel (on their reconstruction see below)
Mongolian always has *b-: *pjku > *beg-, *pla > *bali-, *pli >
*bilau, *pli > *belir, *pte > *batagana, *pko > *baka-, *pV >
*berse, *po > *bi, *pte > *bat-, *pro > *burga-, *pto > *bodu-,
*pto > *buta, *pge > *bug, *psa > *busu.
The only exception is the root *pne to ride, where Mong. has a
strange variation between *hunu- and *unu-, so far unexplained.
b) before a vowel with high pitch Mongolian always has *b-: *pda >
*bad-, *plaba(nV) > *barimal, *ppa > *baa-su, *pla > *bila-, *pe >
*beer, *plagV > *balaga-, *plo > *boli-, *pltorV > *bolir-, *pso >
*bosuga, *pki > *bkne, *pgi(-rV) > *bere, *ptirkV > *bdrkei,
*pla > *bul-, *pre > *bor-.
c) before a short vowel with low pitch Mongolian usually has *h-: *pka
> *(h)agi, *pke > *hok-tal-, *pli > *(h)ili, *pte > *hataa, *psa >
*hesi.
There are two exceptions here, both probably explainable:
1. *pa to tear, split, cut > Mong. *bii, *bial-; the root is expressive
and its prosodic characteristics are not quite firmly established.
2. *pru to snow, rain > Mong. borua. The root is very close to *bru
smoke, whirlwind ( > Mong. bur-gi-), and could have been easily
influenced by it.
It seems thus that in this case, too, the Mongolian split was caused
by prosodic factors. Moreover, it is difficult to separate the two d escribed processes: split of medial *-p- and of initial *p- in Mongolian.
We can put forward the following explanation.
The process *p- > *h- must have already happened very early, since
it is common both to Turkic and Mongolian, probably in the common
Turko-Mongolian protolanguage, and, as is often the case, triggered a
series of further changes. Thus, Proto-Turko-Mongolian reduced the
three-way distinction of *p-*p-*b in initial position to a two-way distinction *p-*b (although word-medially and in other local series the
three-way distinction was kept, see below). After the split of

33

CHAPTER TWO

Turko-Mongolian Turkic merged *p and *b into one voiced phoneme

*b, both initially and medially. Mongolian, however, had a slightly
more complicated development. The first change here was that of *-b- >
*-w- (except in clusters, see below); next medial *-p- > -b-, just as in
Turkic: we shall see below that PA *-p- and *-b- develop in different
ways in Mongolian, which means that they had not merged early. In
this way Mongolian also arrived at a two-way distinction *p-*b (in medial position phonetically it was rather *p-*b), but in a fashion different
from that of Turkic.
As seen from the above, Proto-Mongolian must have had some
pitch distinctions that later became lost. It probably had high pitch on
initial syllables with original vowel length (independently of tone) and
on initial syllables with short vowels, but original high tone. It also had
high pitch on non-initial syllables corresponding (at least partly) to
high pitch in Japanese. Whether this high pitch reflects original high
tone or vowel length on non-initial syllables is yet to be established.
The process that happened afterwards can be described as follows:
early Proto-Mongolian *p changed into *b in syllables with high pitch.
Finally, the rest of the instances of *p which were all probably aspirated ( = *p) by that time, changed to *f and then to *h, both initially
and medially.
2.1.4 PA non-initial *p
PA
*p

Turk.
*b

Mong.
*b

Tung.
*b

Kor.
*p

Jpn.
*p

Notes.
As we have said above, Turkic and Mongolian had a process of
voicing *-p- > *-b-, although this voicing probably occurred independently. Tungus-Manchu also underwent the same process.
PA *-p- is generally reconstructed on the basis of Mong. *-b- (not
changing to *-h-, as PA *-b-, see below) and Kor. *-p-. Note that such a
behaviour of *-p- in Korean differs from *-t- and *-k- (which are normally reflected as *-d- > -r- and *-g- > -0-) and means that medial *-p- in
Korean had early merged with voiceless *-p-.
In Japanese *-p-, like other voiceless unaspirated stops, is not subject
to prenasalization ( < *gemination), as was shown by I. Gruntov. An
only exception is noticed in a root with an initial voiceless aspirated
*t-, which means that an early assimilation *CVCV > *CVCV was operating in Japanese. Cf.: PA *tpa > *tpa > PJ *tmp.

34

INTRODUCTION

Occasionally one can also meet Jpn. -m- < *-p- before the following
nasal, cf. *dp > *dm ( = Mong. *daba-an); *lp > *nm ( = PTM
*leb-n).
Examples for PA *p can be found in the following entries: *po,
*apui, *apV, *pi, *ipV, *upa, *dp, *po, *gpu, *ipe, *pe, *pV, *upo,
*kpi, *kpV, *kpu, *kp, *kopu, *kp, *kopV, *kpe, *kpa, *kapV,
*kp, *kp, *ipV, *po, *pu, *papi, *ppo, *spa, *sapV, *spo,
*sepV, *spa, *spi, *sp, *sipV, *spe, *spe, *sipa, *po, *tapV, *tp,
*tp, *zpe, *zupi, *ape.
2.1.5 PA initial *bPA
*b-

Turk.
*b-

Mong.
*b-

Tung.
*b-

Kor.
*p-

Jpn.
*p- / *b[a,,Vj]

Notes.
Initial *b- is usually well preserved in Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu. In Korean it was devoiced like all voiced consonants in
general and merged with *p- and *p-.
The most tricky reflex of *b- is found in Japanese, where three rules
regulate its development:
1. PA *b- > Jpn. p- before all voiceless aspirated consonants: *bti >
*pnt, *bku > *pukusi, *beku > *punku, *bte > *pt, *brki > *pk-,
*buke > *pkmpi, *btu > *pt-, *bki > *pnkm-, *bte > *pntk-,
*buo > *ptpr-.
2. PA *b- > Jpn. *p- before *i and *u: *balu > *puruki, *b[i] > *pr-, *bsi
> *psk-, *bdi > *pitapi, *bri > *pt, *bdu > *ptu-, *bu > *piji-nta- (
~ pui-), *bmi > *pns, *blu > *pu-, *bu > *pt-nsi, *bsi > *pss,
*bgi > *pja-, *bogo > *pia, *bli-ti > *pnt, *bor[a] > *pr, *br[e] >
*pr-p-, *budu > *p-n-kai, *bdo > *pj-k, *bugu > *pu, *blo >
*pr, *buri > *pit, *bgi > *pw-musi, *bgdu > *puti, *bku >
*pk-m-, *bi > *pusi, *bli > *pr-, *bi > *ps, *blu > *pr-.
3. PA *b- > Jpn. *b- before low vowels and before the following *j: *bja
> *bi-m-, *bka > *bk, *bka > *bkr-, *bka > *bk-, *bao > *basi-r-,
*bto > *bt, *b > *b, *bla > *brpai, *ba > *brp-, *b > *b-i, *bje
> *b, *bjo > *b ( ~ *bi), *bre > *bt-, *b (*ba) > *b-, *bju > *b(i)-,
*ba > *bns-, *bga > *b, *bla > *br-mp, *blo > *br, *bsa >
*bsi, *bju > *bj, *bga > *b, *bujri > *b, *bka > *bk, *bda >
*bt, *bde > *bntr-, *bka > *bk, *bke > *bks-, *bjo > *bs-p-,
*bra > *br-, *borso(kV) > *bsk, *blo > *br-, *bjre > *br-, *ba >
*bsur-, *bo > *bs-, *bro > *br-, *be- > *bamia-.

35

CHAPTER TWO

There are four exceptions, where Jpn. for an unknown reason has
voiceless *p- instead of the expected *b-: PA *ba > *pj; PA *blo >
*pr-; PA *bura > *para-p-; PA *bte > *ptki. The overwhelming majority of cases, however, follows the established rules quite strictly.
Note that this split must have happened rather late in the history of
Japanese (but before the reconstructed Proto-Japanese period), because
it depends on PJ vowels, already after a whole series of transformations
that they underwent after PJ split from Proto-Altaic (see below on the
vocalism).
The phonetic reasons here are not easy to discover. It is possible that
what we reconstruct as PJ *b was in fact a fricative *b (in Old Japanese
it is actually w-, but most Ryukyu dialects have the value b-). In that
case we may think that the original *b weakened into *b before low
vowels, but preserved its stopped articulation *b before more tense
high vowels *i and *u, after which *b was devoiced into *p. The effect
of *-j- (in cases like *biju > *bu(i), *bju > *bija, *bujri > *bi) deserves special attention, because this is very similar to what happened in Japanese with intervocalic *-b-, *-d- and *-g- (that changed to fricatives after
--diphthongs, see below). The following *-j- must have had a palatalizing effect on *b-, so it changed to *- (or *) and subsequently escaped
the general process of devoicing *b > *p.
The process of fricativizing *b- > *b- probably took place also in
some archaic Korean dialects, which explains why in a few cases Korean also has 0- ( < *w-) as a reflex of PA *b-. Unlike Japanese, however,
these cases are very few, which means that the standard dialect where
*b- > *p- in the long run prevailed. The probable cases with *b- > 0- in
Korean are:
PA *b I, we > Kor. *r we ( = PT *bi-)
PA *bujri spring, well > Kor. *- in *-mr id. (*mr water)
PA *borso(kV) badger > Kor. *srk id.
PA *bjre wrong, bad > Kor. *i- id.
PA *bju to be > Kor. *- id.
2.1.6 PA non-initial *-bPA
*b

Turk.
*b

Mong.
Tung.
*h/ [*R]b, *b
*b(Vg) /-b

Kor.
*b / -p

Jpn.
*p /
[*iV,*j]w

Examples for non-initial *-b- can be found in following dictionary

entries: *b, *b, *bu, *b, *abV, *obe, *obeV, *abo, *abu, *bu,
*ibe, *abVkV, *b, *ebo, *debV, *b, *b, *eb, *gb, *gbo, *gibe,

36

INTRODUCTION

*gube, *gbe, *gb, *gb, *b, *obo, *bu, *b, *b[u], *kabari, *kb,
*kb(rV), *kb, *kb[e], *kb, *kubirgV, *kbo, *lbu, *kb, *kb, *kib,
*kba(kV), *kbarV, *kbe, *kbu, *kube, *kubu, *kbni, *kb, *lb,
*lab, *b, *mb, *nb, *nbi, *[]ba, *bi, *ebVrV, *pbi, *pba,
*pb(a)gV, *pub-ktV, *pVbV, *p[o]bu, *sb, *sb, *sb, *sba,
*sebV(nV), *sebe, *sibo, *sbi, *sbi, *bu, *sbo, *sbi, *sbu, *suba, *bu,
*bi, *uba, *tabu, *tbi, *tb, *tubu, *tblka, *tb, *tabi, *tb, *tba,
*tebV, *tb, *tbo, *tb, *tge, *aba, *b, *b, *VbV, *eb, *sbi,
*ob, *eb, *eba(-ku), *nabo, *dubi, *bV.
Notes.
In all languages, in addition to normal reflexes, we may observe
weakened reflexes (-j-, in clusters also -0- in Turkic, -j-, -w- in Mong., -0in Korean, -0- in clusters in TM, -0- (usually after -u- or -j-) in Japanese).
It is quite probable that *-b- had an allophonic variant *-w- already in
Proto-Altaic, but there seems to be not enough evidence to reconstruct
a distinction between *-b- and *-w-.
Mong. normally has *-b- > -h-, but preserves -b- after resonants (see
below). Thus in a few cases when Mong. has intervocalic -b- and Jpn.
has -w-/-j- (which is the normal reflex after -i-diphthongs) and Kor. has
-b-, it seems appropriate to reconstruct the cluster *-jb-. These are the
cases:
PA *jbo : Mong. ebe-s, Jpn. *w- (here *-j- is also responsible for the
fronting *a > e in Mong.)
PA *jba : Mong. *(h)abad, Jpn. *w-tPA *kejbe : Mong. *keb-te-, *kebiji-, Jpn. *kj-, Kor. *kbrPA *kjbu : Mong. *kubakaj, Jpn. *ki
PA *tjbo : Mong. *tabi-, Kor. *tbiPA *tujbu : Mong. *tobi-, Jpn. *tu (here *-j- is actually preserved in TM
*tujba-)
PA *jba : Mong. *ibil-, Jpn. *w
PA *jbe : Mong. *oba-, Jpn. *duw-, Kor. *ubr-.
There is another important group of cases where Mongolian preserves intervocalic -b- rather than changing it to *-h- (--). This is the
position of -b- before the following vowel + g, h (=). Cf.:
PA *abo > Mong. *debee
PA *sbo > Mong. *sibe-gin
PA *sebVnV > Mong. *sebe-n
PA *sibo > Mong. *sibaga
PA *sbi > Mong. *sibag
PA *tbulka > Mong. *ibaga

CHAPTER TWO

37

PA *tba > Mong. *tabag

PA *ebi > Mong. *ibe-
PA *sbi > Mong. sibge
In all of these cases we can neither reconstruct *-p- (there is either a
Turkic or TM form with *-b-), nor *-p- (there is voicing > *-mp- in Japanese, or Korean has *-b-), nor *-jb- (Japanese does not have -w-), so that
the only solution is reconstructing *-b- with the mentioned positional
condition.
We see that, unlike the case of -*p-, the split of *-b- into *-h- and *-bin Proto-Mongolian has nothing to do with prosody, being rather triggered by the velar dissimilation rule.
Let us now look at the rules of split in Japanese. Here, too, we have
a double reflex: stop (prenasalized or not - on this distinction see below) and resonant (fricative) *-w- (in some cases -j- or -0-, depending
evidently on the vocalic environment). As was stated in Starostin 1997,
the conditions of this split are purely vocalic: *-w- emerges after original diphthongs with --. Cf.:
a) PA *ba > PJ *tpra; PA *abu > *tupa-; PA *ba > PJ *p-; PA *be >
PJ *p-; PA *ebi > PJ *impu-sia-; PA *gbe > PJ *kp-; PA *kabari > PJ
*kapiara; PA *kbo > PJ *kmpi; PA *kba > PJ *kp; PA *kbu > PJ
*kmpu; PA *kbe > PJ *kump-; PA *kba > PJ *kp; PA *kibu > PJ
*kp; PA *kbani > PJ *kpn; PA *kba > PJ *kpiru(n)tai; PA *lbo >
PJ *np; PA *labV > PJ *np-; PA *abo > PJ *nimp; PA *nbi > PJ
*np-; PA *sbi > PJ *smp; PA *sbo > PJ *smprap-; PA *sba > PJ
*smpk-; PA *sbi > PJ *smp-; PA *tba > PJ *tp; PA *tba > PJ
*tmp(u); PA *tba > PJ *tmp; PA *tba > PJ *tapasir-; PA *tbe > PJ
*tump ( ~ --); PA *ebo > PJ *dapara-; PA *tbu > *tmpnai;
b) PA *be > PJ *twi; PA *gube > PJ *kuwa-; PA *gbe > PJ *kwr; PA
*bu > PJ *w; PA *kbe > PJ *kua; PA *kube > PJ *kwi; PA *bi
> PJ *mu ( ~ *m); PA *pbi > PJ *piwa-; PA *sbu > PJ *sw-i; PA
*aba > PJ *du-mp- ( < *dawV-mp-).
We know only one exception: PA *bu > PJ *smp-. This root is
very sparsely represented in Turkic and TM languages, so that the
vowel reconstruction is not quite secure (but PJ *smp- in this case can
actually be a secondary contraction < *suwu-mp- and thus conform to
the general rule).
Note that in all these cases plain vowels and diphthongs are reconstructed independently of the Japanese evidence, and the distribution
is rather apparent. Since in many cases especially when there is no
TM evidence it is rather difficult to distinguish reflexes of plain vow-

38

INTRODUCTION

els from those of diphthongs, the Japanese distinction of *-p- vs. *-wmay actually help to reconstruct the vocalism. Such are the cases:
(with plain vowels):
PA *ba > PJ *p-; PA *gbo > PJ *kmp; PA *gbu > PJ *kp-; PA *be >
PJ *pa; PA *kba > PJ *kmpni; PA *mbe > PJ *mp-rnka-; PA *pba
> PJ *pp-; PA *puba-ktV > PJ *pampuki; PA *sba > PJ *spr-; PA *tbu >
PJ *tpji; PA *tbulka > PJ *tmpk; PA *tbu > PJ *tp; PA *bi > PJ
*(d)pi; PA *ebi > PJ *(d)impir-;
(and with diphthongs):
PA *obe > PJ *tw; PA *obeV > PJ *tr-; PA *b[u] > PJ *wa-; PA
*lbu > PJ *n (*ni); PA *kbarV > PJ *kw(ra)-k-; PA *kubu > PJ *k(u)i;
PA *bu > PJ *sw-; PA *sbo > PJ *swu; PA *bi > PJ *sw; PA
*bu > PJ *dwi.
Japanese also regularly has *-w- or *-j- as a reflex of PA *-jb- (reconstructed on the basis of TM *-jb- or Mong. -b-, that has not shifted to
--, see above): PA *jbo > PJ *w-; PA *jbi > PJ *; PA *jba > PJ
*w-t-; PA *kejbe > PJ *kj-; PA *kjbu > PJ *ki; PA *pjbu > PJ *pj-;
PA *tujbu > PJ *tu; PA *jba > PJ *w; PA *jbe > PJ *duw-.
The phonetic source of this distribution is probably the same as of
initial *b- > *w- before the following *j (see above). Voiced consonants
must have been palatalized in early Proto-Japanese after original *-diphthongs and these palatalized allophones (probably because they
were also fricativized: *-- > *b, *-- > *--, *-- > *--; on the development of dentals and velars see below) later escaped the general process
of devoicing of stops.
We may note that here too Japanese has quite a number of cases
with prenasalized *-mp- among stop reflexes of *b. This may mean
that, unlike Mongolian where only voiceless *p was voiced in certain
pitch environments, Japanese carried this process throughout the
whole system of voiceless aspirated and voiced stops; see more on this
below.
2.1.7 PA initial *m
PA
*m-

Turk.
*b-

Mong.
*m-

Tung.
*m-

Kor.
*m-

Jpn.
*m-

Notes.
In general, the correspondences here are quite straightforward, except for the Turkic development *m- > *b-.

CHAPTER TWO

39

Here we should perhaps answer (belatedly) Doerfers critique in

TMN which maintained (p. 60): es ist nicht bewiesen, da einem mo.
m- ein t. b- (oder irgend ein anderer Laut) entspricht, fr mo. m(auer bei Nasalen) findet sich im T. kein einziges Vergleichswort. If
this were the case, it would indeed be an argument against the relationship of Turkic and Mongolian. But is it?
Doerfer examines only six cases taken out of KW:
1. Mong. miqan meat - Turk. *bkn thigh. This etymology seems incorrect to us, too (on Mong. miqan see PA *mku, on Turk. *bkn see
PA *bka)
2. Mong. maa fast - Turk. *baag id. Doerfer says that Nach Gabain
1950, 300b ist at. baa ein Lehnwort aus dem Sogd.. But Sogdian
does not have anything similar. The only proposed Sogdian match
was pyk hymn, which even Clauson in his dictionary rejected as
extremely implausible (and concluded that *baag is a genuine
Turkic word). On the other hand, we have in Manchu the verb
mau- to lose weight and the noun maixi fast, which can hardly
be explained as borrowed from Mong. < Turkic (especially because
of the verb which is absent in these subgroups). Finally, we have
Jpn. mtr- to celebrate, worship which makes the common Altaic
nature of the root rather plausible, exactly with the meaning to
fast, hunger with religious purposes (see *ma).
3. Mong. ma, me, turk. m take! - correctly dismissed as a Lallwort.
4. Mong. majiaq clubfooted - Turk. *ba- to bow. Here several things
should be said. The Mong. word, actually only Kalmuck, is most
probably borrowed from Turkic, cf. forms like Uzb. bajmaq, Kaz.
bajnada- etc. The Turkic root *ba-, however, means clubfooted
only in derivatives, and does not mean to bow at all. The attested
meanings are rather to sway or collapse (with this meaning we
have in Old Turkic maj-), and it corresponds quite well to WMong.
mai-mari- to sway, walk swayingly. Doerfer says: Mo. *mayi- und
t. *ba- wren aber nicht vergleichbar. Why? The transfer of nasalization to *-j- is a quite regular process in Turkic (and, on the
other hand, the correspondence Turk. *-- : Mong. *-j- is also quite
regular), so there seems to be nothing against this comparison, although in a shape distinct from the one proposed by Ramstedt. See
PA *meju (with further TM and Korean parallels).
5. Mong. met like, similar - Turk. bet face. Doerfer does not like the
semantic side of the comparison. We can only say that the change
face > compare, similar is fairly common (cf. Russ. lico face, sliat to compare; Turkic beiz- and beze- - on which see below etc.). That face was the original meaning here is also corroborated

40

INTRODUCTION

by the TM parallel, *miata skin from animals head (the semantics

here is quite straightforward, and we still have *m- corresponding
to Turkic *b-). See PA *mati.
6. Mong. mgersn cartilage - *buju (*bj) horn. Again, Doerfer
does not like the semantic side, and again we must say that the
change horn <> cartilage does not seem strange at all to us (horn
is frequently associated with horny matter, callosities and various
bones).
Doerfer says further: Nun gibt es aber kein Lautgesetz mo. -g- =
Turk. --. This is typical for his system of criticism: first he criticizes
the Lautgesetze put forward by Ramstedt and Poppe, and then he
declines the parallels because they do not follow those Lautgesetze.
You cannot have it both ways: either the phonetic rules are wrong, in
which case no comparison is possible at all until new rules are found,
or you accept the system of rules and therefore the comparisons on
which they are based.
The correspondence between Mong. -- (-w-) and Turk. -- ( < PA
*--) is in fact quite common, see in the dictionary: *u, *V, *gi,
*goV(V) [about which Doerfer also says: aus lautlichen Grnden
mindestens unwahrscheinlich)], *mai (by the way, also with *m-:*b-),
*ao, *ne, *nu, *sira, *su, *sore, *tua etc.
Doerfer proceeds to say: Von dieser Art nun sind alle Beispiele, die
Ramstedt (und Poppe 1960, 34-6) bringt, stets handelt es sich um Lallwrter, Onomatopoetika, semantisch oder lautgesetzlich nicht einwandfreie Gleichungen usw. We could say that all Doerfers criticism
is of this sort. He may notice mistakes and wrong comparisons (as in 1
and 4), but his entire spirit is set on discrediting the theory. To be sure,
there are very many faulty comparisons in Ramstedts and Poppes
papers, but instead of trying to correct the etymologies and widen the
scope of comparison, he restricts himself to picking at the Turkic and
Mongolian parallels and enjoying every vulnerable one of them.
Now back to *m- > Turkic *b-. Besides the above cases, the following
instances of Turkic *b- < PA *m- can be found:
Turk. *bA- to fade away, disappear, weaken : Mong. *mau bad:
TM *maja- to fail, be unsuccessful < PA *maja
Turk. *baj ( ~ -) holy, God : TM *maji-n protecting spirit: OJ mji id. <
PA *maji
Turk. *beji brain : Mong. *malai forehead : OJ mimi ear ( < temple, a rather common semantic development) < PA *mji
Turk. *b(k) cat : Mong. malur wild cat : OJ musasabji squirrel < PA
*me

CHAPTER TWO

41

Turk. *bAkan necklace : TM *muKa skin from deers neck : MKor. mok
neck : OJ muk- turn the head, neck < PA *mku
Turk. *baltu axe: Mong. *milaa whip: TM *mala cudgel: MKor. mr
stick, pole < PA *mli
Turk. *bl honey: Mong. *milaa- to smear with oil: TM *mala sesame
oil, plant oil < PA *malV
Turk. *botu young of camel: Mong. mani ( < mandi) male elk: TM
*manda-ksa elk < PA *mndo
Turk. *bei joy: Mong. maa-s- to enjoy < PA *mai
Turk. *bAsa also, as well: Mong. masi very, extremely: TM *masi
strong, strongly, OJ masu more, again, mas- to become bigger <
PA *msa
Turk. *bAlg wounded: Mong. milan disease, plague: TM *ml- to die
(of epidemic) < PA *mli
Turk. *bn defect: TM *mana- to be exhausted, worn out: OJ muna-si
empty, useless < PA *mn[u]
Turk. *ba head: Mong. malan, melen bald: TM *meli- back part of
neck: MKor. mr head < PA *mu
Turk. *beiz face; be similar (note the meanings!): Mong. maji-qai skin
covering the head of animals: OJ mane imitating, similarity < PA
*ma
Turk. *ba- to trot: Mong. mede- to hurry: TM *me- id. < *ma
Turk. *be mole: Mong. mege : Kor. m scar, bruise < PA *mee
Turk. *bein monkey (not from Persian, as often suggested): Mong.
mei(n) id.: OJ masi id. < PA *ma
Turk. *bAgatur hero: Mong. magta- to praise, glorify: TM *m[ia]g- to
shamanize: MKor. mr ( < *maga-r) speech: OJ mawo-s- to speak
(polite) < PA *mga
Turk. *b(i)ka frog: Mong. mekelei / melekei id.: TM *moKo(lV)- bat:
MKor. mkr toad < PA *mko
Turk. *bn stupid, foolish: Mong. mene-re- to become dull, stupid: TM
*mian- to be confused: MKor. mijp- to be afraid, scared < PA
*mni
Turk. *bAl overripe: TM *mun- to rot, spoil: MKor. mi-p- bitter,
acid: OJ m(j)in(w)or- to ripen < PA *mjni
Turk. *belek gift: Mong. mele- to bet, wager: TM *mula- to pity:
MKor. mr- to present, barter: OJ m(w)orap- to obtain, receive
gifts < PA *mle
Turk. *bert- to break, damage, wound: Mong. mer wound: TM
*mur-dul- slaughter < PA *more
Turk. *bar- to walk, go: Mong. *mr road: MKor. mr- to follow,
drive: OJ mjiti road < PA *mri

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INTRODUCTION

Turk. *boj- ( ~ --) to be careless; forbid: TM *mija- to go astray, be

misled: MKor. m-hi- be mad: OJ majwo-p- to go astray < PA
*mjo
Turk. *bu suffering: Mong. mu difficulty: Evk. min- to nag (of
joints, heart): Jpn. mugo- horrible < PA *muo
Turk. *bu- to damage, oppress: TM *muru- to press, oppress: MKor.
mr- to push < PA *muu
Turk. *bke big snake: Mong. mogaji snake: TM *mk id.: Kor.
mk-kuri big black snake: OJ mukade centipede < PA *mko
Turk. *bjn neck: Mong. mun-daa crest, withers: TM *moa-n neck:
MKor. mj-k id. < PA *mjno
Turk. *bok dirt, dung : Mong. moki(n) gum, clay, sulphur: TM *muKto fart, bad smell < PA *mkV
Turk. *bk-tel mature: Mong. mk- to perish: TM *muxu- lose powers: MKor. mk- to be old: OJ mukasi in old times < PA *mki
Turk. *bulu corner, angle: TM *mulu ridge of roof: MKor. mr id.:
OJ mune id. < PA *mlu
Turk. *b-gak outer corner, angle: TM *mu- edge, end: MKor.
m(h)- to finish, end < PA *ma
Turk. *bl- to divide, separate: Mong. mli- to cut (boughs etc.): TM
*mol- to cut into pieces: MKor. mr- to cut, trim < PA *mli
Turk. *bodun people: Mong. mui territory, province: TM *mugd /
*megd bank, shore: MKor. mt(h) place, enclosure: OJ mati street
< PA *mgda
Turk. *bulan elk: Mong. maral ( < *malar) mountain deer: TM *muldeer, elk < PA *mula
Turk. *bt- to end, accomplish: Mong. mi-s just enough: TM *muteto fulfil: MKor. mt-n all: OJ muta together with < PA *mti
Turk. *bka bull: Mong. *mok- 2-years-old male deer; penis: TM
*muxa- man, male < PA *mko
Turk. *bt- to believe: Mong. mede- to know: TM *mute- be able:
MKor. mt- to believe < PA *muti
Turk. *bk- be satiated, full: Mong. *meke- to suck: TM *muKu- to fill
mouth with liquid: MKor. mk- to eat, drink: OJ makanap- to feed
< PA *mke.
We have only included here (as Doerfer demanded) examples reflected in Old Turkic. Some of these etymologies are new, but some are
well known in the literature (like *msa > Turk. *bAsa, *mu > Turk.
*ba [which Doerfer omitted from his short list, but elsewhere - TMN
2, 253 - mentions briefly as unklar], *mko, *ma, *muo, *mjno,
*mli, *mgda, *mnu, *mti, *ma). To be sure, not all of them would
pass the test of Ramstedts and Poppes correspondences, especially in

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CHAPTER TWO

the field of vocalism; but as we intend to show, their correspondences

were actually too simplified and it is of course impossible to stuff all
the really existing parallels into their Procrustean bed. But instead of
trying to reevaluate the system of correspondences, Doerfer and other
critics used them rigidly with the single purpose of dismantling the
Altaic theory.
This lengthy passage may have little value in and of itself, but we
wanted to dwell on this particular correspondence in detail to show the
reader the sort of anti-Altaic criticism that has nearly ruined the whole
field of studies.
2.1.8 PA non-initial *m
PA
*m

Turk.
*m

Mong.
*m

Tung.
*m

Kor.
*m

Jpn.
*m

Examples on non-initial *m can be found in the following entries:

*emV(V), *mo, *mV, *m, *mV, *mo, *amu, *ma, *tma, *mu,
*mi, *amo, *mu, *mu, *umu, *me, *me, *mu, *me,
*omi, *dma, *ema, *ma, *me, *mi, *emo, *gmo, *gmo, *gmo, *gme,
*m, *m, *mu, *umV, *me, *umi, *mu, *umu, *kajamV, *kma,
*kami, *kmo, *kma, *kmV, *kma, *kma, *kmo, *km, *km, *kuma,
*kumo, *kmu, *kme, *kma, *kumi , *kumi, *kmi, *k[a]ma, *kma,
*km, *km, *kmo, *komo(lV), *kome, *kme, *kmi, *kmu, *kmu,
*kume, *kumi, *kumV, *k[]mo, *lmo, *lm, *lemV, *lmo, *mo(a),
*lm, *lmo, *mmV, *me, *lami, *m, *amo, *nmo, *nm, *nema,
*mi, *ama, *nme, *me, *mi, *nm, *mi, *nme, *luma,
*numu, *mu, *omuV, *pma, *pmi, *pm, *pm, *pme, *pmu, *puma,
*p[]jamV, *sm, *sm[u], *sarumV, *smo, *sme, *smi, *sma, *smi,
*sm, *mu, *zmo, *sm, *sumi, *smi, *sm, *suma, *sme, *sume,
*s[]mu, *mi, *imuV, *mo, *[a]m, *tmo, *tm, *tme, *tumi,
*tmu, *tma, *tma, *tmu, *tma, *tma, *tmo, *temV, *tmu, *tm,
*tm, *tome, *tmu, *tmu, *tmi, *mu, *mu-tki, *umu(t)o, *m,
*mo, *ima, *emV, *kemV, *same, *tmV, *dm, *mu, *tame, *muma,
*tma, *samV, *imV, *kamo, *simo, *mo.
Notes.
Non-initial *m, like initial *m, is generally well preserved. The only
exception are several cases where it (like all other resonants except *
and *) disappears in Japanese. Cf.:
PA *mi > PJ *ti

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INTRODUCTION

PA *mo(a) > PJ *n(N) name (with the Hateruma dialect possibly

still preserving a trace of the nasal as nN name; note that the verbal root *nm- to pray still preserves *m)
PA *sme > PJ *sua
PA *tmV > PJ *t
We should first note that there are only nominal stems in this list.
Verbs never behave like this (except for two or three very archaic and
probably originally monosyllabic roots see above on root structure).
A suggestion put forward in Starostin 1997 was that we are dealing
here with the working of an archaic nominal suffix (or several suffixes)
like *ga, perhaps also *a - actually, quite common, e. g., in Turkic and
Mongolian, so that, e.g. *sme-ga > *smga > *sga, and, with final dropping of -g- > *sua. However, we shall see below that *-g- could disappear only in a position after a diphthong, so the proposed rule has to be
slightly modified. The diphthongs indeed had a palatalizing and fricativizing effect on the following voiced stops, but those were only stops
of the second syllable (since diphthongs could occur only in the first
syllable of the root). It seems probable, however, that voiced consonants in the third syllable were always fricativized (and, as a consequence, usually dropped) in early Japanese. This would explain a large
proportion of nouns whose Auslaut can only be explained as a result of
contraction - i.e. nouns in *-ai, *-ia and *-ua in PJ (all these sequences do
not occur or occur only very rarely in the first syllable of a polysyllabic
root).
We can now formulate the following hypothesis about prehistoric
Japanese: any resonant preceding the weakened *-- in the third syllable was also weakened and dropped, together with the following
vowel, viz.: *CVRVV > *CVRV > *CVV. On the other hand, *CVCVV
> *CVCV. This would account for the so called -r-loss observed by
Martin and Whitman in their Korean-Japanese comparison (-r-loss is
the most frequent phenomenon, but there certainly is also -l-loss ,
-m-loss and --loss in Japanese).
Among the words listed above we can only find the word for
name with the suffix *V, which is quite clearly seen, e.g. in Evk.
nim--n- to shamanize, nim--kn fairy-tale. It seems therefore
probable that in Proto-Japanese *mo-a > *nma > *na > *n(N).
This word is further interesting because it may also accept a second
velar suffix *-kV (originally, probably, diminutive), cf. TM *nimk-n
= Turk. *jom()ak = Mong. *domag. The Kor. parallel is also known and it
is MKor. njk tale. Now it seems that the Kor. form also reflects a
common PKJ form like *noma-kV, with a development *-m- > -- very

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CHAPTER TWO

similar to Japanese. This would date the first part of the process we are
describing (*CVRVV > *CVRV) to the common Korean- Japanese period. But unlike Japanese, Korean did not usually drop the resonant instead, it dropped the *-- (sometimes, perhaps preserving it as -h-,
see below) and the final vowel. The resonant is dropped in this case
because a second suffix was added and the combination *-m- turned
out to be located in an intervocalic position.
More on this interesting Japanese development will follow, in notes
on other PA resonants.
2.1.9 PA initial *tPA
*t-

Turk.
*t- [dV+,,r]

Mong.
*t- / [i]

Tung.
*t-

Kor.
*t-

Jpn.
*t-

Notes
In the vast majority of cases where the difference between *t- and
*d- can be established (i.e. when the Oghuz reflexes are present), Turkic
has *t-. Voiced *d- emerges, however, almost exceptionlessly when this
consonant is followed by *: cf. PT *d < PA *ti, PT *d < PA *tke,
PT *d < PA *ti, PT *d(i)- < PA *tke (cf., however, *taak < *tapV).
Less systematic is the behaviour of *t- in front of the following * and
*r: we have *torgaj, *t, *trum, *turup / *turum, *tor, *t, *t / *tr,
*ter, *terk, *terk-, *trpig, *tre, *teek as opposed to *d (but with suffixation: *tir-sgek), *dre-, *da(:). There is also a tendency of voicing *t- >
*d- before *-b- (in *debe camel < *tbe, *debir- to capsize < *tebV as
opposed to *tabgan < *tba, but even in the latter case cf. secondary
voice in Az. dowan).
2.1.10 PA non-initial *-tPA
*t

Turk.
*t

Mong.
*t / [i]
/-d

Tung.
*t

Kor.
*t

Jpn.
*t

Notes
In Mongolian, where all voice distinctions are neutralized in syllable-final position, *t > -d; *t is also palatalized ( > *) in front of the
following *i, just as in Anlaut.
Examples of PA *-t- can be found in the following entries: *ati,
*bt, *bt, *bt, *bt, *t, *ta, *gt, *getV, *got, *gt, *t, *t,
*itVKV, *tkV, *te, *kte, *kt, *kt, *ktu, *kt, *kte, *kti, *ktV,
*kt, *kt, *ktekV, *kte, *lt ( ~ -), *mti(-rkV), *mt, *mat,

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INTRODUCTION

*mati, *mti, *mot, *mt, *nt, *nt, *t, *t(mu), *t, *pt,
*pte, *pt, *pte, *pt, *ptokV, *pt, *pt(-kV), *pt, *pti,
*pta, *pt, *pt, *st, *st, *sit, *t, *tto, *ttu, *tut, *tut,
*ut, *t(rV), *tatkV, *ste, *pt, *tte.
The number of clear cases with *-t- is smaller than of those with
*t-, because the reflexes of *-t- are different from those of *-t- only in
intervocalic position in Kor. and Mong. (and even in Mong. the two
phonemes coincide in the position of palatalization, i.e. before *i). The
distinction, however, is indirectly supported by Jpn., where non-initial
*t is subject to secondary voicing (prenasalization), as opposed to PA
*t. Cf.:
1. *ati > *itua, *bte > *pt, *btu > *pt-, *ta > *tkp-, *gti > *ktr-,
*goto > *kti, *gtu > *kutu-, *tu > *t-, *tikV > *tnku, *kto >
*kt, *ktu > *ktrnk-, *kte > *kti, *kti > *kutu-, *kto > *kt-,
*mti(-rkV) > *mitua, *mto > *mt-, *mate > *mtr-, *moti > *mita,
*mti > *muta, *tV > *mti, *ta(mu) > *tm, *te > *t-n, *pta
> *ptr-, *pte > *ptp- / *ptk-, *pto > *pta, *pVtokV >
*pttk-su, *pata > *pt / *pt, *pta(-kV) > *pt, *pta > *ptk-,
*pta > *pt, pte > *pt-pr-, *pte > *pt, *sti > *stp-, *sto >
*stmi, *ti > *sitki, *ttu > *tt-nk, *tuti > *tutuk-, *tutV > *tti,
*uta > *ata-p-, *tatakV > *tatak-, *pto > *pt;
2. *bti > *pnt, *bte > *pntk-, *ta > *ntkr-, *kuta > *kntu, *lta >
*nnt, *nta > *nnt- / *nnt-, *sitV > *sintai, *to(rV) > *ntr,
*tte > *tntk-.
2.1.11 PA initial *t
PA
*t-

Turk.
*d-

Mong.
*d- / [i]

Tung.
*d- /()

Kor.
*t-

Jpn.
*t- / d[i,]

Notes.
Mong. has - in the position before -i-, even though the reflexes of
*t- and *t- are distinguished in other positions. The only exception is
the numeral two, where Mong. has iw- / ui- - probably because in
all other cases the sequence *tV- had first changed to *ti- and then to
*i-, whereas here *tu- was preserved longer and finally yielded *du- >
*u-.
The TM languages show palatalization in sequences with diphthongs: *ola < *ti, *(l) < *tle, *ube < *tubu, *ir- < *tre, whereas
the sequence *ti- itself stays intact and yields *di-. Note that this differs
from the behaviour of *t- and *d- which never get palatalized in TM.

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CHAPTER TWO

Japanese has a clearcut distribution here: *t in front of voiceless aspirated consonants and +back *a, *u; *d in front of -back *i, *, cf.:
1. *tpe > PJ *tmp-, *tba > *tp, *tbu > *tpji, *tagu > *tuku-nai, *taja >
*taj-r-, *tl[u] > *tr-, *to > *tnu-, *tn > *tna, *tara > *tari,
*ta > *tn, *tb > *tmpnai, *tma > *tm, *tmo > *tmr-, *tmo >
*tm, *tg > *tki, *tga > *taka, *tla > *tar(a)-, *ttu > *tt-, *tke >
*tk-, *tbulka > *tmpk, *tgi > *tk, *toka > *takua, *tu >
*trmpi, *tbu > *tp, *tdi > *tt-, *tgi > *tk-, *tuju > *tua-p-,
*tumi > *tuntumi, *ti > *tm, *turi > *tura, *tru > *tr, *tjku >
*tnka-, *tri > *ttm-, *tti > *tt
2. *tba > *ds, *tbe > *dsp-, *tjV > *(d)ia, *tlki > *(d)k(n)ta, *tre >
*dnt-ri, *tri > *(d)r, *tle > *(d)i, *ti > *(d)s, *tire > *(d)r-, *tri >
*(d)ita-, *tle > *d, *tlu > *dr-, *tj- > *d2.1.12 PA non-initial *t
PA
*t

Turk.
*t

Mong.
*d / [i]

Tung.
*t

Kor.
*r / -t

Jpn.
*t

Examples of non-initial *t can be found in the following entries:

*tV, *bt, *bt, *tu, *gte, *gt, *ite, *t, *kta, *ktu, *kt, *kta,
*ket[o], *mto, *m[u]ti, *nutu, *ptirkV, *pto, *pta, *pt, *pt[e], *sti,
*sata, *stu, tot, *t[u]t, *zta, *to, *pti.
Notes.
See above (notes to *-t-) for an explanation of the relatively low
number of clearly reconstructed *-t- and *-t- (in a great number of
cases the two phonemes cannot be distinguishedr).
Korean must originally have had *-d- ( > MKor. -r-) in intervocalic
position, but *-t in syllable-final position. This is clearly seen in verbal
paradigms like md- (i.e. mt- / mrV-) and td- (i.e. tt- / trV-), as well
as in roots of the CVCV structure, where Korean normally has -r- (pr-,
ri-), except for cases where an early vowel reduction in the first syllable occurred (sta(h), ptt). Sometimes however the -t-grade was already
in MKor. analogically extended to the intervocalic position, and thus
we have mit-, tat- without any alternations. No alternations are attested
in nominal paradigms, cf. sot, soth with uniform -t-.
In Japanese, medial *-t- is never voiced except for a few cases after
an original aspirated stop: *pta > *pnt, *tota > *tanta-juap-, *t[u]tV >
*tnt-, which proves that such roots underwent progressive aspiration
in early PJ ( > *pta, *tota, *t[u]tV), after which prenasalization (voicing) became possible.

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INTRODUCTION

2.1.13 PA initial *d
PA
*d-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*d- / [i]

Tung.
*d-

Kor.
*t-

Jpn.
*d- / t[V+*p,*t,
*k,*]

Notes.
In Mong. *d- > *- in front of the following -i-. Before other vowels
palatalization normally does not occur; a few cases like *aha < *dge
and *eh-wn < *dgni probably reflect a later secondary vowel shift
(*iha > *aa and *ih-wn > *en) in the specific hiatus environment
after loss of -h-.
In Jpn. there must have been an early devoicing of *d- in front of the
following voiceless aspirated consonants: in this position *d- behaves
exactly as *t-, i.e. yields voiceless t-. Otherwise it gives a uniform
*d-reflex. Here are all the cases of devoicing: PA *dki > *tk-, *dkV >
*tnk, *dlpa > *tpra, *dlpi > *timp-, *dka > *tki, *dl(o)-V > *ts,
*dupu > *tumpasa.
2.1.14 PA non-initial *d
PA
*d

Turk.
*d

Mong.
*d / [i]

Tung.
*d

Kor.
*r / -t

Jpn.
*t / [*iV,*j] j

Examples of non-initial *-d- can be found in the following entries:

*dV, *bdo, *bd, *bd, *budu, *budi, *bd, *bdo, *bd, *bd, *bodi,
*buda, *adVbV, *da, *dV, *da, *gd, *godV, *gd, *gd, *idV, *ude,
*de, *uda, *udi(rV), *du, *du, *kdaV, *kd(rV), *kd, *kadV, *kadi,
*kd[o], *kdi, *kdu, *tudu, *kudu, *kdi, *kude, *kada, *kd(-rV),
*kd[], *kd, *kda, *kdo(rgV), *kda, *kude, *kd, *mdu, *md,
*mude, *nad[i], *ndurgi, *ndi, *nd, *odi, *pd, *pd, *pd, *pdo,
*pdV, *pda, *ped, *pudo, *pude, *pdi, *nda, *sedurkV, *sd, *sid,
*sido, *sidu, *sidV, *sdV, *suda, *tde, *td, *td, *odi, *udu, *udV, *udV,
*dV, *sudu, *d, *tdu.
Notes.
Korean shows here the same distribution as for *-t-, i.e. -r- in intervocalic position, but -t in syllable-final position (cf. verbal paradigms
like kt- / krV-, nud- / nurV-, kjd- / kjrV-, pd- / prV-). A generalization
of -t- occurred in kot- straight and the nouns mut, pt; on the other
hand, -r- has been preserved in phr < *prh < *prVh < *budVkV and in
nir-kup < *nadi- seven, probably because of a late vowel reduction.
Just as in the case with *-t-, the stop is preserved in cases of an early
vowel reduction in the first syllable (st-, sti, ptui- etc.).

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CHAPTER TWO

PTM usually preserves *-d- quite well, except in trisyllabic stems of

the type CVdVrCV (*xrg < *kudorgV, *urga < *nadurgi, *xargan <
*kadi-rgV, *burgu- < *bdu-rgV), where -d- has disappeared in the secondary cluster *-dr- < *-dVr-.
Japanese has the same distribution of reflexes as for *-b-, i.e. *-j- after
diphthongs, but *-t- elsewhere, with occasional prenasalization > *-nt-:
1. *budu > *puj- > *p-n-kai, *budi > *pj, *bdo > *pj, *bdo >
*pjk-, *ude > *ja(n)si, *uda > *aja, *udi(rV) > *i-r-, *du > *i,
*kadi > *k-, *kd[o] > *kju-p-, *kudu > *kui, *kda > *kj-, *mdu >
*mi, *ndurgi > *nji- > *nnkr-, *nudi > *n-, *nda > *njm-, *sudu
> *sia;
2. *bdi > *pitapi, *bdu > *ptu-, *bda > *bt, *adVbV > *tatipi-, *gdi >
*kt, *gde > *ktpa-, *kdi(rV) > *kt-, *kdu > *ktw, *kdo > *kti,
*kdi > *kt-pk, *mde > *mt-pr-, *nda- > *ntk-, *pda > *pt,
*pdi > *pt, *pda > *pt-, *tdi > *tt-, *tdu > *ttp-, *tdu >
*ttm;
3. *bde > *bntr-, *da > *nt, *gdu > *kntr-, *kadi(-rV) > *kintr-,
*kad[u] > *kntr-, *pedi > *pintua-, *sda > *sntm-, *sidi > *sintar-,
*udu > *nti, *pda > *pantara, *de > *dnt.
In a few cases before a nasal PA *-d- > Jpn. -n-, cf. *kdaV > *kn-p;
*tudu > *tni ( = PT *Tdn); *nad[i] > *nana- ( = PTM *nadan).
2.1.15 PA initial *nPA
*n-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*n-

Tung.
*n-

Kor.
*n-

Jpn.
*n-

Note.
Before original *i and *--diphthongs, PTM may have - instead of
n- here (the distinction of *n- and *- in PTM in this position is very
dubious), so in this position the best evidence for the distinction is presented by Mongolian (which has * < *) and Japanese (which has *m <
*), see below. Otherwise PA *n- is quite stable and preserved everywhere except Turkic (where all non-nasal resonants > *j-).
2.1.16 PA non-initial *n
PA
*n

Turk.
*n

Mong.
*n

Tung.
*n

Kor.
*n

Jpn.
*n

Examples of non-initial *n can be found in the following entries:

*ni, *ni, *ni, *nu (?), *dno, *enu, *nV, *na(kV), *gn, *gno, *na,
*unu, *ne, *n, *na, *knu, *kna, *kne, *kna(-kV), *kune, *guna,

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INTRODUCTION

*kune, *kno, *kno, *knu, *kbni, *mana, *mna, *mn[u], *mn,

*mni, *mne, *mnu, *nne, *na, *ni, *nu, *ni, *ni, *nV, *pnV,
*pne, *pani, *pn, *pun[e], *pnV, *sni, *snV, *sono, *sna, *snu,
*sni, *sna, *snu, *sna, *sn, *snu, *tno, *tnV, *tni, *zni, *zni,
*sni, *kunu, *znu.
Notes.
Non-initial *n is usually rather stable in Altaic languages. Cases
when it is lost comprise the following:
a. In Mong., *-n- is lost before the nominal suffix -su (i-su < *in-sun);
but just as in Japanese (see below), it is the only attested case of such
a development and the root may in fact have been *. In a couple
of cases *-n- was assimilated to a neighbouring velar and became
*-n- > *-- > -h- (ne < *ni, kn < *kune).
b. In TM, *-n- is sometimes lost in verbal monosyllabic roots after a
long vowel: *s- (*s-) < *sni, *(n)- < *ni.
c. Korean regularly loses *-n- in the cluster *-jn-, cf. i, ki, mj-k; after a
labial, *n is frequently assimilated to m, cf. mom, pom, pom-nor-,
s-pam. Finally, sometimes *n > *, probably due to the original following front vowel, cf. na()-, rm, a, ai, mi-.
d. Unlike most other resonants, -n- seems to be always preserved in
Japanese. The only exception seems to be *t blood < PA *nu. It
cannot thus be excluded that we should reconstruct a monosyllabic
* here, with a secondarily added suffix -n in Turkic (*dn) and
Manchu (un).
2.1.17 PA initial *sPA
*s-

Turk.
*s-

Mong.
*s-

Tung.
*s-

Kor.
*s-, h-

Jpn.
*s-

Notes
Mongolian sometimes shows assimilation *sV- > *V- (cf. *saru >
*ara-, *si > *see- / *ee-, *suu > *ia-, *suu > *ual(i), *s[]i >
*soi- / *oi-). It seems that *s- has completely passed into *- before
*--, but is preserved better (with later dialectal variation s-/-) before
*--, but the number of examples is rather limited and we would better
postpone making final decisions.
In Korean we have a double reflex: *h- before PA *-a-, *-o- (except
in cases of vowel reduction, when *s- stays as the first element of a
cluster), but *s- in all other cases.
1. *sbi > *h-, *sjri > *hj, *same > *hmr, *si > *hrk, *sarpu > *hr,
*sjri > *hi-, *soga > *hoar, *sga > *h-, *sge > *hk, *sgu > *hi,

51

CHAPTER TWO

*sle > *h-, *sna > *hnh, *srme > *hm, *ste > *hthi, *sje >
*hji-, *sjri > *hj, *hr-, *slu > *hr-, *s[e] > *hr-, *sjru > *hj.
2. *sa > *s-, *sagu > *sth, *sjgo > *si-, *sajri > *sj-, *sjV > *si-m, **sk
> *sah-, *skV > *sk-, *sali > *sirh-, *sa(b)i > *sr-, *spa > *spk, *spi
> *sp, *spi > *sap-, *srpa > *srp, *sru > *sr, *si > *sari-, *sku >
*sk-, *sme > *sam, *sni > *sn, *seji > *sj, *spo > *sp, *seri >
*sri, *sero > *sr-, *seru(kV) > *srk, *sse > *ssk-, *ssi > *ssm,
*sebe > *sp-, *sgu > *s-nab-, *smi > *sm, *sre > *sr-, *slV > *sr,
*slgu > *sir-, *sri > *sr, *su > *sin, *siu > *srm, *sto > *stri,
*suga > *si, *suru > *sr-, *sue > *s-, *sni > *sn, *se > *sri,
*ssa > *ssr, *sjro > *sji-, *sna > *s(j)n-, *sra > *sr-, *sa >
*sr, *sla > *sr-, *sga > *sr, *soge > *si-, *sogV > *soi, *snu >
*snhi, *ske > *sk-, *slo > *sr-, *sra > *srb-, *suga > *si, *sgo >
*sook, *sugu > *sa, *sjli > *si, *sku > *sok-kori, *suke > *sak-, *sme
> *sm, *sri > *sr-, *s > *su.
The only exception known is *ssu > *ss-, *ss-, where preservation
of *s- is clearly explained by assimilation, just as in *suu > *hi- and
*s[]i > *h-.
2.1.18 PA non-initial *s
PA
*s

Turk.
*s

Mong.
*s

Tung.
*s

Kor.
*s

Jpn.
*s

Examples for *-s- can be found in the following entries: *ase, *bsi,
*bsi, *bs, *bsi, *bs, *musi, *dasa, *dsi, *dsa, *eso, *s[i], *gaso,
*gose, *gusa, *s, *isV, *se, *kaserV, *kasa, *ksu, *kesa, *kesV, *kso,
*kosa, *ksV, *kusu, *ksi, *ksi, *ksV, *ksa, *ksa, *ks, *ks,
*kso, *kse, *kusa, *msa, *ms, *msV, *msu, *msi, *msV, *ns,
*sa, *nse, *s, *orusi, *se, *psi, *psu, *psa, *ps, *psa, *puse,
*psa, *ps, *psi, *pasi, *ps, *psi(KV), *pisV, *ps[a], *psa, *psi,
*pso, *psa, *sse, *ssi, *ssa, *ssu, *ssa, *taso, *ts, *tsi, *tso,
*so, *su, *zsu, *oso, *gaso, *noso.
It seems to be the most stable Altaic phoneme, preserved without
any changes in all branches.
In Jpn. it almost never gets voiced (prenasalized), except in some
clusters (see below); the only exceptions are: *pns < *psa, *pa(n)sa- <
*puse, *pa(n)sai < *psa and *kns < *ksi. Reasons for voicing in these
four cases are not yet clear.

52

INTRODUCTION

2.1.19 PA *zPA
*z-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*s-

Tung.
*s-

Kor.
*s-

Jpn.
*s-

Notes.
PA *z- is distinguished from *s- only within Turkic (*j- < *z- vs. *s- <
*s-) which explains its relative rareness: when there is no Turkic reflex,
one can reconstruct either *z- or *s-. A trace of the distinction *z- : *s- is,
however, recoverable also in Korean, where *z-, unlike *s-, can never
give a *h-reflex, even in the position before diphthongs, cf.: *zlVbi >
*sjrb-, *zsu > *ssk-, *zoa > *sr-.
This allows us to additionally reconstruct *z- in several cases when
the Turkic reflex is absent: *z[k], *zmo, *znu.
Another peculiarity of PA *z is that it is only found in word-initial
position. This may indicate that it is either a complementary variant of
some other PA phoneme (either *r, * or *j - neither of these three occurs in word-initial position), or has merged word-medially with some
other phoneme (either *-s- or *--). This problem cannot so far be resolved from within Altaic.
2.1.20 PA *-rPA
*r

Turk.
*r

Mong.
*r

Tung.
*r

Kor.
*r

Jpn.
*r, *t

PA *-r- is one of the most frequent phonemes, but found only

non-initially; examples can be found in the following entries: *jVrV,
*ra, *ara, *arV, *rV, *rV, *bra, *br, *bri, *br, *bare, *bor[a], *br[],
*bura, *buri, *bure, *bre, *bru, *bri, *rikV, *tre, *ru, *ra, *ro,
*era, *re, *ire, *rV, *[o]ra, *dari, *drV(mV), *dari, *dorVkV, *dru,
*dru, *dre, *egVrV, *ra, *r, *ro, *ra, *re, *gr, *gera, *gr(bV), *grV,
*giru, *gri, *gru, *gra, *gre, *gure, *gri, *gri, *tara, *r(KV), *ri,
*ru, *orV, *aru, *re, *ugerV, *re, *ru, *r, *re, *r, *ru, *kabari,
*kra, *kara, *kra(ma), *kr(mV), *kare, *kro, *kru, *krV, *kaserV, *kra,
*kro, *keru(V), *kru, *kro, *kro, *kaurV, *kru, *kr[i], *kure,
*kurumV, *koru, *kre, *kra(mV), *kure, *kuri, *kro(mV), *krV, *kru,
*kra, *kra, *kru , *kre, *ker[o], *kro, *krgV, *kri, *kr, *kr,
*kre, *kbarV, *kro, *kura, *kure, *kru, *kr, *kru(mV), *kre,
*kpra, *koru, *kra, *kori, *kre, *k[]ri, *mro, *mra, *more, *mri,
*mri, *mro, *mrV, *mra, *mro, *m[]ro, *nra, *r, *nre, *ra,
*nro, *nri, *nra, *nuru, *ro, *nra, *nru, *urV, *ri, *ru, *r,
*orusi, *rV, *re, *ebVrV, *r(e)kV, *pri, *pro(-kV), *pro, *pru, *pre,

CHAPTER TWO

53

*pure, *pr, *pr, *prV, *pra, *pr, *pro, *perV, *pra, *pr, *pru,
*pri, *pru, *prV, *pr, *pri, *pre, *pri, *prV, *pre, *pri,
*prV, *prVkV, *pri, *sru, *sara, *sero, *sro, *saru, *sarV, *seri,
*seru(kV), *sera, *sra, *sire, *sorekV, *sira, *sra, *sra, *sri, *sr, *ru,
*ri, *ru, *r[e], *tra, *trV, *tro, *tru, *tr, *tire, *tre, *tri, *turi,
*tru, *tri, *tagiri, *tari, *tra, *tra, *tiru, *tru, *tra, *tre, *tri,
*toerV, *tri, *tro(-kV), *toru, *tro, *trV, *tr[e], *tre, *ra, *ura,
*ri, *ro, *zr, *zra, *zuru, *zre, *ra, *re, *ro, *ri, *aru(kV),
*rV, *ero, *rVko, *srV, *ure, *ri, *sri.
Notes.
Korean frequently has -j- as a development of *-jr-.
In Jpn., the distribution between -r- and -t- is as yet unclear: it may
well be that Jpn. here reflects some original distinction lost in other
languages. A suspicious fact is an extreme frequency of non-initial *r,
far exceeding that of any other PA phoneme, which may be an indication that we are in fact dealing here with two original phonemes, perhaps still distinguished in Japanese.
Besides -t-, Japanese sometimes has voiced (prenasalized) *-nt-.
Unlike with the stops, however, the distribution here appears to be
plainly positional: *-nt- in the vast majority of cases appears in intervocalic position before the following intervocalic -r-: cf. *tre > *dnt-ri,
*gra > kntr, *keru > *kunturi, *koru > *kntr, *r(e)kV > *ntrk-,
*pri > *pntr, *ru > *sntre, *aru > *dunturi. Voiceless *-t- does not
appear in such a position except in verbal stems, where the following
-r- is syllable-final (*re > *tr-, *kro > *ktr-, *saru > *sutar-). In a few
other cases (*ru > *nt, *seri > *snt, *mri > *m(nt), *nra > *nntki,
*pire > *pintipa) the reasons for voicing are not quite clear: note that the
last two words are not actually attested in modern dialects and the
readings with -nt- (OJ -d-) may in fact be fictitious, and -nt in *m-nt
water may be a suffix (the root is *m and may go back to PA
*mri-gV, see below).
In nominal stems Jpn. has several cases of *-r- > -0-, all of which
should be explained by original suffixation: *p- fire < *pore-gV; *pa
leaf < *pure-gV (cf. Mong. *bor-gu-), *kua flour < *gure-gV, *m weed <
*moro-gV or -V (cf. Evk. mori), *bi well, spring < *bujri-gV (cf. TM
*bira-ga), kua basket < *kure-gV, *pia layer < *pari-gV (cf. TM *par-ga-)
or *-V (cf. PT *biar-a-k), ta field < *tora-gV (cf. Mong. *tari-ja- <
*tari-a-), pu growth < *pri-gV (cf. Turk. *urug), su nest < *zuru-gV,
perhaps also *m water < *mri-gV (cf. Man. m-ke).
In Mong. *r is normally preserved, although there are some indications that it could have been lost before the nominal suffixes *-su-, *-du

54

INTRODUCTION

(cf. *i-s-, *mo-du-). There is also one case of a presumable metathesis

*-r-l- > *-l-r- (*beltereg < *ber-teleg), but this phenomenon is much less
widespread than the reverse one (i.e. *-l-r- > *-r-l-, see below).
Just as *l is dissimilated before the following *l (see below), *r in
Mongolian was possibly dissimilated before the following *-r-, and the
combination *-rVr- yielded *-hVr- (*-Vr-). Cases like this are, however,
not easy to find: cf. perhaps eere- seek, wish < *here-re- < PA *pro; on
*kajir(a)- bark < *kari-ra < PA *ka see below.
In TM, *-r- (just like *-n-) sometimes is lost in monosyllabic roots after a long vowel: *b- < *br[e], *b- < *bri, *m < *mro, *m < *mri,
*- < *re-, *s < *zra, *d < *trV.
2.1.21 PA initial *lPA
*l-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*l-, n-

Tung.
*l-

Kor.
*n-

Jpn.
*n-

Notes.
There are only about 40 clear examples of initial *l- because it is distinguished from * (or *l1) only in Mongolian (where the latter > *d- /
*-, see below). The distinction between *l- and *- is thus not absolutely
secure, but rather probable because it supports the distinction of
non-initial *l and *.
Turkic, Korean and Japanese do not distinguish reflexes of *l- from
those of *n- (see above). Tungus has regularly *l- here (although within
Tungus there exists a strong tendency of confusing *l- and *n- as well);
Mongolian has in many cases preserved *l- (especially before labials,
but also in some cases before velars), but many dialects tend to replace
*l- by *n-, and in some cases no traces of *l- are preserved at all. Still it
may be observed that cases with *l- in Mong. reveal a high rate of correlation with *l- in Tungus (cf. *lbo, *labV, *lku, *laka, *li, *lpi, *lble,
*lebu(nV), *lebV, *lmu, *lbu, *lu[k]u, *lge). We assume, therefore,
that the tendency of *l- > *n- was unilateral, and reconstruct *l- in all
cases when it emerges in Tungus and/or Mongolian (note that there
does not exist a single case with Mong. *l- and TM *n- - which shows
that Mong. *l- cannot be a secondary variant of the original *n-).
Let us once again return to Doerfers criticism. In TMN 1, 63 he says:
Ich mchte mich hier kurz fassen und nur soviel sagen, da ich das
gesamte Material fr mit l- anlautende Wrter des Tu. durchgearbeitet
habe (bei Benzing, 1955a und V), ohne im T. und Mo. auch nur ein
einziges vergleichbares Wort zu finden.
Let us see what we have:

55

CHAPTER TWO

Turk.
*jaba very
*jobla fine
goats hair
*jke
lime-tree
*jak- smear

Mong.
*naa- on this side
*lab / *naj
very,better
*lobsi rags

TM
PA
*la-kV, *la- near
*la*lab-du many, plenty *lb
*leb-/*lab- rags

*lab

*nger-s alder

*laKa- elm, oak

*lako

*lakti- soot
*laka goby
*laxu- to hang
*lala- gruel; slime
*lali be hungry, weak

*lku
*laka
*lk
*ll
*lalV

*lag mud, dirt

*laka sheat-fish
*naki- to bend
*jilik marrow *nila- clingy
*jalk- suffer *nal(k)-be faint,
pain, be nau- drowsy, weak
seated
*laji mud, dirt, silt
*labta- to be flat
*jap- to
smooth, level,
flat
*nambuga leather
*jm-k >
sack
*jn-k
pocket, bag
*namug marsh,
swamp
*j-to miss, *nargi- to carouse
sin
*labku marshy
ground
*labsi- eat greedily
*neke- to pursue,
follow
*jaglk ker*nolga shamans
chief
adornment
*jam- pubic
*lami- meat on
hair, groin
sheeps rump
*jA- to shake, *naji- shake, sway,
sway
hang over
*najita- sneeze
*japal (Sib.)

*nialta spleen

*laga slimy, clammy *li

*lapta- flat
*lp

*lam(b)a bag

*lmo

*lmu sea

*lm

*larg disorder, commotion

*leb marsh

*lgu
*lp(-nV)

*lebge- id.
*lebV
*leKe- intend, demand *ljk
*lelu(ke) apron, corsage
*lemuk fat under skin
of animals
*leg- bow, incline
Ma. leje- sing without
rhythm
Orok lipe spleen

*llugV
*lemV
*lea
*lja
*lapV

56

INTRODUCTION

Turk.
Mong.
spleen
*jap-- glue, *nia- id.
stick to
*jag brown *nogoan green
Chuv. mren *lumu bow
*nene lady bug
*luw-ka eye pus
*jigi/*jg
*lg / *lig id.
thick, dense
*jg-laweep,cry
*jgen bridle
*jkn- to
bow

*nugu- to bend
*nowkai rodent
nest
*nke hole, make a
hole
*nogtu wild boar
*nagaj female tarbagan
*nogu-al young of
lynx

TM

PA

*lipa-, *labgn- id.

*ljpV

*log- green, dark

*liam- bow, shoot
Ud. loto butterfly
Evk. l resin, gum
*lgdi, *luku(tu) id.

*lga
*lm
*l
*lbu
*lu[k]u

*ligi- snore

*lg

*luksi belt in a
*lge
yoke-team
*loka- hanger, to hang *luke
*lopi(gi) squirrel nest *lopV
*lokto- break through *lk
*luke(te) id.
*lo-sa lynx, sable

*luko
*la

*luKV lynx

*l[]k

It is worth noting that both in Mong. and TM *l- may be called an

expressive phoneme: the number of words starting with *l- and meaning slimy substance, mud, to shake, sway, snore, shout is quite
considerable. It seems, however, that this was the original PA situation
(no matter what caused it ultimately), because several of these roots are
undoubtedly common Altaic. But there is also a number of quite neutral roots with *l-, such as *la- near, this side, *lbo more, better, *lako
foliate tree, *lpi flat, broad, *lmo bag, *lmo sea, *ljka intend,
demand, *llugV kerchief, pendant, *lga green, dark, *lmu bow,
*lka seam, *lge halter, rope for animals, *lopV nest, *luko wild
pig, *la furry animal, *lkV lynx etc.

57

CHAPTER TWO

2.1.22 PA non-initial *l
PA
*l

Turk.
*l

Mong.
*l

Tung.
*l

Kor.
*r

Jpn.
*r

Examples for *-l- can be found in the following entries: *agula, *la,
*la, *laku, *ale, *likV, *lu, *la, *le, *li, *lV, *lV, *balu, *bla, *plo,
*bl, *belV, *bli, *bli, *blu, *bla, *bla, *bli, *bl, *bl, *bule,
*ble, *bolo, *blo, *bli, *blu, *blV, *bulV, *l, *lo, *lV, *lV,
*l, *ali, *l, *ale, *lV, *olu, *li, *li, *uli, *dli, *dalo,
*dli , *talo, *dile, *dl, *dlo, *dilu, *dlu, *dle, *dli, *lV(-kV), *lV, *gli,
*glV, *gla, *gle, *gl, *gilu, *glu, *gla, *gla, *goli, *gli, *gl, *ile,
*lka, *l, *la, *le, *le, *l, *jula, *kla, *kle, *klo, *kalu, *kela,
*kele, *kujilV, *kli, *kl, *kl, *kli, *klV, *kala, *kalo, *kale, *kalVbV,
*kela, *kla, *kile, *klo, *kli, *kla, *kli, *kle, *kla, *kli, *kuli,
*klo, *kli, *ll, *lalV, *llugV, *ul[o], *mli, *ml, *male, *mla, *mli,
*melo, *mlu, *mali(-kV), *malu, *mle, *mlo, *mle, *mlu, *mli, *mula,
*nlV, *zelo, *nla, *nle, *nuli, *lo, *dilu, *li, *lu, *le, *la, *li,
*ligV, *olu, *lu, *pala, *plukV, *pli, *pli, *pla, *ple, *plagV, *blu,
*pla, *pl, *ple, *lV, *plo, *pole, *plo, *pula, *ple, *ple, *ple,
*ple, *pli, *plo, *slo, *sali, *sela, *sle, *sle, *sl, *sila, *salo(-kV),
*slo, *slu, *sli, *sla, *slo, *slV, *l, *tl[u], *tlV, *telV, *tla, *tlo,
*tilV, *tle, *dla, *tlu, *tole, *tlu, *tle, *tla, *tl, *tlV, *tlo, *tlo,
*tula, *tule, *tlu, *tlV, *tolu, *lu, *ulu, *lo, *zli, *zela, *zlVbi, *zli,
*lo, *li, *lV, *ela, *lu, *lu, *ul[u], *lu, *glo, *nlo, *gl,
*li, *dala, *alu, *tle, *ale, *la, *tulu, *dlV, *kla.
Notes.
1. Turkic always preserves l.
2. In Mong. there are some cases of the loss of *-l- before the nominal
suffix *-s-, usually with variation across dialects (cf. *sl-s gall >
WMong. ss(n), Khalkha ss, but MMong. sls, Bur. hlhen). Two
other processes must be also mentioned:
a) The sequence *-l-r- is regularly metathesized > *-r-l-, cf. *hurul <
*pulo, *maral < *mula (although this does not seem to happen before
the suffixes -ir, -bur, -kir in *belir, *ilbur, *ulu-kir, and perhaps in
the clusters *jl, *bl cf. *lir < *jle, *ilar < *dblu).
b) The sequence *-l-l- is regularly dissimilated > *-j-l- (or -h-l- if the intermediate vowel is -e-), cf. *kjil-s < *kli, *mojil ( = PT *bele) <
*melu, *beelej < *bili, *majila-su < *malu.
3. In TM *l is well preserved (except for sporadic cases of assimilation
in clusters like *xia- < *xil-a- hair). However, just as with *-nand *-r-, there are cases of the loss of *-l in monosyllabic roots after a

58

INTRODUCTION

long vowel: *- < *lu, *n < *nlV, *s- < *slV, *t- < *tlo, *s (but
*sl-se) < *sli, * (but Nan. l) < *tle.
4. Korean has -0- (-i-) for *-jl-, cf. pi < *pjlo, kui < *kjlu, pih < *bujlu,
oij-s < *ojle, sui < *sujli.
5. Japanese loses *-l- (just like most other resonants) before the original
suffix *-gV-, cf. *k- < *kal-gV < *kila-gV ( = PT *Kl-k, Mong. kil-ga-),
*dua < *dul-ga (or *dul-ba, cf. TM *dolba?) < *dle, *pa < *pal-gV <
*pala-gV, *du < *dul-gV < *dlu-gV ( = Mong. *dulaa-, PT *jlg), *da- <
*al-gV < *alo-gV (cf. Mong. alga-), *p (reduplicated *p-p) <
*pl-gV < *pulo-gV, *pu- < *pul-gV < *balu-gV.
6. Intervocalic *-l- is lost in Korean and Japanese (but also in some
forms of the Turkic paradigm) in a few basic verbal roots: cf. *gele
to come, *lu to be, *sle to make, put, *ala to take, receive,
*plo to dry, heat. This seems to be a Proto-Altaic morphonological
peculiarity; see more on that in the section on root structure.
2.1.23 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*-

Mong.
*-

Tung.
*-

Kor.
*-

Jpn.
*t-

Note.
Except for Jpn. *- > *t-, the phoneme is well preserved but of
course lost its originally distinctive aspiration in all subgroups.
2.1.24 PA non-initial *-PA
*

Turk.
*

Mong.
*

Tung.
*

Kor.
*

Jpn.
*t

Examples of non-initial *-- can be found in the following entries:

*V, *buo, *u, *, *eu, *[i]V, *o, *gi, *ge, *iu, *iV,
*, *ku, *k, *k, *k, *kV, *m, *m, *mae, *me,
*ma, *nai, *n, *ne, *, *p, *pu, *paV, *pV, *pei,
*pi, *po, *p, *si, *, *s[]i, *imuV, *tuV, *e, *kV,
*o, *u, *i, *ei, *kae, *k.
Notes.
In Korean a reflex *s is also possible in consonant clusters after
vowel reduction (*C is not allowed), and in syllable-final position,
where the distinction *- : *-s was already weakened in MKor.: MKor.
kh / ks skin < *ku, MKor. nh, ns < *ka, *ps-kr- < *pei, *ssk
< *k[o], *sk-m- < *ikV.

59

CHAPTER TWO

As in other cases, Japanese here has a split reflex (*-t- or voiced /

prenasalized *-nt-):
1. *buo > *pt-pr-, *eu > *tt-ns, *o > *tr-, *iu > *utu, *ku >
*kt, *ma > *mtr-, *mV > *mtu, *me > *mt, *nee > *nt,
*u > *mtkr-, *pa > *ptr-, *puu > *puta-, *i > *st,
*si > *st-nkap-, *ikV > *tk-, *o > *t-, *ei > *(d)t, *kae
> *kt, *ka > *kt, *mnu > *mt-k, *mka > *mt
2. i > *tnt-, *e > *nt-, *ka > *kntu, *kuu > *kntk-, *n >
*nnt-, *pi > *pnt, *pni > *pntk-.
2.1.25 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*d-

Mong.
*d- /*[i]

Tung.
*-

Kor.
*-

Jpn.
*t-

Notes.
This phoneme was first reconstructed in , on the basis of
examples with *d- in Turkic and Mongolian correlated with affricate
reflexes in TM and Korean.
In Turkic and Mongolian PA *- early merged with PA *t- and
yields exactly the same results. The reflex of *- and *t- is quite similar
also in Japanese; but note that PA *- never yields *d- (unlike *t- which
gives *d- before i, ). Finally, in Korean and Tungus the reflex of *- is
the same as that of *- (q.v.).
2.1.26 PA non-initial *-PA
*

Turk.
*

Mong.
*

Tung.
*s

Kor.
*

Jpn.
*s

Examples for non-initial * can be seen in the following entries:

*apui, *V, *a , *gui, *e, *u, *ke, *ki, *ki, *koi, *kuu, *k,
*ki, *ku, *ko, *koa, *k, *ka, *kV, *l, *ma, *nu, *e,
*puu, *pi, *pV, *sa, *suu, *su, *, *o, *e, *a.
Notes.
This row of correspondences occurs only in non-initial position and
is thus in complementary distribution with word-initial *-. Although
its reflexes seem to be quite different from those of *-, the difference is
not difficult to explain. In Turkic we have a voiceless reflex, similar to
the standard reflex of voiceless unaspirated consonants, whereas in
initial position we find *- > *d- with deaffrication (so that d-, -- here is
in fact analogous to d-, -t- < PA *t). In Korean we would expect something like *--, but the general process of devoicing has resulted in *--

60

INTRODUCTION

> --. In Mong. we have a uniform reflex --, thus the phoneme behaves
exactly like unaspirated *-t- in the position of palatalization, i.e. like
[*]. In TM and Jpn., an early process of fricativization resulted in *-- >
-- > -s-.
In a few cases TM has -- instead of the expected -s-. This happens
regularly due to assimilation after the preceding *- (*oa-, *[e]e-,
*uu), and in consonant clusters *-j- or *-b- (*i-, *ma[b]i-).
Korean has the same variation of -s and - in syllable-final position
as with *: *s < *sa, MKor. ss < *suu, MKor. s / h < *oe,
ns-k- < *ju.
It is worth noting that just as all other voiceless stops medial * is
never voiced (prenasalized) in Japanese, except in some clusters with
resonants (on which see below).
2.1.27 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*-

Tung.
*-

Kor.
*-

Jpn.
*d-

The phoneme gives quite simple and uniform reflexes in all

branches. Note that in Japanese it always yields *d-, independently of
following vowels or consonants. This indicates that by the time of the
devoicing processes (*d- > *t-, see above) it was still an affricate or a
palatalized *-; see more on this below.
2.1.28 PA non-initial *
PA
*

Turk.
*j

Mong.
*

Tung.
*

Kor.
*

Jpn.
*j

Examples for medial *-- may be found in the following entries:

*ao, *V, *b, *bu, *V, *kaurV, *ki, *ka, *ka, *kuV,
*kuV, *laV, *nV, *a, *po, *poi, *sV, *s[o]e, *aa, *u, *e,
*V.
Notes.
Medial -- is not frequent, but seems to be reliably reconstructable.
In Jpn. -t- is encountered occasionally, as a result of early assimilation (cf. the variants ti < *tiji / titi; *duta-ka < *duda-ka instead of the expected *duja-ka). However, the standard and most frequent reflex is a
uniform *-j- (sometimes reduced to -0- in -ia-/-ai- diphthongs, like in
*si-r- < *sV).

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CHAPTER TWO

In Kor. in syllable-final position we may also have the reflex -s (as

with other affricates): MKor. js < *jV, kskp- < *ka, ssk <
*s[u]akV.
The *-j-reflex in Turkic was also criticized by Doerfer in TMN. He
takes five rather unfortunate examples from Ramstedts KW and comes
to the conclusion that Fr mo. Wrter mit -- finden sich also im T.
keine Vergleichswrter. The phoneme is not frequent, but nevertheless we can counter this conclusion with the following examples:
PT *Aj-na- to chew, bite : Mong. *ai- to chew ( < *ai- with assimilation) < PA *V
PT *j- to think, understand (-j- is lost here in Old Turkic, but well
preserved in Yak. j-): Mong. *e- to see < PA *bo
PT *Kjr salt steppe : Mong. *kuir salty earth < PA *kaurV
PT *Kajra- to whet, sharpen; to rub teeth : Mong. *kaa- to bite < PA
*ka
PT *KAj- to turn back, towards : Mong. *kaiwu side, edge < PA
*ka
PT *jj summer : Mong. *nair id. < PA *nV
PT *oj- to play : Mong. *ou- to kiss < PA *a
PT *jogan (probably < *jojgan with dissimilation) thick : Mong.
*uaan id. < PA *u
PT *jj cunning, lying: Mong. *ig show, act, theatre < PA *e
Several of these words (salt steppe, summer, play, thick) could
be found in the literature, and in fact the words for play/kiss and
summer are dealt with in other parts of Doerfers TMN. But he still
says keine Vergleichswrter...
2.1.29 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*-

Tung.
*-

Kor.
*n-

Jpn.
*m-

Notes.
The Mong. reflex -, still absent in , was discovered and
proved by A. Dybo [ 1995].
The phonetically strange reflex in Japanese can be explained as a result of a shift *- > *- > *m- (already after the original *- had yielded
0- word-initially, see below). The change *- > *- is typologically rare,
but attested, e.g., in Southern Chinese dialects. It is perhaps worth noting that the reflex * > () is typical for Northern Chinese dialects. So
the Altaic languages here reproduce the same model of development
that was typical for Chinese in the 8th-10th centuries AD.

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INTRODUCTION

2.1.30 PA non-initial *-PA

*

Turk.
*

Mong.
*j, n

Tung.
*

Kor.
*

Jpn.
*n, *m

Examples for medial * can be found in the following entries:

*e(-V), *u, *a, *o, *, *to, *ea, *a, *ea, *io, *k,
*ku, koo, *k, *ke, *keo, *k, *ko, *ku, *ke, *ki,
*ki, *peo, *lea, *i, *ma, *maukV, *me[o], *miV, *m, *me,
*ma, *ma(kV), *n[u]a, *a, *, *, *au, *pai, *bea, *pe,
*pe, *p, *peu, *poa, *pe, *so, *saV(-kV), *si, *naa, *ki.
Notes.
Non-initial * exists in Turkic, TM and Korean, but is a highly unstable phoneme.
Turkic. The normal reflex here is * (often hardly distinguishable from
*j). The palatal quality, however, is lost in secondary clusters (cf.
*jn-ik, *ja < *ja-g, *En-, *sa-k < *sa-k), and frequently (although not always) after *, *o and * (cf. *gn as opposed to *gua,
*Kn, *jonrga, *Konak).
Mongolian. Here there are two basic reflexes: -j- and -n-, the distribution of which has been established by I. Gruntov. The rules are:
a) the basic reflex is *-j-;
b) the reflex -n- appears: in a dissimilative manner after -i- (kinu-, sinu-,
sine); after and before *h ( = intervocalic *--), like in inee, inije-,
kenee, kunija, munig, nimnia, suunag, hnir, huni-, hani, hnes.
Palatal *-- also disappears (just like *-n-, *-r-) before the nominal suffix
-su (*ja-su, *h-s) and is liable to velar assimilation *-- > *-- > -h(cf. gege-e < *gee- < *gee- < *gee-; kge-n < *k-ge-; sa-ga- <
*sa-ga-; ogo-n < *o-go-). In some cases with initial velar it is not
quite clear whether we are dealing with a case of velar assimilation
(kene < *kene < *kene) or a positional variant of -j- (kene =
/kjene/).
PTM. Tungus-Manchu normally has -- except for some cases of neutralization before -i- and in consonant clusters (*xe-gu- < *xe-gu-,
*xuni < *xu-i, *ni- = *i-, *mun-di- < *mu-di-, *uia- < *ui-ga-,
*pani- = *pai-, *mun- = *mu-, *puel < *pu-gV-l). Note that no
cases of a loss of *-- are attested (perhaps accidentally).
Korean. The cluster *-j- regularly yields -j- here (cf. s-pj, sai, kui, pi).
Otherwise, the normal reflex is *, with a sporadic change to -n- after *i and *u, cf. pinr, nn, kin(h) and in clusters (an--).
Japanese. Here the reflexes are -m- (evidently < *-- < *--, just as
word-initially) and -n-; the distribution is so far unclear. There are

63

CHAPTER TWO

two possible cases of *-- > -0- before a suffixed *-gV: *ka- day <
*goju-gV (cf. Mong. gege-e) and *ka mosquito < *kue-gV (cf. TM
*ku-kta).
2.1.31 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
Mong.
Tung.
*s- /*[*A] *s- / *[*A] *-

Kor.
*s-

Jpn.
*s-

The reconstruction of PA *- is based on the reconstruction of PTM

* a phoneme usually reflected as in Manchu, but as in other languages. Elsewhere the phoneme basically merged with *s-, but traces of
a special behaviour can be found in Turkic and Mongolian where *> *s- only before front vowels, whereas before back vowels *- > *- ,
as well as in Korean, where, despite a certain paucity of evidence, one
can observe that *s- yields *h- before *-a-, *-u- , whereas *- always
yields *s-.
2.1.32 PA non-initial *-PA
*

Turk.
*s

Mong.
*s

Tung.
*

Kor.
*s

Jpn.
*s

Non-initial *-- is extremely rare (and, for some reason, found almost exclusively after velars); examples for *-- are restricted to: *bao,
*gua, *k, *ke, *ki, *kuu, *kuV, *ke, *ki.
Notes.
As seen from the correspondences, medial *-- is distinguished from
*-s- only in TM. The correspondence, however, is quite parallel to initial *-, only without the positional affrication in Turkic, Mongolian and
Korean. So the phoneme still seems worth reconstructing.
In Jpn. *--, like *-s- is not liable to voicing (prenasalization) - at least
in those few cases where it is reflected at all.
2.1.33 PA *-PA
*

Turk.
*

Mong.
*r

Tung.
*r

Kor.
*r

Jpn.
*r / t[i,u]

Examples for *-- can be found in the following dictionary entries:

*, *a, *b[i], *ba, *baV, *ba, *bu, *boV, *bi, *obeV, *ui,
*u, *iV, *dea, *ie, *di, *a, *g[], *gV, *g, *ge, *ga,
*gV, *gi, *u, *ku, *ka, *kaa, *k, *ko, *ka, *ko, *kua,

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INTRODUCTION

*ku, *kue, *k[]a, *suo, *muu, *e, *, *n[], *ne, *ni,

*a, *omuV, *e, *, *i, *pe, *pV, *pi, *aguV, *pe, *pi,
*sai, *so, *so(-gV), *si, *siu, *u, *si, *se, *si, *tu, *ta,
*teo, *t, *te, *te, *te, *i, *uo, *V, *ui, *[]o, *aV.
Notes.
PA *, like *r, occurred only in non-initial position.
It is reconstructed basically on Turkic evidence where it is clearly
distinct from *r. One may note, however, that the Jpn. correspondence
also differs. Superficially Jpn. has the same two reflexes - r and t - as for
PA *r. Here, however, they are in rather clear complementary distribution: -t- occurs only before root-final -i and -u, whereas -r- occurs in all
other cases (root-finally, before -a and -). The only exceptions are
those when the reflex of *-- is attested in the second syllable of a trisyllabic stem: *turu(m)pai, *sita-t(a)-, *katana, *ktpk-, *kuruma. In all probability the second vowel here is a result of later assimilation either to
the first or to the third one.
Here, as with other resonants, in PTM loss of *-- after a long vowel
in monosyllables is attested: *s- < *si.
In Jpn., however, *-- (like other palatal resonants) is never lost. Its
*-t-reflex is also never voiced (prenasalized). This lack of voicing may
be important: it probably means that the change -- > -t- occurred quite
late, already after the process of prenasalization of original stops was
completed which also complies with the fact that the change -- > -thappens before PJ *-i and *-u, vowels that evidently come from many
different Altaic sources, i.e. already after various important vocalic
changes in the history of Japanese.
2.1.34 PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*j-

Mong.
*d- / [i]

Tung.
*l-

Kor.
*n-

Jpn.
*n-

Notes.
Initial *- is reconstructed in a small but significant number of cases
where all languages reflect *l- but Mong. has a reflex typical for *d-. In
one case *mo(a) even the TM forms have not preserved traces
of *l- (probably because of very early nasal assimilation *mo(a) >
*mo(a)), but the Mongolian reflex *d- cannot be explained in any
other way.
One could reconstruct something like a voiced lateral affricate here,
but we assume that this correspondence is in fact a match for the

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CHAPTER TWO

widely attested word-medial PA *-- (see below), whose initial reflex

was hitherto unknown.
To provide additional information on Turkic *j- corresponding to
TM *l- (but this time < *-) we shall list the cases here:
Turk.
*jakucoat

Mong.
*daku

*jaba wild onion

*jek demon; to
hate

*debee
meadow
*ikeji ( > e-)
mediocre,
worse
*daaga(n)

*jpak fork,
bifurcation
*jap- mass of
hair or wool

horizontal bar
*daaki exuviation, tangled
hair
*jigren-to hate, *ig- id.
abhor
*jip- violet,
*ibi rust
purple
*jom(ak) tale, *dom(ag) tale,
legend; medi- magic
cine
*jul- to ran*doli- id.
som
*jip thread
*ieg ( > *e-)
thin thread
*jl- to ride,
*ilu- flee, run
trot
away
*jugur- to
*iuraknead

TM
PA
*laKu (/*leKu) warm trou- *akV
sers
*labikta moss, cudbear
*b
*lK- difficulty, disorder *k

*lap(ki) poles with bifur- *pV

cation
*lepu- feather, down

*epa

*lg- to scold

*g

Evk. lipereme dark red

*ip

*nim-- fairy-tale

*mo(a)

Evk. lelol- to ask

*ul[o]

*lup- to prick, pierce

*p

*lelu- to jump, ride, trot

*lV

*lug-

*uga(rV)

2.1.35 PA non-initial *-PA

*

Turk.
*

Mong.
*l

Tung.
*l

Kor.
*r

Jpn.
*s

Examples for *-- can be found in the following dictionary entries:

*i, *ai, *aV, *a, *boe, *bi, *ba, *bi, *bo, *e, *d, *V, *gai,

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INTRODUCTION

*g, *gu, *gV, *go, *g[]e, *a, *ia, *oe, *a, *i, *k, *ke,
*kue, *koa, *ki(kV), *kuV, *k[]e, *ki, *ko, *ke, *ka, *kue,
*ka, *kapV, *ka, *ka, *me, *m, *mui, *mi, *me, *iu,
*ni, *e, *oa, *pai, *po, *po, *pi, *so, *se, *sa, *, *t[o],
*teV, *t, *tu, *te, *te, *tui, *ti, *ti, *, *ue, *ui, *oi, *uukV,
*i, *zoa, *za, *o, *ga, *kau, *e.
Notes.
PA * is well preserved in all branches. Besides the standard reflexes
we may note the following:
a) In Turkic, *-- > *-l- in combination with some affixes (Helimskis
rule, see 1986b); cf. *jul-tu (not *ju-tu) < *puo.
b) In Mong., *-- > -0- before the affixes -du-, -su- (cf. ho-dun < *hol-dun <
*puo, *si-d < *sil-d, *na-su < *nal-su, *m-s (but also *ml-s)). Just
like *-l-, *-- is dissimilated > -j- before the following -l- (*bujil- < *bi,
*jile < *il-le < *i) and metathesized before the following -r(*kerelegene < *kele-r-egene < *k) .
c) In Kor., *-j- > *-j-, -0- (cf. na(h) < *najV, soi < *zeju, pi- < *buje).
d) In Jpn., *-- (just like *-- and *--), never yields -0- in combination
with the following affixes. Thus the only reflex here is -s-, which,
however, can also be voiced (prenasalized) into -ns-.
Conditions for prenasalization are here exactly the same as in the
case with -nt- < -t- < *-r- (see above): *-s- > -ns- in intervocalic position
before the following intervocalic -r-: cf. *ke > *knsr, *mi >
*mnsr-, probably also *go > *ksra-nki (not *kinsaranki because of the
dissimilation rule in Japanese); but in verbal stems *s[e] > *ssr-, *po
> *psr-, *me > *msr-, *ba > *bsr-. Exceptions are *gu > kusir
and *da > *dsr shrine (the latter probably under influence of *sir
castle). Note, however, that voicing of *-- occurs rather frequently in
old consonant clusters (*, *b, etc., see below).
2.1.36 PA *-jPA
*j

Turk.
*j

Mong.
*j, h

Tung.
*j

Kor.
*j, *0

Jpn.
*j, *0

Examples of PA *-j- see in the following dictionary entries: *jV,

*jVrV, *ja, *bja, *bjV, *bje, *bjo, *bju, *baja, *bju, *aju, *jV, *iju,
*j, *ju, *gj, *gju, *gajV, *gijo, *gojV, *gje, *kajamV, *kaje, *kaji, *kji,
*keju, *kju, *kj, *kjo, *kj, *kujilV, *kja, *kja, *kujV, *kja, *lja,
*maja, *maji, *majV, *meju, *moje, *mjo, *mju, *nje, *najV(rV), *nji,
*neji, *lja, *je, *aji, *je, *ju, *je, *je, *pju, *pj, *pje, *pj,
*pajo, *pji, *pjo, *poje, *pjV, *pji, *puje, *pujV, *p[]ju, *p[]jamV,

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CHAPTER TWO

*sja, *saji, *sajo, *sjV, *sjV, *sje, *sju, *siju, *ju, *j, *taja, *tjV,
*tjV, *tj-, *tuju, *tja, *tja, *tijV, *toje, *tja, *tji, *tju, *uji, *j,
*uju, *ujV(kV), *jV, *ja, *naja, *dijV, *nji, *suji, *aje, *ja, *ja,
*mjV.
Notes.
PA *j is reconstructed only in word-medial position. It may well be
thought, however, that it was represented word-initially as the first
part of the *-diphthongs *a-, *u-, *o- (see below).
PA *-j- is preserved everywhere, but in every subgroup it has a tendency to disappear in the vicinity of front vowels, being swallowed
up by preceding diphthongs etc.
In Mong. -j- tends to be replaced by -h-, mostly before the following
-e or -u-vowels.
In TM there are several cases of *-j- disappearing after a long vowel:
*gje > *g, *nji > *-, *je > *-, *pji > *p, *pji > *p-, *sje > *s-,
*tjV > *d, *ja > *-.
In Turkic there are several cases when original *-j- seems to be reflected as *-d-: cf. *ja > *jd, *ju > *d-, *sjV > *sedre-, *gju >
*Kadgu. Note that in the cases where Chuvash has preserved these
roots it has not the standard -r-reflex, but -j- (j, sajra, xoja), so that in
fact *-d- (*--) may have been introduced here already after the separation of Chuvash. The conditions of its appearance, however, are not
clear. In the case of *d- sleep, e.g., it could be just an added suffix
(because the simple noun * sleep is also preserved); in *jd and *sedre
it could be a result of dissimilation < *-j-; finally, old interdialectal loans
also cannot be excluded (in *Kaja rock we also find *-j- instead of an
expected *-d-).
2.1.37 PA initial *kPA
*k-

Turk.
*k-

Mong.
*k-

Tung.
*x-

Kor.
*k-

Jpn.
*k-

Note.
In PT, *k- and *g- are only distinguished before front vowels; before
back ones we always write *K- which means that we cannot distinguish
*k- from *g- in this position.
2.1.38 PA non-initial *-kPA
*k

Turk.
*k

Mong.
*k, g / -g

Tung.
*k/x

Kor.
*k, h

Jpn.
*k

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INTRODUCTION

Examples of PA *-k- can be found in the following entries: *k,

*aka, *ka, *k, *k, *k, *laku, *bk, *bek, *bk(rV), *bka,
*bke, *bk, *bukV, *buke, *ka, *ki, *ake, *aka, *k, *ekV,
*kV, *ik, *k, *ka, *abVkV, *ke, *ke, *k, *ki,
*ke, *ki, *ka, *[]ki, *dk, *dk, *dn(e)kV, *k, *k, *gk,
*gk, *gk, *kV, *uke, *k, *kk, *kki, *kako, *kk, *kki, *kekV,
*kk, *kk, *kbkV, *kk, *kke, *kk, *kk, *lk, *akV, *lka,
*k, *lka, *loko, *lk, *mak, *mk, *mk, *mk, *mko, *mk,
*mk[], *mkV, *mk, *mk, *mk, *mko, *m[]k, *nk, *naki,
*lak[a], *nk, *nk, *nke, *nk, *ku, *k, *k, *okV, *pk[],
*plukV, *pk, *pk, *pk, *pka, *pk, *pki, *pekV, *pkV, *poke,
*pki(-V), *prVkV, *sako, *ska, *saku(rV), *sku, *sk, *sk, *sk,
*sk, *sk, *sorekV, *ske, *suke, *suk, *ka, *eka, *k, *ku,
*tku, *tki, *tok, *tk, *tk, *tk, *tk, *tk, *taki, *tko, *tikV,
*taka, *nekV, *tke, *tk, *tkV, *tkV, *tk, *uki, *ku, *kurkV,
*k, *ukV, *aka, *k, *r(V)ke, *uk, *akV, *pkV, *akV.
Notes.
In Mong., there are cases of secondary voicing *-k- > -g- in front of a
following -g- (-h-): cf. *sge, *aga-an, *jaga-an, *sege-e- (but also
*seke-e) < *sku, *sege-e (but also *seke-e) < *ska. Less frequent are
other cases of voicing: *ege-e as a suffixed form of *eke, *ogo-da-su,
*daga- in variation with *daka-. The reflex *g also regularly occurs in
syllable-final position, where all laryngeal features were neutralized in
Mongolian (see above on labials and dentals). In two cases (*uurga and
*eergene; perhaps also *iire < *ik-rV) there occurred further weakening *-g- > *-h- in a secondary cluster *-kr- (on cluster development
see below).
In TM, where the distinction between *-k- and *-x- is maintained in
the Southern subgroup (see below), PA *-k- can yield both *-k- and
*-x-. The distribution here seems to depend on the original following
vowel: before PA *-a and *-e PTM has *-k-, while before the high vowels *-i and *-u, as well as before *-o, PTM has *-x-. Cf.:
1. ka > *ak, *k > *ok-, *ka > *eki, *k > *iku-, *ka > *k(i)-,
*dk > *deke-, *gk > *gek(u)-, *gka > *guk-, *uke > *uk, *k > *ik-,
*kk > *xuku-n / *kuku-n, *lka > *lk-, *mak > *maka-, *mk > *mk-,
*nke > *nka, *pka > *puk-n, *poke > *puke-, *ske > *sk-, *ka >
*k-, *taka > *tiaku, *aka > *iaka, *k > *uke
2. *k > *axiri-, *k > *ixa-, *dk > *daxa-, *kki > *kaxa-, *lk >
*laxu-, *loko > *loxa, *mk > *muxa-, *mk > *muxu-, *mko ( ~ -u) >
*muxa- / *muxe-, *sku > *sexu-, *sk > *six-, *tk > *txVr, *taki ( ~
-u) > *taxi, *tko > *texn, *tk > *toxan, *tk > *tux-, *ik > *ixe-

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Korean has normally -k-. However, after vowel reduction *CVkregularly yields *Ch-; in a few cases the reflex -h- (or even -0-) is observed even without vowel reduction, due to causes yet to be discovered.
In Japanese we have the usual split of *-k- into voiceless *-k- and
voiced (prenasalized) *-nk-:
1. *ka > *k-, *ke > *kr-, *ka > *kuji, *laku > *rk-, *bku >
*pukusi, *bka(rV) > *pkr, *brki > *pk-, *buke > *pkmpi, *ka
> *tk, *ka > *tk-, *iko > *tkusa, *ka > *tkr, *ke > *tk,
*ki > *tuku-mpap-, *dki > *tk-, *ka > *kaka, *gki > *kk, *gka >
*kakr- (but also *knk), *ke > *kr-, *kko > *kk, *kko > *kk-, *kke
> *kkr, *kka > *kk-, *kke > *kuaku-mi, *kko > *kakurai, *kujke
> *kki, *lku > *nuki, *ke > *nk, *loko > *nk, *lki > *nk-,
*mka > *mk-, *mku > *mkrua, *mki > *mksi, *mke > *mk-,
*m[u]ke > *mknp-, *ke > *kr-, *ke > *k-, *pko > *pkr-, *pki >
*pk-, *sku > *sk-, *ske > *skmi, *sku > *sk-m-, *ska > *sk-,
*sku > *sk-, *suki > *suki, *sjki > *sikar-, *ku > *sk-, *toka >
*takua, *tki > *tkp-, *tku > *tkp-, *tk > *tkm-, *ku >
*k-nkp-, *ke > *bk, *ke > *dk, *uke > *bk;
2. *ku > *nkt-, *beku > *punku, *bki > *pnkm-, *borso-kV > *bsnk,
*ko > *tnk-, *gka > *knkm-, *kka > *knk-, *ljka > *ninkp-,
*make > *mnkar-, *maukV > *mnnk, *mko > *manka, *mk[u] >
*mnk-, *mke > *mnkra, *nke > *nnk-, *nk[u] > *nnkp-, *nke
> *nunk-, *pki > *pnkrs, *tjku > *tnk-, *tki > *tnkr2.1.39 PA initial *kPA
*k-

Turk.
*g-

Mong.
*k-

Tung.
*k-

Kor.
*k-

Jpn.
*k-

Notes.
For Turkic see notes to *k-.
PA *k- is distinguished from *k- in Turkic (where the opposition is
recoverable before front vowels) and in TM.
2.1.40 PA non-initial *-kPA
*k

Turk.
*k, gVr

Mong.
*g / -g

Tung.
*k

Kor.
*0, h

Jpn.
*k

Examples for *-k- can be found in the following entries: *bka, *bka,
*bk, *bkV, *bku, *bk, *bku, *bk, *bke, *rikV, *oke, *ko, *ika,
*ki, *ukV, *dku, *dk, *dorVkV, *ka, *kk, *kk, *kka, *kk, *kk,

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INTRODUCTION

*kk, *kk, *lako, *ki, *luko, *luke, *mko, *mko, *ka, *neku, *nko,
*nke, *nkV, *oki, *ki, *r(e)kV, *pki, *pk, *pka, *pko, *puk, *pki,
*sk, *ski, *saku, *sku, *sku, *sokV, *soke, *sku, *suku, *tke, *tk,
*takV, *tk, *tk, *tk, *tukV, *tk, *tuk, *tuk, *tukV, *k, *ku,
*zko, *k, *sku, *ke.
Notes.
Non-initial *-k- is somewhat hard to distinguish from *-k- (see
above). The reflexes in Jpn. and Turkic are basically the same - except
that in Japanese *-k-, unlike *-k- is not prenasalized (see below) and
Turkic *-k-, unlike *-k-, is regularly voiced before the following *r: cf.
*iagr, *biagr, *ugra-, *Kagur, *gr, *jogurgan, *jogurt-, *bogu, *sogur,
*tagra-, *sgr, *jagr (in one case - *dEgi - also before *).
In TM *-k-, always gives a stop *-k- (unlike *-k- which in very many
cases yields *-x-, see above).
In Kor. *-k- usually does not give -k-, but disappears or leaves aspiration (-h-); exceptions are cases of vowel reduction in the first syllable
(*skr < *saku), and assimilations (like mk-kuri big black snake <
*mko, sok-kori (but mod. sokhuri = *soh-kuri) basket < *sku).
The really decisive language here is Mongolian which regularly has
*-g- < *-k-.
In very many cases, however - when Turkic has *-k- without a following *r, the Mong. reflex is unknown (or has a syllable-final -g, or
has a -g- before the following --), the TM reflex is ambiguous, and the
Kor. reflex is unknown or has a syllable-final -k, *-k- and *-k- cannot
be distinguished from each other. This explains a relatively small number of clear cases of *-k-.
Japanese, as we said above, does not usually voice (prenasalize)
*-k-, like all other unaspirated stops. All exceptions occur only in roots
with initial aspirated consonants: *kku > *knkt, *kki > *kunki,
*pka > *pnki-, *tki > *tinkui, *tki > *tnkr-, *tuki > *tnk-. This is
obviously the result of an early assimilation process *CVCV > *CVCV
(see above on the same with other stops).
2.1.41 PA initial *g
PA
*g-

Turk.
*g-

Mong.
*g-

Tung.
*g-

Kor.
*k-

Jpn.
*k-

Notes.
Turkic neutralizes the distinction of *k- and *g- before back vowels,
see above, so in that position we write *K- in Proto-Turkic.

CHAPTER TWO

71

The correspondence Mong. - : Turkic q- i.e. exactly PA *g- before back vowels was also criticized by Doerfer (p. 60), who says he
can find only one clear case: Mong. ar hand, arm : Turk. qar (i.e. *Kar)
arm.
He is correct in abolishing four of Ramstedts examples that are actually borrowings. We think that Ramstedts another example (Turk.
*Kob- to follow, chase: Mong. *guji- to search, ask (cf. also TM *gobto hunt, Jpn. *kp- to ask) is still quite valid. Doerfer argues that the
older form attested in Mong. is uju- (in the SH), so that uji- must be a
recent assimilation, and cannot therefore go back to a form with *b-. To
this we may comment that the SH is by no means the most archaic
form of Mongolian with respect to vowels: numerous cases of assimilation are already attested there such as urokan heart against
WMong. irken. More significantly, no process like assimilation of u
to the preceding j has ever taken place in the history of Mongolian.
Still another refuted example (for semantic reasons) is Turk. *Kol- to
beg, beggar (not bitten as Doerfer writes): Mong. olu- to be unhappy, despise; the original meaning here was obviously just be unhappy, endure (cf. the TM and Jpn. parallels in PA *glo), whence to
be a beggar is a quite natural development.
Let us now look at other examples:
Turk. *Kadgu sorrow : Mong. *gaj id. < PA *gju
Turk. *KAj- to pay respect : Mong. *gajika- to wonder < PA *gajV
Turk. *Kal wild, rough: Mong. *galau wild, rabid < PA *gli
Turk. *Kabk, *Kab shell, husk: Mong. *gawr-su chaff, straw < PA
*gbo
Turk. *KAk- to be angry: Mong. *gaa- id. < PA *gga
Turk. *Kal thick: Mong. *goli- be tall, stately, gross < *glu
Turk. *Kil- to stay behind: Mong. *gal- to walk slowly, be lazy < PA
*gla
Turk. *Kula- to jump over, *Kula fathom ( < *spread) : Mong. *guldu
along smth. < PA *gldo
Turk. *Kl valley : Mong. *gowl id. < PA *goblu
Turk. *Kod below, downwards: Mong. *gudu- to lower, downward <
PA *gdu
Turk. *Kou beetle : Mong. *guwur larva of a gad-fly < PA *goV(V)
Turk. *Kun- to rob, plunder, attack : Mong. *gani berserk; to strive,
endeavour < PA *guna
Turk. *Ktu mad, enraged, instigate: Mong. *gutu(ra)- lose power,
lose courage < PA *gtu
Most of these examples have been mentioned in the literature, and
four are actually taken from the same text which Doerfer is criticizing.

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INTRODUCTION

This is again an example of Doerfers debating technique (for *m-, *l-,

*--, see above): poor evidence is criticized while better evidence is
omitted from discussion.
2.1.42 PA non-initial *g
PA
*-g-

Turk.
*g

Mong.
*h, g, -g

Tung.
*g

Kor.
*0, h, -k

Jpn.
*k,[*iV]0

Examples for *-g- can be found in the following entries: *ag, *g,
*agu-la, *g, *gi, *gV, *bagu, *begV, *bga, *bgi, *bogo, *bga, *bge,
*bugu, *bg, *bgi, *bga, *bg, *go, *ge, *aga, *g, *ga,
*[a]ge, *dg, *dagi, *dg, *dagV, *tg, *dge, *d[]g, *gi, *egVrV, *g,
*gg, *agu, *ga, *gi, *ga, *ugerV, *gu, *ge, *kg, *kegVnV,
*koge, *kge, *g, *lga, *lg, *lge, *mga, *mga, *g, *nugu,
*uga(rV), *ge, *ligV, *pg, *pge, *pga, *pg(-rV), *pgV, *pg,
*pg, *peg, *pge, *pagu, *aguV, *pagV, *pgV, *pg, *pugu,
*pg, *sago, *soga, *sg, *sag, *sg, *segu, *sg, *sg, *sg, *sg,
*sigo, *sig, *sg, *sgi, *sga, *sagu, *sgu, *sgu, *suga, *sg, *sg,
*soge, *sge, *sog, *sog, *sug, *sg, *sug, *ga, *ogo, *gV,
*uga(lV), *tago, *tag, *teg[u], *tga, *tg, *tg, *tg, *tg, *tg(-rV),
*tage, *tgo, *tge, *tg, *toge, *tg, *uga, *g, *uge, *ugi, *uge(V),
*zego, *g, *teg, *dgi, *gi, *uge, *ugi, *zag, *ugu, *togV, *kagVlV,
*tgo.
Notes.
In Mong., the usual reflex is -h- (orthographically --, see above; -jin front of -i-), but before the following --, -j- we see a stop reflex -g-:
*aga-ar (the WMong. spelling is aar, but modern forms like Khalkha
agr show that it should be amended to aaar) < *aga; *aguji < *ga;
*au- (Khalkha -dam), but *agu-u, *agu-ji (Khalkha ag, aguj) < *go,
*nogo-an < *lga, *gej < *ge, *sigi-a- < *sga, *sigu-j < *sgo, *dege-e <
*teg[u], *togu-a(n) < *tage, *tuguj < *tge, *geji < *uge.
In clusters with resonants and in syllable-final position, Mongolian
always has the stop reflex g.
In Japanese the distribution of reflexes is quite similar to that of *-band *-d-, namely, after original diphthongs we always have a 0-reflex,
(cf. *-w- < *-b-, *-j- < *-d-), usually resulting in vowel contraction, but
sometimes leaving a trace as -j- or -w-; in other cases there may be either *-k- or the voiced (prenasalized) *-g-:
1. *bga > *b, *bgi > *pja-, *p, *bogo > *pa, *bga > *b, *bge > *b,
*bugu > *pu, *bgi > *piw-, *ge > *tia, *dge > *d-, *ga > *ia,
*ugerV > *bri, *gu > *-pa-, *kge > *k()i, *lga > *n, *mga >

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CHAPTER TWO

*mw-s-, *ge > *m-(ku), *luga(rV) > *nir-, *pge > *pji, *pagu
> *pu, *pagV > *p, *pgV > *p, *soga > *sa, *sga > *s-, *s-, *sgu >
*s, *sgu > *su-r , *ogo > *sj, *tgo > *tu-i, *tge > *t, *uge(V)
> *r;
2. *aga > *k, *ga > *kp-, *bga > *bk-, *gu > *tk, *dgi > *(d)ks,
*tga > *tki, *d[]gi > *(d)k, *gga > *kkat-, *kgu > *kkp,
*kegVnV > *kkn-, *gi > *nk-, *lga > *nk-, *mga > *mk, *pgo >
*pku, *pgo > *pk-, *pgo > *pk, *pego > *pkur, *pge > *pkr-,
*sage > *sakai-mp-, *sgi > *sk-, *sgu > *sk-jaka, *sga > *skp, *sga
> *skr, *sgo > *sika, *sga > *sk-i, *sogi > *suki-, *sgo > *sk, *tagu
> *tuku-nai, *tga > *tk-, *tgi > *tk, *tgi > *tk-, *tge > *tk-, *tge
> *tk, *tge(-rV) > *tkr, *tga > *tk-, *tgi > *tk, *ga > *k,
*gu > *dk-, *zage > *sk-;
3. *bge > *bnkm-, *dga > *dnk-, *go > *nki-r, *pgi(-rV) > *pnkri,
*pge > *pnk-, *sgu > *snki, *sga > *snk(r)-, *sgo > *snki-, *sigi
> *sinkrai, *sgu > *snk-, *sogu > *sunkur-, *suga > *sank, *sugu >
*sunkai.
In Korean, the standard reflex is -0- (at the syllable boundary written as --) or -h-, with distribution as yet unclear; -k- is preserved only
in cases of early vowel reduction in the first syllable (*skr- < *sgi, *skr
< *gV). A few cases that appear to have -k- in a syllable-final position
most probably reflect a contraction < *-Vg-Vk, with a frequent velar
suffix -k ( < *-kV); thus probably ak-su heavy rain < *agak-su (PA *aga);
k bundle < *uguk (PA *gu); k lye < *uga-k (PA *ga, cf. PT
*gak, PTM *uguk), hk wart < *hoge-k (PA *sge); sik- to cool off <
*sig-Vk- (PA *ogo, cf. PT *sog-k, Manchu ax- < *sig-ak-), tuk mound,
dam < *tug-Vk (PA *tgi).
2.1.43. PA initial *PA
*-

Turk.
*0-,*j-

Mong.
*n-,*0-,*j-,*g-

Tung.
*-

Kor.
n-

Jpn.
*0-,*m-/*n-

Notes.
PA *- is best preserved in TM.
In Turkic, the usual reflex is 0-, but there are a few cases of j- before
original diphthongs with -- and *-e-, cf. *jal- < *lu, *jnu- < *nu-,
*jar-n < *ra, *jebeg < *bi, *jd < *ja. In one quite exceptional case
we have *n-, reconstructed in Turkic in just one word, viz. the interrogative pronoun *n < PA *V.
Mongolian has a quite complicated distribution, depending on the
following vowel. It must be stressed that the distribution must be quite

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INTRODUCTION

recent, because the vowels that follow have the timbre acquired already in Mongolian, after the complicated changes of the original PA
system. Thus Mongolian has:
a) *j- in several cases before original diphthongs: *je- < *bi, *ja-(u-)
< *V
b) *g- in front of -u-: *gub- < *upu, *gura < *urV, *gu < *[u]
c) *0- in front of --, --: *le < *le, *nd-s < *te, *- < *ju,
*ne- < *ni-, *sgeji < *si, *jekeji < *je
d) *n- in all other cases: *na-m- < *a, *naji- < *i, *ne- < *ni,
*na-si- < *nu, *naran < *ra, *nagar-kaj < *ka, *nokaj < *ku,
*nolig < *la, *nojir < *ju.
Japanese has normally *0-, but in three cases *n- before the following *-n- (original or secondary), probably due to assimilation: *ns- <
*nsa, *nn-k- < *la(-kV) and *n (*n-ni) < *V. It appears, however, to have a reflex *m- < *- before diphthongs, cf. *mr-(saki) <
*le, *mt < *te, *m < *bi, *mm < *e. This evidently means
that the combination *- > *- in early Proto-Japanese, because m- is
the standard reflex of PA *-, see above.
2.1.44 PA non-initial *
PA
*--

Turk.
*

Mong.
*, h

Tung.
*

Kor.
*, 0

Jpn.
*n,*m

Examples of PA *-- can be found in the following entries: *a,

*u, *aV, *o, *be, *V, *ao, *die, *V, *V, *gi, *gau,
*goV(V), *o, *iV, *, *oo, *kV, *ki, *keV, *ka, *ke, *ka,
*ke, *ki, *k[a]e, *kaa, *kea, *ka, *ki, *ku, *kuu, *koi,
*li, *l, *la, *lu, *mai, *ma, *ma, *mu, *mee, *ma,
*muo, *mi, *m[a]i, *a, *na, *ao, *nu, *ne, *oe, *ne,
*nu, *nu, *e, *i(V), *e, *pu, *pi, *pa, *pi, *pi,
*pe, *sae, *so, *sau(V), *sea, *s, *se(rV), *sV(-kV), *se,
*se, *s[]u, *u, *e, *ta, *to, *tua, *t, *taa, *tu, *te,
*tea, *to, *t, *toe, *to-(bV), *toe, *toerV, *te, *ti, *ue,
*, *su, *ue, *nuu, *sa, *tue, *pa, *au, *e.
Notes.
PA *-- is a quite frequent phoneme, but its reflexes are not easy to
establish, because they have to be separated from the (also frequent)
clusters like *-k-, *-g- and *-n-, *-n- (on which see below).
In Turkic, * normally stays unchanged, except a few cases of assimilation (*gemrgen < *gergen < *gau, *bn-ok < *b-ok < *mi).

CHAPTER TWO

75

The same is valid for TM, which generally preserves *-- quite well,
but has occasional cases of palatalization *-- > -n-, -- before *i (cf.
*bni < *be, *xoi < *koi).
In Mongolian, *-- has complicated reflexes. It remains unchanged
in syllable-final position with occasional assimilation *-- > *-n- before dentals: *men-d < *mu, perhaps also *nuntug < *nuu. In intervocalic position it is reflected just like PA *-g-, i.e. as *-h- (or -j- before i)
in the vast majority of cases. We should note however that Written
Mongolian in these cases frequently has not -g-, but -0- ( = -w-), unlike
usual PM *-h- ( < PA *-g-), almost always rendered as -g- in Written
Mongolian. Some other types of reflexes are also found in certain environments:
a) PA *-- is reflected as *-g- after *n- (rule established by I. Gruntov):
*nagaj < *lua, *nagau < *nu, *nige(n) < *ne. There may also be
some variation in this position: we have both *nil ( > Kalm. nl)
and *nigl ( > Khalkha ngel) from *ne; *nowur-su (Khalkha nrs,
ns) and *nogur-su (Dong. noGosun etc.) from *nu; and only *newne
( = *nene, Khalkha nne) from *le.
b) before the following *-- and *-b- it is reflected as -m-, cf. *simaul <
*sV(-kV), *temeel < *to, *kamar (but also *kabar) < *ka-bar, cf.
with standard reflexes of the same root *ka-si-jar, *ka-kul-,
*kau-rga-sun.
c) in a few cases before the following -ir-, -ur-, -ul- Mong. has -g- instead of the expected -- ~ -j-: *agir < *aa(tV), *kogurak < *kaa,
*(h)gr < *pe, *gl < *e; note also MMong. nua-su,
WMong. noa-su < *nogur-su together with the attested variants
*nogur-su and *nowur-su, see above. In these cases there is no reason
to suppose any original clusters, so there must have been a dialect
variation between *-- and *-g- in this position.
Korean normally has in syllable-final position, but -0- (written as
-- at the syllable boundary) or -- in intervocalic position. In a few
cases we also encounter assimilated reflexes -m- (*km(p)- < *goV(V),
-- (*k- < *ki, *k- < *ke) or -n- (*knr < *koa-rV, *snr <
*sue-V).
Japanese can reflect *-- as -n- or -m-, with the rules of distribution
so far unclear (as in the case of PA *--, see above).
Like other resonants (*r, *l, *m) *-- can disappear in Japanese in
nominal stems before original velar suffixes: *k(u)i < *ga(u)-gV (cf. PT
*gem-rgen), *a < *iV-gV (cf. Manchu jogan), *ku < *ku(i)-gV (cf.
Mong. *kw-n son), *ku < *ku(u)-gV, *n- < *l(a)-gV (cf. Mong.
*naga-ji), *m-i < *m(u)-gV, *na < *n(u)-gV, *ta < *t(i)-gV, *sa-i <
*se(i)-gV (cf. TM *se-gi).

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INTRODUCTION

2.1.45. The problem of voicing (prenasalization) in Japanese and its

consequences for Altaic
While discussing the fate of PA *p we have paid attention to the fact
that the PJ prenasalized reflex *-mp- is correlated with the PM voiced
reflex *-b- and that both the voicing in Mongolian and prenasalization
in Japanese may have been due to prosodic factors. We have also seen
that the majority of cases with -mp- are associated with high pitch (in
cases when it can be reconstructed), while the majority of cases with -pare in syllables with low pitch.
Let us now try to examine the whole Japanese evidence and see if
these conclusions are valid elsewhere, not only for Altaic *-p-.
The following preliminary remarks must be made here:
Unlike the first syllable, the pitch in the second and following syllables has several restrictions in Japanese:
1. All possible values of pitch are found in disyllabic nouns;
2. In tri-(and more)-syllabic nouns, with very few exceptions, high
pitch on the first syllable can only be followed by high pitch;
3. In verbs, with very few exceptions, high pitch can only be followed
by high pitch
4. In tri-(and more)-syllabic verbs low pitch can only be followed by
low pitch;
5. In adjectives high pitch can only be followed by high pitch, and low
pitch can only be followed by low pitch.
Voicing (prenasalization) in polysyllabic forms also has one general
restriction, namely: two voiced (prenasalized) consonants within one
stem are not allowed.
It follows that several cases of apparent exceptions may be actually
due to the above restrictions: the pitch of the second syllable is irrelevant (neutralized) in trisyllabic nouns like *CCC (*CCC is not
allowed), in verbs like *CC- (*CC- is not allowed), in adjectives
like *CC- or *CC- (neither *CC-, nor *CC- are allowed); absence or presence of nasalization is irrelevant (neutralized) in a structure like *CVCVnCV (*CVnCVnCV is not allowed).
Below we shall restrict our observations to relevant structures only.
1. PA voiceless aspirated or voiced stops : PJ voiceless stops
a) low pitch: *kpa > *kp; *kpe > *kp-; *pikV > *pkpk-si; *tpa >
*tp-; *tpe > *tpr-; [*pa > *pp]; *lpa > *npi; *spi > *sp;
*tpi > *tpk- (but modern tsubaki - with secondary voicing?); *pe
> *dpr; *spu > *sp-dai; *ba > PJ *tpra; *ba > *p-; *kba >
*kp; *kbani > *kpn; *tba > PJ *tp; *be > PJ *pa; *tbu > PJ
*tpji; *bi > PJ *(d)pi; *nbi > npp-; *bto > *bt; *kto > *kt;

CHAPTER TWO

77

*kte > *kti; *mto > *mt-; *ta(mu) > *tm; *pta > *ptr-;
*pte > *ptp- / *ptk-; *pata > *pt (but also *pt); *pta >
*ptk-; *pta > *pt; *sto > *stmi; *pto > *pt; *bda > *bt; *gdi
> *kt; *kdi > *kt-pk; *pda > *pt; *najadi > *nit-m-; *o >
*tr-; *nee > *nt; *pa > *ptr-; *kae > *kt; *ka > *kt; *ka >
*kuji; *ka > *tkr; *ke > *tk; *gki > *kk; *gka > *kkr-;
*kko > *kk; *kke > *kkr; *kujke > *kki; *ke > *kr-; *pko >
*pkr-; *ke > *dk; *gu > *tk; *dgi > *(d)ks; *tga > *tki;
*kgu > *kkp; *pgo > *pk; *sgu > *sk-jaka; *sga > *skp; *sga
> *skr; *tgi > *tk; *tga > *tk-; *tgi > *tk;
b) high pitch: *kpa > *kpa; *ppa > *pp(u); *tpa > *tp-; [*ppa >
*ppi]; *kpu > *kp; *lpi > *np; PA *kba > *kp; *kibu > *kp;
*lbo > *np; *tbu > *tp; *bte > *pt; *pta(-kV) > *pt; *pdi >
*pt; *ku > *kt; *mV > *mtu; *me > *mt; *i > *st;
*o > *t-; *ei > *(d)t; *ke > *bk; *d[]gi > *(d)k; *mga > *mk;
*pgo > *pku; *sga > *sk-i; *sgo > *sk; *tga > *tk; *tge > *tk;
*ga > *k; *te > *t-n.
2. PA voiceless aspirated or voiced stops: PJ voiced (prenasalized) stops
a) high pitch: *p[u] > *tmp-mi; *gpa > *kmp; *kpi > *kmp; *spi
> *smp; *spi > *smpi; *tpo > *tmpa; *topu > *tmp-ra; *kpa
> *kmp-; *npe > *nmp-; *tpa > *tpa > *tmp; *kbo > *kmpi;
*kbu > *kmpu; *abo > *nimp; *sbi > *smp; *tbe > *tump; *tbu
> *tmpnai; *gbo > PJ *kmp; *tbulka > PJ *tmpk; *kuta > *kntu;
*lta > *nnt; *nta > *nnt-; *pta > *pta > *pnt; *da > *nt;
*de > *dnt; *ka > *kntu; *pi > *pnt; *borso-kV > *bsnk;
*ko > *tnk-; *maukV > *mnnk; *mke > *mnkra; *bge >
*bnkm-; *sgu > *snki; *sigi > *sinkrai; *suga > *sank;
b) low pitch: *gpa > *kmp-; *kupV > *kmp-r-; *kpo > *kmpr-;
*ljpV > *nimpr-; *spi > *smpr-; *pi > *mp-p-; *sba > *smpk-;
*tba > PJ *tmp; *bti > *pnt; *bte > *pntk-; *kad[u] > *kntr-;
*udu > *nti; *kuu > *kntk-; *ku > *nkt-; *bki > *pnkm-;
*ljka > *ninkp-; *nk[u] > *nnkp-; *tki > *tki > *tnkr-; *kku >
*kku > *knkt
The general picture which emerges is quite curious. We see that
there are many more examples with low pitch and voiceless stops (67
cases) than with high pitch and voiceless stops (30 cases); and with
high pitch and voiced stops (34 cases) than with low pitch and voiced
stops (19 cases). Moreover, of the 30 cases with high pitch and voiceless
consonants 22 cases are disyllabic nominal structures of the type
*CC; and of the 19 cases with low pitch and voiced consonants 15 are
disyllabic verbal structures of the type *CCC-.

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INTRODUCTION

We may with high probability suppose that there was a tendency in

Proto-Japanese for a metatony *CC > *CC in disyllabic nouns
(note that, as we have said above, trisyllabic nouns with low pitch after
high pitch are already completely absent); and for a metatony *CCC> *CCC- in disyllabic verbs (again, as we have said above, trisyllabic
verbs with high pitch after low pitch are already completely absent). If
we exclude those cases we get the following distribution of tones and
voice (prenasalization) on non-initial syllables:
Voiced
Voiceless

High
22
8

Low
4
56

It is therefore very probable that voicing (prenasalization) in

Proto-Japanese depended on the tone (pitch) of the syllable: high tone
caused prenasalization while low tone did not. Since - at least in the
series of labial stops - this phenomenon is clearly correlated with voicing in Mongolian (see above), we may safely project this prosodic feature on the Proto-Altaic level, and reconstruct high tone (pitch) where
Japanese has prenasalization, and low tone (pitch) where it has none.
It is most certain that this conclusion will have far-reaching consequences. Several phenomena (pitch on non-initial syllables in Korean,
vowel length on non-initial syllables in Tungus-Manchu; loss or preservation of final vowels in Turkic, Mongolian and Korean) may possibly be explained using this information. But this remains work for the
future.
2.2. Development of the PA consonantal system in the daughter la nguages.

2.2.1. Tungus-Manchu.
The TM system appears to be the most archaic. Only the following
changes took place:
A. Voicing of initial unaspirated dentals:
1. *t- > *d-, *- > *B. Spirantization of the velar *k
2. *k > x
C. Loss of the distinction of aspirated vs. unaspirated consonants
3. *p-, *t-, *- > *p-, *t-, *4. *-p- > -b-, *-- > -s-

CHAPTER TWO

79

[Note: the latter rule probably means that the affricates in early PTM
were phonetically fronted: otherwise we would expect a merger of
*-- with *--, not with *-s-.]
5. *-p-, *-t-, *-- > *-p-, *-t-, *-D. Loss of *z-:
6. *z- > *sE. Loss of resonants in some structures of the type CR(V):
7. *Cn-, *Cr-, *Cl-, *Cj- > *CF. Loss of palatal *, *
8. *, * > *l, *r
Note that rules 1-5 are successive; a change in their order would
lead to different events. Rule 7 must also precede rule 8 (since * and *
are never lost, their change to *l, *r must have occurred already after
the original *l and *r were lost). But in relation to each other, the groups
of rules 1-5 and 7-8, as well as 6 (*z- > *s-) are independent, and could
have occurred in any order.
2.2.2. Turkic.
The following processes must have happened resulting in the reconstructed PT system:
A. Loss of *
1. *- > *- before back vowels
2. * > *s elsewhere
B. Loss of *p3. *p- > *h- (still present in PT to judge from the Khalaj data, see above)
C. Deaffricatization of *4. *- > *tD. Loss of initial resonants
5a. *- > *-, *- > *d5b. *n-, *l- > *d-, *m- > *b-, *- > 0E. Palatalization of *d-, *z- and *6. *d-, *z- > *- > *jF. Loss of aspiration contrast
7. *p- > *b-, *t- > *d-, *k- > *g8. *-p- > -b-, *-k- > -g- [the latter only before -r-]
9. *p > p, *k > *k, * > *, *t > *t [occasionally *t- > *d- before *r, *, *]
Rules 1-5a are the earliest, because they are common for Turkic and
Mongolian (see below); this is the main reason why we think that the
initial resonants were lost not simultaneously, but in two successive
steps (first the palatalized, then the rest).

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INTRODUCTION

Rules 5-8 are specifically Turkic and have to be ordered exactly this
way, because otherwise the final system would look quite differently.
2.2.3. Mongolian
Here we must suppose the following sequence of events:
A. Loss of *
1. *- > *- before back vowels
2. * > *s elsewhere
B. Loss of *p
3. *p- > *hC. Deaffricatization of *4. *- > *tD. Transformation of resonants
5a. *- > *-, *- > *d5b. *- > *0-, *n-, *g- (depending on the following vowel, see above)
5c. *-- > *-r-, *-- > -l-, *-- > -n- or -j- [the latter with still unclear distribution]
E. Loss of *z
6. *z- > *sF. Palatalization of dentals before *i
7. *t > *, *t > *, *d > *
G. Fricativization of *-b-, *-g-, *-8. *-b- > *-w- [except for positions in clusters and before *k, *g]
*-g- > *-h- [except for positions in clusters and before *g]
*-- > *-h- [except for positions in clusters where it stays as *-g-; after
*n- where *-- > -g-; and before *b, *g where *-- > *-m-]
H. Intervocalic Lautverschiebung
9. *-p- > *-b-, *-t- > *-d-, *-k- > *-g- [but not *-- > *--!]
10. *-p- > *-p-, *-t- > *-t-, *-k- > *-k-, *-- > *-I. Accent transformation of *p
11. *p > (*fV) > *hV
J. Initial Lautverschiebung
12. *p-, *t- > *b-, *d13. *t-, *k-, *- > *t-, *k-, *Rules 1-5a are common Turko-Mongolian (see above).
Rules 5b-6 are in fact independent and unordered; they could also
be positioned anywhere in between any of the rules 8-13 or even after
them.

CHAPTER TWO

81

Rules 7-8 also are independent of each other and their order could
be reversed; but they both had to precede the ordered group of rules
9-13.
2.2.4. Japanese
A. Loss of *l-, *1. *l-, *- > *n
B.
2. -g- > -- in the 3d syllable
C. Transformation of affricates
3. * > *-, -4. *z, * > *s
5. * > *, * > *
D. Aspiration rules [established by I. Gruntov; Z here denotes any
voiced consonant]
6. *CVCV, *ZVCV > *CVCV; *CVCV (not *CVZV) > *CVCV
E. Palatalization rules
7. *b > *, *d > *, *g > after *-diphthongs and before -j8. *- > *- before *
F. Prenasalization rule
9. *-C-, *-Z- (not *-C-!) > *-nC- in non-initial syllables with high pitch
G. Voice shifts and mergers
10. *b- > *b- before low vowels, *d- > *- always
11. (*k > g, *p > b), *t > *d [but * before front vowels]
12. * > *b, * > *, * > *
13. *C, *Z > *C
H. Transformation of resonants
14. *- > *015. * > *t before -i, -u
16. * > *n before *-rV-, *r > *nr before *-rV17. *nr > *nt, *r > *t (sporadically)
18. * > *s, * > *r, *l > r, * > *
19. * > m-, -m- / -nI. Disappearance of voiced fricatives
20. *b > *b-, -w-, * > *d-, -j-, *-- > *-0The final rule may not in fact be necessary: it depends on our interpretation of the reconstructed PJ system. S. Martin, e.g., prefers to reconstruct *-b- and *-d- in intervocalic position as well, even though OJ
and all dialects reflect -w- and -j-; on the other hand, it may be argued

82

INTRODUCTION

that PJ did not have *b- and *d-, but only *w- (*b-) and *j- (*-), even
though Ryukyu dialects have b- and d- - these all are non-distinctive
features.
The rules of phonetic development in Japanese are rather complicated and involve a hypothesis about several intermediate steps with
assimilations, prenasalizations and palatalizations. Moreover, only
rules 1-2 (*l- > *n- and weakening of *-g- in the 3d syllable) are common
to Japanese and Korean and distinguish this subgroup both from
Turko-Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu. Since both prenasalized consonants (clusters like *-mp-, *-nd- etc.) and palatalized consonants (*,
*) are quite common in Austronesian languages, one might speculate
that most phonological changes in the history of Japanese occurred already after the very early split of Korean and Japanese (around the 3d
millennium BC) and the subsequent migration of Proto-Japanese to the
Japanese archipelago, under the influence of substratum Austronesian
languages.
2.2.5. Korean
A. Loss of *l-, *1. *l-, *- > *n
B.
2. -g- > -- in the 3d syllable
C. Transformation of affricates
(3a) *-u- > *-u3b. *s- > *- > *h4. *z, * > *s
D. Voice shift
5. *t, *k > *d, *g
6. *-b-, *-d-, *-g- > *-w-, *-r-, *-7. *C, *Z > *C
E. Resonants
8. *-, *- > *n9. *r, *, *l, * > *r
10. *-jR- > *-jF. Final dialectal developments
11. *-- > -h- ~ -012. *-- > -h- ~ -0Groups of rules C, D and E are independent of each other and could
have happened in any order - but after groups A and B (the only two
rules common to Japanese and Korean) and before group F.

83

CHAPTER TWO

2.3. Consonant clusters

Initial consonant clusters are highly atypical for modern Altaic languages (although occasionally they emerge due to vowel loss, as in
some Southern Mongolian dialects, Korean and modern Japanese dialects), and were certainly absent in Proto-Altaic. However, medial consonant clusters were fairly common.
The most frequent medial clusters are n, rk, g, jb, jr, lg, b, rg, nt,
jk, gd, jl, bl, rp, lk, lk, n, kt (each reconstructable at least in five
roots).
The most typical cluster types are resonant + occlusive, but we
also meet occlusive + resonant, resonant + resonant and o cclusive + occlusive.
Here is a complete chart of PA consonant clusters and their reflexes.
PA
PT
*rp
(r)p

*rp

PM
rb

PTM
Kor.
rp
rp

rp

rb

rb

(m)p

*rb
*rm
*rt
*rt
*rd
*r?
*rs

rp/b
r
rt
rt
r(V)t
r
rs

rb
rm
t
d
rd/(r)
r
rs

r
m
[rt]
rd
r[d]

rs

*rk

rk

rk

rg

*rk

rk

rg

rk(/gd) (r)k

(n)k

*rg

r(V)g

rg,r(V)

rg

nk

r?

Jpn.

t
m
r
n
s

(n)t
t
ns
s

r(h)

Roots
*rp, *srpa,
*sarpe,
*sarpi,*sirpa
*sarpu,
*krpe, *srpa
*trba, *trb
*krma, *srme
*terta, *rta
*krtme
*brdV, *krdu
*saru, *r
*borso(kV),
*krsi, *kirsi
*brki ,
*sarkV,
*sedurkV,
(*terko)
*rka, *krke,
*rke,
*perkV, *erka ,
*grki, *krka,
*s[]rko,*trko,
*parkV
*rga, *rgi,
*murgu,

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INTRODUCTION

PA

PT

PM

PTM

Kor.

Jpn.

*m
*k
*g

rm/rb
rk
rg

r(V)m

rg

(rV)k

*lp
*lp

lp
lp

lb
lb

lp
lb

(r)p

(m)p
(m)p

*lb

l(b)

r(V)b,rm (m)p

*lm

l(Vg), lb
lb
l
l(b)

lm,
?lVp

rVm

*lt

lt

lt

(n)t

*lt ?

lt

lt

ld

t?

*ld

l(d)

ld

ld

nk

(n)t
n
k

*l
*l
*lk

l
lk

lk

l
l
lk

*lk

l(k)

lg

lk

rk

(n)k

*lg

lg /
l(V)k

lg, lV

lg

(n)k

*p
*p

lb
lb

lp
l(b)

*b

lb, lV

lb

(m)p
s(Vp)
r(b)

(n)s

Roots
*argu,
*kubirgV,
(*krgo),
*gurgi
*emu, *kme
*kkV
*gi (?),
*tge, *lgu,
*uge
*dlpi , *dlp
*lpa, *lpu,
*nlp
*telbu, *ulbo
*klmV,
*alma,
*l[m]i (?),
*klme
*mlte, *mlte,
*kalto
*kelta(rV),
*pltorV (?)
*alda, *zldu,
*gldo, *gldi
*pl
*kl
*molko,
*nelkV,*plki
*salkV, *klke,
*tlki, *nilko
*plge, *slg,
*dlgu, *plgi,
*tlgu,
*tolge, *lgi,
*plg
*tapV
*po, *pe,
*kapa
*bi, *kbkV,

85

CHAPTER TWO

PA

PT

PM

PTM

Kor.

Jpn.

*m
*d
*n
*
*

lb
ld
jVl
l
l

lVb
d
ln>l
l
l/j

rm

(n)s

(n)s
(n)s

()

l/j

r ~

*
*k

n
lg

l
lk

*
*mp

j~
m(b)

lVg
m

l
mp

r
m(p)

mp

*mp

mb

mb/mp p

mp

*mb

mb

mb

*mt
*mr
*ml
*m
*m
*m
*ms
*mk
*mk
*mg

mt
md
rb/rm nd
mVl
n
m
mn
b
md
s
bs
mVk
mg
mk/nk
mg
mg/g

mt
md
lm
m[s]
m
nd
mk
k
mg

ns
(n)k
nk
(m)

*m
*nt

nt

m
nt

nt

nt

m
nt

mVt
m
s

Roots
*kba, *mba,
*sb,
*tb,
*tbe,*ba,
*nb
*bmi
*tdi
*knu
(*u) , *bili
*, *ba,
*ko
*pi, *u,
*ko, *mu
*poe
*ikV, *tke,
*tke
*pa
*kampo,
*kmpi ,
*kmp[e],
*kampa
*kmpo,
*smpi, *smpa
*kumba(ka),
*lmba, *mbe,
*nombu
*kmtV, *smta
*mro
*kuml[e]
*nmi(-kV)
*nama
*kema
*kmsa
*s[]mki
*mke
*tumgi,
*komga
*kmV
*anta, *kntV,

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INTRODUCTION

PA

PT

PM

PTM

Kor.

*nt

nt

nd/n

nd

*nd

nd/n

nd

*nr
*n

gVr
n

g?/nd nVr
n
n

r
(n)t

*n

(n)s

*ns
*n
*n

s
n
(g)

r
n/m

s (<ns)
[r]
nVr
n() n

s
r
m,(n)

*d
*

(n)

nd
/g

nd
n ()

m
n

*t

(d)

n,d,()(i) nd,d

*t
*d
*r

d, nd
t
Vr

*n

nt,

Jpn.

Vr/nd

d
d
r

Vr

(n)/,n

(n)

0,

(n)t

nt
nt
n

n,(m)

Roots
*knt[a],
*tnta
*nta, *znti,
*gentV, *kanti,
*knt,
*ntu, (*pnte),
*nti(-kV)
*nda, (*knda),
*mndo, *nd
*mnrV, *pnri
*kno,
*mnu,
*mno,
*pni
*mn,
*sanV, *kn
*nsa
*pa
*n, *konu,
*ni, *pni,
*sni,
*snu,
*mno,
*ana, *snu,
*tn,
*tn,
*gna, *tn
*mde
*uu, *pe,
*pa
*ute, *utV,
*at, *kutV
*kti, *tta
*du
*sira, *sri,
*sore
*mna,
*ne,
*tan,
*tnV, *kane

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*
*
*
*s
*k

PT

PM

PTM

n
V
s
(k)

/
l
jVk,nVk

(k)

*k

(g)

*g

(g)

k,-(h)

*jp
*jp
*jb

jp

p
(b)
(j)b

, -b
b
b

*jm

jm

(jV)m

(j)m

*jt
*jr

t
r

d
r

t
r

t
0(i)

*jl

0(i)

*j
*j
*js
*j

(j)
js
n,

V
s
n/j/gV

(j)

0(i)

*j

Kor.
0
s

b(0)

87

Jpn.
Roots
ns
*i
(nV)m *i, *
s
*mue
*esV
nk
*pki,
*dkV,
*bki
nk
*aku, *ke,
*pk, *zke
nk
*kogV, *egV,
*puga,
*kugo,
*tagiri,
*agu, *maga,
*ogV, *tgu
(m)p *sjp, *ljpV
p
*tjp
w(j)
*jbo, *jba,
*kjbu, *jb,
*jbi, *tujbu,
*jbe, *kejbe,
*pjbu, *tjbo
m
*kijmV, *pojme,
*pujme
(i)t
*kjta
r/t
*bujri, *mjre,
*sajri, *sjri,
*bjre, *sjra,
*sjr,*sjri,
*sjro, *tjri,
*tjr
r
*bjlu, *kjli,
*kjlu, *jla,
*jle, *pjl
s
*ju
t/j
*jV
*ijsV
n
*gju, *pj,
*pj, *zja
0(j)
*gje, *kjo

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INTRODUCTION

PA
PT
*j

PM
l

*jk

(jV)k

*jk
*jg
*j

g(<k)
g
j(V)

PTM
l

Kor.
0(i)

Jpn.
(n)s

(j)k

//j

jk
j ~g

0(i)
0(i),

0
m,j,n

r
r

*bd
*pr
*br

r(b)
r

wr (Vr)
wr, r

bd
rp
(bV)r

*bl

(bV)l

Vl/jVl/wl

l(b)

*b
*b
*b
*p
*b
*b
*bs
*bk
*bg
*b
*gm?
*kt

(b)
(b)j
pV
(b)
(b)
s
k
g(j)
b
gVn
t

Vr
Vr

[b]

*kt

*gt?

s
*bo
t
r
s
s
k(Vp)

s
k
b/g
mV
Vm
gt

bl
bs
bk
bg
b
m
kt

t(h)

gd/g

gd

t(h)

(g)t

gd

Roots
*boje, *njV,
*zeju
*kujk,
*ljk, *pjkV,
*sajkV, *sjk,
*tjk,
*g[o]jku,
*pjke
*ujkV
*sjgo
*mj,*mji,
*kjo,
*jula, *seji,
*sjo
*abda
*kpra, *kpri
*kbro, *obri,
*tbru
*nable, *bla,
*goblu, *lbl,
*dible, *dblu
*ubV
*m[a]bi
*kp
*nbo
*niba
*zbsa
*ibkV
*subga
*tbe
*egmV
*doktV,
*pokto(-rV),
*zakti
*bktV, *kte,
*muktu,
*tkta, *ggt
*zgtu

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CHAPTER TWO

PA
PT
*gd
d

*kr
*gr
*kl?
*gl
*k
*g
*gn
*gs
*k
*k
*g
*g
*k
*k
*k
*tk?
*tk?
*dg?
*k
*sk

r
gVr
gl

gr/
gV
gV
gn
gVs
k
g
g
g

PM
d/

PTM
Kor.
gd
t(h)/r

Jpn.
(n)t

Vr
Vr
gl

kVr
rg
lg,g(l)

(h)
rh

kVr
r
(n)k

wl
Vr

lg
kt

r
rk

(0)
kVr

Vl
V
gs
g
g
Vg

l
g,n
ks
k

(g)

k
ks
g
kt
kt
(g)d
Vk
sk

g
t
t
dg (gd) d(Vg)
gd
d
k
sk

(h)s

sk

Roots
*bgdu,
*mgd, *pgd,
*pgdi ,
*sgd,
*gdV,
*mgd
*bkrV, *krV
*kgru
*taklu,
(*ekleKV)
*negle
*iko

*kogu
nk,-N *dgni, *zognV
*segsV, *tgsu
k
*pki
*kekV
m
*ga, *sogV
*uga
t
*mk[]
*ka
*puki
*tkV
*utke
*zodgV
*ko
(n)sVk *pske

It may be noted that some consonants behave differently in clusters

than in plain intervocalic position. Exact rules, however, are rather difficult to formulate because of the general instability and rarity of consonant clusters. Especially unstable are the clusters with -j- as the first
component: this consonant may leave direct traces in Turkic and TM
(but may also disappear without a trace there), but tends to disappear
elsewhere. A number of *-j-clusters are reconstructed on indirect evidence: preservation of *-b- (instead of regular *--) in Mongolian
(where *-jb- thus behaves similarly to *-rb-, *-lb-); fricativization of *-jb-,
*-jg- in Japanese; development *-jR- > -0- in Korean. It is also tempting
to reconstruct *-j-clusters in two small groups of cases:

90

INTRODUCTION

a) since clusters with *-j- occasionally result in vowel diphthongization

in Japanese (cf. the cases *ljpV, *kjta, *kjo, *ljk), we could reconstruct similar clusters in a few other cases where PJ has *-ia- in
the structure *CiaC- (generally very rare), namely, in *dl mane,
collar ( = *djl), PJ *(d)ir; *l[]kV wild cat ( = *ljkV, PJ *nikua),
*more hurt, damage ( = *mojre or *mojre, PJ *miar-), *pr edge ( =
*pjr, PJ *pir).
b) since clusters with *-j- occasionally transfer this -j- to the beginning
of the syllable in Korean (cf. the cases *jV, *kjo, *ljk, *mjno,
*pj, *sajri), we could reconstruct similar clusters in several other
cases when Korean has -j- but without any trace of a PA
*--diphthong (which is the usual source of Korean -j-), namely in
*tk make a sign (= *tjk, PK *tjk-), *mV go-between (=
*mjV, PK *mjnr), *ake forearm (= *ajke, PK *jki-), *kV k.
of cloth (= *jkV, PK *jk-), *pu ulcer (= *jpu, PK *jpk),
*[a]ge bast (= *[a]jge, PK *jhi), *d hide, enclosure (= *dj,
PK *tjr), *kesa suffer (= *kejsa, PK *kjs-), *k slanting (= *kj,
PK *kjh), *nra thin, flat (= *njra, PK *jr-p-), *apV(V) wormwood (= *ajpV(V), PK *jpi-). Absence of the standard development *-jr- > -0- in some of these cases (*kjo, *mjV, *dj, *njra)
could in fact be explained by an early shift of *-j- to a different position within the syllable.
Since these phenomena in Japanese and Korean are difficult to link
to each other and to any evidence in other Altaic languages, the reconstruction of *-j- in such cases still remains problematic.
2.4. Vowels
The traditional system of vowel correspondences proposed by
Ramstedt and Poppe was already perceived as outdated during the
writing of The Altaic Problem and the Origin of Japanese
(). Further research led to its complete revision. We now suppose that the PA vowel system was completely devoid of vowel harmony which evolved in all the subgroups later as a result of complex
interaction between the vowels of the first and the second syllables in
polysyllabic roots and derivatives.
The system assumed to be Proto-Altaic consisted of five vowels (*i,
*e, *u, *o, *a) and three diphthongs (*u, *o, *a), the diphthongs being
restricted to the first syllable of the word. The interaction of eight vocalic units of the first syllable and five vocalic phonemes of the second
syllable leads to an extremely diverse system of correspondences, of

CHAPTER TWO

91

which the traditional Ramstedt-Poppe correspondences are only a

small subset.
The diphthongs with *-- are basically reconstructed where Turkic
and TM have specific reflexes (*-ia- in Turkic, *-ia- and *-- (-iu-) in
TM); in several cases, however, diphthongs have been lost in those
subgroups as well and can be reconstructed only on circumstantial evidence, see below.
The phonetic nature of PA diphthongs is still debatable. We prefer
to treat them as diphthongs because they are preserved as such in a
number of cases in PT, PTM and Korean, but an interpretation of diphthongs as front vowels could also be possible. In that case, *a = *; *o =
*; *u = *. Further research is needed to choose one of these two alternative solutions.
The TM system of vowels appears to be the most conservative and
was used as a basis of reconstruction. Turkic, Mongolian and Korean
usually modify the first vowel under the influence of the second one.
Thus, fronted first vowels usually signal that the second vowel was a
front one. However the second vowel could also be fronted or shifted
to back under the influence of the first vowel, leading to numerous
variations in reflexes. Japanese seems to have exclusively assimilated
the first vowel to the second one (a process very similar to what later
happened in Mongolian), so that the quality of Japanese vowels in the
first syllable is normally a good indicator of the original quality of the
second vowel, which itself may have been assimilated or disappeared
altogether.
Vowels of the non-initial syllable are generally very unstable in all
modern Altaic languages. They tend to become assimilated to initial
vowels, are frequently contracted in various combinations with following suffixes, and are often lost completely. They are best preserved in
Tungus-Manchu languages and completely lost in the majority of
Turkic and Korean roots. The situation therefore is very close, e.g., to
Germanic or to the Nakh languages in the Eastern Caucasus, where the
quality of non-initial vowels can now only be recovered on the basis of
umlaut processes in the first syllable. Thus, the approach we have chosen - reconstructing non-initial vowels on indirect evidence (the way
they have influenced the vowels that preceded them) - seems to be the
only possible solution. Rules for individual development of non-initial
vowels in particular subbranches of Altaic have yet to be established,
and depend substantially on a future analysis of verbal and nominal
morphophonemics and accent systems.
Below we list the vocalic correspondences between the Altaic languages. In the Proto-Altaic column we list all recoverable combinations

92

INTRODUCTION

of the first and second syllable vowels. The notation U in PTM, PM and
MKor. means that any of the two back rounded vowels - u or o - can act
as a reflex, due to frequent variation between u/o in those languages.
Similarly, the notation A in MKor. means that either a or can act as a
reflex (due to very frequent a/ variation in Korean). The notation P
stands for any labialized consonant (modifying adjacent vowels in
Mongolian and Turkic) and R - for any liquid resonant (conditioning
the development of closed / open vowels in Turkic).
PA

PTM

*a-a
*a-e
*a-i
*a-o
*a-u
*e-a
*e-e
*e-i
*e-o

a
a
a
a
a
e
e
e
e

*e-u

*i-a
*i-e
*i-i
*i-o
*i-u
*o-a
*o-e
*o-i
*o-o
*o-u
*u-a
*u-e
*u-i
*u-o
*u-u
*a-a
*a-e
*a-i

i
i
i
i
i
U
U
U
U
U
U
u
u
U
U
ia (Si)
i
ia (Si)

PM
a
a [i]
a [e]
a [i, e]
a [U]
a [e]
e (ja-)
e [i]
a [e,
P/P,
P/P]
e [a, Po,
oP]
i
e [i]
i (Pe)
i
i
U
[, o]

u
U
a [U]
U [, ]
[]
U
U
a
i [a,e]
i [e]

PT
a (Pa-/P-)
a-,
e [a]
o (ja, aj)
a
a () [e]
e (R; ja-)
e (R; ja-)
[]

PJ
a

i
a
u
a

i
[a]

MKor.
A
A
A [i]
[o]
A [U]
A
A [i, ]
i [, A]
[U]

e [a, ]

U [a]

[i]
e (R)
i

[i]
o
[o]
[o]
o
o
u [o]

[u]
u
u
ia, ja [e]
ia, ja
ia, ja [e]

a
i
i
i []
u
a

u
a
ua (Pa-)
u

u
a

A
i []
I
U []
i []

[U]
U

[U]
A
[A]
U []
U []
U
(Pa, aP)
i [(j)]
[(j)]

93

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*a-o
*a-u
*o-a
*o-e
*o-i
*o-o
*o-u
*u-a
*u-e
*u-i
*u-o
*u-u

PTM
U
U
U
U
U
i
ia (Si)
U
, Pu
i (Pu-)

PM
e
a, U
a, U
e,
i [e, ]
[, U]
e [i, u]
U [i]
[, U]
[, U]
U
i [U,,]

PT
ia, ja, pa
, a, P
ia, ja, pa
, a, P
ia, ja, pa
o [u]
u [o]

, iR []
[]
u [o]

PJ
a
u
a
[u]
i
[a]
u
a
u []
i
u []
u

MKor.
[U]
U [(j)]
U []
U [j]
U []
i, (j)
[u, j]
A
(j)A [U]
(i, U)
(j)A [U]
U (i, )

2.4.1. PA *a
PTM *a - PJ *a
This correspondence indicates the PA sequence *CaCa, and is usually
rather stable. All languages normally have *a here, with the following
exceptions:
1. Turkic normally has *a, but in a few cases - closed *: *la > *l-, *bka
> *bk-, *dg > *jgu-k, *ksa > *Ksk, *mana > *bn-, *pt(-kV) >
*tkm, *pra > *r-, *pt > *t-. Usually this development is observed after historical labials, but the distribution is not quite strict
(cf. *la, *dg and *ksa above; cf., on the other hand, *pl > *ala-,
*pda > *ad-, *ppa > *apa-, *pt > *bat-, *bra > *br, *bla > *bla).
2. Korean has both a and , cf.
a) *ag > *ak-su, *k > *k-, *alda > *arm, *lpa > *rph-, *pa > *p, *a
> *ri, *dasa- > *ts-, *kma > *kmthi, *kpa > *kph-, *kp > *kph(but also *kph-), *ksa > *ksm, *mana > *mn(h)-, *mra > *mr-,
*mra > *mar-, *nta > *nt, *pala > *par, *plg > *pr, *pt > *pt-,
*pk > *pk-, *pt > *pt(h), *pt(-kV) > *ptk, *pra > *parh-,
*pt > *pat-, *sja > *si-, *spa > *spk, *srpa > *srp, *tb > *tr-,
*tra > *tr, *tjr > *tj, *tan > *tr, *tla > *tri-, *tma >
*tm
b) *la > *r-, *anta(gV) > *ntk, *bra > *pr-, *gta > *kt-, *kaa > *k,
*kra > *kjr, *l > *nhr, *pl > *pr(h)
3. Japanese, as we said, normally has *a in this type of correspondences.
However, it should be borne in mind that Japanese hardly tolerates
*a and * within one morpheme. Therefore, a small group of cases

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INTRODUCTION

where Japanese has * in the second syllable probably because of

some prehistoric vowel contractions that are hardly recoverable in
detail reveal also *, not *a, in the first syllable, cf.: *tb > *ds,
*zr > *st, *ra > *dr-.
PTM *a - PJ *
Except for the three cases listed above, this correspondence indicates
the PA sequence *CaCe (in Japanese *CaCe > *CeCe > *CCV). Other languages have the following reflexes here:
1. Mongolian has either *a or a fronted reflex *i/e:
a) *k > *(h)aki-, *mbe > *(h)amban, *le > *al-, *ke > *kai, *kaje > *kaji-,
*kp > *kaji-i, *kare > *kar-bu-, *kaserV > *kasirag, *kte > *katari-,
*kpe > *kab-, *me > *malur, *pte > *batagana, *sarpe > *sarbaa, *tg
> *taji-la;
b) *e(-V) > *eje, *en-; *kre > *kira, *ll > *nila-, *k > *ekej, *mak >
*mek(e)-, *mlte > *meltr- > *mltr-, *am()ektV > *imuu-su, *sag
> *siu-g-, *tde > *idr, *zag > *seg (on the distribution of *e and *i
see below).
2. Turkic normally has *a- in Anlaut, but *-- after a consonant, cf.: *k
> *(i)aku-ru-, *ale > *l, *le > *l- (but also *e-V > *En); but *kte >
*Tt, *ake > *kan, *ke > *Ka, *kaje > *Kj-, *kle > *Kl, *kane >
*Kna, *kp > *Kp-, *kare > *Kr, *kaserV > *Ksr, *kte > *Ktr-,
*kre > *Krg, *ll > *jlk > *jilik, *me > *bnk, *nable > *jlm, *me
> *jmga, *am()e- > *jmurt, *nne > *jn, *pte > *bt, *sag > *sgt-,
*sarpe > *sp, *tde > *dd-, *zag > *jg-.
3. Korean also has a split into back *a and front *:
a) *ale > *ri, *e(-V) > *n-, *am()e-ktV > *nmk, *pte > *ptr,
*p > *pm, *kae > *k.
b) *le > *r-, *kte > *kth-, *k > *nk-, *mak > *mk-, *me > *jm-,
*tde > *tt.
PTM *a - PJ *i
This correspondence reflects the sequence *CaCi, with a variation of
back and front reflexes in other languages.
1. Turkic has normally *e, but also *a:
a) *i > *it-, *lgi > *lge-, *ni > *e, *jbi > *Ebr(d)ek, *ni > *en, *ni >
*n-, *bd > *bEd-, *br > *bEr-, *bri > *br, *rikV > *drek, *ki >
*ek-rtke, *ali > *El, *ki > *Eket, *dli > *jlim, *gt > *g(j)t-,
*ki > *ge-, *kaji > *gejik, *kki > *Kk-, *kami > *KEmek, *kpi >
*gebre-, *kki > *gkir-, *kd(-rV) > *KEdir-, *ki > *ke, *ksi > *kes-,

CHAPTER TWO

95

*ksi > *kes-, *mj > *beji, *li > *el, *pli > *bldir, *pd > *di,
*pai > *, *pni > *e-, *pti > *tk, *sbi > *sEbrk, *sajri > *ser-,
*sa(b)i > *se-, *sp > *sep-, *sp > *sEp, *si > *sE-, *ski > *sk-,
*si > *sE-, *tki > *TEk-, *zli > *jl.
Among more or less secure examples there are 22 cases of open *e
and 8 cases of closed *.
b) *likV > *lar, * > *ag, *pi > *Ab-, *gi > *gu, *li > *l, *ati >
*At, *bsi > *basg, *bt > *bat-, *dg > *jag, *dk > *jAk-n, *dsi >
*jAs-, *gli > *K(i)al, , *kd(rV) > *Kadr, *krsi > *KArsak, *lp > *jap-,
*maji > *baj, *mli > *baltu, *mli > *bAlg, *lami > *jAmak, *psi > *bas-,
*pli > *blk, *pgdi > *adak, *psi > *as-, *saji > *sAj-, *sali > *sal-,
*smpi > *sAP, *spi > *sapak, *sai > *sAak, *tbi > *dabul, *tagiri >
*tar (but also *teri), *tari > *tArakaj, *zakti > *jtuk, *li > *jl-.
Note that closed * is quite rare here (only 2 cases as opposed to 16
cases of open *a).
2. Mongolian can also have front reflexes i/e or a back reflex *a:
a) *gi > *ee-de-, *rikV > *irgaj, *ki > *igr-, *dagi > *deren, *dari >
*dereji-, *dli > *il-, *gt > *getl- (but also *gatul-), *kd(rV) > *keder,
*kki > *kek-, *kami > *kemerlig, *kpi > *kebere, *krsi > *kirsa, *kki >
*kekere- (but also *kakira-), *kd(-rV) > *kederge, *kpri > *kerge,
*mli > *milaa, *mli > *milan, *lami > *limbaj, *pli > *bilau, *pli >
*belir, *pasi > *hesre-, *pji > *hejil-, *saji > *seji-le-, *sa(b)i > *sel(b)(but also *salb-), *sp > *sibee, *sp > *sibere- (but also *sabir-), *sai
> *ser-, *si > *see-, *ski > *sege-, *si > *seri-, *tari > *irkej. [Note
that *i usually occurs before *-a-, *-- and *-u-, while *e occurs before *i, *e and *, thus *sibee and *sibere- must go back to earlier
*sibe and *sibre-].
b) *i > *al-dar, *likV > *(h)alag-, *ni > *a-ka, * > *aria, *pi >
*abu-ra-, *li > *alia, *ni > *anu, *ati > *ai, *bt > *bat-ga, *bd >
*badara, *br > *baraun, *bri > *baraa, *dg > *dajin, *dk > *daka-,
*dsi > *dasinga, *gli > *galau, *kanti > *kanir, *ki > *kali-sun, *ksi
> *kasu-, *li > *laji, *lp > *labta-, *mj > *malai, * > *naji-,
*pgdi > *(h)adag, *psi > *(h)asa-, *pni- > *hana-, *sajri > *sar(b)a-,
*smpi > *samba-gan, *sp > *sabaga, *tk > *taki-, *tagiri >
*tagarag, *tjri- > *tara-, *zli > *salki, *li- > *ala-.
In a few cases (*dli > *dl, *tbi > *djiren, *ki > *oku), the vowel
becomes labialized under the influence of secondary labialization of the
second syllable (caused probably by an original labial suffix like *-bV- >
-wV-: *dli-bV > *dli-w- > *del- > *dl etc.).
Mongolian and Turkic evidence displays a large number of e/a
doublet readings, showing that the split into front and back variants in
Turkic and Mongolian is secondary, probably caused by the old dialec-

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INTRODUCTION

tal variant development *CaCi > *CeCE vs. *CaCi > *CaCA. In general
there is no direct correlation between front and back reflexes in Turkic
and Mongolian; we find that Turkic slightly prefers front reflexes (44
cases of *e vs. 36 cases of *a), while Mongolian rather favours back reflexes (33 cases of *a vs. 29 cases of *e, plus 4 cases with a variation
*e/a).
3. Korean, too, has a split into *a and *, but also has a number of
*i-reflexes:
a) *i > *r-, *ni > *, *ni > *an-, *ni > *n-, *ati > *tr, *br- > *pr-,
*bri > *pr, *dli > *tr-, *kji > *ki-, *kki > *ki-, *ksi- > *ksk- (but
also *ksk-), *lp > *np- (but also *np-), *mli > *mr, *pli > *par-,
*pasi > *ps-, *pti > *pt, *sae > *si-, *sp > *sap-, *si > *sari-,
*zakti > *st, *zli > *sarb) *pli > *pr-, *sajri > *sj-, *sa(b)i > *sr-, *sp > *sp
c) *pi > *p-t, *li > *r-b-, *dsi > *tsi, * > *n-, *pai > *p-, *sali
> *sirh-, *tjri > *t-.
PTM *a - PJ *u
This correspondence reflects the PA sequence *CaCu. Other languages
have the following reflexes:
1. Turkic predominantly has *a (*tt < *ttu, *da- < *tn, *saran <
*saru, *samala < *sm, *sakrtka < *saku(rV), *baak- < *maukV, *Kara
< *kru, *Kadgu < *gju, *al- < *l, *dal < *l, * < *u, *aglak <
*gu-la).
Closed * is attested, however, in *j- < *lgu; and in some trisyllables before -u- we have a secondary labialization -a- > -o- (*jogurgan <
*dku, *bokurs < *bku).
2. Mongolian has *a, but may also reveal labialized reflexes u/o:
a) *gu-la > *aula, *apui > *(h)abisu-n, *m > *(h)ama-n, *bk > *baki,
*l > *daldaw, *abu > *aur, *l > *ali, *gju > *gaj, *kd >
*kada-, *kru > *kara, *kp > *kaa-, *lku > *lag, *lk > *naki-, *lgu
> *nargi-, *mltu > *malta-, *plukV > *haluka, *saku(rV) > *sag, *saru
> *ara-, *saru > *sar-, *sagu > *sag-su, *u > *a, *tb > *da-, *tag
> *dagna-, *tb > *daa-, *tmu > *tama-, *tu > *tau, *ttu > *tair,
*ap > *aa-;
b) *k > *uku-, *bagu > *buurul, *balu > *bulagan, *bu > *uw, *gt >
*gudu- (but also *godu), *ku > *kui-, *kalu > *kul-, *knu > *kuna,
*kapu > *kubilagana, *maukV > *munig, *abu-V > *ula-gan,
*sau(V) > *suwnag;

CHAPTER TWO

97

c) *bu > *owi, *u > *ouna, *u > *oji(n), *bku > *bog, *amu > *dom,
*ku > *kour-, *kru > *kormu-sun, *argu- > *orgul, *sarumV >
*sormu-, *alpu > *olbun, *tk > *toki, *taklu > *togli, *tn > *tonu3. Korean displays similar reflexes: normally *a or *, but occasionally
also *u or *o:
a) *lu > *r- (but also *r-); *ku > *k, *lk > *nks, *ml > *maru,
*tn > *tan, *tk > *tk, *tmu > *tm-, *ap > *p-;
b) *gju > *kim, *maukV > *mijk, *sarumV > *sm, * > *s, *ttu
> *tti;
c) *bagu > *phi-, *l > *r-k, *kd > *kri, *mltu > *mt-, *maru >
*muri;
d) *knu > *kn, *kk > *ko, *kru > *kr, *lgu > *nrs, *tb >
*tbi-.
In a certain number of words seemingly pointing to *CaCa (with TM *a
and Jpn. *a) Mongolian unexpectedly displays front *i or *e; Turkic has
*o; and Korean has * or labialized *o, *u (typical for PA *o, see below).
It seems appropriate to reconstruct here the type *CaCo, with secondary
merger of *CaCo and *CaCa in Japanese. The following comments are
needed here:
1. Turkic normally has *o (with occasional narrowing > *u in contact
with labials, cf. *um- < *mo, *budur- < *bdo, *buta- < *bt, *Kum <
*kmo, *jum- < *nmo). For the *o reflex cf. *taso > *tosun, *tpo(rV) >
*topra-k, *to > *dou, *tago > *dogra-, *smo > *som, *so > *soak,
*papo > *op-la, *amo > *jo[m], *m > *jom-, *mro > *br, *mndo >
*botu, *kno > *Kon-, *kalo > *Kola, *kbo > *Kob-, *karmo > *kor-daj,
*kalto > *Kolak, *kako > *Kok-, *kbro > *Kor, *gmo > *Koma, *ko >
*ok, *lo > *dl-, *go > *ToK-, *o > *o, *po > *obu-.
In the following cases, however, we find the reflex *a: *Am < *amo,
*ar < *ro, *rba- < *mro, *Kalm < *klo, *KAak < *ko, *jaba < *lb,
*jaba < *b, *jmk < *lmo, *jAgak < *ao, *ajt- < *pajo, *sag- < *sjgo,
*saja- < *sajo, *sargan < *sro, *jala- < *lo.
It is easy to see that with few exceptions the *a-reflex is present in
the vicinity of Turkic palatals *j, * or *.
2. Mongolian, as said above, has normally *a, but rather frequently also
the fronted reflexes *i or *e:
a) *mo > *ama-, *talo > *dalu, *dali, *kako > *kaku-, *klo > *kala-, *kalto >
*kalta-s (but also *kelte-), *kampo > *kamki-, *kbo > *kaur-, *ko >
*kal-, *kno > *kani, *labo > *lab / *naj, *lmo > *nambuga, *mndo >
*mani, *ma[k]o > *makiji-, *mro > *mara-, *m > *au-n, *pdo >
*(h)adar, *pajo > *hau-, *papo > *hawl-, *sjgo > *saa-, *salo > *sal(u)-,

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*tago > *daa-, *lo > *alga-. [In *kowr < *kbro and *tour- <
*tpo(rV) we see a secondary assimilative labialization *a > *o].
b) *ao > *(h)ie, *bao > *bisi-u, *abo > *ibka, *amo > *ima-, *ao >
*iul-, *mro > *indaga, *kmo > *kimur, *amo > *im, *ao >
*iag, *nmo > *(n)im, *sb > *sibe-gin, *so > *sirge, *so(-gV) >
*sirge
c) *jbo > *ebe-s, *po > *ebe-, *o > *ege-, *lo > *del-, *kb > *keji-d,
*b > *debee, *ms > *mese, *pap > *(h)eb, *sago > *se-der, *so >
*se-, *sro > *sere-, *tno > *teneji-.
A secondary labialization occurred in *bdne < *bedne < *bdo,
*sem < *se-m < *sajo.
The general rules of distribution between *i and *e are the same as
in the types *CaCe, *CaCi, i.e. *i usually before *-a-, *-- and *-u-, while
*e - before *i, *e and *; thus *sibe-gin must go back to earlier *sib-gin;
less clear are the examples *(h)ie ( < *(h)i?) and *bisi-u ( < *bis-u?;
note also the strange variant *busi-u). The rules of choice between back
*a and front *i/*e, however, remain unclear.
3. Korean, as said above, has either * or, less frequently, *o/*u:
a) *lo > *ra-, *amo > *hm-, *ro > *r-, *dalo > *tr-, *to > *t-,
*talo > *tri, *klo > *kr-, *kalto > *kr-, *kampo > *km-, *karmo >
*krmjk, *ko > *kr, *lb > *nboi, *lmo > *nmh, *ma[k]o > *mi-,
*pdo > *prm, *pr > *phr-, *sago > *s-n, *sjgo > *si-, *salo > *sr-,
*so > *sr, *so > *s, *lo > *r-, *pto > *pti;
b) *gmo > *km, *kbro > *kr-, *kb > *kr, *kalo > *kora, *mro >
*mri, *to > *toa-;
c) *abo > *b-, *pajo > *pi-.
2.4.2 PA *e
PTM *e - PJ *a
This correspondence reflects PA *CeCa. Other languages have the following reflexes:
1. Turkic can have both *a and *e:
a) *ba > *bA-, *dk > *jak-, *dlp > *jalp, *k > *agsa-, *ea > *ag,
*a > *ana (but also *ee), *ea > *aak, *pa > *apa(j), *erka > *Arka-,
*da > *Ada, *a > *-, *gna > *KAr-, *kelta(rV) > *KArtal, *kra >
*Krn, *knda > *KAt, *k > *KA-, *k > *Ka, *kma > *Kam,
*kp > *Kaptal, *kta > *KAtar-, *lea > *jA-ka-, *ma > *ba-, *nra >
*jAr-, *r > *jrn, *plaba(nV) > *bAlbal, *ppa > *Apa-, *pra > *r,
*pta > *t-, *sma > *sAm-, *eka > *sakak, *tga > *dg, *tla > *dl-,
*tpa > *TAp-la-, *ta > *dA, *tb > *tab-, *zja > *ja (but also

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*jei), *zra > *jar-, *ela > *jAla, *m > *jam, *ja > *jj, *terta >
*dart-, *zela > *jla-uk.
b) *tma > *dmin, *dk > *jEken, *b > *ebs-, *da > *ed, *a(kV) > *,
*ra > *er-, *jba > *b-, *na(kV) > *n, *ra > *rig, *ta > *t-, *gla >
*gEle--, *gn > *gEne, *gk > *Kek-, *kma > *Kemeke, *kema >
*kEbe, *kjna > *gne, *kp > *gp, *kb > *gEbre, *kp > *keb-,
*ma > *bEi, *ma > *bin, *nema > *jem-, *ra > *jr, *pd >
*bEdi, *pt > *et, *tba > *Teb, tk > *tek-, *tea > *TE-, *tp >
*tep, *t > *tE, *tp > *TEpi.
Note that closed * and * are very rare here and occur only before *-rand *l (*Krn, *jrn, *jr, *jlauk).
2. Mongolian also can have both *a and *e:
a) *dlp > *dalba-, *da > *ada-, *k > *(h)agsa-, *ea > *ajaga(n), *erka >
*arga-, *da > *(h)ada, *jba > *(h)abad, *ra > *ar-, *gna > *gana-,
*kelta(rV) > *kaltar, *knda > *kandagaj, *k > *kajir(a)-, *kma >
*kamgar, *kea > *kaka-, *kp > *kabta-su, *kta > *kadaga-la, *la >
*naji-, *mk > *mak-, *ma > *maji-kai, *nra > *nari-n, *nra >
*nara-su, *r > *naran, *plaba(nV) > *barimal, *pp > *baa-su, *ppa
> *haba-kai, *pta > *(h)ada-, *pt > *(h)adaska, *sma > *samur-, *eka >
*sakau, *tja > *tajibu-, *teka > *taka, *tea > *taga-, *tpa > *ta-,
*ta > *tarbali, *tb > *tawlai, *zra > *sara, *ela > *ali-, *m >
*amug, *mra > *maril, *terta > *tata-.
b) *ba > *berele-, *tma > *demej (also with secondary labialization
*dem > *dm-), *dk > *dek-, *bla > *(h)elde, *ea > *ende-, *pa >
*ebej, *p > *eb-, *ra > *ere-, *na(kV) > *e, *a > *ere, *gn >
*gene-, *gk > *gek-, *kema > *kemde-, *kra > *kere-, *kp > *kee,
*k > *ke, *kb > *ker, *kp > *kebe, *ljk > *neke-, *ma >
*mede-, *ma > *mein, *nema > *neme-, *pd > *beder, *pra >
*herbe-kei, *sjra > *seree, *sd > *sede-, *tga > *dee-, *tba > *tew-ke,
*tk > *teg-si, *tp > *tebeg (but also *tab), *tp > *teberi-, *tp >
*tebi-.
There are also several cases of *i (before *j: *lja > *nie-, *zja >
*sine; and also *ra > *ir(u)-, *sp > *sire- < *sire-?). The general
distribution of *e and *i is here more or less the same as in the types
*CaCe, *CaCi (see above): *e occurs only before *e and *; but final *-a,
-u and *- (also *-i) are extremely rare in this type, so that the expected
reflex *-i- is very rare, too. It probably means that the type *CeCa was
very early transformed into *CeCe (or *CaCa), while *CaCe first changed
into *CaCi.
It is also worth noting that, unlike the type *CaCe where fronting in
Turkic and Mongolian must have been an independent process (the
correlation between Turkic *e and Mong. *e in that type is more or less

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random), here we find a largely interdependent development: in most

cases when Mong. has *a, Turkic also has *a (25 cases against 9 cases of
Mong. *a - Turk. *e), and in most cases when Mong. has *e, Turkic also
has *e (16 cases against 9 cases of Mong. *e - Turk. *a). This probably
means that the process of splitting *CeCa into *CaCa / *CeCe started earlier than the process of splitting *CaCe (on which see above); but the
conditioning factors for it still remain unclear.
3. Korean, as always, has a double reflex: *a or *:
a) *bt > *pdr, *tma > *tmi-n, *dk > *ti (?), *dpa > *tpk-, *bla >
*rh, *a > *hm, *ea > *-, *na(kV) > *nh, *ra > *ar-, *kma >
*km, *kra > *kari, *kb > *kai, *mk > *mk-, *r > *nr, *lja >
*n-, *pp > *pap, *tla > *tarh-, *tp > *tapar, *zja > *si.
b) *a > *, *p > *p-, *erka > *rk-, *a > *rjb-, *kjna > *ki, *k >
*kjh, *ljk > *njk-, *nema > *nm-, *pra > *pr-, *sjra > *si(h),
*tga > *t-, *tep > *tph-, *tp > *tpr-, *zra > *sr, *k > *kh,
*mra > *mri.
4. Japanese, as we said above, has a uniform *a. Since PJ *a and * are
hardly compatible in one morpheme, almost none of the words in
question have an * in the second syllable here, except for one case:
PA *m > PJ *dm(n)kui, where as a result the first vowel became
secondarily assimilated (on some similar cases < PA *CaCa see
above). Another similar case may be *ka > PJ *tk (although here a
reconstruction *ko can not be entirely excluded; on the type *CeCo
see below).
PTM *e - PJ *
This correspondence (except for the irregular case with *m, on which
see above), indicates PA *CeCe. Other languages have the following
reflexes:
1. Turkic uniformly has *e, with the open and closed variants distributed in the following way:
a) *me > *eme, *ke > *ke, *sebe > *seb, *tp > *depre-, *tg(-rV) > *Tegre
b) *gle > *gl-, *gr(bV) > *gr-t
In one case, viz. *(j)n-ik < *pj, we observe a narrowed *-i-reflex,
probably conditioned by the medial -j-.
After initial *j- ( < *n-) there may also appear back *a (*): cf. *nm >
*jama-, *np > *jap-, *nre > *jr-.
The distribution between *e and *, *a and * here seems to be conditioned by the following consonant: closed variants appear before *r
and *l, open variants are found elsewhere.

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2. Mongolian, too, uniformly has *e, except in the position after *j(*ja-su < *jan-su < *pj). Just as in the case of *CeCa, *-i- could be
possible, but the only attested cases here are with the vowels *-e-,
*-i- or *-- in the second syllable (*eme < *me, *eige < *t, *gere(-e)
< *gr(bV), *kene < *kn, *kew- < *kp, *deglej < *ekleKV, *nebse- <
*np, *nere < *nre, *sel- < *sle, *debi- < *tp).
We see thus that PA *CeCe behaves exactly like the fronted variant
of *CaCe, see above.
3. Korean has reflexes similar to those of *CaCi, i.e. basically *a or *,
but also a number of *i and *-reflexes:
a) *me > *m, *t > *t, *gle > *k-;
b) *b > *p-, *sle > *sr;
c) *kejbe > *kbr, *np > *np-, *nre > *(n)rh-, *nr-, *sse > *ss-k-, *sebe
> *sp-;
d) *gr(pV) > *kr, *ne > *n-.
PTM *e - PJ *i
This correspondence reflects the type *CeCi, and other languages have
the following reflexes:
1. as in the case of *CeCe, Turkic has a more or less uniform reflex *e,
with the open and closed variants distributed in the following way:
a) *gd > *ged, *grki > *Kerke-, *ki > *gei, *ki > *g, *ni > *n-,
*pki > *bek, *tlki > *Tel(k)-, *dl > *jl;
b) *kl > *kli, *tr > *dri, *ri > *jr-;
The rules of distribution appear similar to those in the type *CeCe,
i.e. closed * before *r, *l, open *e elsewhere (however, several cases of
open *e before *r,*l - *Kerke, *Tel, *jl - are also attested).
Just as in the case of *CeCe there are some examples of -a- after *j(cf. *zepi > *jap-, *eb > *jAb); cf. also *nb > *jub-ga, probably a vowel
metathesis < *jab-gu.
We see that in general the type *CeCi behaves in Turkic very similarly to *CeCe; but there are a few attested cases where Turkic has a
narrow *-i- here: *bli > *bil- (but in a derivative: *bel-g); *dgni >
*(j)igne, *ped > *idi; *sni > *sin-k; *seji > *siil.
2. Mongolian has either *e or *i:
a) *bli > *bele-, *dlpi > *delbe-, *dli > *del, *gd > *gede, *ki > *ke-, *ki
> *kei-, *i > *e-n, *ni > *ne-, *sg > *seg-l-, *smi > *seme-,
*tlki > *deleg, *nji > *nej, *li > *el-, *dgni > *e-wn.
b) *grki > *girgawl, *km > *kim, *g > *ig-, *nb > *niu-n, *neji >
*ni-sa-, *pei > *hie-, *ped > *hide, *pki > *hike, *pmi > *himer-, *pr

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> *hir-, *seri > *siree, *tr > *iraj, *tk > *ig, *ri > *irke-, *eb >
*ib-.
The general distribution rules of *i and *e (*-i- before *a, *u and *;
*-e- before *e, *i and *) are somewhat violated here by a relatively
large number of CiCe (hie-, hide, hike, himer-, siree, irke). The reason
for this development is yet to be established.
3. Korean has exactly the same reflexes as in the type *CeCe:
a) *ni > *n(-), *smi > *sm, *seji > *sj, *ssi > *ssm, *smi >
*sm-, *tk > *th-;
b) *eb > *b-, *mti(-rkV) > *mrtkn, *nb > *n-, *pki > *phk, *pi >
*p-, *ei > *ji, *li > *r-;
c) * > *r-, *ki > *k-, *neji > *n, *sni > *sn, *seri > *sri, *zepi >
*sp-;
d) *bli > *pr-, *pei > *ps-kr-, *tlki > *trkur.
PTM *e - PJ *u
Here it is natural to reconstruct *CeCu, with the following correspondences in other languages.
1. as in *CeCa, Turkic can have both *a and *e:
a) *nu > *nkaj, *keju > *Kjn-, *keru > *KAr-, *kru > *Kr, *krdu >
*Krt-, *llugV > *jaglk, *meju > *ba-, *u > *jaan-, *lu > *jAl-,
*nu > *jnu-, *peu > *A, *sku > *sk()-, *sg > *sg, *ru > *sar-,
*telbu > *tAlagu, *sp > *sp
b) *bd > *bEd-k, *bek > *bEkre, *eu > *eek, *emu > *een, *kju >
*Kej-, *kpu > *gb-, *kp > *Kbi--, *mlu > *ble, *nu > *jee (but
also *jaa in Yak. saas), *psu > *bes, *r > *sere, *tgu > *degil,
*ttu > *Tetig, *tl > *tl, *t > *tEek, *zeju > *jElme-, *u >
*Egek.
We can notice the following here: *e is almost always open (except
in *Kbi and *ble), but *a is for the most part closed * (*nkaj, *Kjn-,
*Kr, *Krt-, *sk-, *sg, *sp). All the cases with open *a contain a palatal (*jaglk, *ba-, *jaan, *jnu-; *sar- < *ru). Thus, the distribution between *a and * in the type *CeCu is similar to the distribution of *a and
*o in the type *CaCo, see above.
2. Mongolian reflexes are rather complicated in this type of correspondence. We can have
a) *a: *r > *ar(a)-su; *keju > *kajira-; *kru > *kari-; *krdu > *kair; *lp >
*lab-ku (but also *lob-ku); *meju > *maji-; *nu > *nagau; *nu >
*na-si-; *sedurkV > *sadurkaj; *seku > *saki-; *seru(kV) > *sarku; *sg
> *saji(n); *ru > *sara-; *tru > *dar-ta-; *tmu > *tamara-.

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After or before a labial there usually appears a labialized reflex *o or

*u (although some cases of *a are also attested, cf. *maji- and *tamaraabove, as well as a variant reflexation *labku and lobku):
b) *o/*u: *bu- > *bua-; *kp > *kubil-; *mlu > *mojil-; *psu > *(h)osu-;
*peu > *(h)ojimu; *segu > *sowsar; *telbu > *tolbu.
A labialized reflex also appears in *una-gan < *n and *nolga <
*llugV, despite the absence of labials. Here we are probably dealing
with an early vowel metathesis or assimilation *una-gan < *anu-gan and
*nol(u)ga < *nal(u)ga.
Besides the back reflexes we also observe front *e and *i:
c) *e: *bd > *bedi-n, *bek > *bekir, *dru > *derbe-, *emu > *ermen,
*keru > *kereldg, *ku > *kene-ge- (but also *kinu-); *kpu > *kebi-;
*k > *kerelegene, *mu > *men-d, *mru- > *merije- (but also
*marija-), *td > *teije-, *tl > *tele-, *zeju > *seleme, *u > *eligen;
d) *i: *pu > *ijigan, *mk > *mikan, *nku > *nigu, *ttu > *ida, *sp >
*sibsirga;
The distribution of *e and *i here is standard (*e before -i-, -e-, --, *i
before -a-, -u-).
We may notice that here, too, as in the case of *CeCa, Mongolian and
Turkic largely coincide in the distribution of back and front variants
Mong. back : Turkic back in 13 cases; Mong. back : Turkic front in 8
cases (interestingly enough, most of them close to labials, i.e. with the
Mong. reflex o/u); Mong. front : Turkic front in 9 cases; Mong. front :
Turkic back only in 3 cases.
It is also interesting to notice the different behaviour of *CeCa and
*CeCu both in Turkic and Mongolian: a) *CeCa yields PT *a (almost
never closed *) and PM *a without any labialized variants in the vicinity of labials; b) *CeCu yields PT * (with a variant *a only in the vicinity of palatals) and PM *a, with a variant *o/*u close to labials.
This all seems to indicate that the development *CeCa > *CaCa, but
*CeCu > *CCu was a common Turko-Mongolian feature, with the
vowel * preserved in Turkic (and ultimately reflected as Yak., Chuv.
-- vs. -a- in other Turkic languages), and having developed into *o(*u)
in Proto- Mongolian before or after labials (while plain *a stayed unchanged).
3. Korean can have here both standard reflexes *a/* and labialized
*o/*u:
a) *keru > *kar-; *ksu > *ks (but also *ks); *kp > *kps, *sku > *sk-,
*sg > *s-nb-, *ru > *sr;
b) *seru(kV) > *srk, *telbu > *trb-, *t > *tr-;
c) *bek > *pok, *emu > *rm, *keju > *k, *llugV > *nrki, *lu >
*nr-ra-, *tgu > *th, *zeju > *si;

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d) *pu > *jpk, *meju > *mi-, *nu > *ni, *tk > *tthb-.
Occasionally, we also encounter a reflex * close to labials: *bd- >
*pr-, *lp > *np(h).
Just as in the case with PA *a (*CaCo) there is also a fifth type of correspondence. In a number of cases when TM has *e and Jpn. either * or
*a (i.e. where we would reconstruct PA *CeCe or *CeCa), all other languages have quite different reflexes: Korean has * or *o/u (typical for
PA *o, see below, and for PA *CaCo, see above); and Turkic has predominantly closed * or *. It seems probable that we are dealing here
with the PA root structure *CeCo. Let us mention at once that distribution between Jpn. *a and * is still unclear in this type of correspondence, but it seems hardly possible to reconstruct any additional distinctions here: the opposition *a : * does not seem to correlate with
anything else outside Japanese. It is possible that we are dealing with
early vowel assimilations which result in part of the *CeCo words being
assimilated to *CeCe, and another part to *CaCo.
Let us sum up the evidence for *CeCo in other languages.
1. Turkic, as in most heterovocalic stems, can have both back and front
reflexes:
a) *po > *Ap (but also *Ep), *ro > *r, *o > *, *po > *b, *gb >
*Kb-, *ko > *K()-, *ko > *KAga, *kd > *KAd, *keo > *K,
*k > *K-, *keporV > *KApur-, *ko > *Kagan-, *kt > *Kt,
*kro > *Krga-, *nro > *jArman-, *zelo > *jl, *sero > *sr-, *o >
*s-, *tmo > *dam, *tmo > *Tm-, *teo > *dA, *o > *j-, *eb >
*jAba.
b) *bjo > *bEje, *depo > *jbi-, *ep > *Epej, *eso > *sr-, *g > *g-id-, *po
> *-, *gbo > *geb-, *gmo > *gmi, *kro > *gEr, *kro > *gEr-, *lmo
> *jmi, *melo > *bl, *mt > *bt(g), *pk > *bken-, *po > *-,
*pro > *er-, *tlo > *dl(b)-, *terko > *TrKe-, *zego > *jEgit.
In the majority of cases when there is a Chuvash or Yakut reflex
available, they point here to closed * and *. Exceptions are *dak (Yak.
taan), *Kagan- (Yak. xahn-), *dam (Chuv. tom-la-, Yak. tamma- - but
notice also the PT variant *dm), *dart- (Chuv. tort-); *geb- (Chuv. kava-,
but also kb < *gb--); *er- (Yak. erke, but Chuv. jrg, probably <
*rk-); *- (Chuv. alk). Reflexes of open *a or *e in these few cases are
probably due to later vocalic assimilations or dialectal mixture.
2. Mongolian, too, has both back and front reflexes:
a) *a: *bjo > *bajita-sun, *bl > *balai, *ep > *aag, *po > *(h)aba-, *ro >
*ari-, *g > *au-, *po > *aba, *gb > *gawr-su, *kro > *kari-, *ko >
*kala-, *ko > *kala-, *keo > *kajaa, *ko > *kaji-, *kp > *kajila-,

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*keporV > *kabir-, *kt > *kata-, *kro > *kara/ija-, *lmo > *lamaa,
*nro > *narba-, *pk > *baka-, *sero > *sariwu, *o > *sau-, *terko >
*tariki, *teo > *tar-, *trb > *tarbagaj, *tjbo > *tabi-, *tbo > *tab, *zego
> *saaka-, *o > *alka-, *sp > *saba; in *po > *(h)olbug Mongolian
has a secondary labialization ( < *(h)albug).
b) *e / i: *depo > *debte-, *emo > *em-, *eso > *es-, *kro > *kere-, *kt >
*ket, *ko > *kerig, *mt > *med, *pjl > *helige, *pego > *he, *sb
> *selbi-r; *zelo > *silda,*ero > *sira-.
The distribution of *e and *i here is standard (-e- before e, , i; -i- before a).
But additionally Mongolian has quite a number of labialized reflexes */, probably developed secondarily from *e/i through regressive labialization and thus also pointing to the labialized nature of the
second vowel: *bo > *e-, *gbo > *gji-, *gmo > *gmr-, *kd >
*kde, *k > *kgen, *mto > *mi-, *mn > *mn, *po > *bi-, *po
> *hlde-, *zelo > *slde, *eb > *elen.
In this case, as with *CaCe (and unlike *CeCa, *CeCu) it is difficult to
find a direct correlation between front/back reflexes in Mongolian and
Turkic. The developments *CeCo > *CC-/*CC- in Turkic and >
*CaC-/*CeC-/*CC- in Mongolian thus must have been independent
processes, already after the disintegration of Proto-Turko-Mongolian. It
can also be seen that the vowel * in PT here differs from the vowel *
in the type *CeCu (see above): while the latter reflects a common
Turko-Mongolian development *CeCu > *CCu (with * yielding specific a/o reflexes in Mongolian), the former is a purely Turkic development (no o/u-reflexes are attested in Mongolian in the type *CeCo).
3. Korean, as said above, demonstrates here reflexes typical for PA *o,
namely * or *o/*u:
a) *bl > *prk-, *gmo > *km-, *ko > *kr-, *kt > *ktk-, *keo > *k,
*k > *knr-, *ko > *ki, *lmo > *nmrh, *mko > *mi-, *mt >
*mt, *nro > *nr-, *pjl > *pi, *po > *prb-, *pro > *pr-, *o >
*hi-, *tmo > *tm-, *teo > *trk, *tjbo > *tbi-, *zelo > *sr-, *ero >
*srm-.
Here we should also attribute the cases *o > *- / *a- and *ep >
**ap, reduplicated *pp: because in Kor. * could not stand in
word-initial position, it was probably early replaced by *a- / *-.
b) *po > *op(s), *gb > *ki, *gmo > *kmr, *ko > *kr(h), *lp >
*nph-, *mn > *mm, *nko > *nh-, *to > *toi, *tbo > *tb-, *sp
> *sp
c) *kro > *kr-, *keporV > *kpr, *kt > *kt-, *mto > *md-, *sb >
*sr, *zego > *s(h).

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2.4.3. PA *i
PTM *i - PJ *a
This type reflects the PA structure *CiCa. Other languages display the
following reflexes:
1. Turkic can have either back * or front *i:
a) *pa > *p, *ia > *-, *na > *r, *a > *(), *kba > *Kbak, *kj >
*Kj(g)ak, *ka > *K-, *kla > *Kl(k), *krka > *Krk-, *lg > *jg-, *nra
> *jr, *pr > *ra-, *sg > *sgra, *sira > *sr, *spa > *sba-, *smta >
*smtab) *la > *iler-, *na > *ini, *ka > *Kie-, *nt > *jit-, *nt > *jiti, *pa >
*bi, *sl > *sil, *sa > *s (but also *s), *sla > *sl- (but also *sla-),
*tm > *Ti(mi), *tnta > *tint2. Mongolian normally has *i, but a variation i/e before the following
-e-, cf. *dsa > *ise-, *la > *ile, *t > *itege-, *tm > *imee, but *ka >
*kelbe-, *kelke-, *nt > *nete-).
3. Korean has a usual variation of *a and *:
a) *k > *jakai, *na > *, *kla > *kr(h), *ka > *kr, *nt > *nt,
*pa > *pnr, *pm > *pm, *sa > *sr, *tm > *tamrb) *na > *rm, *nt > *njth-, *sa > *s, *sila > *sr, *sla > *sr-, *ima
> *jmrNote that in some cases, despite the breaking of *i ( > a/), a trace of
it is left as -j- (jakai, njth-, jmr- etc.).
PTM *i - Jpn. *i
Here it would be natural to reconstruct PA *CiCi, but Turkic parallels
show that we are in fact dealing with two types of structures:
a) PTM *i - Jpn. *i - Turk. *i < PA *CiCi
b) PTM *i - Jpn. *i - Turk. *e < PA *CiCe.
Although PA *-e turns most initial vowels into PJ *, it evidently
behaved differently with PA *-i-, which was not assimilated (a special
development is also attested for PA *-u- before *-e, see below).
We shall start with the type *CiCe.
1. Turkic. As we said above, the normal reflex here is *e, cf. *ibe >
*ebir-, *b > *eb, *b > *ebin, *m > *em-, *k > *ke-, *nme > *jem-kek,
*pjke > *ejek, *ske > *sek, *tbe > *debe, *tge > *t-, *zke >
*jegl.
Closed *e normally appears before *r, *l (cf. a similar distribution in
types *CeCe, *CeCi) although in a few cases open *e occurs in this position as well, cf. *re > *r, *dile > *jlin, *ile > *l-t-, but *kile > *kel-, *tire

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107

> *deri. Closed * is also observed (for unknown reasons) in *die >
*j-, *pk > *ke-.
2. Mongolian, like Turkic, has for the most part *e here, but can also
retain *i:
a) *bre > *ber-, *re > *er, *dile > *dele, *dible > *dewel, *die > *dejil-,
*gibe > *gew-n, *gire > *gere, *b > *ede, *ipe > *ebl, *k > *(h)egde-,
*nk > *negsi, *ple > *helie, *pe > *beer, *ske > *seg, *tbe >
*teme-en, *tge > *terge-.
b) *me > *imge, *e > *iu-, *ile > *ilee-, *m > *(h)ima-gta, *re > *ire-,
*kile > *kilim, *krgV > *kire, *spe > *siber, *zke > *sigen-.
The distribution here is more or less usual for *e/i: *-i- before *a, *u
and *; *-e- before *e, *i and *. Just as in the type *CeCi, however, there
is a number of exceptional *-i- reflexes before the following -e-, -i(ilee-, ire-, siber-, sigen, kilim).
3. Korean, as in most rows of correspondences, can have a front reflex
(*i) or a back reflex (*):
a) *re > *iri-, *b > *p, *m > *ima-, *k > *ki-, *re > *ir-, *nk >
*nk-, *nme > *nm, *sle > *sr
b) *pe > *prm, *tire > *tr-.
PTM *i - PJ *i - PT *i
(reflecting PA *CiCi)
In this type, Mongolian normally also has *i, but a variation *i/*e before
the following -e- (i. e. behaves exactly like with the type *CiCa, see
above), cf. *t > *(h)ider, *bi > *(h)ilbee-sn, *mi > *sime, *ki >
*sie-, *tki > *ike, but *bli > *beelej, *pi > *(h)eg-le (?*(h)eeg-le-),
*psi(KV) > *heske-.
Korean has predominantly *i (*bili > *p-, *i > *r, *pi > *pr-,
*sid > *sd-, *sri > *sr, *st > *strp-, *tri > *tr-, *b > *p), but
also -- in *mi > *smi- - i.e. the same reflexes as in the type *CiCe.
PTM *i - PJ *u
This correspondence presupposes PA *CiCu. In the words of this type
other languages have the following reflexes:
1. Turkic may have back * or front *i:
a) *iju > *jk, *mu > *m-, *mu > *m-, *ru > *r, *s > *sr-, *u >
* (but also *), *r > *rm, *kju > *Kj-, *nk > *jk-, *pm > *m,
*pru > *r-, *sg > *sg-, *sk > *sk-, *sku > *sk, *s > *sok (but
also *sik), *siju > *s-rga, *imuV > *m-, *t[k] > *tk-

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INTRODUCTION

b) *u > *s, *iu > *i, *t > *it-, *ru > *r-, *kk > *Kik-, *kib >
*Kibente, *ip > *(j)ip-, *slg > *silk2. Mongolian normally has *i, but occasionally *e in front of the following -e- (as in the type *CiCa), cf. *ktu > *kiie-, *slg > *silgee-, *ssu
> *sisegej, but *u > *eleji- (but also *ili- and, quite exceptionally,
*ulaji-), *t > *ete-, *kk > *kege-, *kju > *kelbe- (but also *kilu-).
3. Korean, as usual, can have both front (*i) and back (*) variants:
a) *iju > *-n, *u > *r, *ktu > *ktr-, *kr > *krm, *nk > *nk-,
*pru > *pr-, *slg- > *sir-, *t[k] > *tk-, *p > *p-.
b) *mu > *mki (probably assimilation < mki), *ru > *rp-, *s >
*sr-, *ru > *r-, *s > *sin, *ssu > *ss-.
In a number of cases we observe the correspondence PTM *i : PJ *.
Turkic almost exclusively has a reflex * here, thus pointing to an original back second vowel, while Korean has variation between * and
*o/*u, and Mongolian has a uniform *i. It is natural to reconstruct here
PA *CiCo, cf.:
PA
*ik

PTM
*ike-

*dlo
*kso
*iro
*plo
*sjo

*dila
*kisa*iru*pile*siu-

PT
PM
*iire
*gt
(but also
*igit)
*jl
*il
*ks*kisa*irga
*hil*s*sj (<
*sij)

Kor
*kr

Jap
*tkusa

*tor
*ks-

*ts
*ks(n)k*mrk
*p*snp-

Cf. also *nbo > PM *niur, PT *j (instead of *jb with contraction),

PJ *nr-.
More frequently, however, Japanese appears to have a reflex *i in
the same row of correspondences, cf.:
PA
*o
*ko

PTM
*i
*iKi

PT
*d
*kanak

PM
*inee
*igta

*gijo
*g
*o
*kmo

*gia*gil*ii*kim-

*Kj
*K
*ra*Km-

*ia*kima-

Kor
Jap
**tnm*tri
*tikiri
(<*tri)
*ki
*ksra-(n)ki
*n-nak*km-

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PA
*kro
*nd
*pjo

PTM
*k[i]ren*inda*pia-

*sjp

*sip-

PT
PM
*Kr*kira*t (also *it)
*ijik
(probably a
sec-ondary
fronting <
*jk)
*sjpa*sibka-

*sm
*sg

*sim*sig-

*sm
*sgun

*iko

*ik-

*Tgra-

*ipo
*sp

*sibu-

*jpar

*similan
*see- ~
*sie*iirag
*iar
*sibr

Kor

*pu-

Jap
*kr*n
*p

*sp*smpr(with reduction)
*smi
*sika
*irk- (
~--)
*sp(h)

*tkr
*(d)impu*sp

It appears, therefore, that in Japanese, *i was more resistant to the

influence of second vowels than other vowels of the first syllable: it
tends to stay unchanged before the following *o and does not change to
* before the following *e (see above). It did, however, assimilate to the
following *a and *u (see above), yielding *a and *u respectively.
2.4.4. PA *o
Preliminary note.
The vowels *o and *u are generally hard to distinguish in Altaic because there is constant variation probably dialectal in origin between o and u in Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian and Korean. There are,
however, some general guidelines which still allow us to make this distinction in PA:
a) Korean * seems to correspond exclusively to PT *o or *, not to PT
*u or *.
b) Korean *, on the other hand, is predominantly found corresponding
to Turkic *u or *, not to *o or * (although there are some exceptions, see below).
Thus it seems reasonable to base the distinction between *o and *u
on Turkic and Korean indications, ignoring the constant o/u variation
in TM and Mongolian.

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PTM *o/*u - PJ *a
This correlation points to the PA type *CoCa in most cases when Turkic
has *o and Korean has *. TM and Mongolian here have a variation of
*o and *u, cf.:
1. TM:
a) *k > *ok-, *bk > *boka-, *bra > *bor-, *ka > *k(i)-,*ka > *kona-,
*ka > *k-, *kbni > *xoban, *la > *li-, *a > *r-a-, *a >
*(x)ou, *pga > *poga-, *tok > *dokta-, *pa > *pna-.
b) *kna(-kV) > *kuge, *kk > *kuKe-, *kba > *xulb-, *op(rV) >
*(x)upara-, *ta > *(x)utine, *sra > *sure, *tot > *tut[a]-, *ga >
*uguk.
2. Mongolian:
a) *k > *oki, *bd > *boda, *bk > *bogoni, *ka > *oki-,*ka > *ko-,
*kk > *koki-, *ka > *koku, *kbni > *ko-, *kba > *kolbu-, *la >
*nolig, *op(rV) > *(h)obur, *a > *ou-, *ta > *(h)oki-n, *pga >
*boo-, *sra > *sorib) *gr > *guri-, *kna(-kV) > *kunar, *oa > *(h)ulali, *p > *uw(u)-,
*tok > *duku.
PTM *o/*u - PJ *
This correlation points to the PA type *CoCe when there is an indication
of a front second vowel: front * or * in Mongolian, front * in Turkic
or * in Korean (by the way, this is the only case when Kor. * can reflect
PA *o; in all other cases * is indicative of PA *u, see above). On PTM
*o/u : PJ * reflecting PA *CoCo see below.
Let us look at the reflexes in more detail:
1. TM, as always, has variation between *o and *u here (although *u is
more frequent):
a) *bke > *bokan-, *bt > *bot-, *dne(kV) > *doka, *ke > *ko-, *ke >
*koa, *kte > *kota-, *ke > *oka, *t > *(x)ot-, *k > *oK-, *pk >
*poK-, *pre > *pora-n, *tke > *toal-, *boje > *bol-, *tome > *tom-ka-n.
b) *bd > *buduri-, *e > *ule, *me > *unu, *gre > *gur-, *gje > *g,
* > *(x)u-, *k > *kui-, *kk > *xuku-n, *kl > *kul-, *kp >
*kupe-, *kre > *kuri-, *krke > *kurke, *klke > *xulki-, *me > *mul-,
*mle > *mul-, *nle > *nul-, *je > *ujV-, *je > *uju-, *k > *(x)uk-t-,
*se > *us(a), *[k] > *uKu-, *t > *(x)ut-, *pole > *pule-, *pome >
*pum-te, *pre > *puri-, *pt > *put-, *ple > *pul-, *pt > *put, *soge
> *sug-, *soke > *suku-, *tk > *tuKa-la, *toerV > *tude, *te >
*turgun, *te > *turV, *ke > *uke, *e > *ua-, *boe > *bulu-, *dre
> *dr-, *pe > *pu-

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111

2. Turkic also has both a back reflex *o and a front reflex *:

a) *dne-kV > *jnak, *gd > *Kodur-, * > *o (but also *), *kl >
*Kolu, *ke > *Kour-, *e > *og, *se > *osa-, *pole > *o, *soge >
*sogl-, *op > *opur, *toerV > *To()gurak, *te > *t, *ke > *jk,
*e > *jj, *dre > *jor-, *boje > *bo, *tome > *Tomar.
After labials, sometimes a narrowed reflex *u is attested: *bke >
*buk-.
b) *one > *, *bg > *bg, *boe > *bk, *e > *d, *gre > *gr-, *gje
> *gj-, * > *, *k > *g-, *kk > *gk, *kk > *kk, *kl >
*Kl-, *kp > *gpe(ne), *kre > *Krt, *krke > *Krke, *ke > *Ksri,
*kte > *gt, *ge > *g-, *je > *j, *k > *kn-, *t > *t-, *[k] >
*g, *k > *k-, *re > *r-, *t > *t-, *pg > *g-, *pome >
*ml-drk, *pre > *rt, *ple > *l, *pre > *r-, *soke > *sk-, *tke >
*Tk, *te > *t, *tole > *dle-, *ke > *k.
After labials, sometimes a narrowed reflex * is found as well: *bd
> *bdi-, *mle > *bl-, *pk > *bgde, *pt > *t-, *pt > *t.
3. Mongolian can have any labialized vowel, although *u occurs relatively rarely.
a) *bg > *bogda, *gre > *gori, *kk > *kog-si-, *krke > *korgu, *ke >
*kosiu, *kte > *kota-gar, *je > *oji-mu- (but also *ji-), *[k] > *oki-n
(but also *ki-n), *pk > *hoktal-, *pre > *horaj, *op > *ob, *toerV >
*towrai, *te > *tortag
b) *gje > *gujir-, *kl > *kul-i-, *k > *(h)uki-la-, *pt > *hutua, *ke
> *ug (but also *g), *pe > *hunic) *one > *n-, *e > *dli, *me > *m, *dne-kV > *d(ge), * >
*ge, * > *e-, *k > *kske, *kk > *kkn, *kp > *kb- (but also
*kb-), *kre > *kr, *klke > *klge, *me > *mli-, *nle > *nl-, *oe >
*ge, *ke > *, *se > *s, *t > *i-, *k > *g-, *re > *r-, *t >
*te-, *pg > *(h)eg-si-, *pre > *(h)rde-, *soke > *sgd- (but also
*sog-suji-), *tk > *tgeg, *te > *tre, *kbe > *kbsid) *bd > *bdri-, *bke > *bg- (but also *bg-), *boe > *bli (but also
*ble), *bt > *bi, *gd > *gi-, *kl > *kli-, *ge > *gej, *je > *je,
*pole > *hne-s, *pome > *(h)n-Klig, *pt > *ht-, *soge- >
*sji-, *e > *ig, *dre > *drbe-, *tole > *dli-gen.
It seems that no direct correlation can be established between back
and front row reflexes in Turkic and Mongolian. In both subgroups the
front reflexes (* in Turkic, */* in Mongolian) are the most abundant,
which explains a relatively high proportion of Turk. * : Mong. */*
(23 cases against just 2 cases of Turk. *o : Mong. *o); but there are also
10 cases of Turk. *o : Mong. */* and 11 cases of Turk. * : Mong. *o/u which shows clearly that the distribution is random and the process of

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INTRODUCTION

fronting *CoCe > *CC- must have operated independently in Turkic

and Mongolian.
4. Korean, as said above, in the majority of cases has the reflex * here
(otherwise typical for PA *u, see below); but it can also have labialized *o and *u reflexes:
a) *bt > *pth-, *e > *r, *dne-kV > *t, *gre > *kr-, *gje > *ki-,
*kk > *kh-, *ke > *k-, *ke > *ksrk (a metathesis < *ksrk), *me
> *mr-, *mle > *mr-, *pome > *phm ( ~ *phum), *pre > *pr, *pt >
*pth-, *ple > *prh-, *te > *tr, *e > *h-, *boje > *pi-, *pe >
*pk.
b) *kk > *koki-, *kp > *kp- (but also *kp-), *ge > *i-rb-, *re > *r,
*pt > *pot, *tke > *tonkor-, *tome > *tm.
c) *krke > *kk, *kte > *kt, *nle > *nuri-, *k > *ukr, *soge > *si-.
PTM *o/u - PJ *u
This correlation may point to *CoCu (see below), but there is also a
rather large number of cases when Turkic and/or Mongolian have a
fronted reflex * here, pointing to a front second vowel. In such cases it
is natural to reconstruct PA *CoCi, assuming that the vowel *o in Japanese did not get assimilated to the following *i, but stayed labialized
(just like the vowel *u, see below).
The individual subgroups behave here as follows:
1. TM, as usual, has variation between *o and *u:
a) *bi > *bolgikta, *ki > *oK[i]-, *gl > *goli, *goli > *gola, *kjli >
*xolda-n (but also *xul-si), *mli > *mol-, *oki- > *ok-, *tg > *togar
b) *gk > *gugda, *k > *kui-pun, *kmpi > *kumpe(ke), *kti > *kutu-,
*kmi > *xumu-, *kp > *xup-, *kk > *kkta, *kli > *xule-, *mk >
*muxu-, *i(V) > *u-se, *pkV > *upVkte, *ti > *(x)utur-, * > *uri,
*pg(-rV) > *pugi-, *ptirkV > *putuk, *sog > *sugul-n, *kori > *xur,
*ni > *une, *sjk > *sujKu-, *ki > *xua-.
2. Turkic occasionally has *o (*kjli > *Kol, *oki > *ok-, *kori > *Korum);
but * in the vast majority of cases: *bi > *b, *brki > *brk, *ki >
*k-, *goli > *Kl-, *k > *kse-, *kmpi > *gml-drk, *kti > *gt-,
*kmi > *gm-, *kp > *kp, *kk > *kk, *kli > *kl, *mk > *bktel (
~--), *mli > *bl-, *i(V) > *, *pkV > *pke, *ti > *t-, *ni >
*n-, * > *, *i > * (/*), *pg(-rV) > *bgr, *sog > *sgl-,
*ni > *-ed-, *sjki > *sk-, *ki > *kjnek.
3. Mongolian, likewise, has both back and front reflexes, and the back
ones are also rather rare (only *ti > *oi-, *bi > *bujil- (but also
*bjil-), *sog > *suumaji, *ki > *kunija). In the vast majority of
cases Mongolian has *, somewhat less frequently - *:

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113

a) *ki > *k-, *gk > *ggde-, *gl > *glmi, *goli > *gle-, *k > *ksi-,
*kmpi > *kmrge, *kti > *kt-, *kjli > *kl, *kp > *kb-in, *kk >
*kgene, *mk > *mk-, *mli > *mli-, *i(V) > *gl-, *pkV >
*(h)e, *ni > *nd, * > *r, *i > *rg- (*erg-), *pg(-rV) >
*bere, *tg > *te, *sjk > *sgeeb) *brki > *brk-, *kli > *kjil-, *oki > *ge, *ptirkV > *bdrkei, *pki >
*(h)gn; *kori > *kr, *ni > *neIt is interesting to observe that *CoCi generally behaves in
Turko-Mongolian somewhat differently than *CoCe: back reflexes in the
former type are much less frequent. It is reasonable to suppose that the
fronting *CoCi > *CCi already occurred in common Turko-Mongolian,
while the process *CoCe > *CC- operated (as we mentioned above) already after the split of the protolanguage and did not occur in some
dialects.
4. Korean here has the standard labialized reflexes *o or *u; there are no
cases of *, and two cases of * (*kli > *krm and *mli > *mr-) can
be easily explained by secondary vowel assimilation.
a) *gk > *kki, *kp > *kp-, *oki > *oi-, *i > *r-, *kori > *kr.
b) *ki > *k-, *kjli > *ki-, *mk > *muk-, *ni > *un-tu, *pg(-rV) >
*pr (with a secondary dissimilative or contractive variant *pr),
*ki > *k.
As we said above, the correspondence PTM *o/u : PJ *u can also reflect
PA *CoCu. In this case both Turkic and Mongolian uniformly have back
vowels (Turkic *o, Mong. *o/u), while Korean reveals the reflex *
(typical also for *CoCa and *CoCo), as well as the standard back vowels
*o/u.
1. In TM we observe, as usual, both *o and *u:
a) *dru > *dora(n), *goblu > *gola, *kobu > *kobi, *koru > *koru, *olu > *ola-,
*du > *oda, *ru > *or-, *lu > *-, *pmu > *pom-, *sm > *soma,
*snu > *soka, *tku > *tokta-, *tk > *toxan, *tlu > *tol-, *tm >
*tomka-, *topu > *top(V)g-, *mu > *omga
b) *bgdu > *bugdi, *bku > *bukse, *dru > *duru-, *kru > *kuri, *moju >
*muja-, *mlu > *mulu, *ju > *uji- ( = *i-), *r > *(x)ur-, *pru
> *pur-, *pju > *puj(u)-, *p[k]u > *puk- (but also *pok-), *sog >
*suge-le-, *snu > *suna, *tu > *duri, *tbru > *turku-, *tp > *tup-,
*toru > *turi-kta, *tolu > *tule-, *koru > *xurum-, *tgsu > *tuksa2. Mongolian also has back *o or *u:
a) *dru > *doru, *goblu > *gowl, *kb > *kou-su, *koru > *korbu, *koru >
*koru-, *nu > *nou-, *mu > *(h)omu, *omuV > *omur-, *ru > *ori(but also *uri-), *r > *oro-, *lu > *ol-, *pru > *borua, *pmu >

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*homba-, *sog > *soogu-, *tolu > *dolgi-, *tbru > *towr, *tgsu >
*togsi-, *tk > *togsi-, *tlu > *tolugai, *tm > *tomu-, *topu > *tojig
(but also *tuwkai), *tp > *tob-.
b) *bgdu > *budu-, *dru > *dura-, *gd > *gudu-, *olu > *(h)ul-, *sm >
*sumu, *snu > *sun-du-, *tu > *duru-sun.
3. Korean has *, *o or (less frequently) *u:
a) *kru > *kri, *moju > *min, *mlu > *mr, *ju > *n-, *p[k]>
*pk- ( ~-a-), *sm > *smi, *tbru > *trh, *tlu > *tikr, *toru >
*tri, *tolu > *tr(b)-.
b) *goblu > *kr, *kb > *k-r-, *koru > *kri, *koru > *krh-, *kmu >
*km, *mu > *mni, *du > *r, *lu > *-, *pru > *pora, *tolu >
*tr.
c) *pju > *pthj, *tu > *turi.
PTM *o/u - PJ *

This type evidently reflects PA *CoCo.

TM here has the usual split into *o and *u:
a) *kmpo > *komba-, *mjno > *moa-n, *mno > *moni-, *mro > * *mr-,
*pokto(rV) > *pokta, *mo > *om-, *loko > *loxa, *t(rV) > *utu-.
b) *kk > *kuk-pun, *sko > *suK-, *slo > *sula-, *tro(-kV) > *turk.
A similar split is, as usual, observed in Mongolian:
a) *bjo > *bolgu-a-, *borso-kV > *borki, *kk > *kokir, *kmpo > *kombo-,
*pokto(-rV) > *hogtorgui, *sko > *sogug, *mo > *omub) *mjno > *mundaa, *mno > *mun-, *slo > *sula-, *tro(-kV) >
*turagu.
Other languages have quite uniform reflexes: *o in Turkic, * in Korean.
2.4.5. PA *u
PTM *o/u - PJ *a
The correspondence is quite similar to PTM *o/u : PJ *a < PA *CoCa, see
above. However, we reconstruct *CuCa in cases when Turkic has the
reflex *u, not *o:
PA
*bg
*bk
*ba

PTM
*bugar
*boKi*bolga-

PT
*bg
*bukagu
*b-

PM
*baa-gi*bugu*bala-

PJ
*bk*bk
*bsr-

PK

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PA
*ra
*kra(mV)
*kumba(ka)
*k
*kt
*ka
*ma

PTM
*ur*kor*kmba

*mra
*ma(kV)
*psa
*g
*ta

*murV*m(i)ka
*puse
*ug-

*kuturi
*xolda*mun-di-

PT
*dur*Kur*Kumgan
*Kuak
*Kut
*Ku
*buur-

PM

PJ

*kor*kombuga
*kujag
*kutug
*kolta*mana-

*bura*bugak
*us
*ugut
*ut-

*murui
*manaka
*hasau*(h)aag
*uira-

PK
*r

*tt*ktma
*km
*km
*kntu
*ks
*mmur- *m-,
*mr
*mr
*muri
*pns
*k
*t-

(*ps-)

It is important to notice that both Mongolian and Korean seem to

have some *-a-reflexes here (which they do not show in the *CoCa type,
see above). This allows us to classify several other cases as reflecting
PA *CuCa, even though Turkic may have *-o- there (this is usually in
the vicinity of labials, where *o and *u are extensively confused in
Turkic as well):
PA
*buda
*upa
*gua
*kja
*kuja
*kukata
*kma
*guna
*kla
*kapV
*kusa
*la
*mgd
*mula
*mna
*mga
*uga
*pka

PTM
PT
*boda*bodu*ub-r*ubar
*goi*kujuk
*kuju-kta
*koKalta
*kumu-n *Komu
*gun*Kun*xol-sa
*kolopo-kta
*xusikta
*lo-sa
*mugd
*bodun
*mul*bulan
*mu*bunar
*mgdi
*uak *jugak
*pukn
*bokak

PM

PJ

PK
*pt

*abidar
*gasi-un
*kajil*kagda

*kaja
*kakat

*kj
*kim
*kmnk

*gani*kalimu
*kusi
*nagaj
*mui
*maral
*ma*maj*bakawu

*kra*ksp
*kasi
*n-i
*mt

*krp
*kasi
*nr
*mt(h)
*mah

*mk
*n

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PA
*psa
*suda
*tua
*tja
*nra

INTRODUCTION

PTM
*pski
*doota
*tuju*nora-

PT
*sud*do
*toj

PM
*busu*sadara*daara*tau*norum

PJ
*ps

PK
*psk

*nrmp- *nar-

In many cases, however, the type *CuCa is very difficult to distinguish from *CoCa, basically because the TM and Jpn. evidence is the
same for both types.
PTM *o/u : PJ *ua
This is a very specific type of correspondence and the only one where
PJ reveals a diphthong (in numerous other cases the PJ diphthongs *ua,
*ia, *ai go back to contractions after the disappearance of some intervocalic consonant). It must be said that Turkic regularly has * here,
while Mongolian, too, may have * or *, and Korean *: this all points
to an original front vowel in the second syllable. Therefore we may
choose here between reconstructing PA *CuCe or *CuCi. However,
*CuCi must be reconstructed for the type PTM *u : PJ *u (with front reflexes in Turkic and Mongolian, see below), since the Japanese reflex
there is quite parallel to that of *CoCi (see above). Therefore it is most
probable that we are dealing here with a specific Japanese development
of *CuCe (probably through *CuCe). Details of the development of PA
*CuCe:
1. TM, as usual, has variation of *o and *u, although *u is encountered
more frequently:
a) *dle > *dolba; *kupe > *kopu-, *luke > *loka-, *mue > *mola, *mk >
*mk-, *puse > *pos-, *pske > *poske-, *pg > *pg-, *jbe > *oba-,
*kure > *kora-, *uge > *oksari, *te > *dl
b) *bt > *butu-; *be > *bni-; *gje > *guej; *kb > *kub-, *kk >
*kuKu-; *kmle > *ku(l)maka; *ke > *ku-kta; *ke > *ku-; *kude >
*xuda, *lge > *luksi, *mb > *mub(up)-, *me > *mui-kta, *mk >
*muK-, *nk > *nuK-, *nure > *nur-, *je > *jelse, *re > *ri, *pe
> *pu-, *pne > *pune-, *puje > *puju-, *pujme > *pume-, *pe >
*pue-, *pk > *puk(u)-, *suke > *suK-, *sme > *sumu-, *tb >
*tuba, *tge > *tuge-, *tule(kV) > *tulge, *e > *u-, *k > *(x)uKu-,
*pe > *ulgu-k, *ute > *(x)unda-, *ue > *u-, *uk > *(x)uKu-, *te
> *tuke, *ne > *(x)u(ia)-.
2. Turkic usually has *, but occasionally also *:

CHAPTER TWO

117

a) *bt > *bt-, *gje > *gel, *gure > *Kr, *kb > *gb-, *kude >
*gde-, *kmle > *Klm, *ke > *ge (but also *gua), *kune >
*gni, *kude > *kdg, *lge > *jgen, *luke > *jkn-, *mne > *bn,
*mue > *b, *pre > *br, *pne > *bn, *puje > *jk, *suke >
*sksk, *sme > *sm-, *tge > *tge-, *te > *t-, *tule(kV) > *tlki,
*e > *n, *pe > *, *ue > *-, *ne > *n, *kure > *Kre-, *uge
> *gi
b) *be > *bre-, *ke > *gj-il, *ke > *k-, *je > *jek, *re > *r
( ~ *r), *puse > *bs-, *puk > * (but also *o), *uk > *kte.
Back *u is attested only in one case: *jbe > PT *jub-ka.
3. Mongolian can have any labialized vowel, just as in the type *CoCe:
a) *bjre > *buruu, *gure > *guril, *kude > *kuda, *kude > *kuda-ldu, *luke >
*nugu-, *mk > *muku-, *mne > *mun-du-, *pne > *hunu-, *puje >
*hujil-, *pg > *(h)ug- (but also *(h)g-), *suke > *sukaj, *sume >
*sumun, *tge > *tuji-, *e > *uir, *k > *(h)ukaa, *ne > *u-si-,
*kure > *kur(u)-, *uge > *uuli, *ubre > *(h)uwr, *te > *dul
b) *bt > *bodu(a), *tjp > *dobu (but also *dbe), *gje > *goju, *lge >
*logtu, *pre > *bor-, *pk > *(h)ogu-, *sre > *sori-, *tb > *tojigun,
*pe > *olbo, *ute > *(h)ona-, *ue > *ogi, *jbe > *oba-, *te >
*touna, *re > *orai
c) *be > *bsi-, *dle > *dli-, *mb > *mjide, *pe > *hnir, *pe >
*h-s, *uk > *(h)ki
d) *kb > *kw- (but also *kw-), *kupe > *kb-, *me > *mir, *mk >
*mk-, *nk > *ngi-, *nure > *nr-, *je > *e-, *je > *jekeji,
*pnte > *htn, *pske > *(h)skil-, *sme > *sm-s.
4. Korean can have here *o (pointing to an original labialized vowel),
but *a/* reflexes are also rather frequent, which links together the
Korean and Japanese (see below) reflexes of *CuCe. It is worth noting that *-u- is very rare (but cf. *jbe > *ubr-).
a) *bjre > *i-, *gje > *k-, *kk > *kk, *mk > *moka-, *pne >
*pm-nor-, *ubre > *rh-, *ue > *-t- (but also *-t-).
b) *ke > *kn-ti, *kupe > *kpi-, *nure > *nrh-, *pnte > *pnt,
*suke > *sak-, *sme > *sm, *tb > *tbk, *e > *h.
c) *ke > *ki, *pk > *pkr-, *pg > *ph-, *ute > *ti, *jbe
> *jbi-, *mb > *mbi- (but also *mbi-), *sre > *sr-.
5. Japanese normally has *-ua-, but *-a- after labials:
a) *dle > *du, *gje > *ku-p-, *gure > *kua, *kb > *kump-, *kk >
*kuaku-mi, *kmle > *kuma, *kune > *kuanami, *luke > *nuaki ( ~ --),
*nk > *nunk-, *nure > *nuarua- ( ~ --), *sme > *sua, *sume >
*suama, *sre > *suarasi, *tb > *tump ( ~ --), *tule(kV) > *tuara,
*jbe > *duw-, *kre > *ku, *te > *ta;

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INTRODUCTION

b) *bjre > *br-, *bt > *ptki, *be > *bamia-, *mb > *mp-r(n)ka-,
*me > *mt, *mk > *mk-, *mne > *mnt-, *mue > *masu-,
*mk > *mnkra, *pe > *pn, *pure > *p, *puse > *pansa-, *pne
> *pana-, *pe > *pni, *pk > *pnk-, *pske > *pnsk-, *pg >
*pnk-.
A special situation ariseis when the first consonant is absent or
dropped in PJ. In such a case early PJ must have had a regular reflex
*uaC- > OJ uoC-; but since the diphthong -uo- in OJ can only occur after
consonants, it is regularly replaced by wo-. In fact we are not able to
distinguish PJ *bC- < PA *bVCV from PJ *uaC- < PA *uCe:
*je > PJ *b ~ *u (OJ wo), *re > PJ *bt ~ *uat (OJ woto-), *k > PJ
*bk ~ *uk (OJ woka), *pe > PJ *bs ~ *uasua (OJ woso), *ubre > PJ
*btu ~ *uatu (OJ wotu), *uk > PJ *bk ~ *uak (OJ woko).
Note that in several cases OJ has variation wo- / u- here (woso ~ uso,
wotu ~ utu, woko ~ uko).
PTM *u : PJ *u
This correspondence points to PA *CuCi in cases when Turkic and/or
Mongolian have front reflexes, indicating a front second vowel.
Details of *CuCi reflexation:
1. TM has the usual split into *o and *u, although *u is a more frequent
reflex:
a) *gurgi > *gorgakta, *gri > *gora, *gri > *gori-, *kuri > *kori, *kli > *xol-,
*puki > *pogV, *sjli > *sol-gi, *tldi > *dld-, *tti > *dodo-ka(n),
*tmi > *tma, *znti > *sn-dab) *bli > *bul-, *uli > *ulbi-, *di > *dur-, *dli > *dulbu-, *gui > *gusi,
*gi > *gur-, *gl > *gle, *gldi > *gulde-, *ki > *ku, *kuti >
*kuta, *ki > *kus-, *kd > *xudek, *kuli > *xul-, *mji > *mui,
*msi > *musun, *mt > *mute-, *pri > *pur-, *pji > *p-, *pdi >
*pude-, *pli > *pule-, *pi > *pule-, *pki > *puku, *sri > *suru-,
*tg > *dug-, *t > *du-, *turi > *duru-n, *tpi > *tupi-, *tuti >
*tute-, *ti > *tul-, *ui > *ul-, *zli > *suli-, *ugi > *ug-.
2. Mongolian has either * or * (but normally no back reflexes):
a) *bli > *bli-, *dli > *dlei, *gurgi > *gree, *gri > *gr, *gldi >
*gldi-, *kuri > *krijen, *ki > *ki-n, *kli > *kjilen, *pri > *hre,
*pri > *(h)re-, *pki > *hg-, *tg > *tgsi-, *tumi > *dgr,
*turi > *dri, *tji > *tjit-, *ui > *(h)lte-, *i > *r, *zli >
*slbe-,*znti > *snde-s, *pdi > *hdeb) *uli > *l-, *di > *dr, *gi > *gr-, *gri > *gr-, *ki > *kw,
*kd > *kd-s, *mji > *mer-s, *msi > *ms(n), *mti > *mi-,
*nuli > *nle, *pji > *(h)jee, *puki > *(h)geg, *pli > *(h)lmej,

CHAPTER TWO

119

.*sjli > *sl, *tri > *drseji-, *tuk > *tgs-, *ti > *tlb, *tmi >
*tm-sn, *i > *ri, *ugi > *e3. Turkic may have a back *u or a front *:
a) *bli > *bulga-, *gurgi > *Kurgak, *kuri > *Kur-, *kli > *Kula, *mji >
*buju (but also *bj), *msi > *bus, *nuli > *jul-, *pri > *urug,
*pji > *uj-, *pdi > *ud-, *pri > *ur-, *sjli > *suli (but also *sli),
*tji > Tujug, *ti > *d, *tmi > *tum-gu-, *ui > *ua-, *i > *,
*znti > *junt
b) *uli > *lik-, *di > *j-, *dli > *jl-, *gri > *gr, *gi > *g-, *gri
> *Kr, *gl > *gl, *gldi > *gl-, *ki > *g, *kuti > *Kte(re), *ki
> *g, *kd > *kdi > (with assimilation) *kidi, *pi > *-, *pki
> *k-, *sri > *sr-, *mti > *bt-, *tg > *dg-, *tumi > *dm-, *t >
*dr, *turi > *dr, *tdi > *d-n-, *tri > *dr-, *tti > *dtk, *tuk
> *tke-, *tpi > *tbkr-, *tti > *tt-, *tut > *Tt-, *i > *-, *zli
> *jl-, *ugi > *j-.
4. Korean may have *o/*u or *:
a) *dli > *tor (but also *tur-), *ki > *kk, *mti > *mt()-, *pri >
*pr, *ui > *ori-.
b) *uli > *r-, *gri > *krk-, *nuli > *nr-, .*sjli > *si, *tuti > *ttr-,
*i > *uuk.
c) *gi > *kr-, *gri > *kr-, *mji > *mim, *pli > *prhi, *pi >
*phr-, *sri > *sr-,*tdi > *td-, *tti > *tt-, *ugi > *- (probably <
*j- < *g-).
PTM *o/u : PJ *
This correlation points to PA *CuCo when Turkic and Mongolian have
back vowels (PT *u, PM *u/o); Korean in these cases also has *o/u or *.
1. TM:
a) *plo > *polo-kta, *klo > *xol- (but also *xul-), *mro > *m, *pto >
*pota, *j > *oji-.
b) *bo > *bul-, *gno > *gn-, *kro(mV) > *kurumV, *kul(g)o > *xulgu-,
*luko > *luke-, *pgo > *pg-, *plo > *pul-, *o > *(x)ua-, *so > *us-.
2. Mongolian:
a) *plo > *boli-, *kro(mV) > *kormaj, *klo > *kolkida-, *luko > *nogtu-,
*mro > *mo-du.
b) *gno > *guni-, *kp > *kuur, *kul(g)o > *kulu-su, *pto > *buta,
*pg > *bug, *plo > *hurul, *lo > *uli-.
3. Korean:
a) *kro(mV) > *korm, *kul(g)o > *kr, *mro > *mr, *plo > *pr-, *so >
*s.
b) *klo > *kbr- (?), *lo > *r-.

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INTRODUCTION

c) *bo > *pr-, *gno > *knr-, *luko > *nktai.

PTM *u/o : PJ *u
This correlation may point, as we noticed above, to PA *CoCi, *CoCu
and *CuCi. However, in cases where PT has a back *u (corresponding
to PTM *u/o and PJ *u) it seems possible to reconstruct PA *CuCu.
Other languages have the usual labialized reflexes here (*o/u in TM,
*o/u in Mongolian, *o/u in Korean):
1. TM:
a) *kuu > *koikta, *mnu > *mo-nV-, *sku > *soka-, *k > *oKa-, *ku >
*(x)oksa-, *mu > *omu- (but also *umu-);
b) *gt > *gutu-, *kmu > *kum-, *kg > *kku, *luu > *luur, *nu >
*nuari, *ju > *u(j)a, *puu > *pusi(-kV), *tuju > *duja, *tjk >
*duK-, *tmu > *tumu-, *uukV > *ulk, *zru > *suru.
2. Mongolian:
a) *nu > *nowur-, *ju > *nojir, *tjk > *doki-, *tmu > *tom-;
b) *g > *ug-, *gt > *gutu-, *kmu > *kumi-, *kuu > *kusiga, *mnu >
*mun-, *sku > *sugu-, *tuju > *duul-, *uju > *uj, *k > *ugtu-, *ku >
*uka-, *uukV > *ulig, *mu > *(h)umaj.
3. Korean
a) *g > *k, *kg > *khi, *sku > *sok-kori;
b) *k > *hi-, *mu > *m.
In a couple of cases (usually in the vicinity of labials) Kor. has an
unexpected reflex -a-/-- here, possibly due to dissimilation: *kmu >
*km-, *puu > *pm, *tjk > *tjk-.
Since PA *CuCu and *CuCo are kept distinct only in Japanese (and in
a few cases where Korean has *CC- < *CuCo), it is generally difficult to
distinguish those two types of root structure from each other.
2.4.6 Diphthongs
Among subgroups of Altaic, diphthongs are present in Turkic (only
*ia), Tungus-Manchu (*ia and *iu; the latter is usually noted as * in the
reconstruction of Benzing and Tsintsius which we follow, but was
probably phonetically rather something like *u), Korean (-ja-, -j-, -ju-)
and Japanese (*ua, *ia, *ai, *ui, *i). All Japanese diphthongs usually
originate from various contractions after the loss of intervocalic consonants (see above); the only exception is *ua which can go back to PA *u
in the context *CuCe. Korean diphthongs are generally unstable and
may also reflect various contractions, but in some cases do represent
original diphthongs (see below). We shall see, however, that most

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CHAPTER TWO

original diphthongs can also be represented by Korean monophthongs,

due to the general instability of Korean vocalism.
The reliable sources for reconstructing the PA system of diphthongs
are thus Turkic and Tungus-Manchu.
We find the following rows of correspondences involving diphthongs in PT and PTM:
2.4.6.1. PTM *ia : PT *ia
PA
*ba
*gla
*k
*nti
*kampa
*kta
*kdi
*kr
*kpa
*mali(kV)
*pk
*sjri
*ska
*taka
*ts

PTM
*bial*giala*iaKu
*iandaku
*kiam/pa
*kiata
*kiade-le*(x)iar-n
*xiap*mia(l)*piaKa
*siar*siaK*tiaku
*tias-

PT
*bi
*Kil*iak*(i)anduk
*K(i)am/pak
*K(i)atr*K(i)ad*K(i)ar
*K(i)pan
*b(i)alk*iagr
*siarg
*sik*tiakgu
*t(i)as

PM
*bilau
*gal-

Kor.

Jpn.
*bns-pp
*kra*k-i

*j
*km
*kadara
*kai
*kjd*kari
*kab*mel*mrk*sira
*seke*takija
*tasu

*km(p)*kt*kr

*pnki*hi*sru(*ski-) *sk*ts-

In some cases Turkic may have *e as an old (dialectal?) variant of

*ia:
PA
*mati
*
*plb
*sgi
*ssa

PTM
*miata
*(i)ari
*pialak
*siakta
*siasi-n

PT
*bt
*jene
*jelbe
*segt
*ses

PM
*met
*er-me-

Kor.

Jpn.

*nr-n-

*mt
*pmpr

*sier
*ss

To these examples we may add a number of others where Turkic

has initial *ja-, because the sequences *ja- and *jia- are not distinguished
there:
PA
*dari

PTM
PT
*(i)arami *jar-

PM
*irke

Kor.
*trm

Jpn.
*(d)tti

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INTRODUCTION

PA
PTM
*gi
*iag-akta
*pni *piani*nla *nial*naa *iani*ama *niama
*ni
*(i)ali*mi *iam*plki *pialki*pki *piakV
*zni *sian*jn *ian*aka *iaka

PT
*jg
*jn*jAl-k*ja*jAma
*j
*jam
*jAlk*jAak
*jak
*jan*jaka

PM
*ek
*nia*naliur

Kor.

Jpn.
*pntk-

*nr
*nama*mama

*nam
*nilau
*im

*nr
*pnki

*pkr*pnkri

*i

*dn

*(h)enike
*sinaa
*aki-

We can see the following regularities here:

1. Japanese can have here only *a or *i, which would point to a distinction of two types: *CiaCa and *CiaCi.
2. In cases when Jpn. has *a, Mongolian usually has *a (*gal-, *kadara,
*kari, *malu, *tasu-, *nam; exceptions are only *bilau and *seke-),
whereas in cases when Jpn. has *i, Mongolian only has *e/*i (*sira,
*irke, *nia-, *(h)enike)
3. Korean frequently has * here (but also a number of *a/ cases, with a
distribution not yet clear).
There is a special group of cases where all the correspondences are
basically the same, but TM has *i instead of the expected *ia:
PA
*kda
*si
*
*zbsa
*kli
*zlVbi

PTM
*xidar
*siru*ilki
*sibsV
*xil
*silba-

PT
*sia

PM

*sirau
*silbi
*jasmuk *sisi
*Kele- *kele*jlbi- *silbe-

Kor.
*krb*hrk
*srh
*kr*sjrb-

Jpn.
*kj*situ
*ss
*sasa(n)kai
*sr(m)p-

It can be easily seen that all these cases involve words with initial
fricatives and short vowels, as opposed to cases with all other initial
consonants or with fricatives and long vowels. We may therefore safely
postulate a rule according to which the short diphthong *-ia- changed
to *-i- in PTM after fricative consonants.
Thus, the correspondence rules for PA *CiaCa and *CiaCi are:

123

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*ia-a
*ia-i

PTM
*ia/*S
*ia/*S

PT
*ia(/ja-)/e
*ia(/ja-)/e

PM
*a(/e)
*e/i

Kor.
*/*A
*/*A

Jpn.
*a
*i

But these are not all correspondences involving diphthongs. We

also find a number of cases where Turkic has the same as above, viz. *ia
or, sometimes, *e, corresponding to PJ *. In these cases TM has not *ia,
but usually *i, while Mong. has a variation of i/e and a, and Korean, a
variation of *i and *a/* (sometimes *j). Here we reconstruct PA
*CaCe:
PA
PTM
*ke *iK*r(KV) *irki
*kke *(x)iga*nke *nikimna
*nme *nim(b)a
*me *im*ne *ni*e
*iru*rke *nirku*pt *pita*pte *pit(a)
*pge *pigi-n
*tre
*ir*zre
*sir*ape *ipu-

PT
*ik*Erin
*K(i)ak
*jaka
*jAm
*jem-r*jAl
*j*jarkak
*b(i)at
*bit
*jag*d(i)r
*jara
*jptak

PM
*ag
*eriw*kagda*nigur-su
*namaa
*ime
*nil
*iru*irge*hataa
*bat*(h)aa-

Kor.
*k

*nmr
*namra

Jpn.
*tk
*t(n)kapi

*mm*nnsr-

*nrk*m(n)k*ptp*patk
*p
*tjr-

*sirka
*ajida

*sr-

A quite complicated problem is involved in reconstructing PA sequences *CaCo and *CaCu. There is a significant number of cases
where Turkic has a *-ia-diphthong, Japanese shows *a, Korean, * or
*o/u and Mongolian, *e/i. The correspondence is therefore quite similar
to *CaCo (see above), and it seems plausible to reconstruct here *CaCo.
PTM, however, quite unexpectedly has here a labialized vowel (*o/u):
PA
*km
*kjo
*kro
*ko
*kno
*mk

PTM
*kum*koja
*kori
*xusu*xu-kta
*muxa-

PT
*Kiam
*K(i)ajr
*K(i)arga
*K(i)aa
*Kin
*b(i)ak

PM
*keme*kej
*kerije
*kiir
*mekeji-

Kor.

*kr*ki

Jpn.
*km*ki*kara-su
*kasunkapi
*manka

124

PA
*mko
*po
*sbo
*salo(-kV)
*z[k]
*trko
*tlo

INTRODUCTION

PTM
*moKo(lV)*p*sba
*solki
*suka*turki
*tli

PT
*b(i)ka
*i-g
*sialk

*T(i)alk-

PM
*meke-lej

Kor.
*mkr
(*p-)

*sel
*sile-s (*sra-)
*segle*suk*terge
*trk
*telej
*tr-

Jpn.

*swa
*snka*tra-

As for *CaCu, we would (by analogy with other vocalic developments) expect here PT *ia and PJ *u. Such a correspondence, however,
is completely absent. Instead we find a number of cases where the reflexes are quite similar to PA *CaCu (*a in Turkic, *a or *o/u in Mongolian, *u in Japanese, *o/u in Korean), but TM has a labialized reflex *o/u,
just like in the case with *CaCo. Turkic additionally can have here *e,
and Korean - (j). We tentatively reconstruct the type *CaCu for this
correspondence, although none of the languages (except perhaps Korean in a few cases) has preserved a diphthong here. In TM, the type
*CaCu must have early coincided with *CaCo and lost the diphthong
because of vowel labialization; in Turkic, the words of the type *CaCu
must have early undergone an assimilative change > *CCu > *CCand gave the same reflex as *CoCe (see below).
Here are examples of the hypothetic *CaCu type:
PA
*tu
*glu
*gu
*mu
*apu
*aru
*k
*kj
*km
*kaurV
*ktu
*kru
*kbu
*mk
*malu
*nu

PTM
*ut
*gulukun
*goldi
*umu*upa
*ora*kui-n
*kuje
*kuma
*kuur*kota
*kor-pi*x(be)
*muKa
*molori
*ui

PT
*dt
*Kal
*K(i)*(i)am
*(i)apl
*(i)arkun
*Kir
*K(i)aj
*Kma
*Kjr
*gt
*grge*K(i)ab
*bAkan
*b(i)ala*(i)a

PM
*dadu*goli*(h)uma*ouli
*(h)ori
*kair
*kuj
*kuir
*godoli
*kara
*kaul*majila*nuntug

Kor.

*krhi
*mk

Jpn.

*kusir
*m-

*r*kr*km

*kari*kj[b]*mk
*nn

*kt
*kjr*km

*mk*murua
(*na)

125

CHAPTER TWO

PA
PTM
*ku
*Ke
*pru
*por*mu
*m*bu
*oba*k
*oKa*tru
*tur*tku
*tk
*zsu
*suse
*aru(kV) *ugde-n
*sp
*sup-

PT
*eker
*ar*s(i)amar
*seb-re*s(i)k*trk*teke
*js
*jrk
*sep-

PM
*nokaj
*hor*sumal
*saa*sokar
*tarki*togij
*(h)us-

Kor.
*nkori
*prk
*sjm
*sjkj

*ssk*dunturi

*saw-ga

Jpn.

*smp*sk-

*ss*smpa-

2.4.6.2 PA *o
Above we have considered a number of forms which point to PA
*CaCo. There is, however, also a very similar row of correspondences
where Mongolian has a back reflex *a or *o/u. Here we tentatively reconstruct PA *CoCa, since Jpn. *a may reflect both PA *-o and *-a. But
since Mongolian vocalism is not the most stable and indicative one, we
cannot exclude that the reconstructions *CoCa and *CaCo should be
reversed. The relevant cases are:
PA
*bga
*bla
*bl
*bs
*gra
*komga
*kosa
*koa
*ka
*ka
*ka
*lga
*pka
*soga
*sga
*a
*zoa

PTM
*buga
*bule
*boloka
*bosoga
*gurbi
*kumga
*kosi*kola
*xoa*(x)or*xoa-n
*og*puka
*sug*sogda*uu
*sul-n

PT
*b(i)aldak
*bl-gn
*basg
*K(i)arg
*K(i)amgak
*Kas
*K(i)aa
*K(i)a*Kalgan
*K(i)aj*jg
*bakr
*s(i)agun
*sagr
*si
*j()-

PM
Kor.
*bau*p
*bol-/*bul*bal*puro

*kamkak
*kasi*kula-gai
*ka[m]ar
*karg*kaiwu
*nogoan
*(h)agi
*saali
*sajir
*as
*sologa

Jpn.
*b
*br(m)p
*bsi
*kntr

*kasum*kh
*kaN-k*ktr
*k*kajr*n-n*n
(*ph)
*pku*hoar
*sa
(*hr) *s*sr-

*sas-

126

INTRODUCTION

We can also see here another important distinction: although Turkic

has one *-ia- case here (*si), it is in the vicinity of the palatal *, and
the normal reflex appears to be non-diphthongized *a (or *), cf. *blgn,
*basg, *Kalgan, *jg, *bakr, *sagr, *j()-, *Kas-.
There is also a quite similar row of correspondences where Japanese
displays not *a, but *i, and Mongolian also has a front reflex *e/i (but
sometimes also labialized *). Here it seems plausible to reconstruct the
PA sequence *CoCi:
PA
*tikV
*ki
*ki
*mji
*mri
*mti
*pr
*sti
*sm
*smi
*bi
*ti

PTM
*kta
*(x)u*luktu*mun-

*purki*soti
*sumu
*sm*oba*ola

PT

PM

*K(i)a

Kor.
*ti
*ki

*igutu*b(i)al
*bar*mr*mi
*r-t
*hr-ne
*sido
*simarga
*sima*di

*ilau

*mi-b*mr*mti
(*st(h))

*trh

Jpn.
*t(n)ku
*km
*nnk*mn-r*mt
*pntr
*st
*sm
*smr*sw
*(d)s

The only reliable case of a diphthong in PT here is *di stone, i. e.

again in a position before the palatal *.
A third similar row of correspondences where we reconstruct
*CoCe, differs from the preceding one in that Japanese here has either
* or a narrowed reflex *u. Korean may have a labialized *o/u or a
diphthong *j (/*(j)a), sometimes monophthongized to *i:
PA
PTM
*bt
*obe
*uba*op *up-/*op*gpe
*oe
*ul*pe
*upsi
*kt
*kotoran*kbe
*xub(u)te
*kpe *xupu*ke
*xue
*ktekV *xkte

PT
*bt

PM
*bte-

Kor.

Jpn.

*pt
*tw
*ap-ak *erm *(j)apa- *tp
*Kp- *gb-/*gb- *kpm- *kp(u)i
*(i)a
*l
*ibee(*p-s-) *p*Kat*kete
*kti
*K(i)ab *kbd
*kua
*Kp*kmp*Kas
*kisu*ks-/*ks*Ktku *kedgene *kitk

127

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*l
*moje
*mde
*mre
*ne
*le
*plge
*sje
*se
*sp
*srme
*e
*tle
*ke
*k
*

PTM
PT
PM
*lo*nene
*muj*mejee*mundu-kn *b(i)a- *mndele
*mur*mereji*no*ja
*nige(n)
*ule*(i)l
*le
*pulga*lk*(h)ergl
*s*s(j)- *si*sulu
*si*sila*supti*s(i)ap*sumu*sirm*oa*s(i)a
*(l)
*d(i)lak *delin
*uku*jk
*g
*uke
*ike-n
*i*ja
*e-

Kor.

Jpn.
*nm

*mi*mm*mtm*njn(k) *nmi
*nr- *mr*p(n)k*hji*hr*ssr*sp*hm
*h
*tira
*(d)-i ( ~-u-,-i-)
*dk
*dk
*()- *dmi

In a rather large number of cases Turkic may also have a front reflex
*e in the same row of correspondences:
PA
PTM
*oke
*uku-n
*ke *Ka
*de
*(x)odinsa
*re
*ur
*krtme *kutumi*kome *xum-n
*mle
*mula*g
*g*oe
*u-de*pole
*pul-sa
*sobe
*subgu
*sge
*sogi*sore *soro-ptun
*tolge *tolga
*tp *tubu*tr(g)e *turga*tre
*tr-

PT
*dEgi
*ekin
*ed*r-kek
*gErtme
*kEmk
*blek
*jEgin
*jE
*Eldiri
*seb*s[e]gl
*sEir
*TElgen
*tep*Terki
*ter

PM

*(h)idee*(h)ree
*kedemen
*kemi
*mele*ee
*i-de*helde*seb
*sel
*seer
*telegen
*tee*terki*trije-

Kor.
Jpn.
*i
*soksi *tksi
*rp *t
*k(n)tmn
*mr- *mrp*m-ku
*pr
*hk

*tjap*tr

*tmp*tr*ttu-ma-

128

INTRODUCTION

We see that in reflexes of PA diphthongs that we have been dealing

with so far two basic principles are observed:
1. The correlation Turkic *ia : TM *ia/*i points to PA *a before
non-labialized vowels
2. The correlation Turkic *ia or *a : TM *o/*u points to PA *a before
labialized vowels or *o before non-labialized vowels.
But there are also two other rows of correspondences where Turkic
has labialized *u or *o, whereas Tungus-Manchu has *i or *ia. Japanese
here has * (less frequently *a) or *u, thus indicating that the second
vowel was *o or *u. It seems therefore natural to reconstruct here the
two missing sequences: *CoCo and *CoCu, assuming that in TM there
occurred a labial dissimilation in the first syllable, whereas in Turkic,
conversely, labialization was retained because of assimilation to the
vowel of the second syllable. The evidence is following:
*CoCo
TM has here *i; Turkic - *o/u; Mongolian - any labialized vowel; Japanese - usually * (but sometimes also *a); Korean - a variation of *i and
*(j).
PA
PTM
PT
PM
Kor.
Jpn.
*bl
*bila*bolu*br
*bro
*bir[u]-kan
*borgija
*pr/*pjr
*k
*ixa
*ok*oku*tnk*gk
*gik*Kog*gji*kk*glo
*gil*Kol*golu*krp*koo
*Konak *kene
*km
*kmi
*komo(lV) *xime-kte *Kumlak *kmeli
*kamira
*kjo
*xi*Kuja *kji*kj
*kju*kko
*xkeri
*kokima*kakurai
*kro
*xirga*Krt
*koro-kai
*mo(a) *nim-- *jom(ak) *dom(ak)
*njk
*n(N), *nm*molko
*milk*mlki*miK*mk-jp*mlo
*mila*bol*ml-(/*mel-) *mr*mr*mojo
*mija*boj*m*majua*pltorV *pilti*buldr- *bolir*ptr
*ptu
*pro
*piregde *br*burga*plo
*pile*jl
*pjr*po
*jul-du *ho-du
*pjr*psi
*slo
*silu-kta *solak
*sl*ogo
*ig*sog-k
*sik*sj-

129

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*tso

PTM
*tis-

PT
PM
*Tusu(g) *tsi-

Kor.
*thas

Jpn.
*tsk-

*CoCu
TM here has *ia or *i, with the usual distribution (normally *ia, but *i
for short *o after sibilants; Turkic - *o/u; Mongolian - *u/o, but also
non-labialized *e/i; Japanese has *u; Korean - * or *u/o (but sometimes
also *j).
PA
*olu
*bu
*kjbu
*kopu
*kru
*ks
*m
*oru
*sgdu
*sgu
*sku
*sk
*slu
*spu
*sjru
*tlgu
*zgtu
*u

PTM
*ial*iabe-ri*kiaba*kiaba*kiaru
*xisi*miaam
*iara*sigde
*sign
*siaKu
*six*siali*sip*siara

PT
PM
Kor.
Jpn.
*oluk
*ile*rk,*jri- *tur*ju(b)*je*nb*Kuba/*Koba *kubakaj
*ki
*Kobga
*kob*Kur
*kiri
*kr*kr
*kusu*ks
*mm
*mn*jur*ur*sudal
*snt
*hi
*su-r
*segel*suki
*suk*sekee (*sk-)
*sk*sila*hr*sura*sup
*sibo*srk
*surgaag *hj
*tergel
*tr
*tki
*sigdi-pu *jo(g)ta
*sei
*(i)ai- *jogan
*uaan **dt-ka-

2.4.6.3 PA *u
The simpliest cases where one may reconstruct a PA *u-diphthong are
those where PTM has * (which may also be phonologically treated as
*u). In all those cases Japanese has a variation of *u or *, and Korean,
of *a/ (sometimes preceded by -j-, and thus also pointing to a diphthong) or *u/o. Turkic and Mongolian can have either front or back
labialized vowels (/, u/o). We may note, however, that there is a clear
correlation between Turkic and Mongolian here: when Turkic has a
back vowel, Mongolian has one, too; and, reversely, when Mongolian
has a front vowel, Turkic also has a front one. It seems therefore possible to reconstruct two different PA sequences with the diphthong *-u-

130

INTRODUCTION

distinguished from each other in Turko-Mongolian. We reconstruct

them as *CuCe and *CuCo respectively (reasons for determining the
final vowels will be given further below):
1. *CuCe
PA
*CuCe

PTM
*

PT
*/*

PM
*//*u/*o

Kor.
*(j)A/O

Jpn.
*u/

Here Turkic may additionally have a delabialized reflex *i before

liquids (*r, *l), frequently in variation with *. Cf.:
PA
*bure
*gube
*ude
*le
*se
*ge
*te
*kne
*kure
*kube
*kge
*kujke
*kupe
*krpe
*ks
*kle
*kre
*kse
*t
*se
*se
*se
*tke
*te

PTM
*gb*l(k)e*se*(g)*t*kn*krekte
*x(b)*xkte
*xj(k)e
*(x)pi*xrbe

PT
*bre
*Kb*d-kn*l-*s*g*t*Kn
*Krtk
*k(b)
*Kgme
*kk
*Kpi*krpe
*ks*kle
*gr*kse-

PM
*brge

Kor.
*pjrk

Jpn.
*kuwa*ja-(n)si-

*li*s*uur
*te*kn
*kur
*kw*keme

*rkr
*sk ( < *j-)

*kn
*kubi*khm
*kkri

*kwa
*k()i
*kki

*kbe*krbe
*kosi
*ksi
*xl*kl-s
*xr*kr*kr*kr*xse
*kse*ks*te
*nd-sn
*mt
*s- *s[i]
*s
*s-/*sn-/*san- *sns*sk- *s/-*smp
*sr*s
*sr-/*sur- *sri
*dk*tahi*tk*tr-kse *d
*trej
*tr

We see that among the listed examples, words with TM initial labials are completely lacking. In fact there are several examples with the
same correspondence after labials, where PTM appears to have *u, not
* (so that the rows are in complementary distribution):

131

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*bge
*bule
*ble
*buke

PTM
*bug*bulin
*bula
*buKu-

PT
*bgr
*bilik
*bile-

PM
*berg

Kor.
*phi

Jpn.
*b

*ble-

*pjr
*pk

*pk(m)pi

2. *CuCo
PA
*CuCo

PTM
*

PT
*u/o

PM
*u/o

Kor.
*(j)A/O

PM
*gulda*(h)olugaj
*ubaj
*kudurga

Kor.

Jpn.
*u/

Cf.:
PA
*gldo
*l
*upo
*kdo(rgV)
*kso
*muo
*puk
*po
*j
*tgo
*tpo
*no

PTM
*glde*l*b*xrg
*xse*mn-( ~-i-)
*pKV
*ba
*je
*tksa
*tpa
*-

PT
*Kula*oluk
*ubut
*Kudruk
*Kus*bu
*oka
*sub-luk
*sojagu
*Tugur
*tubak
*jn-

Jpn.
*ru
*pp-

*s-kr

*mu
*(h)ugula
*subu*sojua
*si
*tuurga
*ti
*tuwra
*tph
*oma-gul

*munkua*puki
*sj
*tu-i
*tmi

By analogy with other vocalic rows of correspondences, one would

also expect the existence of *CuCa, *CuCi and *CuCu in PA. However,
the correspondences to PTM * are exhausted by the two correspondences described above. On the other hand, there are exactly three
rows of correspondences left which involve labialized vowels in
Turkic, Mongolian, TM and Korean and which have as Japanese reflexes *a, *i and *u respectively. It is therefore natural to assume that
these are the rows reflecting PA *CuCa, *CuCi and *CuCu, and that
the diphthong in those sequences was lost in TM, being preserved only
before neutral (mid-high) vowels of the second syllable, i.e. in sequences *CuCe and *CuCo. These system considerations, apart from
natural phonetic plausibility, are in fact the basic reason for reconstructing *CuCe for the correspondence TM * - Turkic */ and *CuCo
for the correspondence TM * - Turkic *u/o.

132

INTRODUCTION

3. *CuCa
Here TM has the usual variation of labialized *u/o. Mongolian has
the same, but in some cases also a fronted *i-reflex. Turkic quite systematically displays non-labialized *, while Korean and Japanese have
*a-like reflexes (*a in Japanese, *a/ in Korean).
PA
*bura
*gla
*uda
*kta
*ka

PTM
*bur*gl*ud*kta
*xui-

PT
*brak*Kl-

PM

Kor.
*pri-

*gulbi-

*Kt
*Kjn

*kne- (<
*kine-)
*nm
*ume- *jm-ak *nomu-/*nima*nra
*rikte
*norakai
*narot
*luga(rV) *lug*jgur- *iura*nhr(*jugur-)
*pa
*pue*b*bii(*p-)
*psa
*pusi*hisuge
*ps*suga
*sog*sgrk *sojir
*si
*sna
*sn
*sonos*s(j)n*ssa
*sus*ss
*ssr
*sra
*sori
*sr*sur
*sr*zua
*suli*j
*sili

Jpn.
*parap*kr*aja
*kta*kn*nmia
*nir*ptr*psm-

*ssa
*satu-i
*sasu

4. *CuCu
This sequence behaves quite similarly to *CuCa in TM, Turkic and
Mongolian (although in Turkic we occasionally also find a front reflex
*i), but is reflected as *u in Japanese and as *u/o (occasionally also *, *i)
in Korean.
PA
*nu
*dlu
*b
*du
*mu
*umu
*ujula
*ru
*r
*u

PTM
*un*dl*(x)ob*(x)odu
*uma-kta
*um*uru*ur*s-

PT
*dn
*jl-g
*duk
*imit( ~)
*im*jala*ra
*irk*gun-

PM
*i-su
*dulaan
*je*id*m*ujila*urma*ir-

Kor.

*b-

Jpn.
*t(u)i
*d
*w*i/ju
*mi

*umur*nr*ur-

*ri*(n)t
*us-

133

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*tudu
*kuu
*k
*kudu
*kpu
*kp
*ku
*k
*knu
*ku
*ku
*kru
*kr
*knu
*p
*mdu
*murgu
*ndurgi
*nuru
*u
*pu
*u
*suu
*snu
*su
*stu
*sbu
*ku
*pu
*ru
*tm(k)u
*zldu
*b

PTM

PT
*Tdn
*kusi*K-gr*koi*K*kud
*Kdg
*kupen
*Kp
*kob-ta
*Kp*kur*Kak
*xos-kta *K*(x)on*Kn*xuke- *K*xuri*K*xur-ge
*Kr*xura-kta *Krt
*xulu
*kn
*lup*jip
*muduri
*murgi
*nurga
*jdruk
*ur(g)a- *jr*a
*jn / *jin
*podV *bt
*urg*s*sosa*s*sun*soa*si*sut*sube*sb-ri
*uK*upa*sp*uri*srga*duk*dm*suldu*jld
*ubu

PM
Kor.
*tui
*kua*kh-m
*koi
*kh*kiaar
*kib
*kp
*kuji*kr-dn
*kuil*k
*kina
*kiji- / keje*kre*kr
*kr*kr-s *kr
*kjil-s
*eeg
*nupi*mr
*mr(h)
*nidurga
*nrgi*nr*ugag
*nu()*boiliki *pt
*sir*ia-ga
*hi*sinaa
*side*se*ske
*si*sir*d*lde-s
*j

*st*sbr
(*sp-)

Jpn.
*tna
*kusam(*kntk-)
*kui
*kp
*kp*krm
*ks
*kunank*knkm*kr*kr-s*kr
*np*mi
*mnk
(*nnkr-)
*m
*pn

*sn
*sn*sta*sw-i
*sk
*sp-

*dwi

5. *CuCi
In this type of correspondence both TM and Japanese have *i, but
TM - just as in the type *CuCe - has *u after labial consonants. Turkic
has front * (with occasional delabialization > *i) or *, Mongolian - any

134

INTRODUCTION

labialized vowel, also repeating the behaviour of PA *CuCe. Korean

has predominantly */i, but can also have a labialized reflex *u/o.
PA
*buri
*bgi
*bk
*mi
*p
*umi
*n
*kt
*kdi
*kli
*ki
*mui
*mri
*pnri
*pbi
*pk
*pi
*pri
*sbi
*sni
*sti
*si
*tupi
*tni
*zupi
*gi
*ui

PTM
*bugu-tuna
*buk*ip[u]
*(x)im*n*kitiri
*kidu*xil(i)*mul*m
*ponda
*pubu*poKa*putu
*purk*sb*s*site*sir*tip*tnu*sibe*ija-

PT
*bir
*bg
*bk*Tmen
*e*(i)m

*gd*kl*ke

*bij-

PM
*bri
*be-s
*bk-

Kor.
*pr-

*mn
*p*m*n-i*kderi

(*ni)

*n-t
*ktni

*kr*kli*k*mulga*mren
*(h)ji*hokar

*k
*mr*mr
*pnr
*pjpi-

*i

*sn*st
*s*tpi
*tn
*jib
*jgr*j-

Jpn.
*pit
*pw*pnkm*ti
*tp-s

*hurin
*se*sn*-sn
*sr*tne
*sbe
*or

*sb-

*misu*m*pri
*piwa*pk*pina
*pr-m*siwa*sn-

(*st-)

(*sp-)
*h
*r-

2.5. Prosody in Altaic

Above we repeatedly mentioned prosodic factors as reasons for certain
phonetic changes in Mongolian (voicing *p > *b) and Japanese (voicing
/ prenasalization). The general outline of prosodic reconstruction for
the first syllable was given in Starostin 1995. Here we shall confine ourselves to a brief table of correspondences.

135

CHAPTER TWO

PA
*
*
*
*

PTM
*
*
*
*

PT
*
*
*
*

PM
*V
*V
*V
*V

Kor.
*
*
*
*

Jpn.
*
*
*
*

A few comments:
1. The table above describes the behaviour of vowel length / tones only
in the first syllable. As for the second syllable, it appears to have
had no length distinctions, but a distinction in pitch should be
probably reconstructed, on the basis of Japanese tones and voi cing
of the initial consonant of the second syllable in Japanese and Mongolian, see above. The reflexes of second syllable pitch in other languages are as yet unclear.
2. Proto-Tungus-Manchu has preserved vowel length in initial syllables
with original vowel length + low pitch. PTM occasionally also has
vowel length on vowels of the second syllable, but its origins are as
yet unclear.
3. Proto-Turkic has preserved vowel length in initial syllables with
original vowel length + high pitch. Whether PT preserves any prosodic distinctions in non-initial syllables is as yet unclear.
4. Proto-Mongolian has lost all traces of the original prosody except for
voicing *p > *b in syllables with original high pitch (see above).
5. Korean and Japanese appear to reflect original pitch distinction (in a
contrasting manner, Japanese high tone usually corresponding to
Korean low tone, and vice versa), but do not reflect vowel length. It
must be said that Korean has vowel length, but it appears to have
developed secondarily, due to contractions (see Ramsey 1978). Some
traces of Proto-Japanese vowel length may also be preserved in
Ryukyu dialects, but it is as yet unclear how the Ryukyu length correlates with Turkic or TM.
6. While evaluating tone correspondences one should keep in mind
that several secondary metatonic processes happened in Japanese
(on the second syllable, see above) and in Korean, basically in the
verb subsystem: all verbs have a strong tendency towards low pitch
on the first syllable.
7. The phonetic interpretation given above is certainly not definitive.
While there is little doubt that length should be reconstructed where
it is reconstructed, the entities marked as high (*) and low (*v)
tones are phonetically not quite clear and their places can in fact be
exchanged.

CHAPTER THREE

COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL PHONOLOGIES OF

ALTAIC SUBGROUPS
The phonological section of this introduction would be incomplete
without an account of phonological developments in each of the Altaic
subgroups. Although for the most part we use traditional reconstructions and correspondences, there are also some innovations presented
and some points to discuss. Therefore we give below a short outline of
the comparative-historical phonology for each of the subgroups of Altaic, as currently perceived by the authors of the dictionary.
3.1. Turkic [by A. Dybo]
The system of Proto-Turkic accepted in this dictionary looks like this:
Consonants
p
t

b
d
j
g

-m-n---

-r-, -l--, --

Vowels of the first syllable:

i
e
e

u
o

All the vowels could be short or long.

Vowels of other syllables:
I

U
O
A

The row of any non-first vowel (front or back) depended on the row
of the vowel of the first syllable, thus producing seven (eight?) vocalic
allophones:

CHAPTER THREE

i
e

137

u
(o)

The back -o- is actually not attested, but it may be perhaps reconstructed in some auxiliary morphemes.
Thus, the reconstruction is almost completely traditional, with only
the following modifications:
1. The distinction of initial voiced/voiceless consonants is primarily
based on Oghuz evidence, as was already shown in -
1963, 1965, accepted in EDT and additionally elaborated in
6-10, 1991 and 70-85. We should mention that the distinction
of *g- vs. *k- is reliably reconstructed only before front vowels; before
back vowels we can only reconstruct a hyperphoneme *K-.
2. Medial voiced/voiceless consonants: reconstruction is for the most
part traditional. Details of development can be summarized as follows:
the original voiced labial and velar stop are fricativized and/or lost in
most languages and in most combinations with preceding and following vowels. Original voiceless consonants are regularly voiced in intervocalic position in Siberian languages and in Chuvash. In the Oghuz
languages, voiceless consonants become voiced after originally long
vowels; the new voiced labial becomes fricative, and even disappears
in some positions, in a part of the Turkmen dialects, in Khorezmian
(Oghuz) dialects of Uzbek and in Salar (details see in 36, 61). In the
Karluk languages the voiceless labial and velar stops are regularly
voiced after original long vowels, and occasionally after short ones. A
similar reflexation is observed in Kypchak languages, where additional
morphological analogies tend to obscure the situation: all Kypchak
languages demonstrate a morphological voicing of labials and velars in
an intervocalic position on a morpheme boundary.
3. O. Mudrak ( 1989, .) has reconstructed a separate phoneme, *-j1-, reflected as -j- in Chuvash, but coinciding with *-din other languages. Since the examples of it are not very numerous, and
it does not seem to have any specific Altaic origin, we have not
adopted this reconstruction in the dictionary.
4. On the reconstruction of *-- and its distinction from the clusters
*-jn-, *-j- see 85-87 (where *-- is denoted as *--). Clusters are reflected as such in Oghuz languages (with a permitted vowel insertion
in word-final position, and with -j- frequently lost after front vowels);
Kypchak languages reveal a different development of clusters after
original long and short vowels, cf. *Kojn sheep > koj, *beji brain > mj
as opposed to *Kjnat wing > kanat, *Kjn punishment > kjn, *Kjn
armpit > kojun, *bjn neck > bojun.

138

INTRODUCTION

5. The problem of * and * is treated in the classical zetacism-sigmatism spirit, with an additional modification by O. Mudrak,
who has shown (see 1989, .) that in Chuvash, * >
l in syllable-final position, but > () between vowels; * > r, but *s > s.
6. For Chuvash it has been shown that dentals and velars were palatalized not only in front of original diphthongs (ul < *di stone, jur <
*Kir snow), but also in front of *i, * - earlier this palatalisation was
only noticed on morphemic boundaries; details see in 1988,
.
7. For a detailed account of the reflexes of Turkic vowels in Chuvash
see 1993, .
8. Long vowels are reconstructed on the basis of Turkmen and Yakut
reflexes, taking into account also the voicing of stops after original long
vowels in Oghuz languages. Short vowels are also reflected as pharyngealized in Tuva and Tofalar, as opposed to non-pharyngealized original long vowels (pharyngealization is well recorded in 2001,
. , 1995); this reflexation was first formulated in - 1963. On the preservation of long * and * in Gagauz see
in 23-24. Besides, the distinction of * vs. *e is preserved in Azerbaidzhan as a distinction of close vs. open e; in Turkmen the long and
short vowels also give different qualitative reflexes in some environments (e.g. *ab > ov, but *b > v). We prefer to regard the opposition of
short vs. half-long vowels in Khalaj as non-distinctive (probably just
phonetic variants, as can be seen from numerous variations between
short and half-long in G. Doerfers records), but the plain long (super-long) vowels appear to be reasonably well derived from original
long vowels.
9. One of the most complicated problems in Turkic reconstruction is the
distinction of open/close *e vs. *, *a vs. *.
Close * was reconstructed by O. Mudrak (see 1993, .) for the correspondence Turk. a - Chuv. , Yak. . Let us mention that Yak. can also have a secondary -- < *a in front of -j-, cf. j
moon, kat wing, j- show, describe.
As to the reconstruction of *e and *, no final agreement has been
reached so far. In the dictionary we have adopted the reconstruction of
O. Mudrak (as proposed in 1993, .), but A. Dybo
still keeps her own views, presented in ., 39-44. Both researchers agree that the Oghuz distinction of open *e : close * is not
original. The distribution of e (=) and (=e) in Azerbaidzhan is complementary, e occurring after j-, in front of , and the Common Oghuz
*j (not in front of the secondary j < *g), and occurring in all other
cases. The Azerbaidzhan situation is thus secondary compared with

CHAPTER THREE

139

Turkmen where short open and close e are not distinguished at all.
Thus, for short vowels we have two sets of correspondences:
*e : Oghuz *e, Yak. e, Chuv. a
* : Oghuz *e, Yak. i, Chuv. i (before nasals and r, as well as after )
As for the long vowels, O. Mudrak regards the Proto-Oghuz distinction (based on the correspondences between Turkmen and Azerbaidzhan) as secondary, with a rather complicated formulation of conditioning rules. The distinction * vs. * is reconstructed only on the basis of
the correspondences * > Yak. ie, Chuv. a; * > Yak. , Chuv. i. O.
Mudrak additionally introduces a labialized e, which yields complicated reflexes in Chuvash (in particular, i in front of l), while the Oghuz
languages reflect it as e independent of neighbouring consonants; examples of this e are few and this phoneme has not been adopted in the
dictionary.
According to A. Dybo, the opposition of * vs. * in Oghuz goes
back to Common Turkic and is additionally reflected in Khalaj:
* : Oghuz *, Khal. , Yak. ie, Chuv. a
* : Oghuz *, Khal. e ( after initial h-), Yak. ie, Chuv. a
For a small number of examples where Oghuz, Yakut and Chuvash
have a variation of close and open reflexes (and Chuvash sometimes
j+vowel) she reconstructs PT *e (or *) followed by *-j- as the first element of a consonant cluster. In Chuvash initial *ej- of this type apparently gave rise to a rising diphthong; the following reconstructions are
proposed:
*j : Oghuz *, Yak. e, Chuv. -i-/j-, i-, Khal.
*j : Oghuz *, Yak. ie, Chuv. -i-, Khal. e
*j: Oghuz *, Yak. , Chuv. -i-/ja-, Khal. e.
The details of the reconstruction, as well as precise origins of this
Proto-Turkic distinction are yet to be established.
9. In reconstructing the diphthong *-ia- (long and short) we follow - 1924, relying on the correspondence of Turkic a ()
to Chuv. ju- word-initially and -u- (-o-) with palatalization of the preceding consonant in a postconsonantal position. Its Mongolian parallels
are, however, not as straightforward as proposed in that paper (see
above on Altaic vowel correspondences).
10. Difficult, and not completely solved yet, is the problem of reconstructing vowels of non-initial syllables. Proto-Turkic probably lacked
labial vowel harmony and had a distinction of labialized vs. plain vowels in non-initial syllables, independently of the features of the first syllable. This can be proved by the material of MK, as well as by Runic
Turkic evidence, see e.g. Meyer 1965. This distinction is additionally

140

INTRODUCTION

reflected in some vowel-consonant combination reflexes in the Oghuz

and Kypchak languages, see details in 44, and in the o-dialect of
Yakut and in Uyghur, where the original second labialized vowel
causes labialization of the vowel of the first syllable (as opposed to the
second non-labialized vowel, causing the Uyghur Umlaut), e. g.: Uygh.
xotun, Yak. xotun woman, Orkh., OUygh. qatun (*Katun), as opposed
to Yak. balk, Uygh. belik fish, MK balq (*balk), Osm. jarum, Yak. jarm,
Uygh. jerim half, MK jarm (*jarm) etc.
As to reconstructing the PT labialized low vowels, we tend to accept
the hypothesis of G. Clauson (EDT), who reconstructs *o/* in
non-initial syllables in the cases where daughter-languages reveal a
variation in labialization of the first syllable and a variation between
high and low reflexes of the second syllable (which may itself lose labialization): cf. the reconstructions *sigl wart and *sk bone in EDT.
At least in Common Oghuz the reflexes of this *-- were redistributed:
high vowel in a closed syllable, low vowel in an open one, cf. *s[e]gl
wart: sgl (OUygh.), sigil (MK), Tur. sigil, Az. zijil, Turkm. siil;
*sik bone: sk (Orkh.), sk (OUygh.), sk (MK, KB), Tur.
sk, Az. smk, Turkm. sk, sjek; *sink ankle-bone: Tur. dial.
sinik; but *tep hill, top: tp (OUygh.), tepe (Tefs.), tp (KB), Tur.
tepe, dial. depe, Az. tp, Turkm. depe; *tik piece, part: tik (MK), Tur.
tike, Az. tik, Turkm. tike. See 45.
11. Proto-Turkic and most modern Turkic languages possess the socalled vowel harmony: all words are subdivided into front (with
vowels *i, *e, *, *, *) and back (with vowels *, *a, *, *u, *o). The
vowel of any non-initial syllable has to be harmonized with the
vowel of the initial syllable.
Below is a table of basic consonant correspondences between Turkic
languages:

PT OUyg Karak Ya Tuva Tof

b-1

Kha Shor Oyr Kirg Uygh

b-

b-

b- b-/p- b-/p- p-

Uzb

h
p-

b-

b-

Kaz., Nog

Bashk Tat

Kum

Balk

KKalp
b-/p-

b-

b-

b-

b-

b- (Sib. b-, p- b-

Karai Turk Az
m

b-

b-/p- b-/p-

p-)
p/ p

-p-,

-b-, Vv VpV, -b-, -b-, -b-, -p-, p

-b-, -p -p V,

-p

-p

-p

-p

p, -b- p, -b-2 p, -b- p, -b- p, -b- p, -b- p, -b- p

Gag Tur Kha Chuv

b-/p b-/p b-

-b-2,

hV-,

p-

-b-, -b-,
-p

-p

-p

-p
p/ -p-b- b

-p-,

-b-, VvV, VbV, -b-, -b-, -b-, -b-, p

-b-, -p -p -p

-p

-p

-b-

-b- -b-

-v-

/04 /-0-4, /-0-4,

-g

-g

-p

-p

-p

b/06 -b-

/-0-4, /-0-4,
-g/-

-g5/-

/-j-

m,

m, m,

-n

-n

-n

-n

t-

t/ t

t9

t/ t

t9

d-

t, d7 t, d7

Vd VtV, -d-,

-d-10, -d-,

-p

b/v/g/j/ v/g/j/ b/w/j/0 b/w/j/0 w/j/04 w/j/04 w/j/04 w/j/04 w/j/04 w/j/05 v/j/05

-p

-p

-p

v/04 v/j/0 v/04 v/04

05

05

m, -n

m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n m, -n

t, d

t, d7

t, d7

t, d7 t, d7 t

t8

t11

-d-12,

t11

V, -t -t

-t

m, m, m, m, -n
-n

-n

VdV, VdV, -d-, -d-10, -d-, t

t11

d, -t

d, -t d, -t t

t, (d-) t, (d-) t

t, d

d, t13

d, t7 d, t7 t

t8

j14 j

-r-

-t

t, d7 t, d7

-t

-n

t11

-t
t

-b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -p -b-, -b-, -b-, -b-,

-p/b3

/-0-4

-m(- m, -n M, -n m, m, -n m, -n m,
-n

-v-,

-t

-t

-t

-t

VdV, VdV, z, -s z, -s ,

-t
-d-12,
-t
j

PT OUyg Karak Ya Tuva Tof

s-

s/ s

Kha Shor Oyr Kirg Uygh

k

-t

-t

-h-, -z-, s

s
z

Uzb

h
s
z

s
z

s
s

Kaz., Nog

Bashk Tat

Kum

Balk

KKalp
s
s

s
s

s
s

s
s

s
s

s
s

s
s

Karai Turk Az

Gag Tur Kha Chuv

,s15 s

s16

,s15

-s-

-s, -s

(=-z-)

-t17
s/V s

18

-h-, -z-, -s -z-, -s z

,s15

-s,

-s(=-z-)

-t17

18

n19

n21

n, m

r, -j/-0- r

-h-, --, --,- --, --,

12

--, -

--, --,

12

-s -

-s
j-

-s

-h-, --, - --, - --, --,

s

-s

d,

j20

j21

j, 22

j,

j/v/04

j14
j

d, j
j14

j1

VdV, VdV

-j- j

PT OUyg Karak Ya Tuva Tof

h

Kha Shor Oyr Kirg Uygh

k

>

Uzb

Kum

Balk

Karai Turk Az
m

Gag Tur Kha Chuv

l

j/

j/ j/

j/v/04

-h-, -z-, -s -z-, -s -z-, -z-, -z-, z

r, s

l,

l,

k, q28

k, q28 k, q26 k

k, g,

k, g,

k, G26 k, G26 k

k,

k, x29

q26

q26

-g-

-g-

g-, -k-, k, q26 k, x26

/--,

-k

-s

>

-s

j24 j

Bashk Tat

KKalp

23

-s,

j24

Kaz., Nog

-s

-t17
/

-h-, --, --,

-z-, --, --,

-s, -

-s

-t17
l/

-h-, --, - --, - -z-, --, --,

-s,

-s

k-25 k, q26 k, q26 k, k, x17 k, x17 k,

k,

-t17
x27
k/ k, q26 k, q26 g, -g-, -h-,
26

-k

-k/q

x26

q26

g,

g,

26

26

26

k/ k, q26 k, q26 g, -g-,

26 -k

-g-,

g,

-k/q26 26

g,
26

-g-, k, q28

k, q28 -g-

-k-2,

/--,

-k

-k-

-g-, k, q28

/-q-2,
-k/-q26
k, q28 -g-

-g-,
-k-2,

k, q26 k
-g-k /--,

-g-,
-k-2,

-k-

-g-,

-k /--,
-k-

-k-

/-q-,

/-q-,

/-q-,

-k/-q26

-k/-q26 -k/-q26

-g-

-k-2, -k /--,

-g-,

-g-

-k-2, -k /--,

q26
k

k,

-g-

g-, -k-, -g-

-g-/--, -g- --, k,

/--,

-k

-k/-x/- /-0-7 -k

-k-2,

/--,

-k

-k-

-k-

-k-

-k-

/-q-2,

/-q-,

/-q-,

/-q-,

-g-, -k

q26 /-x29

/--,

-k/q26 G7

, -k

-g-, -k

q26 /-x29

PT OUyg Karak Ya Tuva Tof

h

Kha Shor Oyr Kirg Uygh

k

Uzb

Kaz., Nog
-k/-q26

g-30 k
g

g,

k
26

g,

k
26

k, x17 k, x17 k

-0-,

-0-,

-0-, -0-,

0/j/g 0/j/g4 g,

-g

-g/-26

-g

/-26

-g

-k/-q31

/-26 /-26

g, ,

-w-/

-k

-j-,

/-q31

, 033 , 033 -g- -g/-0-, /-0-,

-

34

Kum

Balk

, n35

-k/-q26
k

-w-/

-w-/

-j-,

-j-,

k
-w-/
-j-,

-k/-q26

-k/-q26

k, g

k, g

-w-/
-j-,

Karai Turk Az
m

g-

/w /w /w v/04
/j6, /j6, /j8,

-w-/

g/w/j/ /w

/w/j6,

-j-,

04

-032

/j6

j4

j4

, -j-, , -j-,

, -j-

, -j- , , -j- , , -j- , , -j- , , -j- , 36

n35

n35

-g-, n35 -g-, n35 n35

n35

j4

j4

Gag Tur Kha Chuv

l

-0/-w/- -0/-w/- -0/-w/- -0/-w/- -0/-w/- -0/-w/j4

Bashk Tat

KKalp

g-

-032 -032 -032

j4
-g-, n35 -g-, n15

n, j

n,

n,

, j , n, m4

m, m, j6 g,
j6

n37

CHAPTER THREE

145

Notes.
1. In most languages (except Tur. and Gag.) > m- before a following
nasal, with slightly differing rules. The same is true for (*-p-) > *-b- >
*-m- in the second syllable.
2. Voicing occurs on morpheme boundaries and occasionally - in cases
of morphological reanalysis (cf. cases like Tat. spr- / sbr- to
sweep, where -r- could have been re-analysed as a causative suffix).
3. Probably dialectal variants, occasionally rendered in orthography.
4. Depending on vocalic environment.
5. After labialized vowels.
6. Depending on vocalic environment and with dialect variation.
7. See more details in .
8. *t-, *d-, *- > - in front of -i-, --.
9. -d- in the intervocalic cluster *-rt- and in the beginning of auxiliary
morphemes.
10. Occasionally recorded as voiceless in Verbitskiys materials.
11. -d- in the beginning of auxiliary morphemes.
12. *-t-, -- > -- in front of -i-, --.
13. *d- > t- before the following voiceless -x-.
14. Variation in dialects and recordings.
15. Variation in dialects.
16. *s- > - in front of -i-, --.
17. Distribution unclear.
18. *-s- > -- in front of -i-, --.
19. In some dialects lost with compensatory vowel nasalization.
20. In dialects also -.
21. In dialects also variants -, - before narrow vowels.
22. Normally j before a, o, , u, , ; before e, i, ; but the distribution
may be additionally somewhat confused because of dialect variation.
23. In most languages is not distinguished from *-j-, but causes nasalization of initial *b- > m-.
24. Frequently causes nasalization of initial *j- > n-.
25. Before back vowels voiceless *k- and voiced *g- cannot be distinguished in PT; in this position we usually write *K-.
26. Depending on whether the following/preceding vowel is front or
back.
27. Depending on whether the following vowel is wide or narrow.
28. Depending on whether the original following/preceding vowel was
front or back.

146

INTRODUCTION

29. Depending on whether the original following/preceding vowel was

front or back. *K- > j- before an original diphthong.
30. Reconstructable only before front vowels.
31. Devoicing of final *-g is a characteristic feature of the Karluk languages; however, both in Uzbek and in Uighur it occurs irregularly,
depending probably on morphological derivational analogies.
32. In the end of a polysyllabic word. Details see in .
33. Variation in dialects; in case of disappearance nasalization is preserved on the preceding vowel.
34. In dialects also -g- or -0-.
35. In some combinations and in the end of a polysyllabic word.
36. In combinations with palatals - n, in some vocalic environments - j.
37. Distribution not quite clear.

Basic vowel correspondences between Turkic languages

PT OUygh Karakh Yak Tuva Tof Khak Shor Oyr Kirgh Uygh Uzb Kaz, Nog Bashk Tat Kum Balk Karaim Turkm Az Gag Tur Khal Chuv
KKalp
i

(i)

(i)

e, 39 e

, 38

, 38

e40

(i)
(e)

(i)
(e)

e
e

e
e

i
i

e
e

e
e

e, 39 e

39

e,

e,

a41

a42

a42

e41

(e)

(e)

ie

e, 39 e

,
e41

a,e43

a, 44 a

o45

a, e43 a, 44 a

o45

e43

a,

44

a,

a, e43 a, 44 a

, 46

, 46

47

47

v-,
-u-48

PT OUygh Karakh Yak Tuva Tof Khak Shor Oyr Kirgh Uygh Uzb Kaz, Nog Bashk Tat Kum Balk Karaim Turkm Az Gag Tur Khal Chuv
KKalp

uo

vu-,
50
50

-u-48

/i49

, j

,
i49

, e49 vi-,
-u-/--51

va,
-va

149

CHAPTER THREE

Notes.
38. Before and after .
39. The closed variant - in the position of the so called Uyghur Umlaut
(before , i in the second syllable).
40. The closed variant - after j-, before back affricates and sibilants (, ),
the Common Oghuz *j (not before the secondary -j < *g) and v; otherwise - .
41. -a- is a rather rare, probably dialectal, variant.
42. > e in the vicinity of palatals.
43. The variant e - in the position of the so called Uyghur Umlaut (before , i in the second syllable).
44. Details see in 2002.
45. In the Upper dialect o, in the Lower dialect and in literary Chuvash
- u; u in all dialects adjacent to the reflexes of *g and *b.
46. - before and after ; in Anlaut - j. Details see in .
47. *ubC > *uvC > uC. Labialization of is present in the Upper dialect
(but one should mention that before and after labials this labialization is automatic).
48. v- in the Malokarachin dialect.
49. Dialectal variation.
50. Labialization of is present in the Upper dialect (but one should
mention that before and after labials this labialization is automatic).
51. In the vicinity of velars * merges with *u.
3.2. Mongolian [by O. Mudrak]
Unlike Turkic, all modern Mongolian languages can be sufficiently
well derived from the attested Middle Mongolian language. Attempts
to reconstruct for Proto-Mongolian any features absent in the written
records have so far been unsuccessful. Thus, the Proto-Mongolian system reconstructed so far is practically identical with Middle Mongolian
and has the following phonemes:
Consonants
t

b
d

m
n
s
h/

w
r
j

Of these consonants, w, r and occur only word-medially; w is distinct in Written Mongolian orthography and was probably distinct
from -- in Middle Mongolian, but the actual orthographic systems of

150

INTRODUCTION

Middle Mongolian do not make a difference between -w- and -(u)-.

On the other hand, h- occurs only word-initially and is in clear complementary distribution with --.
A general process characteristic of Southern Mongolian languages
was the voicing of intervocalic stops and transfer of their original
voicelessness to the preceding consonant: *ZVCV > CVZV. All
Southern Mongolian languages reveal, to a larger or lesser extent, the
working of this general rule, which was first formulated in Helimski
1984. This voicelessness phonetically was probably realized as aspiration, which - in cases when there was no initial consonant - resulted
in the emergence of secondary h- in Southern Mongolian: *VCV >
hVZV. This h- is to be carefully distinguished from the original *h- preserved in MMong. and Dagur.
Vowels
i
e

u
o
a

In non-initial syllables only i, e, , u and a are attested; there are,

however, some indications that *- and *-o could originally also occur
in this position.
Like Turkic, Proto-Mongolian and Middle Mongolian possessed
vowel harmony, which has to a large extent disintegrated in modern
languages, especially in Southern Mongolian. All words were subdivided into two types: front (with the vowels *i, *e, *, *) and back
(with the vowels *i, *u, *o, *a): the vowel *i, therefore, was neutral in
respect to vowel harmony.
In the chart below we give only correspondences of the vowels of
the first syllable: although the non-initial vowels are well enough recorded in MMong. and preserved in WMong., in all modern languages
they became hopelessly reduced, and their quality may for the most
part only be restored on the basis of the behaviour of the initial vowel.
Below is a chart of phonetic correspondences between Mongolian
languages.

PM

WMong. MMong.

Khalkha Kalm. Bur. Ord.

*b1

b/-v(-)

b/

Dag.

Mongor

S.-Yugh.

Dong.

Bao.

Mog.

b/-w(-) B/-v-/-r

b-/p-/-w-/b

b-/p-/-w-

b-(v-)/p-/-v(u)- b-(v-)/p-/-v(0)-/-b

b/-f

m,

m,

M, -m/n

m, -n

0
t

-w(-)
*m2
*w3

m
-u(-)

m, -m/n m,
-m/n

-m/n -m/n

Vu (Chin.-Mong.) 0

*t4

t/d-

t/d

t/d

t/-d~t-/

*d5

d(=t)

d, -t (Chin.-Mong.) d

d,-r

d-/t-, d

d/

*n

n/-

*r

r, -0

*l6

l, -r

l, -n

*7

, (e Chin.-Mong.) c/

c/

s/

/-

-/--

/--

/-- ~ --

*8

z/

z/

()/()

*j9

j/0

j/0

*s10

s/

s/

s/

h/, s/

s/, -r

s/()/

s/

s/

s/

s/

x/G-/-G-

x/G-/--/-G- q/G-/-G(~)-

x/G-

-t
*kA11 q

x (~ q-) (HY), q/-x- x

x, ki

x/G-, ki x, k

(SH), q (Middle
Asia Mong.)
*kE12

*gA13

k (gu Chin.-Mong.) x

k/g-

k/g-/-g-

k/g/--/-g-

k/g-/-g-

k/g-

q, -x (Chin.-Mo.),

G/x-

G/x-/--

G/q-

G/x-

q/-- (Middle Asia)

152
PM

WMong. MMong.

Khalkha Kalm. Bur. Ord.

Dag.

Mongor

S.-Yugh.

Dong.

Bao.

Mog.

*gE14

g/k-

g/k-/--

*15

, -n

*h16

x (Chinese-Mong.), 0

x/ (Tsitsikar,

x/f/()

h/x/f/

h/x/f/

0~

h- (IM, MA, PS)

(ZM)

Butkhas), 0
(Khailar)

*17

--/-g-

-- (Chin.-Mong.),

*a18

a/

*u19

u/

a/0-//i

o/wa-/-(u)a-/u u/0-/o/

*o20

o/

o/u

*i21

i/V

i/V

e/i/V i/V

*e22

e (~u)

e/i/

e/i/

e/

e/i// e/

*23

*24

o (Chin.-Mong.), u

-0- (Mid.-As.)

(Mid.As.)

a/

a/e/i

a/o/

u/0-/

u/e/a/o

o/wa-/-(u)a-

u-/0-/o,u/

o/

o-/o~u/-uaN

o-/o~u

o/u

i/V

i/V

i/V

i//V

i/V

i/V

0-/i-/e//a/i/u e,i-,0-/o-

je-/ie/e/

e/-iN, -aN

e/

u-(~0-)/u//i

u-(~0-)/u/

u-/u,e/-o

0-/o-/o/u/

(o)/()

o-/o~u/-uaN

o-/o~u

CHAPTER THREE

153

Notes.
1. Voiceless variants in Southern Mongolian languages appear before a
voiceless consonant of the next syllable. *-b- is not fricativized after
nasals; in Khalkha, Ord. and Dag. also after -l-.
2. Northern languages and Dagur have a variation -m/-n at the end of a
non-initial syllable.
3. In all modern languages and Middle Asiatic MMong. sources not
distinguished from *--. A difference may be observed, however, in
WMong. and in Chinese MMong. sources, where the sequence -Vwtends to be rendered by a single character as opposed to the sequence
-Vu-, usually rendered by a pair of characters.
4. In Ord. d- before the following voiceless stops. In Mongor d before
following fricatives ( < *s, *) and intervocalically; voicing did not occur, however, if the initial syllable started with a resonant or 0-. In
S.-Yugh. *t- > d- before the following *-k-; intervocalic voicing occurred
more or less in the same positions as in Mongor. Dong. also usually has
voiced -d- between vowels, although dialectal variation is observed; *t> - before *-e-.
5. Occasional intervocalic devoicing can be observed in Dong. (motu
tree) and Baoan (hoto feather). Mongor usually (although not completely consistently) has a devoiced t- in cases when the next syllable
started with a voiceless consonant (thus *ZVCV > *CVZV). In Dong. *d> - before *-e-.
6. Syllable-final -l yields -r in Mongor, but is preserved in some dialects.
7. In Ord. - - before the following voiceless stops. In Northern Mongolian languages front (hissing) reflexes are observed before all vowels
except *i, and occasionally also before *i - in combinations like *ia-,
*ie-, as well as before the syllables with labial *-u- or *--. Mongor
and S.-Yugh. have a voiced intervocalic reflex; in a few cases initial
voicing (probably assimilative) or spirantizantion are also observed.
Dong. and Bao. also have intervocalic voicing of *--, but here it appears to be restricted to a position after initial voiceless consonants and
*h-, with some dialectal variation.
8. Devoicing is observed in Mongor and S.-Yugh. before some originally voiceless consonants (which may become voiced themselves, thus
*ZVCV > *CVZV). In Northern Mongolian languages front (hissing)
reflexes are observed before all vowels except *i, and occasionally also
before *i - in combinations like *ia-, *ie-, as well as before the syllables with labial *-u- or *--.

154

INTRODUCTION

9. In most modern languages *j is lost before a following *-i-, frequently

resulting in vocalic contractions.
10. Mongor has voicing *-s- > -- in the nominal suffix -su; it occurs,
with few exceptions, after initial voiceless consonants and *h-, as well
as after initial nasals and *j-. Palatalization *s > occurs in all languages
before the vowel *i; in Dong. also before *e.
11. This row of correspondences describes the behaviour of *k before or
after back vowels (or *i in back-row words). Ord. has a voiced reflex
before the following voiceless stop. Mongor and S.-Yugh. have initial
G- before the following -(r)d-, --. Between vowels *-k- is usually
voiced in these languages (in S.-Yugh. also fricativized: --), but it can
stay voiceless if the first syllable starts with a resonant (therefore in
situations when the transfer of voice - *ZVCV > *CVZV - was impossible). In Mongor *k is palatalized ( > ) before *i. Dong. and Bao. have
voicing in basically the same positions as in Mongor, but initial voicing
may also occur before following resonants, and intervocalic voicing
may sometimes occur even after a syllable starting with a resonant.
12. This row of correspondences describes the behaviour of *k before or
after front vowels. The distribution of voiced / voiceless reflexes is similar to *kA.
13. This row of correspondences describes the behaviour of *g before or
after back vowels (or *i in back-row words). In Mongor and S.-Yugh.,
voiceless x- appears before an original voiceless consonant in the next
syllable (*ZVCV > *CVZV); in Mongor *k is palatalized ( > ) before *i.
Dong. and Bao. have voiceless reflexes in monosyllabic stems before a
liquid (also in a few other cases, like *gasi-un, probably due to assimilation).
14. This row of correspondences describes the behaviour of *g before or
after front vowels. In Mongor and S.-Yugh., devoicing occurs according
to the same rules as for *gA; other Southern Mongolian languages,
however, do not have devoicing here.
15. In most cases * is just a variant of *n in combinations with velar
consonants; it never occurs word-initially or between vowels. However, there is a distinction between *-n and *- in syllable-final position.
16. Initial *h- is well preserved in Dagur and Southern Mongolian languages. The distribution of reflexes in Mongor, Dong. and Bao. depends on following vowels. Generally (omitting some subtle details),
the labial reflex is found before *u, *, sibilant reflexes before *i, laryngeal and velar reflexes elsewhere.
17. Intervocalic *-- is in complementary distribution with *h- (and may
in fact be reconstructed as *-h-). It is rendered as -- (in the back row)

CHAPTER THREE

155

or -g- (in the front row) in WMong., reflected as -0- (or a laryngeal) in
MMong. and is lost in all modern languages, usually causing vowel
contractions.
18. In Kalm., before a following *i. In Mongor the basic reflex is a; after palatal affricates and j before a lengthened second vowel the reflex
is i. In a number of disyllabic and trisyllabic words the initial *a- is lost;
on the other hand, *a is lengthened > in disyllables with *-u in the
second syllable. Dong. and Bao. have a reduction (*a > ) in a number
of disyllabic words, and Bao. has -i- after affricates. Mog. has -o- before
liquids, and a lengthened reflex before *u, *i of the second syllable.
19. In Kalm. before a following *i. Dag. has a diphthong before a
short -a- of the second syllable (the sequence *bu- in such case > *bua- >
ba-), but -u- before a lengthened second --. Bao. has -o- after G-, -aafter b-. Mongor has a frequent reduction *u > > 0, following a rather
complicated system of rules. In S.-Yugh. the reduction occurs before
liquids, in non-initial syllables the usual reflex is .
20. In Kalm. before a following *i. The distribution of reflexes in Dag.
is similar to *u. Ord. has u in an open syllable before *-u- in the following syllable; a similar distribution is observed in Mog. Mongor has
lengthening o > before the following *-u-; in Anlaut u- is preserved
only before liquids, otherwise a reduction *u- > 0- occurs; in Inlaut
Mongor has -o- or -u-, with a rather complicated distribution of reflexes. S.-Yugh. has long in the same context as in Mongor (i.e. before
-u- of the second syllable); next to *m *o is sometimes reflected as .
The rules of variation o~u in Dong. and Bao. are not quite clear.
21. *i is the least stable vowel in all Mongolian languages. It usually
becomes assimilated to the vowel of the second syllable (the so called
breaking of the vowel *i). The particular rules of breaking differ
from language to language; see the description, e. g., in Poppe 1955.
22. In Khalkha, i before back affricates and clusters of -l-+affricates. In
Kalm., i after j- and before back affricates. In Ord., i after j-, -, -. In
Mongor, a complicated distribution of reflexes (usually u after labials,
and a variety of reflexes before liquids *r, *l, depending on preceding
consonants). Dong. has -e- after affricates and j-, otherwise usually a
diphthong -ie-. Labialized reflexes in all languages usually occur in
Anlaut before an *-- of the next syllable. A labial u- (=-) is regular in
Chinese MMong. transcriptions, MA and in Mogol; Ord. has - before
labials, otherwise -; Dag. has e- before labials, otherwise -; Dong.,
Bao. and Mongor have 0- before labials, otherwise u-; S.-Yugh. has 0before labials, otherwise o-.

156

INTRODUCTION

23. The distribution of reflexes in Mongor and S.-Yugh. is similar to *u.

In Southern Mongolian languages one has to assume an early merger
of front and back labialized vowels in many contexts.
24. Ord. has in open syllables before the following *--. The reflexes
in Southern Mongolian languages are generally the same as those of *o.
3.3. Tungus-Manchu [by A. Dybo and S. Starostin]
While dealing with the TM protoforms, we have basically adopted the
classical reconstruction of V. Tsintsius ( 1949) rather than its
somewhat reduced version in Benzing 1955; some modifications were
also introduced in - 1965, in and 1990.
Consonants
p
t

b
d

l, r
j

m
n

The resonants *r and *j are reconstructed only word-medially.

All TM languages distinguish velar and uvular consonants; both,
however, go back to a single row of velars, split according to the position adjacent to front or back vowels. In the table below we give only
velar reflexes, but one should keep in mind that they are always split
(k/q, g/G, x/, /).
Vowels
i
e

u
o
a

One diphthong (*ia) is also reconstructed, although it is possible

that the phoneme reconstructed as * could have also been a diphthong
(*iu or *ui). All vowels could be short or long.
All vowels except *o could occur both in the first and the following
syllables. Unlike Turkic and Mongolian, Proto-Tungus-Manchu appears to have had no vowel harmony. Some restrictions on the coexistence of different vowels in adjacent syllables were, however, present:
the back vowels *a, *o could not be combined with the front vowel *e;
*u could not follow *o, * could not follow *i.
All modern languages have developped a specific variety of vowel
harmony (probably under Mongolian influence): every word may be

157

CHAPTER THREE

characterized as back or front, depending on the particular combination of vowels. Words with -a- or -o- in the first or second syllable
are always back; words with -e- in the first or second syllable are always front. The -i- and -u- vowels are neutral, i. e. they may occur
both in back and front words (but frequently have different allophones, depending on the row of the word). The *-- vowel usually
occurs in front words, but combinations *aC and *oC seem also to
be attested. Velars shift to uvulars in back words, but are preserved
in front words. It should be mentioned that the combinations of the
neutral vowels -u- and -i- are usually treated as back, with velars
shifting to uvulars in combinations *CiCi, *CuCu, *CiCu and *CuCi,
although there may be occasional variation.
Basic correspondences of TM consonants:
PTM Evk
p-

h-1

Evn
h-2

Sol
0-

Neg Oroch
x-

x-3

Ud
x-4

Ulcha
p-

Orok
p-

Nan
p-/f-5

Man
f-

Jurch
f-

p6

p/w/0 b/w/0 b/w/g p/w/0 p/w/0 f/w

p/b

p/b

p/f/b

f/b

b-

b-

b-

b-

b-

b-

p-

b-

b-

b-

b-

b-

b7

w/0

w/0

w/0

w/0

b/w/0 b/w/0

b/w/0 b/w/0

b/w/0 b/f/w/0 b/w

m-

m8

t9

t9

t9

t10

t10

t10

t-

t9

t9

t9

t9

t9

t10

t10

t10

d11

d11

d11

d12

d12

d12

d12

d12

d12

d-

d11

d11

d11

d11

d11

s-

s-13

h-14

s-15

s-

s-

s-

s-

s-

s-

s-/-

s-

s13

s16

s15

s, h

n-

l-17

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

l/n

j, 0

j, 0

j, 0

c-

- > t-

-18

>t

-> d

-19

>d

19

-20

>t

/s

s, c

20

>t

/s

s, c

-21

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INTRODUCTION

PTM Evk
022

j,

Evn

Sol

Neg Oroch

022

022

j,

022

k-

j,

Ud

j,

022

Nan

Man

022

022

022

k-

k-

k-/x-

k-

k-

k-

k-

k-

k-/x-

k-

k23

k/x//0 k/x

k/x/0

k/x//0

k/0

k/0

k/0

k/x

k/x

g-

g24

/w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w/j/0

/w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w/j/0 /w

x-

x26

k/x//0 k/x

j,

j, 022

x/s4

x/s4

x/s4

0/x25

k/x/0

k/x//0

x/0

x/0

x/0

k/x

k/x

, ni- //m22 //m/w22 //m/ /m/w27 /m/w g/w29 g/w/29

w27

j,

Jurch

k-

j,

Orok

j,

j,

022

Ulcha

j,

022

, 0

, 0

/028

g, 030 g, 030 g, 030 g, m , m

Notes
1. 0- in the North Baikal dialect.
2. 0- in the Kamchatka and Arman dialects.
3. Sporadically - s- before -i-.
4. s- before *-i- and *-ia-.
5. p- in literary Nanai and in the Naikhi dialect; f- in the Bikin dialect;
in Kur-Urmi usually x-, but some examples of f- are also attested, obviously because of interdialectal borrowings (the Kur-Urmi dialect historically belongs rather not to Nanai, but to the Northern subgroup of
TM).
6. Intervocalic *-p- is rather stable in Ulcha, Orok and Nanai, where it is
usually preserved (but occasionally can be voiced > -b-; in Bikin Nanai
the standard reflex is -f-). Evenki and Even have either a stop (Evk. -p-,
Evn. -b-) or a resonant (Evk. -w-/-0-, Evn. -w-/-0-). In we reconstructed *-p- for the former, but *-b- for the latter row of correspondences. It appears, however, that they are in complementary distribution, the Evk.-Evn. -w-reflex appearing for the most part between identical vowels (in sequences *apa, *epe, *upu, *ipi, *iapa, also *opa >
*opo); in a number of exceptions, where Evenki and Even have -p- between identical vowels, we are probably dealing with later vocalic assimilations.
7. All languages except Manchu usually have -w-/-0- here; Manchu has
a variation -b-/-w- (occasionally also -f-). Languages of the Southern
branch can also occasionally have -b- here: for the most part we may be
dealing with Manchu loanwords, but a genuine dialect variation also
cannot be excluded. In Northern languages (in Even, much less frequently in Evenki dialects) the reflex -- is also sometimes observed,
usually before the following -u-.

CHAPTER THREE

159

In this row of correspondences, Tsintsius 1949 and Starostin () reconstructed PTM *-w-; in the dictionary we have adopted
Benzings reconstruction *-b-, thus eliminating PTM *-w- from the system altogether. Note that the only reliable case where initial *w- can be
reconstructed, PTM *w- kill, should also be rather emended to *Vb(probably *eb-, cf. eb- in Manchu eb-te axun hunting bird = *killing
bird).
PTM *-b- is usually well preserved in all languages in clusters with
consonants (*-rb-, *-lb- etc.).
8. > in the position of palatalization.
9. Sporadically > before -i-.
10. > before -i- and -ia-.
11. Sporadically > before -i-.
12. > before -i- and -ia-.
13. The Evenki dialects are classified into s-dialects, -dialects,
h-dialects and s/h-dialects, see details in . In the s-dialects *s > s; in
the -dialects *s > ; in the h-dialects *s > h; in the s/h-dialects *s- > s-, -s> -h-.
14. 0 in the Kamchatka dialect, s in the Arman dialect.
15. > before -i-, -ia-; c or in some old recordings.
16. On the development in Even dialects see details in . In the
Kolyma-Omolon dialect *-s-, *-s > ; in the Indigir dialect *-s- > -h-; in
the Arman dialect *s > in consonant clusters.
17. All languages reveal (in various degrees) the tendency of shifting *l> n-.
18. In the Bikin dialect: before i, otherwise c.
19. In the Bikin dialect: before i, otherwise .
20. The reconstruction of * was introduced in , following a
suggestion of O. Mudrak. We must add that a fricative reflex, besides
Manchu, is also present in the Bikin dialect of Nanai; all other languages have completely merged PTM * and *.
21. Initial *- may develop into j- between front vowels and *-ia-, although exact rules are not yet quite clear, because of a great deal of
confusion between *n- and *- (sometimes also *-) in this position.
22. Depending on the vocalic environment.
23. Intervocalic *-k- is usually preserved. It can, however, yield -0- in
trisyllabic words in Ulcha, Orok and Nanai, and occasionally also gives
-0-reflexes in Oroch and Udehe (very rarely - in Even). A fricative reflex
(with a not quite clear distribution) is also attested in Negidal, Solon,
Udehe, Manchu and Jurchen. In a few cases in disyllabic and trisyllabic

160

INTRODUCTION

forms variants with -G- are attested in Southern languages, being

probably just misrecordings for a weakened intervocalic uvular -q-.
24. Intervocalic *-g- is extremely unstable. In this position it is usually
articulated as a fricative -- (in the back row alternatively recorded as
-G-, -- or --) and is best preserved in Evenki. The most frequent reflexes in other languages are -w-, -j- or -0-, depending on vocalic environment.
25. The basic reflex in Manchu is 0- (occasionally j-, sometimes nasalized to n- in front of the following nasal). The reflex x- is, however, also
not unfrequent (unlike Northern languages that only have 0- here).
Note that in all attested cases, Jurchen, which is actually an old Manchu
dialect, still has h- (that was possibly pronounced as x-), thus a number
of words with x- < *x- in Manchu may be a result of old interdialectal
mixture.
26. Intervocalic *-x- is an innovation in PTM reconstruction, first proposed in 1990. It is based on the distinction between -k- and -xin Ulcha, Orok and Nanai. Northern languages, as well as Oroch,
Udehe and Manchu have completely merged the reflexes of *-k- and
*-x-. Such a reconstruction seems probable for two reasons: 1) the languages that preserve the distinction between *-k- and *-x- are exactly
the same languages that preserve initial *x-; 2) the distinction between
*-k- and *-x- seems to reflect the Altaic distinction *-k- : *-k- (see
above), thus exactly parallelling the distinction *k- : *x- in word-initial
position.
27. Depending on the vocalic environment; w- before a diphthong.
28. - or m- depending on the vocalic environment; w- before a diphthong; 0- before a following nasal.
29. w- before a diphthong.
30. in *Cii; 0 in trisyllabic suffixed forms and in disyllables ending in
a nasal (see 1949, 44).
The Tungus-Manchu languages have also a rich system of consonant clusters, frequently yielding rather complicated reflexes. Here is
the basic system of correspondences for non-standard TM consonant
clusters:
PTM Evk
pk pk
pt pt
rp rp
lp lp
lb lb

Evn
Sol
pk
kk
pt
kt, tt
rp
rp, pp

Neg
pk
pt
tp

lb

lb

lb

Oroch Ud Ulcha
pp
kp pp
tt
pt, tt
pp
kp lp
lp
bb
gb lb

Orok Nan Man

kp
kp
x
rp
lp
lb

rp
lp
lb

p, rf
lf,p
lb, b

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CHAPTER THREE

Sol Neg Oroch Ud

PTM Evk Evn
rb rb
rb
rb
lb, db bb
gb
rk rk
rk
rk,kk jk,
kk
k
tk,sk
g
rg rg
rg
rg, gg jg,dg, gg
g
gd gd
d
dd
gd
gd
gd
kt kt
t
kt, tt kt
kt
kt
ks ks
s
k, , ks, xs ks
k-h
r
ls
ll, lr, lr, ld ld
l
kt
l-h
ld
ns nn, nr, nd nd
n
s
-hnr,
nd
ms mn, mr,md nd
mn ms
m-h
mr,
md
lg lg
lg
lg
lg
gg
g
lk lk
lk
lx
lk
kk
k
ld ld
ld
ld
ld
gd
gd
lt
lt
lt
lt
lt
kt
kt
ng g, g
g
g
g
g
n
g n, n
n,

n, n
,
n,

n n
n
n

t
d

t
d,
n
n n

m m

t
n

s
k
k

r, s s
k
k

n
k
k

mm

Ulcha Orok Nan Man

rb, lb lb
rb, b b

tt
jk

gd
kt
ks

gd
kt
sk

lt

lt, l-s- lt

(n)t

(n)t

ng/x

ms

ps

ms

ng/x

ld
l
ld
lt
g

l
lt
ld
lt
g

lg
lk
ld, l
lt
g

lg

jg, g , n,
n
gd
d
kt
x
ks
x

nd, n
l
g

g,d, nd

ng, ng, n
n
j,

g, n g,
n
t
d
d

g,

t
d

t
n

t
n

t
d

mm

n n

m m

n
k
k

n, s d
k
k
k
k

d
k
nd

n
n
m
nd
kk
nd

m,
m
s
k
n

n
nt
d, n

g
s, nn
k
n

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INTRODUCTION

PTM Evk
nt nt
nd n
nb m
mg mg,
m
lm nm
rm nm
l n,

Evn
nt
n
m
m

Sol Neg
nt
nt
n
n
m
m
mm

Oroch Ud
nt
nt
n
n
m
m
mm m

nm
nm
n

nm
mm
,

nm
rm

nm
nm
n,

Ulcha
nt
nd
mb
b

nm lm
m lm

Orok Nan Man

tt
nt
nt, nd
nd
nd
nd
mb mb
mg mb gg
nm
lm
n

nm lm
rm lm
j, l

Basic correspondences of Tungus-Manchu vowels:

PTM Evk
i
i
2 i
u3 u
e
e
o
o
a
a
ia4

Evn
i/1
i/1
u/1
e
o
a

Sol Neg
i
i/1
i
i/1
u
u/o1
e
e
o
o
a
a
a,

Oroch Ud
i/1
i/1
i/u1 i/u1
u/o1 u/o1
e
e
o
o
a
a

(e)

Ulcha
i/1
u/o1
u/o1
e
o
a
ia

Orok Nan
i/1 i/1
u/o1 u/o1
u/o1 u/o1
e
e
o
o
a
a
ia
ia,

Man
i
u
u
e
o
a
a

Jurch
i
u
u
e
o
a
a

Notes
1. Depending on the row of the word
2. Since * is very rare in back words, the reflexes like Evn. or Nan.
o are only rarely found.
3. In non-initial back-row syllables in Southern languages we usually
meet the notation --, not -o-; occasionally it also occurs in initial syllables. In Even, the notation alternates with (in Cyrillic sources ).
4. Notation for the reflexes of *-ia- varies significantly in Southern languages: we meet (probably synonymic) notations ia and , in Udehe
also frequently e. In polysyllabic forms this diphthongs sometimes
tends to merge with *-i-.
5. Most languages tend to reduce vowels in non-initial, especially final
syllables. Evenki and Nanai are the most conservative languages in this
respect; Manchu and Even - the least conservative. Even, in fact, can
have a special neutral reduced vowel replacing all vowels in non-initial
syllables; in front words it is transcribed as , in back words - as .
6. All languages except Manchu and Jurchen preserve the distinction
between short and long vowels (although in the case of *ia it is somewhat obscured because of the monophthongization *ia > ). Long vow-

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CHAPTER THREE

els in Manchu are secondary, going back to contractions after the loss
of medial consonants.
However, in existing sources for most languages length is marked
extremely irregularly, with a great deal of confusion. Our reconstruction is therefore primarily based on the evidence of two most extensively and accurately recorded languages: Evenki and Nanai, the evidence of which is in most cases mutually concordant.
7. All vowels in non-initial syllables are frequently subject to reduction
and morphological adjustments. In Manchu and Jurchen initial vowels
are also frequently modified under the influence of non-initial ones: the
rules are too abundant and detailed to be layed out here.
3.4. Korean
Korean is one language with a set of very close dialects. The earliest
attestations (the Kirim wordlist) are from around the 10th century, but
the wordlist is short and Chinese transcriptions seem to be applied
unsystematically, so that proper phonetic interpretation is difficult
(and perhaps impossible). Accurate recordings start only from the 15th
century, and the language of that period (15th-16th centuries) is usually
called Middle Korean.
The phonology of Middle Korean is basically used as
Proto-Korean in this dictionary, with some additional reconstruction
based on morphophonemics: the alternations -p- / -w- and -t- / -r- in
verbal stems indicate the existence of special intervocalic stops *-b- and
*-d- in Proto-Korean (as opposed to *-p- and *-t- that did not result in
any alternations). The system of PK consonants is thus presented as
follows:
p
t

b
d

m
n

r
j
(0)

s
h

The voiced phonemes *b and *d, as said above, were not preserved
in Middle Korean: they yielded voiceless reflexes (p, t) syllable-finally,
and changed to -w-, -r- respectively intervocalically. The Middle Korean system therefore lacks a distinction in voice. This is one of the basic reasons why we interpret the Middle Korean (orthographic triangle) as a nasal (based primarily on the Kor. values of Chinese loanwords), not as a voiced fricative z: voiced consonants were certainly
absent in Middle Korean. This solution was already accepted in -

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INTRODUCTION

; see also Vovin 1993 and Robbeets 2000. As for the reco nstruction
of non-initial voiced consonants, we accept here the basic reconstruction proposed in Ramsey 1986, rather than the poorly grounded theory
of intervocalic voicing *-VCV- > *-VZV- put forward in Martin 1996.
Voiced consonants and resonants except *m and *n did not occur
word-initially.
Middle Korean already possessed aspirated consonants (ph, th, h,
kh), but they still were relatively rare and most probably go back to PK
plain stops influenced by the *-h- of the next syllable (thus kh- big <
*kh- etc.), or of the preceding syllable (thus manh-ta many > mantha,
but with both variants still attested in MKor.). The process of forming
aspirates was still not completed in MKor.: besides kh- big we have,
e.g. ko nose, with the endings added to the stem koh-; all modern dialects already have kho. It generally appears that the aspiration process
operated earlier in verbs and adjectives than in nouns.
Already in MKor. texts there was a pronounced tendency of confusing syllable-final -s, -(h) and -t, although they are still frequently distinguished. In modern Korean dialects those consonants completely
merged in -t.
In modern Korean dialects this system is basically preserved, but
with the following transformations:
1. Voiceless consonants have usually become voiced in intervocalic position.
2. A new series of tense consonants (p:, t:, k:, :, s:) has arisen, due
basically to simplification of MKor. consonant clusters (sp > p:, st, pt >
t:, sk, pk > k:, p > :, ps > s:).
3. The nasal changed into j, 0 or s - with considerable variation between dialects and in different positions.
4. The laryngeals and h disappeared everywhere except
word-initially. -h- disappeared completely, but left an occasional trace
in the aspiration of preceding or following consonants (see above). -also disappeared completely; the only trace of it may be seen in the development of the combination -r- yielding tense l: (r:).
5. The only Korean liquid r is usually articulated as r intervocalically,
but as l at the end of a syllable - although the actual reflexes may differ.
The system of MKor. vowels is the following:

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CHAPTER THREE

u
o
a

The phonetic nature of and is debatable: it is most probable that

was originally a front *e, while was a mid-high vowel like or (it
is also worth mentioning that is the only MKor. vowel that did not
occur word-initially). Throughout the dictionary we use the traditional
transcription.
Like Turkic and Mongolian, Middle Korean possesses vowel harmony. Within a polysyllabic word only the vowels a//o or //u could
be combined with each other (with a few orthographic variations); the
vowel i was neutral and could occur in any of the word types. This information can be used for trying to interpret the Proto-Korean system:
one of the possible interpretations is, e.g., treating o as *u, as *o, as
*e, as * and u as *. Such a treatment, however, would be only speculative: while rendering of Chinese characters gives indeed good reason
to think that goes back to *e, there is no evidence from Sino-Korean
that and were labialized. In many cases, and do indeed go back to
Altaic labialized vowels (see above), but by no means always: can also
go back to *i, and to *ia, see above. It is thus best to regard the MKor.
(and PKor.) system as a result of a number of different phonetic processes and restructurings, and we preserve the above system of symbols
for Proto-Korean.
All MKor. vowels could be long or short, and it was convincingly
demonstrated by Ramsey 1978 that the long vowels should have originally resulted from contractions and a reduction of the vowel of the
next syllable. In many individual cases, however, this is not quite clear,
so we preserve the feature of length for Proto-Korean - although it
certainly is not of Altaic origin.
Finally MKor. (and probably Proto-Korean) possessed diphthongic
combinations: i, i, i, ui, oi, ai, j, ja (in loanwords also ju, jo).
All modern Korean dialects have significantly restructured the
MKor. system. Thus, in literary Korean falling diphthongs are usually
monophthongized (i > i, i > e, ai, i > , ui > wi, oi > we); disappears (
> a or , with considerable variation); is preserved, but already as a
back unrounded . Length is preserved in many dialects (e.g., literary
Seoul), but is usually not rendered orthographically.
In MKor. orthography, length was marked by two dots and thus
perceived as a prosodic feature of a syllable, opposed to one dot ( = rising, or high tone) and to no dots (= falling, or low tone). Some of the
modern dialects have completely lost all prosodic distinctions; some

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INTRODUCTION

have merged the two tones, but preserve length as a prosodic feature;
some appear to have preserved all distinctions. However, no systematic recordings of modern dialect prosody (except for the notation of
length in S. Martins KED) is known to us, so we base ourselves almost
exclusively on Middle Korean evidence.
In Proto-Korean and Middle Korean the high and low tone are certainly distinctive; however, as was shown by Ramsey 1978 and Ramsey
1991, there is a very strong tendency in Middle Korean towards low
tone on verbal and adjectival stems.
3.5. Japanese.
Japanese, like Korean, is a single language. However, it is attested considerably earlier (major literary monuments already since the 8th century), and has a much larger dialectal diversity than Korean.
The phonology of all modern dialects (including the Ryukyu dialects) can be derived from the system attested in Nara texts and known
as Old Japanese (a debatable question is whether some of the Ryukyu
dialects - the Amami dialects - reflect the distinction of e vs. je after
front (dental) consonants, the distinction that was certainly already lost
in Old Japanese). However, some phonetic features of the Ryukyu dialects - such as preservation of labial *p-, *b- and dental *d- - may be actually archaic and preserve the situation preceding that of Old Japanese. Additionally, we are able to establish some pre-OJ phonological
system on the basis of verbal and nominal morphophonemics.
A general outline of the Proto-Japanese (PJ) reconstruction was already put forward in the seventies (see 1975), and we still
keep this system, with a few modifications (notably, a reinterpretation
of the OJ i-ji distinction, see below). A very similar system can be found
in the works of other authors, e. g., in the largest ever compendium of
Japanese historical phonology, S. Martins JLTT.
The periodization of Japanese adopted in the present volume is like
this:
1. PJ - Proto-Japanese. A reconstructed language that must have been
spoken during the first centuries of our era.
2. OJ - Old Japanese. The language of the 7th-8th centuries, as reflected
in early inscriptions and in the earliest Nara texts: Kojiki, Nihon shoki
and Manysh.
3. MJ - Middle Japanese. A rather vague term referring to all post-Nara
and Pre-Meiji attested stages of Japanese. Various stages of MJ are re-

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CHAPTER THREE

ferred in literature as Late Old Japanese, Middle Japanese, Early Modern Japanese, with variously drawn chronological borders.
4. Modern Japanese - Japanese dialects attested in the 19th and 20th
centuries.
The PJ system of consonants can be reconstructed as follows:
p
t
k

b
d

w
j

m
n

In the system outlined above members of the pairs b-w and d-j are
actually in complementary distribution, *b and *d occurring only
word-initially, and *w and *j only intervocalically. For this reason some
authors, e.g., S. Martin, prefer to reconstruct only *b and *d. However,
no sources or modern dialects have any reflexes of intervocalic stops
here, as opposed to word-initial position, where at least some of the
Ryukyu dialects have b- (Hateruma, Yonaguni) and at least one dialect
(Yonaguni) appears to have preserved d-. Historically, there certainly
are cases where -w- and -j- do not go back to earlier *-b- and *-d- but
are rather filling a hiatus after some consonant losses (e.g. *-g- > -0- >
-w-, -j-); *-j- in some cases evidently reflects PA *-j-.
In fact, although PJ *b- and *d- in very many cases reflect PA *b- and
*d-, some authors (e.g. Murayama 1978) have expressed doubts in the
plausibility of such reconstruction for PJ. The arguments concern
mainly the reflex d- in Yonaguni: Murayama attempted to show that
old records of this dialect actually reveal j-. Additionally, Old Japanese
does not have a distinction of j- : 0- before the following i-vowel. In
cases like isi stone, obviously an early development *disi ( < PA *t)
> *jisi > isi had taken place. But Yonaguni has here always 0- instead of
d-; it only has d- in cases where it directly corresponds to OJ j-. Still,
since the only source of OJ w- and j- are PA *b-, *d- (*t-), and since the
nature of Ryukyu reflexes is debatable, we keep the notation *b-, *d- for
Proto-Japanese; in cases like isi stone we shall write *(d)isi, because
there is no evidence from within Japanese whether the form was actually *disi or *isi.
Besides voiceless intervocalic stops, OJ also had voiced -b-, -d-, -g-.
The general consensus now is that in most cases these voiced stops reflect PJ clusters *-mp-, *-nt-, *-nk- which are the only consonant clusters
possible in PJ and may have actually been pronounced as prenasalized
stops. In some cases these clusters actually reflect original PA clusters;
but, as we tried to show above, in many more cases they go back to
plain voiceless or voiced consonants in syllables with high pitch. It is

168

INTRODUCTION

therefore also possible to regard the OJ situation as original, or possibly

as resulting from a merger of clusters *-mp-, *-nt-, *-nk- and voiced *-b-,
*-d-, *-g- (from earlier plain stops).
Below we give a chart of correspondences between PJ consonants,
OJ consonants and modern standard Japanese (to avoid confusion, we
list the modern reflexes in standard modern romanization, where ch =
//, j = //, sh = //, ts = /c/, z = //). We do not list correspondences in
other dialects, because they are basically the same (except for occasional different behaviour of vowel sequences originating from intervocalic consonant loss).
PJ
*p1
*b2
*-mp*-w-3
*m
*t4
*d5
*-nt-6
*-j-7
*n
*-r*s8
*-ns-9
*k
*-nk-

OJ
p
w
-b-wm
t
j
-dj
n
r
s
z
k
-g-

Tokyo
h-/f-, -w-/-0w/0
-b-w-/-0m
t/ch/ts
y
-d-/-j-/-z-j-/-0n
r
s/sh
z/j
k
g

Notes.
1. f- before -u-, h- elsewhere; -w- before -a-, -0- (with vowel contractions) elsewhere.
2. *b- is not reconstructed before *-u-; in Tokyo w- before -a-, 0- elsewhere.
3. -w- before a, -0- (with vowel contractions) elsewhere.
4. ch before i, ts before u, t elsewhere.
5. *d- is not reconstructed before i (see above).
6. j before i, z before u, d elsewhere.
7. 0 before i, e, y elsewhere.
8. sh before i, s elsewhere.
9. j before i, z elsewhere.

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CHAPTER THREE

Vowels
The Proto-Japanese system is reconstructed as consisting of four vowels:
i

and five diphthongs: ia, ua, ui, i, ai.

There may be some indications in Ryukyu (basically Okinawa) dialects of the existence in PJ of a vocalic length distinction; the problem is,
however, far from clear and requires further investigation.
The diphthongs (except *ua in some cases) themselves have evolved
from earlier contractions, see above, and the discussion in
1975 and JLTT 57-64. Below we give a chart of vocalic correspondences
between PJ, OJ and standard modern Japanese:
PJ
i1
u

a
ia2
ua3
ui
i
ai

OJ
(j)i
u
o
a
(j)e
(w)o
i
i
e

Tokyo
i
u
o
a
e
o
i
i
e

Notes.
1. OJ ji is distinguished from i after velar and labial consonants; the distinction is neutralized after dentals.
2. OJ je is distinguished from e after velar and labial consonants; the
distinction is neutralized after dentals.
3. OJ wo is distinguished from o after dental and velar consonants; the
distinction after labials also existed, but was already disappearing during the Nara period, and in most cases is difficult to be recovered from
the writing system.
Prosody
The reconstruction of the PJ accentology is based on the accented Middle Japanese (11th century) dictionary Ruijumygish (RJ) and on
modern dialect data. RJ regularly marks high pitch () with a single
upper dot, and low pitch () - with a single lower dot. The system of

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INTRODUCTION

OJ accents is unknown, but a good guess is that it was close to the system attested in RJ. A discussion of the phonetic interpretation of the
Middle Japanese and PJ accent system see in 64-67, 136-137.
With the exception of the Kyoto circumflex pitch, all dialectal accent
systems are well derivable from the RJ accents, with the following correspondences:
a) Monosyllabic nouns
PJ
RJ
Kyoto Tokyo Kagoshima PR Shuri Hateruma
*,
k,
k, -g k, -ga k, k-g
*A k
k
*-nk -g
hair
child
*,
t, -g t, t-g t, -ga t, t-g
*B
t
t
*-nk field
The first type here corresponds to Martins 1.1 or H(H), the second to Martins 1.3a or L(L). Martin (JLTT 179-182, 600-602) reconstructs
two more accent types for monosyllabic nouns, namely 1.2 or H(L) and
1.3b or L(H). We should say that the number of words in the two latter
classes is quite insignificant, and the correspondences far from clear.
The type 1.3b is most probably just a collection of irregularities, while
the type 1.2 may have some reality, since Kyoto has a distinct pitch pattern here (marked by Hirayama as 1;25). However, the number of
words in this class (of which the most common one is n name) is
quite small and it may well be an innovation in Kyoto-type dialects. It
seems not quite probable that monosyllabic nouns had possessed more
than two distinctive types of pitch.
b) Disyllabic nouns
PJ
RJ
Kyoto Tokyo Kagoshima PR
1.*,
tm, -g tsm, tsme, tsm,
*A
-nk
claw
-g
-ga
tsm-g
2.*,
s, -g
sh,
ish,
sh, sh-g *A
-nk
stone
-g
-ga
3.*,
n, -g
n,
in, -ga n, n-g *B
-nk
dog
-g
4.*,-nk kt, -g kt, kta, kt,
*B
shoulder kt-g -ga
kt-g
5.*V,-nk jr, -g jr, jru, jr,
*B
night
jr-ga -ga
jr-g

Shuri Hateruma
tm sm

kt

kt

jr

jr

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CHAPTER THREE

Here type 1 is Martins 2.1 or HH(H); type 2 is Martins 2.2b or

HL(L); type 3 is Martins 2.3 or LL(L); type 4 is Martins 2.4 or LH(H);
and type 5 is Martins 2.5 or LH(L). Martin also lists a type 2.2a or
*HH(L) which differs from type 2.2b in Tokyo-type dialects (instead of
V - V), but he himself expresses doubts about its existence (JLTT
162); most of the words of this type probably just exhibit occasional
irregularities or are a result of interdialectal influence. Type 5 no doubt
exists, but differs from type 4 only in Kyoto-type dialects and is not
reflected in RJ - which is certainly a recording of the old Kyoto-type
dialect. Therefore one also cannot exclude here a later Kyoto innovation - although its origins are not yet clear. It has been argued that
nouns of this type go back to an earlier structure *CVCVN, with a
word-final nasal, but the arguments in favour of such a solution are
clearly insufficient.
c) Trisyllabic nouns
PJ
RJ
Kyoto
1.
kbr, kmr,
*, -g
-g
-nk smoke
nmd, nmd,
2.
*, -g tear -g
-nk
3.
szm, szm,
*, -g
-g
-nk sparrow
4.
ktn, ktn,
-g
*, -g
-nk knife
5.
kbt, kbt,
*, -g
-g
-nk helmet

Tokyo Kagoshima PR Shuri Hateruma

kmuri, kmr,
*A kb kipus
-ga
kmr-g
nmida, nmd,
*B
-ga
nmd-g

nd

nnd

szume, szm, *B
-ga
szm-g

sd sg
hare

katan, ktn,
*B
-ga
ktn-g

kg ktn
mirror

kbuto, kbt,
*B
-ga
kbt-g

gdr gdzr
whale

Here type 1 is Martins 3.1 or HHH(H); type 2 is Martins 3.5b or

LLH(H); type 3 is Martins 3.6 or LHH(H); type 4 is Martins 3.4 or
LLL(L); and type 5 is Martins 3.7b or LHL(L).
Although other accent patterns are also possible (Martin also lists:
3.1a or *HHH(L); 3.2a or HHL(L); 3.2b - also HHL(L), but with different
behaviour in Tokyo type dialects; 3.3 or HLL(L); 3.5a or LLH(H), but
with different behaviour in Tokyo type dialects; 3.7a or *LHH(L)).

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INTRODUCTION

However, the above five types represent the absolute majority (more
than 90%) of all trisyllabic nouns.
d) Verbs
PJ
*-

RJ
Kyoto
jk() to jk()
burn
*- kk() kk()
to write
*- krs() krs()
to kill
*- fkr() hkr()
to
shine
*- rk() rk()
to walk

Tokyo Kagoshima PR Shuri Hateruma

jk(u)
jk()
A jt
jg
kk(u)

kk()

kt

hk

kros(u) krs()

krs krs

hikr(u) hkr()

fitj pikr

ark(u) rk()

tt rg

Martin (JLTT198-204) distinguishes only two verbal accent classes:

type A (corresponding to our *- and *-) and type B (corresponding
to our *- and *-); the type *- is labelled as B . It contains only a
few verbal stems and Martin may be right in regarding it as secondary.
e) Adjectives
PJ
RJ
Kyoto Tokyo Kagoshima PR
Shuri
Hateruma
*- m(s) m(i) ma(i) m(i)
A
m(s) m(h)
sweet
*- tk(s) tk(i) tak(i) tk(i)
B
tk(s) tk(h)
high
These two types correspond to Martins type A and type B respectively. RJ contains also a few adjectival stems with the accent -, the
origin of which (just as of the verbal *- type) is not quite clear; their
reflexes coincide with the type *- in all dialects.

CHAPTER FOUR

ELEMENTS OF A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF

ALTAIC LANGUAGES
4.1. Derivation in Proto-Altaic
A dictionary is not a proper place for a comprehensive comparative
grammar. However, knowledge of derivational morphology is absolutely necessary for evaluating proposed etymologies: in a vast number
of cases we are faced with the inevitability of comparing different suffixed word forms. Here is the list of basic suffixes, with an explanation
of their functions and examples.
4.1.0. PA *-0Although parts of speech, at least nouns and verbs, are clearly distinguishable in all Altaic languages, 0-derivation (conversion) is also not
an uncommon phenomenon. It is especially frequent in TM languages
(cf. numerous cases like *idu- to command: idu order, *xila-ga flower,
ornament : *xila-ga- to adorn etc.), rather common in Mongolian
(*kele- to speak, *kele tongue, speech, *imki- to pinch, *imki a
pinch etc.). The phenomenon is less common in Turkic and Korean,
and is absent in Japanese (in the latter case because a derived noun always ends in *-i and is thus formally distinct from the verbal stem; this
-i, however, may be a late addition, so that in pre-Proto-Japanese
0-conversion could have been quite normal).
4.1.1. PA *-bThe basic function of this suffix, as described in EAS 2, 157-160 (cf. also
Vovin 1997, 8), is passive / causative, and it is quite productive in TM
(see Benzing 122-123). A *-b- (-p-/-w-) suffix is widely attested in Korean, and a *-p- suffix - in Japanese, although their function is less obvious here: in Japanese the suffix is frequentative or just stem-forming,
in Korean it is basically used in politeness forms, probably reflecting
the original passive semantics. In Mongolian, as Ramstedt writes, this
suffix - due to its phonological weakening - can be clearly detected only

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INTRODUCTION

in clusters with preceding liquids, and has lost productivity. We must

add that the suffix may be in many cases preserved as -e- / -i- > -ji-,
but without external evidence it would be difficult to trace it to *-b-.
Finally, in Turkic, there are just a few cases when *-b- is preserved
as -b- after liquids; in some cases it disappears without a trace, leaving
only vowel labialization (*-Vb- > -u), and is generally rather poorly preserved.
PA *rV witchcraft, craft (PT *ar- to deceive, make magic; PTM *arto come to ones senses; appear in ones imagination): PT *ar-ba- to
make magic; deceive, PTM *ar-bu- shape, form
PA *bjo to learn, be attentive (not attested suffixless, see under *-gV):
PM *bol-ba- trained, educated, PJ *bs-pa- to teach
PA *uli to grow less, shrink (PK *r-): PM *lji-, Evk. ul-biPA *dure to burn, set fire (Bur. dre-, Evn. dur-): PM *dr-be- to blaze,
flame, Man. do-bu- to set fire
PA *a to go astray, mistake (PT *-, Evk. ere- to be mistaken, PJ
*r- to behave violently: PM *ere- torture, crime, PTM *eru- (=
*eru-bu-) bad, torture, PK *rj-b- to be difficult, in distress
PA *gla thin, short (Nan. Gl- rare (with intervals), PJ *kr- light):
PT *Kl-b- thin, short, PM *gul-bi- be thin, lean
PA *ia to rub, smear (PT *-, PM *(h)ili- to rub, stroke, PTM *ile- to
lick): PM *(h)il-bi-, PK *r(b)u- to rub
PA *ile to go away, drive away (Mong. ile- go away): PM *ile-e- to
send, PTM *il-be- to drive
PA *pe to cover, to wear (PM *ibe-, PJ *p-): PM *ibe-e-, PJ *p-pPA *ru to be ashamed, shy, hostile (PT *r shame, to be ashamed,
Kor. r- to scare, threaten): PM *(h)ir-ba- discontent, cranky, PJ
*ta-(m)p- to shun, neglect
PA *klo to roll, turn (PT *Kula- to roll down, fall, PTM *xol- / *xulwalk round, turn round, Jpn. koro round log): PM *kl-be- to lie
on one side, PK *kur-b- > *kubr- > kuwr- (?) to roll, PJ *kr-mp- id.
PA *mro to roll, bend (PTM *mari- to turn, return, PK *mr- to roll
up): PM *mari-ja- to crawl, be in ambush, PTM *mari-b- to bend,
curl, PJ *mtu-p- (-p-) to roll up, wrap
PA *n to lie, put (PTM *n-, PJ *n-): PM *ni-u- to hide, conceal, PK
*n-b- to lie
PA *olu to be startled, annoyed (PTM *ola- be afraid, startled): PM
*ulba-ji-, *lbe-ji- be weak, dizzy, PTM *olba-n- to be bored
PA *po walk, run (PT *-, PTM *peli-): PTM *pel-bu- to lead, PK
*prb- to tread
PA *td transmit (PTM *ted-): PM *tei-je-, PTM *ted-b-, PJ *tt-p-

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175

PA *tja be calm, quiet (PTM *teje-, PJ *tj-): PM *taji-bu-, PTM

*teje-ba-n-, PJ *tj- (with a regular development *-b- >-w-(-u-) after
-j-)
As noted by Ramstedt, at least in some cases (Evk. duku- write,
duku-wu-n smth. written, letter) the same suffix may form Nomina
actionis, and indeed, it is probable for forms like PTM *ar-bu- or PM
*ere-. Cf. also the following cases where -b-nouns may go back to
original verbal stems:
PA *li to deceive; be angry (PT *l deceit, trick; PTM *ali- to be angry): PM *(h)ali-a frolic, tricksy, *albi-n devil, evil spirit, PK
*rb- to steal, PJ *ira-p- to play, sport
PA *me to tie, strap, belt (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *(x)me-nse
strap, *(x)me-le- to girdle): PM *(h)umu-ji- to tighten, shrink, PK
*m-i- to pucker, close up, PJ *m-p belt
PA *tk to sacrifice, respect (PM *taki-): PT *toku ceremony, PTM
*taKu(b)-, PJ *tk-p- to take oath
PA *dle to spend the night (PM *dli- to spend the night): PTM
*dol-ba night, PJ *du night (the development of *-lV-b- > -0 in Jpn.
is similar to cases of *-RVg-, *-RV- > -0, see below)
In a few cases, *-b- seems to be denominative, but this is probably
due to secondary nominalization of the original verbal stem in Turkic:
PA *a female; to seduce (PT *ei woman): PK *r-b- to seduce, be
flirty, PJ *su-mp- to play
PA *rV open space (PT *(i)ra space, distance): PM *arba- to stretch
(of fingers), PTM *ar-bu- space between two river branches
However, in a small, but significant number of cases *-b- seems to be
purely denominative, forming nouns from nouns, with not quite
clear semantic differentiation (originally collective?):
PA *tV horse (PT *t): PM *adu-u- cattle, horse, PTM *abdu- cattle,
herd
PA *gr word, name (PM *gere witness, PK *kr poetry, letter, PJ
*kt word, speech): PM *gere-e witness, PTM *ger-b name, PK
*kr-b-r poetry, letter, PJ *kt-p word, speech
PA *kd a k. of harness (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *kada-la, -ra):
PM *kada-a-r bridle, PK *kr-bi > *kri id., PJ *kt-w id. (note
the -w-reflex here - either reflecting a form like *kd-j-bV, or else a
result of contamination with PJ *ba ring)
PA *nre a k. of foliate tree (PJ *nra-i): Evk. irwi a k. of poplar, PK
*nr-p elm
PA *pra bee (PT *r, PJ *pt): PM *her-be-kei, Evk. her-p-ti-n

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INTRODUCTION

4.1.2. PA *-pBecause of the similarity of reflexes, it is difficult to distinguish the PA

*-b- and *-p- suffixes. A deverbative instrumental suffix *-pu-n is,
however, well established for PTM (see Benzing 63), and it seems to
have clear external correlates at least in a number of cases:
PA *to staff, pole, lean on a pole (PTM *tje-, both nominal and
verbal): PM *tuji-ban, PTM *tje-pun, PJ *tmp
PA *k lever (PM *ksi- to prop, lever): PTM *kui-pu-n pole, lever,
PJ *ksp wedge
PA *md bend, circle (PTM *moda- bend): PK *mrV-p knee, PJ
*mt-p-r- to turn round
PA *pbi to mince, saw (PT *bij-, PTM *pubu-, PJ *piwa-): PTM
*pubu-pu- saw, PK *pjpi- to mince
In the last two examples we see a secondary noun->verb conversion
in Japanese and Korean. Similar verbal semantics is observed in:
PA *nbi to smoke, smell (PK *ni smoke): PTM *nibu-p- to smoke,
PJ *np-p- to smell
PA *rVko courage, joy (PM *irga-, PTM *urga-): PK *rk-p-, PJ
*drk-pPA * to eat (PT *j-, PK *-si-): PM *a-u-g ( > *oog) food, but
PTM *e-p- eat, PJ *da-pa- hungry
PA *ru sing, song (PT *r, PJ *t): PM *ira-u melodious sound, harmony [but possibly < PT *ragu]; PK *r-p- to chant, PJ *t-p- to
sing
On verbal *-p(u)- in TM see Benzing 117, 122; this suffix has become
extremely productive in Japanese.
In all of these cases it is in fact possible to suppose original verbal
semantic and nominal passive/instrumental derivation (smth. which is
X-ed or smth. with which one X-es), with subsequent noun/verb
conversions.
4.1.3. PA *-mRamstedt (EAS 2, 104-114) gives numerous examples of the usage of
PA *-m- as a nomen verbi, still quite productive in Turkic and Korean
(Turk. alm taking etc.). Because of productive noun/verb conversion,
in many cases we can observe further verbalization of such nouns; in
Japanese, in fact, the suffix is predominantly verbal (while the *-m-i
nouns appear already secondarily derived). Vovin (1997, 3) regards the
PJ circumflex pitch as reflecting the same suffix (*kr dark colour <

CHAPTER FOUR

177

*kr-m), but there does not seem to exist enough evidence to corroborate such a development. In the same paper (p. 6) he reconstructs a
gerund in *-mye (PJ *-mi, Kor. -mj, Man. -me) which is in fact a
combination of the deverbative *-m- with the gerund suffix *-jV (on
which see below).
Consider the following cases:
PA *gju sorrow, be sorry (PM *gaj): PK *ki-m envy, PJ *kj-m- to
feel sorry, regret
PA *r omen, divination; to divine (PJ *r): PT *r-m omen, PTM
*r-me- to ask
PA *klo to change, borrow (PM *kala- to change, PK *kr- id., PJ *krto borrow): PT *Kal-m ransom, PTM *kalma-gda rich bride
PA *kara to look, observe (PM *kara-): PM *kara-mu-l sight, PTM
*kara-ma- to guard, protect, PK *kr-m- to keep, preserve
PA *kuu to cry, cough (PM *kua- to bark): MMong. xua-m barking, PK *kh-m cough, PJ *kusa-ma- sneeze
PA *nra to pile, stack (Man. nora-): Chuv. orm stack, PM *norum
id.
PA *sk hollow, crack; to stick into (PT *suk- stick in, insert, PTM
*sixa- hollow vessel, PK *sk- to insert, sheath, PJ *sk- be hollow): OT suqm hollow wood, PK *sk-m crack (cf. also Jpn.
suki-ma)
PA *tl[u] be together (PK *tr-, PJ *tr-): PT *deli-m, PM *dali-m, PK
*tr-mThis *-m- should probably be distinguished from the optative *-m-,
observable in several branches of Altaic (see below).
Another function of PA *-m- (see EAS 2, 218-220) is denominative
adjectival, well preserved in TM (*-ma, see Benzing 66, 90 and *-mi, see
Benzing 90) and Mongolian (*-maj), and observable in a large number
of Common Altaic derivatives:
PA *zeju metal (PTM *sele, PK *si, PJ *sunsu): PT *jel-me, PM *sele-me
sable ( = PTM *sele-me metallic)
PA *kV a k. of cloth (PT *k cotton shirt, Man. eke upper short
clothes): PT *k-me-n a k. of upper cloth, Man. eke-mu velvet
PA *drV back, waist (PT *jar-n shoulder, shoulder-blade, PM *dere
pillow): PM *dere-m-deg pillow, PTM *dara-ma waist, back
PA *kra thin stick, rod (Evk. kar(i) rod, thin branch): PT *Kar-ma-k
fishing rod, hook, PK *kr-m axle, PJ *kri-m id.
PA *kra sheath, basket (PM *kor quiver, Evk. kor dish made of birch
bark): PT *Kur-ma-n wooden vessel, quiver, PM *korum-(saga)
quiver, PTM *kor-ma-ki sheath, PJ *kt-ma basket

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INTRODUCTION

PA *kro a k. of clothes (PT *Kur belt): PM *kor-ma-j lap. skirt, PTM

*kuru-mV a k. of upper clothes, PK *kor-m clothes string, lace, PJ
*kr-m clothes
PA *kge palate, jaw (PJ *k()i fang): PT *Kg-me gum (of tooth),
PM *ke-me throat, pharynx, PK *kh-m jaw
PA *m heart; breast (PJ *mn-): PTM *miaa-m, PK *m-m
PA *t top of head, head (PK *utu): PTM *utu-mu-k back of head, PJ
*tm head
PA *sela bolt, hinge (PTM *sele arrow, cross-bow, PJ *saru bolt): PT
*sal-ma horse noose, PTM *selu-mi cross-bow
PA *pr edge (PM *hir, PTM *pere, PJ *pir): PM *hir-meg, PTM
*pere-m
PA *porV trace (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *oru-k path, road): PM
*horu-m trace, PK *prm sign
In TM nouns in *-m- could be verbalized, giving rise to specific derivatives like *xuluk-m-a- to hunt for squirrels etc. (see Benzing
116-117).
Note also the usage of *-m- in some animal and plant names:
PA *dari a small animal (suffixless in PT *jar-Kiajnat bat): Orok
daram(n) otter, PK *trm flying squirrel
PA *kr a k. of weed, cockle (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *kara-u
darnel grass, smut, Kor. kara-i Setaria viridis): PT *KAra-mu-k
cockle, (?) PM *kar-ba-ur a k. of shrub or weed, PJ *kr-m-s a
k. of hemp
PA *sera a k. of garlic (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *sara-na): PT
*sar-m-sak, PM *sar-mu-g
In some of the examples above, as well as in the following, *-m- appears in a combination with further suffixes:
PA *re to plait, weave (PT *r-, PM *r-, PK *r, PJ *r-): PT *r-mek,
PM *r-mege woven cloth
PA *kru a k. of cloth (PK *kr satin, ornamented silk): PT *KAr-s
(probably by contraction < *KArm-s- = PM *kor-mu-su-) a k. of upper
clothes, PM *kor-mu-su- thin silk kerchief, PTM *xara-mu-sa thigh
covers, stockings
4.1.4. PA *-dThis suffix is found in a large number of stems, and its primary function seems to have been adjectival / adverbial when used as a denominative (sometimes, through conversion, yielding nouns or verbs again;
on the denominative verbal *-d- in TM see Benzing 116). Cf.:

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179

PA *mV quick, timely (PT *(i)am now, PTM *am(a) quick, PK *m

surely, certainly): PT *(i)am-d now, PM *(h)am-i- to be on time
PA *g big, many (PM *au- large, very, PK *h- to be great, many):
PM *au-da- large, wide, PTM *eg-di big, many
PA *gk high, peak (PK *kki, PJ *kk peak): PM *gg-de- high,
lofty, PTM *gug-da high
PA *mu hole, pit (PT *(i)am vulva, PTM *umu- hole, nest, PJ *mto dig): PM *(h)uma-da-g lower part of belly, PTM *um-de-k- hole,
nest
PA *mu whole (PJ *m-i): PM *men-d healthy, PTM *me-dewhole, PJ *mui-(n)tuPA *muku blunt, hornless (PT *muk-, PM *mk): PM *mug-i-, PTM
*mug-de-ke, PK *mth
PA *mne defect, lack (PT *bn): PM *mun-du- to become insufficient,
PJ *mn-t- poor
PA *oe cold (PT *jE frazil): PM *i-de- to suffer from cold, PTM
*u-de- cold
PA *ni high (PT *n-): PM *n-d-, PK *un-tu [if *-nt- can reflect
*-nd-], PJ *un-tu
PA *sago old, age (PK *s-n grown up): PM *se-de-r age, PTM
*sag-da- senior, old
PA *soga arrow (PJ *sa): PM *saa-da-g quiver, PJ *s-j sheath
PA *pole blanket, skin (as covering) (PJ *pr): PT *El-di-ri skin of kid
or lamb, PM *hel-de- to dress (leather)
This *-d- may originally have represented the same morpheme as
the locative case marker *-dV (on which see below).
Due to adjective->noun conversion, PA *-d- has in many cases become just a nominal stem-marker without any specific meaning - especially in Mongolian where we have a rather large class of nouns ending
in -du(n). Cf.:
PA *kp bark, skin (PJ *kapa): PM *kaw-da- bark; page, PTM
*xab-da-(nsa) leaf, Kor. dial. kp-te-gi bark, skin
PA *po star (PK *pjr, PJ *ps): PT *jul-du-, PM *ho-du etc.
Cases of deverbatives in *-d- are rare, but also attested:
PA *mnu be wrong, mad, uneasy: (PT *bun-, PM *muna- to become
mad): OT munduz mad, foolish, PM *mun-dur shame, PJ
*mn-t-ka- difficult
PA *ki urine, urinate (PT *sk, PTM *iK-): PT *sg-d- > *sd-, PM
*sii-, PTM *ikte-, PK *st-, PJ *sit
PA *tukV fall, drop (PTM *tK-): PTM *tg-de rain, PK *td-

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INTRODUCTION

PA *tula to intend, reason (PM *tula-, PTM *tul-): PT *Tl-da, PM

*tul(a)-da
Since in these cases the suffixless stem may be both verbal and
nominal, it seems reasonable to assume that here we are also in fact
dealing with *-d- in an original adjectival function (see above) (e.g.
*rain (n.) -> *rainy (adj.) > *rain (n.) again).
4.1.5. PA *-t- (intransitive ~ passive)
The assumption of a suffix *-d- in Turkic monosyllabic verbal stems
(*tod-, *jod-, *kod- and *jd-) led Ramstedt (EAS 2, 162-163) to reconstruct a continuative verbal suffix *-d- (also reflected as Mong. *-d-,
but, significantly, never within exact Turk.-Mong. lexical matches). It
seems, however, that such a *-d- suffix in Turkic does not exist (all the
above verbal stems have more plausible whole-root etymologies),
whereas there is a number of cases where Turkic verbal *-t- corresponds to Mong. *-d-, e. g.:
PA *i to know, to hear (PT *ala- to tell, PK *r- to know): PT *i-tto hear, PM *al-da-r fame
PA *ju to speak, sound (PT *aj- to say, PM *aji sound, voice, Evk.
ej demand): PT *j-t- to say, demand, PM *aji-da- to cry, recite,
PTM *ej-t- to ask
This is exactly the correspondence that reflects PA *-t- (see above);
we may note, however, that if preceded by resonants, PA *-t- here
rather gives a voiced reflex in TM (in Turkic, where *-lt-/*-ld- and
*-rt-/-rd- are very difficult to distinguish, we usually have *-ld-, but
*-rt-):
PA *li to deceive; be angry (PT *l deceit, trick; PTM *ali- to be angry): PT *l-da- to deceive, PJ *ira-t- to be nervous, angry
PA *enV pain, sickness (PTM *en illness, pain, to feel pain): PT
*eni-t- to become confused, suffer, PTM *en-t- to feel pain, be
sick
PA *gno to think (PM *guni be sad, PTM *gn- to think; to say):
Ord. Guni-d- be sad, PTM *gn-de- to say, think.
PA *b to be hungry, exhausted (Man. uba- to become spoiled (of
meet), PK *b- to wither, dry up, PJ *w- to be hungry): PM
*je-de- to be exhausted, PTM *(x)ob-da- to be exhausted, become
spoiled (of meat)
PA *uju sad, ashamed (PM *uji, PJ *u-): PT *uja-t- (also with a strange
variant *ujad- in Old Turkic), PM *uji-d-

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181

PA *d to lie (PTM *d bed): PT *j-t- to lie, PTM *d-du- (with assimilation) to lie, PJ *d-nt-r- to spend the night
PA *lku dirt, dregs (PM *lag): PM *lag-da- to become sticky, dirty,
PTM *lak-ti- to be burnt (of food)
PA *more to hurt, damage, wound (PM *mer, PJ *miar-): PT *bEr-t-,
Evk. mur-du-lPA *pre fire, burn (PTM *puri- to dry over fire, PK *pr fire): PT
*r-t flame, PM *(h)r-de- to burn, flame up
PA *bla child, young (PT *bla): PT *bl-d wifes younger sister, PM
*bal-i-r very young, infant, PTM *bal-di- to bear, be born
We see that the verbs with the -t-suffix are usually intransitive, thus
the original meaning may have been reflexive or even passive (if passive *-t- was opposed to causative *-b-, on which see above).
In a few cases, however, the same suffix is used denominatively and
semantically exactly duplicates the PA adjectival *-d- (on which see
above):
PA *kbe touchwood, tree fungus (PT *K(i)ab tree fungus, PJ *kua
mushroom): PM *kb-d moss, PTM *xub(u)-te touchwood
PA *kjli limb, extremity (PT *Kol arm, PM *kl foot): PT *Kol-tuk
armpit, PTM *xol-da-n side, thigh
PA *pu a k. of fish (PJ *pn): PT *b-t, PM *bo-i-liki, PTM
*po-dV, PK *p-t
PA *ape bare, saddleless (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *ipu-n
fur coat worn on bare body): PT *jp-tak, PM *aji-da saddleless.
4.1.6. PA *-tProto-Turkic *-t- is more frequently transitive (and even causative), and
in this function it continues PA *-t- (on Turk.-Mong. matches see
Ramstedt 1912, 21-23). Cf. the following cross-language matches:
a) denominative and deverbative transitive
PA *nda to do wrong (PM *(h)anda- to err, mistake, PTM *(x)an(d)uto accuse): PTM *(x)an(d)u-t- to tease, PJ *n-t-ur- to despise
PA *pi to enjoy, rest (PTM *(b)- to sleep): PT *(i)ab-t- to comfort,
PK *p-t feast
PA *mo mouth; taste (PT *um- to hope for, desire; PM *ama(n)
mouth; PJ *m- tasty, sweet): PM *am-ta taste, PTM *am-ta- to
taste, PJ *nt taste.
PA *k[]p to cover (PT *Kp- to cover, *Kp sack, PTM *kupu- to
cover, *kupu covering): PM *kab-ta-ga sack, PTM *kup-tu- to
cover, *kup-tu- covering, hat, PJ *kmp-tua helmet

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INTRODUCTION

PA *mga glory, praise (not attested suffixless, cf. Orch. magui- to

shamanize, PK *m-r speech, PJ *mw-s- to speak): PT *bAga-tu-r
hero, PM *mag-ta- to praise, glorify, Evk. mig-di - to be noisy
PA *pa to separate, emit (PK *p- > *ph-): PTM *pi-ta-, PJ *pn-tPA *ppa shaman, to shamanize (PM *hab): PM *hab-taj, PTM *pap-taPA *umuo to forget (PTM *oma-): PT *umn-t, PM *um-tab) verbs of motion:
PA *i to come (PTM *i-): PT *j-t-, PM *i-d-kPA *jba to hurry (PT *b-): PM *(h)aba-d at once, instantly, PJ *w-tto hurry
PA *ki to run away (PJ *nnk-): PM *igu-tu- to run away, Evk.
luk-ti-n- to run some distance
PA *nk to pass (Evk. nk- to loose way): PM *ng-i- to pass, Nan.
nuk-te- to move to another location
PA *tja to float, slide (PT *tj-, PTM *tia-): PM *taji-tu-, PJ *taju-ta-pJust as with *-t-, there seems to be a number of suffixed denominative (less frequently deverbative) *-t-cases with adjectival ( ~
->nominal) meaning, and it would seem to be natural to equate this
suffix with Mong. (productive) adjectival -tu and Japanese -tu id.:
PA *bolo all, completely (PT *bile / *bula): PM *bul-tu, PTM *bil-[t]iPA *bugu joint (PTM *bogi-ja- cuff, wristband, PJ *pu joint, knot):
PM *bog-tu collar bone, shoulder bone, Ud. bog-do-lo shoulder
PA *kp side (PJ *kp): PT *Kap-ta-l side, PM *kab-ta-su side boards
on saddle, Evn. ewu-t-le side
PA *lp flat, broad (PK *np- / *np- level, wide, PJ *np yard):
Tuva p-t flat, PM *lab-ta- to be flat, level, PTM *lap-ta- id.
PA *pi to crush (PT *-, PM *hr-, PTM *puru-, PK *pur-): PM
*(h)r-te-s- rags, PTM *pur-te- crumbs
PA *s[]u to sink (PT *si-, PM *sige- ~ *sigu-): PTM *su-ta deep,
PJ *sn-t-mPA *luko wild pig (PTM *luke boar): PM *nog-tu-mal wild male boar,
PTM *luk-te wild boar
However, because of lack of Mongolian data or because of a neutralized -- reflex in Mongolian, PA *-t- is in very many cases impossible
to distinguish from *-t-, cf.:
PA *bli arm muscles (PTM *bola- cuff, PK *prh arm): PT *b(i)al-t-r
calf of leg, PM *bul-i- muscles of arms and legs, PJ *pn-t elbow
PA *kp to squeeze, press together (PT *Kp- to press together, PTM
*kap together): PT *Kp-tu scissors, PM *kaji-i id.
PA *ka elbow, angle (PM *ka(j) front legs, PJ *kana-i rule, gusset):
PT *Kiajna-t wing, PT *kee-tu shin; stockings

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PA *tk become thick (of liquids) (PK *ti-, PJ *tka-): PTM *tek-ti, PK
*tthbPA *zke light, quiet (PM *sige-n): PTM *siku-ti, PJ *sntka- ( <
*snk-ta-)
And there is further a functionally quite similar PA nominal suffix
*-kt-, which is clearly seen in the following examples:
PA *mu a k. of fruit or berry (PJ *m- plum): OT imi-ti (m-t) a k.
of hawthorn, PTM *uma-kta brier, cornel
PA *kumi eyebrows, hair on temples (not attested suffixless, cf. PM
*km-ske eyebrow): PTM *kumi-kte eyelid, PK *km-t hair on
temples
PA *kure woodcock, woodpecker (PM *kur) : PT *Kr-tk, PTM
*kre-kte.
PA *kre a k. of insect (cf. PK *kr-kmi a k. of spider): PM *kri-d
moth larva, PTM *xr-kte ant
PA *kr bark, shell (PM *kr-s bark, PK *kr shell, oyster): PT
*Kr-t- bark, surface, PTM *xura-kta bark
Benzing 72 regards this PTM *-kta as collective; it is interesting to
note that it is paralleled by verbal iterative *-kta- (see Benzing 119). The
latter usage, however, seems to be absent outside Tungusic.
In many of the cases listed above it could be in fact also possible to
reconstruct *-kt-:
Ud. bog-do-lo may go back to PTM *bogo-kta-, Evn. ewu-t-le to PTM
*xebu-kte-, PTM *luk-te can be a crasis of *luku-kte and *su-ta, of
*suu-kta. This will leave us with only *lap-ta- and *pur-te- as reflexes of
adjectival *-t-. No matter how we shall explain these two examples,
it seems quite possible that no PA adjectival *t existed, while all
such cases should be explained as reflecting PA *-kt-. We can add a
number of other examples:
PA *ko pivot, bolt (PTM *iKi): PM *ig-ta lock, bolt, PK *-t-ri
pivot, hinge
PA *kk doll (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *KAgu-r, PTM *xaku-kan):
PK *ko-tai, PJ *knk-t
PA *sgi a k. of foliate tree (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *sie-r nut
tree): PT *seg-t, PTM *siak-ta (like *lukte, most probably a crasis <
*siagV-kta)
PA *sagu a k. of vessel (PT *sagu): PT *sAgu-t, PK *sth.
Note that in a few cases when this suffix was preceded by a consonant cluster, Korean and Mongolian reveal different reflexes (losing the
second element -t- instead):

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INTRODUCTION

PA *am()e a k. of tree (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *jmu-rt, PM

*imu-u-): PTM *ami-kta, PK *nm-k, PJ *mmti
PA *sirpa thick hair, bristle (PM *serbe crest, bristle): PT *srt bristle,
PM *sir-ke-g id., PTM *sirpa-kta id.
To sum up this rather difficult topic of dental suffixes in
Proto-Altaic, the original situation emerges as follows:
1. adjectival/adverbial denominative *-d-, *-t- and *-kt2. intransitive (passive?) deverbative *-t3. transitive and motional denominative/deverbative *-tIt should also be borne in mind that PT *-t and Mong. *-d can in
some cases actually reflect the original plural suffix *-tV (reflected also
in PTM as *-ta, in Korean as *-t-r and in Japanese as *ta-ti). The suffix
*-kt- in fact may be characterized broadly as collective (this is how
Benzing 72 qualifies the PTM *-kta) and perhaps containing this very
suffix (PA plural *-tV).
4.1.7. PA *-nAs noticed in EAS 2 (pp. 168-169, 220-223) this suffix occurs in two
functions:
1. as a deverbative with intransitive (reflexive) usage, cf.:
PA *pi to enjoy, rest (PTM *(b)- to sleep): PT *(i)ab-n- to enjoy oneself, PTM *bun- to entertain
PA *m[]k to suck (PT *bk- be satiated, PM *meke- female breast, to
suck, PK *mk- to eat): PTM *muKu-n- fill mouth with liquid, PJ
*mk-n-p- to feed
PA *pk to contrive, think of (PM *baka- to covet, wish): PT *bkento appreciate, Ul. peken- be embarrassed
PA *saru be worn out, torn (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *suta-r-): PT
*sara-n, PM *sar-n-iIt should be mentioned that in Japanese this suffix occurs only
within the compound -na-p- (besides maka-nap- cf. also soko-nap- to
harm < *sko; ura-nap- to divine (ura divination, *r); usi-nap- lose
< *u; noga-nap- to pass < *nk etc.), and because of this -p- (originally causative, see above) has acquired rather a transitive usage.
On the usage of this suffix as (re)iterative *-na- in TM see Benzing
120.
The derivatives in *-n- in PA could also have a nominal usage (like
OT tt-n smoke, PTM *xeb-n play etc., see Benzing 58, Gabain 73
etc.), but this seems to be a secondary nominalization.

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2. as a denominative with a rather loose semantics, frequently in

a) body parts:
PA *bka thigh (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *boka-ur behind, buttocks) : PT *bk-n thigh, PTM *bKa-n id.
PA *bk rib, breast bone (PJ *bk side of body): PT *boka-na false
ribs, PM *bogo-ni first rib
PA *V cheek, cheekbone (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *ai-ur
part of cheek, *ai-la- to chew): PT *Aj-na- to chew; jaw, cheek,
Man. ai-n cheekbone
PA *kte hole (PT *gt anus, buttocks, PK *kt hole): PT *gte-n(e)
stomach, Evn. qotaa concave, cavity
PA *sea fringe, hair lock (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *sAak, *sAat,
PM *sa-maj): PM *sa-na forelock, PTM *se-ne gill, fringe
PA *sg health, blood (PT *sg healthy): PM *saji-n good, PK
*s-n-b- strong, valid
b) animal names:
PA *u wild game (PT * wild game, hunt, PTM *aa wild game):
PM *(h)ou-na male mountain antelope, PTM *aa-nV mountain
ram; enclosure for deer
PA *gri deer, game (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *gr-e-): PTM
*gur-na- squirrel, ermine, PK *kr-n deer
PA *kue a k. of furry animal (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *xur-ka- /
*xur-ga- bear): PT *Ke-n ferret, weasel, PM *kre-ne id.
PA *sg deer, horned animal (PJ *sika): PT *sgu-n, PM *see-n-ek
PA *ebVrV worm, snake (PTM *re): PT *ebre-n, Ul. were-n.
c) plant names:
PA *buke vessel; gourd (Kor. pak): Evk. buku-n birch bark put into
cradle, PK *pkn bamboo basket
PA *dlgu a k. of foliate tree (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *dulgi-kta
alder): PT *jlgu-n tamarisk, PM *doluga-na hawthorn
PA *tag root (PTM *daga): PT *TAg-na, PM *deg-ne-/*dag-na-, PJ
*tuku-nai
d) but also not infrequent in other semantic groups:
PA *bku pole, pillar (PK *p beam): PT *bak-na rung of a ladder, PM
*baga-na central pole
PA *emo front (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *m-ge-n upper part of
breast): PM *em-ne front, South, PTM *ume-n one
PA *tudu a period of time (PM *tui always): PT *Td-n time, appointed time, PJ *tn- longlasting, always)
PA *lb swamp (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *lab-ku, PK *np-h):
PTM *leb-n-, PJ *nm ( < *nb-n-)

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INTRODUCTION

PA *moju all, whole (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *muja-kin): PK

*mi-n, PJ *mi-na
PA *nlp tin, lead (not attested suffixless): PTM *lba-n tin, PJ
*np-n(r)i > *nmri
PA * man, young man (PTM *(i)ari): PT *je-ne son-in-law, PK
*nr-n- brave.
PA *pr cross-beam, constructing piece (PJ *pr): PT *ara-n, PM
*(h)aran-ga, PTM *para-n
PA *pl field, level ground (PJ *pr): PT *ala-n, PTM *pla-n
PA *plki lightning, thunder (PT *jAlk-, PTM *pialki-): PT *jAlk-n,
PTM *pialki-n- (perhaps also PK *pnki < *plkn-?)
PA *sebV strange, supernatural (not attested suffixless, cf. PM
*sebe-n, PTM *sebe-ki): PTM *sebe-n, PK *sn
PA *sgu sun; sky (PK *hi sun): PTM *sig-n sun, PK *hn-r sky
(also PJ *su-r < *sun-r)
The original function of this *-n- is not quite clear (unlike Ramstedt,
we do not compare it with the TM diminutive in *-a, both for phonetic
reasons and because of the lack of direct lexical matches). But this suffix has become extremely productive in Mongolian and TM (in the
shape of final -n; on its further verbalization as -n-a- in TM see Benzing
116) and can be qualified as a general nominal determinative. It can
perhaps be compared with the nominative -no, very frequent in Old
Japanese. Since in Mongolian and Turkic words in -n lose it before the
plural -d (-t), its original function may have been singulative, i.e.
specifically expressing the singular number of a noun.
The suffix *-n- can sometimes occur in conjunction with other suffixes, cf. cases like:
PA *krgo intestine, belly (PK *kri stomach): PT *Kurg-sa-k
belly, stomach, PTM *xurke-n-se belly (of fish)
A collective suffix in -n- is sometimes observed in TM (see
Benzing 73, based on Menges 1952), but it is basically found in complex
formations like *-na-r, *-n-il or *-na-sal where the original collective
meaning is actually expressed by other morphemes, so that the collective function of PA *-n- is extremely dubious.
4.1.8. PA *-lThe suffixed *-l- is very widely spread in all Altaic languages (although
in Korean and Japanese it has, for obvious phonetic reasons, merged
with *-r-), both by itself and in combination with other suffixes.
Two basic functions of *-l- can be established.

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a) a deverbative nominal suffix, as in:

PA *ne to curse, swear (PTM *ni- to curse): PT *jA-l mistake,
fault, PM *ni-l sin, Sol. ni-l curse.
The derived noun in *-l- can be an abstract noun (as in the above example), but very frequently also an attributive (participial) noun, like
in:
PA *se to be bad, guilty (PM *si revenge, hate, PTM *usa bad, *usbe sick, unable): PT *osa-l careless, dilatory, MMong. s-l revenge, hate, PJ *s-r- to be scared, afraid
The verbal meaning of -r- in PJ *s-r- reflects further verbalization
of the nominal stem in *-l-, which is observed in a great number of
cases and was obviously present already in Common Altaic.
The precise semantic definition of PA *-l- is rather difficult. In
Turkic, it is involved in forming the passive voice in -l- (as well as, of
course, deverbative nouns and verbs in -la-/-le-); in TM, it participates
in building inchoatives (duku-l- start to write, see Benzing 120); in
Mongolian, it is rather transitive (qaa-l- split, divide as opposed to
qaa-ra- be split, divided). The possible starting point here could be a
transitive participle, with a secondary development into passive in
Turkic (which is still to be explained, and is probably the result of
completely restructuring old voice categories in Turkic). See the discussion of the *-l-suffix in Ramstedt 1912.
Cf. the following cross-language matches:
PA *V to listen, consider (not attested suffixless; with different suffixes cf. PTM *ii-re- to understand, *i-k-si- attentive): PT
*d-la- / *di-le- to listen, hear, PM *i-la- to listen
PA *amo to suffer hardships (PT *Am fine, claim): PT *Am-la- to
be insulted, angry at, PM *ima-la- to be dissatisfied, Neg. amu-lto be unwilling to share, Jpn. tamar- to endure.
PA *ka bad, weak (PTM *eke- to decrease; evil, PJ *k- to be bored,
satiated): OT egi-l common, ordinary, PM *(h)ege-l low, uneducated, not very good, Nan. exe-le bad, low
PA *V to think, understand (PT * intelligence): PT *-la- to understand, Evn. e-li- to peer, investigate
PA *g(j)t to go, come (PT *g(j)t- to go): PM *get-l- / *gatu-l- to
cross over, PJ *kt-r- to come, arrive
PA *gna to bend (suffixless perhaps in Man. gen horses counter):
PM *gana-l-a- to be bent, PTM *g(n)e-l- id.
PA *ka to rise, sprout (PT *k- to go out, come out, PM *ikisprout, PK *h- to rise, raise): PM *iki-le- to sprout, Evk.
iki-l-tu- id.

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INTRODUCTION

PA *gri to slander, go mad (PT *Kr trick, PM *gr slander, deceit,

PTM *gori- to go mad, PK *kr- to be mistaken): OT kr-l-k
trick, PM *gr-le- to slander, Ud. gulela- to go mad
PA *idV to follow, lead, arrange (PM *ii set, complete set, PTM *idu
order (n.); to command): PM *ii-l equal, identical, Nan. idu-le- to
arrange in order
PA *kr[i] to roll, churn (PT *Kir- to mix): PM *kuru-l- / *kri-l- to
whirl, Evn. kuru-l-dwna churn-staff
PA *k to slander, swear (PM *koi nickname, slander): Kalm.
xo-l- to slander, Nan. qoa-l- to harm (of an evil ghost)
PA *kp become wet, overflow (PTM *xep-): PM *kaji-la- to melt, PJ
*kmp-ra- to overflow
PA *kp to dry out, become fragile; to break (PT *kEp(i)- to dry out,
disappear, PTM *xepe- to break, destroy): PM *kew-l- to break, be
fragile, PTM *xepe-le- to break, destroy, PJ *kp-r- to break
PA *kbu to peel, skin (PT *K(i)ab peeled skin, PTM *x(be) membrane scraper, PK *kj rice husks): PM *kau-l- to peel off, skin,
PK *k-r bran
PA *kk to bind, wrap (PM *kg wrapper, curtain, PTM *xuku- to
wrap): PTM *xuku-l- to wrap, PJ *kk-r- to bind, tie
PA *mji to become overripe, rot (PTM *mun-): PT *bA-l, PJ
*mn-rPA *k to grieve, be angry (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *kn-, PTM
*(x)uk-t-): PM *(h)uki-la- to weep, sob, PJ *k-r- to be angry
PA *ru to cry, shout (PT *or cry, shout, PM *uri- to invite, PTM *orroar, shout): PT *or()-la- to shout, PM *ori-la-, Nan. oral echo)
PA *papo to attack (PT *op-): PT *opla-, PM *haw-lPA *pt to strike, hit (PT *t-, PK *pat-): PM *(h)ata-l-ga adze, PTM
*pti-la- to strike, hew
PA *sg to litter, mat (PTM *seg(i)-, PJ *sk-): PM *seg-l-, PK *sk-rPA *z[k] hang, droop (PTM *suka-, Kor. suk-, PJ *snka-): PM *seg-le-,
PJ *snka-rPA *soge breathe (PTM *sug, PK *si-): PT *sog-l-, PM *sji-lePA *tp go through (PT *top, PTM *tap-): PT *topu-l-, PM *tawu-l-, PJ
*tp-rPA *tikV to fear, hate (PT *tik-): PM *iku-l, PTM *tiKu-lPA *tmu clever, understand (PM *tomi-): PM *tomi-la-, PJ *tm-rPA *ut to be able, understand (not attested suffixless, cf. PM
*(h)ud-ka, PJ *ata-p-): PTM *uti-l-, PK *t-r-

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189

b) a denominative attributive suffix (often with further nominalization,

less frequently with further verbalization; on denominative verbal
*-l- in TM see Benzing 116):
PA *gu uninhabited place, wilderness [not attested suffixless; with a
different suffix PTM *ag- to walk without a road]: PT *ag-la-k wilderness; PM *au-la mountain; PTM *agu-l-n meadow
PA *gd down, to lower (PT *Kod): Chuv. xr-l bowing the head, PJ
*knt-r- to lower, go down
PA *b door, yard (PT *eb house, PK *p door): Chuv. av-la-n to
marry, PTM *ib-le yard, dwelling
PA *apu adze (PTM *upa): PT *Ap-l hoe, PM *ou-li adze, Nan.
ofa-li id.
PA *kpV belly (PT *gpe swollen (of belly)): PM *kewe-li belly,
pregnancy, PTM *kepe-l- id.
PA *kopu a k. of vessel (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *Kob-ga pail,
bucket): PM *kobi-l / *kobu-l groove, gutter, trough, PTM *kiabi-l-de
bobber
PA *k[a]e a k. of board (PT *K(i)a vehicle, skis): PT *K(i)a-l id.,
PTM *ki-le skis
PA *komo a k. of fragrant and edible plant (not attested suffixless, cf.
PTM *xim-e-kte bird-cherry): PT *Kum-la-k hop, PM *kme-li a k.
of wild onion or garlic, PJ *kami-ra a k. of garlic
PA *ku red, brown (PJ *kr- dark, PK *kr copper): PT *K-l
red; gold, PM *kre-l bronze
PA *lapV spleen (not attested suffixless, cf. Orok lip-e): Tof. apa-l,
PM *nia-l-ta id.
PA *mk meat; part of body (PM *mika-n meat): Neg. mexi-le fat
under birds skin, PJ *mk-rua body, dead body
PA *mko frog (PT *b(i)ka): PM *meke-lei, Evk. moko-lo- bat, PK
*mkr toad
PA *aji lower side (Chuv. aj, PTM *ia(j)-): PTM *ia-la lower, PK
*nr- to go down
PA *i windpipe, part of neck (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *-,
PTM *u-se, PJ *n-nsi): PM *g-le-r, PTM *ue-le-.
PA *t old (Chuv. vad, PTM *ute): PM *te-l- to be old, old, PTM
*ute-le- earlier, before
PA *pk a k. of insect (Evk. heke nit): PT *bke-le-k, PJ *pnk-r-s
PA *pugu tinder, excrescence (Chuv. v): PM *huu-la, PTM
*pug(u)-la id.
PA *soga arrow (PJ *sa): PM *saa-li cross-bow, PK *hoar bow

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INTRODUCTION

PA *sb service (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *sibe-gin fem. servant, PTM *sab(u)-ka- to get accustomed): PTM *sabu-li- to serve,
present gifts, PJ *smp-rapPA *sog a k. of meat dish (PJ *suki-): PT *sg-l-, Evk. suu-l-n
PA *uga bucket (PT *sugu): PM *sau-l-ga, PTM *ug-lePA *tge storm, dust (PTM *tuge): PT *tge-le-, PM *tuji-lPA *tukV calf, lamb (PTM *tuKu-): PT *tok-l, PM *tugu-l
The attributive suffix *-li- is still quite productive in TM, see
Benzing 90.
This suffix is often combined with following velar suffixes, as in:
PA *ka a k. of tree with red berries or red bark (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *(x)or-b-, *(x)or-a-): PT *Ka-l-gan / *Kar-l-ga-n currant, PM *kar-gi-l viburnum, PJ *kt-r Cereidiphyllum japonicum
PA *kpe a k. of insect, butterfly (PM *kibe moth): PT *kepe-lek butterfly, PJ *kprnk cricket
PA *lemV meat, fat (of animals) (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *jam-,
*jam-du groin; pubic hair): PM *lami-l-ka-j meat on sheeps rump,
PTM *lemu-k fat (under the skin of animals)
Such suffix combinations have become quite productive in Mongolian (*-lga-) and especially in Turkic (*-lk, *-lg).
It seems in fact possible to unite both usages of PA *-l-, by assigning
it a general original attributive (denominative or deverbative) meaning.
But we must stress that only with the latter meaning did the suffix become a part of the Common Altaic inflectional paradigm. In some
daughter branches it has penetrated the nominal paradigm as well (cf.
the Mong. comitative in -lua, generally after verbal nouns, and the TM
nominal affixes as -l-un, -l-ken - see EAS 2, 40-43), but this seems to be
a later development.
4.1. 9. PA *-rPA *-r- appears to be even more frequent than *-l-. In Turkic, it is the
general aorist suffix, used both as a finite form and as a participle. In
this function it is compared (in EAS 2, pp. 87-89) with the Mong. supinum in -ra and the preparative converb in -ru-n, as well as with the
participia futuri in TM and Korean. Its quite probable Japanese match
is the general attributive -ru in the verbal paradigm.
When it comes to derivation, one should note that in Mongolian,
-ra-/-re- is basically an intransitive verbal suffix, as opposed to -l(a)-,
see EAS 2, 194, 199 (see also above). If this is indeed the same mor-

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191

pheme, then we might be able to reconstruct the Common Altaic verbal

opposition *-l- transitive participle : *-r- intransitive participle, subsequently passing into the domain of word-derivation. We can also
note the usage of -r- as an intransitive morpheme in Old Japanese
(which expanded later and led to the formation of the present-day passive in -r-), as well as the reflexive usage of -r- in Korean; since, however, these languages merged *-l- and *-r-, the origin of these inflectional morphemes cannot be firmly established. Ramstedt (1912, 32-37)
characterizes PA *-r(a)- as verbum neutrale oder inchoativum.
It seems, however, important to stress the modal function of -r- as
an inflectional morpheme (meaning in order to, necessary to in
Mong., TM and Korean), which seems to be lacking in case of *-r- as a
derivational suffix.
But one should be cautious while reconstructing PA *-r-. It should
be borne in mind that the only group preserving the original distinction *-r- : *-- is Turkic, and Turkic has a quite different - causative *--suffix, also corresponding to -r- in other Altaic languages. The situation is further complicated by an alternation -- / -r- within Turkic
(Helimskis rule), due to which *-- becomes *-r- in a postconsonantal
prevocalic position (so that *CVC-V- > *CVC-rV-). Therefore, some of
the following matches with an apparently transitive usage of *-r- may
in fact reflect PA *--, on which see below.
PA *b join, meet (PJ *p-): PTM *ebu-re- join, meet, PK *br- join
PA *k to advance gradually, slowly (PM *(h)aki-): PT *aku-ruslowly; PJ *k-r- to be, come late
PA *po to wear out, be spoiled (PJ *p- weak, faded): PT *obu-ra- to
wear out, decay, PM *ebe-re- to weaken
PA *bd to jump, trot (PT *bdi- to dance, jib, PK *pti- to jump):
PM *bd-ri- to stumble, Nan. budu-ri- to hurry, PJ *bnt-r- to
jump
PA *ba confusion, fright (PT *b- to be bad-tempered, irritable): PT
*b-ur-ga- to be worried, confused, PJ *bs-r- to forget
PA *be to howl (PTM *bni-): PT *b-re-, PM *b-rePA *ukV to jump, trot (PM *ogi-; PK *h- to dance): Bur. sojo-r-,
Evk. uke-rPA *gmo to complete, fill in (PTM *gemu all, PJ *km- to be filled
in): PM *gm-r-ge storage, PJ *km-r- to be filled in
PA *gd to be diligent, persistent (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ
*kt-pa- to endure): OT qou-r- to take trouble, make efforts, PM
*gi-re- to be energetic, persistent

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INTRODUCTION

PA *gno to think (PM *guni be sad, PTM *gn- to think; to say):

Dun. Guni-ra- be sad, PK *knr- to tak care of
PA *o to neigh (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *i-a-, PJ *n-naketc.): PT *-ra-, Nan. igiriPA *idV to follow, lead, arrange (PM *ii set, complete set, PTM *idu
order (n.); to command): PT *Ede-r- to follow, Man. idu-re- to arrange in order
PA *umu to help, gather (PM *me help): PT *ime-r- to gather, work
collectively, PM *me-r- id., PK *umu-r- to crowd, cluster
PA *kpi to break, fragile (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *kab-Vk-): PT
*geb-re- to become weak, fragile, PM *kebe-re- to break down
PA *kte to knock (of hooves), trot (PTM *kete- / *kata- knocking, trotting, PK *kth- to stumble): PT *Kt-r- to walk, go round, PM
*kata-ri- to trot, PTM *kata-r / *kete-r
PA *kki to belch, choke (PM *kaka- id., PTM *kaxa- to choke): PT
*gki-r-, PM *kaki-ra- / *keki-re- to belch
PA *kijmV vapour, steam; anger (PK *km steam, vapour, PT *Kjmto move): Khak. qjm-ra- to move, PM *kimu-ra- to be in disorder,
conflict, Nan. kmu-r enmity
PA *kugo to freeze, snow (PJ *knk-): PM *kuga-r snow-drift, PJ
*knk-r- to freeze
PA *lp to rise, high (PT *lep- to move out, jump out): PTM
*lepu-ru- id., PJ *nmp-r- to rise
PA *mk[] to bow (PT *bok-): PTM *miaxu-rV-, PJ *mnk-rPA *nt weak, quiet (PT *jit- to get lost, PTM *nita- weak, faded):
PM *nete-re- to become worse, deteriorate, Man. nita-ra- to
weaken, diminish, PJ *nnt-r-ka quiet, peaceful
PA *ti to move, change place (PT *t- to pass by, PM *oi- walk,
move, go): PM *oi-ra along, Evk. utu-r- to reel, turn round, PJ
*t-r- to move, change place
PA *pd to spread; flag (PJ *pt): PT *bAd-ra-k, PM *bada-ra-, Evk.
hada-r-ga.
PA *p[k]u to swell (PTM *puk- / pok-): PT *ok-ra pimple, pustule,
PTM *poko-ri- to be cracked (of skin), Kor. pag-l boiling, bubbling,
PJ *pk-r- to swell
PA *sb to be hindered, obstruct (PT *sab-): PT *sab-ra-, PM *saa-ra-,
PJ *sp-rPA *sjV be thin, rare (PM *seji-, PJ *si-): PT *sed-re-, PM *seji-re-, PTM
*s-r
PA *sma get lost, deviate (Evk. sm- to be lost): PT *samu-r(a)- to be
in a complicated position, PM *samu-ra- make disorder

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PA *sg sigh, holding breath (PTM *sigu- stop crying, breathing):

PM *se-re- sigh, pant, PJ *sk-r hiccough
PA *ta to meet (PT *ut-, PJ *t-): PT *ut(a)-r- opposite, PM *ui-rato meet, PJ *t-rPA *eb bad, to suffer (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *jab-, *jab-laetc.): PT *jab-r-, PJ *(d)impi-rPA *-r- also functions as a denominative suffix, forming adjectives
(sometimes, as usual, with further nominalization or verbalization). It
is probably quite different in origin from the verbal *-r- and must have
had an original meaning pertaining to or located in the region of,
whence the well known usage of *-r- as a locative suffix in Turkic,
Mongolian and Korean, see EAS 2, 38-39.
Examples of this Common Altaic suffix are given below (note the
frequent usage of *-r- in color names, animal/plant names and body
parts):
PA *bagu white, grey (PK *phi- grey, Evn. bw- clear (of sky)):
PM *buu-ru-l grey, Evk. bau-ri-l clear (of sky)
PA *upa green, blue (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *abi-dar yellowish): PT *uba-r variegated, PTM *ub-r- green, blue, yellow
PA *kV light, white (PT *k, PJ *k-): PTM *ixe-re candle, light,
Kor. igl- bright, burn, PJ *aka-r(u)- bright
PA *kd strong, oppressive (PJ *kt- strong, brave): PT *Kad-r hard,
strong, cruel, PM *kede-r angry, inobedient, PTM *kada-ra-ku courageous, diligent
PA *ka brown, black (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *ko-nablack): PT *Kou-r dark brown, PK *knr shadow
PA *mi ( ~ -e) round (Kor. mui round thing): PM *mer wheel,
hoop, Man. mumu-ri blunt, rounded, MKor. mr- round
(stone)
PA *pk mighty, heavy (PTM *piaKa, PJ *pnki-): PT *iag-r heavy,
Evn. hqr brave
PA *se yellowish, greyish (not attested suffixless, cf. Evk. sia-ma):
PM *saa-r-, PTM *sia-riPA *tkV curved (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *Toku-j, *Tok-m, PTM
*tok-ika-): PM *toki-r, PTM *toKa-rCf. further:
PA *bdo a k. of bird (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *bd-ne quail):
PT *budu-r(in) quail, Evk. bada-ra dun-bird
PA *bja happiness, joy (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *bAj-ga feast, PJ
*bi-m- to smile): PT *bAj-ra-m feast, *bAj-ra-k prize, PM *baja-r
joy, feast

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INTRODUCTION

PA *bge rock, hill (PTM *buga / *buge hill, mound, PK *phi rock,
PJ *b hill): PT *bg-r mountain slope, PM *be-r-g id.
PA *aju resin, juice (PJ *tuju juice): PT *Aj-r resin, tar, PK *-rslushy, watery
PA *dagV shoulder bone, back (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM
*daga-a hip, hip-bone): PT *jagr back, shoulderblade, PM *daji-ra
withers
PA *debV young (of birds or animals) (PM *de younger sibling): PT
*jab-r young of birds and animals, PTM *debe-re- young of birds
PA *p breast, rib (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *eb-i--n bosom):
PM *eb-r breast, PJ *mp-r rib
PA *gau wild onion (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *k(u)i <
*ga(u)-gV): PT *gEm-r-gen, Evk. guu-r
PA *kmsa wind, whirlwind (PJ *kns- wind): PT *Kas-r-ku whirlwind, PM *kabsa-ra- to blow (of a cold wind)
PA *kb enclosure (PTM *kaba tent covered with bark, PJ *kmpi
wall): PTM *kaba-ra- fence, enclosure, PK *k-r district
PA *kami a k. of cloth (Orok qm womens belt): PM *keme-r-lig a k.
of silk, Evk. kam-r- to hem a garment
PA *kt a k. of fox (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *ktni fox): PM
*kderi musk-deer, PTM *kitiri a k. of fox
PA *ke edge, protrusion (PTM *koa angle, river bend): PT *Ks-ri
wind-screen, sides of the chest, PK *ksrk protrusion, edge of roof
PA *kekV palate, throat (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *kek-e throat,
cavity): PT *gekir, *gekir-dek throat, trachea, PM *kek-re-g (/
*kek-deg) thorax, PTM *kexe-re hard palate
PA *kekV breast, chest, rib (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *ke-tire
breast, chest): PT *gEg-re-k lower soft ribs, PM *kegi-r-dek chest
PA *k hole; mouth (PJ *kt): PT *KEi-r trachea, PM *kai-r
cheek
PA *ka bell (PJ *kn-i): PT *Ko-ra- to ring, toll, *Ko-ra-k bell,
PTM *kV-r ringing sound
PA *kumi a k. of insect (PK *kmi spider, PJ *kmu id.): PT *Kum-rant, PM *km-re-ge a k. of insect
PA *kb corpse (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *kmp-ni): PT *gEb-re,
PM *ke-r, Man. eo-re-n
PA *kb ash tree (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *xiba-gda): PT
*Keb-r-, PM *kji-r-s-, PJ *kpi-ru-(n)tai
PA *kk spine, skeleton (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *koki-maskeleton, skull): PTM *xKe-ri spine, PJ *kaku-rai coccyx

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195

PA *l a k. of plant with drooping branches (PJ *ns pear): Man.

lasa-ri drooping branches, PK *nh-r id.
PA *lako a k. of foliate tree (PT *jke lime-tree): PM *nge-r- a k. of
alder, Man. laa-ri a k. of oak
PA *egV a k. of predator (not attested suffixless, cf. Orch. liga-pu
wolverine): PM *ige-r bitch, PTM *legu-r wolf; cat
PA *lu morning or evening dawn (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ
*nN-si rainbow): Evk. luu-r evening, dusk, PK *n-r morning
or evening dawn
PA *mk a k. of fish (Evk. mek crucian): WMong. mk-r female
carp, Orok mokkiri a k. of small fish, Jpn. maguro tuna-fish
PA *nu wool, down (PT *ju id., PJ *nnu fabric, cloth): PM
*nowu-r-(su) wool, down, Man. nua-ri id.
PA *ku dog, wolf (PTM *Ke): PT *eke-r hunting dog, Man.
nuxe-re puppy, PK *nko-ri badger
PA *pe scar, pimple (PTM *pina): PT *beir, PM *beer, PK *prm
PA *pg kidneys, testicles (PTM *pugi-n): PT *bg-r, PM *be-re, PK
*pr, PJ *pnkri
PA *pgV male deer (PT *bugu): PT *bugu-ra camel stallion, PM *boji-r
male (of animals)
PA *pmi thread, twist a thread (PJ *pm): PM *hime-r-, Evn. hemrPA *pokto environs (PT *pokta way): PT *ota-r pasture, far environs,
PM *hogto-r-gui environs, PJ *pt-ri id.
PA *saku a k. of stinging insect (PM *sag insect eggs, nits): PT
*sak-r-tka tick, PJ *su(n)ka-ru digger wasp
PA *sigo rain, snow storm (PTM *siga-): PM *siu-r-, *siu-r-ga, PJ
*sink-rai
PA *srka blossom, blossoming plant (PK *srk, PJ *sk-): PM *surga-r,
PJ *sk-ra
PA *sga back, back skin (PJ *sa-): PT *sagr, PM *saji-r / *saa-ri, PTM
*sog-daPA *spe rib (PTM *subi-n): PT *sabar, PM *sbe-r-gen.
PA *suga a k. of bird (PK *si): PT *sg-r-, PM *soji-r
PA *sbu end (PJ *sw-): PT *sb-ri, PTM *sube-r
PA *sku scoop, bucket (PTM *soKa-): PT *sogu-r-, PM *sugu-raPA *tg edge, border (PM *teg, PK *th): PT *Teg-re, PTM *teg-r, PJ
*tk-r
PA *tgo cover (PK *ti, PJ *tu-i): PT *Tugu-r, PM *tuu-r-ga
PA *ttu rash, scabs (PT *tt): PM *tai-r, PTM *tuta-ri-lPA *e reason (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *-n, Evn. q, PK
*h): PM *ui-r, Man. uu-ri

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INTRODUCTION

PA *ue hollow, pit (PT *- to dig): PT *-r, PM *oga-r-kaj

PA *t bushes, low trees (cf. Evk. utu-n): PT *ot-ru-g island, Orok
ute-ri-kte low trees, PJ *nt-r bushes
PA *ipo perfume, fumes (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *(d)impu-s-): PT
*jpa-r, PM *ia-r, PJ *(d)impu-rThis attributive *-r- often appears followed by other suffixes (diminutives etc.):
PA *-r-dV-kV, *-r-kV
PA *jbi a k. of duck (PJ *): PT *Ebr(d)ek, Evn. wldqa (reflecting
*-l-dV-kV)
PA *kV a k. of cloth (PT *k cotton shirt, Man. eke upper short
clothes): OUygh. ekrek cotton shirt, PM *ege-deg a k. of cotton
shirt
PA *mu to bear (PTM *umu-, PK *m, PJ *m-): PT *(j)umur-tka egg,
PM *m-dege, PTM *um-kta id.
PA *-r-V
PA *me knuckle, cartilage (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *imge
marrow): PT *Emi-ri-k cartilage, gristle, Evk. me-i-n knee-cap,
fat under knee-cap
PA *kaa hair, long hair (PJ *km): PM *kogu-ra-g cluster, bunch,
PK *k- moustache, beard
PA *kp a k. of vessel, box (PJ *kp scoop, ladle): PT *Kap-ra-k
box, basket, PM *kau-ra-g, *kaji-ra-g id.
PA *-r-gV
PA *tV horse (PT *t): PT *ad-gr ( < *at-rg) colt, PM *airga id.
PA*bd thick, large (PT *bed- to become thicker, grow, PK *pr(**pd-) thick, satiated, PJ *ptu- thick): PM *bedi-- thick, PTM
*burgu- ( < *budu-r-gu-) thick
PA *kdo tail (PK *s-kr): PT *Kud-ruk tail, PM *kudu-rga tail strap,
PTM *x-r-g tail
PA *ndu fist, strike with the fist (PM *nidu-): PT *jd-ruk fist, PM
*nidu-rga fist, PTM *nu-rga fist, PJ *n-nkr- to hold in the hand
PA *sudu hoof deformation (PTM *sudu, PJ *sia): PT *sd-r-ga-k, PM
*sd-r-ge
PA *-r-kV
PA *bmi knee, ankle (PJ *pns knee): PT *bAma-k boot, shoe, PM
*belbe-r-kej ankle, PTM *b[i]leb-ki knee, knee cap, Kor. palma-k a k.
of footwear

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197

PA *kuV part of stomach: PM *kui-rkaj thick part of stomach, PTM

*xu-k urinary bladder
PA *mti birds crop or navel; pudenda (PJ *mitua pudenda): PT
*bte-ke birds crop, craw; kidneys of animals; vulva; Evk. motoko
vulva; PK *mrtkn birds navel
PA *-r-sV
PA *bk a sharp instrument (PM *baki tongs): PT *boku-rs wooden
plough, PJ *puku-si digging stick
PA *-r-tV
PA *bu interior of the mouth (not attested suffixless; cf. Neg. aw-anto gape): PT *bu-rt; PM *ow-i
4.1.10. PA *-We find both nominal and verbal suffixes with *-a) denominative diminutive (cf. EAS 2, 215-218, Benzing 60), cf.:
PA *p[] small bird (PTM *ipi-, PK *jp swallow): PT *p--k
sparrow, PM *uw-a-li snipe, Evk. ipi- small bird
PA *kV dog (PK *k > *k(h)): PT *KA--k bitch, PTM *ka-i-kpuppy, PK *k- puppy
PA *lmo a k. of bag (PTM *lam(b)a bag, saddlebag): PT *jm-k
pocket, sash, bag, PK *nm-h small bag, pocket
Originally diminutive forms with *-- are also:
PA *bkrV pea, nut, cone (PTM *boKari pea): PT *bur-a-k pea, PM
*buur-a-g id., PK *ph-s id.
PA *dlo year; sun, sun cycle (PT *jl, PM *il year): PTM *dila- sun,
PK *tol- anniversary, PJ *ts year
PA *kpa bladder, film (OT qap caul, PTM *xap[a] fish bladder, Kor.
kapo id.): PT *Kp--k scrotum, bladder, PM *kabi-a-k groin
PA *pg box, vessel (PT *bog, PTM *paga): PT *bog-a, PTM *paga-a.
PA *sni heel, ankle (PK *sn footwear): PT *sin-k ankle-bone,
hip-bone, Neg. seohi heel
PA *sna crest, hairlock (Nan. sno): PM *san-ig, PTM *sno-a
This suffix is expressive and must have had an unaspirated variant
*--: cf. the reflex in PJ *ts, as well as the following case, where both
TM and Japanese point to *--:
PA *i windpipe, part of neck (not attested suffixless, cf. PM
*g-le-r, PTM *ue-le-): PT *-, PTM *u-se, PJ *n-nsi
A similar case of expressive *-- may be:

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INTRODUCTION

PA *kre a k. of insect (cf. PK *kr-kmi a k. of spider): PT *K(i)ar-na ant, tick, PJ (reduplicated) *kr(n)-kri-su grasshopper
b) verbal intensive, usually denominative, but also deverbative (on
PTM intensive *-i-, *-a- see Benzing 119):
PA *e to be quiet, sit (PM *eje peace, PTM *i- to enjoy, feast): PT
*En- tranquil, at peace, PK *n-- to sit, PJ *n-t-(ja-ka)- quiet,
peaceful
PA *ni not, negative verb (PT *en, PTM *n-, PK *an-, PJ *n-, -an-):
PTM *n-i not, PK *-hj-d- not to like
PA *mno to knead, press, stroke (PT *bo mallet, PM *muna id.,
PTM *moni- to squeeze, PJ *mm- to knead, rumple): PM *mun-a
mallet, PTM *moni-u- id., PK *mn-- to stroke, rub
PA *pasi run, hurry (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *hes-re-, Evn.
has-l-): PTM *pasi--, PK *ps- / *pPA *pba to crawl, squat (PJ *pp-): PM *(h)oji-i-, Evk. hewi-PA *pki to trample, kick (PTM *peK-/poK-): PT *k-e heel, PTM
*pok-i-.
PA *si to flow, drip (PT *s-, PTM *sir-): PM *sr-i-, PJ *st-tRamstedt (1912, 29-32) regards the suffix -(a)- in Mong. as reciprocal and corresponding to PT *-()-, but the actual evidence does not
appear to support this point of view.
In cases like PM *mun-a mallet or PT *k-e heel, we see this suffix functioning already as a nomen instrumenti, and similar cases are:
PA *lk to bend, hang (PM *naki- to bend, TM *laxu- to hang, PJ
*nuki cross-beam): Evk. laku-a loop, PK *nk-s hook
PA *krV to cut out, sharp (PTM *kri- to delve, carve out): PT *Kur-
sharp, hard (of steel), PM *kur-a sharp (probably originally cutting instrument > sharp)
In TM the suffix *-- with this function can become further verbalized (to treat with..., like Nan. okto-i- to treat with herbs, medicines
etc., see Benzing 116).
4.1.11. PA *-1. Nominal
The suffix *-- is well preserved in TM languages, basically as an
adjective suffix (*-g--: *sg-e- red, *s-g-a- yellow, *og-a- green,
dark, *k-a- white, *(x)ig-a grey, yellow, *xur(i)-ga grey,
*kuku-ga blue), but also in other cases (*gul-a hearth, *seg-e- wild
deer, *saji-a sieve etc.) . Mong. has a number of nouns in --, mostly
with preceding -l- (*bagal-a-ur throat, gal-a-ur wild, rabid,

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199

*haji-a-an ship, *uga-la male mountain goat, *kija-a sedge,

*kubi-la tick, *simi-le a k. of bird of prey; *guran-u whetstone,
*an-u fine etc.). In Turkic and Japanese one would expect a *-j-, and
indeed there exists an adjectival *-ja-ka (OJ niko-ja-ka mild, suku-ja-ka
healthy etc.).
In several cases this suffix can be traced to Common Altaic:
PA *sg health, blood (PT *sg healthy): PTM *sg-e- red, PJ
*sk-ja-ka- healthy.
PA *abu to be born, child (PJ *mus-): PM *ul-a-gan, PTM *ab(ul)-a
PA *k a small wild animal (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ
*ks-(m)p, PT *K-l): PM *kerel-e-gene, PTM *xelde-ge ( ~ -gde).
In Turkic, however, the situation is complicated. No cases of a *-j- :
*-- correspondence in suffixed morphemes have been attested; there
is, however, a number of cases when Turkic has an unexpected --:
PA *ni to hold, present (TM *an- to present a gift, PK *n- to hold
in the arms): PT *n- gift, fief, PM *an-u fine
PA *b door, yard (PT *eb house, PK *p door): PT *eb-i housewife,
woman, PTM *ib-e relative-in-law
The last case suggests that the very widely attested PT suffix of
nomina agentis *-i may in fact go back to PA *--; but more evidence
would be needed to make it a certainty.
The original function of PA *-- remains not quite clear: it can be
characterized broadly as adjectival (Benzing 60 qualifies PTM *-(u)
as diminutive, which is not at all secure).
2. Verbal We find a similar, but quite isolated case of Turk. --: Mong.
-- in:
PA *kk to bite; rub, scrape (PT *Kik- to rub, grind, PTM *kik- to
bite): OT kik--r- to rub, grind (at each other), PM *keg-e- to
scrape off, incise.
This may be a secondary (assimilative?) development in Mong. of
the PA intensifying *--, on which see above.
There is, however, evidence for a PA verbal *-- as well. In TM, the
suffix -- occurs as an intransitive (or, perhaps, reflexive / medial, in
the sense of doing smth. for or by oneself), cf. *deg-e- burn, *sine-ibe poor, distressed, *seb-e-n- to have fun, *gob-a- to hunt etc.
(there is also a *-a-, marking imperfective or durative aspect, see
Benzing 118, but it is not completely clear whether it is the same morpheme). It again has a quite probable direct match in PJ *-ja-, the standard Old Japanese passive suffix.
In Mong. we only find verbal -- in combination with a preceding
-l-: *au-la- to meet, *taji-tu-la- drag ones feet, *koru-la- whirl,

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INTRODUCTION

*naji-la- shake, sway, *melme-le- become full, *gurba-la- move

creeping, *delbe-le- / *dalba-la- shake, sway, bol-a- agree upon time,
drbe-le- to blaze, flame, *gana-la- be bent etc.
In Turkic, this -l- would normally correspond to *-()-, and we indeed find Turkic *-() as an intransitive (reflexive) suffix; but it seems
mainly to correspond to Mongolian *-ld- in the same function, so that
the Turkic evidence remains uncertain.
To sum up: Proto-Altaic probably had an intransitive (medial?) verbal suffix *--, preserved in PTM as *--, in Japanese - as -j- and in
Mongolian as -- (with an addition of -l-, probably on analogy with the
similar -ld-suffix). The absence of direct lexical matches with this suffix
suggests, however, that it could have been not a derivational, but a
purely inflectional morpheme, which it has remained in Japanese: indeed, the perfectly possible OJ passive jaka-ja- to be burnt is in fact a
precise match of PTM *deg-e-.
4.1.12. PA *-A diminutive in *-a exists in TM (see EAS 2, 220), and a possible case
of *-- in PA could be:
PA *tpo nail, hoof (PTM *tpa): PT *tub-a-k (with a different suffix
order = PTM *tp-ken < *tp-ke-?), PJ *tm-i.
The evidence for this suffix is, however, extremely limited, and its
existence in PA is dubious (the actual form underlying PT *tub-a-k
could be, e.g., *tup-ni-gak or the like).
4.1.13. PA *-A verbal reciprocal suffix *-()- is widely represented in Turkic. It has
its closest match in Mongolian -ld- and TM *-ld- (see Benzing 121) with
the same meaning, which is historically a combination of *-- with the
intransitive/passive *-t- (on which see above). The question remains
open whether Turkic *-()- reflects just *-- or a similar combination
*-d- or *-t-, which would phonetically yield the same result. However,
available TM parallels show just -l- here, and there are also archaic
cases of reciprocal -l- (without -d-) in Mongolian, so that PA reciprocal
*-- can be safely reconstructed.
Direct lexical comparisons for forms incorporating *-- with Korean
and Japanese are not numerous (just as in case with *--, because the
morpheme was originally not just derivational but rather inflectional),
but they seem to show standard reflexes (*-r- in Korean, *-s- in Japanese). This -s- in Japanese is, however, very difficult to distinguish

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201

from the reflex of PA *-s- (see below), with which it of course completely merged; it is probable, however, that Jpn. -s- goes back to *-- in
the following direct lexical matches:
PA * bad, anger (PT * revenge, anger, PJ *nt- to fear): PT
*e-()- to take revenge, MMong. e-ld- id., be inimical, PJ
*nt-s- to intimidate
PA *kro to fight, kill (PM *kere- to quarrel, fight, PK *kr- to curse,
deprecate, PJ *kr- to curse): PT *gEr-()- to quarrel, fight, PM
*kere-l-d- id., Man. keru-le- to fine, PJ *kr-s- to kill
PA *tb to run (PTM *tb- with different suffixes): PT *tab--, PM
*taw-li-, PJ *tapa-si-rThe original meaning of *nts- and *krs- in Japanese must have
been fear each other > intimidate and fight with each other > kill.
The reciprocal meaning was lost after PA reciprocal *-- merged with
the general causative -s- in Japanese (note, however, that *krs- within
Japanese cannot be explained as a causative from *kr- curse, so that
only the Altaic etymology provides an explanation of this forms structure).
Further examples of direct lexical matches involving PA *-- are:
PA *dV to fit, be equal (PTM *ada-): PT *da friend, companion; PM
*adali equal, similar
PA *ba peace (PT *bA peace, PTM *bere peaceful): PT *bar-()- to
establish peace, PM *bere-le- to be shy; to do a favour
PA *ge to give, exchange (PT *dg- to cost, be worth, PM *dji- to
buy or sell wholesale, PK *- to give, PJ *tai goods for exchange): PT *dgi-()- to change, exchange, PTM *ug-l- to exchange
PA *kmV to be weak, oppress (PT *Kma- to become blinded, dumb;
to set teeth on edge, PM *kama- to be mangy, PTM *kama- to oppress): PT *Kma-()- id., PTM *kama-li- to oppress
PA *kno match, other side (PM *kani friend, mate): PT *Konu-()
friend, MMong. qani-l-qa- to compare
PA *k to put, heap; to give (PT *k-, PM *k-, PJ *k-): PT *k-
many (*put together), Kor. ug-l - ug-l -ha- to congregate, be numerous
PA *kdi seam, to sew, lace (PT *K(i)ad-, PM *kai-, PK *kjd-): PT
*K(i)ad- leather belt (*sewn together), Evk. kel- to lace, befringe
PA *pru to spin, plait, wrap (PT *ar-, PTM *por-): PT *ar- woven
stuff (*woven together) , PTM *porV-l- to spin, turn round

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INTRODUCTION

There also seems to have existed a nominal (diminutive? attributive?) *--. It occurs in several nouns with a hardly definable semantic
sphere, but also, probably significantly, in a number of words denoting
plant world, cf.:
PA *kuma a blood-sucking insect (PTM *kme flea, gnat): PT
*Kum-u-j louse, tick, PK *kmr leech
PA *prV thill (PTM *para): PT *ar-, PM ((h)ara-l.
PA *gure flour (PK *kr): PT *gr-(), PM *guri-l
PA *lmo fresh, raw (PJ *nm): PT *jmi-- vegetables, PK *nm-rh
id.
PA *mlu a k. of berry (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *m[e]li-kte): PT
*bele-() rowan, PM *moji-l-(su)- bird-cherry
PA *malu a k. of evergreen tree (PJ *murua juniper): PT *bAla-() fir
tree, PM *maji-la-su cypress
Just as in the case with *-- (see below), however, it cannot be excluded that Turkic *-- in these cases actually reflects a combination
*-l-s- and we are actually dealing with the reflexes of plain *-l- here: cf.
the two very suspicious (in this respect) Turko-Mongolian matches:
*bele-() - *mojil-su- and *bAla-() : *majila-su.
4.1.14. PA *-The evidence of Turkic, where *-- is a well known causative morpheme, suggests that PA *-- was a transitive (causative) marker, and
identical in this function to Mong. -r-, -ri- and the transitive -r- occurring in TM and Korean (see Ramstedt 1912, 23-29, with some confusion
of *-- and *-r-; EAS 2, 176-177). The situation, however, is rather complicated by the facts that only Turkic distinguishes between *-- and
*-r-, that Turkic *-- sometimes also appears as *-r- (due to Helimskis
rule, see above; in such cases the causative therefore may also have the
shape of -r-), and that PA *-r- by itself was rather an intransitive marker
(see above), so finding direct matches for PT *-- is rather difficult.
The same morpheme is used in Turkic for forming deverbative
nouns (adjectives or action results), and following direct lexical comparisons may be quoted:
PA *gt to deteriorate (PM *gutu- to deteriorate, PTM *gutu- to
rage, disgrace, PJ *kutu- to rot): PT *Ktu- mad, enraged,
*Ktu-r(a)- to become mad, enraged, PM *gutu-ra- to deteriorate,
become spoiled

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203

PA *kb to wish, hope, like (PM *kw ~ *kw wish, profit, Man.
keo, keb friendly, lovingly, PJ *kump- to flatter): PT *gbe-
proud, PM *ke-r (*kwe-r) joy, happiness, Evk. kuwe-r bride
PA *kmo to brew alcohol (PJ *km- to brew sake): PT *Kum- fermented milk, PM *kimu-r(a-a-) fermented milk with water
PA *keju to boil (PK *k-): PT *K--ga-n kettle, PM *kaji-ra- to burn,
roast, *kajir-su- > *kaji-su- kettle, PTM *kej-re- id.
PA *kk to be deficient, damaged (PT *Kk- to decrease, diminish,
PM *koki- to be damaged, PJ *kk- to be deficient): PT *Kku- deficient, empty, PM *koki-r deficient, humble, *koki-ra- to become
deficient
PA *kbo to deceive, slander (PT *Kobu slander, PK *k- lie, deceit):
OT qovuz conjuration, exorcism, PM *kaur- to deceive
Note that the intransitive meaning in cases like PM *gutu-ra- or
*koki-ra- may be either due to the secondary influence of the intransitive
-ra- (see above), or in fact reflect a different PA formation with an
*-r-suffix.
The following cases may in fact reflect PA *--, although the Turkic
reflex is absent or is transformed to -r- due to Helimskis rule:
PA * to press, squeeze (not attested suffixless, cf. PJ *tnt-ma-,
*tnt-k-): Man. ee-re-, PK *r-.
PA *dlpi to burst, break (PJ *timp- to become worn out): PM
*delbe-re- to burst, break through, Evk. delpe-r-ge- to split
PA *b to carry on the back (PTM *ebe-, PK *p-, PJ *p-): PM *e-re-,
Nan. wa-r- to unload
PA *b to winnow, fan (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *eb-s- to winnow): Nan. ebi-ri- to shuffle, hoard, PJ *apu-r-, *apu-t- to blow, fan
PA *s to crush (PTM *(x)ise- to crush, PJ *s mortar): PT *s-r- to
bite (= *s-r- < *s--), Kor. s-r- to grind, crush
PA *udi to choose (PM *d- to conceive, instigate): PT *d-r- (=
*d-r- < *d--), PJ *i-r- to choose, select
PA *kt to singe, heat (PT *Kat- to heat, PM *kete fire steel, PJ
*kt-i soldering iron): PT *Katr- (= *Kat-r- < *Kat--) to heat, bake,
Evk. kotoron- to singe, burn
PA *ket[o] to tear apart, rip (PM *kadu- to mow; to sever ribs from the
spine, PTM *xet- to tear apart): PT *Kota-r- to tear out, break (=
*Kot-r- < *Kot--), PM *kadu-ra- to rip with fangs
PA *mlte to bend, twist (PTM *maltu-): PM *mlt-r- / *multu-r- to
twist, contort, PJ *mnt-r- to twist, bend
PA *me to curse, harm (PM *ime guilt, PTM *um- to weaken, be
sick, PJ *mm- to argue, conflict): PT *jem-r- to crush, curse, re-

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INTRODUCTION

proach (= *jem-r- < *jem--), PTM *ime-r- shame, PK *nam-ra- to

curse, swear
PA *sp sprinkle, scatter (PT *sep-): PM *sabi-r-, *sibe-re-, PK *spr-,
*spr-.
PA *sidu to rub off, peel off (PTM *sidu-): PT *sd-r- ( = *sd-r- < *sd--),
PM *sidu-rPA *sid to suspend (PK *sd- to load): PT *sd-re- ( < *sd-e-) pull,
tug, PM *sidu-r- pull the reins, PJ *sinta-r- to hang down
PA *sjp to press, knead (PT *sjpa-): PT *sjp-r- (= *sjp-r- < *sjp--),
PTM *sipe-r-, PJ *smp-rPA *pV sweep (Evk. ipi-): PT *sip-r- ( < *sip-r- < *sip--), PM *si-r-,
PK *ps-rPA *sp to grip (PM *si-, PK *sp-): PM *si-re-, Man. sefe-re-, PJ
*sp-rPA *tk to repair (PTM *taku-): PT *Tag-ra- ( < *Tag-a-), PJ *tkrPA *-- is also used as a denominative suffix, very similar in sphere to
*-r- (see above), cf.:
PA *gb shell, husk (PK *kbi bamboo bark, PJ *kmp rice ear): PT
*Kb- husk, shell, PM *gaw-r-su chaff, straw
PA *goV a k. of insect (PTM *gugu big fly): PT *Kou- beetle, PM
*guwu-r larva of a gad-fly
PA *ki hollow, empty (PK *k- nest, to nest): PT *gei- nasal cavity, Evk. ke-re hole, ice-hole
PA *kmle a k. of ungulate (PJ *kuma foal): PT *Klm- male chamois, Evk. kuma-ra-n Siberian stag
PA *du a k. of small wild animal (PTM *oda, PJ *uni): PT *ut, Orok
onnor, PK *r.
PA *pd spot, ornament (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *pede-ne- to
mark, dirty): PT *bedi-, PM *bede-r, PJ *panta-ra
PA *pt uncultivated land, field (PJ *pt): PT *At-, PM *(h)ata-r
PA *pki ox, cow (not attested suffixless, cf. Evn. hken): PT *k-,
PM *hke-r, Evk. huku-r
PA *pe mildew, slime (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *pu-da [ or <
*pu-ra?]): PT *e-, PM *(h)g-r
PA *uge river (PTM *ug): PT *g-, PM *je-r, Man. we-re-n, PK
*jh-r, PJ *r
The archaic nature of this *-- is dubious: it is not excluded that in
these cases Turkic actually reflects a combination of the plain *-r-suffix
with a subsequent -s- (cf. the match PT *Kb- = PM *gaw-r-su), which
phonetically yielded *-.

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205

There are, however, several specific cases, where *-- occurs in

words meaning two or pair and in some paired body parts:
PA *kk breast (PM *kk-n, PTM *kuku-n): PT *gk- breast, PJ
*kkr heart
PA *mji horn (Evk. mui tendon): PT *buju- horn, PM *mercartilage
PA *pke pair, couple (PT *ki two, PJ *pk other): PT *ki-, PM
*(h)eki-re twins
PA *tubu two (PTM *ube, PK *t): PT *TVbVr ( ~ -), PM *ui-ri-n, PK
*t-rh
This may in fact be an archaic dual marker; whether it corresponds
to the Japanese plural in -ra is not quite clear (the latter may be rather a
match for the plural reflected in PT *la-r, PM *na-r and TM *-l).
4.1.15. PA *-jIn a number of nouns we encounter a final *-(a)j or *-e in Turkic, apparently corresponding to *-i in Mongolian and to a long final vowel (*- or
*-) in TM (on the PTM Koseform - see Benzing 66), cf.:
PA *ge lonely (with different suffixes cf. PT *g-n, PK *i-rb-): PT
*ge-j, PM *gej, PTM *ug.
PA *sg thick growth: PM *sigu-j, PTM *sig, PJ *snkiPA *aV woman, elder female relative: PT *aj / *ej, PTM *as
PA *tari a k. of water bird (with a different suffix cf. PTM *tar-m): PT
*tara-ka-j, PM *ir-ke-j
PA *tku a horned animal: PT *teke, PM *togij, PTM *tK
PA *ke moth, worm: PT *ge, PTM *ku-kta, PK *ki
PA *mko snake (cf. PK *mk-, PJ *mk-tai): PT *bke, PM *mogaji,
PTM *mk
PA *kge palate, jaw (with different suffixes cf. PTM *xk-te, PJ *k()i,
PK *kh-m): PT *Kg-me, PM *ke-mej
PA *mu to bear, give birth (PTM *omu-/umu-, PK *m, PJ *m-): PT
*umaj placenta, PM *(h)umaji womb
On the basis of these matches it seems possible to reconstruct a
common Altaic suffix *-j-, probably diminutive or expressive. One
should also note that *-k is a very widespread suffix in TM (see
Benzing 66-67), and it seems to correspond to Mongolian *-kai, Turkic
*-kaj with the same function. In many cases, though, the suffix is different to recover: in Turkic it tends to disappear after all vowels except *-a
(and even in those cases is rather rare), while in Mongolian it is impossible to distinguish from original *-gi.

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INTRODUCTION

From a few examples above it would seem that Japanese and Korean also may reflect this suffix as *-i. In fact, *-i is a very well-known
suffix in the Korean-Japanese area (cf. Martin 1995, 142, Vovin 1997, 9),
where it forms both deverbative nouns (Jpn. kak- write, kak-i writing,
*anka- raise, *anka-i > age raising) and (in Japanese) often serves as a
direct stem marker: *p-i > OJ pi fire, in compounds p- etc. However,
this *-i seems rather to be a later addition. In the case of fire, e.g., this
suffix was obviously added after the disappearance of the medial *-r(PJ *p- fire < *pre+gV). It is perhaps more appropriate to regard it as
a continuation of the PA demonstrative pronoun *i, serving as a nominative suffix (and indeed attested in this function both in Korean and
Old Japanese).
A verbal *-j- may have also existed, although it is difficult to find direct lexical matches, due to the very unstable phonetical nature of *-j-.
Proto-Japanese has verbal stems in *CVCa-, *CVCu- and *CVC-, but no
stems in *CVCi-. One may suspect that Pre-Proto-Japanese stems in *-ihad lost their final vowel and thus gave rise to numerous verbal stems
in *CVC-. At the same time, PJ has numerous alternations like *tuk- be
attached / *tuka- attach or *dak- burn / *daka- be burnt. They can
thus be reconstructed for an earlier stage as *tuki- / *tuka-, *daki- / *daka-;
*tuki- here could actually go back to *tuka-ji- (with a very early contraction > *tuki-, because it was not affected by the regular later Old Japanese development *ai > e), the suffix *-ji- acting as what Vovin 1997
calls transitivity flipper. The Altaic source of this *-ji- is, however, not
quite clear. It may be related to the causative (or transitivity flipper)
*-g- (on which see below), but the development *-g- > -j- here would
require a special explanation, since normally it only occurs after diphthongs (or should one reconstruct *-jg- here?). Another possible solution would be to trace this PJ *-ji- to a PA suffix *-ji-, preserved in
Mong. -ji- forming verba status (qumi- to bind together : qumi-ji- to
be bound; Ramstedt 1912, 56-58 derives them as well from PA *-gi-,
which seems somewhat dubious).
4.1.16. PA *-s1. A deverbative *-s- is attested in all branches of Altaic. In Turkic and
Mongolian there is a desiderative -se- (both deverbative, like OT kel-sewant to come, and denominative, like OT suv-sa- want water = become thirsty), see EAS 2, 187-188. Although Ramstedt separates this
suffix (tracing it back to *se- do, say - a rather dubious derivation)
from -s- in cases like Mong. l-s- become hungry or Nan. puli-si-

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207

walk, they seem to be essentially the same affix with an original desiderative or inchoative meaning (want to... or begin to...), and as
such probably identical to the optative in -s-, widely attested in Turkic,
Mongolian, TM and Korean (see EAS 2, 84-85). In Korean and Japanese
the same -s- is used (since the oldest written texts) as a marker of politeness (see Vovin 1997, 9), also a quite understandable semantic development from an original desiderative.
Japanese is unique in having this morpheme functioning as a transitive (in pairs like kuda-r- to be lowered : kuda-s- to lower). This may
be a result of several morphological and phonological developments:
a) a fusion of the verbal stem with the separate verb *sV- to do, make,
resulting in a general transitive/causative suffix formation; similar
compounds with h- are widely attested in Korean. The same formation may be reflected in TM as intensive / frequentative *-su- (*-si-),
on which see Benzing 119.
b) a development of *-- > -s- that led to the inclusion into this category
of several old reciprocal formations (see above on *krs-, *nts-);
c) in a few cases like PM *gudu-s downward = PJ *knt-s- to lower
this -s- may have still another origin, going back to the PA directional suffix (see below)
The following cross-language matches can illustrate the PA deverbative (desiderative/inchoative) *-s-:
PA *mo mouth; taste (PT *um- to hope for, desire; PM *ama(n)
mouth; PJ *m- tasty, sweet): PT *um-sa- to hope for, long, PM
*am-sa- to taste, PK *m-s taste (PA *mo-s- want to taste)
PA *bke to lie in ambush (PT *buk-, Kalm. bg-): PM *bg-si- id., PJ
*bk-s- to attack, assault (PA *bke-s- start lying in ambush, position oneself in ambush)
PA *eb to be weak, to wither (PK *b- to be exhausted, hungry): PK
*p-s- to lack, be insufficient, PJ *impu-sia- in bad spirits (PA *eb-sbecome exhausted, insufficient)
PA *k to paw, hit with hooves (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM
*ek-te-, PJ *nk-k-): PT *ag-sa- to hobble, limp, PM *(h)ag-sa- to
have fits, convulsions (PA *k-s- start pawing)
PA *pe to cover, to wear (PM *ibe-, PJ *p-): PTM *up-si clothes, belt,
PK *p-s- to put on (hat) (PA *pe-s- get clothed)
PA *tp wave, flap, fly (PM *debi-, PJ *tmp-): PM *debi-s-, PTM
*dep-si- / *dap-si- (PA *tp-s- start flying, soar up)
PA *tja to float, slide (PT *tj-, PTM *tia-): PM *te-si-, PTM *ti-sa- (PA
*tja-s- start sliding)

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INTRODUCTION

PA *te admiration; condolence (PT *t): PT *ta-su-, PM *ta-si(PA *te-s- become admiring)
PA *tuk to come to an end (PT *tke-): Yak. tks, PM *tg-s-, PJ
*tuku-s- (PA *tuk-s- become exhausted)
Note that the Japanese forms here (*bk-s- attack, *tuku-s- exhaust) synchronically contain the transitive marker -s-; historically,
however, they match well PM *bg-si- and *tg-s- and thus reflect PA
*bke-s- start lying in ambush and *tuki-s- start being exhausted.
2. An adverbial directive suffix -s(i) is attested in Mongolian and Tungus (see EAS 2, 48-49), and this may have left a trace in some derived
verbs, cf.:
PA *gd down, to lower (PT *Kod): PM *gudu-s downward, PJ
*knt-s- to lower
PA *gu up, above (PT *jg-, PM *e-, PTM *ug-, PK *(h)): PT
*jg-se- to rise, PM *g-se- id., PTM *ugV-si above, up; one is also
tempted to add PJ *k-s- to rise, which may reflect a merger of this
root with PA *k top, above.
3. A general-purpose nominal suffix -s- is widely attested in Mongolian (usually as -su(n)) and TM (usually as -su- or -sa, often in a compound -k-sa), see EAS 2, 225-227, 239 (although separating the Mong.
-su- and attempting, strangely enough, to derive the TM -su from Chinese shou hand; on the TM -su-/-sa- see Benzing 89). This suffix became quite obsolete in Turkic (although some traces of it after *-l- and
*-r- may still be observable as *-- and *--, see above), while in Japanese
it may have been preserved as the finite form of adjectives (-si), frequently incorporated into the adjective stem as a derivational morpheme (utuku-si- beautiful etc.).
This suffix may in fact be nothing else than the pronominal *sV of
the 3d person, preserved in Turkic as *-s-, the pronominal suffix of the
3d person, and in Japanese as the demonstrative *s / *si. This would
explain its apparent disappearance in Turkic: the suffix has not disappeared at all, but preserved its original function, while in Mongolian
and TM it was desemanticized. Benzing (69-70) regards PTM *-sa as a
collective suffix, so in fact we may be dealing here both with a PA pronominal *-sV and collective *-sa, which are rather difficult to keep apart
in individual cases.
Some examples of this *-s- in cross-language matches:
PA *ke grass, weed (PTM *Ka): PK *sok-si, PJ *tksi horse-tail
PA *kp a k. of vessel, box (PJ *kp scoop, ladle): PT *KAp-sa-k
basket, PTM *xap-sa box

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209

PA *sli gall (PTM *s): PM *sl-s, PTM *sl-se

PA *gV juice (not attested suffixless, cf. PK *sk-r honey): PM
*si-s, PTM *k-se
PA *uba water (PT *sb, Man. so- sprinkle): PM *u-su, PTM *ob-ksa;
cf. also PT *sb-s-, *sb-sa-, containing the verbal *-s-suffix (see
above).
In combinations with velar suffixes:
PA *pt meat; skin (PT *et, PJ *pnt, PTM *pt): PM *(h)ada-ska, PTM
*pt-ske
PA *te leg, knee (PT *d, PK *tr): PT *tir-sge-k elbow, PTM
*tr-kse boot-top
4.1.17. PA *-gThe suffix *-g- is known as a causative marker in TM (see Benzing 122),
Mongolian and Korean (where it is reflected as -0-), see EAS 2, 170-175.
It is, however, not attested at all in Turkic and Japanese. On the other
hand, there is a number of Common Altaic verbal stems in *-g- which
can rather be classified as intensive or factitive and are not necessarily
causative (do or undergo smth. repeatedly), see Ramstedt 1912,
10-20. Cf.:
PA *bjo to learn, be attentive (also attested with the causative/passive *-b-, see above): PT *bo-gu- to learn, PM *bol-gu-(a)to be cautious, PK *pi-h- to learn
PA *mi to avoid, taboo (PJ *m-): PT *em-ge- to suffer, be tortured,
PM *emi-e- to be timid, shy away
PA *gV to move, be irritated (Evk. gori- to move, stir): PT *K-gato be irritated, agitated, PTM *gur-ge- to move, stir
PA *kro to shout, speak (PTM *xr- to shout, call): PT *Kr-ga- to
swear, curse, PM *karija- / *karaa- id.
PA *pru pray, bless (PK *pr-): Yak. r ( < *ra-ga), PM *hiru-e-, PTM
*piru-gPA *u leak, ooze (PT *s-): PM *sir-g-, PTM *ur-gPA *tl string, spreader (PT *tl, PM *tele-, PJ *tr): PM *tel(i)-ge-,
PTM *tel-gePA *amo to suffer hardships (PT *Am fine, claim): OT am--uq
slanderer, PM *ima-a- queasy, PK *hm- to endure, bear.
Vovin (1997, 3-4) characterizes this morpheme as transitivity flipper (thus analogous to PA *-b-, see above) and, besides Kor. -0- and
TM *-g-, relates here also the PJ verbal suffix *-i- (*tuk- be attached /
*tuka-i- attach, *dak- to burn, *daka-i- to burn (intr.)). There are prob-

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INTRODUCTION

lems with this solution, however: we would correct those pairs to *tuk/ *tuka- and *dak- / *daka-, while the -i in OJ forms like tuke < *tukai, jake <
*dakai should rather be regarded as a gerund suffix, just like the -i in the
respective matches tuk-i and jak-i. But the forms of the type *tuk- themselves may go back to earlier *tuki- < *tuka-ji-, where *-ji- might reflect
an earlier PA *-jV-, but hardly *-gV- (see above)
One can also note a rather common TM suffix *-g-n denoting the
result of an action (see Benzing 58), having probably the same source.
It thus seems that the causative meaning of *-g- in TM, Mong. and
Kor. is secondary, being derived from an original factitive / intensive
meaning.
However, the main function of PA *-g-, attested in all branches (although in Korean it is somewhat difficult to find its traces - due to loss
of intervocalic *-g-), is the formation of derived nouns and adjectives
(both from verbal and nominal stems). The number of cross-language
parallels here is huge, and vowels after *-g- may differ due to secondary affixation, but essentially this is a single derivational type:
PA *o right (PT *o): PM *e-ge south; front, PTM *-gi- right
PA * thorn, fang (PJ *r thorn, cf. also Manchu ar-sun id.): PT
*a-g fang, PM *ari-a- fang, molar tooth
PA *rV open space (PT *(i)ra space, distance): PM *ara-u spaced,
thin, PTM *ara-gan open space
PA *bt dirt (PTM *batu- frozen soil, PJ *pnt dirt): PT *bat-g
swamp, marsh, PM *bat-ga dirt (perhaps also PK *pti dirt)
PA *bujri well, spring (PTM *bira river, PK *- well, spring): PTM
*bira-ga- spring, PJ *b well
PA *bure flea (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *br-e): PT *br-ge, PM
*br-ge, PK *pjr-k
PA *bka chain, rim (PJ *bk): PT *buka-gu fetters, chain, PM *bugu-ji
( < -i) bracelet, noose
PA *ba confusion, fright (PT *b- to be bad-tempered, irritable): PT
*bV-gu sadness, PM *bala-g guilt, PTM *bol-ga- to be afraid,
worry (secondary verbalization)
PA *lV to split, hole, crack (PT *dil- to split): PM *il-e space between, PTM *l-ge crack, narrow passage
PA *o power, ability (PK * shape, appearance; to make, produce): PT *d very, strongly, PM *ine-e force, ability, PTM *i
very, extremely
PA *pu ulcer, furuncle (Evk. epe ulcer, pustle): PT *p-ga-n furuncle, PM *iji-ga-n tumour, albugo, PK *jp-k ulcer, furuncle
[*-kV?]

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211

PA *dlu warm (PTM *dl- to warm (of sun), PT *jl- to be warm):

PT *jl-g warm, PM *dula-a-n warm, PJ *d warm water
PA *ra rough (PJ *r- rough, Kor. al- bare, simple): PT *ri-g
rough, PM *ar-gu- dry, hard, rough
PA *ro clean (PT *r - to be clean): PT *r-g clean, PM *ari-u-n
clean
PA *gju dawn, daylight (PT *gn sun, PK *ki dawn): PM
*gege-e dawn, daylight, Man. ge-e light, PJ *ka(i) day
PA *gua bitter, sour (PTM *goi): PM *gasi-u-n, PTM *goi-g-di
PA *unu cow (with a different suffix cf. PT *in-ken female camel): PT
*in-ge-k, PM *ni-e-n
PA *kma to unite, gather (PM *kamu-): PT *KAmu-g all, together, PM
*kamu-g id.
PA *kmV to be weak, oppress (PT *Kma- to become blinded, dumb;
to set teeth on edge, PM *kama- to be mangy, PTM *kama- to oppress): PM *kama-u scab, herpes, PTM *kama-ga loss, trouble
PA *kp depth, edge (PT *kiabu- bottom of boat, PJ *kp edge, side,
PM *kb depth): PM *kbe-e edge, side, PK *kp-h- deep
PA *kro crow, raven (PTM *kori a mythical bird): PT *KAr-ga crow,
PM *keri-je id.
PA *ki child (PT *g female slave, PTM *kua child, childhood,
PM *kw child): PM *kw--n child, son, PJ *ka child
PA *koi nasty (Oyr. kaa-; Man. kuu-n hate, uneasyness): PM
*kee- difficult, unpleasant, PK *kh()- nasty
PA *kuri wattle, fence, enclosure (PT *Kur- to erect, build, PTM *kori
blockhouse, cage): PT *Kur-ga-n, PM *kri-je-n enclosure
PA *kudu shore, border (PTM *kud shore, land, PJ *kui fortress): PT
*Kd-g edge, border, PM *kii-a-r border.
PA *kd(-rV) to scrape off, scraper (PT *KEdir- to skin (a sheep), PJ
*kintr- to scrape off): PM *kedir-ge scraper, PTM *xar-ga-n chock
(for processing fish skins)
PA *kpra to scrape, plane (PT *K(i)arba- to grope; rake up): PM
*kawra-ji file, PTM *xarpu-gda plane, knife
PA *keo edge (PT *Kj ~ -, PK *k): PT *Kj-g ( ~ --), PM *kaja-a
id.
PA *ko to remunerate, repay (PTM *xeri- price, payment): PT
*Ka-ga-n- to acquire, win, PM *keri-g miserly, Nan. xer-g wake,
ritual celebration
PA *kma a k. of reed or leek (PJ *km reed): PM *kam-ga-r wild
leek, PTM *xe-gu-kte wild onion

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INTRODUCTION

PA *kla hair (PT *Kl): PM *kil-ga-su horses hair, tail hair, PK

*kr(h)-, PJ *ki hair
PA *klo stalk, stem (PTM *xila- to blossom): PT *Kl-ga beard (of
grain, awn, PM *kil-ga-na meadowgrass, PTM *xila-ga flower, PK
*kr(h) stubble; stump
PA *krma snow, hoar-frost (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *xima-sa
snow: PT *Kra-gu hoar-frost, PM *kirma-g first snow
PA *kpra rift (in a river), bridge (PT *kpr bridge, PTM *xupuru
rift (in river); bridge, PJ *kpr shallow place): PT *kpr-g
bridge, PM *kr-ge id.
PA *k[]a pole; finger (PTM *xur hoof; handful): PT *K[a]-gu-k
pole, peg, PM *kuru-u finger, toe, PK *kr-k finger; pole
PA *li dirt, slime (PM *laji): PTM *la-ga cloggy, slimy substance,
PJ *nn-k-r- be dreggy, muddy
PA *b a k. of plant (PT *jaba, PJ *nimp): PM *debe-e meadow, pasture, PTM *labi-k-ta a k. of moss
PA *la a k. of furry animal (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *lo-sa
lynx, sable): PM *naga-j female tarbagan, PJ *n-i rat
PA *ul[o] to ransom, ask (PT *jul- to ransom, PM *doli- to barter,
ransom): PT *julu-g ransom, PJ *na-i price
PA *nuru song and dance (PT *jr song, PK *nor- to amuse oneself):
PM *nr-gi- noisy discussion, Evn. nrg- to dance and sing
PA *ao nut (PJ *mama-i bean): PT *jA-ga-k walnut, PM *ia-g
walnut, PTM *au-kta cone, nut
PA *krV a k. of thorny tree (PJ *mkri): PM *eer-ge-ne, PTM
*ikri-k-ta
PA *e late, evening (PJ *s-): PT *o-g youngest, latest, PM *-ge
yesterday, PK *i id.
PA *e other, one of two (PTM *ur- to be similar): PT *-ge other,
PM *r-ge-l one of two
PA *pala tooth (PK *par): Nan. paloa, PJ *pa
PA *puli red (PTM *pula- with different suffixes): PM *hula-an, PTM
*pula-gi- (PK *prk- reflects rather *puli-kV)
PA *pre leaf, bud (PT *br): PM *bor-gu-, PJ *p.
PA *padV be sober, attentive (PM *hai-): PT *ad-g, PM *hada-u /
*hai-g sober, attentive
PA *pr edge (PM *hir, PTM *pere, PJ *pir): PM *hiru-a, PTM
*pere-g-, *per-g)
PA *pri seed (PM *hre seed, PTM *puri family, children, PK *pr
wheat): PT *uru-g seed; kin, PJ *p growth
PA *pli root, foundation (PT *ul): Man. fulexe, PK *prhi, PJ *p-.

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213

PA *psa plan, reason (PT *us, Evn. huse, PJ *pns): PT *usu-g, PM

*hasa-u- (secondary verbalization).
PA *si earth, sand, marsh (PT *sia, PJ *situ): PM *sira-u, PTM
*siru-gi
PA *j thorn, needle (PTM *je, PK *si, PJ *sj): PT *soja-gu, PM
*soju-a.
PA *tri thick, plenty (PT *dr-, PTM *dir-, PJ *(d)ita-): PM *ir-ga-u-,
PTM *dir-gaPA *tle spleen (PTM *(l)): PM *deli--n, PJ *(d)i
PA *tra to cultivate (earth) (PT *TAr-): PM *tari-ja-n crops, PJ *t
field
PA *lo fasten, hang (PT *jala-, PTM *ala-n, PK *r-): PT *jala-gu,
PM *al-ga- (secondary verbalization), PJ *d-i
PA *eb bad, to suffer (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *jab-, *jab-laetc.): PT *jab-ga-n, PM *ibe-The precise meaning of this PA *-g-, next to being a general noun
marker, is not quite clear; Benzing (68-69) regards PTM *-g as collective, which seems possible but not ultimately proved.
4.1.18. PA *-kUnlike *-g-, the PA voiceless unaspirated *-k- was in the vast majority
of cases only building denominative nouns, cf.:
PA *mV quick, timely (PT *(i)am now, PTM *am(a) quick, PK *m
surely, certainly): PT *(i)am-k recent, PM *(h)ama-gaj sudden,
quick, PTM *ama-k- quick
PA *nta oath; comrade (PT *nt; PM, PTM *anda friend, PJ *nta enemy): PM *anda-g(a) oath, to take an oath, PTM *anda-ka- friend,
follower; here the derivative is also secondarily used as a verb in
PTM and PT *nt-k- to take an oath
PA *bro bank, rift (PK *pr bank): PM *bor-gi-ja river rift, PTM
*bir[u]-ka- precipice, mountain
PA *budu down, feather; curly (with a different suffix cf. PM *bui-jito be curly): PT *bdk moustache, PM *bui-gir curly, *boi-gu
(bird) down
PA *bru dust; smoke, whirlwind (PT *bur): PT *buru-k whirlwind,
puff of smoke, PM *bur-gi- / *br-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) (secondary verbalization), PTM *bure-ki dust; fresh snow
PA *li grey, light (PT *l grey, light, PM *il clear, cloudless):
PM *il-ge- clear, cloudless, PTM *ol-ka grey, white

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INTRODUCTION

PA *pV grandfather (PTM *epu grandfather, elder relative, PK *p

father): PM *eb-ge- grandfather, ancestor, Orok epe-ke grandfather
PA *t elder relative (PT *Ata / *Ete father, PK *t man, PJ *tt, *ti
uncle): PT *Ata-ka- / *Ete-ke- uncle, PM *ei-ge father, PTM
*eti-(r)k- old man
PA *na middle, width (PT *n): PM *e breadth, width, PTM
*(x)ene-k sheath, scabbard, PK *n-h middle, PJ *n-k id.
PA *gri wide, broad, thick (PT *gr thick, broad, PTM *gora far,
PM *gr wide, broad): PM *gr-ge-r thick, PK *kr-k- id.
PA *t to rely, trust (PTM *(x)iti custom, order, occasion):
PTM *(x)iti-ka- custom, order; a secondary verbalization is observed in
PM *ite-ge- to hope, believe, trust, reason, PJ *nt-k- to take upon
oneself; to trust smb. with
PA *aru deer, antelope (PTM *ora-n): PT *Ar-ku-n a cross-bred horse,
PM *(h)oro-go a k. of antelope
PA *re male (PTM *ur, PJ *t): PT *r-ke-k male, PTM *uri-k-n elk
(2 y. old)
PA *du wonder, supernatural (PM *ide sacred energy, Evk. odu
wonder, PJ *i / *ju sacred): PT *du-k sacred, PM *idu-gan female
shaman
PA *l hollow, hole, intestine (PT *lV fistula, PJ *ru hollow, hollow tree-trunk): PT *olu-k hollow tree-trunk, PM *(h)olu-gaj thick
intestine
PA *te thick liquid (PT *t gall): PM *te-ge- thick (of liquids); secondarily verbalized in Evk. it-ke- to ferment bread
PA *kra opposite, enemy (PT *Karu opposite, PM *kari foreign,
alien): PT *Kara-k bandit, PJ *kt-ki enemy, adversary; secondarily verbalized (or else reflecting the factitive in *-g-) is PM
*kar-gu/a- to meet
PA *kte hole (PT *gt anus, buttocks, PK *kt hole): PT *gt-k >
*gt-k tailless, PM *kota-ga-r hollow, Evk. koto-ko-n concave, cavity
PA *ka brown, black (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *ko-nablack): PM *ko-gu-r light brown, PJ *kn-k- shadow.
PA *kuu nut (PJ *kusi): PT *Kus-k, PM *kusi-ga, PTM *koi-k-ta
PA *k[a]e a k. of board (PT *K(i)a vehicle, skis): PT *K(i)aa-k id.,
PM *ka-ga a k. of board, cross-bar
PA *kpri fan, bellows (probably secondary verbal usage in PT *krto use bellows, PTM *xarpu- to sweep): PT *kr-k bellows, PM
*ker-ge id., PTM *xarpu-k fan, broom

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215

PA *kra tide, flood (PJ *kt): Turk. qarq ditch, PM *kar-gi rapids,
overfall
PA *kte a k. of knife or arrow (Evk. utu a k. of arrow): PM *kitu-ga
knife, PTM *(x)utu-ke knife on a shaft
PA *k light, thin (suffixless cf. perhaps Turkm. Gaj
( )): PM *k-ge-n light (not heavy), PJ *km-kasmall, thin
PA *krV dung, excrements (not attested suffixless, cf. Kor. krm): PM
*kor-gu-l , PTM *xri-k-ta.
PA *pV bifurcated pole (PT *jpa wooden fork, shovel, PTM *lapabifurcated pole): Turkm. jba-q wooden fork, PM *daa-ga-n horizontal bar in a yurt, Evk. lapki branch inserted between branches
PA *nla shallow (Nan. nala overflowed place, PK *nr ford): PT
*jAl-k- shallow, PM *nala-gar declivity, overflowed plain, Evn.
ala-k shallow)
PA *t old (Chuv. vad, PTM *ute): PM *te-g old man, Evk. uta-kn
old age
PA *ps stairway, step (PJ *ps): PT *bAs-k-, PM *bosu-ga, PTM
*pise-ku
PA *pr[e] bank (PT *jr): PM *her-gi, Evk. hirki
PA *saV bird dung (PTM *saa): PT *sa-k, PM *sa-ga-.
PA *spa brace, vice (not attested suffixless, cf. PM *sab-salga): PT
*saba-k, PTM *sab-ga, PK *sp-k
PA *so fence, village (PTM *saru tent in a boat, PJ *stu village):
PT *soa-k village, PM *sir-ge fence, Orok sar-qa id.
PA *sp long hair, offshoot (PJ *smp-i pistils, stamens): PT *sapa-k
branch, bunch, PM *saba-ga yak wool.
PA *spu oval-shaped (PT *sup): PT *sup-k, PM *sibo-ga-r
PA *sru pole (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *siara-): PT *sru-k, PM
*sur-ga-ag
PA *sa sharp stick, tooth (PT *s, PTM *sila-, PK *sr, PJ *ss-): PT
*se-k, PM *sile-g toothed animal
PA *eV edge, row, front (PT *jee-, probably secondary as a verb in
OT; PTM *eri-n): PT *jee-k, PM *er-ge
A very consistent group among those derivatives is represented by
names of small animals (PT *-k, *-kaj, PM *-gan(a), -ga-li, PTM *-k ,
*-ke-n, *-ku (see Benzing 66-67), PJ *-ki):
PA *balu sable (not attested suffixless, cf. Evk. balini): PM *bula-gan
sable, game, PJ *puru-ki sable
PA *n young of an ungulate (PJ *m horse): PT *n-kaj, PM
*una-ga-n, PTM *(x)ene-kn

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INTRODUCTION

PA *ko lamb, deer (PT *Ko lamb): PM *kuri-ga-n id., PTM *xir-ki
wild deer
PA *ka sable, squirrel (PT *k sable): PM *kul-ga-na mouse, PTM
*xulu-k squirrel
PA *epa feather, down, wool (PT *jAp a mass of hair or wool): PT
*japa-k, PM *daa-ga-n foal (hair fading)
PA *pte louse, biting insect (PT *bt): PM *bata-ga-na, Evk. hnte-ku
PA *pani hen, chicken (PJ *pina): PM *ja-ga-li a k. of small bird,
PTM *pinu-k
PA *pun[e] a small wild animal (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM
*pn-l- hedgehog): PT *en-k young of a wild animal, puppy,
PM *hne-gen fox, PTM *pe-k jerboa, weasel
Only in a very small number of cases do we encounter PA *-k- as a
deverbative verbal suffix, cf.:
PA *r to gather, crowd (PM *ir- id., Kor. ul clan, PJ *(n)t id.): PT
*ir-k- to gather, PM *ir-ge-n people
PA *ku to tickle (PT *gi-): PT *K-k, PM *gii-ge, PTM *kaa-ka-, PJ
*ks-nk-rPA *ku to bend, bow (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *Kj-r-, PM
*keji-a, *keje-de-): PT *Kj-k curved, PM *keji-ge oblique, slanting, PTM *xu-ke- to bow, PJ *kn-k-m- to be curved, bent
PA *lo to pluck, pick out (PT *jol-; PTM *[u]li- to exuviate, fade, PJ
*mr- to pluck, tear off): PM *ul-ga- to pick, pluck, PTM *[u]li-kinaked
It may well be so that in all these cases Mongolian (the only language actually pointing to *-k-) has an innovation: the original verbal
stem developed a nominal usage through conversion, and the derivative in *-k- was built already from this secondary noun; and in the case
of ul-ga- we may actually be dealing with PA factitive *-g-, and not
with *-k-.
4.1.19. PA *-kUnlike PA *-k-, the aspirated *-k- is quite well attested in building derived verbs from verbal stems, cf.:
PA *bl pale (PM *bala-ji blind, PTM *beli pale, PJ *pr- to clear
up): Neg. bel-ki- to whiten, PK *pr-k- bright
PA *bl to soak, gush forth (Kor. pul-li- to wet, PJ *pr bath): PT
*bula-k spring, well, PM *bul-ka- to soak, PTM *b[]l-k- id.
PA *mu to pinch, pluck (PM *im a pinch, PJ *tm- to pluck): PM
*im-ki- to pinch, PK *m-ki fist, handful

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217

PA *enu to beware, attention (PM *(h)ana- to beware, PT *anu- to get

ready): PT *anu-k ready, PM *(h)a-ka- to pay attention
PA *pV to bend, turn (not attested suffixless; cf. PT *ebi-r- to turn):
PM *eb-ke- to bend, fold, PTM *obo-ka hook, PJ *p-ku stick with
a hook
PA *kupe light, floating (PM *kb- drift on the surface): Bur.
xbxe-lze- drift on the surface, PTM *kep(u)ke- id.
PA *kpi foam (PT *kp- to swell, PM *ke- to foam, swell up, PTM
*x[o]pu- foam): PT *kp-k foam, PM *kb-ke-ji- to swell
PA *klo to roll, turn (PT *Kula- to roll down, fall, PTM *xol- / *xulwalk round, turn round, Jpn. koro round log): PM *kol-ki-da- to be
restless, go round and round, Jpn. koro-g- to roll, rotate
PA *lalV weak, exasperated(PM *nala-ji- be slow, sluggish, PTM *lalibe hungry, weak, exasperated): PT *jal-k- to suffer pain, be nauseated, PM *nal-ka-ji- be faint, drowsy, weak
PA *psi break, cleave, peck (PTM *pis-, PK *ps-, PJ *ps fish-fork):
PM *hes-ke-, PTM *pis-k-, PK *ps-k-r, PJ *pisi(n)kPA *tru to curse (PTM *tur-) : PT *tr-k-, PM *tar-kiAs we see, in many of the above cases nominalization of the derived
form in *-k- also occurs (cf. PT *bula-k, *anu-k, *kp-k, PTM *obo-ka, PK
*m-ki, *ps-k-r, PJ *p-ku), and in some of the cases all available
derivatives are only nominal, cf.:
PA *kopV to plane, whet (PTM *kuba-): PM *kobi-ki a k. of chisel, Orok
qwaq plough
PA *ri to cover (PTM *ora- become covered, PK *ri door): PM
*r-ke cover of roof window, PTM *ur-ke door
PA *pru to spin, plait, wrap (PTM *por-): PT *ar-ka-g weft, woof, PK
*pr-k swaddlingclothes)
The deverbative instrumental suffix *-ku is rather widely attested in
TM (see Benzing 1011), and it is this suffix that corresponds to PM *-ki
in Orok qwa-q = PM *kobi-ki (see above); one can thus suspect that
this usage was already present in PA. The same form seems also to be
reflected in PJ *-ku adjective and verb nominalizer and MKor. -ko
subordinative gerund marker (see Vovin 1997, 9).
But the largest group of derivatives here, just as in the cases with
PA *-g- and *-k-, are denominative nouns, cf. the following
cross-language parallels:
PA *ni very (PTM *ana- very, PK * first, beginning): PT *e(k)
very, PM *a-ka very, extremely; original
PA *ra back, behind (PM *aru): PT *r-ka back, PM *aru-ki back, behind, PTM *ar-ka- back

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INTRODUCTION

PA *lV a k. of thorny plant (PT *(i)al bush, PJ *tra Aralia): PT

*(i)al-kan nettle, PM *ulu-ki-r , PTM
*il[u]-k-te wild pear; a k. of tree with red bark
PA *rV pike (not attested suffixless, cf. PT *or-tan): PM *uru-kaj,
Man. ur-u young fish
PA *gbo light, empty (PTM *gebu-): Chag. keve-k empty, PM *gji-keshallow, light
PA *kujilV a k. of bird (PJ *kiari plover): PM *qojilu-g wild turkey,
PTM *kilu-k- goose, swan, PK *kirj-k goose
PA *kbro a k. of ferment (PT *Kor ferment, yeast, bitter, PM *kowr
poison, harm, PJ *kr- bitter): PM *ko(w)r-ka-g pus (in a wound),
PTM *kabu-k-ta ( < *kabur-k-ta) salmon fat, salmon stomach
PA *ka bell (PJ *kn-i): PM *ko-ku bell, PTM *k-k-ta id.
PA *ki child (PT *g female slave, PTM *kua child, childhood,
PM *kw child): PM *kew-ke-n daughter, girl, PTM *ku-k-n
child
PA *kjlu ear, to hear (PK *ki ear): PT *Kul-ka-k ear, PM *kul-ki ear
wax, PJ *k-k- to hear
PA *epa feather, down, wool (PT *jAp a mass of hair or wool): PT
*jApa-k(u) id., PM *daa-ki tangled hair
PA *m(o)a name, spell (PT *jom luck, omen; medicine; PM *dom
magic, legend, PTM *nim- to shamanize, PJ *n(N) name,
*nm- to pray): PT *jom()a-k tale, legend, riddle, PM *doma-g legend, PTM *nim-k- fairy-tale, PK *nj-k tale, story
PA *me wild cat (OT m): PT *b-k cat, (WMong. malu-qai), Man.
mala-xi
PA *ju thin, small (PTM *uji, PJ *s-, Kor. na-): PM *-ken,
PTM *uji-ku-, PK *n-kaPA *je long hair (PJ *b tail): PT *je-k part of animals skin under
the neck or between legs, PM *je-keji lower part of animals belly
PA *pg box, vessel (PT *bog, PTM *paga): PTM *paga-k, PK *phki
PA *pt bottom, lower side (PTM *pata, PJ *pt): PT *t-k-, PM
*hat-ku, PTM *pata-ka, PK *pt-k
PA *si earth, sand, marsh (PT *sia, PJ *situ): PM *sir-ke, PK *hrk
PA *toe space (not attested suffixless, cf. PTM *tue-r lake): PT
*Tee-k air space, PM *t-ki- hollow, Evk. tuu-ke backwater, PK
*tah hollow
PA *topu knee, knee cap (PJ *tu(m)pu-): PT *top-k, PM *tuw-kai
PA *p hollow under knee or neck, corner (not attested suffixless, cf.
PJ *dp-r): PM *ob-ki, PTM *up(u)-ku

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219

Although the semantics of most of these derivatives is quite neutral,

we should note cases like *ju small > Mong. *-ken, *ki child >
Mong. *kew-ken, PTM *ku-kn, and the well-known fact that these suffixes (Mong. -ken / -qan, PTM *-kn) are productive diminutives. It
seems thus quite probable that PA *-k- in its denominative function
had a diminutive meaning (which remained productive in TM, see
Benzing 58-59, and Mongolian, but can also be observed in many cases
in Turkic, Korean and Japanese).
Another source of this morpheme may be the adjectival marker
*-k(i)-, reflected in Mong. (-ki), Turkic (-k /-ki), see EAS 2, 234; cf. also
the PJ attributive adjectival suffix *-ki.
4.1.20. PA *-The suffix *-- is not frequent, but firmly established for Altaic (see
EAS 2, 229). It only forms nouns from verbs or nouns (cases of verbal
usage of the --derivatives are clearly secondary), and in this respect is
fully synonymous with PA *-g-. Cf. the following cross-language lexical matches:
PA *ja to go, walk (PTM *ja- to run quickly): PM *aja- journey,
travel, PTM *j[a]- swift, PJ *jm- to walk
PA *dlo wing, shoulderblade (PT *jl counter, mane, PM *dalu
shoulderblade, *dali wing): PM *dala- counter, scruff, PK *tri
> *tri wing (of a saddle)
PA *na dawn, dusk (PTM *ine- to dawn): PT *-r dusk, PTM
*ine- day
PA *ri to rot, pus, be sick (PT *iri- to rot): PT *iri- pus, PJ *t-m- to
be sick
PA *u trace, furrow (PT * / *): PM *(h)ira-a- ripple, riffle, PK
*r furrow
PA *koa to steal, deceive (PTM *kola cunning, deceit): PT *K(i)aa
lazy, vile, PM *kula-ga-j robber, thief, PJ *kasu-m- to steal, rob
PA *kalo girth, tug (PT *xala tug, belt): PT *Kola- saddlegirth, PK
*kora- fetters
PA *ki a k. of cereal (PT *ke barley): PM *ki--gi a leguminous
plant, PK *k millet
PA *mlu ridge, corner (PTM *mulu, PK *mr): PT *bulu, PJ *mnIt is not quite clear whether this suffix can be related to the productive PTM *-(u)- denoting nicht entfremdbares Eigentum (see
Benzing 61-62 for a discussion of this morpheme), which otherwise has
no known Altaic parallels. On the other hand, *-- in deverbatives like

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INTRODUCTION

*ja-V, *ri-V etc. may be compared with the productive attested TM

suffix *-a- forming past durative actions (vorbergehend andauernde Handlung), see Benzing 120.
4.1.21. Summary of PA derivational suffixes
*-b*-p*-m*-d*-t*-t*-kt*-n*-l*-r*-*-*-*-*-j*-s*-g*-k*-k-

*-- -

a) deverbative verbal passive/causative

b) denominative nominal (collective?)
deverbative passive/instrumental
a) deverbative nominal
b) denominative nominal (adjectival)
denominative/deverbal adjectival
a) deverbative verbal intransitive/passive
b) denominative/deverbal adjectival
deverbative verbal transitive/motional
denominative/deverbal adjectival
a) deverbative verbal intransitive (reflexive)
b) denominative nominal
a) deverbative nominal
b) denominative nominal (attributive)
a) deverbative nominal (intransitive)
b) denominative nominal (attributive)
a) denominative diminutive
b) deverbative verbal intensive
a) adjectival
b) intransitive (medial?)
verbal reciprocal
a) deverbative transitive
b) suffix of paired body parts
denominative expressive
a) denominative nominal (=pronominal)
b) deverbative / denominative desiderative/inchoative
a) denominative/deverbative nominal
b) factitive/intensive deverbative verbal
denominative nominal; suffix of small animals
a) attributive (-> denominative nominal)
b) diminutive
c) deverbative verbal
deverbative/denominative nominal

CHAPTER FOUR

221

4.2. Proto-Altaic inflection

4.2.1. Noun
4.2.1.1. Case suffixes
Nominative 0: TM *0 (Benzing 79); Jap 0; Kor. 0; Mong 0; OT 0
Accusative *be: TM *ba / *be (Benzing 80-81); OJ wo
Partitive *ga: TM *ga (Benzing 82); OJ possessive ga; ?Kor. accusative
--r (*-g- is lost regularly, but the source of -r is not quite clear);
?Mong. accusative *-; OT -()/-(i)g
Genitive *-V: PTM *i; OJ no; Kor. -; Mong *n; OT (forms like -i
presuppose *--ki)
Dative / locative *du / *da: TM dative *du (Benzing 83), locative suffix
-d- (Benzing 61); OJ attributive/locative -tu (although this suffix
can also be compared with Mong. adjectival -tu, see below); Mong.
dative/locative -da / -du-r, attributive -du; OT locative/ablative
-ta/-da/-te/-de
Dative / instrumental *-nV: OJ dative/locative ni.OT instrumental
-()n/-(i)n
Dative / directive *-kV: TM Directive *k (Benzing 84); OT dative
-qa/-ke
Comitative / locative *lV: TM locative *l (Benzing 84), prolative *l
(Benzing 84); Mong. comitative *-lua; ?Turk. -li, -l- (EAS 2, 46-47);
Kor. instrumental / lative -ro
Comitative / equative *-a: OJ comitative to; Mong. ablative a; terminative a(a); OT equative -a/-e
Allative *-gV: TM allative *g (also loc. suffix -g-, Benzing 60-61);
Mong. *-()a (arch., EAS 2, 39-40); OT directive -a-ru / -ge-r; Kor.
-i
Directive *-rV: Mong. directive -ru; OT directive -a-ru / -ge-r (also
*-ra, *-r); Kor. lative -ro (a merger of the comitative and directive
cases)
Instrumental / ablative *V: TM instrumental *i (Benzing 87), elative
*g-i; OJ ablative ju / jo ; (?) PT terminal dative *(j)a.
4.2.1.2 Plural suffixes
PA *-t-: PTM *-ta(n) / *-te(n) (basically in Manchu, in other languages
used as the 3d plur. pronom. suffix), Mong. -d, Turk. *-t, PJ *ta-ti, PK
*-t-r
This is the most common and probably original PA plural suffix.

222

INTRODUCTION

PA *-s-: PTM *-sa-l (Benzing 76-78), Mong. *-s

This suffix is restricted to the TM-Mong. area, and may in fact reflect the PA collective *-sa (see above).
PA *-l-: PTM *-l, PT *-lar, PM *-nar, PJ *-ra
In Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese this suffix seems to have been
originally restricted to forming plurals of animate nouns, and in Japanese it basically reflects associativity (brothers and those together with
them, associated with them). Ramstedt (EAS 2) suggests that it was
originally a separate noun *larV which accounts for the specific reflex
n- in Mongolian (otherwise typical for *l- in word-initial position, see
above). Turkic and Japanese already treat it as a suffix (word-initial *lis absent in Turkic, just as word-initial *r- is absent in Japanese). Loss of
*-rV in TM and Japanese, however, is difficult to account for - perhaps
one should think of an early assimilative process in a suffixed morpheme (something like *-larV > *-lrV > *-llV).
Above we have already dealt with the suffix *-V which may have
had an original dual meaning. Outside Turkic the reflexes of *-- cannot
be distinguished from those of *-r-, and it seems interesting to note the
peculiar plural in *-r in TM, which occurs in nouns whose singular
ends in *-n (like Evk. beju-n - beju-r wild deer, oro-n - oro-r tame deer
etc., see Benzing 1025). We have suggested above that this *-n may
have had a special singulative meaning, and we may note that words
with the *-V suffix often have counterparts with *-n in other languages
(cf. PT *kk- breast, PJ *kk-r heart vs. PM *kk-n, PTM *kuku-n
breast etc.). It is therefore tempting to reconstruct singular *-nV opposed to dual *-V, plural *-tV and associative plural *larV. It
should be stressed that in PA, as in most modern Altaic languages, all
these suffixes need not have been obligatory, probably only used in
situations when the number of a noun had to be explicitly expressed,
and thus implementing something similar to the category of determination (note that Korean may reflect this *-n as its thematic case, see
11):
*kk breast, two breasts, breasts (indeterm.) *kk-nV one breast :
*kk-V two breasts : (*kk-tV many breasts) (determ.)
*na brother, two brothers, brothers (indeterm.) *na-nV one
brother : *na-V two brothers : *na-tV many brothers : *na-larV
brothers and those with them (determ.)
Such a situation would account quite well for the various plural patterns that we observe in modern Altaic languages.

CHAPTER FOUR

223

4.2.2. Numerals
Common Altaic numerals are treated as lexemes in the body of the dictionary, so here we shall just list the forms with a few additional comments:
1 *buri: PT *bir, PJ *pit (cf. also PM *bri all, each, PK *pr- at
first).
This seems to be the original PA numeral for one. Other languages
have innovations: PM *nige one < PA *ne single (PT *ja single,
PJ *nmi only, PTM *no- / *non- be the first, begin); PTM *emu(/*ume-) one < PA *emo front (PT *m-gen upper part of breast, PM
*em- front; PK *hnh one < PA *sna single, one of a pair (PT
*sar one of a pair, PM *son-du- odd, Man. soni- single, odd, PJ *satogether, reciprocally).
2 *tubu: Old Bulg. tvi-rem second; PM *iw-rin ~ *ui-rin two
(fem.); PTM *ube- two; PK *t, *t-rh ( = *tubu, *tubu-rh) two.
Some languages have introduced innovations: PT *k(k)i two < PA
*pke pair, couple (cf. also PT *ki twins = PM *(h)ekire id.); PM
*gojar two (changed to *qojar in North. Mong. under the influence of
*qo-rin 20 or *qoji follow, behind) < PA *gojV different, other (PTM
*goj / *gia, PJ *ka); PJ *puta- two < *puu pair, half (PT *bu-uk, PK
*pa-k).
3 *u: PM *gu-rban three, *gu-in thirty, PT *o-tu thirty ( = PM
*gu-in), PJ *mi-. PT *- in * three may also reflect the same root, although the suffixation is not clear.
TM and Korean have interesting innovations. PTM *ila-n three
goes back to a PA root *l meaning third (or next after three = fourth),
consisting of three objects, reflected in PT as *l song with three out
of four verses rhyming (first, second and fourth) and in PJ as *r-pu
bissextile (year or month); PK *si(h) three appears to go back to PA
*sjra meaning an object consisting of three parts, cf. PM *sere-e trident, pitchfork = PJ *srpi rake, pitchfork.
Numerals after three are well reconstructable because of precise
TM - Japanese matches, although other languages have in some cases
introduced their own innovations.
4 *tjV: PTM *d-gin = PJ *d-. This is one of the most stable PA numerals and it is also preserved in PT *d-rt, PM *d-rben four, *d-in
forty. The etymology of MKor. ni four remains unclear.
5 *tu: PTM *tu-ga, PJ *i-tu- (the prefixed i- is somewhat unclear: it
is also used as a separate word meaning fifty, but the historical root
here is no doubt *tu-). This numeral is also preserved in PM *ta-bun

224

INTRODUCTION

five, *ta-bin fifty and PK *t- five. PT, however, has replaced this
common numeral by an etymologically obscure *b(k).
6 *u: PTM *u-u-, PJ *mu-. Also reflected in Mong. as *i-rgu- six,
*i-ran sixty, perhaps also in MKor. as j-(ss) - although loss of initial
*- is not quite regular. An innovation of obscure origin has been introduced in PT (*alt).
7 *nadi: PTM *nada-n, PJ *nana-. The same numeral is reflected in PT
*jt(t)i and PK *nr-(kp). The relationship of Mong. *dolu-an seven,
*dala-n seventy is somewhat unclear: it may suggest an original protoform *adi- or *ladi- with dissimilation (or metathesis) in Mongolian.
8 *a: PTM *a-pkun, PJ *da-. Problematic is the relationship of PK
*j-t- eight (possible if we assume a dialectal development *- > *j-, like
in *jr(h) ten < *o, see below). The origin of PM *naji-man and PT
*seki eight remains obscure.
9 *kegVnV: PTM *xegn, PJ *kkn-. Other languages have introduced innovations: PT *toku, PM *je-sn nine, *ji-ren 90, PK *a-hop).
10 *obe (or *tobe): PTM *uba-n, PJ *tw. Being a direct TM-Jpn.
isogloss, this root is the most probable candidate for 10 in PA. Other
languages have introduced innovations going back to roots with a general meaning many, big number: cf. *o > PK *jr(h) ten, but PT *j
hundred, Man. iri, irun a very big number, PJ *dr- 10000; *pVbV
> PT *-n 10, PM *ha-rban 10, *ha-na all, Orok pwo a bundle of 10
squirrels, Nan. po collection, gathering, PJ *-p (-pua) hundred (in
names of hundreds).
20 *kura: PTM *xori-n, PM *kori-n. This is the only numeral after 3
which does not reveal a direct TM-Jpn. correspondence. Therefore we
suspect that the PJ word for 20, viz. *pata-ti, may have originally
sounded like *kata-ti (which is the regular reflex of *kura), but was influenced by 2 (*puta-tu, see above) and consequently changed to
*pata-ti. The same root is evidently present in PT *Krk forty - perhaps
an original reduplication < *Kr-kr (20+20); the simple *Kr must have
been replaced by *(j)egir-mi, a form probably derived from *k(k)i two.
100 *m: PTM *am, PJ *mumu, PM *au-n ( < *am-u-). Cf.
also PT *jom- big number, all (in the meaning hundred replaced by
*j, see above). Korean has introduced an innovation, *n, of obscure
origin.
1000 *mi: PTM has no word for thousand (all languages reveal a
later mongolism migan < PM *migan = PT *b thousand). However,
PJ *ti thousand has a plausible parallel in PK *mn id. and PT *Tmen
10000. PA *mia is a local Mong.-Turk. isogloss (resembling Middle

CHAPTER FOUR

225

Chinese mwn 10000) and possibly not common Altaic, so the original
root seems to be *mi reflected in Kor., Jpn. and Turkic.
We see thus that - despite a rather widespread misconception of
numerals being not reconstructable for PA - PA had a complete set of
numerals from 1 to 1000, and most of them are recoverable because of
significant archaisms preserved in the TM and Japanese areas. Some
individual systems were considerably modified (thus, Turkic introduced innovations for most numerals except one, three (?), four and
seven; Mongolian introduced innovations for one, eight, nine,
ten and thousand etc.), but the original system is nevertheless clear.
4.2.3. Pronouns
4.2.3.1. Personal pronouns
1 p. *b, pl. *ba ~ *bu (obl. *mi-n-, *ma-n- ~ *mu-n-)
For PA we can also reconstruct a stem *a, reflected in some cases as
Mong. *na-d-, *na-m-, and preserved in Korean as *n and in Jpn. as *a-.
2 p. *si, pl. *su (obl. *si-n-, *su-n-)
It seems also possible to reconstruct a second stem *na, preserved in
Kor. *n and Jpn. *n, and possibly reflected in the PT 2d p. ending *-
(although velarization here is not quite clear).
The relationship within the suppletive pairs *bi - *a and *si - *na is
not quite clear; the forms *a and *na may have originally been restricted to some oblique cases (cf. the situation in Mongolian).
We must also mention the isolated Mong. 2d p. pronoun: sing. i, pl.
ta, presupposing original *ti, pl. *ta. Although Altaic parallels are lacking, the pronoun is no doubt archaic (having certain Nostratic parallels:
PIE *t, PU *ti-). The stems *ti and *na are thus both candidates for the
stem of PA oblique cases of the 2d p. pronoun. *na may be a Kor.-Jpn.
innovation (the Turkic parallel here is not quite secure), but one can
also not exclude a possibility that *ti and *na were opposed in some
other way (e.g., in number).
4.2.3.2. Interrogative pronouns
*ka(j) who
*V what, who
4.2.3.3. Demonstrative pronouns
*sV, *k, *la, *o (near deixis)

226

INTRODUCTION

*a, *e, *i, *ta (*te) (far deixis)

4.2.3.4. Reflexive pronouns
It can be suggested that a function similar to that of a reflexive pronoun
was fulfilled by the stem *mno self; body (possibly related, and partially confused, with *mu whole).
4.2.4. Adjectives
In Proto-Altaic, adjectives were hardly distinct from nouns or participial verbal forms. There is, however, one specific morpheme that was
probably regularly used for deriving attributes (= adjectives) from
nouns and nominal forms, viz. PA *-ki, well detectable in Mong. -ki,
PT *-k, PTM *-ki and Jpn. (attributive adjectival) -ki. This suffix evidently could also be joined to the genitive marker *-V, resulting in a
contraction *--ki > *-i, *- in TM and Turkic.
Another suffix that could form attributes (=adjectives) from nouns
was probably *-tu > Mong. -tu, Jpn. -tu (the latter has probably merged
*-tu and the dative/locative *du, see above).
4.2.5. Verbs
In all Altaic languages verbal stems may be simple or derived - either
from nouns or from verbs. In the latter case productive suffixes usually
form what is called voices or diatheses. The following verbal forms can
be reconstructed for PA:
*-b- passive / causative
*-t- intransitive / passive
*-t- transitive
*-n- intransitive / reflexive
*-- intensive
*-- intransitive (medial?)
*-- reciprocal
*-- transitive / causative
*-s- desiderative / inchoative
*-g- factitive / intensive
All these suffixes have been described above in the section concerning derivation. Their productivity varies in subbranches of Altaic, and
it is not quite clear which of them actually formed part of the verbal
paradigm, and which were less productive and purely derivational in
Proto-Altaic.

CHAPTER FOUR

227

Some of these suffixes do not actually change the voice or diathesis,

but rather modify the character of action, and should be perhaps characterized as moods. Among the suffixes above such are the desiderative / inchoative *-s- (see EAS 2, 83) and the intensive *--. Another
common Altaic mood suffix is *-m-, originally probably optative and
reflected as optative *-ma-, *-mu- in PTM (see Benzing 121), MKor. intention marker -ma and assumptive (hypothetical) *-m- in OJ (see Vovin 1997, 7). An imperative (non-2d person) in *-nV seems to be reflected in OT *-(j)n and OJ *-na. Lack of a suffix (a pure verbal stem)
was probably used for the 2d person imperative mood (see EAS 2,
81-82).
4.2.5.1 Participial and tense / aspect suffixes
Verbal stems - simple and derived - in Altaic languages are usually followed by participial suffixes, and such forms can function either as attributive ( = participles) or finite. The following participial suffixes can
be reconstructed for Proto-Altaic:
PA *-jV a gerund suffix: PT *-(j)a, PM *-a, PKor. -a / -, PJ *-i (see EAS
2, 108-111, Vovin 1997, 5, calling the morpheme infinitive);
PA *-pV a gerund suffix (probably perfective, see EAS 2, 122-124): PT
*-p, PM *-ba(j), PTM *-p (Benzing 143), PJ *-(m)pa;
PA *-rV aorist or indefinite present (perhaps originally intransitive,
see above): PT *-r; PM *-ra / -re (supinum); PTM *-ra aorist of the
1st class of verbs; Kor. -r indefinite present or future suffix; PJ *-r-u
(after consonantal stems *-u) general attributive verbal form (cf.
Vovin 1997, 4, reconstructing this morpheme as attributive);
PA *-tV past tense: PT *-t- past (or perfect) suffix, Kor. -t- past (or
regressive) suffix, PJ *-t- past suffix (see EAS 2, 115-117, Vovin
1997, 7);
PA *-lV transitive (?) participle, with somewhat unclear function, see
above;
PA *-kV preterite: PJ *-ki, PK *-k- (Vovin 1997, 6). The suffix is lost
in Turkic, while Mong. and TM seem to preserve it within the compound suffix *-ksV- (PTM *-ksa-, see Benzing 140; not *-kV-, as
stated by Vovin), Mong. past gerund -g-sa-n. It is interesting to
mention that, whereas PJ *-ki is a finite morpheme (used in a sentence-final predicate), the same preterite paradigm in Japanese includes the attributive *-si (possibly related to PTM *-s-aorist, see
above); the Mong.-Tung. compound *-k-sV- may in fact be a combination of these two morphemes.

228

INTRODUCTION

TM languages reflect also participles ( = aorist suffixes) in *-s- and

*-d-, see Benzing 123-128, which seem to be opposed to *-r- as intransitive (medial) vs. transitive (active), but it is so far unclear whether it is a
TM innovation or an archaic feature. *-s- seems to have a parallel in
Japanese (see above), and *-d- in Mongolian (praeteritum imperfecti
*-i, see Poppe 1965, 265). There may also be traces of past (or perfect)
participles in *-V and *-V (on *-V within the dubitative *-ma-V see
below).
It appears that the *-tV- and *-kV-, perhaps also *-sV- and *-dV(tense or aspect) morphemes directly followed the verbal stem (consisting of the root + voice / diathesis modifiers), while the *-jV, *-pV, *-rV
and *-lV markers acted as converbs and occupied the next position in
the verbal wordform. Many details, however, are still to be worked out.
4.2.5.2 Personal endings
Conjugation with personal suffixes is attested in Turkic, Mongolian
and TM, but is completely absent from Korean and Japanese. In most
cases the personal suffixes coincide with personal pronouns, so the
morphemes could be secondarily added to the verbal wordform in individual subbranches. An opposition of the 2d - non-2d personal endings may be, however, reconstructed for the imperative mood (see
above on the Turkic-Japanese matching *-nV marker).
4.2.5.3 Negation
There are two common Altaic negative particles: *ni (probably general
negation) and *ma (probably a prohibitive particle). The existing evidence suggests strongly that they were independent words in
Proto-Altaic (for *ma cf. Man. u-me and MKor. m-t, functioning as
separate words; for *ni cf. Chuv. an, TM *n-, MKor. an-, Jpn. na- functioning as separate words). In some branches, however, they tend to
become incorporated into the structure of a verbal wordform: thus PT
has generalized the negative particle *-m- (which has thus superseded
the original optative *-m-, on which see above), and Japanese, the negative particle *-an-.
The negative (prohibitive) particle *ma can perhaps be also discovered within the OJ dubitative (or irreal optative) marker -ma-si, which
A. Vovin (1997, 8) has compared with the PTM subjunctive marker
*-ma- ( ~ *-ma-), thus presupposing PA *ma-V.
A third archaic negative particle (verb) is *e, attested in TM and
Mongolian. It seems worth mentioning that in TM it is combined with

CHAPTER FOUR

229

the aorist marker -s-, and in Mongolian it is attested as *e-se. It may

thus have been differentiated from *ni by some additional tense/aspect
feature (being, e.g., originally a past negative).

CHAPTER FIVE

CLASSIFICATION OF ALTAIC LANGUAGES AND DATING

OF PROTO-ALTAIC
To demonstrate the genetic subclassification of Altaic we shall take the
list of matches between Altaic subgroups in the realm of the basic vocabulary:
Item
all
all
ashes
bark
bark
bark
belly
belly
bite
black
blood
bone
breast
breast
burn
f.-nail
f.-nail
cloud
cold
cold
come
die
dog
drink
dry
ear
earth

Turkic Mongolian Tungus- Korean Japanese

Manchu
*bt*mt*Kop
*kow
*kupukte
*hne-s *pule*Kpuk
*kph- *kapa
*Ka
*kajir(a)*Krt
*kr-s *xura-kta
*keweli
*kepel*pi
*pr
*kem*km*Kara
*kara
*kru*i-su
*t
*ja-su
*s-pj *pni
*eei
*a(i)an *j
*t(t)
*kkn
*kuku-n
*jak*deg-e-gi- *th*dk*kimul-su
*kom(h)
*tph *tm-i
*krm *kmua
*kji-ten *xi*sog-k
*ig*gl*k*br-il*bu(r)*t
*inda
*n
*um(i)*m*Kr*kawra*kw(ra)-k*Kul-kak
*ki
*sirau
*hrk

PA
*mt
*kpV
*poe
*kp
*k
*kr
*kpV
*pjl
*kma
*kru
*nu
*pj
*jV
*kk
*dk
*kuml[e]
*tpo
*klmV
*kjo
*ogo
*gle
*bri
*nd
*umV
*kbarV
*kjlu
*si

231

CHAPTER FIVE

Turkic Mongolian TungusManchu

eat
*j*e-pegg
*jumurtka *mdege *umkta
eye
*ni-d
*ia-sa
fat
*jg
*e-k
fat
*ximfeather *jg
*dektefeather
*h-dn
fire
fish
*iafly
*degde- *degfoot
*palga-n
full
*dl*alufull
(*ak)
full
*miltegive
*br*bgive
go
*enegood
green *gk
*kke
green
*nogo-an *oghair
*Kl(k)
*xiahair
*h-s
*puehand *el
*la
head *ba
hear
*dldheart
*miaam
heart *jrek
*irke
horn
*eber
I
*b*bi
*bi
I
know
*sleaf
*japur-gak *labi
lie
*j-t*d
lie
*keblie
liver *biagr
*pkin
long
*lilong *u-n
*ur-tu
Item

Korean

Japanese

**n-n

*m-

*krm

*pr

*pni
*p-i
*(d)wu

*pr

*pnk

*h*mt*t*n*tjh-

*t-p*n*d-

*k-i

*mr
*td*mm
*s-pr
*n

*b*a*sir-

*nph

*n-b-

*kj*n*nn-k-

PA
*
*mu-tki
*n
*gi
*kme
*d[]g
*pe
*pre
*dgi
*tga
*plg
*lo
*ko
*mlte
*br[]
*t
*ni
*dge
*lga
*kla
*pe
*li
*mu
*tdi
*m
*r(V)ke
*oprV
*b
*a
*si
*lp[]
*d
*kejbe
*n
*pki
*la
*uo

232

Item
louse
man
many
meat
moon
mouth
name
neck
new
new
night
nose
not
not
one
rain
red
road
root
root
root
round
round
round
round
sand
say
seed
sit
skin
skin
sleep
small
small
stand
star
stone
sun

INTRODUCTION

Turkic Mongolian Tungus- Korean Japanese

PA
Manchu
*sirke
*srm(u)i *sjr
*r
*ere
*ri
*mn(h) *manai*mana
*srh
*ss
*
*tr
*tki
*tlgu
*ama-n
*am-a
*mo
*nere
*(n)rh*nre
*bjn
*moa-n *mj-k *nmpV
*mjno
*nebi
*np*nb
*ja
*sine
*si
*zja
*dolba
*du
*dle
*ka[m]ar *xoa*kh
*ka
*(n)*n*n*ni
*e-se
*e*e
*bir
*pit
*buri
*jag*p
*pge
*hula-an *pula*prk*puli
*mr*mt
*mri
*nd-s *te
*mt
*t
*hia-ur (*puuri)
*poi
*pule*prhi
*pli
*murV
*mr
*mra
*toal*tokor*tk
*tob*tmp-ra *tp
*deg*tgrig
*teg
*mrai *mana-n-kua *mro
*kele*kr*kli
*urug
*hre
*pri
*sau*sw*bu
*kph- *kapa
*kp
*jn
*nansa
*nne
**uja
*i*ju
**i*ju
*iig
*nisi
*i
*dur*tt*ra
*jul-du *ho-dun
*pjr
*ps
*po
*di
*ila-u
*ola
*trh
*(d)s
*t
*sig-n
*hi
*sgu

233

CHAPTER FIVE

Item

Turkic Mongolian TungusManchu

*oji-mu*Kudruk
*xrg
*Ti*te-re
*ta*a**e-ne
*e*g
*s*si

swim
tail
that
that
this
this
thou
thou
tongue
tongue
tooth
tooth *s
tree
two
warm *jl-g
warm
water
water *sb
we
*bi-
what *nV
white *siarg
white
who *kem
who
woman
far
*raheavy
near
*jgunear
*jAksalt
*d
short
snake
snake
thin
thin
thin
wind *jl
worm *Krt

*kele

Japanese
*jnk-

*s-kr
*tj

*k
*n

*k*si
*n

*hj
*par

*st
*pa

*xil

*si-d
*mo-du
*m
*iw-rin *ube
*dula-an

*u-su
*ba
*ja-u-

Korean

*tubu

*m

*t*mr

*t*m-

*bue

*-r

*b*n
*sru-

*hi*aga-an *k*ken
*xia
*
*eme

*n*mh
*m-

*ma
*pr-ka
*m(p)-

*daga
*tk*dabu-su
*hokar
*poKa*mogaji
*mk

*nari-n
*ner*nim-gen *niambu*sal-ki
*koro-kai

*pjm *pim(p)V
*knr- *km*jr-p-

PA
*je
*kdo
*ta
*a
*
*k
*si
*n
*kli
*sjri
*pala
*sa
*mro
*tubu
*dlu
*ta
*mri
*uba
*b*V
*sjri
*ka
*ka(j)
*V
*me
*pr
*mbe
*dg
*dk
*obeV
*pk
*mko
*p[]jamV
*k
*nra
*nombu
*zli
*kro

234

Item
year
year
year

INTRODUCTION

Turkic Mongolian Tungus- Korean Japanese

Manchu
*oj
*aa
*jl
*il
*ts
*s
*sr

PA
*u
*dlo
*zra

This list is basically the same as given in Starostin 1991 (pp. 25-63,
85-104), but with some additions and corrections added during the
years of work on the Altaic dictionary, which have consequently resulted in some calculational changes, albeit statistically insignificant.
The average percent of matches revolves around 20, which gives us the
date of split of Proto-Altaic at around the end of 6th millennium B.C.
We see an increase up to about 25% between Turkic, Mongolian and
TM, and an increase to 33% between Korean and Japanese, which
would speak in favour of two basic subbranches of Altaic.
However, if we look at the figures in more detail and take into account the division between 35 more stable items and 65 less stable
items, proposed by S. Y. Yakhontov, the picture appears to be somewhat more complicated.
Language Matches in Matches in Matches in
pairs
the standard Yakhontovs Yakhontovs
100 w.-list modified
100 w.-list 35-wordlist
TuMo
25
24
11
TuTM
25
22
10
TuKo
17
13
5
TuJap
19
19
7
MoTM
29
30
11
MoKo
18
17
8
MoJap
22
17
9
TMKor 23
23
9
TMJap
22
20
8
KorJap
33
30
11

35/65 w.list ratio

31 / 20 : 1.55
29 / 18 : 1.61
14 / 12 : 1.17
20 /18 : 1.11
31 / 29 : 1.07
23 / 14 : 1.64
26 /12 : 2.17
26 / 22 : 1.18
23 /18 : 1.28
31 /29 : 1.07

This chart shows us that while the overall 35 / 65 wordlist ratio is > 1
in all cases (the situation which indicates genetic relationship, meaning
that the rate of matches within the most stable 35 word range is higher
than the rate of matches within the less stable 65 word range), in two
cases - Mongolian-TM and Kor.-Jpn. - it is dangerously close to 1. Lexicostatistically this may indicate the borders of ancient dialect zones
within Proto-Altaic, suggesting that Tungus-Manchu does not really

CHAPTER FIVE

235

constitute a unity with Turkic-Mongolian, and throwing some doubts

on the genetic unity of Korean-Japanese.
Additionally it provides an explanation why the genetic situation
within Altaic looks somewhat different from that within, e.g.,
Indo-European - which was the main reason for the whole anti-Altaic
criticism. Altaic appears to be different from Indo-European in two
main respects:
a) it is somewhat older than Indo-European: while the split of
Proto-Indo-European (or Proto-Indo-Hittite) can be dated to the 4th
millennium B.C., the split of Proto-Altaic must have occurred at
least a thousand years earlier;
b) whereas the subbranches of Indo-European are rather old (e.g.,
Balto-Slavic may be dated around the beginning of the 1st millennium B.C, and Indo-Iranian - by the verge of the 2d and 3d millennia B.C.), the subbranches of Altaic are considerably younger:
Turkic - beginning of our era, Mongolian - around the 10th century
A.D., Tungus-Manchu - around the 4th century B.C., Japanese around the 5th century A.D., Korean - around the 11th century A.D.
Furthermore, whereas the oldest texts in ancient Indo-European
languages are attested quite early, the written monuments of Altaic
languages date back not earlier than to the 8th century A.D. This all
creates an impression of a much more distant genetic relationship
between Altaic languages than that between Indo-European languages. Consequently - basically due to the absence of archaic attestation - Proto-Altaic is somewhat more difficult to reconstruct
than Proto-Indo-European. It is also quite possible that some other
branches of Altaic might have existed, but they could have been
wiped out by later waves of migrations of Altaic (and non-Altaic)
languages.
The overall distribution of lexical isoglosses confirms the above
classification, but yields some additional information on the dialect
distribution within Proto-Altaic.
The core of the common Altaic vocabulary is constituted by etyma
reflected in Turko-Mongolian (at least in Turkic or Mongolian) and in
Korean-Japanese (at least in Korean or Japanese) - with or without
Tungus-Manchu parallels. The number of such roots within the present
volume is 1841; most of them (1553) are also reflected in Tungus-Manchu.
There are, however, two other lexical groups:
a) Turkic-Mongolian roots with Tungus-Manchu parallels (615); without Tungus-Manchu parallels (57)

236

INTRODUCTION

b) Korean-Japanese roots with Tungus-Manchu parallels (195); without

Tungus-Manchu parallels (23)
We see thus that Tungus-Manchu occupies a specific position
within the Altaic family, sharing a large number of isoglosses both with
the Turkic-Mongolian and the Korean-Japanese branches. In the dictionary we call the former Western isoglosses and the latter, Eastern
isoglosses. Historically such a situation may be explained by a central position of Tungus-Manchu among the Proto-Altaic dialects. At
the same time, one can also not exclude a scenario of later prehistorical
borrowings (already after the split of Proto-Altaic, but before a wide
geographical separation of Turko-Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu, on
one hand, and Tungus-Manchu and Korean-Japanese, on the other).
The position of Tungus-Manchu within Altaic thus resembles the
position of Greek within Indo-European: due to its original central
geographic location, Greek shares a large number of isoglosses both
with European languages (primarily Italo-Celtic) and with Indo-Iranian
languages.
The Proto-Altaic nature of almost a thousand Western or Eastern isoglosses mentioned above is questionable; nevertheless we decided to include them into the dictionary because potentially any of
them may turn out to be common Altaic - there is always a chance that,
e.g., a Korean match for a Western isogloss exists but has not yet been
recovered, or a chance that an archaic etymon reflected in Korean-Japanese has been lost in Turko-Mongolian. We must stress that
phonetically and morphologically these isoglosses behave just like all
other common Altaic roots.
To sum up: Proto-Altaic split into three branches, viz.
Turco-Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and Korean-Japanese, around the
6th millennium B.C. Tungus-Manchu must have occupied a central
dialectal position, which explains its shared isoglosses both with
Turko-Mongolian and Korean-Japanese.
Two subbranches - Turko-Mongolian and Korean-Japanese - in their
turn, had split rather early, around the 4th millennium B.C. However,
reconstructing Proto-Turko-Mongolian or Proto-Korean-Japanese
would in fact be almost equivalent to reconstructing Proto-Altaic, because of small time span separating those units from the original protolanguage. There is still some doubt about the existence of common Korean-Japanese: the specific similarities between these two subbranches
might be due to secondary dialectal interaction.
The next splits occurred already closer to our era: first the split of
Tungus-Manchu, next the split of Turkic, Japanese and Korean dialects.

STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY AND ADOPTED

CONVENTIONS
The dictionary is presented in the alphabetical order of PA reconstructions. Each dictionary item consists of:
1. The proposed PA reconstruction. Variants are supplied in brackets:
e.g. the notation *g ( ~ e-) means that for PA both *g and *g
can be reconstructed. Capital V denotes a vowel of unknown quality. Vowel quantity is explicitly specified; if there is neither a breve
nor a macron sign above the vowel, it means that quantity is unknown in this case.
2. The reconstructed meaning.
3. A short enumeration of subgroup reflexes
4. Detailed reflexes in subgroups (in the order: Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian, Turkic, Japanese, Korean). For each of the subgroups we
give a reconstruction and reflexes in ancient and modern languages.
The meanings are not reconstructed: rather, we enumerate attested
meanings and refer to these numbers while listing individual reflexes.
For most languages the basic sources (see below) were Russian dictionaries, which means that most meanings had to be translated into
English from Russian. To preserve semantic accuracy, we decided to
keep the original Russian meanings which are always given in brackets
after the English ones.
Each section may be completed by more or less detailed comments
and references (given in small type).
5. General comments and references (if any).
The following conventions are used in individual reconstructions:
1. In Turkic and Tungus-Manchu, only long vowels are explicitly
marked, and short vowels are left unmarked.
2. The placement of any symbol within brackets means that the presence of the denoted phoneme (sound) cannot be ascertained: this is
usual, e.g., in PT for (i)a, i.e. *ia or *a when there is no Chuvash reflex; in PTM for (x), i.e. *x- or *0- when there are no Southern Tungus-Manchu reflexes; in PM for (h), i.e. *h- or *0- when there is no
Middle Mongolian attestation or Southern Mongolian reflex; in PJ
for (d), i.e. *d- or *0- in a position before *i (in the latter case, how-

238

STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY

ever, we prefer writing just *i- when external evidence explicitly

shows that there was no *d-).
3. Capital letters (except capital G, traditionally used for denoting a
voiced uvular) are used in the following way:
A (in Turkic): *a or *
E (in Turkic): *e or *
K (in Turkic): *k or *g; (in Tungus-Manchu): *k or *x
T (in Turkic): *t or *d
V: a vowel of unknown quality
Adopted transcription
Throughout the dictionary we have attempted to use a unified system
of transcription, generally accepted in the German and Moscow schools
of Altaic studies (its basic features are: using the symbols c, , , , ,
for affricates and sibilants; j for the palatal resonant; for the high back
unrounded vowel). We have, however, preserved traditional orthography for romanized Modern Japanese. For Jurchen we use the phonetic
transcription proposed in 1985, 1988a; this transcription, as
well as the transcription of Middle Mongolian works taken from HY is
based on Early Mandarin as reconstructed in Td 1970 and Dragunov
1929, 1930.
Notation of length: all long vowels are marked with the diacritic ;
short vowels (if specifically marked) with the diacritic ; long (tense)
consonants - by a colon :.
Palatalization: all palatalized consonants are marked with the diacritic .
Nasalization: all nasalized vowels and consonants are marked with
the diacritic .
Closed vowels: closed e, a (in Tungus-Manchu languages also u, i, ,
) are marked with the diacritic .
Special vocalic symbols: in Chuvash, we use , to denote specific labialized mid-high and mid-low vowels; in Kalmuck, is used to
denote the mid-low long front vowel; in Even, is used to denote the
mid-high reduced vowel.
Prosodic symbols: after a vowel is used to denote pharyngealization in Tuva and Tofalar; high tone (pitch) in Korean and Japanese is
marked with the diacritic ; low tone (pitch) in Korean and Japanese,
with the diacritic . In the Tokyo system, is used rather for marking the
place of accent (the pitch summit of a word); words without such a
summit (the so called zenhei words, articulated with a gradual rising
of pitch towards the end of the word) are marked by the diacritic on

STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY

239

the first syllable. In the Kagoshima system, where a word can also contain only one high-pitch syllable, this syllable is marked by ; the words
without high pitch are, however, marked with on each syllable. The
rising-falling pitch at the end of the word in Kyoto is marked by the
diacritic .
Sources
For each language, the most authoritative source was chosen. If the
form is quoted from that source and if it is an alphabetically ordered
dictionary, no references are usually given. In all other cases references
are given in brackets (without a page number if the referenced work is
an alphabetically ordered dictionary, with a page number otherwise).
Here is the list of sources utilized for each individual language:
Tungus-Manchu
For all languages except spoken Manchu, the basic source is ; for
spoken Manchu we used Yamamoto 1969 (with references to the numbers of lexical items, since this is not an alphabetical dictionary). Numbered references are also given to Grube 1896 for Jurchen.
Mongolian
Written Mongolian: KW; in most cases reference is also given to L
Middle Mongolian: SH
Khalkha:
Kalmuck: KW
Ordos: DO
Mogol: Ligeti 1954; references are also given to ZM and Weiers
Dagur: MGCD
Dongxiang: MGCD
Baoan: MGCD
Shira-Yughur: MGCD
Mongor: SM
Turkic
Old Turkic: EDT
Karakhanide Turkic: EDT
Turkish:
Gagauz:
Azerbaidzhan:
Turkmen:
Salar:
Khalaj: D-T

240

STRUCTURE OF THE DICTIONARY

Uzbek:
Uyghur:
Karaim:
Tatar:
Bashkir:
Kirghiz:
Kazakh:
Balkar (Karachay-Balkar):
Kara-Kalpak:
Kumyk:
Noghai:
Sar-Yughur:
Khakas:
Shor:
Oyrot (Mountain Altai):
Tuva:
Tofalar: 1995
Chuvash:
Yakut:
Dolgan: Stachowski 1993
Japanese
Old Japanese: JB
Middle Japanese: accented forms are given according to RJ (XIth c.);
all other post-Nara and pre-Meiji forms are given according to KKJ and
IKJ
Modern Japanese:
Tokyo: (accents are given according to Hirayama 1960)
Kyoto, Kagoshima: Hirayama 1960. Data from these dialects are

given according to the Japanese accentological tradition, i.e. only

with accent differences from Tokyo explicitly noted.
Korean
Middle Korean: Nam, Liu
Modern Korean: KED

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS OF QUOTED

LITERATURE
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Ali - . ..
At. - Edib b. Mahmud Ykneki. Atebetl-Hakayk / ed. Reit Rahmeti
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Babur - Babur-nama, see .
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Castr. = Castrn - Castrn M.A. Versuch einer koibalischen und karagassischen Sprachlehre. SPb., 1857.
CCum = Codex Cumanicus, see Grnbech K. Komanisches Wrterbuch.
Kbenhavn, 1942.

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. - . . . 2001.
- - . ., 1958.
. - . - . . 1869. .I; ., 1871. . II.
- . . - . , 1978.
hh - h h. , 1967. . I; , 1970. .
II.
- - . , 1971.
- . . .
. ., 1972.
. = - . . - . .,
1958.
. - .
. , 1884.
- . . :
. ., 1929.
- 1924 - . , . . - . / -, -, 1924, N 4.
- . . - . ., 1914. .
I; ., 1927. . II; Reprinted: 1974.
- . . , 1869.
- -- / . ...
., 1973

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

257

1955 - . . . //
. .1. . ., 1955 .
1958 - . .
. // . . 3. ., 1958.
1979 - . . , - . //
. ., 1979.
1988 - . . VII // . , 1988.
1997 - . . VII // . V. , 1997.
, 1965 - A. .
. 1964. ., 1965.
- .
, 1964.
- . ., 1976.
- . ., 1969.
. - . .
. .
. . ., 1991.
- . . . ( ). ., 1996.
1985 - . .
// . ., 1985.
1988 - . . . // . ., 1988.
1989 - . . // . 1989, No 2.
1989a - . . // . ., 1989.
1990 - . . - . // - . ., 1990.

258

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

1991 - . . . *t, *d // . . . ., 1991.

1992 - . .
//
. ., 1992.
1993 - . . . // . .,
1993.
1995 - . . . //
, No 1. ., 1995.
1995a - . . ()
//
. ., , 1995.
1995b - . . *- - . III, ., 1995.
1997 - . . -. // ..
- 90 . ., 1997.
1997a - . . . //- - 1991. ., 1997.
= Yegorov - . . . , 1964.
- . - . .,
1875.
- . . Mandjurica.
. ., 1894.
- 1963 - - . . : t,
d, . // 1963, N 6.
- 1965 - - . . :
k, k, g // - 1964. ., 1965.
- Mongolian glosses in Ibn-Mhenna's dictionary, see MA
- ., . - . -, 1954.
. - . I-VIII, Rocznik Orientalny 1978-1985.
- -- / . . . . . . ., 1989.
- . . - . ., 1965.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

259

- - / . ...
., 1958.
- . . . .; ., 1941.
1972a = - . . // . ., 1972.
1972b - . .
- // Ibid.
1979 - . . , //
. ., 1979.
1972 - . . -
. // . ., 1972.
1962 - . . .,
1962.
. - . . . ., , 1998.
- -- / . . . , . , . . . ., 1974.
- - / . . . ., 1977.
- . . :
h . , 1961.
- iii yii ii. . 1-2, 1959-1961.
- - / . . . . .,
1969.
- - : . ., 1997.
- - . ., . . . ., 1970.
- . . -. .I-II
// - . .; ., 1938. . XIV.
1979 - . .
. ., 1979.
- . - . -, 1984.
- -
: . ., 1999.
- - / . . .,
1957.
- - . . // 1965. ., 1967.

260

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

1985 - . .
// : . . .
., 1985.
1988 - . .
//
. , 1988.
1988a - . . // . ., 1988.
1989 - . . //
. ., 1989. . I.
1993 - . .
: .
., 1993.
2002 - . . . // . 80-
... ., 2002
. - . . . . . . ., 1994.
- . . ,
1966.
1972 - . . - , //
. .,
1972.
1980 - . . .
., 1980.
1984 - . . - // . ., 1984, . 189-218.
- - . / . . . . .,
1963.
. - . . - . ., 1980.
- . ., . . - . .,
1947.
- - . . . I: . . b - . ., 1971; II: . l - . ., 1976; III: . p q. ., 1984.
1967 - . . (). ., 1967.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

261

- . . .
.-., 1951.
. - . . . [..] 1959. . I-III
().
- . . . .-., 1959.
. . - . . . .; ., 1933-1937.
1924 - . . // . 1924. . 18, No 12-18;
1925. . 19, No 1-5, No 9-11.
1986 - . .
. , 1986.
. - . . .
-, 1971.
. - . . - . ., 1980.
1995 - . . -, - . , 1995.
- . .
. ., 1963.
1990 - . . -
- . ., 1990.
- - . . . . . .,
1964.
- y ., . - . . 1-2,
- 1967-1969.
- - .., .. :
. ., 1968.
- - : . ., 2002.
- . . , . . . - . ., 1952
1955 - .
. ., 1955 (see Rsnen 1949).
1931 - . . .., 1931
- . . :
() . ., 1976.
. . - . . 1988 - . . - . . , , . // . , 1988.

262

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

. - . . . , 1968.
1970 - . . // . . 20. - 1970.
- . . - . ., 1976.
= . . . ., 1976.
1975 - . A.
. // . ., 1975.
1995 - . A. . // , ., 1995.
- 1982 - - . . . . ., 1982
1985 - . . . . ., 1985.
- . . . ,
2001.
1984 - . .
(tri ) // . 1984, 4.
- - . ., 1966.
. - . . - . , 1926.
- ., ., ., .
. , 1977.
C - - . .,
1975-1977. . I-II.
. . = . . . ., 1964.
. . - . . . ., 1986.
. . - . .
. , 1976.
. . - . . . ., 1961.
. . = - . . . ., 1973.
. - . . :
. ., 1981.
- - / . . .-. , . .
. ., 1977
1960 - . .
. ., 1960.
- . , 1962.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

263

- . ,
1969.
- - / . . . . .,
1968.
- - / . . . . , . . , . . . ., 1968
1953 - . .
. // .. 75-. ., 1953.
- . . . ., 1990.
- . . - . ., 1968.
- . . . ., 1961.
- - / . . . . . ., 1959.
- . . : . .-., 1954.
- . ., 1981. . I-II.
- . , 1971.
- . . // . ,
1961.
- . . 4
. ., 1964-1973.
- . . , . 1-2, 1996.
- - : . ., 1984.
1986a - . .
// . 1986, No 5.
1986b - . . r~z - // .
1986, No 2.
1986c - . .
// - : . . XXIX
. (PIAC), , 1986. ., 1986. II: .
1991 - . .
. // - . ., 1991.
2000 - . . , .
. ., 2000.
: . .
XV . ., 1986.

264

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

.. - . . XIV . , 1966-71. . I, II.

- - / . . . . .,
1953.
1979 - . . : (Mustela vulgaris). // . , 1979.
1949 - . . . ., 1949.
1972 - . .
. // , . 1972.
1972a - . .
. // , . 1972.
1979 - . . - // . ., 1979.
1982 - . . :
. ., 1982.
1984 - . . - *
* // . ., 1984.
- - / . . . . .,
1961.
- - / . . . . .,
1985.
1986 - . . . , , 1986.
1989 - . . . . // , N2, 1989.
- . . . -, 1976.
- - - . ,
1993.
1959 - . .
// . 1959. No6.
1960 - . .
( ) // XXV . ., 1960. ., 1963. . III.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

265

1961 . .
//
. ., 1961.
1966 - . .
, - // ,
1966 No 3.
1970 - . .
. ., 1970.
1977 - . . : (). ., 1977.
1997 - . . - (VIII-XIV .). , 1997.
- - . . . ., 1999
- 1,2,3: . .
. ., 1974-1980. Vol. 1-3; 4: . ., . .
:
, , / . .
. . , . . . ., 1989; 5:
: , Q / . . . . , . . , . . . ., 1997; 6: :
Q / . . . . , . . , . . .
., 2000. The notation 7, 8 refers to the unpublished
parts of the dictionary, so far available only in manuscript in the
Moscow Institute of Linguistics.
- . . . ., 1981.
- . . : , . -, 1957.
- . . . -, 1990.
- - / . . . . ., 1972.
ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICAL EDITIONS
AASF - Annales academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia. Helsinki.
ArO - Archiv orientln. Journal of the Chechoslovak Oriental Institute.
Prague.
AO - Acta Orientalia (Copenhagen)

266

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

AO (Budapest) or AOH - Acta Orientalia Hungarica. Budapest.

BSOAS - Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London.
CAJ - Central Asiatic Journal (International periodical for the language,
literature, history and archeology of Central Asia). The
Hague-Wiesbaden.
FUF - Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen. Helsinki.
HJAS - Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute.
JA - Journal asiatique. Paris.
JAOS - Journal of the American Oriental Society. Baltimore, Maryland.
JRAS - The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. London.
JSFOu - Journal de la Socit Finno-Ougrienne. Helsinki.
KCsA - Krsi Csoma Archivum. Budapest.
KSz - Keleti Szemle. Budapest.
MSFOu - Mmoires de la Socit Finno-Ougrienne. Helsinki.
NyK - Nyelvtudomni Kzlemnyek. Budapest.
OS - Orientalia Suecana. Stockholm.
RO - Rocznik orientalistyczny. Lww, Krakw, Warszawa.
SPAW - Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Berlin.
StO - Studia Orientalia (or: Studia orientalia fennica). Helsinki.
Toung Pao - Toung Pao. Archives concernant lhistoire, les langues, la
gographie, lethnographie et les arts de lAsie Orientale. Leiden.
UAJb. - Ural-Altaische Jahrbcher. Wiesbaden.
UJb. - Ungarische Jahrbcher. Berlin-Leipzig.
ZDMG - Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlndischen Gesellschaft.
Leipzig-Wiesbaden.

- . . ( ).
- .
- - . . .-., 1922-1933.
- . .
- . .
- . .-.
- . .
- . ( ,
).

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

267

ABBREVIATIONS OF LANGUAGE NAMES

Alb. - Albanian
All. - Allaikhi dialect of Even
An. - Aniui dialect of Udehe
Anat. - Anatolian Turkish
Arab. - Arabic
Arm. - Arman dialect of Even
Armen. - Armenian
Av. - Avestan
Az. - Azerbaidzhan (Azeri)
Balk. - Balkar
Bao. - Baoan
Bar. - Barab dialect of Tatar
Barg. - Barguzin dialect of
Evenki
Bashk. - Bashkir
Bel. - Beluj
Bik. - Bikin dialect of Nanai
Bulg. - (Old) Bulgar
Bur. - Buryat
Chag. - Chaghatay
Chin. - Chinese
Chmk. - Chumikan dialect of
Evenki
Chul. - Chulym dialect of Shor
Chuv. - Chuvash
Crim.-Goth. - Crimea Gothic
Dag. - Dagur
Darkh. - Darkhat dialect of
Buryat
Dolg. - Dolgan
Dong. - Dongxian
Drav. - Dravidian
Evk. - Evenki
Evn. - Even
Finn. - Finnish
FU - Finno-Ugric
Gag. - Gagauz
Gr. - Greek
H - Halitsk dialect of Karaim

Hung. - Hungarian
IE - Indo-European
Il . - Ilimpi dialect of Evenki
Iran. - Iranian
Ital. - Italian
Jpn. - Japanese
Jurch. - Jurchen
K - Krym (Crimea) dialect of
Karaim
Kach. - Kachinsk dialect of
Khakas
Kag. - Kagoshima
Kalm. - Kalmuck
Kam. - Kamas
Kamn. - Kamen-Tungus dialect
of Evenki
Karag. - Karagas
Karakh. - Karakhanide Turkic
Kas. - Kasan Tatar
Kashg. - Kashgar dialect of Uyghur
Kaz. - Kazakh
KBalk. - Karachay-Balkar
Kirgh. - Kirghiz (Qyrghyz)
Khad. - Khadi dialect of Oroch
Khak. - Khakas
Khal. - Khalaj
Khant. - Khanty-Mansi
Khor. - Khorezm ( = Oghuz)
dialect of Uzbek
Khorch. - Khorchin dialect of
Ordos
Khwar. - Khwarezmian
KKalp. - Kara-Kalpak
Koib. - Koibal dialect of Khakas
Kond. - Kondom dialect of
Shor
Kor. - Korean
Kott. - Kottish

268

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Krg. - Karagas dialect of Tuva

(according to Castr.)
Krm. - Karaim
Kum. - Kumyk
Kumd. - Kumanda dialect of
Oyrot
Kurd - Kurdish
Kur-Urm. - Kur-Urmi dialect of
Nanai
Kr. - Krik dialect of
Khakas
Kypch. - Kypchak
Kyz. - Kyzyl dialect of Khakas
Kyo. - Kyoto
Lat. - Latin
Leb. - Lebedi dialect of Oyrot
L.-Amg. - Lower Amgun dialect of Negidal
Lobn. - Lobnor dialect of Uyghur
MMong. - Middle Mongolian
Man. - Manchu
May. - Maysk dialect of Evenki
MC, MChin - Middle Chinese
MJ, MJpn. - Middle Japanese
MKor. - Middle Korean
MKypch. - Middle Kypchak
Mod. - modern (used for various languages)
Mog. - Mogol
Mong. - Mongolian
Mord. - Mordovian
MPers. - Middle Persian
Mras. - Mrassa dialect of Shor
MTurk. - Middle Turkic
Nakhich. - Nakhichevan dialect
of Azerbaidzhan
Nan. - Nanai
Naikh. - Naikhinsk dialect of
Nanai
Neg. - Negidal

Nep. - Nepsk dialect of Evenki

Nerch. - Nerchinsk dialect of
Evenki
NKor. - North Korean
Nogh. - Noghay
Nostr. - Nostratic
OC - Old Chinese
Ogh. - Oghuz
Oir. - Oirat ( = Kalmuck)
OJ, OJpn. - Old Japanese
Okin. - Okinsk dialect of
Buryat
Okh. - Okhotka dialect of Even
OKypch. - Old Kypchak
Ol. - Olsk dialect of Even
Olk. - Olekma dialect of Evenki
Olkh. - Olkhon dialect of
Buryat
ORuss. - Old Russian
Ord. - Ordos
Ork. - Orok
Orch. - Oroch
Orkh. - Orkhon Old Turkic
Osm. - (Old) Osmanian
Osset. - Ossetic
OT, OTurk. - Old Turkic
Oyr. - Oyrot (Mountain Altai)
PA, PAlt. - Proto-Altaic
Pekhl. - Pekhlevi
Pers. - Persian
PIE - Proto-Indo-European
PJ, PJpn. - Proto-Japanese
PK, PKor. - Proto-Korean
PKartv. - Proto-Kartvelian
PM, PMong. - Proto-Mongolian
PNC - Proto-North-Caucasian
Prakr. - Prakrit
PS - Proto-Samoyedic
PT, PTurk. - Proto-Turkic
PTM,
PTung.
Proto-Tungus-Manchu

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

PU - Proto-Uralic
Qyz. - Qyzyl dialect of Khakas
Rum. - Rumanian
Russ. - Russian
Sag. - Sagai dialect of Khakas
Sak. - Khotan-Saka
Sakh. - Sakhalin dialect of
Evenki
Sakk. - Sakkyryr dialect of
Even
Sal. - Salar
Sam., Samoyed. - Samoyedic
Sanskr. - Sanskrit
Selk. - Selkup
Sib., Seb., Sib.-Tat. - Siberian
Tatar
Siber. - Siberian Russian
Sino-Kor. - Sino-Korean
Slav. - Slavic
SMan. - spoken Manchu (Sibo)
Sogd. - Sogdian
Sol. - Solon
SUygh. - Sary-Uyghur
S.-Yugh. - Shira-Yughur
Sym. - Symsk dialect of Evenki
Syr. - Syrian
T - Trakai dialect of Karaim
Tadzh. - Tadzhik
Tar. - Taranchi
Tashk. - Tashkent dialect of
Uzbek
Tat. - Tatar
Tek. - Teke dialect of Turkmen
Tel. - Teleut dialect of Oyrot
Tib. - Tibetan
TM, Tung. - Tungus-Manchu

269

Tng. - Tungir dialect of Evenki

Tob. - Tobolsk dialect of Tatar
Todzh. - Todzha dialect of
Tuva
Tof. - Tofalar
Tok. - Tokyo
Tokh. - Tokharian
Tokk. - Tokki dialect of Evenki
Tott. - Totti dialect of Evenki
Tomm. - Tommot dialect of
Evenki
Tunk. - Tunkin dial. of Buryat
Tur. - Turkish
Turk. - Turkic
Turkm. - Turkmenian
Ud. - Udehe
Udm. - Udmurt
Ul. - Ulcha
Upper-Kond. - Upper Kondom
dialect of Shor
Ural. - Uralic
Urm. - Urmi dialect of Evenki
Uygh. - Uyghur
Uzb. - Uzbek
Vit. - Vitim dialect of Evenki
Vog. - Vogul (Mansi)
WMong. - Written Mongolian
Yak. - Yakut
Yen. - Yenissei Old Turkic
Yerb. - Yerbogochen dialect of
Evenki
Yon. - Yonaguni dialect of
Japanese (Ryukyu)
Yukagh. - Yukaghir
Zabajk. - Zabajkal dialect of
Russian

A
-bu interior of the mouth: Tung. *(x)abu-an-; Mong. *owi; Turk.
*burt.
PTung. *(x)abu-an- to gape, open mouth (,
()): Neg. awan-.
1, 9. Cf. perhaps also Nan. Naikh. aoan a talisman against the throat disease
(contaminated with aoan ruff; with a carved picture of a ruff), see . 44.

PMong. *owi interior side of the cheek; mouthful ( ; , ,

): WMong. oui, oui L 602, 625; Kh. ; Bur. o(n); Kalm. ;
Ord. i gorge; Mog. i- to drink (Weiers); Dag. ; Dong. ou(o-); S.-Yugh. ; Mongr. i- to drink (SM 299), iu a drink (.
. 369).
KW 292, MGCD 523. The Mongor forms could be derived from - drink (v. sub
*p), but the affixation in that case would be unclear.

PTurk. *burt 1 cheek-pouch, inside of the mouth 2 gum 3 mouthful, gulp 4 cheek 5 molar 6 to take a mouthful, swallow (1
2 3 4 5 6 ):
OTurk. a[vurt] (?adurt) (OUygh., late med. texts TT II); Tur. avurt 1;
Gag. aurt 1, 4; Turkm. howurt (dial.) 1, 3; MTurk. awurt (Sangl.) 3,
(MKypch.) ourt, owurt 1, 3 (Houts., Ettuhf.); Uzb. urt (dial.) 1; Tat. urt
2; Bashk. urt 1; Kirgh. rt; Kaz. urt 1; KBalk. uwurt 4; KKalp. urt 1; Kum.
uvurt 1, 4; Nogh. uwrt 1; Khak. rt-a- 6; Shr. rt-a- 6; Oyr. rt throat,
rt-a- 6; Tv. rt-a- 6; Chuv. url, dial. vrl 5 (. V 320); Yak.
omurt 1, 3.
EDT 65, 1, 407-409, 225-226, 115. The Old Uyghur form is
poorly readable, so -- is dubious. Yak. -m- is irregular: could it be a trace of PA *umV
drink, otherwise lost in Turkic?

KW 292, 226. A Western isogloss.

-V elder relative, ancestor: Tung. *as; Turk. *aj / *ej; Kor. *-.
PTung. *as 1 wife of elder brother 2 woman 3 wife (1 2 3 ): Evk. as 2; Evn. as 2; Neg. as 2; Man.
aa 1; SMan. a, as 3 (908); Ul. as 3; Ork. as 2; Nan. aa 2; Orch. asa 2;
Ud. ahanta 2; Sol. a, a 2.

272

*u - *u

1, 55. TM > Dag. ak (. . 123).

PTurk. *aj / *ej 1 old man or woman 2 mother 3 grandmother 4
sister (of woman) 5 mother (if the grandmother is still alive) 5 mother
(addr. to an elder woman) 6 aunt, sister of father 7 elder brother 8 uncle
9 ancestor 10 Father! (to the God) 11 old man, elder man 12 husband 13
younger brother of fathers father 14 grandfather 15 father (1
2 3 4 () 5
( ) 5 (. ) 6 , 7 8 9 10 ! (. ) 11 , 12 13 14
15 ): OTurk. ei 7, 8 (Orkh.), e 9 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ei
1 (MK), e 10 (KB); Tur. au (dial.), ee 11; Uzb. a, aa 2, 3; Uygh. aa
6; Tat. aa, ai, i 5 (dial., 22, 551), azj, zi 11, 15 (dial., 23,
540); Bashk. s 2; Kirgh. aaj 5, aa 11; Kum. aaj 5, eiw 6; SUygh. a 4,
aa 12, 15; Khak. aa 7, 8; Shr. aa 7, 8; Oyr. Leb. a, aa 7, aa 13; Tv. aa
15; Tof. aa, aa 7, 15; Chuv. aa 15; Yak. ehe 14; Dolg. ehe 14.
VEWT 35, 1, 231-235, TMN 2, 15, 35, 299, Clark 1977, 128,
Stachowski 43. Shortness is suggested by pharyngealization in Tofalar, so the variants
with -- are probably due to expressive gemination (*aV / *eV).

PKor. *- 1 aunt 2 uncle (1 2 ): MKor. m 1, p 2;

Mod. a 1, 2, aumni 1, abi 2.
Nam 341, KED 1076, 1077.
An expressive kinship nursery word with the typical structure
*VCV; the root must have denoted some elder relative, both male and
female. Deriving TM *as from a Chinese ( 1,55) or Sino-Korean
(SKE 15) source is quite impossible. The Mongolian reflexes are problematic: Mong. eei mother, elder sister (whence Yak. ej, Dolg. eij,
see . V 27, Stachowski 43) is probably < Turkic.; Mong. eige father
reflects rather PA *t (q.v.). One should, however, note an isolated
Dagur form a father (. . 122), whence certainly Solon aa id.
and possibly Evk. (Vit.) ai ancestor ( 1, 59).
-u to doubt: Tung. *au-; Jpn. *tkp-; Kor. *u-b-.
PTung. *au- 1 to slander, slander 2 to answer (, ):
Man. aua-da-, auan 1; Nan. (On.) ago- 2.
1, 60.
PJpn. *tkp- to doubt (): OJpn. utakap-; MJpn. tkf-;
Tok. taga-; Kyo. tg-; Kag. utag-.
JLTT 780.
PKor. *u-b- to be indecisive, irresolute ( ,
): Mod. up- (-w-).
KED 1135.

*dV - *ag

273

An Eastern isogloss; not quite certain because of sparse attestation

in TM and Korean.
-dV to fit, equal, similar: Tung. *ada-; Mong. *adali; Turk. *da.
PTung. *ada- 1 twins 2 to unite, attach 3 close, neighbour (1 2 , 3 , ): Neg. adax 1;
Man. ada- 2, adaki 3; Ul. ada 1; Ork. adw 1; Nan. ada- 2, ad 1; Orch.
adawu 1; Ud. adau 1 (. 204).
1, 14.
PMong. *adali equal, similar (, ): MMong. adali
(HY 51, SH), adali (MA 95); WMong. adali (L 9); Kh. adil; Bur. adli; Kalm.
d; Ord. adil, adila, adili, adali; Mog. adli (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. adi,
adili (. . 118), ad (MGCD), adili (MD 111); Dong. adali (. .
110); Bao. adli (. . 133), adali (Tungren); Mongr. dali (SM 42), adali
(Minghe).
KW 21, MGCD 94. Mong. > Yak. atl, Dolg. atal (Ka. MEJ 38, Stachowski 38), Evk.
adal (cf. Doerfer MT 98, Rozycki 11), Russ. Siber. adal ( 74).

PTurk. *da friend, companion (, ): OTurk. ada

(OUygh. - Buddh., Man.); Karakh. aa (MK, KB), aja (IM); Kirgh. aja;
Yak. atas.
VEWT 5, EDT 72. A hypothesis about *ada < (compound) at-da with name as the
first component is impossible (in that case we would expect *ata and namesake as the
earliest meaning). The form atta is attested since MTurk.: atta namesake (Tefs.), ada
namesake (Chag. Sangl.), ata namesake (CCum.) - and contaminates with *ada. Modern languages for the most part reflect the compound, see I 203-204. Cf. Tuva
adaq-lar a father with his children (namesakes; NB: pharyngealization as a reflex of
*-t-). A possible reflex of *ada is Chuv. ural-a-- to agree about acquiring smth. collectively, together and ural-a-n- to form a light circle (of astronomical bodies): both are
semantically quite far from ura-la-n- to recover.

A Western isogloss. Cf. several similar roots: *idV to follow, lead;

*ude to imitate, simulate, with a natural tendency towards contamination.
-ag rain; air: Tung. *aga; Mong. *agaar; Jpn. *k; Kor. *ak-su.
PTung. *aga rain (): Man. aGa; SMan. ah (2015); Jurch. ah-ga
(8).
1, 11. Cf. also *agd thunder.
PMong. *agaar air, atmosphere (, ): WMong.
aar (L 13); Kh. agr; Bur. agr; Kalm. ar, ar; Ord. aGri espace
celeste, laspect du ciel, aGr mtaph. bonne entente entre les voisins;
Mog. ZM ur (15-8b) cloud.
KW 3.
PJpn. *k autumn (): OJpn. akji; MJpn. k; Tok. ki; Kyo. k;
Kag. ak.
JLTT 379.

274

*g - *gi

PKor. *ak-su heavy rain (): Mod. aksu, ksu.

KED 1080.
Lee 1958, 119 (Kor.-TM), 291, 1, 11. The TM form
is not borrow < Mong., pace Rozycki 11. *agaar (cf. the length in all
dialects) < *aa-ar, with regular dissimilation. The Jpn. form may be
attributed here if it originally meant rainy season (cf. rain, thunder
in TM); autumn is not so rainy in present-day Japan, but it must have
been different in the original homeland.
-g ( ~ e-) mouth, to open mouth: Mong. *ag-; Turk. *Ag; Jpn. *kp-;
Kor. *h-.
PMong. *ag, *aguj 1 cave, grotte, pit 2 crack (1 , , 2
, ): WMong. aui 1 (L 16), a 2; Kh.
aguj 1; Bur. ag 1; Kalm. a 1, aG, G 2; Ord. aG 1; Dag. agui.
KW 3, MGCD 664.
PTurk. *Ag 1 mouth 2 lip, lips 3 mouth of a river, of a cleft (1 2
, 3 , ): OTurk. az (Orkh.) 3, az, aaz
(OUygh.) 1, 3; Karakh. az 1, 3; Tur. az 1, 3; Gag. s 1, 3; Az. az 1, 3;
Turkm. az 1, 3; Sal. az 1; Khal. az 1, 3; MTurk. az 1; Uzb. iz 1, 3;
Uygh. eiz 1, 3; Krm. az 1, 3; Tat. awz 1, 3; Bashk. aw 1, 3; Kirgh. ooz
1, 3; Kaz. awz 1, 3; KBalk. awu 1, 3; KKalp. awz 1, 3; Kum. awuz 1, 3;
Nogh. awz 1, 3; SUygh. as 1; Khak. s, axs (3 P.) 1, 3; Shr. aqs 1, 3;
Oyr. s 1, 3; Tv. s, aqs (3 P.) 1, 3; Tof. s, aqs (3 P.) 1, 3; Chuv. vr,
ur-l 3; Yak. uos 2; Dolg. uos 2.
VEWT 8, EDT 98, 1, 81-83, . 115, 224-225, Stachowski
245.

PJpn. *kp- 1 to yawn 2 yawn (1 2 ): MJpn. kf- 1;

Tok. kubi, akbi 2; Kyo. kb 2; Kag. akub 2.
JLTT 379. RJ registers high tone, but modern reflexes are tonally all quite irregular.
PKor. *h- yawn (): MKor. ha-phiom, hijm, hahoiom; Mod.
haphum.
Nam 469, KED 1788.
SKE 5, Martin 234, 1972a, 77-78, 80, 283
(confused with *ka), 225. Despite Poppe 95 Mong. aur
steam, anger hardly belongs here (see under *ap`i). The root should be
distinguished from *ka, although they tend to be confused: thus,
Mong. *ag crack could quite possibly reflect *ka. Some phonetic
comments: Mong. *aguji regularly < *auji with velar fricative dissimilation; Korean has lost the first vowel in a long derivative (a rather frequent phenomenon).
-gi acid: Tung. *(x)aK-; Mong. *ee-de-; Turk. *gu.
PTung. *(x)aK- to become rotten, bitter (, ):
Man. aqa-.

*ga - *g

275

1, 26.
PMong. *ee-de- 1 to become sour 2 curd (1 2 ):
WMong. egede- 1, egeegei 2; Kh. de- 1, gij 2; Bur. de- 1, zgej cream;
Kalm. de- 1, zg 2; Ord. de- 1, ig, dem 2; Dag. de- (. . 138) 1.
KW 130, 131, MGCD 246.
PTurk. *gu 1 poison 2 musk (1 2 , ):
OTurk. au 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. au 1 (MK); Tur. au 1; Az. a 1; Turkm.
v 1; MTurk. au 1; Uzb. u 1; Uygh. ai, oa 1; Krm. au; Tat. au 1;
Bashk. aw; Kirgh. a 2; Kaz. au dial.; KBalk. au; Kum. auw, au;
Nogh. auw; SUygh. aa 1; Khak. 1; Tof. 1 (. 9); Yak. 2.
VEWT 9, 13, 1, 67. The Kypch. forms with -- (not shifted to -w-) and *-u
may be borrowed from Chag.

Poppe 57 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss. The Manchu form is

isolated in TM, but seems to be reliable.
-ga net; to spin, plait: Tung. *a(g)a; Mong. *aoga; Turk. *g; Jpn.
*m-, *m.
PTung. *a(g)a net (for catching fish under ice) ( ( )): Neg. aa; Ul. aGa; Ork. aGa; Nan. aga; Orch. aga.
1, 45.
PMong. *aoga leading string in net ( ):
MMong. aoga (SH).
PTurk. *g net (): Karakh. a (KB, IM); Tur. a; a, av (Osmanli);
Az. a; Turkm. q (dial.); MTurk. a (Sangl.); Uzb. (dial.); Krm. av, uv;
Tat. aw; Bashk. aw; Kirgh. ; Kaz. aw; KBalk. aw; KKalp. aw; Kum. aw;
Nogh. aw; Khak. a (Sag.); Shr. a; Oyr. a (dial.).
VEWT 7, 20, 1, 117-118, 152-153, 418-419. On an (Shor), an
(Khak.) v. sub *u.

PJpn. *m-, *m 1 to knit, weave 2 net (1 , 2 ):

OJpn. amji 2; MJpn. m- 1, m 2; Tok. m- 1, am 2; Kyo. m- 1, m 2;
Kag. m- 1, am 2.
Cf. also OJ ama fisherman. JLTT 381, 676.
419. The root has some irregularities (Jpn. tone does not
correspond to Turkic length): there may have been some interaction
with *u q.v.
-g trade: Mong. *(h)ag-su-, *(h)au-ra-; Turk. *Ag; Jpn. *k.
PMong. *(h)ag-su-, *(h)au-ra- 1 borrowing or lending money at interest, loan 2 belongings, possessions (1 2 , ): WMong. asun (L 15) 1, aura, aura-su(n) 2 (L 18); asu- troquer
une chose contre une autre; Kh. agsan 1, rs(an) 2; Bur. agsa- to barter;
Mongr. asGu- donner ou recevoir en prt, louer (SM 15).
Mong. aura > Man. aGura, Nan. aura household objects, see Poppe 1966, 189.

276

*agu-la - *agu-la

PTurk. *Ag 1 treasure 2 silk brocade (1 2 ):

OTurk. a (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. a (MK, KB) 2; Tur. Osm. a,
dial. a 2; MTurk. a 2.
EDT 78. Clauson points out that the oldest attested meaning is treasure, later concretized to silk brocade.

PJpn. *k 1 trade 2 to trade (1 2 ): OJpn. akji 1,

akjinap- 2; MJpn. knaf- 2; Tok. akin- 2; Kyo. kn- 2; Kag. akin- 2.
JLTT 675. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular. Cf. also OJ akap-, MJ gf- (aka-f-),
aganaf- to buy, pay for (JLTT 674, 675).

319 (Turk.-Mong.). An interesting common Altaic

economic term, denoting the barter process or barter objects.
-agu-la uninhabited place, wilderness: Tung. *aguln; Mong. *aula;
Turk. *aglak.
PTung. *aguln meadow, plain (, ): Evk. awln,
aln; Evn. awln; Neg. awlan; Ul. awda(n); Ork. awla(n); Nan. aod;
Orch. auda, aula.
1, 9. Despite Doerfer MT 73, cannot be borrowed from Mong. ala ( < Turk.,
see below).

PMong. *aula mountain (): MMong. aula (HY 2, SH 10), awla

(IM 433), (a)ula, la (MA 372, 189); WMong. aula(n) (L 17); Kh. l; Bur.
la; Kalm. l; Ord. la; Mog. aula; ZM wla (17-8b); Dag. aul(a) (.
. 122), aule (MD 116); Dong. ula (. . 137); Bao. le (. .
145), ul; S.-Yugh. la; Mongr. ula (SM 469), ul.
KW 454, MGCD 662. Mong. > Sol. aula id.
PTurk. *aglak 1 lonely, uninhabited (place) 2 unemployed, out of
work 3 field (1 2 , 3 , ): OTurk. alaq 1 (OUygh. - Buddh.); Karakh. alaq 1
(MK), ala-ju 1 (MK; deverb. from *ala- to be deserted (unattested)),
ala-t- (MK) to send away (people); Tur. aylak 2; alak (dial.) 1; Gag.
ajlaq, hajlaq 2; Krm. awlaq 1; Tat. awlaq 1; Bashk. awlaq 1; Kirgh. laq 1;
Kaz. awlaq 1; KBalk. awlaq 1; KKalp. awlaq 1; Kum. awlaq 3; Nogh. awlaq
1; Khak. alax 1; Chuv. ulax 1.
EDT 84, 85, VEWT 8, 1, 64. Turk. > WMong. alaq, alaa id. (KW 3,
1997, 95). Tends to contaminate with *b-lag hunting lands.

Poppe 58. A Western isogloss. May be derived from the root reflected in TM as *ag- to walk without a road, wilderness ( 1, 13;
its borrowing from Mong. aui wide, suggested by Poppe 1972, 101,
Doerfer MT 123, is highly dubious). Note that vowel length in PT *aglak
is unknown; if the original meaning of the root was to nomadize, one
is tempted to compare also PT *gl settlement (originally perhaps
nomadic settlement; see 492-493, 522-523, 1, 65-66,
83-85, TMN 2, 82-84, Stachowski 257), whence probably MMong.,

*aguV - *ja

277

WMong. ajil id. ( > Evk. ail etc., see Doerfer MT 125). Not borrowed
from Turkic, but rather genuine may also be WMong. ajimak a group of
ajils (TMN 1, 184-185: Mong. > Khak., Tuva ajmaq (see also 1,
110), Man. ajman etc.).
-aguV colostrum: Mong. *uurag; Turk. *gu.
PMong. *uurag colostrum (): WMong. uura, uuru (L
865); Kh. rag; Bur. rag; Kalm. rg (); Ord. raG; Mongr. uraG
(SM 473).
Mong. > Evk. rak, see Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *gu colostrum (): Karakh. auz (MK), ouz
(Tefs.); Tur. az st, dial. z, auz; Turkm. ovuz; MTurk. auz (Sangl.,
Pav. C., IM); Uzb. iz; Uygh. ouz; Tat. uz; Bashk. w; Kirgh. z;
Kaz. uwz; KBalk. uwuz; KKalp. uwz; Kum. uwuz; Nogh. uwz; Khak. s;
Tv. -z (contamination with 3d p. poss.); Chuv. rri (3Sg.); Yak. uosax.
1, 405-407, EDT 98, 344.
KW 454, 196, . 186. A Turk.-Mong.
isogloss, but, despite TMN 2, 80-81, 1997, 95 hardly borrowed
in Mong. < Turk.
-gV sharp, whet: Tung. *ga-; Mong. *(h)ag.
PTung. *ga- 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone (1 , ( ) 2 , ): Evk. en 2; Evn. n 2;
Neg. aat 1, aan 2; Man. atan 1; Nan. a 2; Orch. ta 1, awa 2.
1, 12, 13. TM > Yak. an.
PMong. *(h)ag 1 part of blade (close to handle) 2 notch on fish-fork
(1 ( ) 2 ): WMong.
a, (L 19: aam blunt wooden arrow tip); Kh. g 1; Bur. g 2; Kalm. aG
2.
KW 2. Length in Khalkha and Buryat may also indicate a possibility of reconstructing *(h)aag.

1, 13. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, but borrowing is impossible

to suppose. Cf. also notes to *ka.
-ja to go, walk: Tung. *j-; Mong. *aja-; Turk. *Aj-; Jpn. *jm-.
PTung. *j- 1 swift 2 to run quickly 3 to step (on sand, snow) (1 2 3 ( , )): Evn. aj 1; Man.
aja- 2; Ork. aja-mn 1; Nan. i- 3 (. 30).
1, 21.
PMong. *aja- journey, travel (, ): MMong. ajan
(SH); WMong. aja, ajan (L 23); Kh. ajan; Bur. ajan; Kalm. ajan; Ord. ajan;
Dag. ajan (. . 118), (MGCD ajin).
KW 4, MGCD 99. Mong. > Kirgh. aja etc. ( 1, 106-107).
PTurk. *Aj- 1 to revolve, rotate, go round 2 to tarry 3 to lead, lead
round 4 to speed up 5 to drive (1 , , 2

278

*jbi - *jbo

3 , 4 5 ): Tur. ajla-(n)- 1, ajlak

; Gag. ajla-, ajlan- 1, (h)ajda- 5; Az. ajlan- (dial.)
1; Turkm. ajla- 3; Uzb. ajlan- 1, 2; Uygh. ajlan- 1, 2; Krm. ajlan- 1; Tat.
jln- 1; Kirgh. ajlan- 1, ajda- 5; Kaz. ajda- 5, ajnal- 1; KBalk. ajlan- 1;
KKalp. ajlan- 1, 2; Kum. ajlan- to move, visit; Nogh. ajlan- 1; Khak.
ajn-t- 4, ajla-, jl- 1; Shr. ajlan- 1; Oyr. ajla- 1, ajda- 5; Yak. ajg-s-n- to
tarry; to go, visit frequently (*ajg--n-).
1, 106-107, 109-110. The forms meaning rotate, go round, walk in circles are
hardly connected with aj moon.

PJpn. *jm- to walk (, ): OJpn. ajum-; MJpn. jm-;

Tok. aym-; Kyo. ym-; Kag. ym-.
JLTT 679.
1, 243.
-jbi a k. of duck: Tung. *bu-; Turk. *Ebr(d)ek; Jpn. *.
PTung. *bu- a k. of duck (-) ( (-)): Evn. wldqa; Ork. awGa; Orch. aua; Ud. auga.
1, 10.
PTurk. *Ebr(d)ek duck (): OTurk. direk (OUygh.); Karakh.
(MK) rdek; Tur. rdek; Gag. jrdek; Az. rdk; Turkm. rdek; Khal. irdk;
MTurk. evrek, evek (Qutb); Uzb. rdak; Uygh. (r)dk; Krm. rdek, erdek;
Tat. rdk; Bashk. jrk; Kirgh. rdk; Kaz. jrek; KKalp. jrek, rdek;
Kum. rdek dial.; SUygh. jrdek; Khak. rtek; Shr. rtek; Oyr. rtk; Tv.
drek, edirek.
EDT 205, 1, 547-548, TMN 2, 31, 172.
PJpn. * cormorant (): OJpn. u; MJpn. ; Tok. ; Kyo. ; Kag.
.
JLTT 559.
172. Jpn. * must be a later contraction < *iw(V); medial
*-j- must be reconstructed to explain the spirantization *-b- > -w-.
-jbo grass: Tung. *(x)ab-; Mong. *ebe-s; Jpn. *w-.
PTung. *(x)ab- stem, stalk (): Evk. ai(n); Evn. a; Neg.
a(n); Man. aa.
1, 13.
PMong. *ebe-s grass (): MMong. ebesun (HY 9, SH), wsun
(IM), ibsun (MA); WMong. ebes(n) (L 287); Kh. ws(n); Bur. bhe(n);
Kalm. wsn; Ord. ws; Mog. ebsun; ZM ebsun (20-8); Dag. eus (.
. 141), euse (MD 147); Dong. osun; Bao. vso; S.-Yugh. wsn; Mongr.
us, wes, jes (SM 483).
KW 303, MGCD 538.
PJpn. *w- green, blue (, ): OJpn. awo-; MJpn. w-;
Tok. a-; Kyo. o-; Kag. a-.
JLTT 825.

*aje - *jV

279

*-j- should be reconstructed to account for Mong. e- and for Jpn.

-w-. The semantic derivation *grass > green is quite common.
-aje ( ~ *ejo) to reach, come close: Mong. *aji-su-; Jpn. *jmp-.
PMong. *aji-su- to come close to, come up to (, ): MMong. ajisu- (SH); WMong. ajisu-, ajisi-, ajis- (L 22); Kh. ajs-;
Kalm. - 1.
KW 21.
PJpn. *jmp- to reach (): OJpn. ojob-; MJpn. jb-; Tok.
yob-; Kyo. yb-; Kag. oyb-.
JLTT 744.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-jV good, fitting: Tung. *aja, *aju-; Mong. *(h)aja; Turk. *ja-.
PTung. *aja, *aju- 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help (1
2 3 , ): Evk. aja 1, aj()- 3; Evn. aj
1, aj()- 3; Neg. aja 1; Man. aj-luGa 2, aj-sila- 3; Jurch. aju-bulu (419) 3;
Ul. aja 1; Ork. aja 1, aj- 3; Nan. ai, aj 1; Orch. aja 1, ai-i- 3; Ud. aja 1,
ai-sigi- 3; Sol. ai, aja 1.
1, 18-20. Man. > Dag. ajil- help (. . 119).
PMong. *(h)aja favourable circumstances ( ): WMong. aja (L 22), aji; Kh. aja; Bur. aj-dar, aja; Kalm. aj; Ord.
aja.
KW 4.
PTurk. *ja- 1 to esteem 2 to pity, look after 3 very (1 2 , 3 , ): OTurk. aja- 1, aj 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.
aja- (MK) 1, 2, aj 3 (KB); Tur. aj- 2, aja- dial. 1; Az. ajin cult, ceremony;
Turkm. aja- 2; MTurk. aja- 1 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. aja- 2; Uygh. aji- 2; Krm. aja2; Tat. aja- 2; Bashk. aja- 2; Kirgh. aja- 2; Kaz. aja- 2; KBalk. aja- 2; KKalp.
aja- 2; Kum. aja- 2; Nogh. aja- 2; Khak. aja- 2, aj 3; Shr. aja- 2 (in ajabn
remorseless); Tv. aj well; Chuv. oja- to care.
VEWT 10-11, EDT 267-8, 1, 101-102, 2, 298. Deriving *aja- to respect, esteem from *aj fear (VEWT 11) is hardly plausible. Clauson (EDT 182) thinks
that OUygh. aj very is an unusually early example of the elision of -g in a evil,
which means very in many OUygh. texts, but this is hardly plausible phonetically; so it
may belong here, together with Khak. aj very (although the final narrow is a problem).
Sevortyan relates here also SUygh. aj good omen, good luck, but this may be a reflex
of OUygh., Karakh. ajq vow, promise (EDT 270).

KW 3, 282 (Turk.-Mong.), EAS 97, 139, Poppe 66

(with an unreliable Korean parallel), 290, 12. A Western isogloss. Because of a semantic difference, TM forms are hardly
borrowed from Mong., despite Doerfer MT 46.

*jVrV - *k

280

-jVrV sour milk, melted fat: Tung. *ajara-; Mong. *ajirag; Turk. *ajran.
PTung. *ajara- 1 to take off fat (while melting) 2 spoon for taking fat
off (1 ( ) 2 ): Ul. ajara- 1, ajaraq 2; Nan. ajarao 2.
1, 21.
PMong. *ajirag kumys (): MMong. aijirax (HY 25); WMong.
ajira (L 21); Kh. ajrag; Bur. ajrag; Kalm. rg; Ord. raq; Dag. airag.
KW 26. Mong. > Man. ajara, see Doerfer MT 236, Rozycki 21, Russ. Siber. ajrk
( 78).

PTurk. *ajran kumys (): Karakh. ajran (MK); Tur. ajran; Az.
ajran; Turkm. ajran; Uzb. jrn; Uygh. ajran; Krm. ajran; Tat. jrn;
Bashk. ajran; Kirgh. ajran; Kaz. ajran; KBalk. ajran; KKalp. ajran; Kum.
ajran; Nogh. ajran; Khak. ajran; Oyr. ajran; Chuv. ujran, dial. uan, oren
(Anatri).
1, 111, EDT 276, 449, 2, 272. Chuv. > ORuss. ( 4, 167, 350). Turk. > Russ. dial. ajrn 78.

283. Despite Doerfer TMN 2, 180, 1997,

96, hardly borrowed in Mong. < Turk. A Western isogloss; but cf. perhaps Kor. ari- bitter, Middle Jpn. era- rank, offensive.
-aktV a castrated animal: Mong. *akta; Turk. *atan.
PMong. *akta castrated (): MMong. axta (HY 9),
aqtas (SH ) gelding; WMong. ata (L 15); Kh. agt; Bur. agta;
Kalm. akt; Ord. aGta; Dag. arete (MD).
KW 5. Mong. > Man., Nan. aqta, Sol. akta ( 1, 26, Rozycki 14); MKor. kti (Lee
1958, 119).

PTurk. *atan a castrated camel ( ):

Karakh. atan (MK); Turkm. atan (dial.); MTurk. atan (IM); Kirgh. atan;
Kaz. atan; KKalp. atan; Nogh. atan; Tv. adan.
EDT 60, 1, 202-203. Turk. > WMong. atan castrated camel. Cf. also Yak. at
castrated, att- to castrate - homonymous with at horse, which is probably a secondary merger (the two roots obviously are to be kept separate).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-k to open, opening: Jpn. *k-; Kor. *k-.
PJpn. *k- to open (): OJpn. aka-; MJpn. k-; Tok. ke-.
JLTT 675 (in OJ the root is usually confused with *k- get bright).
PKor. *k- 1 mouth 2 a little open, apart 3 opening, slit (1 2
3 ): MKor. akui, p-ki 1; Mod. aguri 1, agu 2,
agt [aks] 3.
Nam 333, 407, KED 1067.
Martin 238. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss: in other languages (Turkic,
Mongolian) the root has probably merged with *ga mouth, open
mouth q. v.

*aka- - *ka

281

-aka- a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *aKa; Mong. *(h)akawna; Turk. *Akaa.

PTung. *aKa loon, diver (): Neg. axan; Man. aqa exe; Ul. ai;
Nan. i.
1, 24.
PMong. *(h)akawna loon, diver, gull (, ): WMong.
aqauna, aquuna (L 60), aa()una; Kh. axn, axna; Bur. axna; Kalm.
axn, an.
KW 3. Mong. > Oyr. ana etc., Sib.-Tat. aun, aun partridge, black-cock ( 97), Bar. aawn partridge ( 123).

PTurk. *Akaa 1 gull 2 white partridge (1 2 ):

Khak. aaja, aaja (Sag., Kach.) a k. of bird; Shr. aj 1; Tv. aanaq 2.
VEWT 9.
1, 24. A Western isogloss. The TM languages reflect a compound *aKa-nk (with *nk duck < PA *nkV q.v.); the same compound in a somewhat distorted shape may be also present in the PT
and PM forms.
-ka elder brother: Tung. *ak / *kak; Mong. *aka; Turk. *(i)ka.
PTung. *ak- / *kaka 1 man 2 elder brother (1 2
): Evk. ak, akin 2; Evn. aqa, aqn 2; Neg. aga / axa 2; Man. xaxa 1,
axun 2; SMan. hah 1 (829); Jurch. xaxa-aj (298) 1, axun (axun-un) (286) 2;
Ul. aGa 2; Ork. aGa / aqa 2; Nan. 2; Orch. aka, akin 2; Ud. aga 2 (.
203); Sol. ax, axin 2.
1, 23-24, 459. Forms like Evk. ak can be < Mong. (see TMN 1, 139, Poppe
1972, 100), but this is impossible for *akin and *kaka.

PMong. *aka elder brother ( ): MMong. aqa (HY 28,

SH), axai ekei elder aunt (HY 28), a (IM 432), a (MA 266, 185, 256);
WMong. aqa (L 59); Kh. ax; axaj aunt (resp. address); Bur. axa; Kalm.
ax; Ord. axa; Dag. ak, aga (. . 118, 119, MD 112), ag (MGCD);
Dong. aa; S.-Yugh. aa (MGCD: aGa); Mongr. aGa frre an, Ga
frre punt du pre (SM 2).
KW 3, MGCD 126. Cf. also WMong. aki, Kalm. k elder brothers wife (KW 20).
PTurk. *(i)ka 1 elder brother; elder uncle; father; grandfather 2 respectful address 3 elder (1 ; ; ; 2 3 ): OTurk. aqa 1
(OUygh., from I-t half of XIII century, see ); Tur. aa 1, 2; Gag. aa
1, 2; Az. aa 2; Turkm. Ga 1; Khal. aa 2; MTurk. aqa 1 (Oghuz-nama),
aa 1 (Abush.), aqa (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. a 1; Uygh. aa 1; Krm. aqa 2 (K),
aa 2, 3 (K, T); Tat. aa 1, 2; Bashk. aaj 1, 2; Kirgh. aa 1; Kaz. aa 1, 3;
KKalp. aa 1, 2; Kum. aa 1, 2; Nogh. aa 1, 2; SUygh. aqa 1,2, qz aa
( 11, 13); Khak. aa 1 (fathers father); Shr. aqqa fathers
father; Oyr. aqa 1, 2; Tv. aq 1; Yak. aa 1 (father), 3; Dolg. aga father.

282

*k - *k

VEWT 13, 1, 70-71, 121-122, 291, Stachowski 28. Note the expressive gemination of the medial -k- in Tuva and elsewhere.
EAS 91, KW 3, 324, Poppe 55, 1972a,
40-45. 290. A Western isogloss. The Turkic forms are relatively late attested and could be < Mong., see TMN 1, 137,
1997, 199, but the Mong.-Tung. parallel still holds.
-k ( ~ -k-,-o) dirt, filth: Tung. *(x)aK-; Mong. *(h)ag; Jpn. *k.
PTung. *(x)aK- 1 to menstruate 2 dirt 3 rust, mould 4 to rust, mould
(1 2 3 , 4 , ): Evk. akapu- 1; Evn. oq, aqsa 3, oq-, aq- 4; Sol. ak 2.
1, 24, 2, 11.
PMong. *(h)ag 1 pock-mark 2 dirt, taint (1 2 , ):
WMong. a 1 (); Kh. ag () 1; Bur. ag 2; Kalm. ag 2 ().
PJpn. *k liquid dirt, filth ( ): OJpn. aka; MJpn. k;
Tok. ak; Kyo. k; Kag. ak.
JLTT 378. The Kagoshima accent is irregular; otherwise all data points to *k.
The root is not very widely represented, but seems reliable.
-k to advance gradually, slowly: Mong. *(h)aki-; Turk. *(i)akuru-; Jpn.
*kr()-.
PMong. *(h)aki-, *(h)akuj 1 to advance gradually, 2 work, earnings,
mode of life (1 2 , ):
WMong. aki- (L 25); Kh. axi- 1, axui 2; Bur. axi- 1; Kalm. ax 2; Ord. ax
2.
KW 4.
PTurk. *(i)akuru- slowly, quietly, gradually (, ): OTurk. aquru (OUygh.); Karakh. aqru, aqrun (MK), aqru (KB); Tur.
arqun (Osmanli); MTurk. aqrn (Sangl.), arn (. .); Krm. arqtn;
Tat. kren, kerten; kert (dial.); Bashk. aqrn; Kirgh. aqrin; Kaz. aqrn;
KBalk. aqrn, aqrn, aqrtn; KKalp. aqrn; Khak. rin, arn, artn; Shr.
arn; Oyr. aqqrn, aqqr-aqqr; Yak. arj, orj.
VEWT 14, 1, 123-124, EDT 89-90. The forms with -n and -tn are old forms of
Instr. and Abl. cases, so the PT word is a noun. Yak. reflects the -u of the second syllable.

PJpn. *kr()- 1 to be, come late 2 to send, advance (1

2 , ): OJpn. okura- 1, okur- 2; MJpn. kr- 1, kr2; Tok. kure- 1, kur- 2; Kyo. kr- 1, kr- 2; Kag. okur- 1, okr- 2.
JLTT 741.
The Turk. and Jpn. forms reflect a derivative *ake-ru-.
-k to dig, delve: Tung. *axiri-; Mong. *uku-; Jpn. *nkt-.
PTung. *axiri- to sweep, rake up snow (,
): Ul. ar-; Ork. ar-; Nan. ar-.
1, 25.

*la - *la

283

PMong. *uku- 1 to dig, delve 2 adze 3 notch (on animals ears) 4 axe
(1 2 3 , ( ) 4 ):
MMong. uqu- 1, uqali 4 (SH); WMong. uqu- 1, uqumi 2 (L 892); Kh. uxu1, uxmi 2, 3; Bur. uxami 2; Kalm. ux- 1; Ord. uxa-.
KW 447. Mong. > Manchu uxu- to gouge (see Rozycki 216).
PJpn. *nkt- to delve, dig (, ): OJpn. ukat-; MJpn.
gt-; Tok. ugt-; Kyo. gt-; Kag. ugt-.
JLTT 777. Kagoshima has an irregular tone.
PJ *nkt- and PTM *akiri- may reflect a PA derivative *k-rV-.
-la take, receive: Tung. *al(i)-; Mong. *ali-; Turk. *l-; Jpn. *-.
PTung. *al(i)- 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over (1 , 2
, ): Evk. al- 1; Evn. al- 1; Neg. al- 1; Man. ali- 1; SMan.
iali- (1404); Jurch. ali- (242) 2; Ul. al- 2; Ork. al- 1; Nan. al- 1; Orch. al2; Ud. ali- 1, alu- 2; Sol. ali- 1.
1, 26-27.
PMong. *ali- 1 to take, receive 2 give! (1 , 2 !):
WMong. ali 2 (L 31); Kh. a, aliv 2; Bur. a 2; Kalm. a, a 2; Ord. ali 2;
Dag. ali- 1 (. . 120); Dong. ali; Bao. an; Mongr. ali 2.
KW 6, MGCD 103. Dagur is the only language reflecting the complete verbal paradigm of *ali-; it may well be that Dag. ali- is in fact a TM loanword.

PTurk. *l- to take (): OTurk. al- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);

Karakh. al- (MK, KB); Tur. al-; Gag. al-; Az. al-; Turkm. al-; Sal. al-; Khal.
al-; MTurk. al- (Pav. C.); Uzb. l-; Uygh. al-; Krm. al-; Tat. al-; Bashk. al-;
Kirgh. al-; Kaz. al-; KBalk. al-; KKalp. al-; Kum. al-; Nogh. al-; SUygh. al-;
Khak. al-; Shr. al-; Oyr. al-; Tv. al-; Chuv. il-; Yak. l-; Dolg. l-.
EDT 124-125, VEWT 14-15, 1, 127-128, 68, 336, 337, Stachowski 259.

PJpn. *- to get, receive (): OJpn. u (stem a-); MJpn. (stem

a-); Tok. -; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 681. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
KW 6, EAS 140, Poppe 75, Doerfer MT 239 (attempts to disprove
the etymology in TMN 2, 122 are futile). The reason for close * in PT is
unclear (*al- would be normally expected). Note, however, that the Jpn.
reflex represents loss of *-l- in a verbal stem, thus strongly suggesting
an original monosyllabic form *l (cf. *gle, *slo).
-la hail, ice: Tung. *(x)al-dan; Jpn. *rri (~-ra); Kor. *r-.
PTung. *(x)al-dan frazil (in spring, close to the shore) ( ( )): Neg. aldan.
1, 31.
PJpn. *rri (~-ra) hail (): OJpn. arare; MJpn. rr; Tok. arar;
Kyo. rr; Kag. arar.
JLTT 383. Modern tones are quite irregular.

284

*la - *laku

PKor. *r- 1 to freeze 2 ice (1 2 ): MKor. r- 1, rm 2;

Mod. l- 1, rm 2.
Nam 361, 367, KED 1143, 1146.
Martin 232. Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; the TM evidence is very
scanty and thus dubious.
-la ( ~ --) front side: Turk. *l; Kor. *r-p.
PTurk. *l 1 front 2 forehead 3 in front of 4 towards the front of (1
2 3 , 4 ): OTurk. aln 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. aln 2 (MK, KB); Tur. al 1 (dial.), aln 1, 2; face; Gag. ann 2; Az.
aln 2; Turkm. ln 1, 2; Sal. ald- 1; Khal. hnl(), hll 2; MTurk. al 1
(Abush.), aln-da in the presence of (Abush.), ald (Babur) 3; Uzb. l-d-i
1; Uygh. ajl, aldi 1, al-dn 3, al-a 4; Krm. al-d- 1 (K), aln 1 (T, H); Tat. al
1, al-d- 1, aln 1; Bashk. al, ald 1; Kirgh. al 1, al-d- 1; Kaz. al-da 3, al-d- 1;
KBalk. al, all 1, al-da 3, al-a 4; KKalp. al-d- 1; Kum. al 1, al-dan 3; Nogh.
al-d- 1; SUygh. al 1, alm, aln 1, 2; Khak. aln 1; Shr. aln 1, aln-da 3; Oyr.
ald, aln 1; Tv. aln face; Chuv. om 1.
EDT 121, 147; VEWT 14 (should be distinguished from *al- below), TMN 2, 120,
1, 124-125, 146, 2, 280, 198-199. See EDT 121 commenting on the
absence of early attestation of the suffixless form.

PKor. *r-p front (): MKor. rp; Mod. ap [aph].

Nam 348, KED 1098.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. also Evk. alga Southern mountain
slope, algaja right river bank, algakaan mountain - in TMC 1, 30
united with alga blessing which is somewhat dubious.
-laku to walk, step: Mong. *alku-; Jpn. *rk-.
PMong. *alku- to step (): MMong. alqu- (MA 99); WMong.
alqu- (L 34); Kh. alxa-; Bur. alxa-; Kalm. alx-; Ord. alxu-; Dag. alku-, alxu(. . 120), aleku- (MD 112); Dong. hanku; Bao. xalG-, (MGCD)
halGol-; S.-Yugh. alG-; Mongr. (x)arGu- (SM 13), (MGCD) xalGula-.
KW 7, MGCD 105.
PJpn. *rk- to walk (, ): OJpn. aruk-; MJpn. rk-; Tok.
ark-; Kyo. rk-; Kag. ruk-.
JLTT 677.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. See 278. Man. alxun step, alkn
the gait of a horse or other livestock is no doubt borrowed from Mongolian (see Rozycki 16-17). The Jpn.-Mong. comparison seems to us
preferable to other etymologies of the Mongolian form (see
3,66-70; Poppe 96, KW 7 - Mong. alqu-: Turk. *-). The stem can be possibly derived from a root reflected in Mong. *ala inner side of thigh (L
26; Poppe 75; pl. alas, whence Evk. alas, see Doerfer MT 94; hence also
WMong. alaji-, Khalkha alcaj- to spread the legs, Dag. al- id.,

*alda - *ale

285

WMong. alaar, ala, Khalkha alcan bowlegged; but to be distinguished is *ale below q. v.).
-alda fathom: Tung. *alda-n; Mong. *alda; Jpn. *ata; Kor. *ar-m.
PTung. *alda-n distance between ( ): Man. andan,
alda-; Jurch. an-dan-do (816) to follow; Ul. alda(n); Ork. alda(n); Nan.
ald; Orch. agda(n); Ud. agda(n).
1, 31.
PMong. *alda fathom (): MMong. alda (SH), lda (MA 98);
WMong. alda (L 29); Kh. ald; Bur. alda; Kalm. ald; Ord. alda; Dag. alda
(. . 119), alede (MD 112); Dong. anda (MGCD); anda-la- (. .
110) to measure by fathoms; Bao. ald; S.-Yugh. alda; Mongr. arda
brasse, 5 pieds chinois (SM 12), alda (MGCD).
KW 6, MGCD 102. Mong. > Evk. alda fathom, Russ. Siber. aldn ( 82).
PJpn. *ata a measure of length ( ): OJpn. ata.
PKor. *ar-m fathom, the span of both arms (): MKor. arm;
Mod. arm.
Nam 335, KED 1071.
Ozawa 38-40, 16, 71, Rozycki 18-19. Despite Doerfer MT
111, TM forms are hardly < Mong. (because of a semantic difference). A
possible parallel in Turkic could be *ad[] > OT adt handful, Kirgh.
ad, Yak. ts palm (VEWT 7, 1, 100-101, 410, 252, Stachowski 263), but there are some phonetic and semantic problems.
Note, however, that OJ ata also denotes a small measure of length (8
sun, or about 12 centimetres) - rather a span than a fathom. Such a semantic development may presuppose an earlier usage of *alda in constructions like big fathom - small fathom ( = span) both in Turkic
and Japanese.
-ale below, lower: Turk. *l; Jpn. *r-; Kor. *ri.
PTurk. *l 1 lower side, below 2 (as adj.) being below , lower (1 ,
2 ): OTurk. altn 2 (Yen. 90, OUygh.);
Karakh. altn 2 (MK, IM), alt 1 (Tefs); Tur. alt 1; Gag. alt 1; Az. alt 1;
Khal. a[:]lt 1; Krm. alt 1 (K); Tat. alt 1 (dial., .126);
Kirgh. ald() 1; SUygh. alt 1 ( 14); Khak. alt 1; Shr. alt 1; Oyr. ald 1,
alt 2; alt 1 Tuba; Tv. ald 1; Tof. aldn (.
153); Chuv. old() gusset; Yak. aln 1; Dolg. aln 1.
VEWT 14, 1, 140-141, Stachowski 32. VEWT confuses (after Bang and Brockelmann) the roots *al- below and *l front. They are indeed mixed in Kirgh. and Oyr.
lit., where we have ald front, below, but are distinguished in dialects (Tuba: ald front,
with a voicing in the consonant cluster after an old long vowel, but alt below). The
Chuv. form probably goes back to the compound *koltuk alt axillary concavity, gusset
(attested in Tur., Gag., Az., see 154). Most languages reflect *al-t- (the simple form
al is not attested, see the discussion in EDT 121), but the reality of the root *l is proved

286

*le - *le

by a different derivative in Yakut. Cf. also Sib.-Tat. alaa low, low place ( 100).
Another possible old derivative in -ak may be PT *a()ak (Karakh. aaq, Turkm. aq etc.,
see 1, 214-215) below, bottom part; low, humble: its traditional derivation from
*- to cross (a mountain) is unsatisfactory both phonetically and semantically. A certain
problem is the attribution of the adjective *al-ak (see 1, 143-144, EDT 129). Older
occurrences of alaq (MK, KB, Tefs., Rabg. etc.) present the meaning modest, humble; cf.
also Sib.-Tat. alcaq valetudinarian ( 101), Turkm. alak affable and perhaps Tur.
alak mean, vile, ala- to offend, humiliate. This group of forms may in fact reflect a
different root, otherwise represented by PT *Alg, see under *le weak, tired. Another
group of forms - Chag. alaq bas (Pav. C.), Tur., Az., Crim.-Tat. (and Oghuz texts like
Korkut) alaq low, low place probably represents an Oghuz innovative derivation in
-ak from the root al- (which is why -l- did not yield -- here), perhaps influenced by
Mong. ala-gar, ala-n stunted, undersized, derived from Mong. alaji- to spread legs
apart.

PJpn. *r- to lower, go down (): OJpn. oru-; MJpn. ru-;

Tok. or-; Kyo. r-; Kag. r-.
JLTT 742. For final *-- cf. the causative PJ *r-s-, OJ oros- to lower, drop.
PKor. *ri below, lower side (, ): MKor. ri;
Mod. ar.
Nam 336, KED 1069.
SKE 6, EAS 106, Martin 230. The tone correspondence between
Kor. and Jpn. is irregular.
-le weak, tired, confused: Tung. *li-; Mong. *al-; Turk. *l-; Jpn.
*r-ka; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *li- to get tired (): Neg. l-; Ul. l()-; Ork. l-;
Nan. l-.
1, 32.
PMong. *al-da-, -i-, -ga- 1 get tired 2 disturbed, absent-minded,
lazy 3 to lose, miss (1 2 , 3 ,
): MMong. ala- behindert, in Not, Schwierigkeit sein,
alias Abweichung, Fehler , alda- verlieren, verfehlen, straffllig werden, aldal Strafe (SH), aldara- to become loose, alr slow (MA 98),
aldng sin (IM); WMong. alija- 1 (L 34), al-mai 2 (L 32); Kh. alda- 3,
al- 1, alg, almai 2; Bur. al- 1, almaj 2; Kalm. ald- 3, alm 2; Ord. alda3; Dag. al- 1 (. . 120), alede- 3 (MD 112); Bao. andaGa- to let
loose, to make free; Mongr. xar- (SM 161) 1, (a)rda- (SM 12, 309) 3.
KW 7. Mong. > Tuva aldag misdoing, inadvertence, KBalk. alar-, Kirgh. al- to
err, become mad, Kum. ala- to suffer, Yak. alr- (< *ala-a-r-), KKalp. alaa-da-la-n- to
digress, be absentminded etc.

PTurk. *l- 1 to become weak 2 bad 3 to be vile (of a man), to turn

septic (of a wound) 4 weak, inferior 5 upset 6 old, worn-out 7 crazy 8
lazy man 9 to hurry 10 fool 11 to go mad 12 to deceive 13 perplexed 14
dumb, foolish 15 doubt, surprise 16 error 17 be in doubt, perplexed 18
absent-minded, unattentive 19 weakness (1 2 3

*lgi - *lgi

287

( ), ( ) 4 , 5 6 , 7 , 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 , 15 , 16 17
, , 18 ,
19 , ): OTurk. ala-a-d- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. al 2
(MK), alq- 3 (MK, KB); Tur. alk, (Osm.) alu 4, alaz, alz 4 (dial.), alkn 5
(dial.); Gag. alq 7, 10; Turkm. al--a-sa- 9; MTurk. aluq 7 (Abush. 27);
Uygh. alaq, ala 7; Krm. alas 19; Tat. ala-ma 2, 6; Bashk. alama 2, 6, al-jawu
11; Kirgh. ala, ala-d 18; Kaz. ala 18; KBalk. aln- 11; KKalp. ala 18;
Nogh. ala--a-s-ar 18; SUygh. ala 8 ( 14); Khak. al 10, alas 5,
al-n-, al-ax- 11, (caus.) 12; Shr. al-aq-tr- (caus. from *al-aq-) 12, al-aq-qan
13, al 10, al-n- 11; Oyr. al (< ala) 14, alu (< al) 10, ala 15, alas 5,
al-n- 11; Tv. alq- 17, ala 15; Yak. alas 16.
VEWT 16-17, TMN 2, 116, EDT 129, 138, 149, 1, 132, 145-146, Clark 1977, 128.
See also Oghuz *al-ak sub *al- below. Tends to contaminate with *l red and *la
variegated, cf. Uygh. al-gdn nave (red nape), Turkm. la-samsk foolish (variegated fool), Bashk. al-jot fool (red fellow). KW 7. Turk. *alga > algaz > MMong. alasafaul, nachlassig sein (SH), then Mong. > Kirgh., KBalk. , Kum. alasa(r)-, Nogh. alas-la-rto become embarrassed, (Karaim) to be scared etc. Despite Sevortyan, Tokharian A ls
iners, ignavus (Poucha 27), B als- be sick (Sieg-Siegling 91) not < Turk., but < Sanskr.
alasa.

PJpn. *r-ka foolish (): OJpn. oro-ka; MJpn. r-ka; Tok.

roka; Kyo. rk; Kag. orok.
JLTT 511. All modern forms point to a low tone (either *rk or *rk), but the accent attested in RJ contradicts it.

PKor. *r- to be foolish, mistaken ( , ):

MKor. r-; Mod. ri-sk-.
Nam 361, KED 1129.
Martin 243, Whitman 1985, 129, 194, 246. The most probable accent reconstruction is *le, with regular correspondences between
Turk., TM and most Japanese dialects; Kor. has a frequent verbal low
tone.
-lgi net, sieve: Tung. *alga; Turk. *lge-; Kor. *rkmi.
PTung. *alga net (): Evk. alga; Man. alGan; Ul. arGa; Nan. alGa;
Orch. agga; Sol. alga.
1, 30. TM > Dag. algan, alxan (. . 119). Nan. > Russ. Siber. alg (
82).

PTurk. *lge- 1 to sift; 2 sieve (, ): OTurk. elge- 1

(OUygh.); Karakh. elge- 1 (MK), ele- 1 (IM), elek 2 (IM); Tur. ele- 1, elek 2;
Gag. iele- 1, ielek 2; Az. l- 1, lk 2; Turkm. ele- 1, elek 2; Sal. elex 2 (
324); Khal. hjl- 1, hjlk 2; MTurk. ele- 1, elek 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. ela- 1, elak
2; Uygh. gli- 1, lgk 2; Krm. ele-, le- 1, elek, lek 2; Tat. il- 1, ilk 2;

288

*li - *li

Bashk. ile- 1, ilek 2; Kirgh. ele-, elge- 1, elek, elgek 2; Kaz. ele- 1, elek 2;
KBalk. ele- 1, elek 2; KKalp. ele- 1, elek 2; Kum. ele- 1, elek 2; Nogh. ele- 1,
elek 2; Khak. ilge- 1, ilgek 2; Shr. ele- 1, elek 2; Oyr. elge- 1, elgek 2; Tv. egle/ elge- 1; Tof. elge- 1, elgek 2; Chuv. alla- 1, alla 2.
EDT 143, VEWT 40, 1, 261-263, 24. The behaviour of the internal
cluster is phonetically normal (not on a morphemic boundary). Turk. *elgek > WMong.
elgeg, Kalm. elgg (KW 119, TMN 2, 118, 1997, 114).

PKor. *rkmi a coarse sieve ( ): Mod. lgmi.

SKE 53.
EAS 145, SKE 53 (Kor. is somewhat doubtful: KED 1142 has only
lgm he rough sieve - lit. pock-marked sieve).
-li to deceive, trick: Tung. *ali-, *alak-; Mong. *alia; Turk. *l; Jpn.
*ira-p-; Kor. *rb-.
PTung. *ali-, *alak- 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy (1
2 3 , 4 ): Evk. ali- 1;
Evn. all- 1; Neg. al- 1, alax- 4; Man. aa- 3; Ul. al- 2; Nan. al- 2, alaq 4;
Orch. ali- 2; Sol. a-, al- 1.
1, 29, 32.
PMong. *alia 1 frolic, tricksy 2 to deceive (1 , 2 ): MMong. alija (SH, ) 1; WMong. alija 1 (L 32),
alaira- 2 (Ko 74); Kh. alia 1; Bur. a 1; Kalm. a, n 1; Ord. a; Dag. l
1.
KW 6, 22. Cf. also albin devil, evil spirit ( > Yak., Dolg. albn deception, liar (Ka.
MEJ 56, Stachowski 31).

PTurk. *l 1 device, trick, deceit 2 to deceive (1 , 2

): OTurk. al 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), al-ta- 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. l 1 (MK, KB), alda- (MK); Tur. al 1, aldat- 2; Az. al 1 (dial.),
al-da-n- to be deceived, to err; Turkm. l 1, lda- 2; MTurk. al 1, alda- 2;
Uzb. alda- 2; Uygh. aldi- 2; Tat. alda- 2; Bashk. alda- 2; Kirgh. alda- 2; Kaz.
alda- 2; KBalk. alda- 2; KKalp. alda- 2; Kum. al 1, alda- 2; Nogh. alda- 2;
Khak. alda- 2; Shr. alda- 2.
EDT 120-121, TMN 2, 93, 1, 126-127. A discussion of albast ( = Mong. albin)
see in TMN 2, 109-110. Turk. *l-da- > Mong. alda- to deceive (MA, cf. also TMN 2, 116,
1997, 97) > Evk. alda- etc. (Doerfer MT 109). On Mong. alda- to lose see *le
weak, tired.

PJpn. *ira- to play, tamper with; concern oneself with (, , -. ): MJpn. iraf-.
JLTT 698. .
PKor. *rb- to steal (): MKor. rp-, rws-.
Nam 405.
PKE 21. Ramstedt cites Kor. ari- angry, but all dictionaries available to us only have ari- bitter, pungent. A suffixed form *li-bV may

*likV - *lpa

289

be probably recovered in Mong. albin, Kor. *rb- (and perhaps also PT

*alba-st) and PJ *ira-p-.
-likV a k. of small animal: Tung. *(x)algi-n; Mong. *(h)alag-; Turk.
*lar; Jpn. *rk.
PTung. *(x)algi-n otter (male) ( ()): Neg. alg; Man.
algin.
1, 30.
PMong. *(h)alag- jerboa (): WMong. aladaa, aladaqai
(); Kh. alagdx, algadx; Bur. alagdgan.
Formally - a compound meaning variegated colt (although one should note that
the standard spelling for colt is WMong. daaan, Khalkha dga). Mong. > Tuva alaq-t
jerboa (reinterpreted as variegated lump), Russ. Siber. alagd, alagdj ( 79),
Man. alaqdaan (Rozycki 15).

PTurk. *lar a k. of rat, jerboa ( , ): Karakh.

alar (MK); Turkm. alaqa gopher, alart field mouse; MTurk.
alaarat gros rat (Pav. C. 30).
EDT 149.
PJpn. *rk dolphin (): OJpn. iruka; MJpn. iruka; Tok.
ruka; Kyo. rk; Kag. irka.
JLTT 426.
In Turk. and Mong. the stem is associated with the reflexes of *lV
variegated (q. v.), which is most probably a folk etymology. In Japanese the meaning dolphin must be a secondary transformation of otter-like animal (cf. the meaning otter in TM).
-lpa unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms: Tung. *alba-; Mong.
*alba-n; Turk. *lp; Jpn. *apar-; Kor. *rph-.
PTung. *alba- 1 to be unable 2 lazy (1 2 ): Evk.
alba- 1; Evn. alb- 1; Neg. alba- 1; Ork. alba- 1; Nan. albaqto 2.
1, 30.
PMong. *alba-n 1 compulsion, forcing 2 to force 3 service, duty (1
, 2 3 , ):
MMong. alban 3 (HYt); WMong. alba(n) 1, 3 (L 27); Kh. alba 3, alba-da- 2;
Bur. alba(n) 3, alba-da- 2; Kalm. alw, alwn 1, 3; Ord. alba 3, alba-da- 2, to
take a tribute; Dag. alba 3 (. . 119), alebe 3 (MD 112); Mongr. arwan 3 (SM 15), alwan (MGCD).
KW 9, MGCD 101. Mong. > Shor alban etc. (VEWT 16, 1997, 199); > Man.
alban etc. (Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 15), Russ. dial. albn, Oyr. alman > Russ. Siber. almn
( 81, 83).

PTurk. *lp 1 difficult, hard 2 warrior 3 hero 4 brave 5 giant 6 landlord (1 2 3 4 5 6 ,

): OTurk. alp 1, 2, 4 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.); alp-a-ut 2
(OUygh.).; Karakh. alp 2, 4 (MK, KB, Tefs., IM); alpaut 2 (MK); Tur. alp

290

*lu - *lV

3, 4; MTurk. alp 2, 3 (Sngl).; Uzb. alp 3; Uygh. alpawut 2; Krm. alp chief,
alpawut gentry man; Tat. alp 3, 5, alpawt 2; Bashk. alpawt 2, alpama 5
(from Alp Ama, a folklore name, = Tat.); Kirgh. alp 3, 4, 5, albt
hot-tempered; Kaz. alp 5, albt, albrt hot-tempered; KKalp. alp 3, 5,
albra- be exhausted, embarassed; Khak. alp 4, albx- to act as a meddler; Shr. alp 4; Oyr. alp 4; Tv. albq- to pant, stifle, alb- to lapse into
oblivion; Chuv. olp 5, olbut 2; Yak. alp witchcraft; part of some names
of spirits.
EDT 127-128, VEWT 18, I 139, 2 276. Clausons hypothesis that the
reflexes of *alpawut in recent languages are the result of a re-borrowing from Mong. (cf.
Lit. Mong. albaut (Kow. 84) < Turk.), partly contaminated with Mong. alban tax, is unnecessary: a semantic shift warrior > gentry > landlord seems to be natural. Cf. a borrowing from Mong. alba-tu in Tuva, Oyr. albatu, albat, Kirgh. albat tax-payers, people.

PJpn. *apar- to pity (, ): OJpn. apare-m-; MJpn.

fre-b-, afare-m-; Tok. awar-m-; Kyo. wr-m-; Kag. wr-m-.
JLTT 388, 679. The accent situation is not quite clear: modern dialects rather uniformly point to low tone (also in the noun *apara-i sympathy, pity > Tokyo ware, Kyoto
wr, Kagoshima awar); but the only accentuation attested in RJ is pre-b-.

PKor. *rph- to be ill (): MKor. rph-; Mod. aph-.

Nam 347, KED 1078.
Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
-lu good, beautiful: Tung. *(x)ala; Mong. *(h)olig; Jpn. *rp-; Kor.
*r-.
PTung. *(x)ala tasty, sweet (, ): Evk. ala; Evn. alq;
Neg. alagd.
1, 27.
PMong. *(h)olig good quality ( ): WMong. oli
(); Kh. olig; Bur. olig; Kalm. oliG Brauchbarkeit.
KW 284.
PJpn. *rp- beautiful, excellent (, ): OJpn.
urupa-si; MJpn. rf-si; Tok. uruwash-; Kyo. rwsh-; Kag. uruwshi-.
JLTT 843. The Kagoshima accent is irregular.
PKor. *r- pretty, beautiful (): MKor. rm-tp-; Mod.
arm-tap-.
Nam 336, KED 1071.
SKE 14. Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.
-lV to destroy, kill: Tung. *li-; Mong. *ala-; Turk. *Alk-.
PTung. *li- 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a
long hunt) (1 ( , ) 2 ( )): Neg. l-w- 1; Ud. ali- 2, alip- to become spoiled (of meat)
(. 205, 206).
TMC 1, 32.

*lV - *lV

291

PMong. *ala- to kill (): MMong. ala- (SH 4), ala- (HYt), ala(IM 432), al- (MA 97).; WMong. ala- (L 26); Kh. ala-; Bur. ala-; Kalm. al-;
Ord. ala-; Mog. ol-, la-; ZM la- (24-10b); Dag. ala- (. . 119), ale
(MD 112); Dong. ala- (. . 109); Bao. ale- (. . 133), al(MGCD); S.-Yugh. ala-; Mongr. ala- (SM 3).
KW 7, MGCD 102.
PTurk. *Alk- to finish; destroy; (refl.) perish, be exhausted, come to
an end (, ; ): OTurk. alq- (Orkh.,
OUygh.), alq-n- (refl.) (OUygh.); Karakh. alq- (MK, IM), alq-n- refl.
(MK, IM), alq- to destroy each other (MK); Tur. alk- (dial.); alk-(Old Osm.) to destroy (many); Kirgh. alq-n- to weaken ( I 390), to
rage (. 51) (?); Kaz. alq-n- to get short of breath, chafe (?); KKalp.
alq-n- to get short of breath.
EDT 135, 137, 138-139; VEWT 17. Reflexes in modern languages are not quite secure. The reflexive form alkn- weaken (but note the difference in meanings in Radlov
and in modern dictionaries) may be derived both from *alk- and from *alk- to deteriorate, disintegrate (EDT 138), which belongs rather to *Al silly, weak, al bad, weak,
wicked (in any case, cannot be morphologically identified with *alk-), thus modern languages may exhibit a contamination.

A Western isogloss.
-lV ( ~ *-) variegated: Mong. *ala-g; Turk. *la; Kor. *r-.
PMong. *ala-g variegated (): MMong. alax- (HY 13), alax
(SH), al (IM 432), ala (MA 97, 99); WMong. ala (L 26); Kh. alag; Bur.
alag; Kalm. alg; Ord. alaq; Mog. al; Dag. alag (. . 119), alahe (MD
112); Bao. alG; S.-Yugh. alag; Mongr. alaG (SM 3).
KW 6. Mong. > Man. alxa etc. ( 1, 27; Doerfer MT 75; Rozycki 15).
PTurk. *la variegated (): OTurk. ala (OUygh.); Karakh. ala
(MK); Tur. ala; Gag. ala-a; Az. ala; Turkm. la; Sal. ala; Khal. hala-bula;
MTurk. ala; Uzb. la; Uygh. ala; Krm. ala; Tat. ala; Bashk. ala; Kirgh. ala;
Kaz. ala; KBalk. ala; KKalp. ala; Kum. ala; Nogh. ala; SUygh. ala; Khak.
ala; Shr. ala; Oyr. ala; Tv. ala; Chuv. ola; Yak. ala.
EDT 126, VEWT 15, 1, 129-130, TMN 2, 95-97, 2, 274, 607.
PKor. *r-nk- to be spotted, ornamented ( , ): MKor. r-nk-; Mod. lluk, ll.
Nam 360, KED 1143, 144.
SKE 7, KW 6-7, 607. Despite Doerfer TMN 2, 96,
1997, 97, there is no reason for assuming Turk. > Mong., and even less Mong. > Turk. (despite Rozycki 16). Cf. also Evn. (Okh.) iler variegated ( < *elir ?; see 1, 312).

292

*a - *

-a to cross (a mountain): Tung. *ala-; Mong. *alu-s; Turk. *(i)-; Jpn.

*asu.
PTung. *ala- 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 mountain 3 mountain pass 4
ravine (1 () 2 3 4 ):
Evk. ala- 1, alakt, alan 3; Evn. aln- 1, aln 3; Neg. alan- 1, alaxt 3; Man.
alin 2; SMan. alin 2 (2067); Jurch. ali-in (39) 2; Nan. ala 3 (Bik.); Ud. ala 4.
1, 27-28.
PMong. *alu-s on the other side; far away ( ):
MMong. alus (SH), udur lus (MA 273); WMong. alus (L
33); Kh. als; Bur. alas; Kalm. als; Ord. alus; Mongr. al contre, pays
(SM 4).
KW 8. Mong. > Kirgh. als far, far away etc. ( 1, 147), Yak., Dolg. olus very
(Ka. MEJ 16, Stachowski 193).

PTurk. *(i)- 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 to surpass (1

( ) 2 ): OTurk. a- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
a- 1 (MK); Tur. a- 1; Gag. a- to go beyond the range of vision; Az. a1; Turkm. - 1, 2; Khal. - 1; MTurk. a- 1, 2; Uzb. - 1, 2; Uygh. a- 1,
2; Krm. a- 1, 2; Tat. a- 2; Bashk. a- 2; Kirgh. a- 1, 2; Kaz. as- 1, 2;
KKalp. as- 1; SUygh. as- 1; Khak. as- 1, 2; Shr. as- 1, 2; Oyr. a- 1, 2; Tv.
a- 1, 2; Yak. s- 1, 2; Dolg. s- to go by.
VEWT 30, 1, 212-214, EDT 255, Stachowski 41. The OT gerund aru having
crossed over, exceeded > very > Mong. asuru (Clark 1980, 42, 1997, 102-103).

PJpn. *asu steep bank, precipice ( , ): OJpn. asu

(azu).
EAS 108, 139, 1, 28, 1, 214, Poppe 96, KW 7, 8, VEWT
30, 1, 274, 291. Despite Doerfer MT 91, TM cannot be
explained as borrowed < Mong.
- knucklebone; foot: Tung. *(x)aj; Mong. *(h)alu; Turk. *(i)a()uk;
Jpn. *s.
PTung. *(x)aj knucklebone (, ): Evk. aj, ajkn; Sol.
ajx.
1, 23.
PMong. *(h)alu- 1 knucklebone 2 depression on the side of an anklebone (1 , 2 , ):
WMong. alu, aluai 2 (L 29); Kh. alc , ( (); Kalm. alc 1;
Ord. alaG .
KW 8. See also 1993. Mong. > Tat. alu etc. ( 1, 144-145); Manchu alu,
Neg. alxn etc. ( 1, 34; see Doerfer MT 115, Rozycki 15).

PTurk. *(i)a()uk 1 ankle joint, knucklebone 2 die (1 , 2 ): Karakh. auq 1 (MK); Tur. auq 2 (Osmanli), ak 1, 2; Az.
aG 2; Turkm. aq 2; Khal. uaq 2; MTurk. auq 1, bone of the elbow

*i - *i

293

(Abush.); Uzb. iq 2; Uygh. ouq 1, 2; Krm. aq 2; Tat. aq 2; Bashk. aq

2; Kirgh. aq 2; Kaz. asq 1, 2; KBalk. aq 1, 2; KKalp. asq 2; Kum. aq 2;
Nogh. asq 1, 2; Oyr. aq 2.
EDT 259, VEWT 30, 1, 216-217, TMN 2, 64-65, 288.
PJpn. *s foot (): OJpn. asi; MJpn. s, s; Tok. ash; Kyo. sh;
Kag. sh.
JLTT 385. OJ also has a variant a- in compounds (obviously a contraction).
Poppe 86, 95, TMN 2, 115, 275, 15, 288.
-i to know; to listen, hear: Tung. *ala-; Mong. *al-dar; Turk. *it-; Kor.
*r-.
PTung. *ala- 1 to tell 2 (caus.) to teach, explain 3 to offer as sacrifice
4 to be responsible 5 royal decree (1 , 2
3 4 5 ): Evk. alaw- 2; Neg. ala-- 3; Man. ala- 1; SMan. al- to tell, to
inform (1346); Jurch. alawa-gi (576) 5; Ul. ala- 2, 4; Ork. ala- 2; Nan.
al-s- 2; Orch. al- 1, alaw- 2; Ud. alau- 2.
1, 28. Cf. also Man. algi- to be glorified, algin fame - probably belonging
here and not (despite Doerfer MT 239) borrowed from Turk. *lk- (a quite different root,
see *plge); TM *al-du news, rumours, information ( 1, 31).

PMong. *al-dar fame, honour (, ): MMong. aldar (SH);

WMong. aldar (L 30); Kh. aldar; Bur. aldar; Kalm. aldr; Ord. aldar; Dag.
aldar,aldr (. . 120); aldart, aligin (MGCD), aledere news (MD).
KW 6, MGCD 102.
PTurk. *it- to hear (): OTurk. eid- (Orkh.), eit- (OUygh.);
Karakh. eit- (MK, KB); Tur. iit-; Gag. iit-; Az. eit-, pass. eidil-;
Turkm. eit-, pass. eidil-; Sal. iti-; Khal. it-; MTurk. eit- (Abush. 63);
Uzb. eit-; Uygh. eet- (Kashg., 109); Krm. it-; Tat. iet-; dial. (Mishar) i- hear ( 156), (Bar.) in- listen ( 140); Bashk. iet-;
Kirgh. eit-; Kaz. est-; KBalk. et-; KKalp. esit-; Kum. eit-; Nogh. esit-;
Khak. is- / ist-; Chuv. ilt-; Yak. ihit-, pass. ihilin-; Dolg. ihit-, pass. ihilin-.
VEWT 51, EDT 257-8, 1, 318-319, 69, Stachowski 123. Note -d- in
Runic and the voicing of -t before a vowel in Az. and Turkm. Khak. has two forms of
stem (is- and iste-, morphonologically distributed, so that is- < iste-; the same historical
process could have occurred with. Kr. -, Kach. e- (R 1, 905); so the only clear evidence for the stem *e- are Tatar dialectal reflexes (in which case -t may be a causative
suffix, see Bang 1925, Zajczkowski 1932). Shor este- to hear, estel- to be heard do not
belong here, being derived from *es > is mind, memory, like Mod. Uygh. ala- to hear <
a mind.

PKor. *r- to know (): MKor. r-; Mod. l-.

Nam 346, KED 1089.
EAS 140, 154, SKE 7 (Mong.-Kor.-Tung.), 282; closed *
in PT may be explained by a secondary narrowing in a disyllable *e-it> *-it- (cf. *er-kek > *r-kek etc.).

294

*i - *aV

-i sand: Tung. *al-; Mong. *ele-s; Turk. *Au; Jpn. *s-, *su.
PTung. *al- 1 dirt 2 to poach (in dirt) 3 bay, shore inlet (1 2
3 ): Evk. aldi- 2; Nan. alian 3 (On.); Ork.
alq 1.
1, 29, 31.
PMong. *ele-s sand (): MMong. elesun (HY pebble 3, SH);
WMong. eles(n) (L 308); Kh. els(en); Bur. elhe(n); Kalm. elsn; Ord. eles,
els, eles; Dag. eler (. . 139).
KW 120. Mong. > Evk. ellun, eldun stony place, Icelandic spar ( 2, 448).
PTurk. *Au red clay, ochre ( ): Karakh. au (MK);
Tur. a, dial. au, aur, Osmanli au; MTurk. a (AH 6).
VEWT 30, EDT 256, 376.
PJpn. *s-, *su 1 sand 2 sea shore, beach ( , ): OJpn. isa-gwo 1, iswo 2; MJpn. s-g 1, s 2; Tok. isago 1, so 2;
Kyo. s; Kag. so.
JLTT 427.
PJ *su < *s-gV; the roots similarity to *(d)isi stone is accidental
(no -i/-a alternation exists in Japanese).
-aV fresh crops, germinated seeds: Tung. *alu-; Mong. *(h)alir-su; Turk.
*(i)-.
PTung. *alu- 1 currants 2 a k. of berry () (1 2
()): Evk. alu 1; Neg. aloj 1; Ul. l 1; Ork. all 1; Orch. l
~ li 2.
1, 33.
PMong. *(h)alir-su 1 chaff 2 fresh grass 3 blue-berry 4 bilberry,
cranberry (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ): WMong. alisu 1 (KW 22), alir-su(n) 4
(L 32); Kh. alirs 3; Bur. alirhan 2, 3; Kalm. lsn. 1.
KW 22. Mong. > Evk. alersun, Man. alisun (Poppe 1966, 197, 1, 32, Rozycki 16).
PTurk. *(i)- 1 seed, cereals, crops; 2 graft, 3 vaccine, 4 pus (primarily - as a material for vaccinacion?) 5 tanning matter, 6 starch (1 ,
, 2 3 4 ( -
?) 5 6 ): Karakh. a-lq 1 (alq
tar nar crops spring) (MK; IM); Tur. a 2, 3; Gag. ha-la- to plant
out seedlings; to graft; to vaccinate; Az. a, a 3, 5; Turkm. a-Gar 5;
Sal. a-lq 1 ( 296); MTurk. ai 2 (Pav. C.), pollen (Zenker I 56);
Uzb. 5, -liq 1; Uygh. a-lq 1, a-la- to tan; Krm. a-lq 1, a-la- to
graft; Tat. a-lq 1, a 1, 4 dial. (Sib., 107), a-la- to starch; Bashk.
alq 1, ala- to graft, dial. a pus (hh III 26); Kirgh. a fruit of some
wild plants, berry, atq 1, aa- to tan; Kaz. astq 1; KBalk. a-lq 1,
a-g one of cereal cultures; Kum. a 1 (C. 73), a-la- to pollinate;
to tan; Nogh. as a grain, a seed, aslq 1; Khak. as 1, as-ta-n- to beware

*mbe - *ama

295

of a disease (to vaccinate oneself?); Shr. a 1; Oyr. a 1; Yak. as 4, as,

ahlk fruit of some wild plants, berry; Dolg. ahlk berry.
VEWT 30, 1, 211-212, 216, Stachowski 29. A lot of etymological confusion
here. Forms meaning to tan, tanning matter; starch may be either borrowed from Persian or, rather, derived from *(i)a meal (v. sub *oe), see 378. The latter root,
due to its phonetic similarity (or even identity) has in general influenced the present one:
cereals are influenced by porridge and *(i)a-la- to graft, to pollinate by *(i)a-la- to
fertilize ( = to feed). It seems nevertheless impossible to unite them completely.

A Western isogloss: outside the Western area cf. perhaps OJ azami

sow-thistle.
-mbe heavy, big: Tung. *amba-; Mong. *amban; Jpn. *m(p)-; Kor.
*m-.
PTung. *amba- 1 big 2 many 3 very (1 2 3 ):
Man. amba 1; SMan. am big, large(2398); Jurch. amban (amban-an) (668)
1, amban-lar (724) 2; Ul. amba(n) 1, 3; Ork. ambaram 3; Nan. amba(n) 1;
Orch. amba 3.
1, 36-37. The relation of Neg. amban, Oroch, Ud. amba, Ul., Orok amba(n), Nan.
amb evil spirit is not quite clear.

PMong. *amban big, large, heavy; minister, official (, ): WMong. amban (L 36); Kh. amban; Bur. amba; Kalm. ambn;
Mongr. amba dignitaire, lgat, ambassadeur (SM 6).
PJpn. *m(p)- heavy (): OJpn. om(w)o-; MJpn. m-; Tok.
mo-; Kyo. m-; Kag. mo-.
JLTT 838.
PKor. *m- heavy (): MKor. m-kp- (m-kw-); Mod. mugp(mugw-).
Nam 225, KED 652.
Martin 233, 103, 277. Kor. has lost the initial vowel, as
in many other cases (*m- < *m-). Rozycki 17 supposes Man. > Mong.
which is not excluded.
-ama plough: Tung. *ana; Mong. *ani-sun; Turk. *ama; Jpn. *anti.
PTung. *ana plough (, ): Man. ana; Ul. ana; Nan. ana.
1, 43.
PMong. *ani-sun plough (): MMong. anasun (HY 19);
WMong. anisu(n) (L 47); Kh. anis; Bur. anzaha(n); Kalm. ndsn, ntsn,
nsn, andsx, ancsn, ancn; Ord. andus, anasu, anusu, anus; Dong.
anasun (. .), nas; Bao. aniso (. .), anasun.
KW 10, 11, 23, MGCD 113. Forms with -d- in some dialects are probably due to dissimilation with -su(n). Mong. > Sol. anas.

PTurk. *ama plough (): Karakh. ama (MK); Tur. Osm. ama;
Turkm. oma; MTurk. ama (Sangl.); Uzb. m; Uygh. ama; Kirgh. ama.
EDT 156, TMN 2, 124. Turk. > Pers. m (see Horn 11 on the lack of Iranian etymology of the Persian word; the derivation in Bailey 326: m < *mta is hardly credi-

296

*mo - *mo

ble), despite Molnr 2001 (suggesting a different direction); but Chag. (Sangl.) ama is
certainly a backloan < Persian. The word is also present in Armen. ma plough handle,
where it is most probably < Iranian.

PJpn. *anti a good plough ( ): OJpn. adi-sukji.

Ozawa 312-313, 1, 43. An interesting common Altaic cultural
term. The TM forms could be < Mong. (see Rozycki 19), but the absence
of -su(n) (universally present in the Mong. form) suggests rather their
genuine nature.
-mo mouth; taste (*amo-ta, *amo-sa): Tung. *ama, *amta-; Mong. *ama-,
*amsa-, *amta; Turk. *um-, *um-sa-; Jpn. *m-, *nt; Kor. *ms.
PTung. *ama, *amta- 1 mouth 2 to taste (1 2
): Evk. ama 1, amta- 2; Evn. am 1, amt- 2; Neg. ama 1, amta- 2;
Man. aga 1; SMan. a 1 (27), aa 1; Jurch. am-a (494) 1; Ul. ama 1;
Ork. ama / ama 1; Nan. amGa 1; Orch. amma 1; Ud. ama 1; Sol. amma,
angai 1.
See 1, 38-39. PTM *amta- to taste is hardly borrowed from Mong., since
Mong. amta(n) is used only as a noun; however, forms like Evk. amta etc. taste, as well as
-la-derivatives (Evn. amtl-, Nan. amtala- etc.) are most probably < Mong., see Doerfer MT
19. For PTM *ama mouth borrowing is excluded. The stem *ama within TM tends to
contaminate with *aa hole (v. sub *a), which is obviously a secondary development.

PMong. *ama-, *amsa-, *amta 1 mouth 2 to taste 3 taste (1 2

3 ): MMong. aman (HY 45, SH), aman (IM 432),
aman (MA 99) 1, amsa- (HY 25), amsa- (MA 101) 2, amtan (HY 25) 3, amtatai (SH), oma (IM 432) sweet, amta (MA 101) 3; WMong. ama(n) 1
(L 35), amsa- 2 (L 39), amta(n) 3 (L 39); Kh. am 1, amsa- 2, amt(an) 3; Bur.
aman 1, amha- 2, amta(n) 3; Kalm. amn 1, amsa- 2, amtn 3, am-la- to spell,
to speak; Ord. ama 1, amsa- 2, amta 3; Mog. aman, amun 1, amsa 2, amta 3
(Ramstedt 1906); ZM mn (1-7a) 1; Dag. ama 1 (MGCD am), anta- 2,
anta 3 (. . 120, 121) (MGCD: ant), ame 1, amete tasty (MD 114);
Dong. ama 1 (MGCD: aman), amusa- 2, anda-tu tasty (. . 110);
Bao. ama (. . 133) 1, amtg 3 (MGCD); S.-Yugh. aman 1, amsa- 2,
amtan 3; Mongr. ama 1 (SM 5), amusa- 2 (SM 7), MGCD amsa-), amata-,
amuta 3 (SM 6, 7), amta 3 (MGCD).
Cf. also Mong. *amasar cavity, hole. . . 314, . 112, KW 9, 10,
MGCD 105, 109; TMN 1, 148, 149., Bur. amhagar . Mong. amtan > Yak., Dolg.
amtan (Ka. MEJ 41, Stachowski 33).

PTurk. *um-, *um-sa- 1 to hope for 2 to envy 3 an object of hope,

desire; hope (1 2 3 , ;
): OTurk. umu 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. um- 1, umdu 3 (MK, KB),
umdu- beggar (MK); Tur. um- 1, umsan- 1, umu 3; Gag. um- 1,; Az.
um- 1, umsun- to be disappointed, umaaG 3; Turkm. mtl- to wait for
food; MTurk. um-un 3 (Pav C.); Uzb. um- 1 (dial. Khorazm.), umsunto experience a flow of milk in ones breast and a desire to feed a

*m - *m

297

baby; Krm. um- 1, umsun- 1; Tat. omt-l- 1; Kirgh. umu- 1, umsun- 1, umtul- to strive; Kaz. umt- to dart, lunge; KKalp. umt-, mtl- to strive;
Nogh. mt- to dart, lunge; Khak. umzan- 1 (.); Oyr. umzan- to go
in a direction, umza- to make smb. to go in a direction; Chuv. mza2; Yak. umsu-gu-j- to become keen on, addicted, umnaht (*umdat)
beggar.
EDT 155-156, 157, 158; VEWT 513, 1, 595-596. Some derivatives tend to
merge with Pers. umd hope (whence certainly Turkm. umt, Gag., Karaim, Kum. umut
id.) Not quite clear is the relation of this root to the verb nt- to yearn, Chuv. nD( I 653-654).

PJpn. *m-, *nt 1 taste 2 tasty, sweet (1 2 , ): OJpn. adi 1, ama- 2; MJpn. d 1, m- 2; Tok. ji 1, ma- 2; Kyo. j
1, m- 2; Kag. ji 1, ma- 2.
JLTT 389, 825.
PKor. *ms taste (): MKor. ms; Mod. mat [mas], mt [ms].
Nam 203, KED 588, 614.
EAS 116, 140, Poppe 68, 1972a, 73-77, Martin 248,
46-47, 70, 291, Rozycki 18. A common Altaic root with old
derivatives meaning taste: *mo-sa- > Turk. *umsa-, Mong. *amsa-, Kor.
*ms; *mo-ta > Mong. *amta, TM *amta-, Jpn. *nt. The deriving root
itself, with its basic meaning mouth, could probably also designate to
taste in predicative function (cf. the suffixless Jpn. *m- tasty, sweet
and PT *um- (*to taste, have a taste for > to hope). Despite Doerfer
MT 19, TM *ama mouth cannot have anything in common with
Mong. *haga crack, hole (on this form see sub *a and *pei).
-m river, valley: Tung. *mu-; Mong. *ama-n; Jpn. *m; Kor. *omi.
PTung. *mu- 1 lake 2 river (1 2 ): Evk. mut 1; Evn.
amar, mr 2; Neg. amt 1; Man. omo 1; SMan. om 1 (2082); Jurch. omo
(45) 1; Nan. amo 1; Orch. amu 1; Ud. amuli name of a river (.
207); Sol. ami 1, amur 2.
1, 40. Man. > Oroch, Ul. omo, Orok om id.
PMong. *ama-n valley (, ): MMong. ama-sar mountain
fold (SH); WMong. ama(n); Kh. am(an); Kalm. amn; Ord. ama(n).
KW 9. Should be distinguished from *ama-n mouth.
PJpn. *m sea (): OJpn. umji; MJpn. m; Tok. mi; Kyo. m;
Kag. um.
JLTT 562.
PKor. *omi land sink, pool ( ( ), ):
Mod. omi.
KED 1200.
Cf. Amu-Darya in Turk.; Oyr. Umar big river (Ob).?

298

*mV - *mV

-mV quick, timely: Tung. *am-; Mong. *(h)am-; Turk. *(i)am-; Kor. *m.
PTung. *am- 1 quick, quickly 2 to be in time, to catch up 3 to reach,
touch (1 , 2 , 3 , ): Evk. ama, ama-kn 1, amin-, ami-ltn-; Evn. mrq 1, mltn- 2;
Man. am-bu-, am-a- 3; SMan. am- 2; Nan. am-qa-- 3 Bik.; Sol. amar 1.
1, 34, 37, 38. TM > Dag. amilta- to be in time, catch (. . 120).
PMong. *(h)am- 1 sudden, quick 2 to be on time (1 , 2 ): WMong. ama-ai 1, am-i- 2 (L 41); Kh. ami- 2;
Bur. ama- 2, amalta 3; Kalm. am 1,; Ord. ami- 2.
KW 9.
PTurk. *(i)am- 1 now 2 recent (1 2 ): OTurk. am-t 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. am-d 1 (MK, KB); SUygh. am-o, am-d-ko 2
( 15); Khak. am 1, am-d-, am- 2; Shr. am, amd 1, amd 2, am-oq
at once; Tv. am 1, am 2, amd (< amd) the same; Tof. am, amd ,
am 2; Yak. an ( < *am-d) 1; Dolg. an 1.
VEWT 18, 41, EDT 156-157, I 357, Stachowski 34, 83 (with some
confusion of *am- and *em- q.v. sub *m).

PKor. *m surely, certainly (, ): Mod. m.

KED 1093.
AKE 6, EAS 117.
-mV to be quiet; sleep: Tung. *m-; Mong. *amu-, *ami-; Turk. *m-.
PTung. *m- 1 to sleep 2 to be sleepy (1 2 ): Evk.
me- 2; Evn. mol- 2; Neg. ma- 2; Man. amga- / amxa- 1; SMan. amh- 1
(528); Ul. amas- 2; Ork. ma- 2; Nan. malo-, mas- 2; Orch. ma-si- 2;
Ud. amahi 2.
1, 1-2.
PMong. *amu-, *ami- 1 to rest 2 peace, rest 3 to be / become quiet 4
life, soul (1 , 2 , 3 4
, ): MMong. amin (HY 49) 4, amuxula peace (HY 55), amu1, amura- 3, ami-du alive, amor (IM 432), amu- 1, amur 2, amin 4, ami-du
alive, hamisqu breath (MA 100, 102), amur 1, ami(n) 4, amu- 1, amur-li3 (SH); WMong. amu-, amura-, amara- 1, amur 2 (L 36, 40); Kh. amar,
amgal (<*amu-gal) 2; easy, a (amin) 4, amra- 1, asga- to breathe; Bur.
amar 2, amar- 1, amgalan(g) peaceful, ami(n) 4, breath, amisxa- to
breathe; Kalm. amr, aml 2, amr- 1, mn 4, ms- to breathe; Ord.
am, amur, amla, amula 2, amara- 1, ami 4, amus ge- 3, amisa- to
breathe; Mog. amdun lebendig (Ramstedt 1906); ZM amdui alive;
Dag. amar(a)- 1, 3, amal, aml 2, ami 4, amisa- (MD 6, .
. 120); Dong. hamura- 1, amin 4 (. . 110, 139); Bao. hamera- 1
(. . 150) (MGCD: hamr-); S.-Yugh. amura- 1 (MGCD amra-), amar
2; Mongr. xamur- (SM 154), xambur- 1, ami (SM 6) 4, amuraG ami, qui
saccorde bien (SM 6).

*nda - *nda

299

KW 9, 22, . . 314, 373, MGCD 106, 109, 110. Mong. > Tuva ami life etc., Sol.
ami, Man. ami-la-, see Doerfer MT 136; > Shor etc. abr (R), Tuba, Nogh. awr peace, quietness - see I 59; > Evk. amur-, Man. amuran, see Doerfer MT 99.
PTurk. *m- 1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4
beloved 5 to be quiet (1 , 2 , 3
4 , 5 ): OTurk. amul,
aml 1, amraq 4, amr-, amran- 2, amrl- 5 (OUygh.); Karakh. amul 1, amraq
4, amrt- to calm, amrl- 5 (MK, KB); Tur. ml, umul 1 (dial.); Khal. havul
good (?); MTurk. mra 4; Uygh. amraq 4; Kirgh. amz honour; KBalk.
amr desire; Kum. amraq disposition, aptitude; SUygh. amr 1, amra5; Khak. amr 1, amra- 5; Oyr. amr 1, amra- 5; Tv. amr 1, amra- 2,
amraq 3; Chuv. mr quiet and grey (weather); Yak. amarax, amrax
compassionate; Dolg. amarak compassionate.
EDT 160-161, 162-163, 164, VEWT 19, 1, 59-60 (confused with abra- to save <
Mong.), Stachowski 33, TMN 2, 125, 1, 82. Turk. > MMong. amra sweetheart,
amura friend (IM), amraq bol- to fall in love (MA), amara- sich lieben, amarah Liebe
(SH), Mongr. amura friend (. . 314) etc.; but modern Kypchak and Siberian
forms may be reborrowed < Mong.

KW 9, VEWT 19, 1,2-3, 292, 13, Rozycki 17.

A Western isogloss. The root presents considerable difficulties because
of widespread later interlingual borrowings (see TMN 2, 125,
1997, 97-98). A specific problem is raised by initial h- in some Southern
Mongolian forms (Dong. hamura-, Bao. hamera-, Mongor xamur- to
rest). The aspiration here is evidently secondary, because it is absent
both in Dagur and in most attested Middle Mongolian sources (but cf.
MA hamisqu). It is, therefore, probable that these forms are in fact borrowed from modern Turkic dialects with secondary aspiration (cf. h- in
Khalaj). This would be indeed an argument in favour of the whole
*amura- group of words in Mong. to be regarded as borrowed from
Turkic (although later reborrowings into modern Turkic languages
were, of course, also possible). However, significant semantic and formal differences do not allow us to regard as borrowed, on the one
hand, the Turkic forms going back to attested Old Uyghur (e.g. amrto love), on the other hand, Mong. ami-n life, soul and amu- to rest.
-nda to do wrong; to accuse, tease: Tung. *(x)an(d)u-; Mong. *anda-;
Turk. *t-a-; Jpn. *n-.
PTung. *(x)an(d)u- 1 to accuse 2 to tease (1 2 ,
): Evk. an- 1; Neg. anut- 2.
1, 44.
PMong. *anda- to err, mistake (): MMong. anduri- (SH)
to be upset, alarmed; WMong. anda-, andu- (L 42, 43), andau-; Kh.
anda-; Bur. anda-; Kalm. and-; Ord. and-.
KW 10, . 113.

300

*ni - *ni

PTurk. *t-a- to be mistaken, to err (, ):

Turkm. da- (-); MTurk. ada-; Uygh. ada-; Krm. ada-; Tat. ada-;
Bashk. aa-; Kirgh. ada-; Kaz. adas-; KKalp. adas-; Kum. ada-; Nogh.
adas-.
VEWT 5. Strange reflexes of the medial consonant (voicing in Kypchak, in
Bashk.) may somehow reflect the original cluster resonant + stop.

PJpn. *n- to despise, tease (, ): OJpn.

ana-tur-; MJpn. n-tur-; Tok. anador-.
JLTT 676.
A different etymology of the Jpn. form (see 18, 81 and
*enu) seems less probable because of an obvious parallelism between
the Jpn. and TM forms.
-ni very: Tung. *ana-; Mong. *a-ka; Turk. *e; Kor. *.
PTung. *ana- very (): Nan. anam; Orch. ana, an, anu.
1, 41.
PMong. *a-ka 1 original 2 very, extremely (1 , -;
2 , ): MMong. aqa (SH) 2, anqani quina quite behind(MA 103); WMong. aqa(n) (L 45); Kh. anx(an) 1; Bur. anxa(n) 1;
Kalm. axn 1; Ord. axan 1; Dag. ake 1 (MD 115); Mongr. a 1 (SM 9).
KW 11-12. Mong. > Kirgh. aq- be first.
PTurk. *e very (): OTurk. e (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. e
(KB); Tur. en; Gag. he; Az. n; Turkm. i; Uzb. e; Uygh. ; Krm. ek;
Tat. i; Bashk. i; Kirgh. e; Kaz. e; KBalk. e; KKalp. e; Nogh. e;
SUygh. je; Khak. i, dial. ni; Shr. e; Oyr. e; Tv. e; Yak. ein diverse,
various; Dolg. ein-ein diverse.
VEWT 45, EDT 166, 1, 365-366, Stachowski 43. Turk. > Mong. e, see TMN 2,
130.

PKor. * beginning, first, preliminary (, , ): MKor. ; Mod. -bl.

Nam 339, KED 1102.
SKE 5, EAS 119. Turkic and Mongolian reflect a suffixed form
*ni-kV, with assimilation *-n- > *-- (and further reduction in Turkic).
-ni not, negative verb: Tung. *(n)-; Turk. *en; Jpn. *n-, *-(a)n-, *n;
Kor. *n-.
PTung. *(n)- not (, ): Evk. in; Evn. n, ; Neg. in; Man.
aqu; SMan. aqu (3017); Jurch. a-wi (705); Ul. ana; Ork. ana; Nan. an;
Orch. ana; Ud. ani; Sol. a.
All forms listed must go back to a common negative stem *n-. See 1, 41, 60.
PTurk. *en not (prohibitive particle) ( ( )): Chuv. an.
26-27, 1, 43-45. An isolated Chuv. form, but probably archaic (cf.
the external evidence). Cf. also Karakh. (MK Oghuz) a an exclamation meaning no

*ni - *ni

301

(see EDT 165) - but it is a hapax, occurs only within a reduplication a a, does not regularly correspond to Chuv. an and may be just onomatopoeic.

PJpn. *n-, *-(a)n-, *n 1 not (verbal negation) 2 lacking,

non-existent 3 not, negation 4 to negate, dismiss (1 ( ) 2 , , 3 ,
4 , ): OJpn. -(a)n- 1, na- 2, ina 3, ina-b- 4; MJpn.
-(a)n- 1, na- 2, n 3, n-b- 4; Tok. n- 2, -na- 1, na 3, inam- 4; Kyo. n-;
Kag. n-.
JLTT 424, 697, 835. *-(a)n- is a verbal negation, probably reflecting the original first
vowel of the root *an- (preserved because of the loss of final -i in an auxiliary verbal
morpheme). *n is a regular reflex of *ni, while the adjective *n- lacking, non-existent
reveals a secondary loss of initial vowel.

PKor. *n- not (): MKor. n()-; Mod. an(i)-.

Nam 334, KED 1068.
95-96, 277, Vovin 1997, 3. Basically an Eastern isogloss,
with a Western remnant in Chuvash. Cf. also MKor. hjt- (-r-) not to
like (cf. TM *n-i-). Korean has a usual verbal low tone.
-ni to hold, present: Tung. *an-; Mong. *anu; Turk. *n; Kor. *n-.
PTung. *an- to present a gift (, ): Evk. an-; Evn.
an-; Ulch. ajban ( < *ani-pan) 'gift'.
1, 21, 43.
PMong. *anu fine (): MMong. anu, amu (SH); WMong.
anu (L 47); Kh. an; Bur. anza dowry; Kalm. anz; Mongr. nar cadeaux
quon donne loccasion des funerailles tous ceux qui y assistent
(SM 267).
KW 11.
PTurk. *n 1 fief, land and vassals presented by the ruler 2 gift,
dowry (1 , , 2
, ): OTurk. in (/anu) 1 (OUygh.); Turkm. ni 2;
MTurk. en 1 (Abush. 82); Uzb. inu 1; Uygh. ni 1 (dial.); Tat. ine 2;
Bashk. inse 2; Kirgh. eni 1, 2; Kaz. eni 2; KBalk. eni own; KKalp. eni
2; Kum. eni-li own; Khak. ini 2; Oyr. eni 1, 2; Yak. enie 2.
VEWT 44, EDT 173, 1, 361-362, 347-348, 1997. Turk. >
MMong. en, WMong. ine, Kalm. in (KW 208, 296). Mong. ine dowry may be in fact
a word of different (Chinese) origin, see Haenisch 82, TMN 2, 224, EDT ibid., and modern
Turkic forms may reflect a confusion of the original form and the later mongolism.

PKor. *n- to hold in the arms ( ): MKor. n-; Mod.

n-.
Nam 345, KED 1083.
SKE 11, 15.

302

*nta - *e(-V)

-nta oath; comrade, match: Tung. *anda; Mong. *anda; Turk. *nt; Jpn.
*nta.
PTung. *anda friend (): Evk. anda; Neg. anda; Man. anda; Jurch.
al-da-xaj (330) cf. *alda (1-31), an-dan-do (816) to follow; Ul. anda; Ork.
anda; Nan. anda; Orch. anda; Ud. anda.
1, 42-43. TM (Nan. andaa etc.) > Dag. antaka (. . 121).
PMong. *anda 1 friend 2 oath (1 2 ): MMong. anda 1 ,
andaqar 2 (SH), ando- (IM 432) to make an oath, and 1, andaar 2 (MA
102); WMong. anda 1, andaar, andaai 2 (L 42); Kh. and 1, andgaj 2; Bur.
anda 1; Kalm. and, andn 1, andr 2; Ord. anda 1; Mog. ZM anda
(24-9b) 2; Dag. ande 1 (MD 115); Dong. andaa(n) 2; Bao. andrG 2;
S.-Yugh. andaGar 2; Mongr. ndaGa (SM 261) 2, (MGCD amdaGa).
KW 10, MGCD 106, 624, TMN 1, 151-152.
PTurk. *nt oath (): OTurk. ant (OUygh.); Karakh. and (MK);
Tur. ant (and); Az. and; Turkm. ant; Khal. a:nd; MTurk. ant; Uzb. nt;
Uygh. ant; Krm. ant; Tat. ant; Bashk. ant; Kirgh. ant; Kaz. ant; KBalk. ant;
KKalp. ant; Kum. ant; Nogh. ant; Oyr. ant-q- to take an oath.
EDT 176, VEWT 20, TMN 2, 128, 1, 151. Original vowel length is proved by
Turk., Az. -d.

PJpn. *nta 1 enemy 2 other (1 2 ): OJpn. ata 1, ata-si 2;

MJpn. t 1, t-s, ada-si 2; Tok. ad 1; Kyo. d 1; Kag. d 1.
Modern dialects point to *nt; RJ has t. See JLTT 376-377.
EAS 153, KW 10, 318, Poppe 83, VEWT, . Despite TMN 2, 128, 1997, 98, there is no reason to suppose Turk.
> Mong.; for TM, however, a borrowing from Mong. cannot be e xcluded (see Poppe 1972, 100, TMN 1, 152, Doerfer MT 37, Rozycki 18).
-anta hill, slope: Tung. *antaga; Jpn. *antuma; Kor. *ntk(h).
PTung. *antaga slope of a mountain ( ): Evk. antaa; Evn.
ant; Neg. antaa; Man. antu; Nan. antaa; Ud. anta.
1,44.
PJpn. *antuma East (): OJpn. aduma.
JLTT 389.
PKor. *ntk(h) hill (): MKor. nthk; Mod. ndk.
Nam 366, KED 1139.
An Eastern isogloss: in Turk. cf. perhaps, Turkm. aat sandhill,
mound.
-e(-V) to be quiet, sit: Tung. *i-; Mong. *eje, *en-; Turk. *En; Jpn.
*nt-; Kor. *n-.
PTung. *i- 1 to enjoy 2 feast (1 2 ): Evn. 1; Nan. a 2 (.).
1, 45.

*u - *u

303

PMong. *eje, *e-ke peace, quietness (, ): MMong. eje,

eke (SH, HYt); WMong. eje (L 304); Kh. eje, enx; Bur. eje, enxe; Kalm. ej,
ek; Ord. je, ee.
KW 118, 123. Mong. > Yak. eje, Dolg. eje- (see Ka. MEJ 50, Stachowski 44).
PTurk. *En tranquil, at peace (, ): OTurk. en;
ensire- to be uneasy (OUygh.); Karakh. en (MK, KB), enr-n- to live
in peace (KB); Tat. in peace (dial., Bar., 139) dial.; SUygh.
inek-t quiet ( 32); Oyr. en 1, enik- to get accustomed, enik
habit, eni-le- to soothe.
EDT 171-172, 173, 174, VEWT 172, 43.
PJpn. *nt- quiet, peaceful (, , ): OJpn.
oda-pji-si; MJpn. dfk, oda-si; Tok. odya-ka; Kyo. dyk; Kag. odayak.
JLTT 504, 838.
PKor. *n- to sit (): MKor. n-; Mod. an-.
Nam 346, KED 1088.
297. Korean has a verbal low tone. Deriving Kor. anfrom Sino-Korean an (SKE 11) should of course be rejected. The Turk.,
Kor. and Jpn. forms reflect a derivative with *-V; Mong. eke <
*e-kV.
-u moon; (moon cycle), year: Tung. *aa; Mong. *oj; Turk. *.
PTung. *aa year (): Evk. anan; Evn. ann; Neg. aan; Man.
aa; SMan. ani (2723); Jurch. ania (79); Ul. aa(n); Ork. ana; Nan.
ajaa, ajan; Orch. anai; Ud. aa(n); Sol. a, aa.
1, 43-44. TM > Dag. a (sar) January (. . 121).
PMong. *oj 1 anniversary 2 year (1 2 ): MMong. oin
time (IM = MA 443); WMong. oi 1 (L 603); Kh. oj 1; Bur. oj 1; Kalm. 2;
Ord. on 1, 2.
KW 303.
PTurk. *(k) moon, month (, ): OTurk. aj (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. aj (MK, KB); Tur. aj; Gag. aj; Az. aj; Turkm. j; Sal. aj;
Khal. hj; MTurk. aj; a (CCum.); Uzb. j; Uygh. aj; Krm. aj; Tat. aj;
Bashk. aj; Kirgh. aj; Kaz. aj; KBalk. aj; KKalp. aj; Kum. aj; Nogh. aj;
SUygh. aj; Khak. aj; Shr. aj; Oyr. aj; Tv. aj; Tof. a; Chuv. ojx; Yak. j;
Dolg. j month.
VEWT 10, TMN 2, 169, EDT 265, 1, 98-99 (see there on the reasons of reconstructing *-), . 178, 2, 271, 55, 76-77, Stachowski 258.

283, 11, . 70, 77. A Western isogloss.

304

*a - *atV

-a hole, crack, gape: Tung. *aa-; Mong. *a, *aga-; Turk. *a-; Jpn.
*n.
PTung. *aa- 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open (1 2 , 3
): Evk. aa- 1, aa-/ - 3, aa 2; Evn. a- 1, a- 3; Neg. aa1, 3, aa 2; Ul. aGala 2; Ork. Ga- 1.
1, 45-46.
PMong. *a, *aga- 1 crack, hole, gape 2 to open ones mouth; to
gape (, , 2 ; , ): WMong. aga- 2, (L 43) a 1, aai- be wide open; Kh. a 1, agai2; Bur. ag(an) 1; Kalm. a, ag 1; Ord. a 1; Dag. xangai- 2 (. .
173) (but . . 121, MGCD: ag, angai); Dong. anGi- 2; Bao. aGi2; S.-Yugh. a- 2; Mongr. Gai (SM 9, aG-) 2.
KW 11, MGCD 111, 528. Mong. > Yak. aa-, Kirgh. aqaj- etc. (KW 21). The isolated
Dag. xangai- with x- is strange; it may reflect a trace of another root (cf. PA *pi) that
disappeared in most dialects.

PTurk. *a- 1 to be wide open 2 to be perplexed, astonished 3 wide

open 4 fool, simpleton 5 obtuse, stupid 6 astonished 7 to have ones
mouth opened 8 to be drowsy, faint 9 to look at with surprise 10 to
gape (1 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 8 , 9 10 ): Karakh. al auq 3 (MK); Tur. (dial.) anuk, az 4; Turkm. aal- 2,
aqar- 2, 7; MTurk. (MKypch.) an 6 (AH); Uzb. araj- 2, 7; Tat.
a-mige bul- 3; (dial.) al 5; Kirgh. aqaj-, aar- 1, 9 (< Mong.?), aq
4, ar- 2, araj- 10; Kaz. atar-, ar- 2, aqaw 4; KKalp. aqaw 4; Nogh.
aq-tike daffy, ara 4, aaj- 7; Khak. aaj- to miss, amaj- 2, 7, amax
standing with ones mouth open; Tv. aada- 2; Yak. aar- 8.
EDT 184, 1, 155, 156-157.
PJpn. *n hole (): OJpn. ana; MJpn. n; Tok. an; Kyo. n;
Kag. an.
The Kyoto accent is irregular (n would be expected. JLTT 381.
Poppe 72, 81. Mong. *aga- < *aa-ga-.
-atV a k. of duck: Tung. *andi; Mong. *agir; Turk. *(k)t; Jpn.
*anti.
PTung. *andi scoter, a k. of duck (, -): Evk. anni,
andi, ende; Neg. an; Nan. ni, gi (On.) diver.
1, 43; 2, 453.
PMong. *agir scoter (): MMong. agir (SH); WMong. air
(L 44-45: a k. of yellow duck); Kh. angir; Bur. angir; Kalm. gr; Ord.
?agir yellow.
KW 23. Mong. > Evk. air etc., see Doerfer MT 68; > Yak. ar , Oyr. ar
, Tuva agr, Kirgh. aar etc. (despite TMN 2, 129 those forms cannot go back
to *agrt and must be recognized as borrowings). It is also interesting to note WMong.

*o - *o

305

air, Khalkha air teal, Anas crecca (L 62), possibly < *adir < *adir, with a different (old
dialectal?) development of the medial cluster.

PTurk. *(k)t wild duck ( ): OTurk. at (OUygh.);

Karakh. at (MK); Tur. angut , ankt (dial.); Az. anGut-boGaz
; Turkm. ak red duck; MTurk. anqud (Sngl); Uzb.
anirt red duck; Krm. anqt, ankit ostrich, vulture, dragon; Kum.
haqut; SUygh. at; Khak. t.
VEWT 21, 172. Doerfers (TMN 2, 129) PT *agrt is a quite artificial construct: it is based on occasional modern forms (like Uzb. airt) which reflect a contamination of *at and the borrowed Mong. ar (with the influence of agrt careless). All
old sources (see EDT 176) reflect only *at. (Yak. ntla (.),
despite VEWT, < Evk. niltalbuki a black duck with white head, from nilta- to loose hair,
lit. bald bird I 593; ann, and < TM *andi; ana, anarjar dial. a k. of sea bird,
( 48) < Mong. agir).

PJpn. *anti a k. of duck ( ): OJpn. adi.

71, 172. Cf. also Mong. agat () ( < Turk.); but for *agir borrowing is hardly possible, despite TMN
2, 130, 1997, 192. Mong. -r here requires an explanation: it is
most probably a result of reinterpreting the original *agid as a plural
form and rebuilding a new singular *agir (cf. *nkr - *nkd etc.). The
word is widely spread in Siberian languages, see 70.
-o right: Tung. *(gi)-; Mong. *ege-; Turk. *o.
PTung. *(gi)- right (): Evk. an, ; Evn. ng; Neg.
a-d; Ul. an; Ork. ; Nan. ga; Orch. ; Ud. ajaaa; Sol. angida. 1, 40-41.
PMong. *ege- 1 South 2 front (of cloth) (1 2 ()):
WMong. eger 1, 2 (L 318); Kh. enger 1, 2; Bur. enger 2; Kalm. eg, egr
shore; Ord. enger 2; Dag. enge 2; ege-le- , ;
Dong. engie 2; Bao. gr 2; Mongr. ge (SM 293) 2.
MGCD 263, KW 122.
PTurk. *o 1 right 2 good, lucky 3 West (1 2 , 3 ): OTurk. o 1, 2, 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. o 1, 2
(MK, KB); Tur. on 1, 2 (dial.); Turkm. o 2; MTurk. o 1 (Abush.); Uzb.
1, 2; Uygh. o 1; Krm. o 1, 2; Tat. u 1, 2; Bashk. u 1, 2; Kirgh. o 1,
2; Kaz. o 1; KBalk. o 1, 2; KKalp. o 1, 2; Kum. o 1, 2; Nogh. o 1, 2;
SUygh. o 1; Khak. o 1, 2; Shr. o 1, 2; Oyr. o 1, 2; Tv. o 1; Chuv. n4; Yak. ua 1, southern; uuor on the other bank; oor- to do, make;
Dolg. ouor on the other bank; oor- to do, make.
EDT 166-167, 168-169, VEWT 352, 1, 456-460, TMN 2, 165-166, Stachowski
195, 243. also adds the verb o- to prosper; but, according to EDT, in OT this verb
has the shape on-, while the form o- appears later (in Middle Kypchak and Old Osman
texts, as well as in a number of modern languages), probably as a result of contamination.

1, 459. A Western isogloss.

*at - *u

306

-at a k. of fragrant plant: Tung. *(x)an(d)ikta; Mong. *(h)aVrgana;

Turk. *Adu; Jpn. *nts.
PTung. *(x)an(d)ikta mint; name of a geranium-like plant (;
. ( )): Evk. an, anikta; Neg.
ankta willow-herb; Orch. anikta.
1, 43.
PMong. *(h)aVrgana geranium (): WMong. aarana (L 61);
Kh. aargan; Bur. azargana; Kalm. arhn ().
PTurk. *Adu 1 a medicinal shrub, elecampane 2 cypress, juniper 3
shrub, bush (1 , 2 ,
3 ): Karakh. aduz 1 (MK); Tur. andz 3; Gag.
andz 3; Turkm. andz ; aza a k. of mountain plant; MTurk. anduz 1 (Sngl); Tat. andz 2; Bashk. and 2; Kirgh.
qar-andz, qarndiz, antz (South dial.) 2; Kaz. andz, and ; KBalk.
andz 2; Nogh. andz 2.
VEWT 21, EDT 178, 1, 150-151.
PJpn. *nts Catalpa ovata (): OJpn. adusa; MJpn. ds;
Tok. azusa.
JLTT 389.
Name of a fragrant grass, probably geranium-like. One should
also note Mong. inada (Khalkha janagd) willow-herb - looking suspiciously close to some TM forms (a loan from TM?).
-u wild game: Tung. *aa-; Mong. *(h)ouna; Turk. *.
PTung. *aa- 1 wild game 2 mountain ram 3 to graze (of deer) 4 enclosure for deer (1 , 2 3 (
) 4 ): Evk. aa 1, ana (dial.) 2, aa- 3, aan 4;
Evn. an 2, a- 3; Neg. aa- 3; Ork. a- 3.
1, 42, 45-46.
PMong. *(h)ounu male mountain antelope ( ): WMong. ounu, onu (L 603); Kh. no; Bur. no; Kalm. n; Ord.
o.
KW 292. Mong. > Manchu onon the male zeren (see Rozycki 168).
PTurk. * wild game ( ): OTurk. a (OUygh.); Karakh.
a-d- to hunt, a hunter (MK); Turkm. ata- to chase; MTurk. a;
Uzb. a hunting (dial.); Uygh. a; Krm. a; Tat. a elk, dear (dial.);
Bashk. ad- to track, waylay; Kirgh. a; Kaz. a; KKalp. a; Nogh. a;
Khak. a; Shr. a sable; Oyr. a; Tv. a; Yak. fence for wild reindeer.
152, 417, EDT 166. Shor an, Khak. an net for catching sables is a
contamination of this root and *ag net. Turk. > Mong. a id., see Clark 1977, 128-129.

A Western isogloss.

*aV - *pi

307

-aV separate, different: Tung. *aa-; Mong. *agi-.

PTung. *aa- 1 foreigner 2 orphan (1 2 ): Evk.
anak 1, aaakn 2; Evn. aa 2; Neg. anax 1, aaaxn 2; Man. anaqu
(uj) 2; Ul. aaa, aa 2; Ork. aada 2; Nan. an 1, aGa 2; Orch.
anaii 1, aaa 2; Ud. anaxi 1, aaa 2; Sol. aa 2.
1, 46. TM > Dag. anik (. . 121).
PMong. *agi- 1 apart, separately 2 class, group (1 , 2 , ): MMong. agida 1 (SH), agida outer (HYt),
angda 1 (LH); WMong. agida 1, agi 2 (L 44); Kh. angid 1, angi 2; Bur.
angil- to be separated, agi 2; Kalm. gi 2; Ord. agi piece, part 2;
Dag. ag(i) 2.
KW 23.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-pi to enjoy, rest: Tung. *(b)-; Mong. *abu-ra-; Turk. *(i)ab-; Jpn.
*p-p-; Kor. *pt-.
PTung. *(b)- 1 to sleep 2 to lie 3 to entertain (1 2 3 , ): Evk. - 1; Evn. awn- 3; Neg. - 1; Ul. a- ~
aw- 1, 2; Ork. (w)- 1, 2; Nan. ao- 1, 2; Orch. - 1; Sol. -in- 1.
1, 2, 10 (should be distinguished from *m- q. v. sub *mV). Loss of *-b- in
some forms is in this case probably secondary (analogical, based on the reanalysis of the
root element *-b- as a verbal suffix).

PMong. *abu-ra to save (): MMong. abura- (HY 39, SH);

WMong. abura- (L 6); Kh. avra-; Bur. abar-; Kalm. awr-; Ord. awura-;
Dag. avra- (. . 118).
KW 20. Mong. > Yak. abr-, Dolg. abr-, Koman abra- etc. (VEWT 2, 1997,
199, Ka. MEJ 41, Stachowski 27); > Chuv. upra- to preserve (Rna-Tas 1971-1972).

PTurk. *(i)ab- 1 to enjoy oneself, be happy (refl.) 2 to comfort

(caus.) (1 , 2 , ):
OTurk. abnq consolation (USp. 43), avn-u concubine (YB 1);
Karakh. avn- 1 (MK), avt- 2 (KB); Tur. avun- 1, avut- 2, to deceive;
Gag. aut- to deceive; Az. ovun- 1, ovut- 2; Khal. avun- 1, avut- 2; MTurk.
awut- 2, awun- to find comfort (Sangl.); Uzb. vun- 1, vut- 2; Krm.
avun-, uvun- to be consoled, uvut- 2; Khak. abt- to lull; Shr. abt- to
lull; Tv. aat- to lull; Tof. aat- to lull; Yak. a-hax play; Dolg. a-hak
play.
EDT 7, 12; VEWT 2, 1, 66, Stachowski 257. The meaning to lull may belong
to the homonymic *(i)abu- to bend, swing, on which see under *p[].

PJpn. *p-p- to enjoy, feast, celebrate (): OJpn. ipa-p-;

MJpn. f-f-; Tok. iw-; Kyo. w-; Kag. w-.
JLTT 700.
PKor. *pt- 1 feast 2 to provide, entertain, help (1 2 , , ): MKor. pt 1, pt- 2; Mod. ibai ha2.

308

*po - *apui

Nam 400, KED 1329.

Low tone in Kor. is due to the roots verbal nature. Semantic development is modified by changes in diathesis (e.g. in Mongolian save
< comfort < cause to enjoy etc.).
-po to wear out, be spoiled: Tung. *abu-; Mong. *ebe-; Turk. *obu-ra- /
*obu-n-; Jpn. *p-.
PTung. *abu- 1 to lack, be insufficient 2 to become exhausted, lean 3
to be tired 4 to bleed (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ): Evk. abul- 1, abu- 4; Evn.
abl- 1; Neg. abl- 1; Man. absa- 2, abuliqabi 3; Ul. abl- 1; Ork. abl- 1;
Nan. abol- 1; Orch. abuli- 1; Ud. abuli- 1; Sol. abl- 1.
1,6-7. It is interesting to compare the Evk. form abu- with OT (8th cent.) abto bleed (EDT 4) - perhaps a separate root? Note the irregular preservation of *-b- in all
languages, possibly suggesting an early loan from Manchu. TM > Dag. abila- (. .
118).

PMong. *ebe- 1 to be ill 2 to weaken 3 illness (1 2 , 3 ): MMong. ebet- (SH), ebein 3 (HYt), bd(IM), ibd- (MA) 1; WMong. ebed- 1 (L 286), ebere- 2; Kh. vd- 1, vr- 2;
Bur. bde- 1, been 3; Kalm. wd- 1; Ord. wd- 1, win 3; Mog. ebtu-;
ZM ebtun pain (4-7a); Dag. eude- 1, eur 3 (. . 141, MD 146);
Dong. otu- 1 (. . 132); Bao. vete- 1 (. . 136), (MGCD) t- 1;
S.-Yugh. wd- 1; Mongr. (w)idi-, udi- 1 (SM 188, 464), (. . 368).
KW 302, MGCD 536.
PTurk. *obu-ra- / *obu-n- 1 to wear out (intr.), decay 2 to cease, stop
3 to tire 4 to be destroyed (1 , 2 3
4 , ): Tat. uwa-l-, wa-l- 1, 3, 4 (dial.,
112, 451); Kirgh. ura- 4; Khak. ra- 1; Oyr. ra- 1; Chuv. vn- 3;
Yak. raj- 2.
VEWT 356, 515. Kalm. r- to fall apart, become spoiled may be < Turkic, but the
immediate source is unclear (Tat.?). The Chuv. form may be a dialectal variant of ln-,
see 342, 2, 468.

PJpn. *p- bleak, weak, faded (, ): MJpn. f-; Tok.

aw-; Kyo. wa-; Kag. aw-.
JLTT 826.
Cf. *ebi.
-apui elder in-law: Tung. *abusi; Mong. *(h)abisu-n; Turk. *Abu-ka.
PTung. *abusi 1 husband of elder sister 2 husband of fathers or
mothers younger sister 3 brother-in-law, son-in-law (1
2 3 ): Evk. awus 1;
Evn. ws 1, 2; Neg. aws 1, 2; Ul. as 3; Nan. aos 3; Orch. au 3; Ud.
auhi 3.
1, 11. TM > Dag. au elder sisters husband (. . 122).

*apV - *apV

309

PMong. *(h)abisu-n wife of elder brother (in relation to the wife of

younger brother) ( (
)): WMong. abisun (L 4); Kh. asan; Bur. abhan; Kalm.
awsn, wsn; Ord. awisun.
KW 20. Mong. > Kaz. absn, Khak. abzn etc. (VEWT 2, Poppe 1974, 126).
PTurk. *Abu-ka 1 husband, old man 2 foster-mother 3 elder sister
4 uncle (1 , 2 3 4 ):
OTurk. ava, abua 1, abuqa 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ava 1 (MK, KB);
Tur. abu 3 dial.; MTurk. abuqa, avuqa 4 (Abush., Sangl.); Tat. abuqa,
awucqa 1 dial. (Sib.); Bashk. abqa 1; Kirgh. abqa 1; Kaz. abqa 1 dial.;
Khak. apsax, apax, Koib. absqa 1; Shr. apj 1, apaq bear; Oyr. apjaq 1;
bear; Tv. aaq 1; Tof. aaq 1; Chuv. obaka.
1, 60-61, EDT 6, 274-275, II 282, 72. Chuv. is not
quite regular and may be an early loanword from Tat. Formally the Turk. word may be
derived from *aba elder in the mothers line (+ dimin. -).

A Western isogloss. Mong. has -s- (instead of the expected *--)

probably because of a fusion with the productive suffix -su(n).
-apV to take: Tung. *abgu-; Mong. *abi-; Turk. *bu.
PTung. *abgu- 1 to pull out, take from 2 (refl.) to appear (1 , 2 (.) ): Evn. abgn- 2; Neg. abg- 1; Ul.
aGbmb- 1, aGbn- 2; Ork. aGbn-; Nan. aGb-mboGo- 1, aGba- 2;
Orch. bu- 1; Ud. agbu- 1.
1, 3-4.
PMong. *ab- to take (): MMong. abu (HY 39), ab- (SH), oba-,
aba- (IM 432), abu- (MA 94, 97); WMong. abi-, ab- (L 1,2), abu-; Kh. av-;
Bur. aba-, ab-; Kalm. aw-; Ord. ab-, aw-; Mog. afu-, ab-; ZM b- (24-6a,
41-1); Dag. aw- (. . 118); Dong. agi- (. . 110), uu- (MGCD)
(?); Bao. ab- (. . 132), ap- (MGCD); S.-Yugh. ab-; Mongr. awu-,
abu- (SM 16).
KW 19, MGCD 91. Cf. also abua taking, handful (KW 20).
PTurk. *bu handful (): Karakh. avut (MK), avut-a,
avu-a (KB), avu (Tefs).; Tur. avu; Gag. au; Az. ovu; Turkm. ovu,
jan-avu; Sal. u; MTurk. avu (MA, Sangl., . .); Uzb. xwu;
Uygh. o; Krm. avu, uvu, uvuc; Tat. u; Bashk. us; Kirgh. ; Kaz. uws;
KBalk. uwu; KKalp. uws; Kum. uvu; Nogh. uvs; SUygh. o; Khak. s;
Shr. o; Oyr. ; Chuv. v.
EDT 44, VEWT 3, 1, 409-410, 342, 179-181, 25-253.
Turk. > MMong. au id. ( 1997, 103).

A Western isogloss. KW 19, Poppe 44. Despite TMN 4, 307 -310, PT

*bu (*but) cannot be regarded as a variant of *ad[] (on which see sub
*alda) - although the two roots could have influenced each other. The

*pa - *pakV

310

closed vowel in PT is not quite clear (under the influence of the two
following labial phonemes?).
-pa father: Tung. *apa; Mong. *ab[u]; Turk. *apa; Kor. *p.
PTung. *apa grandfather; uncle (elder brother of father, mother)
(; ( , )): Neg. apa; Nan. papa
(Naikh.), fafa (Bik.) (redupl.).
1, 47, 2, 34.
PMong. *ab[u] 1 father 2 paternal uncle (1 2
): MMong. abaqa (HY 28, SH) 2, abaa (MA 402) 2; WMong. abu, aba
1, abaa 2 (L 2, 5); Kh. av 1; avga 2; Bur. aba 1; abgaj 2; Kalm. w 1; aw
2; Ord. awaGa, aG 2; Mog. ZM j (12-16) 2; Dong. aba, apa, avi; Bao.
be, abo; S.-Yugh. awi, aba; Mongr. ba, wa (SM 1); Ga 2.
KW 19, 21. Mong. *abaga > Chag. abaqa etc. (see TMN 1, 108, 1997, 199); >
Evk. awaga etc., see Doerfer MT 89.

PTurk. *apa (*appa) father (): OTurk. apa (Orkh., OUygh.) ancestors; Karakh. apa (MK) father, bear (Kypch.), (KB) ancestor;
Tur. aba; Az. aba (dial.); Turkm. aba (dial.); Sal. aba (Kakuk), aba, apa
(); Tat. aba (dial.); Bashk. apa (dial.); Kirgh. aba; KBalk. appa, aba;
SUygh. awa; Khak. aba; Oyr. aba father, bear; Tv. ava; Chuv. oba bear.
EDT 5, VEWT 1, 1, 54-58, 305, 2, 281, 71. f. also
*bpa grandfather, mothers father (Turkm. bba etc., see 2, 10-13, 294,
305). Voicing of -p- in many languages is probably due to expressive gemination.

PKor. *p father (): MKor. p; Mod. abi, (vulg.) abi.

Nam 338, KED 1074.
EAS 140, 1972a, 32-37. A common Altaic nursery
word. Cf. *epV.
-pakV ( ~ -k-) a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *(x)apk-; Turk. *apaka; Jpn.
*pk.
PTung. *(x)apk- oak tree (): Neg. apk-kta.
1, 47.
PTurk. *apaka 1 Alnus fruticosa; Labrador tea 2 a k. of fern (1
; 2 ): Karakh. apa ba Cannabis sativa, it is a plant which grows like Cucumis sativus and has a thorny
stern, it is eaten in the mountains (MK Qypch.); Tat. abaa 2; Bashk.
abaa 2; Chuv. uba-zarri 2; Yak. abaa 1.
VEWT 1, 1986, 92. OT and Chuv. reflect a folk etymology (confusion with
apa bear).

PJpn. *pk a k. of oak ( ): OJpn. apakji; MJpn. pk.

JLTT 388.
The root is sparsely attested, but seems reliable.

*api - *ra

311

-api wind, vapour: Tung. *apka; Mong. *aur; Turk. *Ep-.

PTung. *apka sky (): Man. abqa; SMan. abka, apka; Jurch. a-puha; Nan. apqa (Kur.-Urm.), afqa (Bik.).
1, 8.
PMong. *aur steam, vapour; anger (; ): MMong. aur (HY
42, SH), wur, awur, hawur (MA 108, 270 anger); WMong. aur (L 17);
Kh. r; Bur. r; Kalm. r, ur; Ord. r; Mog. ZM wur (15-8b) cloud;
Dag. aur (. . 122), aure (MD 116); Dong. r; S.-Yugh. r; Mongr.
r (SM 473).
KW 450, 454, MGCD 108, 347, 663.
PTurk. *Ep- 1 to blow 2 movement of air, breeze 3 energy, tempo 4
gusty (wind) (1 , 2 , 3 ,
, 4 ( )): Uzb. pkin (dial.) 2; Tat. ip- 1
(Seb.); Kirgh. epkin 3; Kaz. epkin 2; KKalp. epkin 3; Nogh. epkinli 4; Oyr.
epkin 2.
42.
A Western isogloss; however, in Jpn. the root probably merged
with *b winnow, blow q.v. (cf. especially the PJ form with a velar
suffix *apu-(n)k-, OJ apug-).
-ra back, behind: Tung. *arka-; Mong. *aru; Turk. *rka; Jpn. *tu.
PTung. *arka-n back (): Evk. arkan; Evn. arqn; Neg. ajkan;
Ork. atta(n); Orch. akka(n); Ud. aka(n); Sol. ark.
1, 51.
PMong. *aru back, behind, North (, , ):
MMong. aru (HY 11, SH 9), aradan behind, rudur to the back (MA
104, 106); WMong. aru (L 54), aru-ki; Kh. ar; Bur. ara; Kalm. ar, r, ark;
Ord. aru back, east; Dag. ar (. . 121), arkn (MGCD); S.-Yugh. r.
KW 12, 14, 21, MGCD 114.
PTurk. *rka back (, ): OTurk. arqa (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. arqa (MK, KB); Tur. arka; Gag. arqa; Az. arxa; Turkm.
arqa; Sal. ara, arGa ( 292, 293); Khal. arq (arxa < Az.); MTurk. arqa
(Sangl.); Uzb. rqa; Uygh. a(r)qa; Krm. arqa, arxa; Tat. arqa; Bashk. arqa;
Kirgh. arqa; Kaz. arqa; KBalk. arqa; KKalp. arqa; Kum. arqa 1; Nogh. arqa;
SUygh. arqa, harqa; Khak. ara; Shr. ara; Oyr. arqa; Tv. ara mountain
forest; Chuv. ora-lx saddle strips; Yak. ar, ara-s; Dolg. arga-l- to
turn ones back towards smb..
EDT 200-201, 215, VEWT 26-27, 1, 174-175, 179-180, 267-268, 2, 288, Stachowski 36.

PJpn. *tu behind, trace ( , ): OJpn. atwo; MJpn.

t; Tok. to; Kyo. t; Kag. at.
JLTT 387.

*ara - *rp

312

EAS 139, KW 12, Poppe 78, 1972a, 84-87, 305,

268, TMN 2, 29-30, Doerfer MT 46. PT *arka and PTM *arka go
back to a dative-locative formation *ara-ka.
-ara a k. of insect: Tung. *(x)arabg; Mong. *araalin; Jpn. *ari.
PTung. *(x)arabg larva of a gad-fly ( ): Evk. arawg; Evn. arbgn; Neg. ajbgn.
1, 52.
PMong. *araalin spider (): WMong. araalin, aalin; Kh. l;
Kalm. arln; Dag. lei, agalei.
KW 12. There is some confusion between this form and *haba-kai id. (v. sub *ppa) which resulted in a mixed form *haalin, reflected in MMong. (HY 12) xaalin - however,
the Dagur form definitely points to a 0-Anlaut in PM.

PJpn. *ari ant (): OJpn. ari; MJpn. ari; Tok. ri; Kyo. r; Kag.
ar.

JLTT 384. Kyoto and Tokyo point to *r, but Kagoshima reflects an aberrant variant with initial low tone.
The root denotes some small biting insect.

-ri ( ~ *ra) man: Mong. *ere; Turk. *r.

PMong. *ere male, man (): MMong. ere (HY 29, SH), r
(IM), ir (MA); WMong. ere (L 321); Kh. er; Bur. ere; Kalm. er; Ord. ere;
Mog. ZM err (9-6a); Dag. er, ergun (. . 140) ere (MD, 145); Dong.
ere; Bao. ere; S.-Yugh. ere; Mongr. r mle non chtr de certains animaux, masculin (SM 313).
KW 123, MGCD 264.
PTurk. *r man (): OTurk. er (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. er
(MK, KB); Tur. er; Az. r husband; Turkm. r; Sal. er; Khal. hr; MTurk.
er (Pav. C.); Uygh. r; Krm. er; Tat. ir; Bashk. ir; KBalk. er; KKalp. er
adam; Kum. er; SUygh. jer; Khak. ir; Shr. er; Oyr. er; Tv. er; Chuv. ar;
Yak. er; Dolg. er.
VEWT 46, TMN 2, 178-9, EDT 192, 1, 290-291, 303, 561, 30,
Stachowski 46, 128.

KW 123, 324, Poppe 79, 106, 1972a,

45-49, 1, 247, 54, 283. A well known Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. (see TMN 2, 179, 1997,
115) is quite improbable because of the final vowel. Cf. *re.
-rp barley, millet: Tung. *arpa; Mong. *arbaj; Turk. *arpa; Jpn. *p.
PTung. *arpa barley; oats (; ): Man. arfa.
1, 52. Despite its isolated nature, the Manchu word is certainly archaic and
can hardly be explained as a borrowing < Mong. arbai, despite Rozycki 20.

PMong. *arbaj barley (): MMong. arbi (HY 8), arbi, rbi
(MA 104, 253); WMong. arbai (L 49); Kh. arvaj; Bur. arbaj; Kalm. arw,

*rV - *rV

313

arw; Ord. arw; Mog. arfi, arf (Ramstedt 1906); Dong. apa; Mongr. b
spelt (SM 370).
KW 15, TMN 2, 24. Mongor may reflect a trace of the originally unvoiced stop in
the intervocalic cluster. Mong. > Tuva arvaj.

PTurk. *arpa barley (): OTurk. arpa (OUygh.), abra (late

OUygh.); Karakh. arpa (MK, KB); Tur. arpa; Gag. arpa; Az. arpa; Turkm.
arpa; Sal. arfa ( 292); Khal. arpa; MTurk. arpa (Sangl.); Uzb. arpa;
Uygh. a(r)pa; Krm. arpa; Tat. arpa; Bashk. arpa; Kirgh. arpa; Kaz. arpa;
KBalk. arpa; KKalp. arpa; Kum. arpa; Nogh. arpa; Khak. arba; Oyr. arba;
Chuv. orba.
EDT 198, VEWT 27, 1, 176-177, TMN 2, 24, 460, 27,
2, 286. Turk. > Hung. rpa, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *p millet (): OJpn. apa; MJpn. f; Tok. wa; Kyo. w;

Kag. aw.
JLTT 388.
EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. 67. The Mong. form cannot
be explained as a Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, 1997, 100). The
Turkic form is sometimes compared with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to *arpasy- (or
*arbasy) (- 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of
the final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel
is a strong argument in favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.
-rV witchcraft, craft: Tung. *ar-; Mong. *arga; Turk. *ar-.
PTung. *ar- 1 to make, work, construct 2 to come to one s senses 3 to
cause fear (f an evil ghost), to appear in ones imagination 4 shape,
form 5 evil spirit (1 , , 2
3 , ( ) 4 , 5 ):
Evk. arit- 3, ar- 2, arinka 5; Evn. ar-, ar- 3, ar- 2, arq 5; Neg. aj 5;
Man. ara- 1, arbun 4, ari 5; SMan. arvn, arvun appearance, form
(2342); Nan. ar 5.
1, 48, 49, 51, 52. Man. > Dag. arbun (. . 121).
PMong. *arga way, method (, , ):
MMong. arqa (SH 9), ar (MA 294), ara-da- to deceive (MA 105),
arad- (IM 432); WMong. ara; Kh. arga; Bur. arga; Kalm. arG; Ord.
arGa; Dag. arga (. . 121), arehe (MD 115); Dong. raG; S.-Yugh.
arag; Mongr. arGa.
KW 13, MGCD 115. Mong. > Turk. ara (since Chag., see VEWT 25, 1,
170-171), Tung. arga ( 1, 49, Rozycki 20).

PTurk. *ar- 1 to make magic, cast spells 2 to deceive (1 ,

2 ): OTurk. ar- 2 (Orkh., OUygh.), arv magic
(OUygh.); Karakh. ar- 1 (MK, KB), arva- 1 (MK); Tur. arpa magic
(dial.); Turkm. arvax dial. evil spirit; MTurk. arba- 1 (Sangl., .);

*rV - *arV

314

Uzb. avra- 1, 2; Uygh. a(r)ba- 1; Tat. arb- 1 (Sib., 103); Bashk. arba1; Kirgh. arba- 1, 2; Kaz. arba- 1, 2; KKalp. arba- 1, 2; SUygh. arva- 1
( 16); Khak. arba- 1; Shr. arba- 1, arb magic; Oyr. arba-n- to
scold; Yak. arb- 1 (. I 139 to praise for magic purposes).
EDT 193, 199, VEWT 24, I 168-170. Turk. > MMong. arba- to put spells (SH
8); Turk. arb > Mong. arbis knowledge (Clark 1980, 41).

A Western isogloss.
-rV open space: Tung. *ara-; Mong. *ar-; Turk. *(i)ra.
PTung. *ara- 1 open space 2 open ritual court ( ): Evk. araan 1; Evn. arn 1; Ul. ara 2; Orch. aru 2.
1, 48.
PMong. *ar- 1 poorly grown, thin 2 space 3 island (1 , 2 , 3
): MMong. aral 3 (SH), aral (MA 104); WMong. aral 3 (L 48); Kh.
armaG 1, aral 3; Bur. arma 2, armagar 1, alar 3; Kalm. ar, armG 1, arl 3;
Ord. aral 3 armaq 2; Dag. alla, aral 3 (. . 120); Dong. aran 3; Bao.
alr, arn (Tungren); S.-Yugh. aral 3; Mongr. rl, ral (Huzu), ar(r) (SM 9,
11) 3.
KW 14, 15, MGCD 116, TMN 1, 119-120. The original meaning of the root *ar- must
have been space between banks (or river branches), whence *ara-u, *ara-ma(g) spaced,
thin and *ara-l island. Mong. aral > Chag., Kirgh. etc. aral island; thicket, island covered
with thick bushes; Evk. aral wood island in a steppe. Despite TMN ibid., thicket is
obviously a secondary semantic development in Turkic, because only the meaning island is attested in Mong. Bur. alar > Yak. alar, Russ. Siber. alr ( 80).

PTurk. *(i)ra 1 space between 2 on ones way, under way (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. ara 1
Orkh., OUygh.; Karakh. ara (MK); Tur. ara; Gag. ra; Az. ara; Turkm. ra
1; Khal. hra; MTurk. ara (Abush.); Uzb. ra; Uygh. ara; Krm. ara; Tat.
ara; Bashk. ara; Kirgh. ara; Kaz. ara; KBalk. ara; KKalp. ara; Kum. ara;
Nogh. ara; SUygh. ara; Khak. ara; Shr. ara; Oyr. ara; Tv. ara; Yak. ra 2;
Dolg. ra-k- to go away, r- not to reach.
EDT 196, VEWT 22, TMN 2, 24, 1, 162-164, Stachowski 41. Derived is probably *rk island; arik, ditch; thicket id. (VEWT 23, 25, 1, 167, 187-188, 95,
110, Stachowski 37).

KW 14 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss. Cf. also PTM *arbuspace between two river branches; Mong. arba- (
).
-arV ( ~ e-) to change, sell: Mong. *arali-; Turk. *Ar-.
PMong. *arali- 1 to change, exchange, barter 2 exchange, change (1
, , 2 , ): MMong. arali- 1
(SH), rali 2 (MA 104); WMong. arali- 1 (L 48); Kh. arili- 1; Bur. arala1; Kalm. arcld-, arclc- 1 (?); Ord. arili- 1, ariln 2; Dag. arali-, alli-,

*a - *

315

(. . 120) alii-; Dong. aruna- 1; Bao. ani-, an- 1; S.-Yugh.

arl-, arli- 1; Mongr. rli- (ari- (SM 10)).
KW 15, MGCD 118, 319.
PTurk. *Ar- gift (): Karakh. armaan (MK, Oghuz); Tur. armaan;
Az. armaan; MTurk. armaan; Kirgh. arna- to dedicate, design for.
EDT 231, 232, VEWT 27.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; not quite reliable. Jpn. *r- could be a
match, but it may also reflect PA *i q.v.
-a small, scarce; recent: Tung. *ara-; Mong. *araj; Turk. *; Jpn.
*r-(ta-); Kor. *ri.
PTung. *ara- scarcely (): Evk. aran; Evn. arn; Man. arqan; SMan.
arqn (2952); Sol. ar.
1, 48.
PMong. *araj scarcely, just a little ( , ): MMong. aran
(SH); WMong. arai (L 48); Kh. araj; Bur. araj; Kalm. ar; Ord. ar; Mog.
ZM arei so it is, is it so? (27-7b); Dag. arn (. . 121); S.-Yugh.
arn; Mongr. ara (SM 11), cf. araG ruines de ville o il ne reste plus
que les murs des maisons detruites (SM 11).
KW 13, MGCD 116. Mong. > Kirgh. ara, Oyr. araj etc. ( 1, 167-168), Yak.,
Dolg. araj (Stachowski 36).

PTurk. * few, a little (): OTurk. az (Orkh. , OUygh.);

Karakh. az (MK); Tur. az; Gag. az; Az. az; Turkm. z; Khal. haz; Uzb. z;
Uygh. az; Krm. az; Tat. az, z; Bashk. a, ; Kirgh. az; Kaz. az; KBalk. az;
KKalp. az; Kum. az; Nogh. az; SUygh. az; Khak. as; Shr. as; Oyr. as; Tv.
as.
EDT 277, VEWT 32, 1, 93-94
PJpn. *r-(ta-) new (): OJpn. arata-; MJpn. tr-si; Tok. atarash-; Kyo. trsh-; Kag. atarash-.
JLTT 383, 677, 826. The MJ and most modern form present a metathesis atarasi- <
arata-si- (but cf. Yonakuni r- new); the stem *rt itself is preserved as a nominal and
verbal stem (cf. *rt-ma- > Tokyo aratam- to renew etc.).

PKor. *ri yesterday, in the past (, ,

): MKor. ri, ri; Mod. re day before yesterday.
Nam 336.
EAS 110, KW 13, 361. Low tone in *r-t- is
probably secondary (a result of some contamination?); cf. Yonaguni
(suffixless) r- < *r- new. Despite Doerfer MT 44, TM is hardly borrowed from Mong. (although some forms - Evk., Evn. arai - are).
- thorn, fang: Tung. *(x)ar- (?); Mong. *aria; Turk. *ag; Jpn. *r.
PTung. *(x)ar- 1 shoot, bud; fang 2 tooth of a saw 3 a flower name (1
; 2 , 3 . (, )):
Evk. arg-wkte 3 (?); Man. arGan 1,2, arsun 1; SMan. arhn (625) 2.

316

*aV - *ase

1, 50. Man. arGan is most likely < Mong. *araa(n), see Rozycki 20.
PMong. *aria 1 molar tooth 2 fang 3 tooth of a chisel etc. (1 2 3 ): MMong. araa 2 (SH), aratai
predator (HY 10), aral 2 (IM 432), ari, nari 2 (MA 105, 246); WMong.
araa 1 (L 47), arija; Kh. ar 1, 3; Bur. ar(n) 1, 2, 3; Kalm. arn 1, 2; Ord.
ar 1, 3, araGa an extra tooth; Dag. ar 1, 2 (. . 121), 3 (MD
115); Bao. ar; S.-Yugh. ar; Mongr. ar 1 (SM 9), aranda rnes (SM 11),
r (MGCD).
KW 12, MGCD 114. Cf. WMong. araga-tan, arijatan (> Bur. arjatan) predator > Evk.
artu, see Poppe 1966, 196. Mong. > Tuva ar rifling.

PTurk. *ag fang (): OTurk. az (OUygh.); Karakh. az (MK);

Tur. az; Az. az; Turkm. az; MTurk. azu (Sangl.); Uzb. ziq; Tat. azaw;
Bashk. aaw; Kirgh. az; Kaz. azuw; KBalk. azaw; KKalp. azuw; Kum.
azuw; SUygh. az; Khak. az; Shr. azj; Oyr. azu, az; Tv. az; Chuv.
*ora > Mari ora-puj id.; Yak. ah, dial. h.
VEWT 33, 1, 96-98, 229. Turk. > Mong. *au (au in Uygh. script,
see Clark 1980, 41).

PJpn. *r thorn (, ): MJpn. r; Tok. ira.

JLTT 425.
KW 12, 361, EAS 111, Poppe 81, 229. Despite TMN 2, 55-56, 1997, 103 Mong. is not < Turk. The TM
reflexes are weak: the Evk. form is semantically difficult, while Manchu
arGan may well be borrowed < Mong.; however, the parallel form
ar-sun is hard to explain as a loan (no similar form is attested in Mong.).
-aV or: Turk. *au; Jpn. *ar-.
PTurk. *au or (): OTurk. azu (OUygh.); Karakh. azu (MK); Tv.
az.
EDT 280.
PJpn. *ar- or, perhaps (, ): OJpn. arupa, aruipa; MJpn.
arufa, aruifa; Tok. aruiwa.
JLTT 384.
JOAL 147. An interesting Turkic-Jpn. isogloss.
-ase ( ~ p-) to catch fire; hot: Mong. *(h)asa-; Turk. *sg / *isig.
PMong. *(h)asa- to catch fire (): WMong. asa- (L 55); Kh.
asa-; Bur. aha-; Kalm. as-.
KW 16.
PTurk. *sg / *isig 1 hot 2 warm (1 2 ): OTurk. isig
1 (OUygh.); Karakh. isig 1 (MK, KB); Tur. sak 1; Az. isti 2; Turkm. ss
1; Sal. hss 2; Khal. hiss, hisk 1; MTurk. isti 2 (Pav. C.), s (. .,
Abush.); Uygh. issiq 1; Krm. issi 1, 2 (HK), saq 2 (K), s-t- (K) to
warm; Tat. esse 1; Kirgh. sq 1, s heat, hot wind; Kaz. ss 1; KKalp.

*tV - *ati

317

ss 1; Nogh. issi 1; Khak. zg 1; Oyr. iz 1; Tv. izi 1; Tof. isi 1; Chuv.

2; Yak. it, iiges ( < *isi-ge) 2; Dolg. it, iiges 2.
Derived from *s- / *isi- to be hot. See VEWT 173-4, TMN 2,182, EDT 246, 1,
668-671, 19-20, Stachowski 123, 130.

288. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; cf. (?) Kor. (SKE 217) s:a-da

to be hot; s:-da to kindle (fire) (the forms are nowhere to be found
except SKE).
-tV horse: Tung. *abdu-; Mong. *aduu-; Turk. *t.
PTung. *abdu- 1 cattle, herd 2 household, property 3 cloth, fabric (1
, 2 , 3 ): Evk. abdu 1,
2; Evn. abd 2, 3; Neg. abdn 1; Man. adu 3; SMan. adun herd, flock
(2319); Jurch. ad-hu (551) 3; Ork. abd 2.
1, 5-6. Man. adun herd is probably < Mong. (see 1972, 107).
PMong. *aduu- 1 horse(s), cattle 2 drove, herd 3 to herd (1 , 2 3 ): MMong.
adusun 1, aduu(n) 2 (SH), aduui herdsman (HY 30), adu(w)sun, adasun
1 (MA 95, 96), adon, adoson 1 (IM 432); WMong. aduusu 1, aduu 2,
aduula- 3; Kh. ads 1, adn 1, 2, adla- 3; Bur. adha(n), adaha(n), adn 1,
2, adl- 3; Kalm. adsn 1, adn 2; Ord. adaGus(u) 1, ad 2; Dag. adsa 1,
ad 2 (. . 118, MGCD, MD 111), adse animal (MD 111); Dong.
asun 1, adula- 3 (. . 110); Bao. aso 1, adal- 3 (. . 133), adl- 3
(MGCD); Mongr. s (SM 15) 1, dul- (SM 64) 3.
KW 2, MGCD 94. Mong. > Chag. adun, see TMN 119; > Evk. aduun etc., see Poppe
1966, 189, 195, Doerfer MT 98-99, Rozycki 11.

PTurk. *t horse (): OTurk. at (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);

Karakh. at (MK, KB); Tur. at; Gag. at; Az. at; Turkm. at; Sal. at, ac; Khal.
hat; MTurk. at; Uzb. t; Uygh. at; Krm. at; Tat. at; Bashk. at; Kirgh. at;
Kaz. at; KBalk. at; KKalp. at; Kum. at; Nogh. at; SUygh. at; Khak. at;
Shr. at; Oyr. at; Tv. at; Chuv. ut; Yak. at; Dolg. at.
EDT 23, VEWT 30, 1, 197-198, TMN 2, 4-5, 441, . III, 316-320,
Stachowski 38.

1972, 108, 15, Doerfer MT 99. A Western isogloss. Cf. also PT *adgr ( 442, 1, 107-108, Stachowski 40),
Mong. airga stallion, Dag. adirag, airga, S.-Yugh. aira, Mongor
airGa (see KW 2, 397, VEWT 6; TMN 2, 186-187, 1997, 94: Turk. > Mong.; Mong. > Evk. airga etc., see Poppe 1966,
192, Doerfer MT 75, MKor. airki mr, see Lee 1958, 119). It is possible
to reconstruct *atbV or *abtV.
-ati son, young: Mong. *ai; Turk. *At; Jpn. *itua; Kor. *tr.
PMong. *ai grandson, junior nephew (, ): MMong. ai (HY 29) grandchild (male, by father), hai Enkel

318

*ao - *V

(HYt); WMong. ai (L 8); Kh. a; Bur. aa; Kalm. a; Ord. ai; Dong. ha
(. . 140), ha (MGCD); Mongr. ai sun (SM 15), ai (MGCD).
KW 18, MGCD 125. Dong. h-, as well as the variation 0-/h- in HY is secondary.
Mong. > Oyr. a; Evk. dial. ai ( 1, 59).

PTurk. *At (junior) nephew, grandson (() ,

): OTurk. at (Orkh.); Uygh. dial. Lobn. ataj-m oh, my child!;
SUygh. at; Khak. adaj dog ( < *cub).
VEWT 31, EDT 40, 1, 79.
PJpn. *itua 1 young, lovable 2 cousin (1 , 2 ): OJpn. itwo-kwo 2, it(w)ok(j)e-na- young, small; MJpn. ito, ito-si- 1,
it-ko 2; Tok. ito-sh- 1, itko 2; Kyo. tsh- 1, tk 2; Kag. itshi- 1, itok 2.
JLTT 428. Accent correspondences are unclear.
PKor. *tr son (): MKor. tr; Mod. adl.
Nam 335, KED 1069.
324, 287.
-ao a k. of salmon: Tung. *ai-n; Mong. *(h)ie; Jpn. *j.
PTung. *ai-n a k. of salmon (): Evk. ain; Neg. an; Man.
ain; Ul. a(n); Ork. a(n); Nan. a; Orch. a(n); Ud. ai(n).
1, 16.
PMong. *(h)ie a small fish, coming from the ocean into rivers ( , ): WMong. ie
(); Kh. i.
PJpn. *j trout (): OJpn. aju; MJpn. j; Tok. yu; Kyo. y;
Kag. ay.
JLTT 388.
The root denotes some salmon-like fish; the meaning of the Mong.
form is unfortunately not very well defined.
-V younger relative: Tung. *i-; Mong. *ai-n.
PTung. *i- 1 first child 2 small child 3 the most (1 2 3 , ): Evn. n 1; Man. ai-ge 2, ai 1;
SMan. aig 2 (2403); Nan. a 3, a-go- ; Ud. aiga
girl.
1, 16-17, 55, . 29.
PMong. *(h)ai-n wife of younger brother (as related to the wife of
elder brother) ( ( )): WMong. ain (L 62); Kh. ain; Ord. ain.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; one of numerous common Altaic kinship
nursery words.

B
-b to bind: Tung. *ba-; Turk. *b(i)-; Jpn. *b; Kor. *pa.
PTung. *ba- 1 to propose for marriage 2 proposed for marriage
since childhood (1 2 ): Evk. ba- 1;
Man. ba-ixi 2.
1,60.
PTurk. *b(i)- 1 to bind 2 to fasten 3 bundle 4 bond, rope (1 2 3 4 ): OTurk. ba- 1, 2, ba- 3, 4, confederation (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ba- 1, 2, ba- 3, 4 (MK, KB, At.);
Tur. ba- 3, 4, ba--la- 1,2; Gag. b-la- (< *bag-la-) 1; Az. ba 3, 4; Turkm.
bG 4; Sal. ba 4; Khal. v- 1, ba 4 (ba m.b. < Ogh.); MTurk. ba 4; Uzb.
b 3, 4; Uygh. ba 3, 4; Krm. ba 3, 4; Tat. baw 3, 4, bj 4; Bashk. baw 4,
bj 4; Kirgh. b 3, 4; Kaz. baw 3, 4; KBalk. baw 4; KKalp. baw 3, 4; Kum.
baw 3, 4; Nogh. baw 4; SUygh. pa 4; Khak. (dial.) pa (Kyz.) 4; Shr. pa
(R) 4; Oyr. b 4; Tv. ba-la- 1; Tof. Ba 4; Chuv. pjav 4; Yak. b-j- 1, 2,
ba 4; Dolg. b-j- 1, ba 4.
EDT 292, 310, 2, 13-17, 1, 411, VEWT 53 (*b, deriv. *b-g), Stachowski 55, 69. Turk. *bg > Mong. ba (KW 27, TMN 2, 254), baa ( > Man. baqsan etc.,
see Doerfer MT 142). Yak. has a standard verbal stem modifier (-j-).

PJpn. *b rope (): OJpn. wo; MJpn. w; Tok. w; Kyo. w;

Kag. w.
JLTT 503. The Tokyo accent is aberrant (*w would be expected), but Kyoto, Kagoshima and the RJ gloss (w) point to *b.

PKor. *pa rope, string (): Mod. pa.

KED 701.
EAS 57, SKE 179, Martin 228, 1, 172, 68. One of
the few common Altaic monosyllabic roots. Mong. *bau- to bind is
probably < Turk. ( 1997, 103). Doerfers (TMN 2, 254) criticism
is unacceptable (unklar, da kor. Nominalstamm, t. Verbalstamm).
-bV ( ~ *p-, --) sister: Mong. *baa-gan; Turk. *ba-.
PMong. *baa-gan girl (): Kh. bacgan; Bur. basagan.
142, 245, 124 (> Russ. Siber. bacagan girl).
PTurk. *ba 1 elder sister 2 husbands of sisters (1
2 ()): OTurk. baa (OUygh., late Lig. VSOu) 2; Karakh. baa-naq 2 (IM); Tur. ba 1, baanak 2; Gag.
baanaq 2; Az. ba 1, baanaG 2; Turkm. ba 1, ba 2; Sal. paa 2 ();

320

*bd - *bdo

MTurk. bai 1 (R), baa 2 (MA, Pav. C.), baanaq 2 (Pav. C., AH); Uzb.
ba 2; Uygh. baa 2; Tat. paca () 2; Kum. baiw 1; Khak. paa 2, pie
1; Oyr. baa 2, wives of brothers; Tv. baa 2; Tof. baa 2; Chuv. poana 2.
VEWT 54, TMN 2, 682, 2, 24, 26-27, 310, 168, . X, 33,
1, 453. Turk. > WMong. baa, Kalm. baz, Khalkha ba, Bur. baz, Ord. baa
brother-in-law, whence Kirgh., KBalk., Kum., Yak. baa, Evk. baa, Kaz., KKalp., Nogh.,
Bashk. baa. The Khak., Oyr. and Tuva forms may also be < Mong. Cf. also ORuss. .

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Manchu baa wifes younger sister is isolated and most probably < Mong. (see 78, Rozycki 26).
-bd face, colour: Tung. *bda; Turk. *bEd-le; Jpn. *ptpi ( / *ptpi).
PTung. *bda 1 face 2 shape, form, colour (1 2 , ,
): Evk. bde 1; Evn. bd 1, 2; Nan. bdo opposite to, bdo-bdo face
to face.
1, 63, . 56.
PTurk. *bEd-le (?) such, similar, so (, , ): Karakh. bjle (Tefs.); Tur. bjle, (dial.) bele; (dial.) bile-m myself
etc.; Az. bejl, bel, dial. bil-m myself etc.; Turkm. bejle; Khal. bil-m,
bil-si, bil-miz myself, himself, ourselves etc. ( < Az.); MTurk. bejle,
bjle (Pav. C.); Oyr. bejde (Kumd.).
2, 107-108. Cf. perhaps also Yak. bet-tex (Dolg. bettek) here, closely, Yak.,
Dolg. beter this, nearest side (although it may go back to *bt face; derivation < *be-r
this side in 2, 124, followed by Stachowski 59, is hardly plausible). The sometimes
proposed explanation as *bu ile, i.e. together with it or by means of it is not quite
acceptable for semantic reasons. As for the Oghuz variants with a labialized vowels, they
may have an assimilative origin. But on the whole the attribution of the Turkic form is
still dubious (although the semantic derivation similar, such as < face, looks seems to
be quite common in Altaic).

PJpn. *ptpi ( / *ptpi) forehead (): OJpn. p(j)itap(j)i; MJpn.

ftfi ( / ftfi); Tok. htai; Kyo. ht; Kag. hiti.
JLTT 410.
Contaminations were possible: cf. *peda, *pda.
-bdo a k. of bird (quail, dun-bird): Tung. *badara; Mong. *bdne;
Turk. *budur-.
PTung. *badara dun-bird (, ): Evk. badara.
1, 63. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *bdne quail (): MMong. bodena (HY 14),
bdene (LH); WMong. bdne; Kh. bdn; Bur. bdene; Kalm. bdn; Ord.
bdn; Mongr. bodono (SM 26), puduri (SM 305).
KW 54. Mong. > Chag. bdn, bdn etc. ( 2, 101-102; TMN 1, 218, Lig. VMI
21, 1997, 201), Chuv. putene (Rna-Tas 1971-1972). One should also mention
WMong. badana, Khalkha badna ( 1, 213).

*bagu - *bja

321

PTurk. *budur- quail (): Karakh. budursn (MK); bujurun, bujurn (AH); Khak. (pudurun, pdrn); Chuv. prgan wagtail.
EDT 309, 173, 2, 305-306. The root was strongly influenced by
*bldur- (q.v. sub *pltorV); this explains the Khak. form (one would expect puzur-).

174. A Western isogloss. Mong. *bdne is a result of assimilation < *bedne.

-bagu white, grey: Tung. *bag-; Mong. *buurul; Kor. *phi-.
PTung. *bag- 1 white 2 clear (of sky, weather) (1 2 (
, )): Evk. bagda-ma, -rin 1, baurin 2; Evn. bwn, b 2; Neg.
bagdajn 1; Sol. bagdarin, bogdarin 1.
1, 62.
PMong. *buurul grey (of hair etc.) (, ): MMong. burul
(MA 127); WMong. buurul (L 131); Kh. bral; Bur. bral; Kalm. brl;
Ord. bral; Dag. bral, blal (. . 127), brol; S.-Yugh. brol; Mongr.
brol.
KW 65, MGCD 164. Mong. > Turk. buurla, Chuv. pvrla id.; Evk. burul etc. (see
Doerfer MT 99); > Man. burulu (morin), MKor. puru (mr) a horse of red and white coat
(see Lee 1958, 119).

PKor. *phi- grey, milky white (, -): MKor.

phi-; Mod. pj- [pjh-], pja- [pjah-].
Nam 267, KED 792, 818.
Note Karakh. (MK, hap. leg.) bgrl a horse or sheep with white
flanks (EDT 328-329) - although the vocalism in this form is not clear.
-bja happiness, joy: Tung. *baj-li; Mong. *bajar; Turk. *bAj-ra-m/k,
bAj-ga; Jpn. *bi-m-.
PTung. *baj-li favour, mercy (, ): Man. bajli.
1, 66. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *baja- 1 joy, feast 2 to be happy, enjoy (1 , 2 , ): MMong. bajas- (HY 36, SH) 2,
bjas (IM) 1, bajas- (MA) 2; WMong. bajar 1, bajas- 2 (L 77); Kh. bajar 1,
bajas- 2; Bur. bajarla- 2; Kalm. bajr 1; Ord. bajas- 2; Dag. bajir 1, bais(a)- 2
(. . 123), baire 1, baise- 2 (MD 117, 118); Dong. bajasu 1, bajasu- 2;
Bao. bese- 2; S.-Yugh. bajar 1; Mongr. bs- (SM 25) 2, bajar 1.
KW 29, MGCD 139.
PTurk. *bAj-ra-m/k, bAj-ga 1 feast 2 horse-race 3 a prize in
horse-race (1 2 3 ): Karakh.
baram (MK), bajram (MK Oghuz) 1; Tur. bajram 1; Gag. bajram 1; Az.
bajram 1; Turkm. bajram 1, bajraq 3; MTurk. bajram (. .) 1, baja 1
(P. de C.); Uzb. bajram 1, pajg (R) 3, bajraq (dial., Khorazm) 3; Uygh.
bajram 1, (dial.- Lobn.) baja 1; Krm. bajram 1; Tat. bjrm 1, bjgi 2;

322

*baja - *bjV

Bashk. bajram 1, bjgi 2, 3; Kirgh. majram 1, bajge 2, 3; Kaz. mjram 1,

bjge 2, 3, (dial.) bajraq 3; KBalk. bajram 1; KKalp. bajram 1, bjge 2, 3, bajraq 3; Kum. bajram 1; Nogh. bajram 1; Khak. paj 1 (Sag.), pajram 1; Shr.
bajram 1, paja 1 (R); Oyr. bajram 1.
VEWT 54, 56, 2, 32, 33-34 (erroneously under *barak flag), 35-36, TMN 2,
384-385. Here one should reconstruct *-j- (not *--), dissimilated before -r- according to
Mudraks rule. Formally *baj-ra-m and *baj-ra-k are deverbatives from a hypothetical
*baj-ra- to celebrate; *baj-ga is a denominative with a usual East.-Kypch. suffix. Menges
(1933, 101) hypothesis of bajga < Russ. is quite unlikely (cf. the areal and the Chag. fixation). A rather popular theory of Iranian origin is also excluded: the only acceptable etymology of Pers. bajram is < Turkic (see also ). Because of semantics, hardly connected with Mong. baj sign, goal, road sign. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bajg ( 109).

PJpn. *bi-m- to smile (): OJpn. wem-; MJpn. wm-; Tok.

em-.
Cf. also OJ we-rak- to laugh with joy (another derivative of the same root). See
JLTT 681.

Turk. *bAj-ra- = Mong. *bajar = OJ we-ra- < PA *bja-rV- (it is interesting to note the double suffixation in PT *bAj-ra-k = OJ we-ra-k-).
-baja ( ~ -a-) place, to be located: Tung. *bia, -gun; Mong. *baji-.
PTung. *bia, -gun 1 place (in a dwelling) 2 rookery, sealery 3 earth 4
estate 5 servants (1 ( ) 2 3
4 5 ): Evk. b 1; Evn. b 2; Man. boion, boiGon 3,
4; SMan. ohn, ohun 3 (2112); Jurch. boj-hu (276) 5, bo-xo 3; Ork. b 1;
Ud. be 1.
1, 78, 89. Man. > Sol. boig estate.
PMong. *baji- to stand, stay, be located (, , ):
MMong. baiji- (SH), baii- (HY 35), bi-, bai- (IM), bai- (MA); WMong.
baji- (L 72); Kh. baj-; Bur. baj; Kalm. b-; Ord. b-; Mog. bi-; ZM bai(40-10); Dag. bai- (. . 122, MD 117); Dong. bai-, vai-; Bao. bei-, vi-;
(MGCD) va-; S.-Yugh. bai-; Mongr. b-, w- (SM 23), (MGCD 138) wai-,
ba- (Minghe).
KW 39-40, MGCD 138.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (cf. also notes under *bogo).
-bjV rock: Tung. *baj-; Mong. *baji-a; Turk. *bAjr.
PTung. *baj- rock, cliff (): Evk. bajtu.
1, 66. Attested only in Evk., but hardly borrowed from Mong.
PMong. *baji-a rock (): WMong. bajia (L 73); Kh. bajc; Bur.
bajsa.
Mong. > Evk. baja ( 1, 66), Russ. Siber. bajca, (Bur. >) bajsanistj (
110-111).

PTurk. *bAjr 1 hill, 2 foot-hill 3 hummock (1 2 3 ): Tur. bajr 1; Gag. bajr mountain; Turkm. bajr 1; Krm.
bajr 1; Khak. pr 2; Yak. bar 3.

*bka - *bku

323

2, 37-38, VEWT 57. The root should be distinguished from *bgr liver (although there may occur secondary mergers, cf. Tat. bawur slope). It has no relationship
(suggested in ) to Mong. bajir place (derived from baji- to be and borrowed in
Uzb. bajir accustomed to local conditions, Kirgh. bajr attachment to a place, Nogh. bajr
proper); intermediate (not quite clear) cases are Chag. bajr plain, desert (Pav. C.), Az.
bajr the external part of the inhabited area as opposed to the internal part, Khal. bajir
uncultivated (place).
A Western isogloss.
-bka to look, watch: Tung. *baKa-; Turk. *bk-; Jpn. *bkr-; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *baKa- to find, obtain (): Evk. baka-; Evn. baq-; Neg.
baxa-; Man. baa-; SMan. bah- (1562); Jurch. baxa-biar obtain (366); Ul.
b-; Ork. b-; Nan. b-; Orch. b-; Ud. ba- (. 210); Sol. baxa-.
1, 66-67.
PTurk. *bk- to look, watch (): Karakh. baq- (MK, KB); Tur.
bak-; Gag. baq-; Az. bax-; Turkm. baq-; Sal. pax-, vax- ( 440, 542);
MTurk. baq- (Abush.); Uzb. bq-; Uygh. baq-; Krm. baq-; Tat. baq-; Bashk.
baq-; Kirgh. baq- to look after; Kaz. baq- to look after; KBalk. baq-;
KKalp. baq- to look after; Kum. baq-; Nogh. baq- to graze; Khak. pax-;
Oyr. baq-; Tv. baq-q-la- to peek, to arise; Tof. bak-; Chuv. px-; Yak.
bk- to appear, to arise; Dolg. bk- to look out.
EDT 311, VEWT 58, 2, 38-40, 99, Stachowski 70.
PJpn. *bkr- to understand (): OJpn. wakar-; MJpn.
wkr-; Tok. wakr-; Kyo. wkr-; Kag. wkr-.
JLTT 782.
PKor. *p- to see (): MKor. p-; Mod. po-.
Nam 259, KED 788.
The root should be distinguished from *pko q.v. The etymology
in SKE 204, linking the Kor. form with the Jpn. and TM accusative
marker, is hardly credible. Kor. has a verbal low tone.
-bk ( ~ -o) to divide: Tung. *baK-; Jpn. *bk-.
PTung. *baK- 1 separate 2 to break, divide bread (1 2
): Evk. bakla 1; Evn. bkl 1; Nan. baqta- 2 (dial.).
1, 67. Cf. also Dolg. ( < Evk.?) baka scraper to separate flesh from skin, bakalto separate flesh from skin (Stachowski 51).

PJpn. *bk- to divide (): OJpn. waka-; MJpn. wka-; Tok.

wak-; Kyo. wk-; Kag. wk-.
JLTT 783.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-bku ( ~ -a) pole, pillar: Tung. *baksa; Mong. *bagana; Turk. *bakna ( ~
-g-); Kor. *p.
PTung. *baksa prop, central pole (, ):
Evk. baksa; Ul. baqsa; Nan. baqsa.
1, 67.

324

*bku - *bkV

PMong. *bagana central pole ( , ):

WMong. baana (L 68); Kh. bagana; Bur. bagana; Kalm. baxn; Ord. baGana ; Dag. bagas.
KW 29, MGCD 132. Mong. > Chag. bakan etc., see ibid., VEWT 58, 2, 42-43; >
Yak., Dolg. bagana (Stachowski 50); > Man. baxana, see Doerfer MT 101, Rozycki 22; Tu >.
Russ. bagan ( 106).

PTurk. *bakna ( ~ -g-) rung of a ladder, step of a staircase ( ): Karakh. bana (MK).
EDT 316.
PKor. *p beam, cross-beam (): MKor. p; Mod. po, tl-bo.
Nam 259, KED 786.
KW 29, Doerfer MT 101. The Turkic and Mong. words are very
similar, but quite different semantically, so one can hardly suppose a
loan.
-bku ( ~ -k-) small cattle: Mong. *bog; Turk. *bkana.
PMong. *bog small cattle, sheep and goats ( ,
): WMong. bo (L 110); Kh. bog; Kalm. bog (KPC).
PTurk. *bkana 1 sheep skin 2 lamb 3 baby (1 2 3 ): Tur. baan 1, (dial.) baalak, banak 1, baana 3; Az.
baana 1; Turkm. baana 1; MTurk. baana 1 (R); Uzb. baana 1 (Khor.);
Kirgh. balan, balan lamb that has stopped suckling, baldr wild
lamb, 1-year-old mountain goat; Kaz. baana 2; KKalp. balan a
well-fed early lamb.
VEWT 55, 390. The Kypchak form balan lamb has hardly anything to do
with Tat., Kaz. baqlan cormorant (despite TMN 2, 298, 112).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Some Turkic forms meaning lamb, baby

may actually also continue PA *bka q.v. Cf. also Evk. (Titov) baxana
he-goat ( < unattested Yak.?).
-bkV knucklebone: Tung. *baK-; Mong. *bagul- / *bugul-; Turk.
*baka.
PTung. *baK- 1 muscles of thigh 2 knucklebone (of a horse); fetlock
(1 2 (); ): Man. baqalai 2; Nan.
bagdix 1.
1, 62, 67.
PMong. *bagul- / *bugul- shoulder, shoulder bone (, ): WMong. buula, buulu (L 131); Kh. bugalag; Bur. bagalsag,
bagansag arm muscles; Kalm. baltsG wrist joint; wrist; Dag. boGolr
wrist, carpus (. . 71); Mongr. baGr (SM 19: baGr) bracelet;
baGr yse metacarpus, baGariaG tibia, narin baGariaG radius.
KW 28, 227. On Turkic loans see KW 28.
PTurk. *baka 1 hoof 2 knucklebone 3 joints in animals feet (1 2 3 ): OTurk. baqanaq 1

*bka - *bla

325

(OUygh.); Karakh. baqanaq, baqajaq 1 (MK); Tur. bakanak, baknak 1, 2

(dial.); Az. baana, baana 3 (dial.); Uygh. baqalq shinbone; Tat.
bkl 2; Bashk. bql 3; Kirgh. baqaj 3; Kaz. baqaj 3; Nogh. baqaj 3; Khak.
paajax, maxajax 2; Tof. mahnq metatarsus ( 205).
VEWT 58, EDT 316-317, 2, 43-44, 310, 286-287.
310; 287. A Western isogloss.
-bka ( ~ -k-) to slide, sweep: Tung. *bKa- / *bKu-; Jpn. *pk-.
PTung. *bKa- / *bKu- to slide (, ): Evk.
bker-; Evn. baqrkn-; Neg. baxkn-; Ul. bars-; Ork. bar-.
1, 68.
PJpn. *pk- to sweep (, ): OJpn. pak-; MJpn. fk-;
Tok. hk-; Kyo. hk-; Kag. hk-.
JLTT 684.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-bk a sharp instrument: Tung. *bgba; Mong. *baki; Turk. *bokurs;
Jpn. *pukusi.
PTung. *bgba 1 stake, bar, spear 2 to delve with a stake, spear 3 to
hit (with a stake, stick) (1 , , 2 ,
3 ( )): Evn.
baq- 3; Neg. bbga 1; Man. bo- 2, bon 1; Ul. baGba 1; Ork. bbGa ~ bGba
1; Nan. baGba 1; Ud. bagba- 2.
1, 61-62.
PMong. *baki tongs (): WMong. baki; Kh. ba; Bur. baxinsag
; Kalm. bak.
KW 29.
PTurk. *bokurs wooden plough, ploughshare ( ,
): OTurk. boqurs (OUygh: YB); Karakh. boqurs (MK); Uygh. boqusa,
buqusa (Jarr.); Kirgh. brsun.
EDT 319. Voicing *-k- > -g- > -0- in Kirgh. is unclear. Molnars (Molnr 2001) etymology < Sanskr. vi-karati presupposes an unattested derivative and is generally quite
dubious.

PJpn. *pukusi digging stick (-): OJpn. pukusi.

JLTT 417.
PT *bokurs probably < *bakurs (with a vowel narrowing in the
first syllable of a trisyllabic word); PTM *bgba < *bk-ba through assimilation. Note a remarkable similarity of the Turkic and Japanese
derivation. Cf. other similar roots: *pjge, *poke, *pge, *pago.
-bla child, young: Tung. *baldi-; Mong. *balir; Turk. *bla, *bld;
Jpn. *brpa(i).
PTung. *baldi- to bear, be born (()): Evk. baldi-; Evn.
bald-; Neg. bald-; Man. bani-; SMan. bani-, ban- (694, 2146); Jurch.

326

*balu - *balu

boldi-xaj (388); Ul. bald-; Ork. bal-; Nan. bal-; Orch. bgdi-; Ud. bagdi-;
Sol. baldi-.
1, 69-70. Man. banibu- to compile, write > Dag. banib- (. . 124). Cf.
also Orok balaga young of seal (ibid.) - perhaps preserving the original root without the
dental suffix.

PMong. *balir very young, infant (): WMong. balir (L

80); Kh. balir; Bur. balar; Kalm. balr.
KW 32. Cf. also S.-Yugh. bala egg - an isolated form and hardly archaic ( < Turk.
bala child?).

PTurk. *bla, *bl-d, *bla-pan 1 young animal, nestling, 2 child 3

a mans wifes younger sister 4 younger relative (1 ,
, 2 3 4 ): OTurk. baldz (OUygh.) 3; Karakh. bala 1 (MK), baldz 3 (MK);
baldr step-son, step-daughter (MK); Tur. bala 1, 2, baldz 3, balaban falcon (dial.); Gag. baldsqa 3; Az. bala, balaG 1, 2, baldz 3; Turkm. bla 1, 2,
bldz 3; Sal. bala 1, 2; Khal. bala 2; MTurk. bala 1, 2 (Abush., . .),
baldz 3 (P. de C.); Uzb. bla 1, 2, bldiz 3, palapan 1 (dial.); Uygh. bala 1, 2;
Krm. bala 2, baldz 3; Tat. bala 1, 2, baldz 3; Bashk. bala 2, bald 3; belekej
small; Kirgh. bala 2; Kaz. bala 2, baldz 3, balapan 1 (R); KBalk. bala 2;
KKalp. bala 2, baldz 3; Kum. bala 1, 2; Nogh. bala 2, baldz 3; SUygh. mla,
mle 2; Khak. pala 2, past 3; Shr. pala 2, past 3; Oyr. bala 1, 2, pass 3 (Tel.,
R); Chuv. poldr 3, 4 (A. IX 282); Yak. bals 3, 4; Dolg. bals 3, 4.
EDT 332, 334, VEWT 59, 60, 2, 47-50, 53-54, 71, 306-307, 312, Stachowski 51, 52. Turk. > Kalm. baldr (KW 30). Khak. past < *bazl < *balz with metathesis.

PJpn. *brpa(i) child (): OJpn. warapa; MJpn. wrf, wrf;

Tok. wrabe; Kyo. wrb; Kag. warab.
JLTT 568. The Tokyo accent points to a variant *brp(i).
289. Jpn. low tone (or Turkic length) is irregular. The
Western languages all reflect a common derivative *bl(a)-tV.
-balu sable: Tung. *bali-; Mong. *bulagan; Jpn. *puruki.
PTung. *bali- sable (one year old) ( ()): Evk.
balini.
1, 71.
PMong. *bulagan sable, game (, ): MMong. buluxan (HY
10), buluqan (SH), bul(u)an (MA); WMong. bulaan (L 133), bulia; Kh.
bulga(n); Bur. bulgan; Kalm. buln; Ord. bulaGa; Dag. balg, (. .
124) balga; S.-Yugh. bulaGan; Mongr. bulGa.
KW 60, MGCD 168. Mong. > Chag. bulan, see TMN 1, 215.
PJpn. *puruki a k. of sable ( ): MJpn. furuki.
Ozawa 314-315. Despite obvious similarity, the etymology raises
some problems. The MJpn. furuki is said to be an animal breeding in
Korea, but no Korean match is available. R. A. Millers hypothesis that
furuki was borrowed from Mongolian, seems rather far-fetched (no

*blu - *bki

327

early Mong.-Jpn. contacts have been noticed so far), so we prefer to

regard the word as genuine until some further evidence becomes available. Rather complicated is the attribution of PT *albuga (VEWT 16):
Khak. alba sable, Oyr. albaa sable; game (. . 137). Cf. also
alda game ( . 101, 109-110 albaga, albaa, alabuga (=
perch). This may be al (al per wild wolf) + bulgan, bulq sable ( <
Mong.; see 1881, , p.
139), see ibid. aldq sable. The word is obviously tabooistic and
folk-etymologically analysed as red ox, but may also be a distortion
of the original *baluga (cf. the external evidence). On the other hand,
one may note the resemblance of the Turkic word with Mong. elbek
racoon, see KW 207 ( > Evk. elbie, elbi, Man. elbixe, 2, 445).
-blu early, ancient: Tung. *bala-; Turk. *baldr; Jpn. *pr-.
PTung. *bala- ancient, earlier (, ): Ul. balana; Ork.
balana; Nan. balana.
1, 68-69.
PTurk. *baldr beginning of the spring season, lambing season ( , ): Karakh. baldr (MK);
Uygh. baldi(r) (dial.: 23) last year.
The root tends to mix with *bldur last year, but is explicitly distinguished by MK
(as baldr vs. bldr).

PJpn. *pr- old (): OJpn. puru-; MJpn. fr-; Tok. fur-; Kyo.
fr-; Kag. fur-.
JLTT 828.
72 (but the Turkic root should be divided and Mong.
*boli- attributed rather to *plo old, ancient - although the two roots
may have converged in Mong.).
-bki to kick: Tung. *ba-sala-; Turk. *bk-.
PTung. *ba-sala- to kick (, ): Man. baila-; Ul. basala-; Ork. basala-; Nan. basala-; Orch. basala-; Ud. baala-.
1, 72.
PTurk. *bk- to kick, buck (, ): Karakh. m(MK); Uygh. m-, mk-; Kirgh. mk-; Kaz. mki-; Khak. mk-;
Oyr. mk-; Tv. mg-; Tof. m- (. 207); Yak. mx-.
EDT 767, VEWT 342, 7.
An expressive Turk.-Tung. isogloss, with secondary vowel labialization in Turkic.

328

*bra - *br

-bra goods, to possess, earn: Tung. *bara-; Mong. *bari-; Turk. *br; Kor.
*pr-.
PTung. *bara- 1 many 2 to increase 3 capacious (1 2 , 3 , ): Evk. bara-ma 1, bara-l- 2;
Evn. baran 3; Neg. baja 1; Man. baran 1; Ork. bara 1; Sol. bar 1.
Some forms may be borrowed from Mong. (cf. Bur. baran; note, however, that the
word is attested only in Buryat and probably borrowed < Turk., while the TM forms are
very widely spread; Dag. barn certainly < TM, see . . 124), but the root is still
probably genuine. See 1, 73.

PMong. *bari- to take, hold ( (), ): MMong.

bari- (HY 33, SH), bri- (IM), bari- (MA); WMong. bari- (L 85); Kh. bari-;
Bur. bari-; Kalm. br-, b-; Ord. bari-; Mog. bari-; ZM bari- (24-7b); Dag.
bari- (. . 125, MD 119); Dong. bari-; Bao. vr()-; S.-Yugh. bar-;
Mongr. bari-, wari- (SM 22, 481).
KW 38, TMN 1, 198, MGCD 143.
PTurk. *br 1 there is, there are 2 existence, goods 3 all (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. bar 1, 2 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.), bara 3; Karakh.
bar 1, 2, bara 3 (MK, KB); Tur. var 1, 2; Gag. var 1, 2; Az. var 1, 2; Turkm.
br 1, 3; bara 3; Sal. br, par, vr 1, bar, par rich (); Khal. vr 1, 2;
MTurk. bar 1, 2, 3, bara 3; Uzb. br 1, 2, bria 3; Uygh. ba(r) 1, 2, 3, bari
3; Krm. bar 1, 2, 3, barca, bara 3; Tat. bar 1, 2, 3, bara 3, bars 3; Bashk. bar
1, rich, bar 3; Kirgh. bar 1, rich, bara 3; Kaz. bar 1; KBalk. bar 1, rich,
bar 3; KKalp. bar 1, 2, bara 3; Kum. bar 1, 3, rich, bar 3; Nogh. bar 1, 2,
3; SUygh. par 1; Khak. par 1, 2, paran 3; Oyr. bar 1, 2, 3; Tv. bar 1, bar 2;
Tof. bar 1; Chuv. por 1, any, 3, rich, por 3; Yak. br 1, 2, bar() 3; Dolg.
br 1, 2, bar() 3.
VEWT 62, EDT 353, 356-7, 2, 61-63, 326-327, 332-333, 1,
444-445, Stachowski 52, 53, 56. Syntactically it is an abstract noun frequently acting as a
predicate.

PKor. *pr- to earn (): Mod. pl-.

KED 765.
KW 38, VEWT 62, 1,73, 287, 326-327;
1, 175, 176. Doerfer (MT 239) tries to argue (Die Quantittsverhltnisse weichen ganz ab), but the phonetic match is quite regular
(Turk. long : TM short).
-br right, straight, direct: Tung. *bru; Mong. *baraun; Turk. *bEr-;
Jpn. *pt; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *bru in the direction of (postpos.) ( ()): Man. baru; Ul. b- / b-; Ork. br-; Nan. bro-; Orch. bai-ti.
See 1, 75.
PMong. *baraun righthand side; West ( ; ):
MMong. baraun (HY 50, SH), barn (IM), brawun (MA); WMong.
baraun (L 84); Kh. barn; Bur. barn; Kalm. barn; Ord. barn; Mog. ZM

*bri - *ba

329

baranl (7-1a); Dag. baran (. . 124), baren (MD 119); Dong. borun;
S.-Yugh. barn; Mongr. baro, waro (SM 22, 482) (MGCD wara).
KW 35, MGCD 145. MMong. baranqar > Chag. buranar right wing (of an army),
see 1997, 200. Mong. > Evk. baron, see Doerfer MT 126, Rozycki 25.

PTurk. *bEr- 1 southern, right 2 to the South, to the right (1 ,

2 , ): OTurk. ber-din 1 (Orkh., OUygh.), beri-je 2,
ber-gr 2 (Orkh.).
EDT 359,364, 370. The forms ber-din (abl.), ber-ije (adv.), ber-ger (dir.) - from a spatial noun *ber. The usually related ber this side, here etc. (EDT 355, II 124-125)
should be rather kept apart. It is unclear morphologically (br < ber-r seems to be a
unique development) and may be derived from the demonstrative bu this, just like naru,
aaru, onaru that side, there is derived from the demonstrative stem an- that (see
Brockelmann 1954, 134).

PJpn. *pt direct, straight (): OJpn. pjita; MJpn. ft; Tok.
hita-to directly, closely.
JLTT 409.
PKor. *pr- direct, straight; right (; ): MKor.
pr-; Mod. par-.
Nam 238, KED 706.
EAS 57, SKE 191, Poppe 21. Verbal low tone in Korean. Doerfer
(TMN 1, 207) attempts to dismantle Ramstedts comparison
(Tung.-Kor.-Mong.) by preferring Ramstedts own earlier (KW 35)
derivation of Mong. baraun right; West < bara- to end - which is
evidently much weaker semantically.
-bri a k. of cloth: Tung. *brga-; Mong. *baraa; Turk. *br; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *brga- to clothe, put on (()): Ul. barga-; Ork.
baGdx-; Nan. braGo-, brol-.
1, 73.
PMong. *baraa cloth (): WMong. baraa (L 82); Kh. bar; Bur.
barn; Kalm. barn.
KW 33.
PTurk. *br 1 tunic 2 cloth, linen (1 2 ): Karakh. ber-t a
tunic, bert-le-n- to wear a tunic; Chuv. pir 2.
EDT 358, 359 (MK), VEWT 71.
PKor. *pr curtain (): MKor. pr; Mod. pl.
Nam 245, KED 723.
Mongolian and TM reflect a suffixed form *bri-ga.
-ba ( ~ -o) to rejoice, be proud: Tung. *bra-i-; Mong. *bar-da-; Turk.
*bA-; Jpn. *brp-.
PTung. *bra-i- to rejoice (): Ul. bra-; Nan. br-;
Orch. brai-.
1, 73.

330

*b[i] - *b[i]

PMong. *bar-da- to be proud, to boast (, ):

WMong. barda-; Kh. barda-; Bur. bardam 1 , , 2
; Kalm. bardm; Ord. barda-; Dag. bardan (n.) (. . 124);
S.-Yugh. bardam (n.); Mongr. brda- (bardo (SM 21), parda fanfaron,
prsomptueux (SM 302)).
KW 34, MGCD 143.
PTurk. *bA- to hazard, make a decision (, ): Uzb. baz- (Sart., R); Tat. baz-; Bashk. ba-; Kaz. baz-; KBalk. baz-;
KKalp. baz-n-a ; Kum. baz-; Nogh. baz-n-a batuv (gerund
from a refl. form); Yak. bah-r-j- to speek in an excessively loud and
excited manner (expr.) (?).
VEWT 66.
PJpn. *brp- to laugh (): OJpn. warap-; MJpn. wrf-; Tok.
wra-; Kyo. wr-; Kag. war-.
JLTT 783.
Not quite secure, because of tone incongruence. Jpn. could have
merged the roots *ba rejoice and *ba peace.
-b[i] wide, thick: Tung. *baru-n; Mong. *bar-; Turk. *bAk; Jpn. *pr-;
Kor. *pr.
PTung. *baru-n 1 thick 2 round, full (1 2 , ): Evn. bar-n 1; Man. barun 2; Nan. bar (Kur-Urm.) 2; Orch. bau(n)
1; Ud. bau 1.
1, 76.
PMong. *bar- broad and thick (of a beard), coarse (of textiles) (, , , () -.
, (.)): WMong. barbaji- (L 84); Kh. barvaj-;
Bur. barba-; Kalm. bar-d-r, barw-.
KW 34, 35.
PTurk. *bAk 1 thick, stout 2 a stubby man (1 , 2
): MTurk. bazuq (OKypch., AH, CCum.) 2; Krm.
bazq/x (H,Q,T) 1, 2; Tat. bazq 2; Bashk. baq 1; KBalk. bazq 1; Kum.
bazq 1.
VEWT 66. The word is exclusively Kypchak (probably also borrowed in Chuv.
pzk id.), but is apparently archaic.

PJpn. *pr- 1 wide 2 fathom (1 2 ): OJpn. pjiro- 1,

p(j)iro 2; MJpn. fr- 1, fr 2; Tok. hir- 1, hiro 2; Kyo. hr- 1; Kag. hir- 1.
JLTT 408, 828.
PKor. *pr fathom (): MKor. pr; Mod. pl.
Nam 246, KED 723. The modern form reflex a merger with MKor. pr armful (v.
sub *pa).

Whitman 1985, 193, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). The vowel reflex in Korean is

irregular, which leaves a possibility of Kor. *pr and Jpn. *pr fathom
going back to a different root (reconstructable as *Piari or *Piali); the

*baV - *bsi

331

coincidence of *pr fathom and *pr- wide, broad in Jpn. must be in

that case secondary.
-baV opposite, inimical: Tung. *bargi-; Mong. *bar-lug; Turk. *bA.
PTung. *bargi- 1 opposite 2 enemy, inimical (1
2 , , ): Evk. barg 1, bargk 2; Evn. barg 1,
bargq 2; Neg. bajg- 1, bajgn 2; Man. bai-la 1, baqin 1, 2; Jurch.
bai-u-mij d- to be inimical (797); Ul. ba 1, ba(n) 2; Ork. ba 1;
Nan. bajG 1, bajG(n) 2; Orch. baggi- 1, baui 2; Ud. bag 1, bagia 2; Sol.
barg-.
1, 73-75.
PMong. *bar-lug servant, slave (, ): WMong. barlu (L 88);
Kh. barlag.
Mong. > Russ. (?).
PTurk. *bA stranger, foreign (, ): Karakh. baz
(MK, KB); Krm. baz some, someone.
EDT 388.
A Western isogloss.
-bsi payment, loan: Tung. *basa-; Turk. *basg; Jpn. *psk-; Kor.
*pski-, psk-.
PTung. *basa- payment (): Man. basa, base.
1, 76. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *bas-g 1 a k. of tax 2 a coin (1 , 2 ): OTurk. bas (OUygh.) 1; Tat. bas, pas, bs price, pas-l valued, expensive (Sib., 108, 177); Chuv. pus 2.
EDT 373, . X, 4-5, 1, 449-450. The OT form is usually regarded as derived from *bas- to press (v. sub *psi), but external evidence suggests that this is one of
the numerous inner Turkic folk-etymological reinterpretations. Chuv. pus copec needs
some additional comments. According to 166 it can either be derived from pusbreak < Turk. *bas-, or be borrowed from Pers. pst skin > Tur. post, Uzb. pust id.
(Turkic forms see in VEWT 386). The latter hypothesis is rather improbable because the
form means coin only in Chuv., and because this borrowing is absent in other languages
of the Volga region. VEWT 387 suggests Chuv. pus < Mari pu debt, tax < pu- give. The
word is absent from the Mari dictionary, one only finds pua arrears; cf., on the other
hand, Udm. pus sign, subscription < Chuv. puz id. < pus- to press. This etymology is,
therefore, equally dubious, and our equation of Chuv. pus = OT bas seems preferable.

PJpn. *psk- to sell, barter (, ): MJpn. fsk-;

Tok. hisag-.
JLTT 690.
PKor. *pski-, psk- to loan, borrow (, ):
MKor. pski-, psk-; Mod. k:ui-, k:u-.
Nam 62, KED 197, 206.

332

*bao - *bt

1, 76 (TM-Turk.). Korean has a usual vowel loss between a

stop and a fricative (*psku- < *pis(i)-ku or *ps(i)-ku). Note the velar suffixation in Turkic, Korean and Jpn.
-bao to run, drive: Tung. *baa-; Mong. *bisi-u, *busi-u; Jpn. *basi-r-.
PTung. *baa- to drive, urge (, ): Man. baa-.
1, 78. Attested only in Manchu, but having reliable external parallels.
PMong. *bisi-u, *busi-u 1 quick, swift 2 to run away (of horses)
(1 , 2 ( )): MMong. biiun fair,
smart (38 HY); biun (MA); WMong. bisiu, buiu 1 (L 106, 140), busqu2; Kh. bu 1, busga- 2; Bur. bu 1; Kalm. bu 1; Ord. bu 1.
KW 63. Mong. > Kirgh. bosqn flight.
PJpn. *basi-r- to run, hurry (, ): MJpn. wasir-.
Cf. *ps[a].
-bt a k. of plant (for making ropes): Tung. *batu-kin; Turk. *buta-; Jpn.
*bt.
PTung. *batu-kin rope (made of bark) ( ( )): Neg.
batxn; Ul. batxn; Nan. bartox; Orch. btux; Ud. batixi.
1, 77.
PTurk. *buta- 1 2 bast, bass (for ropes) (1 2 , ( )): Karakh. butar (MK) 1
(Clausons papyrus reed is hardly correct; one should rather translate
it as warp of cotton cloth); Chuv. pdr 2.
EDT 307. Cf. also ( 89) batatu cotton yarn, in a medical text.
PJpn. *bt cotton (): OJpn. wata; MJpn. wt; Tok. wat; Kyo.
wt; Kag. wat.
JLTT 569.
The root evidently denoted some k. of plant used for making
ropes or yarn. Note however that the Turkic reflex is poorly attested
and not quite reliable; in PTM a reconstruction *bartu-kin is also possible (and perhaps preferable). The PA form should thus perhaps be
changed to *brt - a Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-bt dirt: Tung. *batu-n; Mong. *bat-ga; Turk. *bat-; Jpn. *pnt; Kor.
*pti.
PTung. *batu-n frozen soil (, ): Evk. batun;
Evn. batn; Man. batun; Ul. bt(n); Nan. bat.
1, 77.
PMong. *bat-ga 1 dirt, sweat 2 to perspire (1 , 2 ):
WMong. bataa, bata 1; badqu- 2 (L 67); Kh. batxa; Bur. badxa; Kalm.
bat, batx.
KW 36. Mong. > Oyr. patqa etc.
PTurk. *bat-gak swamp, marsh (): OTurk. bat- (in bat-daq
swamp-living (of dragons)) (OUygh.); Karakh. bat (MK, KB); Tur.

*b - *b

333

batak; Gag. bataq; Az. bataG; Turkm. batGa; Khal. bat-laq Lehm, Morast;
MTurk. bataq (San.); Uzb. btqq; Uygh. patqaq; Krm. bataq; Tat. bat-qaq
(dial.); Bashk. batqaq; Kirgh. batqaq; Kaz. batpaq; (dial.) bat sediment in
water; KBalk. batmaq, batxaq; KKalp. batpaq; Kum. batmaq; Nogh. batpaq;
Khak. pat marshy, marsh; Chuv. put-kax, put-lx.
EDT 301, II 79, 80, VEWT 65, 169, . X 42, 48. Traditionally analysed as derivatives from *bat- to sink; the derivational suffixes may be indeed both
deverbative and denominative. But the external cognates are tempting.

PJpn. *pnt dirt (): OJpn. pjidi; MJpn. fd; Tok. hiji.
JLTT 412.
PKor. *pti dirt (): MKor. pti; Mod. t:.
Nam 147, KED 419.
Whitman 1985, 141, 181, 213. Korean has a usual reduction: *pti <
*piti.
-b early: Tung. *bai-; Turk. *bAja; Jpn. *pj-.
PTung. *bai- early (): Evk. bai-kir; Evn. ba; Neg. ba; Orch.
bika; Ud. bai.
1, 64.
PTurk. *bAja recently (): OTurk. baja, baja-q (OUygh.);
Karakh. baja (MK); Tur. baja, bajak; Az. bajaG; Turkm. bajaq, baja-q; Khal.
bajaq < Az.; MTurk. baja (Pav. C.); Uzb. bja; Uygh. baja; Krm. baja-,
baja-q; Tat. baja; Bashk. baja; Kirgh. baja; Kaz. baja-; KKalp. baja-;
Kum. baja-; Nogh. baja-; SUygh. pija; Khak. paja; Shr. paja; Oyr. baja;
Tv. bije; Chuv. par.
EDT 384, 385, VEWT 56, 2, 30-32, 83. The Chuvash form is difficult.
PJpn. *pj- early, swift (, ): OJpn. paja (n), paja(adj.); MJpn. fj (n), fj- / fj- (adj.); Tok. hya (n.), hay- (adj.); Kyo.
hy (n.), hy- (adj.); Kag. hay (n.), hay- (adj.).
JLTT 402, 827. A rare case of the structure CC in an adjective, preserved under
the influence of the noun. Already in RJ a variant pj- is witnessed, and modern dialects
reflect only the latter in the adjectival form.

77, 11, 83-84. PJ has an irregular devoicing here (or should one think about a secondary assimilative voicing
*bai < *pai in PTM? In that case PA *pa should be reconstructed).
-b bait: Tung. *be; Turk. *be; Jpn. *bi ( ~ bi).
PTung. *be bait (, ): Evk. be; Evn. b; Neg.
beewun; Man. be; Ul. bei; Ork. b-ni; Nan. b; Orch. be-ppe, be-meike; Ud.
be-kpe.
1, 117-118.
PTurk. *be bait, bird-seed (, ): OTurk.
me (OUygh.); Karakh. me (MK, KB); Tur. ben, be (dial.); Turkm. me;
MTurk. me (MA); Yak. mei < *me-eg (Dimin.); Dolg. mee.
VEWT 334, EDT 766, Stachowski 178. Turk. > WMong. me, see KW 261.

334

*bd - *bd

PJpn. *bai ( ~ bia) bait (, ): OJpn. we; Tok. ; Kyo.

; Kag. .
JLTT 392. Accent reconstruction is not quite clear.
Miller 1985a, 78. An interesting monosyllabic root (TM evidence
indicates that Turk. - is suffixed).
-bd thick, large: Tung. *burgu-; Mong. *bedin, *bdn; Turk.
*bEd-k; Jpn. *ptu-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *burgu- fat, thick (, ): Evk. burgu; Evn.
berg; Neg. bojgo; Ul. boo(n); Ork. boddo(n); Nan. bujgu; Orch. boggo; Ud.
bogo; Sol. burgu.
1, 112.
PMong. *bedin, *bdn thick (): MMong. bid[o]n
(IM), bidun (MA); WMong. bdgn, bidgn (L 144); Kh. bdn; Bur.
bdn; Kalm. bdn, bdn; Ord. bdn, bidn; Mog. beidn; ZM beidun
(18-3a); Dag. budn (. . 128), budun (MD 126); Dong. biedun; Bao.
beido; S.-Yugh. budn; Mongr. budin (SM 31), bidun (Huzu).
KW 66, MGCD 173. The South.-Mong. (Dong., Bao.), as well as Mog. beidn (ZM
beidun) and the Manchu loanword bedun (see TMN 1, 234) indicate that the original vowel
was *e (*bedi-n), with subsequent assimilation in most dialects. Mong. > Yak. bd
high.

PTurk. *bEd-k 1 big 2 high (1 , 2 ):

OTurk. bedk 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. bek 1 (MK, KB); Tur. bjk
1; Gag. bk 1; Az. bjk 1; Turkm. bejik 2; Khal. bidik/bdk 1; MTurk.
bejik 1, 2 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bujuk 1, 2; Uygh. bjk 1, 2; Krm. bj 1;
Tat. bijek 2; Bashk. bejek 1; Kirgh. bijik 1; Kaz. bijik 1; KBalk. mijik 1;
KKalp. bijik 1; Kum. bijik 2; Nogh. bijik 1; SUygh. bezk 1; Khak. pzk 1,
2; Shr. mzk 2; Oyr. bijik 2; Tv. bedik 2; Tof. bedik 2.
VEWT 67, EDT 299-301, 2, 288-290. PT *bEd-k big, high is derived from
*bEd- to become bigger, grow (OT bed-, Tur. bj-, SUygh. pezi-, Az. bj-, Khal. bidi-,
Tuva bedi-, Gag. b-, Karaim bj-).

PJpn. *ptu- 1 thick 2 big (1 2 ): OJpn. putwo- 1;

MJpn. ft- 1; Tok. fut- 1; Kyo. fto- 2; Kag. fut- 2.
JLTT 829.
PKor. *pr- thick, satiated (, ): MKor. pr-; Mod.
pur-.
Nam 270, KED 813.
Gombocz 1905, KW 66, Poppe 53 (Turk.-Mong.), Martin 243-244,
16, 68, 72, 280, 12. Verbal low tone in Kor. Doerfers
(TMN 1, 235; 4, 275) criticism of the Turk.-Mong. match (lautgesetzlich
nicht vergleichbar;...passen im Vokalismus nicht...) is incorrect, because *-e- is well reconstructable for Proto-Mongolian. PTM *burgu is a
contraction < *bedu-rgu (a similar phonetic development cf. in PTM

*begV - *bjo

335

*xrg tail < *kudo-rgV). In Kor. one would expect *pr-; the attested
pr- is an obvious result of vocalic assimilation.
-begV a k. of ferment: Tung. *bege; Mong. *bee-; Turk. *bEgni.
PTung. *bege 1 ferment (made of animal liver or brain) 2 medicine
(1 ( ) 2 ): Evk. bee
1, 2; Evn. be 2; Neg. bee 2; Orch. b-de- to treat (with medicine); Nan.
b rotten food (On.)
1, 119.
PMong. *bee- to rot, mould (, ): WMong.
bege- (); Kh. b-; Kalm. b-.
KW 43-44.
PTurk. *bEgni millet beer ( ): OTurk. begni (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. begni (MK, IM).
EDT 328. The word is also present in some Iranian languages (Sogd. bny, Osset.
bgny, where it is most probably a Turkic loanword, despite TMN 2, 311, Bailey 320
[with a dubious Iranian etymology]). Turk. > Mong. bekni, begni, see 1997, 193.

A Western isogloss; not quite reliable.

-bje man; self, body: Tung. *beje; Mong. *beje; Jpn. *b.
PTung. *beje person, man (): Evk. beje; Evn. bej; Neg. beje;
Nan. beje person; Sol. bei, beje.
Homonymic forms in other languages denoting body should be probably regarded as mongolisms, but this is hardly plausible for all the forms meaning man
(since that meaning is absent in Mong.), despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 29. See 1,
122-123.

PMong. *beje body, person, self (, , ): MMong.

beje (HY 45, SH), bj (IM), bj, bij-du (MA); WMong. beje (L 94); Kh.
bije; Bur. beje; Kalm. b, bj; Ord. bije, beje; Dag. bej(e) (. . 125);
Dong. beije; S.-Yugh. bi; Mongr. bje (SM 26), (MGCD) buje.
KW 47, MGCD 147. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. beje self (Ka. MEJ 40, Stachowski 57).
PJpn. *b man (): OJpn. wo(nokwo), wotokwo; MJpn.
wo(noko), wtk; Tok. otok; Kyo. toko; Kag. otok.
JLTT 507, 513. A compound *b-n-kua, *b-tu-kua lit. male child. The root is attested also separately as OJ wo male, as well as in the compound *b-su (OJ wosu, modern osu male).

EAS 57, 98, KW 47, 261, Poppe 66, 79,

105, 276.
-bjo an ungulate animal: Tung. *bej-; Mong. *baji-ta-su; Turk. *bEje;
Jpn. *b ( ~ *bi).
PTung. *bej- an ungulate animal ( ): Evk. bejn;
Evn. bujn; Neg. bejn; Ul. buju(n); Ork. buju(n); Nan. bej; Orch.
beju(n); Ud. bui, buji; Sol. bej-n beje hunter.
1, 121-122. The root is also attested in verbal function (to hunt for ungulates): Evk. bej-, Evn. buj-, Neg. bej- etc.

336

*bka - *bek

PMong. *baji-ta-su farrow (horse, cow) ( (, )):

WMong. bajitasu, bajidasu (L 74, 76); Kh. bajdas; Bur. bajtaha(n); Kalm.
bsn; Ord. bdasu; S.-Yugh. baidsn (MGCD 136).
KW 40. Cf. also WMong. bajila- . Mong. > Evk. bajtahun etc.
( 1, 66; Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT 125); Mong. *bajtal (the deriving stem for bajta-sun < *bajtal-sun, although not attested) > Turk., Kirgh. bajtal etc. (VEWT 57, 2,
36-37, TMN 2, 388, 444).

PTurk. *bEje (foaled) mare (): OTurk. be (OUygh. - YB);

Karakh. be (MK, IM); MTurk. beje (Sangl.); bej (CCum.); Uzb. bij; Uygh.
bij (dial.); Krm. bije; Tat. bij; Bashk. bej; Kirgh. b; Kaz. bije; KKalp.
bije; Nogh. bije; SUygh. pie, pi; Khak. p; Oyr. b; Tv. be; Yak. bi.
EDT 291, VEWT 75, 2, 133, 443. Forms as bije < *bje, show a secondary vowel narrowing in front of -j-; the Kirgh., Oyr. and Tuva-Tof. forms point to *E.

PJpn. *b ( ~ *bi) pig (): OJpn. wi; MJpn. w; Tok. i(noshishi)

(*pig + flesh).
JLTT 420.
The root denotes any ungulate in TM; in other languages we observe a specialization of meaning (mare, horse, cow in
Turk.-Mong., pig in Jpn.).
-bka young, short time: TM *bekte-; Mong. *baga; Jpn. *bk-.
PTung. *bekte- a short time (): Neg. bekte; Ul. bekte; Nan.
bekt; Orch. bekte.
1, 123.
PMong. *baga young, small (, ): WMong. baa
(L 67); Kh. baga; Bur. baga; Kalm. ba; Ord. baGa; Dag. bage (MD 117);
S.-Yugh. baa.
KW 28, TMN 1, 213.
PJpn. *bk- young (): OJpn. waka-; MJpn. wk-; Tok.
wak-; Kyo. wka-; Kag. wak-.
JLTT 844.
See zawa 300-301, Miller 1985, 143. On possible Turkic parallels
see 390 (also under *bku).
-bek a k. of fish: Tung. *beKe; Mong. *bekir; Turk. *bEkre; Jpn.
*punku; Kor. *pok.
PTung. *beKe goby ( ): Orch. bexe.
1, 123. Attested only in Oroch, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *bekir sterlet (): WMong. beker; Kh. bexer; Kalm.
bekr.
KW 41.
PTurk. *bEkre sterlet (): Turkm. bekre, bekire (dial.); MTurk.
bekre (R); Uzb. bekre (dial.); Bashk. bikre; Kaz. bekire; KKalp. bekire.
VEWT 68, 2, 108.

*ble - *bli

337

PJpn. *punku goby, swellfish (, ): Tok. fgu; Kyo.

fg; Kag. fgu.
JLTT 416. Accent is not quite clear (Tokyo and Kyoto point to *p(n)k, Kagoshima
- to *p(n)ku).

PKor. *pok swellfish, blowfish ( ()): MKor. pok; Mod.

pok.
Liu 388, KED 795.
Martin 244 (Kor.-Jpn.) Cf. *pk[]. The Turk. forms are rather late
and may be borrowed < Mong. (hardly < Sam. *wekana / *wekV(rV), despite Helimski 1995).
-ble ( ~ -i) waist, lap: Tung. *belge; Mong. *belke; Turk. *bl(k).
PTung. *belge lap ( (
)): Evk. belge; Evn. blg; Neg. belge; Ul. bele; Ork. bede;
Nan. belge; Ud. bege.
1, 123.
PMong. *belke waist (): WMong. belkeg-s(n) (L 98);
Kh. belxs; Bur. belxh(n), belxenseg big belt; Kalm. belksn; Ord.
bels.
KW 42.
PTurk. *bl(k) 1 waist 2 mountain pass, ridge 3 back (1 2
, 3 , ): OTurk. bl (Yen., OUygh.) 1, 2;
Karakh. bl (MK, KB) 1; Tur. bel 1, 2, 3; Gag. bel 1; Az. bel 3; 1; Turkm. bl
1; Sal. bil 1; Khal. bel 1; MTurk. bl 1 (. ., Sangl.); Uzb. bel 1, 2;
Uygh. bl 1; Krm. bel 1, 2; Tat. bil 1, 2; Bashk. bil 1, 2; Kirgh. bel 1, 2; Kaz.
bel 1, 2, 3; KBalk. bel 1; KKalp. bel 1, 2, 3; Kum. bel 1; Nogh. bel 1, 2;
SUygh. pe 1, 2; Khak. pil 3; 1, 2; Oyr. bel 3; 1, 2; Tv. bel 1, 2; Tof. bel 1;
Chuv. pilk 1, 2, 3; Yak. bl 1.
VEWT 69, TMN 2, 416, EDT 330, 2, 135-137, 268-269, 160,
1989, 119-121. Turk. > Mong. bel.

Poppe 76, 306, . 69, 269. A Western

isogloss. Doerfer (TMN 2, 416) cannot say anything but kaum drfte
das Wort auf ein altaisches *belke zurckgehen. Cf. also WMong.
beldge, Kalm. bldgn die Weichen (KW 56).
-bli to be acquainted, assist, employ: Tung. *bele-; Mong. *bele-; Turk.
*bil-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *bele- to help (): Evk. bele-; Evn. bel-; Neg. bele-; Ul.
bele-i-; Ork. bee-; Nan. bele-i-; Orch. bele-i-; Ud. bele-si-.
1, 124.
PMong. *bele- 1 to prepare 2 ready (1 2 ):
MMong. belen 2, belet- 1 (SH), biln 2 (MA); WMong. belen, beleken 2,
bele-dke- 1 (L 97); Kh. belde- 1, belxen, belen 2; Bur. belen 2; Kalm. beln 2;
Ord. belen 2; Dag. belen 2, belke- 1 (. . 126), belede- 1 (MD 121);

338

*bl - *belV

Dong. blian, belien 2; Bao. bala 2, bld- 1; S.-Yugh. beln; Mongr. bulen
2, belen (SM 24) 2, belesGa- (SM 24), beledGa- 1 (Huzu).
KW 42, MGCD 148. Mong. > Evk. belen, Man. beleni etc. ( 1, 125), see Doerfer
MT 78, Rozycki 28; > Yak. belem, Dolg. belen-n-, belem-n- (Ka. MEJ 40, Stachowski 57).

PTurk. *bil- to know (): OTurk. bil- (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);

Karakh. bil- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. bil-; Gag. bil-; Az. bil-; Turkm. bil-; Sal.
bil-; Khal. bil-; MTurk. bil- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bil-; Uygh. bil-; Krm.
bil-; Tat. bel-; Bashk. bel-; Kirgh. bil-; Kaz. bil-; KBalk. bil-; KKalp. bil-;
Kum. bil-1; Nogh. bil-; SUygh. bl-; Khak. pl-; Shr. pil- (R.); Oyr. bil-; Tv.
bil-; Tof. bil-; Chuv. pel-; Yak. bil-; Dolg. bil-.
VEWT 75, EDT 330-331, 2, 137-139, Stachowski 60. Cf. also *belg sign
( 2, 108-111) ( = WMong. belge, see TMN 1, 216, 1997, 104). Turk. *bil-ig >
Mong. bilig (TMN 2, 418, 1997, 106).

PKor. *pr- to use, employ (, ): MKor.

pr-; Mod. puri-.
Nam 270, KED 814.
EAS 106, Poppe 21, 76, Doerfer MT 78. Cf. also Kor. parai aid, assistance. The reason for narrowing *bel- > *bil- in PT is unclear; cf. *belin the more archaic *bel-g sign.
-bl pale: Tung. *beli; Mong. *balaj; Jpn. *pr-; Kor. *prk-.
PTung. *beli 1 pale 2 to whiten (1 2 ): Evk. beli 1;
Neg. belki- 2; Orch. bli 1.
1, 123-124.
PMong. *balaj blind; dark (; ): MMong. bal
(Lig.VMI); WMong. balaj (L 78); Kh. balaj, balar; Bur. balaj, balar; Kalm.
bal, balr; Ord. bal stupide; Dag. bali vague, indistinct (MGCD 134),
bali blind (MD).
KW 30, 31. Mong. > Evk. bali etc. ( 1, 70, ), see Poppe 1972, 100, Doerfer MT 19,
Rozycki 24 ( > Dolg. bali, bal, see Stachowski 51); > Yak., Dolg. balaj, see Ka. MEJ 40, Stachowski ibid.

PJpn. *pr- to clear up (of sky, weather) ( ( , )): OJpn. para-; MJpn. fr-; Tok. har-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 685.
PKor. *prk- bright (): MKor. prk-; Mod. pak- [palk-].
Nam 247, KED 732.
Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Jpn. has an irregular p-.
-belV hysterics, panic, mourning: Tung. *beli(n); Mong. *belbe-; Turk.
*bEli.
PTung. *beli(n) 1 hysterics 2 silly (1 2 ): Evk. belin
1; Neg. belin 1; Man. beli 2; Nan. bel 2.
1, 124. TM > Dag. belin (. . 126).
PMong. *belbe- mourning, widow (, ): MMong. belbisun
(HY 32, SH), b[]lbes unmarried woman (IM), bilbusun (MA); WMong.

*bea - *br

339

belbs, (L 96) belbes(n); Kh. belevsen; Bur. belbehe(n); Kalm. belwsn;

Ord. belbesen widow; Dag. belbisen (. . 126), belibsen; S.-Yugh.
blbsn, belwsn.
KW 42, MGCD 148.
PTurk. *bEli panic, terror (, ): OTurk. beli (OUygh.);
Karakh. beli (MK), beli-le- to be terrified (KB); Tur. belin frightened
(dial. peli, peil-de-); Turkm. beli al- to fear, be disgusted; MTurk.
beli-le- to be terrified (Qutb); Bashk. bilen-d- to be scared, startled;
Kirgh. belim-i a hysterical woman; Kaz. beli; Nogh. bele scary; Oyr.
peli faked illness (R); Tv. beli-i, beli-ne-; Tof. beli-i scary,
beli-ne- be startled.
EDT 343, 344, VEWT 69, 2, 98 (with a different TM parallel).
1, 124 (TM-Turk.). A Western isogloss.
-bea red clay, dirt: Tung. *be-ge-; Turk. *bAak; Jpn. *pn.
PTung. *be-ge- to sully (): Neg. bege-.
1, 126. Attested only in Negidal, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *bAak dung (): OTurk. majaq (OUygh.); Karakh. majaq, bajnaq (MK, Oghuz XI c.); Uygh. majaq; Tv. mjaq; Tof. maq.
VEWT 322, 336, EDT 350.
PJpn. *pn red clay ( ): OJpn. pani; MJpn. fn.
JLTT 398.
If the Negidal form belongs here, it may reflect, together with PT
*bAak, a common derivative *bea-kV.
-br daughter-in-law: Tung. *bener; Mong. *beri-; Jpn. *bt-.
PTung. *bener younger relative-in-law ( ,
(, )): Evk. bener; Evn. benr; Neg.
bene; Ul. bener, beneli; Nan. bener; Orch. bene; Ud. bene.
1, 125.
PMong. *beri- 1 daughter-in-law, bride 2 wife of the elder brother (1
, 2 ): MMong. beri (SH, HY 29)
1, berigen (SH, IM), berigan (HY 28) 2; WMong. beri 1, bergen 2 (L 99); Kh.
ber 1, bergen 2; Bur. beri 1, berigen 2; Kalm. ber 1, bergn 2; Ord. bere 1,
bergen 2; Mog. biri 1 (Weiers); Dag. beri (be) 1, berigen 2 (. . 126,
MD 122); Dong. bieri 1, beGen 2 (. .); Bao. vere 1 (. .);
Mongr. beri, jeri pouse, femme (SM 25, 492), bergen (SM 25) 2.
KW 42, TMN 1, 198, 209. Mong. > Evk. berigei etc., see Doerfer MT 101, Rozycki 29.
PJpn. *bt- girl (): OJpn. woto-mje; MJpn. wt-m; Tok.
otme, tome; Kyo. tm; Kag. otom.
JLTT 513. The root should be kept distinct from OJ wt-kw man, which in all
probability goes back to *b-tu-kua male child and is parallelled by OJ wono-kwo id.

For TM one has to suppose a resonant metathesis: *bener < *bere-n.

340

*ba - *bu

-ba peace: Tung. *bere; Mong. *berele-; Turk. *bA- / *bAr-.

PTung. *bere to ease, peaceful (, , ):
Evk. bere; Man. beie-; Ork. bere-mi.
1, 127.
PMong. *berele- to be shy; to do a favour (to a respected person)
( ; ): WMong.
berele-, (L 99) berile-; Kh. berle-; Kalm. berl-, berm-; Ord. berele-.
KW 42.
PTurk. *bA peace (): OTurk. baz (Orkh.); MTurk. baz (Qutb,
AH); Krm. baz; baz-la- to comfort, console; Bashk. ba-a- to be shy;
KBalk. baz-a-ma shelter, secure place.
EDT 388 (together with baz an alien), VEWT 62, 66.
A Western isogloss. The Mong. word is usually analysed as to
behave like a daughter-in-law (see e.g. KW 42, L 99), which may be a
folk-etymology (in view of the external evidence).
-bt / *pd sea, ford: Tung. *ped-; Jpn. *bt; Kor. *pt-h, *pdr.
PTung. *ped- to ford, cross over (, ): Evk.
hed-; Man. fida-, fide-; Sol. edelb-.
2, 360.
PJpn. *bt 1 sea 2 to ford (1 2 ,
): OJpn. wata 1, watar- 2; MJpn. wtr- 2; Tok. wtaru 2; Kyo.
wtr- 2; Kag. watr- 2.
JLTT 783.
PKor. *pt-h, *pdr sea (): MKor. pt (pth-), prr; Mod.
pada.
Nam 236, 238, KED 703.
An Eastern isogloss, with a peculiar variation of laryngeal features. Cf. perhaps Mong. bide- (?L 108: bit-) to wander (for semantics
cf. Russ. ford - wander).
-bu numerous, great: Tung. *beun; Mong. *bua-; Turk. *bj, -tak;
Jpn. *piji(n)ta- ( ~ pui-).
PTung. *beun 1 ten deer 2 multitude (1 2 ): Evn. been 1; Man. buu baa 2; Nan. beu thick (of a tree) (On.) (?).
TMC 1, 103, 120. Manchu also has buun 100000 which may be borrowed < Chin.
boqian id.

PMong. *bua- strong, durable, quite good (, , ): WMong. buaai (L 143); Kh. bugaj; Bur. buagar; Kalm. buzg
(l.).
KW 64 (Ramstedt regards the Kalm. dialectal form as borrowed from Khalkha).
PTurk. *bj 1 rich, noble 2 many, numerous (1 , 2
, ): OTurk. baj 1 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.); Karakh.
baj 1 (MK, KB); Tur. baj 1; Gag. baj 1; Az. baj 1; Turkm. bj 1; MTurk. baj

*b - *b

341

1; Uzb. bj 1; Uygh. baj 1; Krm. baj 1; Tat. baj 1, bajtaq 2; Bashk. baj 1;
Kirgh. baj 1; Kaz. baj 1; KBalk. baj 1; KKalp. baj 1; Kum. baj 1; Nogh. baj
1; SUygh. pj 1; Khak. paj 1; Oyr. baj 1, bajtaq 2; Tv. baj 1; Chuv. pojan 1;
Yak. bj 1; Dolg. bj, bjdak, bjdk 1.
EDT 384, VEWT 56, TMN 2, 259, 2, 27-29, 36, 304, 332, 1,

440, Stachowski 55, 56. Turk. > Mong. bajan rich (KW 29, 1997, 103), whence
Evk. bajan etc. (TMN ibid., Doerfer MT 37).

PJpn. *piji(n)ta- ( ~ pui-) to surpass (): OJpn. p(j)iida-,

p(j)ida-; MJpn. fiida-; Tok. hiid-; Kyo. hd-; Kag. hiid-.
JLTT 688. Original accent is not quite clear.
Note the common derivative *bu-tV (-tV) reflected in PT
*bj-ta-k and PJ *piji-(n)ta-.
-b I, 1st person pronoun: Tung. *bi; *bue, *m-n-; Mong. *bi, *min-; *ba,
*man-; Turk. *b-; Jpn. *b-; Kor. *r.
PTung. *bi; *bue, *m-n- 1 I 2 we (1 2 ): Evk. bi 1; bu, mit 2;
Evn. bi 1; bu, mut 2; Neg. bi 1; bu, bitta / butta 2; Man. bi 1; be, muse 2;
SMan. b 1 (2869); b 2 (2871), mes 2 (2872); Jurch. mi-n (853) 1; Ul. bi 1;
b, bue 2; Ork. bi 1; bu 2; Nan. mi, dial. bi 1; b, bue 2; Orch. bi 1; bu, biti 2;
Ud. bi 1; bu, minti 2; Sol. bi 1; b, miti 2.
1,79: *bi I, 98: *bue we (excl.), 539: *m-n- we (incl).
PMong. *bi, *min-; *ba, *man- 1 I 2 we (1 2 ): MMong. bi, mino
(gen.) (HY 31, SH), bi, m[e]ni (gen.) (IM), bi, minu, mini (gen.) (MA) 1;
bida (HY 31), ba, mano (HYt, SH), ba, man- (IM) 2 etc.; WMong. bi, minu
(gen.) 1; bide, ba, man- 2; Kh. bi, minij (gen.) 1; bid, ba, man- 2; Bur. bi,
men (gen.) 1; man- 2; Kalm. bi, min (gen.) 1; bid(n), man- 2; Ord. bi, mini
(gen.) 1; man- 2; Mog. bi I, nami, name, mini (gen), bid, mn- we; ZM
bi (26-2), menni (gen.) (26-10a); Dag. b, min (gen.) 1; bed, b, mn- 2
(. . 123, 125, 126, 154); Dong. bi, mini (gen.) 1; biien, ma- 2; Bao.
be, mene (gen.) 1; bede, man- 2; S.-Yugh. b; Mongr. bu (SM 30), muni
(gen.), nd (D) (SM 247, 260) 1; buda (SM 30) 2.
KW 44, MGCD 151.
PTurk. *b- 1 I 2 (*bi-) we (1 2 (*bi-) ): OTurk. ben 1 (Orkh.,
Yen., OUygh.), men 1 (OUygh.), biz 2 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.); Karakh.
men 1 (MK, KB), biz 2 (MK, KB); Tur. ben 1, biz 2; Gag. ben 1, bis 2; Az.
mn 1, biz 2; Turkm. men 1, bz 2; Sal. m(n) 1, pise(r) 2 ( 128); Khal.
mn 1, biz 2; MTurk. ben 1 (Abush.), biz 2 (Abush.); Uzb. men 1, biz 2;
Uygh. mn 1, biz 2; Krm. men 1, biz 2; Tat. min 1, bez 2; Bashk. min 1, be
2; Kirgh. men 1, miz 2; Kaz. min 1, biz 2; KBalk. men 1, miz 2; KKalp. men
1, biz 2; Kum. men 1, biz 2; Nogh. men 1, biz 2; SUygh. men 1, pz 2;
Khak. min 1, ps 2; Shr. men 1, pis 2; Oyr. men 1, mis 2; Tv. men 1, bis 2;
Tof. men 1, bis 2; Chuv. e-b 1, e-br 2; Yak. min 1, bihigi 2 (Poss.); Dolg.
min 1, bihigi 2.

342

*bju - *bili

EDT 346 (*b-n), 388 (*bi), 2, 129-130, VEWT 77, 333, Stachowski 60, 179.
PJpn. *b- I, we (, ): OJpn. wa-; MJpn. wr, wtks; Tok.
wtashi; Kyo. wte; Kag. i.
The form watakusi is regarded by Mochizuki 1971 as *wa-tu-(a)ku si my place direction, and by Martin (JLTT 569) as *ba-tukusi exhaust me or I exhaust. Rising accent in
wtks is unclear.

PKor. *r we (): MKor. r; Mod. uri.

Nam 389, KED 1238.
EAS 79, 357, 2, 55-56, 63-66, JOAL 157,
57, 68, 104-105, 276. An alternation *bi / *mi-ne- (sing.) ; *ba /
*mu-n- (plur.) should be reconstructed. Korean has undergone an irregular (dialectal) loss of *b- (*r < *b-r).
-bju to be, sit: Tung. *bi-; Mong. *bji- ( < *bij-); Jpn. *b(u)-.
PTung. *bi- to be (): Evk. bi-; Evn. bi-; Neg. b-; Man. bi-; SMan.
bi- (3016); Jurch. bie-i (704), bie-fume (614); Ul. bi-; Ork. bi-; Nan. bi-;
Orch. b-; Ud. bi-; Sol. bi-.
1, 79-80.
PMong. *bji- to be (): MMong. bue (HY 51, SH), bi (IM, MA);
WMong. bi (L 143: b-); Kh. bij; Bur. b; Kalm. b; Ord. b; Mog. bi, be
ist, ZM be (27-5a); Dag. bei (. . 125); Dong. bi-, vei-; Bao. vi-;
S.-Yugh. b, wai; Mongr. (w)- (SM 187, 483), bi- (Minghe).
KW 44, MGCD 150.
PJpn. *b(u)- 1 to sit 2 to be (1 2 ): OJpn. wi- 1, 2; MJpn.
w- 1, 2; Tok. - 2; Kyo. - 2; Kag. -.
JLTT 698.
EAS 57, Poppe 112, Ozawa 304-307, 1, 184, Murayama
1962, 109, 68, 111, 280. Cf. perhaps MKor. - to be (with loss
of *b-, like in *uri we)?
-bili to mix, knead: Tung. *bila-; Mong. *bila-; Turk. *bii-; Jpn.
*psp; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *bila- to mix (flour), to glue ( (), ):
Man. bila-.
1, 83. Attested only in Manchu, and could be in fact < Mong., if not for the
difference in meaning.

PMong. *bila- to become flat and watery; to smear all over (()): WMong. bila-, bile- (L 103); Kh. alca-; Bur. bilsa-; Kalm.
bilc-; Ord. bilal-.
KW 45.
PTurk. *bii- to stir up, churn (milk, butter) (, (, ), ): Turkm. piek churn pestle, -le- to
churn; Uzb. pikak churn pestle; Tat. pe- (., 180);
Bashk. bee- to churn; to beat, bekk churn-staff; Kirgh. b- / bi-;

*bli - *bre

343

bikek churn-staff for kumis; Kaz. pis-; KKalp. pis-; piskek a big churn;
Nogh. piskek churn-staff; Chuv. per- to hit, beat; Yak. bis- to smear;
Dolg. bis- to smear.
2, 309-310, Stachowski 61, . X, 241-242. In a part of languages the root
merges with *bi- to ripen; it differs from the latter by its original transitivity and consequent front vocalism.

PJpn. *psp a k. of bean paste; salted meat or fish (

; ): OJpn. p(j)isip(w)o; MJpn. fsf.
JLTT 409.
PKor. *p- to mix up, brew ( (), ( )): MKor. p-; Mod. pit- [pi-].
Liu 417, KED 864.
SKE 202, Miller 1970, 129.
-bli wrist: Tung. *bile-n; Mong. *beelej; Turk. *bilek.
PTung. *bile-n 1 wrist 2 lapel on mittens (1 2
): Evk. bile(n) 1, 2; Evn. bilen 1; Neg. bile 2; Ork. bile 2; Ud.
bule 1 (. 215), bilepti, bulepti bracelet (. 212).
1, 83, 260.
PMong. *beelej gloves (): WMong. begelei (L 94); Kh. blij; Bur. blej; Kalm. b; Dag. bli, b (. . 125, MD 121).
KW 44, MGCD 147. Mong. > Chag. bhl etc., see TMN 4, 273-274; > Russ. Siber.
bla, see 149.

PTurk. *bilek wrist, forearm (, ): OTurk. bilek

(OUygh.); Karakh. bilek (MK, KB); Tur. bilek; Gag. bilek; Az. bilk;
Turkm. bilek; MTurk. bilek (. ., Sangl.); Uzb. bilak; Uygh. bilk;
Krm. bilek; Tat. belk; Bashk. belk; Kirgh. bilek; Kaz. bilek; KBalk. bilek;
KKalp. bilek; Kum. bilek; Nogh. bilek; Khak. plek; Shr. pilek (R, .);
Oyr. belek; Tv. bilek; Yak. belenik, belenik (dial.).
EDT 338-339, VEWT 76, TMN 2, 314, 2, 145-146, 172-175 (with detailed
analysis of phonetic variants and derivatives), 256. Turk. *bilek-jk > *bile(g)k
bracelet (EDT 345, Stachowski 60) > Mong. bilg / bilisg / blg (see Clark 1980, 41).

A Western isogloss. Mong. beelej < *bejelej < *bele-lej. See EAS 109,
1972a, 97-98, 311, 250. Doerfers (MT 240)
attempt to refute the TM form by reconstructing *bigln is quite artificial: forms like Ul. gileptu(n) go back to a quite separate root (see *gilu).
-bre a k. of predator: Tung. *birin; Mong. *ber-; Turk. *br.
PTung. *birin female of a predator ( (, )): Evk. birin; Evn. bran; Neg. bjn; Man. birin ~ barin.
1, 84-85.
PMong. *ber- young of wolf (): MMong. borte ino (SH);
WMong. beltereg (L 98: belterge); berte inua, brt (L 128); Kh. beltreg;
Bur. belterge; Kalm. beltrg.

344

*balge - *blu

KW 42. Mong. *beltereg is a regular metathesis < *berteleg. Mong. brt (berte) inua
is translated as multicolored wolf (name of the legendary ancestor of Chinggis Khan)
and brt is glossed in L 128 as mottled, speckled, grey - but in fact it is basically used
with inua and is probably the original deriving stem of beltereg. -bri in MMong.
e-bri, WMong. gebri jackal may be borrowed < Turk. (see 1997, 163).
PTurk. *br wolf (): OTurk. bri (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. bri (MK,KB); Tur. br (dial.); Turkm. br; Sal. pe ();
Khal. beri; MTurk. bri (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. bri; Uygh. bri; Krm.
br; Tat. bre; Bashk. bre; Kirgh. br; Kaz. bri; KBalk. br; KKalp.
bri; Kum. br; Nogh. bri; SUygh. bji, peri; Khak. pr; Shr. pr (R);
Oyr. br; Tv. br, dial. (Todzh.) brk; Chuv. pir; Yak. br; Dolg.
br.
EDT 356, VEWT 84, TMN 2, 333, 2, 219-221, 160, Stachowski 63.
The hypothesis of the word being borrowed from an East Iranian source runs into difficulties, basically because of the lack of early attested forms with -k (only in Tuva dialects
and the hypothetical Bulgar source of Russ. (cf. 128-129)). See also Abaev
1, 263 (isnt the East Iranian form itself < Turkic?)

A Western isogloss. KW 42, 160. In Turk. one has to suppose a secondary assimilation < *br.
-balge throat, to swallow: Tung. *bilga; Mong. *balgu-.
PTung. *bilga throat (, ): Evk. bilga; Evn. blg; Neg.
blga; Man. bila; SMan. bilh (62); Ul. bla; Ork. blda; Nan. blGa; Orch.
bigga; Ud. bigaa (. 212).
1, 82. TM > Dag. bilgara (. . 126).
PMong. *balgu- 1 to swallow 2 gulp (1 2 ): WMong.
balu- (L 80) 1, balu 2; Kh. balga- 1, balga 2; Bur. balga- 1, balga 2; Kalm.
bal- 1, bal 2.
KW 31.
KW 31, 1, 173. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-blu dirt, mud: Tung. *bul-; Mong. *bul-; Turk. *bl-; Jpn. *pu-; Kor.
*piro.
PTung. *bul- 1 snuff 2 swamp, marsh 3 become dull, colourless (1
, 2 , , 3 ): Evk. bul 2, bl- 3; Evn.
bule 2; Ul. bla(n) 1; Orch. bule 2; Ud. bula(n) 1.
1, 106, 109. Evk. > Dolg. bil dirt (Stachowski 60).
PMong. *bul- dreggy, muddy, turbid (, ): MMong.
bulugir (HY 53), bulanir (MA); WMong. bulagir (L 133); Kh. buligar;
Bur. bulangir; Kalm. bugr; Ord. bulagir, buligir.
KW 30. Mong. has a number of similar forms with -a-: balar turbid, balbi- to become dirty, sullen, bala snuff, balira- be wet, soaked. These may reflect a contamination of *bul- with another root, see *balai blind; dark. The assumption of Mong. bulagir
being borrowed from Turkic (cf. MTurk. bulanaq, derived from bula- to stir up) see in
1997, 110; on the other hand, Mong. is certainly the source of Tat. bolar
muddy, cloudy etc.

*ba - *bmi

345

PTurk. *bl- mud, clay (, ): Karakh. balq (MK,IM),

bal()q (MK); Tur. balk; Az. palG; Turkm. palq; Sal. palx ( 435
.); Khal. paloq ( < Az.); MTurk. balq (Pav. C.), palq (Sangl.); Uzb.
baliq; Uygh. baluq; Krm. balq; Tat. balq; Bashk. balsq; Kaz. balq,
balqa; Kum. balq; Nogh. balq; Khak. palax (Sag.); Oyr. bal-qa; Tv.
bala, mala; Tof. balxa; Chuv. plk; Yak. blk sand, silt, brought by
water (.).
EDT 333, 336, VEWT 60, . 179, 374. Turk. > Mong. balig
( 1997, 103). In Chuv. one would rather expect px, so the form may reflect a
slightly different morphologically *bl-ak.

PJpn. *pu- dandruff (): Tok. fu-ke.

JLTT 417 (accent unclear). A compound with ke hair.
PKor. *piro dandruff, mange (, ): MKor. piro; Mod.
piru.
Nam 276, KED 852.
KW 30, 1, 185, Martin 247. Jpn. *pu (attested only within a
compound) reflects a contraction < *bl(u)-gu; Kor. piro < *pjro (with a
frequent variation *j / i).
-ba harm, wound: Tung. *bial-; Mong. *bilawu; Turk. *bi; Jpn.
*bns-pp.
PTung. *bial- 1 to harm, damage 2 to be in a difficult position, obstructed (1 2 , , ): Evk. bl2; Evn. belee- 1; Man. bele- 1; Ul. bajl- to wound.
1, 66, 79; 125.
PMong. *bilawu wound, scar (, , ): WMong.
bilau, (L 104) biluu; Kh. alc; Ord. bilir, blr.
PTurk. *bi wound (): OTurk. ba (OUygh.); Karakh. ba (MK,
KB); Tur. ba (dial.); Turkm. b; Tv. bai (Krg. Castr. 124); Chuv. pek
scar; Yak. bs; Dolg. bs.
EDT 376, VEWT 65, 2, 88-89, 1, 172, . 90, 194, Stachowski 57. Usually united with bal wound, wounded, but cf. PA *mli.

PJpn. *bns-pp damage, harm, disaster (, ): OJpn.

wazapap(j)i; MJpn. wazafafi; Tok. wzawai; Kyo. wzwi; Kag. wazawi.
JLTT 569.
. 90, 194.
-bmi knee, ankle: Tung. *bialebki; Mong. *belberkej; Turk. *bAmak;
Jpn. *pns; Kor. *parmak (~ --).
PTung. *bialebki 1 knee cap 2 knee (1 2 ): Nan. blk (. 66) 1; Ud. bluga (-ua), bloo (-uo) 1 (. 211);
Sol. bolxi 2.
Cf. also (?) Oroch mileuki knee cap (with a strange m-) ( - 204).
See 1, 123. TM > Dag. bolgi, bolki knee cap (. . 127).

346

*bare - *bare

PMong. *belberkej pastern, ankle (of horses, animals) ( ( , )): WMong. belber(e)kei (L 96) belbeneg (DO 63); Kh.
belberxi, berevxi; Bur. berbegei, dial. belhen; Kalm. belwrk, belwncg; Ord.
belbenik.
KW 42.
PTurk. *bA-mak boot, shoe (, ): Karakh. bamaq (MK
Oghuz), baaq (MK Chigil), bamaq (IM); Tur. bamak, pamak; Az.
bamaG; Turkm. bamaq, pamaq (heel of a camel; boot); MTurk.
bamaq (Sangl., MA); Uzb. dial. (Khorazm) ba-lq heel-piece of a boot;
Tat. bamaq; Bashk. bamaq; Kirgh. bamaq-ta- to sole (a boot); KBalk.
bamaq; KKalp. bamaq; Kum. bamaq; Nogh. bamaq.
EDT 382-383, 2, 93-95, III 69, TMN 2, 293-294. Doerfers inner etymology (bamak with vowel elision < *baa-mak from *baa- to cut, make notches) is impossible: baa- is derived from *b() wound with a long vowel, while bamak has a short
one.

PJpn. *pns knee (): OJpn. pjiza; MJpn. fz; Tok. hza; Kyo.
hz; Kag. hza.
JLTT 412.
PKor. *parmak (~ --) a k. of footwear ( ): Mod. palmak.
KED 727.
SKE 186 (Kor.-Turk.); 1989a (Mong-TM). For a different
treatment see III 67-69 (cf. *plka below).
-bare to build, construct: Tung. *biri-; Mong. *bari-; Turk. *b(i)ar-k.
PTung. *biri- 1 to lay planks 2 planking 3 tent, construction 4 fence
5 frame (1 2 3 , 4 5 ): Evk. biri- 1, biriptir 2, 3; Evn. birken 2, 3; Neg. bij 2; Man. biregen,
bireken 4, beren 5; Nan. ber 5 (possibly < Man.); Orch. bipti 3; Ud. bpti 2.
1, 84, 127.
PMong. *bari- to build (): WMong. bari- (L 85); Kh. bari-, barilga building; Bur. bari-; Kalm. br- KPC 92; Ord. bari-.
Usually considered to be one of the meanings of the polysemantic bari- to take,
hold, which is probably a folk-etymological analysis.

PTurk. *b(i)ar-k 1 house 2 home, household (1 , 2

, ): OTurk. barq 1, 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. barq 1, 2
(MK, KB); Tur. bark 2; Az. bar fence; MTurk. barq 2 (Sangl., Pav. C.);
Uzb. barq 1.
EDT 359-360, VEWT 63, 66, II 62. Bark is traditionally linked with br there
is, bar belongings, but cf. the Az. word which can be hardly explained in this way.

A Western isogloss. Not quite reliable because of secondary contaminations in Turco-Mongolian.

*bsi - *bga

347

-bsi penthouse, decking: Tung. *bi(a)sere-; Turk. *bAs-trma; Jpn.

*pss.
PTung. *bi(a)sere- 1 decking 2 shelf under ceiling 3 bed 4 pedestal
(1 2 3 4 , ):
Man. besergen 3, 4; Ul. bisere(n) 1; Nan. besere, bisere 2.
1, 85.
PTurk. *bAs-trma penthouse (): Turkm. bassrma; MTurk. basturma (R - Zenker); Uzb. bstirma; Tat. bastrma (dial.); Kirgh. bastrma;
Kaz. bastrma; KKalp. bastrma.
528. Formally derived from *bastr- to cause to press - which seems
rather far-fetched semantically. We may deal here rather with a compound of *bas +
*terme wall, building, secondary influenced by *bastr-ma, *bastr-k pole for fixing hay
and sheaves, see 2, 76-77.

PJpn. *pss penthouse, shade (, ): MJpn. fss; Tok.

hsashi; Kyo. hssh; Kag. hssh.
JLTT 409.
The root is similar to *pso stairway, step (q.v.), but should be
strictly distinguished.
-bga place: Tung. *buga; Mong. *bau-; Jpn. *b; Kor. *p.
PTung. *buga place (, ): Evk. bua; Evn. b; Neg. boa
~ boa; Man. ba; SMan. b (2562); Jurch. buha-i (71); Ul. ba; Ork. b; Nan.
boa.
1, 100.
PMong. *bau- 1 to step down, camp 2 camp (n.) (1 , 2 , ): MMong. bu- (IM), caus.
bawula- (MA), bauu- 1 (SH), b- 1 (Lig.VMI); WMong. bau- 1, baudal
2 (L 71); Kh. b- 1, bdal 2; Bur. b-; Kalm. b-; Ord. b-; Mog. b-; Dag.
b- (. . 126, MD 126); Dong. bao-, bau-; Bao. bu-, b-; S.-Yugh. b-;
Mongr. b-( 30), bau- (Minghe).
KW 64, TMN 1, 201, MGCD 164. TMN 1, 201.
PJpn. *b place (): OJpn. pa edge; MJpn. b; Tok. b; Kyo. b;
Kag. b.
JLTT 390. All sources except Tokyo point to low tone. A rare case of preservation of
*b- (which normally gives OJ w-), probably for syntactic reasons - the word is usually
employed in genitive constructions, *-n ba > *-mba > ba.

PKor. *p place where, circumstance (aux. word) (, ; (. )): MKor. p; Mod. pa.
Liu 359, KED 701.
KW 40, Lee 1958, 106, 81, Menges 1984, 282-283, 1,
101. In PA it is somewhat difficult (but probably necessary) to distinguish between *bga place, *b()aja to be located and *bogo open
place q. v.

348

*bgi - *bk(rV)

-bgi to be cold, freeze: Tung. *bog(i)- / *begi-; Mong. *bee-re-; Jpn.

*pja-, *p.
PTung. *bog(i)- / *begi- 1 to freeze 2 cold 3 frazil (1 ,
2 3 ): Evk. be- 1, bein, boin 2 booro 3;
Evn. bei-, bei- 1, be 3; Neg. bej- 1; Man. beje- 1; Jurch. bei 2 (95); Ul.
beji- 1; Nan. beji- 1.
1, 87, 119.
PMong. *bee-re- be cold (): WMong. begere- (L 94); Kh.
bre-; Bur. bre-; Kalm. br-; Ord. bre-; Dag. bre- (. . 126), bde(MD 120).
KW 44, MGCD 147.
PJpn. *pj-, *p 1 to freeze 2 ice, hail (1 2 , ):
OJpn. pji 2; MJpn. fja- 1, f 2; Tok. hi- 1; Kyo. h- 1; Kag. h- 1.
JLTT 405.
EAS 91, KW 44, Poppe 60, 69, 106, 280. Despite Doerfer
MT 20, TM cannot be borrowed < Mong.
-bogo place, open place: Tung. *biga; Mong. *buji-; Jpn. *pa.
PTung. *biga field, steppe (, ): Man. biGan, bixan; SMan.
bihan (2079); Ud. biga, bia (. 212).
Nan. b is probably < Man. See 1, 81.
PMong. *buji- 1 far off, unpopulated (place) 2 place of migration (1
, 2 ,
): WMong. bojid, bujid 1 (L 113, 132:
bojida, bujida), bujira 2; Kh. bujd 1, bujr 2; Bur. bujda 1; Ord. bujda 1.
PJpn. *pa 1 room, place (in a dwelling) 2 place, surroundings (1 ( ), 2 , ): OJpn. pje 1, 2; MJpn.
f 1, 2; Tok. he-y 1; Kyo. hy 1; Kag. hey 1.
Martin (JLTT 404) derives the word for room from PJ *pi part, separate q.v.,
which is improbable because of its accent. A merger of two roots must have occurred
here.

The root is somewhat difficult to distinguish from *b()aja q.v.

(and in Jpn., indeed, the two roots could have merged - with additional
mixture with *pji part q.v.). Jpn. *pia must be a contraction < *pja
(*puja).
-bk(rV) ( ~ *p-) dirt, patina: Mong. *boki(r); Turk. *bakr; Jpn.
*pkr.
PMong. *boki(r) 1 taint, patina; chewing gum 2 dirty (1 , ; 2 ): WMong. boki 1, bokir 2 (L 114); Kh. bo 1,
boxir 2; Ord. boki 1; Mongr. boGodi (: dege ~) clopin-clopant (SM 27).
Mong. > Evk. boki, see Doerfer MT 125.
PTurk. *bakr 1 copper 2 patina (1 2 , ): OTurk.
baqr 1 (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. baqr 1 (MK, KB); Tur. bakr 1; Gag. baqr

*bla - *bla

349

1; Az. paxr 2; Turkm. baqr 1; MTurk. baqr (MA, Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. baqir,
paqir 1; Uygh. paqir 1; Krm. bar 1; Tat. baqr 1; Bashk. baqr 1; Kirgh.
baqr 1; Kaz. baqr 1; KBalk. bar 1; KKalp. baqr 1; Kum. bar 1; Nogh.
baqr 1; SUygh. paqr 1; Khak. pr (Kyz., Joki) 1; Oyr. baqras brass kettle; Chuv. pgr 1; Yak. baara pot for boiling milk.
EDT 317, VEWT 58, 2, 45-46, 405-406. Turk. > WMong. baqar, baqur
(Kalm. bar), see KW 29, 1997, 104. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bakrka (
111-112).

PJpn. *pkr dust (): MJpn. fokori; Tok. hkori; Kyo. hkr;
Kag. hokri.
JLTT 414.
406. Jpn. *-- in the first syllable is irregular, due to assimilation or bad compatibility of *a (which would be expected) and *.
-bla end (of a branch etc.): Tung. *bule; Mong. *bol- / *bul-; Turk.
*bAldak.
PTung. *bule staff, shaft ( (), ): Ul. buli(n);
Ork. blie(n); Nan. bul; Orch. bule; Ud. bula.
1, 106, 109.
PMong. *bol- a thick end of smth., bulb ( -.,
): WMong. bolau; Kh. bolc; Bur. buls; Kalm. bul callosity;
Ord. bologor .
KW 59. Cf. also bulu- uprooted, bulul- to disjoint (L 134), buli- to be disjointed (L 137) > Evk. buli-. The root tends to contaminate with *bul- < PA *pula to
swell.

PTurk. *bAldak 1 hilt 2 stalk, stem (1 2 , ):

Tur. baldak 1; Turkm. baldaq 2; MTurk. baldaq 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. bldq 1;
Uygh. baldaq 1; Tat. baldaq 1; Bashk. baldaq 1; Kirgh. baldaq 1; Kaz. baldaq
1; KKalp. baldaq 1; Nogh. baldaq 1.
VEWT 60, 2, 52. Similar forms of the type *balak may be borrowed from
Mong., while WMong. balda, barda, Khalkha baldag, bardag, Mongor bardaG hilt are
rather < Turkic.

A Western isogloss.
-bla a k. of bush, spiraea: Tung. *boloka; Mong. *balirgana,
*baldargana; Turk. *bl-gn; Jpn. *br(m)p; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *boloka spiraea (): Evk. boloko; Neg. boloxokto; Ul.
boloqta; Nan. boloqto; Orch. bolokto; Ud. bolokto (. 213).
1, 93.
PMong. *balirgana, *baldargana heracleum dissectum, angelica
(, ): WMong. balirana, baldarana (L 80); Kh. baldargana, balirgana; Bur. balargana; Kalm. balrgn Waldknoblauch, Wolfswurz.
KW 32. Mong. > Khak. paltrgan, Tof. baltran , ; Hung. bojtorjn burdock (cf. Gombocz 1912).

350

*bli - *bli

PTurk. *blgn 1 tamarisk, 2 viburnum (1 2 ):

Karakh. buluna, (dial.) maluna (MK) 1; Az. palan 2 (R); Turkm. balx a
k. of white mulberry; Uzb. balxi white mulberry; Uygh. balan 2 (
1956); Tat. balan 2; Bashk. balan 2; Kirgh. baln 1 a k. of bush similar to
ln; KBalk. balan 2 (Karach.); Shr. palan 2 (R); Oyr. balan 2; Chuv.
(palan < Tat.), (*polan > Mari polan 2); Yak. blax white willow; willow
branches as fodder.
EDT 338, 2, 52, VEWT 59, 324, . 189, 201. Turk. > Mong. balu, baluna
tamarisk. Forms like balx may be secondarily modified (Balkh mulberry), but in any
case not < Iranian.

PJpn. *br(m)p a k. of fern ( ): OJpn. warabji;

MJpn. wrb, wrf; Tok. wrabi; Kyo. wrb; Kag. warab.
JLTT 568. The Tokyo accent is irregular (pointing to a variant *brp). Cf. perhaps
also *br straw.

PKor. *pr salad, Lactuca (-): MKor. puro, pr; Mod.

puru.
Liu 394, KED 813.
KW 31. Tone correspondence between Korean and Japanese is irregular.
-bli arm muscles: Tung. *bola-n; Mong. *bul-i, *bul-ir-; Turk.
*b(i)altr; Jpn. *pnt; Kor. *prh.
PTung. *bola-n cuff (, ): Neg. bolan; Ork.
bolo; Nan. blo.
1, 91. Length in Nan. (Naikh.) must be secondary.
PMong. *bul-i, *bul-ir- 1 muscles (of thighs and arms) 2 gland (1
( ) 2 ): MMong. bilirqai 2 (MA); WMong.
buli 1, bulirqai 2 (L 134); Kh. bulin 1, bulirxaj 2; Bur. bulan 1,
bularxaj 2; Kalm. bu 1, burx, -x 2; Ord. buli; Dag. balirt 1
(. . 124); Mongr. paarG 2 (SM 301).
KW 61. Mong. > Kirgh. bulu etc., Yak., Dolg. bl (Ka. MEJ 94, Stachowski 70); >
Man. bula(n), see Doerfer MT 137. Cf. also *bulir gland (KW 59).

PTurk. *b(i)altr calf of leg ( ): OTurk. baltr (OUygh.);

Karakh. baldr (MK); Tur. baldr; Gag. baldr; Az. baldr; Turkm. baldr;
MTurk. baldr (MA), baltr (Sangl.); Uzb. bldir; Krm. baldr; Tat. baltr;
Bashk. baltr; Kirgh. baltr; Kaz. baltr; KBalk. baltr, baldr; KKalp. baltr;
Kum. baldr; Nogh. baltr; Khak. paltr; Shr. paltr; Oyr. baltr; Tv. baldr;
Tof. baldr; Yak. ballr.
VEWT 61, 2, 54-55, 283-284.
PJpn. *pnt elbow (): OJpn. pjidi; MJpn. fd; Tok. hij; Kyo.
hj; Kag. hji.
JLTT 412.
PKor. *prh arm ( ( )): MKor. phr; Mod. phal.
Nam 462, KED 1736.

*bl - *bolo

351

313, 284. Martin 247, Whitman 210. The vocalism

in Mong. *bul-i- is probably influenced by the descriptive root bul(bult-, buld-, blt- etc.) to be swollen, swell, see *bula. Note that PT,
Mong. and Jpn. reflect a common derivative *bol-ti- (*boli-tV-).
-bl time, agree upon time: Tung. *bila-; Mong. *bolu-; Jpn. *br.
PTung. *bila- to agree upon time (,
): Man. bila-.
1, 81. Attested only in Manchu, but with probable external parallels.
PMong. *bolu- to agree upon time (, ): WMong. bolu-, bola- (L 119); Kh. bolo-; Bur. bolzo-; Kalm.
bolz-; Ord. bolo-; Dag. bol, bollo- (. . 127).
KW 51. Mong. > Evk. *bolor , > Russ. Zabajk. bolor (
133).

PJpn. *br time, occasion (, ): MJpn. wr; Tok. or;

Kyo. r; Kag. or.
Accent is not quite clear: RJ has wr, but modern dialects (except Kyoto which is
ambiguous) point rather to *br. This may be explained by a folk-etymological influence
of *br- to bend.

Mong. *bolu- > Evk. bolo etc., see Poppe 1966, 192, Doerfer MT
101; bolal appointed time > Chag. bolal etc., see 2, 188-189,
1997, 200).
-bolo all, completely: Tung. *bil-; Mong. *bul-tu; Turk. *bile (bula).
PTung. *bil- completely, wholely (, ): Man.
bili, buli; Nan. bilde-bilde.
1, 82.
PMong. *bul-tu all, whole, entire(ly) (, , ):
MMong. bulun together (SH); WMong. bultu (L 136); Kh. bult; Bur.
bult(an); Kalm. bult; Ord. bultu; Dag. bolto (. . 127).
KW 60.
PTurk. *bile (bula) with, together, also ( , , ): OTurk.
bile, bilen (OUygh.); Karakh. bile (MK, KB); Tur. bile even; Gag. -jlan;
Az. bil (dial.); Turkm. bile, bilen; Sal. bile; Khal. bil; MTurk. bile (Pav.
C.); Uzb. bilan; Uygh. biln; Krm. bla; Tat. beln; Bashk. -benen; Kirgh.
minen; Kaz. -ben; KBalk. bla; KKalp. benen; Kum. bulan; Nogh. -ben;
SUygh. bile(n); Khak. mna; Shr. mine here, now; Oyr. bla (dial.,
Tuba); Tv. bile; Chuv. -bala(n); Yak. -nan (?).
EDT 364-365, 2, 140-142. Phonetic variants are explained by the transformation of the root into a postposition and, further, into a case ending. The form bile is attested quite early and therefore can be hardly treated as an assimilation < bir-le (derived
from bir 1, cf. bir-ge, bir-e with a similar meaning).

A Western isogloss; in the front row variant *bile Turkic reveals a

secondary delabialization < *ble.

352

*bnV - *bor[a]

-bnV a k. of predator: Tung. *boa; Turk. *bAnu.

PTung. *boa a big monkey ( ): Man. boo, moo;
SMan. moni monkey (2212); boni year of the monkey (2724); Jurch.
bo-no (151).
1, 94, 545. The secondarily nasalized Manchu form moo was borrowed in
Sol., Oroch, Ud., Ul., Nan. moo and Dag. (. . 155) mo monkey, Kh. mo male
young of monkey.

PTurk. *bAnu wild cat ( ): OTurk. manu (OUygh.); Tat.

manul; Tv. man.
EDT 767. Turk. > Kalm. manl, Dag. man (Tod. 153) (probably contaminated with
Mong. proper malur < *malul q. v. sub *me). Uygh. molun wild cat may be a mongolism.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Palatalized *-- in TM is a secondary assimilation result. The root must have denoted some wild predator. It is
tempting to compare similar forms in Mong. and Jpn., denoting some
(mythical?) aquatic predator: PJ *bni crocodile, WMong. ()
banuqai a rare aquatic creature, dwelling in water during daytime and
on the shore during nighttime - but the semantic change seems too
far-fetched.
-bor[a] color, shape: Tung. *borkan; Mong. *baraa; Turk. *bArk (??);
Jpn. *pr.
PTung. *borkan color, beauty (, ): Evn. borkan; Man.
boo; SMan. bo, bou (2417); Jurch. bo()o-gaj (628); Ork. boo; Nan.
bojqo; Orch. boqqo; Ud. boko.
1, 96.
PMong. *baraa shape, silhouette (, ): MMong. baraa
(SH); WMong. baraa (L 83), bara; Kh. bar; Bur. bar; Kalm. barn; Ord.
bar; Dag. bar (. . 124); Dong. bar.
KW 33. Mong. bara-ji- to be unclearly visible (Bur. baraj- , Khalkha baraj-) > Yak.
barj-, boruj- id., bark, boruk darkness.

PTurk. *bArk (?) unclear silhouette ( ): Karakh.

barq (MK); Yak. bark, boruk darkness.
84. A somewhat dubious etymon: the OT form is quoted from the Uzbek edition of MK, not confirmed by Clauson and Dizin; the sense of the passage is rather obscure; the Yak. form may be secondarily built on the basis of the borrowed barj-, borujbe badly visible. But cf. perhaps Kirgh. (ep.) burqu variety?

PJpn. *pr shape, sight (, ): MJpn. furi; Tok. fri; Kyo. fr;
Kag. fri.
Usually regarded as a derivative from fur- to shake which is rather dubious for
semantic reasons.

The Turkic match is rather weak (see notes above), but otherwise
the etymology seems quite credible.

*br[] - *bu

353

-br[] give; take, collect: Tung. *b-; Turk. *br-; Jpn. *pr-p-.
PTung. *b- to give (): Evk. b-; Evn. b-; Neg. b-; Man. bu-;
SMan. bu- (1398); Ul. bwu; Ork. b-; Nan. b-; Orch. b-; Ud. b-; Sol.
b-.
1, 99.
PTurk. *br- to give (): OTurk. ber- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
ber- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. ver-; Gag. ver-; Az. ver-; Turkm. ber-; Sal.
be(r)-,ve(r)-, v(r)-; Khal. ver- (< Az.); MTurk. ber- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb.
ber-; Uygh. br-; Krm. ver-; Tat. bir-; Bashk. bir-; Kirgh. ber-; Kaz. ber-;
KBalk. ber-; KKalp. ber-; Kum. ber-; Nogh. ber-; SUygh. per-; Khak. pir-;
Shr. per-; Oyr. ber-; Tv. ber-; Tof. ber-; Chuv. par-; Yak. bier-; Dolg. bier-.
VEWT 70, 2, 114-116, EDT 354-5, Stachowski 59.
PJpn. *pr-p- to gather, collect (, ): OJpn.
pjirip-; MJpn. frf-; Tok. hro-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hir-.
JLTT 689. The Kyoto accent is aberrant (under literary influence?).
282. The root seems quite secure, but reveals a variation
of the vocalic reflex in the 2d syllable: *bre ( > Turk., TM), *bri- ( >
Jpn.).
-bro ( ~ --) bank, rift: Tung. *bir[u]-kan; Mong. *borgija; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *bir[u]-kan 1 precipice 2 mountain (1 , 2 ):
Man. oran 1; Sol. biraxan 2.
1, 84.
PMong. *borgija 1 river rift 2 hill, mound; frail soil with poor vegetation (1 , 2 , ; ): WMong. borgija 1, 2 (L 121); Kh. borgio 1, 2;
Bur. bri 2, borjo-gor , .
Mong. > Evk. bor, Orok bri. Cf. also bartaa (L 89) uneven terrain, broken country;
hillock, knoll ( < *bortaa ?); Ord. boro crote de salptre ou de sel mls de terre qui se
forme la surface des terrains salptreux et sur les bords des lacs de sel, Kalm. bor
.

PKor. *pr bank, precipice (, ): MKor. pr.

Nam 276.
Lee 1958, 106 (TM-Kor.).
-bu calf, lamb: Tung. *biaru; Mong. *birau; Turk. *buagu; Jpn.
*pt-ns; Kor. *puruk.
PTung. *biaru sheep (): Evk. bru.
1, 78. Isolated in Evk., but despite Poppe 1972, 103, hardly < Mong. (because
of semantic difference).

PMong. *birau calf (1 year old) ( (1 )): MMong. burau

(SH), buru (MA); WMong. birau (L 106); Kh. ar; Bur. bur; Kalm.
br; Ord. bir calf (2 year old); Mog. ZM borol (20-8), KT borwol
(20-6); Mongr. bur (SM 36).

354

*bs - *bt

KW 69. Mong. > Evk. boro one-year-old calf ( 1, 96) ; Evk. *borow-n (unattested diminutive) > Russ. Siber. borovn, borovk, borokn one-year-old calf, foal,
burn 2-year-old calf ( 117, 145; but has no relation to Russ. ).
PTurk. *bua-gu calf (): OTurk. buzau (OUygh.); Karakh.
buzau (MK, IM); Tur. buzau; dial. buza- to bear a calf, Osm. buza-laid.; Gag. buz; Az. bzov; Turkm. buzaw; Sal. puzo, pz ( 457);
MTurk. buzau, buza, buzaw (Sangl., MA, Pav. C.); Uzb. buzq; Uygh.
mozaj; Krm. bzuv, buzuv; Tat. bzaw; Bashk. baw; Kirgh. muz; Kaz.
buzau; KBalk. buzow; KKalp. buzaw; Kum. buzaw; Nogh. buzaw; Khak.
pzo; Shr. puza (R); Oyr. bza; Tv. bz; Chuv. pru.
EDT 391, VEWT 74-5, 2, 239-242, 438-439. Bulg. *buru > Hung.
borj, see MNyTESz 1, 345-346. The derivation from *bo grey and assumption of borrowing Turk. *buagu > Mong. birau ( 1997, 108) is hardly plausible.

PJpn. *pt-ns sheep (): OJpn. pjituzi; MJpn. ftz; Tok. htsuji;
Kyo. htsj; Kag. hitsji.
JLTT 411. The word may indeed have *usi ox (with secondary voicing) in the second part, but Martins analysis of the first part as *pi beard seems hardly credible (in
Kor. jm-so the first part is also etymologically goat, not beard).

PKor. *puruk bull-calf (): Mod. puruk-so (so cow), purugi.

KED 813.
KW 69, 361, Poppe 21, 81, 1972, 117. In
Jpn. we have to assume a secondary vocalic development in a long
word: *pt-(u)si > *pt(n)si (the word is most probably a compound
with *usi cow in the second part, cf. the Korean match).
-bs field, mountain slope: Tung. *bosoga; Turk. *basg; Jpn. *bsi.
PTung. *bosoga North slope of a mountain ( ):
Evk. bosoo; Evn. bosa; Neg. bosoda, bosoj; Sol. bosog forest.
1, 97.
PTurk. *basg field, cornfield (): Tur. bsu-ra fenced garden,
yard (dial. Zonguldak - Eren 182); Tat. basu; basaw (R, Kas.); Bashk.
baw; Chuv. poz.
VEWT 64 (hardly < *bas- to press), I 450-451. Turk. > Mari pasu, Udm.
bus.

PJpn. *bsi early rice ( ): OJpn. wase;

MJpn. ws; Tok. wse; Kyo. ws; Kag. was.
JLTT 568. The accent in Kyoto is irregular (ws would be expected).
The original meaning may be reconstructed as vegetation on a
mountain slope. All forms reflect a suffixed shape *bsa-gi (-ga).
-bt to cover: Mong. *bte-, *btee-; Turk. *bt-; Jpn. *pt.
PMong. *bte-, *btee- to cover, stop up (, ):
MMong. butugai to finish, close (HY 51), butee- (SH); WMong. bt-,
btege-; Kh. bt-, bit-; Bur. bte-; Kalm. bt-; Ord. bt-; Dag. butu-,
butn covered, secret; S.-Yugh. put-le-; Mongr. pud- (SM 304).

*budi - *bd

355

KW 70, MGCD 153. Mong. > Tat. bite-, Kaz. bet-.

PTurk. *bt- 1 to hide, conceal (trans.) 2 to hide (intr.) 3 to get lost (1
, 2 3 ): Karakh. batur- (MK) 1; Az.
bat- 3; Uzb. bt- 2; Tat. bat- 2; Kum. bat- 3; SUygh. pat- 2; Chuv. pdar- 1,
pdan- 2.
173, I 466-467, EDT 308, 2, 78-79: the root should be distinguished from *bat- to sink (v. sub *pt).

PJpn. *pt lid, cover (): MJpn. futa; Tok. fta; Kyo. ft;
Kag. fta.
JLTT 419.
The front vowel in Mong. is not quite regular here: *but- would be
normally expected.
-budi a k. of weed, pigweed: Mong. *budurgana; Jpn. *pj; Kor.
*prm.
PMong. *budurgana a k. of grass (Suaeda prostrata, Iljinia Regelii)
( ()): WMong. budurana (L 131); Kh. budargana;
Bur. budargana; Kalm. budrn , ; Ord.
budurGana, budurGanaq Reamuria soongorica Maxim..
KW 57. Mong. > Man. budurxana (see 1, 102).
PJpn. *pj pigweed, Amaranthus (, ): MJpn. fj; Tok.
hiyu.
PKor. *prm pigweed, Amaranthus (, ): MKor. pirm,
prm; Mod. pirm.
Liu 411, 412, KED 852.
Martin 238, Whitman 213. Despite the tone discrepancy, the
Kor.-Jpn. parallel is still very convincing.
-bd ( ~ p-) cold, fog: Mong. *buda; Turk. *bud-; Jpn. *pj.
PMong. *buda fog (): MMong. budan (SH, MA), budugu
dunkel (HYt); WMong. buda (L 129), budun; Kh. budan; Bur. budan;
Kalm. bud; Ord. buda; S.-Yugh. buda.
KW 57, MGCD 685.
PTurk. *bud- 1 to freeze 2 to be sad, sorry (1 2 ,
): Karakh. bu- (MK) to die of cold; Tur. buj-, bij-, bj-, bujux(dial.) 1; Az. bj-, bujux- (dial.) 1; Turkm. buj- 1; Uzb. buj-ur- 1, buju
cold (dial.); Tat. bojq- 2; Bashk. bojoq- 2; Kirgh. bujuq- 1; Kaz. bujq- 1;
KBalk. bujuq- 1, 2; KKalp. bujuq- 1; ; Kum. bujuq-
; Khak. puzux- 2; Tv. bq- 2 (borrowed?).
EDT 298, 2, 242-243.
PJpn. *pj winter (): OJpn. puju; MJpn. fuju; Tok. fuy; Kyo.
fy; Kag. fyu.
JLTT 419.

356

*bdo - *budu

A diphthong has to be reconstructed because of the *-j-reflex in

Jpn.; cf. also Orok pidul- to freeze completely (of a river) ( 2, 37).
-bdo ( ~ -u) gruel, paste; to swell in water: Mong. *budaa; Turk.
*botka; Jpn. *pjk-; Kor. *pd-, *pdVh.
PMong. *budaa 1 gruel, soup 2 food (, ): MMong. budaan
(HY 24, SH), budan (IM), budan (MA) 1; WMong. budaa(n) (L 129) 1;
Kh. bud(n) 1; Bur. bud 1; Kalm. budn 1; Ord. bud 1,2; Mog. ZM bodn
gruel (15-1a); Dag. bad 2 (. . 123, MD 117), bed 2 (MD 120),
bud 1, 2; Dong. budan 2; Bao. bada 2; S.-Yugh. budn 1; Mongr. bud
(SM 30) 1, 2.
KW 57, MGCD 165. Mong. > Man. buda etc. ( 1, 102; Doerfer MT 116; Rozycki
36).

PTurk. *botka gruel, porridge (): MTurk. OKypch. buta

(At-Tuhf.); Uzb. btqa; Uygh. botqa; Tat. botqa; Bashk. butqa; Kirgh. botqo;
Kaz. botqa; KKalp. botqa; Nogh. botqa; Khak. potx; Oyr. botqo; Tv. botqa
(Krg.); Chuv. pd; Yak. butuas.
VEWT 82, 2, 201. There seems to have existed a deriving verb *bot- or *bod(*but-, *bud-) to stir (porridge), reflected only in Yak. butuj-.

PJpn. *pjk- to swell (being immersed into water) ( (

)): Tok. fuyak-; Kyo. fyk-; Kag. fuyak-.
JLTT 797. The MJ accent is unattested. Kyoto and Tokyo point to original low tone,
but Kagoshima is aberrant.

PKor. *pd-, *pdVh 1 to swell, get bloated (in water) 2 glue, paste,
gruel (1 2 , , ): MKor. phr 2; Mod. put(pur-) 1, phul 2.
Nam 465, KED 832, 1763.
Cf. perhaps also Man. buu- to cook: the form may go back to
PTM *bdigu-. MKor. phr < *prh < *prVh < *pdVh (with an early vowel
reduction, which explains the reflex -r as originally intervocalic).
-budu down, feather, curly: Tung. *bodu-; Mong. *bui- / *boi-; Turk.
*bdk (*bdk); Jpn. *p-n-kai.
PTung. *bodu- curly, fleecy (, ): Evn. bodrqa.
1, 103. Attested only in Evn., but having quite probable external parallels.
PMong. *bui- / *boi- 1 curly, fleecy 2 down (of bird) 3 be curly (1
, 2 3 ): WMong. buigir 1 (L
143), bouu 2 (L 123), buiji- 3 (L 143); Kh. bugir 1, bogo 2; Kalm.
bur 1, bu- 3; Ord. bu- 3.
KW 57-58. Mong. > Yak. buur-, Evk. buir etc., see Doerfer MT 78.
PTurk. *bdk (*bdk) moustache (): Karakh. bq (MK), bjq
(IM); Tur. bjk; Gag. bjq; Az. b; Turkm. mjq (dial.); MTurk. b, m
(Sangl.); Uzb. mjq (dial.); Krm. mjx; Tat. mjq; Bashk. mjq; Kirgh.

*bga - *bge

357

mjq; KBalk. mjq; KKalp. mjq; Kum. mjq; Nogh. mjq; Oyr. mjq;
Chuv. mjx; Yak. btk; Dolg. btk.
VEWT 73, EDT 301, 2, 304, 223, Stachowski 71.
PJpn. *p-n-kai beard (): OJpn. pjige; MJpn. fg; Tok. hge;
Kyo. hg; Kag. hge.
JLTT 406. Historically a compound with *kai hair.
KW 58, 174, Poppe 21, 53, 224. Despite
223, Turk. *budra curls ( 2, 245) very probably represents the same root as *bdk moustache and also belongs here. Jpn. *pshould be regarded as an early contraction < *buj- < *budu.
-bga wheel, pommel of a saddle: Mong. *b-rge; Jpn. *b; Kor.
*phi.
PMong. *b-rge ( ~ -wr-) pommel of a saddle ( ):
MMong. buurk (MA 154); WMong. bgrge (L 145), brke ();
Kh. breg; Bur. brge; Kalm. brg, brg; Ord. brge; Dag. breg (.
. 128); S.-Yugh. brge.
KW 70-71, MGCD 173.
PJpn. *b wheel (): OJpn. wa; MJpn. w; Tok. w; Kyo. w;
Kag. w.
JLTT 567.
PKor. *phi wheel (): MKor. phi; Mod. pakhwi.
Nam 239, KED 710.
Martin 246. Low tone in Jpn. is probably due to contraction. In
Mong. one has to assume *b-rge < *bie-r-g. Cf. Manchu faun rim
of a wheel ( < Kor.?).
-bge rock, hill: Tung. *bug-; Mong. *berg; Turk. *bgr; Jpn. *b;
Kor. *phi.
PTung. *bug- hill, mound (, ): Evk. bua, buan; Evn.
bn, bujee, bund; Ul. bo(n); Nan. buen, bugdure.
1, 101, 102.
PMong. *berg 1 mountain slopes 2 hill (1 2
): WMong. bgerg, bgereg; Kh. brg 1; Kalm. brg 2.
KW 57.
PTurk. *bgr mountain slope ( ): Tur. br; Turkm.
bvr side.
2, 207. The root is historically different from *bgr kidney, but they are
hard to distinguish within Turkic.

PJpn. *b hill, hillock (): OJpn. wo; MJpn. wo.

JLTT 503.
PKor. *phi rock (): MKor. phi; Mod. pawi.
Nam 239, KED 708.
Cf. *bke, *pko.

358

*bgi - *bugu

-bgi a k. of insect: Tung. *bugu-tuna; Mong. *be-s; Turk. *bg; Jpn.

*pw-musi.
PTung. *bugu-tuna 1 mosquito 2 gad-fly (1 2 ): Evk.
bgtna 1; Man. bekto 2.
1, 102, 123.
PMong. *be-s louse (): MMong. boesun (HY 12, SH),
buwsu-tu with lice, busun (MA), bsn (LH); WMong. bges(n) (L
125); Kh. bs(n); Bur. bhe(n); Kalm. bsn; Ord. bs; Mog. busu
(Weiers); ZM bosun (21-8); Dag. bs (. . 128); Dong. bosun; Bao.
bosu, boso; S.-Yugh. bsn; Mongr. bs (SM 29).
KW 57, MGCD 160.
PTurk. *bg, *bg-en, *bg-ek 1 insect 2 phalanx, tarantula 3
gad-fly 4 wolf (1 2 , 3 4 ):
Karakh. bg, bj 2 (MK), bij 2 (MK - Oghuz); Tur. b 2, be, be-lek 3,
bek 1, (dial.) 4; Gag. bek 1; Az. bv 2; Turkm. mj 2, bij 2, mek 4;
MTurk. bew 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. bij 2; Krm. bij 2; Tat. bj 2, bk 1; Bashk.
bj 2, bk 1; Kirgh. b, bj, bj, bjn 3; Kaz. bji 2; KKalp. mij 2; Kum.
mija 2; Nogh. bij 2, queen bee, bek beetle; Chuv. pvan 3.
EDT 323, VEWT 82-3, 184. Partly contaminated with *bke-l gad-fly (v.
sub *pk). The form in -ek is a diminutive. Turk. > Hung. bgly gad-fly, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *pw-musi a k. of insect (day-fly, ephemera) ( (, )): MJpn. fwms.

JLTT 408.
KW 57, VEWT 82-3, 294, 184. The Jpn. tone
seems to contradict Turkic length (but is not sufficiently well attested).
-bugu joint: Tung. *bog-; Mong. *bog-tu; Turk. *bogum; Jpn. *pu.
PTung. *bog- 1 cuff, wristband 2 shoulder (1 2 ): Evk.
bojan 1; Evn. bjan 1; Ud. bogdolo 2.
1, 87, 118.
PMong. *bog- collar bone, shoulder bone (,
): WMong. botu (L 111), arm bone, part of arm from shoulder to
elbow, part of animals front leg (Kow. 1211); Kh. bogt(o) elbow bone;
buguj distal end of forearm, forearm, carpus; Bur. bogto shoulder
bone; Kalm. bG, bok (imgn), bokt shoulder bone; Ord. boGto elbow bone; bugi ankle (Khorch.).
KW 49, 53, 226. The variant *buguj ( < *boguj) is conaminating (and sometimes hard to separate from) *bugu-j bracelet, noose (v. sub *bk). Mong. > Yak. boxto
unuox animals radial bone.

PTurk. *bogum joint (): Karakh. bom, boun (MK); Tur.

boun, boum; Turkm. boGun; Sal. puum (Kakuk); MTurk. boun
(Sangl., . ., Pav. C.); Uzb. bin; Uygh. boam; Krm. buvun; Tat.

*bjlu - *bka

359

buwn; Bashk. bwn; Kirgh. mn; Kaz. buwn; KKalp. buwn; Kum. bwn;
Nogh. buwn; Khak. pun; Oyr. mun, pn (dial.).
EDT 316, 2, 170-171, 260, TMN 2, 348-349.
PJpn. *pu joint, knot ( , ): OJpn. pu.
JLTT 416.
KW 53, 2, 171; 309, 260.
-bjlu ( ~ -i) blood: Tung. *boldu-; Mong. *bl; Kor. *ph.
PTung. *boldu- pulse (): Ork. boldni.
1, 92. Attested only in Orok, but with rather probable external parallels.
PMong. *bl blood clot ( ): WMong. bl, blin (L
146, 147); Kh. blen; Bur. bli.
PKor. *ph blood (): MKor. ph; Mod. phi.
Nam 465, KED 1771.
Medial *-jl- is reconstructed to account for loss of *-l- in Kor. (-h
should be regarded as a suffix, as in a number of other cases).
-bujri well, spring: Tung. *bira; Mong. *br-d; Jpn. *b; Kor. *-.
PTung. *bira 1 river 2 spring (1 2 , ): Evk. bira 1, biraja 1,2; Evn. bra 1, braqan 2; Neg. bja 1, 2, bjaxn 2; Man. bira 1, biraGa, birGan, bira 2; SMan. bir 1 (2087); Jurch. bira (40) 1; Ul. bra 2;
Nan. br 2; Orch. biaka 2; Ud. bsa 1 (. 212); Sol. bira 1, 2.
1, 84.
PMong. *br-d 1 swamp (with a spring) in a river bed 2 well (1
( ) 2 ): WMong. brd 1;
Kh. brd 2; Kalm. brd 1; Ord. brd 1.
KW 67.
PJpn. *b ( ~ *bi, *bi) well (): OJpn. wi; MJpn. w; Tok. i.
JLTT 420.
PKor. *- well (): MKor. -mr; Mod. umul.
Nam 389, KED 1239 (-mr water).
Whitman 1985, 139, 245 (Kor.-Jpn.). Loss of final resonant in Kor.
makes us reconstruct the medial -j-, which also explains several other
phenomena: *-i-vowel in PTM (-u- would be expected after a labial); *bin PJ (*p- would be expected before i). Korean has also lost the initial
*b-, as in some other cases; cf. in this respect the interesting Old
Koguryo and Silla forms: Old Koguryo *wl, Silla *l (see Miller 1979,
9). Jpn. *b < *bujr(i)-gV.
-bka ( ~ -u) side (of body), thigh: Tung. *bKan; Mong. *bokaur;
Turk. *bkn.
PTung. *bKan thigh (, ): Evk. bkan; Evn. bqn; Man.
buxi; Ud. b (. 213).
1, 90.

*buke - *bk

360

PMong. *bokaur behind, buttocks (, ): MMong.

baqaur (MA), bar (IM), baqar (LH), baaur derrire (Lig.VMI); Kh.
buxar (Most.); Kalm. bokr Schurke, Schelm; Mog. bur (Ramstedt
1906); Dong. boGo; Bao. boGor.
KW 50.
PTurk. *bkn thigh (): OTurk. bqn hip (OUygh.); Karakh.
bqn hip, flank (MK); Tur. bkn (dial.); Turkm. bqn; MTurk. bqn hip,
flank (Sangl.); Uzb. biqin; Uygh. biqin; Tat. bn (Sib.); Bashk. bm;
Kirgh. mqn; Kaz. mqn; KBalk. bn; Khak. pxt; Oyr. bqn, mqn; Tv.
bn.
EDT 316, VEWT 73, TMN 2, 301, 2, 304-305, 280. The Khak. form is
a rebuilt posessive form.

6, 280. A Western isogloss.

-buke vessel; gourd: Tung. *buKu-; Jpn. *pk(m)pi ( ~ -ia); Kor.
*pk.
PTung. *buKu- 1 birch cradle 2 birch bark put into cradle 3 suitcase
(1 2 , 3 ): Evk. bukun 2; Evn. buk 1; Man. buqtulin 3.
1, 105.
PJpn. *pk(m)pi ( ~ -ia) gourd (): MJpn. fkbe; Tok. fukube.
PKor. *pk 1 gourd; scoop 2 bamboo basket (1 ; 2
): MKor. pkn 2; Mod. pak 1, paguni 2.
Nam 236, KED 702, 710.
Martin 232. An Eastern isogloss. In Kor. the root could contaminate with *pgo (q.v.), which can explain the prosodic irregularity.
-bk to bow, bend: Tung. *buk-; Mong. *bk-; Turk. *bk-; Jpn.
*pnkm-.
PTung. *buk- hump, to bend (, ): Evk. buke-; Evn. bken-; Neg. boxon; Man. boqto, buqtu, buqda-; Ul. boqo(n); Ork. boqqo; Nan.
buk; Ud. boxo; Sol. buktur.
1, 104. Man. > Dag. bogto hill, mound (. . 126).
PMong. *bk- 1 hump 2 to bend (tr.) 3 to bend, bow, incline 4
humpbacked (1 2 3 , , 4
): MMong. bokotur, bogotur (SH), buk-tu (MA) 4; WMong.
bke 1, bkeji-, bki- (L 126, 127) 2; Kh. bx(n) 1, bgtr 4; Bur. bxe(n) 1,
bkti-, bgdi- 3; Kalm. bkn 1; Ord. bk 1, bgtr 4; Mog. ZM bkkn the
hump of a camel; Dag. bug 1 (. . 128), (MGCD) buktu, buku;
S.-Yugh. bgn 1; Mongr. pug-, buk- (Huzu) 3.
KW 55, MGCD 161, 162, 181. Mong. > Oyr. bk- bend (tr.), Yak bkj- bow, bend
(intr.), Kirgh. bk- , ( , ).

*bule - *ble

361

PTurk. *bk- 1 to bow, bend 2 to curve, bend, wrap smth. (1 , 2 , , ): Karakh. bk- 1
(MK); Tur. bk- 2; Gag. bk- 2; Az. bk- 2; Turkm. bk- 2; Sal. px- 2
( 454); MTurk. bk- 1 (Sangl. Pav. C.); Uzb. buk- 2; Uygh. pk- 2;
Krm. bg-l- 1 (K); Tat. bg- 2; Bashk. bg- 2; Kirgh. bk- (-gV-) 2; Kaz.
bk/g- 2; KBalk. bk- (-gV-) 2; KKalp. bk- (-gV-) 2; Kum. bk- (-gV-) 2;
Nogh. bk- (-gV-) 2; Khak. pk- 2; Shr. pk- 2; Oyr. bk- (-gV) 2; Tv. bkto wrap; Chuv. pk- 2; Yak. bk a bend, flexion; bgl- 2.
EDT 324, VEWT 91-92, 2, 290-293.
PJpn. *pnkm- be twisted, warped ( , ): MJpn. fgm-; Tok. higm-; Kyo. hgm-; Kag. higm-.
JLTT 688.
EAS 147, KW 55, Poppe 56, 1, 191. Despite Doerfer MT 56,
TM is hardly borrowed from Mong., and (despite TMN 2, 352) the
Turk. and Mong. forms are certainly related. Cf. also Turk. *bok- to
cross (legs), bend (knees) (VEWT 79, EDT 311), WMong. boki- (KW 49)
to bend, reflecting a back-row variant of the same root. Part of the
Mongolian (*bg-) and TM forms seem to go back to a variant *bki.
-bule wick: Tung. *bulin; Turk. *bilik.
PTung. *bulin wick (): Neg. bulin; Ul. buli(n); Nan. bul.
1, 108.
PTurk. *bilik, *bE-mek(e) 1 wick 2 tinder, mushroom (1 2
, ): Karakh. bilik (MK) 1; Uzb. pilik 1; Uygh. pilik (Jarr.) 1; Tat.
mek 2; Bashk. bmk 2; Kirgh. bilik 1; KKalp. pilik 1; Khak. miske 2;
Shr. meke 2; Oyr. meke 2.
EDT 339, VEWT 69, 72, VI.
1, 108. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss
-ble to rub, whet: Tung. *bula; Mong. *ble-; Turk. *bile-; Kor. *pjr.
PTung. *bula thorn (, ): Man. bula; SMan. bl (2160).
1, 106. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *ble- to bore, prick, incise (with a knife etc.) (, ( . .)): WMong. ble- (L 146); Kh. ble-; Kalm. bl-.
KW 66.
PTurk. *bile- 1 to sharpen 2 whetstone (1 2 ): Karakh. bile- (MK) 1; Tur. bile- 1; Gag. bile- 1, bil 2; Az. blv,
bilv 2; Turkm. bilev 2; MTurk. bile- 1, bilew 2 (Pav. C.); Uygh. bil- (Jarr.)
1; Krm. bile- 1, blew 2; Tat. belw 2; Bashk. belw 2; Kirgh. bl 2; Kaz.
bilew 2; KBalk. bile- 1, bilew 2; Kum. bile- 1, bilew 2; Nogh. bilew 2; Khak.
pl 2 (R); Shr. pile 2; Oyr. bil 2; Tv. bili- (Castr.- Soj.) 1; Chuv. plev 2.
2, 142-143, EDT 332-333 (< *bi blade, denom. - but Turkm. shortness contradicts this derivation). Turk. *bile-g > Mong. *bile- id., see 1997, 106.

362

*bl - *bl

PKor. *pjr inkstone (for rubbing the ink from an ink stick) ( ): MKor. pjr; Mod. pjru.
Nam 258, KED 775.
Turk. *bile- is usually derived from *bij edge (q. v.) which is
hardly the case (*bijle- cannot be reconstructed).
-bl to soak, gush forth: Tung. *b[]lk-; Mong. *bul(ka)-, *bilka-;
Turk. *bulak; Jpn. *pr ( ~ -ua); Kor. *pur- ( ~ --).
PTung. *b[]lk- 1 to soak, wet 2 to splash, swash (1 , 2 , ): Evk. bilki- 1, bulkiw- 2; Man.
bulu- 2; Nan. blo- 1, bolqo- ~ bulo- 2; Ud. beku- 1.
1, 82, 108. The vocalism is not quite clear because of the doublets with -i- and
-u- (due to interdialectal borrowing and perhaps also Mongolian influence, see below).

PMong. *bul(ka)-, *bilka- 1 to soak, wet 2 to issue from the ground

(as water) 3 to overflow (1 2 ( ) 3 , ): WMong. bulqa- (L 136), bulqu- 1, bulara- 2 (L 133), bilqa- 3 (L 105); Kh. bulxa- 1, alxa- 3; Bur. bulxa- to gargle, bilxa- 3; Kalm. bulx- 1, bilx- 3.
KW 45, 60. Mong. > Kaz. blq- etc. (VEWT 74).
PTurk. *bulak spring, well (, ): OTurk. bulaq
(OUygh.); Karakh. bulaq (KB, IM); Tur. bulak; Az. bulaG; Turkm. bulaq;
Khal. bula:G well; tear; MTurk. bula (Abush.), bulaq (Sangl.); Uzb.
bulq; Uygh. bulaq (dial.); Tat. bolaq; Kaz. bulaq; KBalk. bulaq; KKalp. bulaq; Kum. bulaq; Nogh. bulaq; SUygh. bulaq; Khak. pulux (R - Sag.); Shr.
puluq (R); Tv. blaq; Tof. blaq (. ).
EDT 336, VEWT 87, 2, 257-258, TMN 2, 355. Cf. Kaz. bula- to flow, gush
forth. Turk. > WMong. bula, Kalm. bulg (KW 59; TMN ibid., 1997, 110),
whence Evk. bulak (Doerfer MT 125).

PJpn. *pr ( ~ -ua) bath (, ): MJpn. fr; Tok. fro,

fur; Kyo. fr; Kag. fur.
JLTT 418.
PKor. *pur- to soak, make wet (): Mod. pur- (SKE 211),
pulli-.
KED 836.
1, 108 (TM-Mong.). An expressive root with difficult reconstruction. The two variants in Mong. and TM are probably due to interdialectal borrowing, but direct borrowing from Mong. into TM is
hard to justify: the meanings are not in mutual correlation (Mong. bilkais overflow, while bilki- in TM is to wet, moisten; Mong. bulka- is to
dip, rinse, while TM bulku- is to splash). The Korean reflex is not
quite certain (Martin KED 836 considers pulli- to be a factitive of pdswell - which is, however, somewhat questionable).

*bura - *bure

363

-bura to abandon, lose: Tung. *bur-; Turk. *brak-; Jpn. *pra-p- /

*pra-p-; Kor. *pri- / *pr-.
PTung. *bur- 1 to let slip 2 to disappear 3 to let go (1 , 2 , 3 ): Evk. bur- 1; Evn. beri- 1;
Man. burubu- 2; Jurch. buru-wi-xie (840) 1; Orch. bui- 1; Sol. bur- 3.
1, 113.
PTurk. *brak- 1 to let, to abandon 2 to send 3 to throw (1 2
3 ): Karakh. braq-, bra- (IM) 1; Tur. brak- 1; Az.
burax- 1, 2; MTurk. braq- (Pav. C.), (OKypch.) 1; Krm. braq- (K) 1, 3;
Bashk. braq-tr- to throw out; Kum. burax- (dial.) 2; Shr. purqa- (R) 3;
Oyr. brk-ra- to scatter, become scattered; Chuv. prax- 1, 3; Yak.
brax- 1, 3; Dolg. brak- 1, 3.
VEWT 74, 2, 307-308, 148, I 399-400, Stachowski 71.
PJpn. *pra-p- / *pra-p- to sweep away, to drive out (, , ): OJpn. para-p-; MJpn. fr-f- / fr-f-; Tok. har-; Kyo.
hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 684. Accent is not quite clear: modern dialects point to *prp-, but RJ has a
variation of frf- and frf-.

PKor. *pri- / *pr- to throw away, to abandon (, ): MKor. pr- / pr-; Mod. pri-.
Nam 241, KED 759-760.
SKE 184, 192, Martin 243. The Jpn. form is dubious because of irregular devoicing and somewhat aberrant semantics; cf. also an odd
variation between *pr- and *pr- in Kor., suggesting that we may be
dealing with more than one root here: one of them could have also resulted in Mong. bara- to end, finish. Turkic has a peculiar disyllabic
structure and Ramstedt may be right in suggesting an old compound;
for the second part cf. *ek- to sow < to throw (v. sub *pka).
-bure flea: Mong. *brge; Turk. *bre / *brge; Kor. *pjrk.
PMong. *brge 1 flea 2 louse (1 2 ): MMong. burge (HY
12) 2, birik (IM) 1, burk (MA) 1, brge (Lig.VMI) 1; WMong. brge,
brge 2; Kh. breg 2; Kalm. brg 1; Ord. brge 1; Dong. bn; Bao.
brg; Mongr. brge (SM 35), 2 (MGCD burg).
KW 71, MGCD 513. Cf. also (L 138) buruusun mosquito, gnat. Length in Northern
forms may be expressive.

PTurk. *bre / *brge flea (): Karakh. brge (MK, IM); Tur.
pire; Gag. pire; Az. pir; Turkm. bre; MTurk. brge (MA, Pav. C.,
Sangl.); Uzb. burga; Uygh. brg; Krm. bre; Tat. br; Bashk. brs;
Kirgh. brg; Kaz. brge, bre (dial.), bura (dial.); KBalk. bre; KKalp.
brge; Kum. bre; Nogh. bre; Chuv. pra.
EDT 362, VEWT 92, 2, 298-299, 182-183. The Kypch. form *bre is a
diminutive.

364

*buri - *bs

PKor. *pjrk flea (): MKor. pjrk; Mod. pjruk.

Nam 258, KED 775.
KW 71, SKE 198, 2, 99-100, 183. In Turkic one
would rather expect *bir-: this variant is indeed reflected in most
Oghuz languages; others may have reintroduced -- under Mongolian
influence.
-buri one: Mong. *bri; Turk. *bir; Jpn. *pit; Kor. *pr-.
PMong. *bri all, each (, ): MMong. buri (SH, HYt);
WMong. bri (L 148); Kh. br; Bur. bri; Kalm. br; Ord. bri; S.-Yugh.
burn; Mongr. bu (SM 30), bur, burn.
KW 67, MGCD 178.
PTurk. *bir (*br) one (): OTurk. bir (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. bir (MK, KB, IM); Tur. bir; Gag. bi; Az. bir; Turkm. bir; Sal. pyr,
pir, pur (Kakuk); Khal. bi; MTurk. bir (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bir; Uygh.
bir; Krm. bir/br; Tat. ber; Bashk. ber; Kirgh. bir; Kaz. bir; KBalk. bir;
KKalp. bir; Kum. bir; Nogh. bir; SUygh. br; Khak. pr; Shr. pir; Oyr. bir;
Tv. bir; Tof. bir; Chuv. pr; Yak. br; Dolg. br, bir.
VEWT 76, TMN 2, 383-4, EDT 353-4, 2, 146-151, 157, I
421-422, Stachowski 61. Cf. also Khak. praj all, Tat. dial. prj any ( 179), Az.
bir-di one, all together.

PJpn. *pit one (): OJpn. pjito; MJpn. ft-, ft-, ft-; Tok.
hittsu; Kyo. httsu; Kag. hittsu (xitT).
JLTT 411.
PKor. *pr- at first, begin (, , ): MKor.
prs, prs; Mod. piroso.
Nam 276, 277, KED 852.
KW 67, Martin 238, 73, 99, 277. Doerfer (TMN 2, 384)
doubts Ramstedts Turk.-Mong. comparison for phonetic reasons,
which is hardly justified: Turkic frequently reveals a secondary delabialization -ir-, -il- < *-r-, *-l- (especially after labials).
-bs ( ~ p-) to hide: Turk. *bus-; Jpn. *ps-ka; Kor. *psk-.
PTurk. *bus- to hide, lay an ambush (, ): OTurk. bus- (OUygh.- Suv.); Karakh. bus- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. pus-;
Az. pus- to eavesdrop; Turkm. bus-; Khal. bus-xo Hinterhalt, Lauer;
MTurk. bus- (Pav. C., Sangl.); Uzb. pis-; pus- (dial.); Tat. pos-; Bashk.
bu-.
EDT 371, 2, 278-279, TMN 2, 291-292.
PJpn. *ps-ka hidden, secret (, ): OJpn.
p(j)is(w)oka; MJpn. fska; Tok. hsoka; Kyo. hsk; Kag. hisok.
JLTT 409. Cf. also *psm- to lie concealed (see JLTT 690).
PKor. *psk- to extinguish, go out (fire) (, ): MKor.
psk-; Mod. k:-.

*bd - *bd

365

Nam 71, KED 233.

Korean has a usual loss of narrow vowel between a stop and a
fricative. The back row in PT is not quite regular (*bs- would be expected). It might be better to reconstruct *biso ( > Turk. *bs-, with a subsequent labial assimilation > *bus-). In TM cf. perhaps Nan. bus rodents stores ( 1, 115).
-bd body; intestines, belly: Mong. *boda; Turk. *bod; Jpn. *bt.
PMong. *boda substance, matter, body (, , ):
MMong. bodo 1, 2 (SH); WMong. boda (L 108); Kh. bod; Bur. bodo; Kalm.
bod; Ord. bodo.
KW 48. Mong. > Evk. bodo. The root should be distinguished from *bodu cattle.
Philosophical connotations may have been acquired under the influence of Sanskr. bhta,
but a direct loan from Sanskr. is hardly credible, despite Sukhebatar 40.

PTurk. *bod 1 body, stature 2 self 3 kin, tribe 4 counter for persons 5
length (1 , , 2 3 4 . 5 ):
OTurk. bod 1, 2, 4 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. bod 1 (MK, KB), boj 3 (MK Oghuz), bod 4 (KB); Tur. boj 1; Gag. boj 1, 5; Az. boj 1; Turkm. boj 1; Sal.
bojar (< boj agr) pregnant (); Khal. bod 1; MTurk. boj 1 (Sangl.,
MA, Pav. C.); Uzb. bj 1, 5; Uygh. boj 1, 5; Krm. boj 1, 2, 5; Tat. buj 5;
Bashk. buj 1, 5; Kirgh. boj 1, 2, 5; Kaz. boj 1, 2, 5; KBalk. boj 1, 5; KKalp.
boj 1, 2, 5; Kum. boj 1, 2, 5; Nogh. boj 1, 5; SUygh. poz 1, 4; Khak. pos 2;
Shr. pozu 2; Oyr. boj 2, 5; Tv. bot 2; Chuv. p 1, 5.
EDT 296-297, VEWT 77, TMN 2, 358-361, 2, 176-178, 265.
PJpn. *bt 1 intestines 2 belly (1 , 2 ):
OJpn. wata 1; Tok. wat 1; Kyo. wt 1; Kag. wat 1.
JLTT 569.
EAS 57, Poppe 21, 53, KW 48, VEWT 77, 279,
266. Despite TMN 2, 360, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk.
-bd to jump, trot: Tung. *buduri-; Mong. *bdri-; Turk. *bdi-; Jpn.
*bntr-; Kor. *pti-.
PTung. *buduri- to hurry (, ): Nan. buduri-.
1, 103. Manchu buduli- to stumble may be related, but may also be borrowed
< Mong. (see Doerfer MT 78); the Nanai form, however, is hardly borrowed because of
different semantics.

PMong. *bdri- to stumble (): WMong. bdri-,

bdre- (L 144); Kh. bdre-; Bur. bder-; Kalm. bdr-; Ord. bdr(e)-; Dag.
buduri- (. . 128); Dong. buiri-; S.-Yugh. budr-; Mongr. budri(SM 31).
KW 66, MGCD 173. Mong. > Yak. bdr etc. (VEWT 91), Evk. budir- etc. (Doerfer
MT 78).

PTurk. *bdi- 1 to dance 2 to jib 3 dance (1 2 3

): OTurk. bdi- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. bi- (MK) 1; Tat. bej- 1;

366

*bodi - *bga

Bashk. beje- 1; Kirgh. bij 3, bij-le- 1; Kaz. bij 3, bij-le- 1, bji-1 (dial.);
KKalp. bij 3; Kum. bij 3, biji- 1; Nogh. biji-; Oyr. pije-le- 1 (); Yak.
bitij- 1, 2, bit .
EDT 300, VEWT 91, 2, 131-132 (the word has been contaminated with another root, reflected in Mong. bi- (KW 54) [despite 1997, 111, hardly borrowed
from Turk.] - see PA *po.

PJpn. *bntr- to jump (): OJpn. wodor-; MJpn. wdr-; Tok.

dor-; Kyo. dr-; Kag. odr-.
JLTT 740.
PKor. *pti- to jump (): MKor. pti-; Mod. t:wi-.
Nam 169, KED 513.
Korean demonstrates a frequent vowel loss between two stops.
Note that Mong., TM and Jpn. reflect a common derived stem *bode-rV-.
-bodi ( ~ -e) a k. of platform: Tung. *bedu- / *budu-; Turk. *bd; Kor.
*pti (?).
PTung. *bedu- / *budu- small table (): Neg. bet; Ul. beduli;
Ork. bedu; Nan. bedur, budduru.
1, 127.
PTurk. *bd throne (): OTurk. bd (Orkh.); Yak. bttx, bittx
(.) cross-bar in a stool, cross-piece in a boat (?).
VEWT 82, EDT 298. The Yak. word may belong here if it is not derived from *btto end.

PKor. *pti raft (): MKor. pti; Mod. t:e.

Nam 153, KED 454.
Basically a Turk.-Tung. isogloss; the Kor. word may belong here if
it is not derived from pt- to float (q.v.). If the parallel is correct, then
most TM languages have a secondary shift u > e after a labial (a very
frequent phenomenon there).
-bga ( ~ -u, -o) pregnant (of animals); to bear a bastard or miscarry:
Tung. *bog-; Mong. *boo-; Turk. *boga; Kor. *pi-.
PTung. *bog- to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage ( ; ): Evk. bo-; b-kn ( <
*boo-kn) slave; Neg. bon-; Man. bojolo- to escape (from a trap), get
off the hook; Ul. bojal-; Nan. bojaGo-.
1, 87, 90.
PMong. *boo- slave, servant (, ): MMong. bool (HY 28,
SH), b[a]wn, bawa (IM), bual (MA); WMong. bool, (L 112) boul; Kh. bl
1; br slave in the second generation; Bur. bl, bogl; Kalm. bl; Ord.
bl.
KW 53, TMN 1, 212. Mong. > Evk. bol etc., see Doerfer MT 89.
PTurk. *boga pregnant (of animals) ( ( )):
Az. boaz (dial.); Turkm. boaz; Khal. poos; MTurk. (tl) boaz

*bgdu - *bgdu

367

(Oghuz-nama); boaz, bouz (MA); Uzb. bz; Uygh. boaz; Tat. buwaz;
Bashk. bwa; Kirgh. booz; Kaz. buwaz; KBalk. buwaz; KKalp. buwaz;
Kum. buwaz; Nogh. buwaz; Khak. ps; Oyr. poos; Tv. boos; Yak. buos;
Dolg. buos.
VEWT 78, 2, 169, Stachowski 67. Turk. > WMong. bous, Kalm. bs (KW 54),
Dag. bs (Tod. 127), see Clark 1980, 39.

PKor. *pi- to be pregnant ( ): MKor. pi-; Mod.

p-.
Nam 251, KED 745.
EAS 57, 295. Doerfers attempt (TMN 2, 348) to refute
the Turk.-Tung. parallel for semantic reasons is unsuccessful. The
meaning slave in Mong. and Tung. is obviously derived < bastard,
illegal child (derivation < *boo- bind and attempt to derive the TM
words for slave < Mong. in Poppe 1972, 96 is unsuccessful). The Kor.
word has been secondarily associated with pi belly (see under *pjlo).
-bgdu to paint, variegated: Tung. *bugdi; Mong. *budu-; Turk. *bodo-;
Jpn. *pti.
PTung. *bugdi 1 variegated 2 pimple, rash (*bugdeke, *bug(d)-su-ke) 3
to form (of pimples, rash) (1 2 , 3 (
, )): Evk. bugdi 1, bugdeke, buksuk 2; Evn. bd 1, bdl 2;
Man. busxe-ne- 3; Ork. bg 1.
1, 101. On Evk. budan rash see under PA *bte. Evk. > Dolg. bugd, bugd (Stachowski 64).

PMong. *budu- to paint (): MMong. buduq (MA) paint;

WMong. budu- (L 130); Kh. buda-; Bur. buda-; Kalm. bud-; Ord. budu-;
Dag. bodo- (. . 127), bode- (MD 124), bodu-; S.-Yugh. bud-;
Mongr. budi- (SM 31), buda- (Huzu, Minghe).
KW 57, MGCD 165. Mong. > Evk. buda- etc., see Doerfer MT 94.
PTurk. *bodo- 1 to paint, dye 2 dye (1 2 ): OTurk.
bodu 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. boo- (MK) 1, boo (MK) 2; Tur. boja- 1, boja
2; Gag. boja- 1, boja 2; Az. boja- 1, boja, bojaG 2; Turkm. boja- 1, boja, bojaG
2; Sal. boja 2 (Kakuk); Khal. boda- 1, boda 2; MTurk. boja- (Abush.,
Sangl.) 1, boja/q 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. bja- 1, bjq 2; Uygh. boju-/a- 1, bojaq 2;
Krm. boja- 1, boja 2; Tat. buja- 1, bujaw 2; Bashk. buja- 1, har bujaq
(a dying plant); Kirgh. bojo- 1, bojoq 2; Kaz. boja- 1, bojau 2;
KBalk. boja- 1, bojaw 2; KKalp. boja- 1, bojaq 2; Kum. boja- 1, bojaw 2;
Nogh. boja- 1, bojaq 2; Oyr. pojo- 1 (), poju- (dial. - Bask. Kum.); Tv.
budu- 1, buduq 2; Chuv. pve- 1; Yak. butuj- 1, butuk 2.
EDT 300, VEWT 77, 2, 178-179, 155. Despite EDT, Tel. bodu- is a
Mongolian loanword. Chuv. -v- instead of *-r- is not quite clear here (perhaps it is a trace
of the archaic *-gd-cluster?).

*bg - *boje

368

PJpn. *pti spot, spotted, variegated (, ): OJpn. puti;

MJpn. futi, bt; Tok. bchi; Kyo. bch; Kag. bchi.
JLTT 390. Modern dialects have expressive voicing. Accent reflexes vary between
*pt and *pt.

KW 57. Mong. may be < Turk. (see 1997, 107).

-bg wizard, holy: Tung. *bugu-a; Mong. *bogda; Turk. *bg; Jpn.
*bnkm-.
PTung. *bugu-a idol (): Ul. bo; Nan. bug, buk; Orch. bo.
1, 97.
PMong. *bogda holy, sacred (, ): WMong.
boda (L 111); Kh. bogd; Bur. bogdo; Kalm. bogd; Ord. bogdo (.
122).
KW 49.
PTurk. *bg wizard (, ): OTurk. bg (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. bg (MK); Tur. bj; Gag. b; MTurk. bg (Pav. C.).
EDT 324, VEWT 83, 2, 293-294. Turk. > Mong. be id., see TMN 1, 234. Turk.
> Hung. b witchcraft (< *b), see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *bnkm- to worship, bow in obeisance (, ): OJpn. wogam-; MJpn. wgm-; Tok. ogm-; Kyo. gm-; Kag. ogm-.
JLTT 740. Accent in Kyoto is irregular (pointing to *b(n)km-).
One of common Altaic religious terms.
-boje empty, meagre: Tung. *bol-; Turk. *bo; Kor. *pi-.
PTung. *bol- 1 clear 2 meagre (1 2 ): Neg.
bolt-bolt 1; Man. bolGo 1, 2; SMan. bolhn, bolhun clean, pure (2550).
1, 93.
PTurk. *bo free, empty (, ): OTurk. bo (OUygh.);
Karakh. bo (MK, KB); Tur. bo; Gag. bo; Az. bo; Turkm. bo; Sal. bo;
Khal. bo; MTurk. bo (Sangl.); Uzb. b; Uygh. bo; Krm. bo, bos; Tat.
bu; Bashk. bu; Kirgh. bo; Kaz. bos; KBalk. bo; KKalp. bos; Kum. bo;
Nogh. bos; SUygh. bos, pos; Khak. pos; Shr. pos; Oyr. bo; Tv. bo; Tof.
bo; Chuv. po; Yak. bosxo (*bo-ka); Dolg. bosko a little.
EDT 376, VEWT 82, 2, 203-204, . 126, 1, 457, Stachowski 63. The Chuv. form has a regular reflex, presupposing a final vowel. Turk.
*boa-n- > boan- > Mong. busani- become empty, poor (KW 63); *bo-u-g permission >
Mong. bou (Clark 1980, 41).

PKor. *pi- empty (, ): MKor. pi-; Mod. p-.

Liu 410, KED 850.
Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of *-- in Korean. Phonetically a good match would be PJ *bsa-na- small, young (of
children), but the semantics raises some doubt here. Ramstedt (SKE
186) compares Turk. bo with Mong. bulgu free, broad > Kirgh. bulukto try to free smb.; but we have not found either word in accessible
sources.

*bjo - *bju

369

-bjo to learn, be attentive: Mong. *bolgu-a-; Turk. *bogu-; Jpn.

*bs-pa-; Kor. *pih-.
PMong. *bolgu-a- be cautious, gingerly ( , ): MMong. boluxaa- (HY 33), bolqaa- (SH); WMong.
bolua- (L 117); Kh. bolg-; Bur. bolg-; Kalm. bol-; Ord. bolg-.
KW 50. Mong. > Oyr. pol- etc. (see TMN 1, 233); Evk. bolgo- etc., see Doerfer MT
135.

PTurk. *bogu- 1 to learn 2 to teach, make learn 3 teaching 4 student

(1 2 , , 3 4
, ): OTurk. bou-n- 1, bou-t-, bou-r- 2, bout 3
(OUygh.); Karakh. bout 4.
VEWT 82, EDT 379. Derivation from bou allowance, pardon (EDT) is hardly
plausible.

PJpn. *bs-pa- to teach (): OJpn. wosipa-; MJpn. wsfa-; Tok.

shie-; Kyo. sh-; Kag. oshi-.
JLTT 742.
PKor. *pih- to learn (): MKor. pih-; Mod. pu-.
Nam 252, KED 749.
Street 1980, 287 compares the PT form with Mong. bolba-sun
trained, educated, mature (possibly also related as a suffixed form).
Medial *-j- should be reconstructed to account for loss of *-- in Korean.
-bju esteem: Tung. *buje-; Mong. *boj; Turk. *bujur-; Jpn. *ja / *bj;
Kor. *pi-h-.
PTung. *buje- 1 to wish, desire, love 2 to thank (1 , 2
): Man. buje- 1; Jurch. buj-je-mij (385) 1, bij-il-sia-maj 2 (815).
1, 103.
PMong. *boj care, caring, rearing (, ): WMong. boi (L
113); Kh. boj.
PTurk. *bujur- to order (): OTurk. bujur- (OUygh.);
Karakh. bujur- (MK); Tur. bujur-; Gag. bujur-; Az. bujur-; Turkm. bujur-;
MTurk. bujur- (Sangl., MA); Uzb. bujur-; Uygh. bujru-, bujur- (dial.);
Krm. bujur-; Tat. bojr-; Bashk. bojor-; Kirgh. bujur-; KBalk. bujur-;
KKalp. bujr-; Kum. bujur-; Nogh. bujr-; Oyr. bujur-; Chuv. pr-.
VEWT 87, EDT 387-388, 2, 245-247, TMN 2, 362.
PJpn. *ja / *bj 1 esteem, worship 2 to esteem, worship (1 2
): OJpn. wija, uja 1, wija-b- 2; MJpn. j 1; Tok. ya-(ma-); Kyo.
y-(m-); Kag. uya-(m-).
JLTT 566, 781.
PKor. *pi-h- to bestow a favour ( ): MKor.
pih-; Mod. pephul-.
Nam 252, KED 774.
Originally we related to this root Mong. beile prince of the 3d
rank which is usually considered to be borrowed from Manchu beile id.

370

*bk - *bke

(cf. also Mong. beise = Man. beise prince of the 4th rank). Both words
are rather loans from some third language, perhaps Kitan (and cf. also
the Old Bulgarian rank bojla) and may be ultimately related to PT *beg
which itself is either < Chinese or < Iranian (see 1989);
but Mong. boji care seems to be a more satisfactory comparison. Both
semantically and phonetically the etymology seems quite plausible (except perhaps for the variant -i- vowel in Old Japanese, possibly conditioned by the following -j-).
-bk rib, breast bone: Tung. *boka-; Mong. *bogoni; Turk. *bokana;
Jpn. *bk.
PTung. *boka- breast bone ( ): Evk. bokol; Evn.
bokolwn; Man. boqon; Ork. bokko belly.
1, 90.
PMong. *bogoni first rib ( ): Kh. bogino (xavirga); Kalm.
boni; Ord. boGoni, boGono.
KW 49.
PTurk. *bokana false ribs ( ): Bashk. boana (dial.);
Kirgh. boqono; Kaz. buana (sjek); Khak. poana; Oyr. boono sk.
2, 305, 275.
PJpn. *bk side (of body) (): OJpn. wakji; MJpn. wk; Tok. wak;
Kyo. wk; Kag. wk.
JLTT 567.
KW 49, 5, 275-276. The Jpn. word could also go
back to *bka, but in that case it would rather have a *p-.
-bke to lie in ambush: Tung. *bokan-; Mong. *bg-; Turk. *buk-; Jpn.
*bk-s-.
PTung. *bokan- to catch up with, take revenge on (, , ): Evk. bokon-; Evn. boqn-; Neg. boxon-; Nan. boqoG-;
Orch. b-, bokko-; Ud. bon-o- (. 213); Sol. boxon-.
1, 90.
PMong. *bg- to lie in ambush, to hide ( , ,
): WMong. bgsi-, (L 126) bgsi-; Kh. bgi-; Kalm. bg-; Dag.
bugi- (. . 128).
KW 66.
PTurk. *buk- 1 to lie in ambush 2 to hide (1 2 ): Turkm. buq- 2; MTurk. buq- (Pav. C.: Abu-l-Gazi) 1; Uzb. biq- 1;
Kirgh. buq- 2; Kaz. buq- 2; KBalk. buq- 2; KKalp. buq- 1; Nogh. buq- 2;
Yak. bk- 2 (.).
2, 248.
PJpn. *bk-s- to attack, commit a crime (,
): OJpn. wokas-; MJpn. wks-; Tok. kas-; Kyo. ks-; Kag.
oks-.

*bki - *bku

371

JLTT 740.
KW 66.
-bki ( ~ -e) to stop up: Tung. *bk-; Mong. *bgle-; Turk. *bk-.
PTung. *bk- 1 to stop, hinder 2 to tie up (1 , 2 , ): Evk. bk- 1; Evn. boq- 1; Neg. bok1, 2; Man. boxi- 2; Ul. boq- 2; Nan. boq- 2; Orch. boki- 2; Ud. boi-
(, , ) (. 213).
1, 89. TM > Dag. boki- (. . 127).
PMong. *bgle- to bar, hinder, stop up (, ):
MMong. bokle- (SH); WMong. bgle- (L 125); Kh. bgl-; Bur. bgle-;
Kalm. bgl-; Ord. bgl-; Dong. buulie-; buun plug; Mongr. bugle-,
bugule- (SM 32).
KW 54, MGCD 161.
PTurk. *bk- to dam, plug ( , ): Karakh.
bk- (MK), bken- () (At.);
Tur. bke- (dial.); MTurk. bken (R, Pav. C. 173); Uzb. pkak
; Uygh. pok ; Krm. bk-l- (T) , ;
Tat. bki ; Bashk. bki ; Kirgh. bg-; Kaz. bge-; KKalp.
bge-; Oyr. bk , ; Chuv. pg .
EDT 324, 326, VEWT 82, 83, 2, 208-210, 146. Clauson prefers the
reading with -g-, which is hardly justified. A variant with *-g- (Tur. be-, Chuv. pv
dam, Turkm. bve-, bvet id., Yak., Dolg. b plug) may be a result of the influence of
*bog- to choke, dam (cf. *bo- dam in Tuva, Uzb., Kum., Nogh., Oyr., Tat., Bashk.).

EAS 58, KW 54, Poppe 58, 59 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss.

The root is quite well attested in Turkic and borrowing is highly improbable, so Doerfers (TMN 1, 229) skepticism seems ungrounded. A
slight problem is the variation of *-k- and *-g- in Turkic, probably assimilative in this case (*bk- should be the original variant).
-bku throat, Adams apple: Tung. *bukse; Mong. *bagalaur; Turk.
*bogu (/*boku); Jpn. *pkm-.
PTung. *bukse 1 cartilage, gristle 2 Adams apple (1 2 , ): Evk. bukse 1, buke ; Evn. bs 1;
Neg. buxse 1; Man. buge, buxe 1; buge moGon 2; SMan. box; box 2 (64);
Ul. bukse 1; Ork. buske 1; ; Nan. bukse 1; Orch. bukse 1; Ud.
buxe 1.
1, 105. Evn. > Russ. Siber. buga (pl.) ( 137).
PMong. *bagalaur throat (): WMong. baalaur (L 68); Kh.
bagalr; Bur. bagalzr; Kalm. balzr; Ord. baGalr.
KW 28. Cf. also Ord. bagul hair on chin.
PTurk. *bogu, *bokur-dak 1 throat 2 Adams apple (1 2 ): OTurk. bouz 1 (OUygh.), boz (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. booz
(MK, KB) 1; Tur. boaz 1, bourdak, bourtlak (dial.) 2; Gag. buwaz 1; Az.

372

*blo - *blo

boaz 1; Turkm. boGaz 1, boqurdaq 1; Sal. pota, pota 1; Khal. boaz,

bouz, boz 1; MTurk. bouz (Abush., . .) 1, boqurdaq, boardaq
(Sangl.) 2; Uzb. biz 1; Uygh. bouz 1; Krm. booz, boaz 1; Tat. buaz 1
(k), purtaq (dial.), prtaq (dial.) 2; Bashk. boa 1, boaraq trachea;
Kirgh. boos place where two rivers meet (South.); Kaz. buaz, buz
shaft-bed in a shovel (dial.); KBalk. boqqur 2, bourdaq 2; KKalp. buwaz-aq glass for a kerosene lamp; Kum. boaz channel, strait; Nogh.
boaz double chin; channel, strait, bordaq 1; Tv. boos (bosqu); Tof. boos
(boqsu); Chuv. pr 1; Yak. buosax 1.
VEWT 78, TMN 2, 344, 2, 167-168, 184, 230-231. The derivative
*bokur-dak consistently displays reflexes of voiceless *-k-; it is present also in some reflexes of *bogu (Kirgh. boos, Kaz. buaz, Nogh. boaz, Bashk. boa, Kum. boaz) - all
probably under the influence of *bokak crop, craw (v. sub *pka).

PJpn. *pkm- to hold in mouth ( ): OJpn. pukum-;

MJpn. fkm-; Tok. fukm-; Kyo. fkm-; Kag. fkm-.
JLTT 694.
KW 28, 5, 231-232. In Mong. the vocalism was influenced by a similar root (Mong. *bakau, *bakalaur < *pka q.v.); a
remnant of the original root vocalism may be seen in WMong. boau
crop, goitre (coexisting with baqau) - however, the latter form may as
well be a Turkism < Turk. *bokak.
-blo ( ~ -e) to be: Mong. *bol-; Turk. *bl-; Jpn. *br-.
PMong. *bol- to become (): MMong. bol- (IM, SH, HYt),
bul- (MA); WMong. bol- (L 114); Kh. bol-; Bur. bolo-; Kalm. bol-; Ord. bol-;
Mog. bolu-; Dag. bol- (. . 127), bole- (MD 125), bolo-; Dong. bolu-,
volu- (MGCD: olu-); Bao. ol-; S.-Yugh. bol-; Mongr. boli- (SM 19), li- (SM
296), (MGCD: ul).
KW 50, MGCD 157.
PTurk. *bl- to become (): OTurk. bol- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. bol- (MK, KB); Tur. ol-; Gag. ol-; Az. ol-; Turkm. bol-; Sal. vol-,
v-, b- (.); Khal. l-; MTurk. bol- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bl-;
Uygh. bo(l)-; Krm. bol-; Tat. bul-; Bashk. bul-; Kirgh. bol-; Kaz. bol-;
KBalk. bol-; KKalp. bol-; Kum. bol-; Nogh. bol-; SUygh. pol-; Khak. pol-;
Shr. pol-; Oyr. bol-; Tv. bol-; Chuv. pol-; Yak. buol-; Dolg. buol-.
EDT 331-332, VEWT 79, TMN 2, 358, 2, 185-188, 1, 442, Stachowski
66. Forms with o- may represent a different root (see *ol-tur-). On the other hand, the
geographical distribution of this variant matches quite closely the change *b- > v- in a
number of words with grammatical function (for Haladzh cf. ver- give, vor there is),
so most of the forms with o- may indeed reflect *bol- > *vol- > ol-; the different root *ol- is
with more certainty reflected only in Middle Uyghur (At., Tefs., IM - cf. bar, bir- in the
same sources) and Middle Kypchak (Bulgat, Ettuhf., see 2, 186).

PJpn. *br- to be (): OJpn. wor-; MJpn. wr-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-;
Kag. r-.

*boe - *bra

373

JLTT 742. Accent in Tokyo is aberrant; all other dialects, as well as RJ wr-, point to
*br-.

KW 50, Poppe 99, Miller 1981, 851, Street 1985, 639, 68.
Doerfer (TMN 2, 358), quite fantastically, links also TM *- (what about
Lautgestze?) : altes indoeur. Lw. : *ol- wollen (isnt this Omnikomparatismus?).
-boe an indirect relative: Tung. *bulu-; Mong. *bli; Turk. *bk.
PTung. *bulu- bastard ( ): Evk. bulumu.
1, 109. The word is attested only in Evk. ( whence Yak. bulumu - hardly vice
versa), but has possible external parallels.

PMong. *bli cousin, niece (son or daughter of mothers relative);

family ( , ( ); ): WMong. bl, bli, ble (L 147); Kh. bl; Bur.
ble; Kalm. bl, bl; Dag. bule (. . 128); S.-Yugh. bulai; Mongr.
bulai.
KW 55, 66, MGCD 175. Mong. > Turk. bula, Kaz. bl, Yak. bile etc. (see the list in
2, 217-218, 293-294), Evk. bule family.

PTurk. *bk a relation by marriage (,

): OTurk. bk (OUygh.).
EDT 380-381.
Tekin 1979, 129-130. A Western isogloss.
-bi a k. of cedar, pine: Tung. *bolgikta; Mong. *bujil- / *bjil-; Turk.
*b; Jpn. *pusi.
PTung. *bolgi-kta dwarf cedar ( ): Evk. bolgig,
bolgikta; Evn. bolg, bolgt; Neg. bolgkta; Ul. bolqta; Ork. bo, bota;
Nan. bolGoqto (Kur-Urm.); Orch. boggikta; Ud. bogb (. 213).
1, 91-92.
PMong. *bujil- / *bjil- almond (): WMong. biles ~ bujilasu (); Kh. bujls(an), bjls(en); Bur. bjlhe(n) wild apricot.
PTurk. *b cedar, pinus Siberica (, ): Oyr.
m, = dial. (Bask. Tuba); Tv. p, (Castr. Krg.) bj; Tof. b; Yak. bes
pine, dial. larch bast ( 1 81).
VEWT 71.
PJpn. *pusi small shrubs used as firewood (, ): MJpn. fusi.
11. Mong. *bujil- is a regular dissimilation < *bulil-.
-bra ( ~ --) to divide: Tung. *bor-; Jpn. *br-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *bor- to divide (, ): Evk. bor-; Evn. bor-;
Neg. boj-; Ul. bor-; Ork. bor-; Nan. bor-; Orch. boi-.
1, 95-96.
PJpn. *br- to divide, split (, ): OJpn. war-;
MJpn. wr-; Tok. wr-; Kyo. wr-; Kag. wr-.

374

*brki - *borso(kV)

JLTT 783.
PKor. *pr- to divide, split open (, ): MKor.
pr-; Mod. par-, pl-.
Liu 375, KED 706, 765, 766.
Martin 243. An Eastern isogloss.
-brki to cover, cover: Mong. *brk-; Turk. *brk; Jpn. *pk-.
PMong. *brk- to cover (): MMong. burgu- (HY 38),
burku- (MA); WMong. brk-, brke- (L 149, 150); Kh. brxe-; Bur. brxe-;
Kalm. brk-; Ord. br-; Mog. brk- (Ramstedt 1906); ZM burk
clothed (10-2b); Dong. pugutu- to become murky; Mongr. puger
cover sp. (SM 306).
KW 68. Mong. > Chag. brke- etc.
PTurk. *brk hat, cap (, ): OTurk. brk
(OUygh. - Lig. VSOu); Karakh. brk (MK, KB); Tur. brk, (dial.) brk,
prk; Az. brk (dial.); Turkm. brik; Khal. bk (KhM), birgk; MTurk.
prk (MA), brk (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. brk; Uygh. brk; Krm. brik
(H), bork (T); Tat. brek; Bashk. brk; Kirgh. brk; Kaz. brik; KBalk.
brk; KKalp. brik; Kum. brk; Nogh. brk; SUygh. prk, perik; Khak.
prk; Shr. prk; Oyr. brk; Tv. brt; Tof. brt; Yak. bergehe; Dolg. bergehe.
EDT 362, VEWT 84, TMN 2, 289, 2, 221-223, 482, Stachowski 58. In
Tuva, Tof. *-rk > rt is regular. Reconstruction of length is not quite certain: Turkm. length
is not confirmed by Khalaj and contradicts pharyngealization in Tofalar. Turk. > WMong.
brg, Kalm. brg (KW 67), Khalkha brx (although theoretically this may as well be an
indigenous derivative of br-, cf. similar Turkic forms: Tur. dial. br-me, br-g headgear).

PJpn. *pk- to thatch (a roof) ( ()): OJpn. puk-; MJpn.

fk-; Tok. fk-; Kyo. fk-; Kag. fk-.
JLTT 694. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
Cf. *bri (with possible contaminations).
-borso(kV) badger: Mong. *borki; Turk. *borsuk, *borsmuk; Jpn.
*bsk, *sk; Kor. *srk.
PMong. *borki old badger ( ): WMong. borki (L 121);
Kh. box; Kalm. bork.
KW 52.
PTurk. *borsuk, *borsmuk badger (): Karakh. borsmuq (MK),
borsuq (MK Oghuz); Tur. porsuk; Az. porsuG; Sal. porsu (); MTurk.
porsuq (Sangl.); Uzb. brsiq; Uygh. borsuq; Tat. bursq; Bashk. burhq;
Kirgh. borso-l-doj young badger; Kaz. borsq; KBalk. borsuq; KKalp.
porsq; Kum. porsuq; Nogh. borsq; Khak. porsx, morsx, (dial.) morx;
Shr. porsuq; Oyr. morsq; Tv. morzuq; Tof. borsuq; Chuv. por.
EDT 369, 164, TMN 2, 284, 7, 165, 1, 446-447. Reflexes of m- in Siberian languages may be due to the nasal in the suffix (cf. the form in

*bru - *bru

375

MK). Among the traditional derivations one should mention the connection with *bur-sto stink, rot, but external parallels indicate that this is rather a folk etymology.

PJpn. *bsk, *sk hare (): OJpn. usakji, OJ East. dial. wosagji;
MJpn. sgi; Tok. sagi; Kyo. sg; Kag. usag.
JLTT 564, JOAL 116-118.
PKor. *srk badger (): MKor. srk.
Nam 390.
The meaning in Jpn. (hare) is probably a result of contamination
with *togsV-kV hare (which should have normally yielded PJ *tusaki);
this could also explain the tonal discrepancy between Jpn. and Kor.
Korean, as in several other cases, has a loss *b- > *0-; cf. Old Koguryo
*wus(i)kam rabbit (see Miller 1979, 10). All languages reflect a trisyllabic form *borso-kV, with an original diminutive suffix. Loss of -s- in
Mong. is somewhat strange; cf. perhaps alternatively TM *barka-na
bears cub > Evk. barka-na, barka-an, Neg. bajkana, Ud. bakana ( 1,
75).
-bru (~ -a,-o) dust; smoke, whirlwind: Tung. *bure-ki; Mong. *bur-gi- /
*br-gi-; Turk. *bur-uk; Kor. *pr-m.
PTung. *bure-ki 1 dust 2 fresh snow (1 2 ): Evk. burki
2; Evn. brq 2; Man. buraki 1; Jurch. bure-ki (59) 1; Ul. burexi 1; Nan.
burex 1; Orch. burexi 1.
1, 113.
PMong. *bur-gi- / *br-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) ( (
, )): MMong. burqalix whirlwind (SH); WMong. burgi-(ra-)
(L 138), brgi-ni-; Kh. burgi-; Bur. burja-, borjol- (Tsongol); Kalm. brgn-,
brg-; Ord. burgila-, burgi-; Mongr. puir- (SM 306).
KW 68. Mong. > Man. burgi-, see TMN 1, 227; > Turk. Uzb. burqira-n- ,
, Kirgh. burk-ura-, burgu- , Nogh. burk-ra- ,
Bashk. borqo- ( ), KKalp. burq- .

PTurk. *bur-uk 1 dust 2 smoke 3 to curl (of smoke) 4 to choke (in

smoke) 5 to blow (of a snow-storm) 6 to produce smoke puffs 7 soot (1
2 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 (
) 6 7 ): Turkm. buruG-sa- 3; Uzb. buruq-sa- 3; Uygh. burux-t-un bolmaq 4; Kirgh. buruq-su- 3, bur et- 3, bura-t6; Khak. pr 1, prn 7, pur-la- 3, purun-na- 5; Shr. prn 7; Yak. buruo (<
*burug) 2; Dolg. buruo 2.
VEWT 89, Stachowski 67. The stem interacts with the derivatives of *bur- to stink,
smell and *bur- to twist- see 2, 268-271

PKor. *prm wind (): MKor. prm; Mod. param.

Nam 241, KED 704.
288. See 1, 113 (Mong.-Tung.); despite
1,188 the TM root is hardly related to Turk. *br (on which see *mro)

376

*boV - *buo

and to Mong. bur dirty, dark. The Korean root belongs rather here
than to Manchu fara- to dry (SKE 191).
-boV grey: Mong. *boro; Turk. *bo.
PMong. *boro grey (): MMong. boro (HY 42 ashes coloured,
SH), bor (MA); WMong. boro, (L 121) boru; Kh. bora; Bur. boro; Kalm.
bor; Ord. boro; Mog. bor dunkelgelb, gelbbraun (Ramstedt 1906);
Dong. boro(); Mongr. burondog, boro (SM 28).
KW 51, MGCD 584. Mong. > Evk. boro, boro, Man. boro ( 1, 96), see Doerfer
MT 60, Rozycki 34; Tat. bora, Yak., Dolg. boro (Stachowski 62). Cf. also Mong. bur dark,
sludgy - which, as well as Chag. bor reddish (horse) etc. (see TMN 2, 330) are rather <
Pers. br dark brown.

PTurk. *bo ( ~ ) grey (): OTurk. boz (OUygh.); Karakh. boz

(MK); Tur. boz; Gag. boz, bz; Az. boz; Turkm. boz; MTurk. boz (Sangl.);
Uzb. bz; Uygh. boz, bos; Tat. bz; Bashk. bu; Kirgh. boz; Kaz. boz;
KBalk. boz; KKalp. boz; Kum. boz; Nogh. boz; SUygh. poz; Oyr. bos.
EDT 388, VEWT 82, TMN 2, 335, 2, 171-173, 605. Turk. > Old Russ.
bosj, dial. bsj, busj, see 147 (with lit.).

KW 51, 361, Poppe 20, 81, 1, 183. A

Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Despite TMN 2, 335, 1997, 109, Mong.
cannot be borrowed from Turkic.
-bt to bind: Tung. *bot-; Mong. *bi; Jpn. *pntk-; Kor. *pth-.
PTung. *bot- 1 to tie (with a knot) 2 to be bound, tied (1 () 2 ): Evk. bot- 1; Evn. beteb- 2.
1, 97. Cf. also *beti-ke the hip part of high boots, trousers ( 1, 127).
PMong. *bi string, rope (): MMong. bui braid, cord, belt
(HY 23); WMong. bi (L 143); Kh. b; Bur. be; Kalm. b; Ord. bi.
KW 70. Mong. > Tat. mee- to harness an outrunner, Kum. miew tow-line (with
secondary m-), whence Russ. .

PJpn. *pntk- to untie (): OJpn. podok-; Tok. hodk-;

Kyo. hdk-; Kag. hdk-.
JLTT 691.
PKor. *pth- to be attached ( , ): MKor. pth-; Mod. put- [puth-].
Nam 275, KED 846.
Cf. *puti quilt, weave and *pta thread, yarn: the roots are
sometimes hard to distinguish.
-buo ( ~ -o-) to dry on fire, under the sun: Tung. *bu-; Mong. *bual-;
Jpn. *pt-pr-; Kor. *pi-.
PTung. *bu- 1 to dry on fire 2 to become dry 3 unripe, coarse (1 , 2 , 3 , ): Evk. bu- 1; Evn. b- 1; Neg. bo- 1, boxn 3; Ul.
bu- 2, buule bi 3; Nan. boo- 2, bo 3; Orch. buksa- 2, buu 3.

*buda - *buda

377

1, 97-98, 117.
PMong. *bual- to boil (, ): MMong. bual- (SH), bual(a)- (MA); WMong. bual- (L 129); Kh. bucla-, bula-; Bur. busal-; Kalm.
busl-; Ord. bual-; Mog. bul-; ZM bel (14-7a); Dag. baila- (. .
125), baile- (MD 116); Dong. buula-; S.-Yugh. pualu-.
KW 63, MGCD 172.
PJpn. *pt-pr- 1 to emit heat 2 heat (1 2 ):
OJpn. p(w)ot(w)op(w)or- 1; MJpn. ftfor- 1; Tok. hotobor, htobori 2; Kyo.
htbr 2; Kag. hotobri 2.
Dialects reflect both low and high tones. The consistent spelling fotofor- in RJ prevents the analysis *p- fire + *tm(p)-r- burn presented in JLTT 693.

PKor. *pi- to dry on fire, under the sun ( , ): MKor. pi-; Mod. :w-.
Nam 432, KED 1491.
Korean has a usual loss of narrow vowel between a stop and an
affricate. Cf. also Kor. :i- to steam, cook (SKE 32).
-buda to attach, follow, accompany: Tung. *boda-; Turk. *bodu-; Kor.
*pt.
PTung. *boda- to follow smb., accompany ( -., ): Evk. bodo-; Evn. bod-; Neg. bodo-; Ul. bodo-; Ork. bodo-;
Nan. bodo-; Ud. bodo-.
1, 88.
PTurk. *bodu- 1 to fasten (with a nail, arrow) 2 to be fastened, attached 3 wooden nail in camels nose for fastening the tether 4 nail (1
, (, ) 2 3
4 ): OTurk. bodu- 1 (OUygh.), bodul- 2,
budlu 3 (OUygh. - YB); Karakh. bodu- 1 (MK), butlu ( = budlu) 3 (MK);
Tur. pojra wheel hob, dial. bujru, bujlu; Turkm. bjli 3; MTurk. bujla
(MA) 3; Uygh. bujla 3; Bashk. bujlq a bridle detail, ; Kirgh.
bujla 3; Kaz. bujda 3; KKalp. bujda 3; Nogh. bojsqan (< *bod--kan) woollen lead for fastening calves during milking; Khak. poz 4; Shr. pozu
4.
EDT 300, 304, 305, 2, 287. The original meaning of the root is clearly to fasten, attach. The -u-vowel in the name of camel harness may be a result of borrowing in
Karakh. from a Kypchak-type dialect, with further dispersion from Karakh. urk. bujla >
Mong. bujla id. > Tuva bujla.

PKor. *pt friend, companion (, ): MKor. pt; Mod. pt

[ps].
Nam 256, KED 771.
A rather usual case of secondary nominalizing in Korean (cf. pa
rope < *b to bind etc.).

378

*bg - *bjre

-bg heat, steam: Tung. *bugar; Mong. *baa-gi-; Turk. *bg; Jpn.
*bk-.
PTung. *bugar burnt forest, wood (, ): Evk. buar;
Evn. brin.
1, 101.
PMong. *baa-gi- to fumigate (): WMong. baagi- (L 68); Kh.
bgi-.
PTurk. *bg steam, fog (, ): Karakh. bu (MK, IM); Tur. bu
aroma (poet.), buu steam; Gag. b; Az. buG; Turkm. bG; MTurk.
bu (Sangl., Pav. C.), mu (Pav. C.); Uzb. bu, bu-la- to steam; Uygh.
bu; Krm. buv; Tat. bu, bu-la-n- to vaporize; Bashk. bw; Kirgh. b; Kaz.
buw; buw-la- to steam, bu-la- to treat with steam (medically); KBalk.
buwaq hoar-frost; KKalp. puw; Kum. buaq hoar-frost; Nogh. buw;
buwaldr hoar-frost; Oyr. buu; Chuv. pv.
EDT 292, VEWT 86, 2, 229-230, 37. The behaviour of final -g after a
long vowel is probably regular (although this combination is rather rare). Turk. >
MMong. bu () steam ( 1997, 163).

PJpn. *bk- to boil, seethe (, ()): OJpn. wak-; MJpn.

wk-; Tok. wk-; Kyo. wk-; Kag. wk-.
JLTT 783.
Martin 226 compares the Jpn. form with Kor. pagl-, but PA *-gcould not have been preserved in Korean. The latter should be rather
derived from PA *p[k] swell q.v.
-bjre wrong, bad: Mong. *buruu; Jpn. *br-; Kor. *i-.
PMong. *buruu wrong, bad (, , ): MMong. buruu (SH, HY 51), bur (MA); WMong. buruu (L 138);
Kh. bur; Bur. bur; Kalm. bur; Ord. bur; Dag. bor (. . 128,
MD 126); Dong. buru; S.-Yugh. bur; Mongr. bur.
KW 62, MGCD 170. Mong. > Evk. bur etc., see Doerfer MT 123.
PJpn. *br- bad (): MJpn. wr-; Tok. war-; Kyo. wr-;
Kag. war-.
JLTT 844.
PKor. *i- 1 bad, wrong 2 left (1 , 2 ):
MKor. i- 1; Mod. i- 1, 2.
Nam 386, KED 1221.
In TM cf. perhaps Evn. bruw- to slander ( 1, 127). Medial
*-j- should be reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Korean; the
Korean word may belong here if it is another case of *b- > 0-, like in r
we < *b-V, - to be < *bju, - well < *bujri, srk badger <
*borso-kV.

*bk - *bkrV

379

-bk chain, rim: Tung. *boKi-; Mong. *bugu-; Turk. *bukagu; Jpn.
*bk.
PTung. *boKi- chain (): Neg. boxopn; Ul. bojp(n); Nan. bojot;
Ud. baxula.
1, 90.
PMong. *bugu- 1 bracelet 2 noose (1 2 , ):
MMong. bugi rope, bugija fetters (SH), bu 1 (IM 433), buqau 1 (MA);
WMong. buui, bau, baui 1 (L 71, 131), buujil 2 (L 131), bauu (SM) 1;
Kh. bugujv 1, bugujl 2; Bur. bugg 1, bug, bugli, bugba 2; Kalm. bu
1, neck bandage; Ord. buG 1; S.-Yugh. boopi 1; Mongr. baGr 1 (SM
19).
KW 58, MGCD 166, 226. The word is attested already in SH, so it cannot be
(despite TMN 2, 278) a modern loanword from forms like Kirgh. buaw etc. See also notes
to *bog- (sub *bugu).

PTurk. *bukagu fetters, chain, string (, , ): OTurk.

buqau (OUygh.); Karakh. buqau (MK); Tur. buka; Gag. buqaa, bqaa;
Az. buxov; Turkm. buqaw; MTurk. buqau, buqaw (Sng., MA); Uzb.
bw; Krm. buqov, buuw; Tat. boaw; Bashk. baw; Kirgh. booo; Kaz.
buaw; KBalk. buow; KKalp. buaw; Kum. buaw; Nogh. buaw; Chuv.
pav iron manacles; Yak. bakj (?).
EDT 314, VEWT 87, 2, 248-250, 152, TMN 2, 277-278. Turk. > Mong.,
cf. MMong. buxau (SH) id., see TMN ibid., 1997, 108. Yak. bakji with irregular
-a- and -k- may reflect some interdialectal loan. Turk. > Hung. bk (Gombocz 1912).

PJpn. *bk spool, rim, frame (, ): Tok. wak; Kyo.

wk; Kag. wak.
JLTT 567.
226 (Turc-Mong-TM).
-bkrV pea, nut, cone: Tung. *boKari, *boKa-kta; Mong. *buurag;
Turk. *burak; Kor. *phs.
PTung. *boKa-ri, *boKa-kta 1 pea 2 cone 3 nut 4 tree fungus (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. bokoto, bokokto 2, 3; Evn.
bokot 2, 3; Neg. boxoto 2, 3; Man. boori 1, baa 2; Ul. bqto 3; Ork. bqto 2,
3; Nan. bqto 3; Orch. bokto 3; Ud. boto 2, 4 (. 213); Sol. boxr 1.
1, 90, 91. TM > Dag. bokr peas (. . 127). Nan. boor pea is most
probably < Manchu.

PMong. *buurag pea (): MMong. burax (HY 8); WMong.

buura, (L 132) buurai; Kh. brcag; Bur. brsag semen, fruit of vegetables; Kalm. brcg; Ord. buraq; Dag. bore (MD 126), bor; Dong.
pua, pua; Bao. paG; S.-Yugh. puraG; Mongr. puaG (SM 305), puaG.
KW 65, MGCD 171. Variants without -- (WMong. bura etc.) should be regarded
as Turkisms), but those with -- can be hardly explained in this way, despite Clark 1980,
43, Sukhebaatar; Southern Mong. forms are ambiguous, because they could have underwent secondary vowel shortening.

380

*bktV - *bke

PTurk. *burak bean, pea (, ): OTurk. buraq (OUygh.);

Karakh. buraq (MK); Tur. burak; Gag. boraq; Turkm. buraq; MTurk.
buraq (Sangl.); Uzb. burq; Uygh. poaq; Krm. burax; Tat. boraq;
Bashk. borsaq; Kirgh. [braq < Mong.]; Kaz. buraq; KBalk. buraq;
KKalp. buraq; Kum. buraq; Nogh. buraq; SUygh. praq; Shr. mraq;
Oyr. mraq; Chuv. pra, pre.
EDT 357, VEWT 89, 2, 275-277. Turk. > WMong. burag, Kalm. burcg (KW
62, see TMN 2, 281, 1997, 110). Chuv. > Mari pursa; Bulg. > Hung. bors, see
Gombocz 1912.

PKor. *phs beans, peas (, ): MKor. phs; Mod. phat

[phath].
Nam 462, KED 1739.
10, AKE 15, EAS 58. Phonetically a rather complicated case
because of the rare medial cluster *-kr- with non-standard reflexes.
Turkic, Mongolian and probably Korean reflect a suffixed form
*bukrV-V (MKor. phs = *ph < *bukVr-V); medial -k- in the cluster
had disappeared in PT and yielded -- in Mong. Another derivative
from the same root may be the Turk.-Mong. name of various kinds of
berries: PT *bgrtlen blackberry etc., Mong. *berel(i)gene raspberry
etc. (KW 56).
-bktV leg, thigh: Tung. *begdi / *bugdi; Turk. *bt.
PTung. *begdi / *bugdi 1 leg 2 foot (1 (leg) 2 (foot)): Evk.
begdi 1; Evn. bdl 1; Neg. begdi 1; Man. betxe 2; SMan. betx, betk 1, 2
(137, 2285); Jurch. bodi-xe (505) 2; Ul. begdi 1; Ork. begi 1; Nan. begdi 2;
Orch. begdi 1; Ud. begdi 1; Sol. beldr 1.
1, 118-119.
PTurk. *bt 1 thigh 2 leg, foot (1 2 ): OTurk. but
(OUygh.) 2; Karakh. but (MK) 1; Tur. but 1; Gag. but 1; Az. bud 1;
Turkm. bt 1; Khal. bt 1; MTurk. but (Abush., Sangl.) 1; Uzb. but
groin; Uygh. put 2; Krm. but 1; Tat. bot 1; Bashk. bot 1; Kirgh. but 2;
Kaz. but 1; KBalk. but 2; KKalp. put 1; Kum. but 2; Nogh. but 1; SUygh.
put 2; Khak. put 1; Oyr. but 2; Tv. but 2; Tof. but 2; Yak. bt 1; Dolg. bt
1.
VEWT 90, EDT 297, 2, 280-281, 282, Stachowski 67.
289, 282. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-bke ( ~ -i) hill, mound: Tung. *bKa; Mong. *buka; Turk. *bk; Kor.
*puk ( ~ --).
PTung. *bKa island (): Evk. bka, bukan; Evn. bqan; Neg.
boxaan; Man. buqsa; Ul. ba(n); Ork. boata; Nan. boa; Orch. boaa; Ud.
bugasa.
1, 104.

*bukV - *bli

381

PMong. *buka 1 canal 2 haycock, shock (1 2 ): WMong.

buqa 1, buqal 2; Kh. buxa 2; Bur. buxal 2; Kalm. bux 1; Mog. ZM boqqn
hillock (17-9a).
KW 58. The original meaning was heap, mound of earth (whence also island,
dam > canal, cf. the meanings in related languages).

PTurk. *bk 1 wood, forest 2 hill 3 meadow 4 valley between

mountains (1 2 3 4 ): Karakh. bk
bushes, underwood, bktir rocky mountain top (MK); Tur. bk
thicket at the waterside; MTurk. bk 1 (Pav. C.); Uygh. bk thick
(wood, garden); Tat. bk (dial.) 3, pktr snow-drift (); Kirgh.
bk 2, bktr foot-hills; Kaz. bkter steep hill; Khak. pk 3; Shr. pk 3;
Oyr. bk 4; Tv. bk 4.
VEWT 91, EDT 324, 325, 2, 291, 94.
PKor. *puk ( ~ --) heaping of earth ( ): Mod. puk.
KED 823.
SKE 208, 11. Cf. *buge, *pko. Jpn. *bk is rather to be derived from PA *ke q.v. (although contaminations were possible).
-bukV to doubt, be stupid: Tung. *buK-; Mong. *bukinid-; Kor. *puki.
PTung. *buK- 1 to worry 2 to doubt, guess, contemplate (1 2 , , ): Man. bue- 2;
Nan. bogb- 1.
1, 87, 105.
PMong. *bukinid- to be sad, grieve, be troubled (, ; , ): WMong. bukinid-, bokinid- (L 133); Kh.
buxinda-; Bur. buxinda-; Kalm. buxtn- KPC 125.
Mong. > Evn. boqtna- ( 1, 91).
PKor. *puki idiotic person, stupid character (, ): Mod.
pugi.
KED 810.
One of the many verbs of emotion reconstructed for PA; cf. *pgo,
and perhaps Mod. Jpn. baka fool (with expressive b-).
-bli to stir, shake, smear: Tung. *bul-; Mong. *bli-; Turk. *bulga-; Jpn.
*pr-.
PTung. *bul- 1 to smear 2 to caress, stroke (1 2 ):
Evk. bulku- 1, bul- 2; Evn. bel-, bl- 2; Neg. bolk- 1, bul- 2; Man. bilu- 2;
Ul. bl- 2; Ork. bolda- 1, bl- 2; Nan. buli- 2; Orch. bli-i- 2; Sol. bulgu2.
1, 105-106, 108.
PMong. *bli- to stir (, ()): MMong.
bule- (SH); WMong. bli-, ble- (L 146); Kh. ble-; Bur. bli-; Kalm. bl-,
b-; Ord. bli-.
KW 66. Mong. > Russ. Siber. to churn butter, see 141.

382

*blu - *blV

PTurk. *bulga- to stir, stir up (, ):

OTurk. bula- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. bula- (MK); Tur. bula-; Gag.
bula-; Az. bula-; Turkm. bula-; Khal. bula-; MTurk. bula-; bula- (Sangl.,
Abush.); Uzb. bula-, bula-; Uygh. bulu-; Krm. bula-, bola-; Tat. bola-;
Bashk. bola-; Kirgh. bula-; Kaz. bla-, bula-; KBalk. bula-; KKalp.
bla-; Kum. bula-; Nogh. bla-, bula-; SUygh. pola-, pula-; Khak.
pula-; Shr. pula-; Oyr. bula-; Tv. bla-, (dial.) bula-; Tof. bulha-; Chuv.
plxa-n- to become turbid; Yak. bul-, bulkuj-, bl-; Dolg. bulkuj-.
EDT 337, VEWT 88, 2, 253-256, . X, 112, Stachowski 65. The Turk. root
is the probable source of Mong. bula- to confuse, uprise (see TMN 2, 322-323,
1997, 110).

PJpn. *pr- to shake up, wave, rub (, , ):

OJpn. pur-; MJpn. fr-; Tok. fr-; Kyo. fr-; Kag. fr-.
JLTT 694.
See EAS 57-58, 106.
-blu ( ~ -a, -o) cloud: Tung. *bol-; Turk. *bulut (*bult).
PTung. *bol- 1 autumn 2 air 3 to blow (of wind, snow) (1 2
3 , ( , )): Evk. bolo 1, bolgo 2, bol- 3; Evn.
boln 1; Neg. bolo 1; Man. bolori 1; SMan. bolori autumn, fall (2728);
Jurch. bolo (75); Ul. bolo 1; Ork. bolo 1; Nan. bolo 1; Orch. bolo 1; Ud.
boloni 1; Sol. bolo 1.
1, 92-93.
PTurk. *bulut (*bult) cloud (): Karakh. bulut (MK); Tur. bulut; Gag. bulut; Az. bulut; Turkm. bulut; Sal. bu(:)lt; Khal. bult; MTurk.
bulut (MA); Uzb. bulut; Uygh. bulut; Krm. bulut; Tat. bolt; Bashk. bolot;
Kirgh. bulut; Kaz. bult; KBalk. bulut; KKalp. bult; Kum. bulut; Nogh.
bult; SUygh. plt; Khak. pulut; Shr. pulut; Oyr. bulut; Tv. bulut; Tof. bulut; Chuv. plt sky, cloud; Yak. blt; Dolg. blt.
VEWT 88 (the connection with PT *bulga- to mix is not obvious at all); TMN 2,
323; EDT 333, 2, 262-264, 24, Stachowski 71. Turk. > MMong. () bulut,
see 1997, 163. Derived are Kypch. forms like Kaz., KKalp. buldr foggy, cloudy,
Kirgh. buldur fuzzy, cloudy, Nogh. buldr id.

A Turk.-TM isogloss. A Nostratic etymology (Ural. *pilwe et al.)

see in 1, 179-180.
-blV to grab, find: Tung. *bule-; Mong. *bulia-; Turk. *bul-.
PTung. *bule-n enemy (): Evk. buln; Evn. buln.
1, 109-110.
PMong. *bulia- to attack, rob, grab (, , ):
MMong. buli- (SH) to rob, bulqa- (SH) to fight, bala fighting (IM);
WMong. bulija- (L 134), bulia-; Kh. bul-; Bur. bu-; Kalm. bul-; Ord.
bul-; Dag. bali- (MD 119), bol-; Dong. bili-; Bao. bl-, bula-; S.-Yugh.
bl-; Mongr. bul-, buli- (SM 33).

*bulV - *ba

383

KW 59, MGCD 167. Mong. > Turk.: Kirgh. bula-, Uygh. bulu- to rob; > Yak., Dolg.
bl- (Ka. MEJ 19, Stachowski 70). A Mong. source is possible also for the Chag. form
bula- (see above).
PTurk. *bul- to find (): OTurk. bul- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. bul- (MK, KB); Tur. bul-; Gag. bul-; Khal. bul-; MTurk. bula(Pav. C. 174); Krm. bul-; Yak. bul-; Dolg. bul-.
EDT 332, VEWT 87, 2, 252-253, Stachowski 65.
KW 59, VEWT 87. A Western isogloss. In Turkic find obviously <
grab, capture, the original meaning being well preserved in PT *bulun
captive, prisoner (EDT 343).
-bulV ice, jelly-like substance: Tung. *belu / *bul-; Turk. *bul-.
PTung. *belu / bul- 1 flat, slippery ice surface 2 to become gelatinous, jelly-like (1 , 2 ( , , ), , , ): Evk. belu 1, buldi-l- 2; Evn. buldid- 2; Neg. bel, buli- 2; Ul. belu,
bolu 1, bulde- 2; Ork. belu 1; Nan. belu, bulu 1, buli- 2.
1, 107, 124. Cf. also *bul-da- slippery ( 1, 107).
PTurk. *bul- 1 hoar-frost 2 frazil, icy surface (1 2 ):
Turkm. buldurn 1, buldura- to glitter (of dew, hoar-frost); Uzb. bulduriq 1; Oyr. pulu 2 (dial., Leb. R); Tv. buluq 2; Yak. buls glacier.
38.
A Turk.-TM isogloss. ? Cf. Karakh. buldun a k. of milk dish (MK)
( = Evk. buldumna, - if the original meaning was congeal).
-ba confusion, fright: Tung. *bolga-; Mong. *bala-; Turk. *b-; Jpn.
*bsr-.
PTung. *bolga- 1 to be afraid 2 to worry 3 to be shy, confused (1 2 3 , ): Evk. bolgo-; Neg. bolgo1; Ork. bolGo-; Nan. blda--.
1, 92.
PMong. *bala- 1 guilt 2 reason, cause (1 2 ): WMong.
bala 1, 2; Kh. balag 1, 2; Bur. bal 1, 2; Kalm. bal 2.
KW 30.
PTurk. *b- to be bad-tempered, irritable ( , , , ): OTurk. bu(OUygh.); Karakh. bu- (MK, KB); Gag. b-; Turkm. b-la- to be the
first to communicate good news; MTurk. bu- (Abush., Sangl.); Uygh.
pu-; Krm. buuran- to argue, be disgusted; Tat. po-; Bashk. bo-;
Kirgh. b-; KBalk. buuw sadness; Kum. bu-; Khak. puzux- to be sad,
puzu-r-a- to be inflamed; Tv. buuran- to be anxious, angry; Chuv.
p-r-an- to be anxious, sad.

384

*b - *bo

VEWT 90, EDT 377, 2, 284-285, . 96, 152, 1,

410. The devoicing in a number of Kypch. languages may be caused by the influence of a
Persian loan puman, puajman remorse, regret ( 1, 97).
PJpn. *bsr- to forget (): OJpn. wasur-; MJpn. wsr-;
Tok. wsure-; Kyo. wsr-; Kag. wasur-.
JLTT 783.
Despite Poppe 75, the Tungus root has nothing to do with Mong.
bulga confusion, uprise (a probable Turkic loanword, see under *bli).
Cf. *bo.
-b ( ~ -o-) joint, sinew: Tung. *bul-; Mong. *bli-ken; Jpn. *ps.
PTung. *bul- 1 to form, spring up (of an ulcer, lump, swelling) 2 to
be, become convex, pop out (of eyes) 3 sinew, cartilage (1 (
, ) 2 (), , 3 , ): Evk. bulbente- 1, bulle 3; Evn. boldra 2, blr
3; Neg. bule 3; Man. bula- 1; Ork. bld-, bolna 2; Nan. bola- 2, bulte 3.
1, 106, 107, 108, 109.
PMong. *bli-ken sinew; thick part of sinew ( ,
): WMong. bleke, bleki, blike(n); Kh. blx; Bur.
blxi(n); Kalm. blkn.
KW 66.
PJpn. *ps a knot, bamboo joint etc. (, ..):
OJpn. pusi; MJpn. fs; Tok. fush; Kyo. fsh; Kag. fush.
JLTT 418.
311, 250-251.
-bo to pity, be sad: Tung. *bul-; Jpn. *bs-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *bul- to be sad (): Evk. bul-; Evn. bl-; Ul.
blda-.
1, 107-108.
PJpn. *bs- to pity, regret (): OJpn. wosi-; MJpn. ws-; Tok.
osh-; Kyo. sh-; Kag. osh-.
JLTT 839.
PKor. *pr- to envy, be jealous (, ): MKor.
pr-h-; Mod. purp- (-w-).
Liu 404, KED 813.
Korean has a verbal low tone. An Eastern isogloss, but cf. *ba :
the two roots are very similar and their reflexes could have been mixed
in Turk. and Mong. (which also has a form bulara- () to be exhausted, tired).

*be - *bri

385

-be to howl: Tung. *bni-; Mong. *bsi-, *bre-; Turk. *bre-;

Jpn. *bmi-k- ( ~ -ai-).
PTung. *bni- to howl (): Evk. bn-; Evn. bni-; Neg. bn-; Ul.
bui-ku trumpet; Ork. bni-; Nan. bni-ku trumpet; Ud. buni-; Sol.
bn-.
1, 110. TM > Dag. bn- (. . 128).
PMong. *bsi-, *bre- to howl (): WMong. bsi- (MXTTT);
Kh. bni-, bre-; Bur. ?? bje- to hum.
A variant *mre- is also attested (Khalkha mr-, Mongr. mro- (SM 242) etc.)
PTurk. *bre- to howl ( ( , )): OTurk. mre- (OUygh.); Karakh. mre- (MK); Tur. bgr-;
Turkm. mr-, mre-; MTurk. mura- (Sangl.); Uygh. mri-; Krm.
mvr-; Tat. mgr-; Bashk. mr-; Kirgh. mr-; Kaz. mire-; KKalp.
mr-; Khak. mre-; Oyr. mr-; Tv. mre-; Yak. mr-, mgr-.
VEWT 342, EDT 770, 7. The variant *bara- is also attested (see VEWT 327).
PJpn. *bmi-k- ( ~ -ai-) to howl (): MJpn. wamek-, womek-; Tok.
wamk-; Kyo. wmk-; Kag. wmk-.
JLTT 783.
Poppe 35, 73. An onomatopaeic root, but widely represented and
(except for secondary fronting *bi- > *bni- in TM) with quite regular
correspondences.
-brdV beard: Tung. *burgakta (/*gurgakta); Mong. *buri-; Turk.
*burut.
PTung. *burgakta (/*gurgakta) beard, moustache (, ):
Evk. gurgakta; Evn. grgt; Neg. gojgakta; Ul. baqta; Ork. Gdaqta;
Nan. boGaqta / boaqta; Orch. baakta; Ud. guakta; Sol. gggakta, grgakta.
1, 173. Some languages reflect a secondary assimilation *burga-kta >
*gurga-kta.

PMong. *buri- fleecy, curly (of hair) (, ):

WMong. buri- (L 140); Kh. burgar; Bur. buragar; Kalm. burzr; Ord.
buruGur.
KW 63. Cf. also *buri- id. (Kalm. burcgr, KW 62).
PTurk. *burut moustache (): Turkm. murt; MTurk. burut (Pav.
C., MA); Uzb. murt, murut; Uygh. burut; Tat. murt (dial., Sib.); Kirgh.
murut; Kaz. murt; KKalp. murt, murut; Nogh. murt, murut.
EDT 301 (sub bk), VEWT 90, TMN 2, 290-291, 224 (with etymological
discussion).

224. A Western isogloss. TM reflects an early assimilation (*burda-kta > *burga-kta) - the process which went on and led to a
further assimilation *burga-kta > *gurga-kta in some dialects.
-bri ( ~ --, -e) to cover, shade: Tung. *b-; Mong. *br-; Turk. *br-.
PTung. *b- to shade (light) ( ): Evk. b-.

386

*bri - *bro

1, 99. Cf. perhaps also: Evk. boro dusk; Manchu boro hat (made of straw)
(see 1, 96). A possible derivative is also *b-gda hat; upper clothes ( 1, 87).
PMong. *br- 1 to cover 2 dusk, darkening (1 2 , ): MMong. buri- 1 (SH), b[o]r[o]nk cover, blanket
(IM); WMong. brj, brg 2 (L 150); Kh. bre- 1, brl, brij 2; Bur. bri1, brl, brr 2; Kalm. br- 1, br 2; Ord. bri- 1; Dag. bur (. .
128, MD 127) 2, burgin 2; S.-Yugh. buroloG 2; Mongr. bur-, buri- 1.
KW 68, 69, MGCD 177, 178. Mong. > Man. buri- etc., see Doerfer MT 142.
PTurk. *br-, *br-ke- to cover up (, ):
Karakh. brn- to be covered (MK, KB), brkek cloudy, brkr- to
become cloudy (MK); Tur. br- (also of clouds), brge, brg kerchief,
thin curtain; Gag. br-; Az. br-; Turkm. bre-; MTurk. brke- (MA,
Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. burka-; Uygh. p(r)k-; Tat. brk-; Bashk. brk-nto be covered, brk stifling; Kirgh. brk-; Kaz. brke-; KKalp.
brke-; Kum. brke- (also of clouds); Nogh. brke-; Khak. prge-; Shr.
prge-; Oyr. brke-; Tv. brge- (also of clouds); Tof. brh-; Chuv. prke-;
Yak. brj-; brkj- to become cloudy; Dolg. brj-; brkk cloudy.
EDT 363, 367, 133, VEWT 92, 2, 296-298, Stachowski 68. The form in
-ke- is an intensive and can hardly be regarded as a mongolism.

KW 68, Poppe 111, 1, 192. A Western isogloss - but Mong.

is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite 1997, 111. Cf. *brki.
-bri ( ~ --, -o-, -e) to die, perish: Tung. *bu(r)-; Mong. *br-il-.
PTung. *bu(r)- to die (): Evk. bu-; Evn. bu-ni deceased;
Neg. bu-; Man. bue-; SMan. be- (744); Jurch. bu-e-xie (389); Ul. bu(l)-;
Ork. bu(l)-; Nan. bude-, bu(r)-; Orch. bu-de-, bu-kki-; Ud. bu-de-, bu-kki-;
Sol. bu-.
1, 98-99.
PMong. *br-il- to die, perish (, ): MMong.
burel- (tr.) (SH); WMong. bril- (L 149); Kh. brle-; Ord. brilge-.
290, 1, 99. A Mong-Tung. isogloss. TM demonstrates an exceptional case of loss of *-r- (recoverable in some forms of
the paradigm) after an original short vowel, so the root may have been
monosyllabic (*bu) in PA.
-bro ( ~ -o-, --) to break, crush: Tung. *bur-; Mong. *buri-; Jpn. *br-.
PTung. *bur- to crush, demolish (, ): Evk. burg-;
Evn. borg-.
1, 112. Cf. also Evk. borowun scraper (for bone), burbenti- to break through
( 1, 96, 111).

PMong. *buri- to crush, destroy (, ): WMong.

buri- (L 137); Kh. bura-, bori-; Bur. bur- to be wrinkled, rumpled.
Mong. > Kirgh. burugui and a number of other Kypch. forms.

*bsi - *bt

387

PJpn. *br- to break; to bend (; ): OJpn. wor-; MJpn.

wr-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-; Kag. r-.
JLTT 742.
A reconstruction of *-- is also possible; in the latter case Turkic
could have merged the root with *bu- < *muu q.v.
-bsi ( ~ -o-, -e) kidney, liver: Tung. *bosa-kta; Mong. *bse; Turk.
*bgse(k) < *bs-ge(k).
PTung. *bosa-kta kidney (): Evk. bosokto; Evn. bost; Neg.
boxokto; Man. boso; SMan. boqu, bosqu kidneys (92); Ul. bosoqto;
Ork. bosoqto; Nan. bosoqto; Ud. bkto; Sol. bosokto.
1, 97. TM > Dag. basarta (. . 125).
PMong. *bse belt (): MMong. buse (HY 23, SH), bus (IM), bus
(MA), bse (Lig.VMI); WMong. bse (L 151); Kh. bs(en); Bur. behe;
Kalm. bs; Ord. bse; Dag. bese, buse (. . 126, MD 122); Dong.
piie; Bao. se; S.-Yugh. ps; Mongr. pu, bus (Huzu).
KW 69, MGCD 179. Mong. > Evk. buse, see Doerfer MT 94.
PTurk. *bgse(k) < *bs-ge(k) a part of human or animal trunk
( ): OTurk. bgsig some part of body (belly?) (OUygh.);
Karakh. bkseg womans breast; upper part of chest (MK); MTurk.
bkse the part of a human or animal body above the waist (Abush.,
Sangl.); Uzb. bksa side part of the body below the breast and down to
the hip; (dial.) lower part of body; Tat. bks belly; bird crop; Bashk.
bk short person (abusive); Kirgh. bks side of body; foot-hill;
KBalk. bksn half of animal carcass; Tv. bskek birds breast; Tof. bksek birds breast; Chuv. pexe crop; Yak. bsk-j- to appear abdominous.
EDT 329, VEWT 84, 83, 2, 213-214, 278. Forms without -k meaning
buttock or lower part of body are most probably borrowed < Mong. *bgse, having
quite different origin (see under *poko) - although some contaminations were not excluded.

A Western isogloss - but cf. also MKor. kh-phs kidney (kh

bean), where phs is also folk-etymologically analysed as bean, but
may in fact continue the same Altaic root.
-bt itch, scab: Tung. *butu-; Mong. *bodu(a); Turk. *bt-; Jpn.
*ptki.
PTung. *butu- 1 a hoof disease, to suffer from hoof disease 2 pimple, pustule, to pustulate (1 ( ), 2 , , , ):
Evk. butu-, butun 1, buture- 2; Evn. butuke; Man. buturi 2.
1, 116.
PMong. *bodu(a) smallpox (): WMong. bodu(-a) (L 109); Kh.
bod; Kalm. bod; Ord. bod.

388

*bt - *bt

KW 48. Mong. > Evk. budan rash.

PTurk. *bt- to heal (of a wound) ( ( )): OTurk. bt(OUygh.); Karakh. bt- (MK); Turkm. bit-; bitik scar, cicatrice; MTurk.
bt- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bit-; Tat. bet--; Bashk. bt--; Kirgh. bt-;
Kaz. bit-; KKalp. pit-; Nogh. bit-; Khak. pt-; Oyr. bt-; Tv. bt-; Yak.
bt-.
EDT 299 (sub *bt- finish), 2, 154-155. Cf. also Chuv. pta
.

PJpn. *ptki mange, scabies (): OJpn. patake; MJpn. ftk;

Tok. htake; Kyo. htk; Kag. hatak.
JLTT 401. The Tokyo accent is irregular (htake would be expected).
PJ has irregular devoicing *b- > p- here. Turkic forms may belong
here if they are not a specialized semantic development of *bt- to finish, end (a secondary merger is possible).
-bt ( ~ -o-) to beat, break: Tung. *bute-, *butekte-; Mong. *buta-; Jpn.
*pt-; Kor. *puti-.
PTung. *bute-, *butekte- to break, crush (, , ): Evk. butkte-; butukte piece; Evn. bt-; Neg. bokta-l-; Ul. bqta-;
Nan. boqta-; Orch. buktaga-; Ud. bukta-.
1, 116.
PMong. *buta- 1 to break 2 be broken (1 2 ):
MMong. butra- (MA); WMong. buta-ra- (L 141) 2; Kh. butar- 2, butal- 1;
Bur. butar- 2; Kalm. butr- 2; Ord. butara- 2; Dong. pudura- (MGCD), putura- 2; Mongr. pudr- (SM 304) 2!.
KW 63, MGCD 172. Mong. > Chag. butra- etc. (VEWT 90-91, 2, 308-309) (not
vice versa, despite 1997, 110: OTurk. budra- is invented, and OTurk. budraq scattered is a hapax misinterpreted by Malov, see EDT 307).

PJpn. *pt- to beat, hit (): Tok. bt-; Kyo. bt-; Kag. bt-.
A verb (not attested in OJ) with an expressive voicing *p- > b-. See JLTT 680.
PKor. *puti- to hit, bump, collide (, ): MKor.
puti-; Mod. pudit- [puti-].
Nam 265, KED 812.
Poppe 21, 101; Martin 233.


-b ( ~ -o) sack: Tung. *aPku; Jpn. *tpra; Kor. *ar.
PTung. *aPku quiver (): Man. abqu; Ul. apa(n); Nan. af;
Orch. apku.
1, 251.
PJpn. *tpra sack (): MJpn. tfra; Tok. tawar; Kyo. twr;
Kag. tawar.
JLTT 544.
PKor. *ar sack (): MKor. ar; Mod. aru.
Nam 416, KED 1376.
An Eastern isogloss. Kor. *r is a contraction < *awar < *abar.
-abV helmet, headgear: Tung. *abuka; Mong. *daulga.
PTung. *abuka ear-flaps, headgear (): Ul. awa; Nan.
aa; Orch. awa, auka; Ud. auga.
1, 240.
PMong. *daulga helmet (): MMong. duuluqa (HY 19),
dwula (MA); WMong. daula, duula (L 271); Kh. dlga; Bur. dlga;
Kalm. dl, dlx; Ord. dlGa.
KW 104. Mong. > Chag. davula, dubula, duvula, dulua, see 1997, 203.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-go a k. of small predator: Tung. *agari; Mong. *ee-ken; Turk.
*ToK- (?).
PTung. *agari bears head; bear (3 y. old) ( ; (3- )): Evk. aari; Neg. aaskan; Man. ajra
( -); Nan. r; Ud. i.
1, 242.
PMong. *ee-ken 1 wolverine 2 jackal (1 2 ):
MMong. oebori 2 (SH); WMong. egeken (L 1051: igege) 1, ge-bri 2;
Kh. x(en) 1, cvr 2; Bur. zgen 1; Kalm. zgn 1 ().
On -bri see under *beltereg.
PTurk. *ToK- weasel (): Khak. totxanax (Sag.); Shr. toqnas,
toqumas, toqumdas (R); Oyr. toqtonoq; Tv. toqtan (R).
VEWT 485. A local Syberian form, probably a compound of the expected *dogwith some obscure second component (possibly *dog-kumt weasel-beaver).

390

*kte - *lo

A Western isogloss. Initial - in Mong. is irregular (one should expect either *dee-ken or *ie-ken: cf. in this respect the interesting
WMong. form ge-bri ( < *i-bri ?) jackal); this may be due to an
interaction with Turk. *jbke (see under *zbekV).
-kte pine, larch: Tung. *agda; Turk. *Tt.
PTung. *agda pine-tree (): Evk. agda; Evn. ad; Neg. agda;
Man. aqdan; SMan. ahd, ahd (2158); Ul. agda; Nan. Gda; Sol.
agda.
1, 242. Cf. also Evk. dkta, Evn. dt, Orok qta fir-needles, fallen leaves (
1, 202) - dialectal variants? A TM source is very probable for WMong. odaw, Khalkha
od, Bur. od Siberian fir tree.

PTurk. *Tt larch-tree (): OTurk. tt (OUygh.); Karakh.

tt (MK); Tat. tet aac (dial., 200); Kirgh. tt mulberry tree; Khak.
tt; Shr. tt; Oyr. tt; Tv. dt; Tof. tt (. ), dt / tt; Yak. tt; Dolg. tt.
VEWT 479, EDT 449, Stachowski 224. The meaning in Kirgh. is influenced by tut <
Iran., see - 1982, 88-89.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; the PT form, despite Helimski 1995, is

hardly < Sam.
-lo full, fill: Tung. *alu(-m); Mong. *del-; Turk. *dl-; Jpn. *tr-; Kor.
*ra-.
PTung. *alu(-m) full (): Evk. alum; Evn. al-; Neg. alum;
Man. alu-; SMan. al (2629); Jurch. aw-lu-xa (726); Ul. al(n); Ork.
dalm; Nan. alo; Orch. alu-; Sol. al.
Derived from PTM *alu- to fill, be filled. See. 1, 247.
PMong. *del- 1 full, abundant, wide 2 to expand 3 wide, broad (1
, , 2 3 , ): MMong. delger 1, delge- 2, delike (HY 54), delegai 3 (SH); WMong.
delger 1 (L 249), delge-, dele-, deli- 2 (L 248, 249, 250), delegei 3 (L 248:
deleg); Kh. delger 1, delge-, dele- 2, delxij, del 3; Bur. delger; Kalm. delgr
1, del- 2; Ord. delger 1; Dag. delgere-, delg- (. . 136: delge-, delgere-); S.-Yugh. delgeri, delg-; Mongr. derge- teindre, dployer, taler,
drouler (SM 52), dlge-.
KW 86, MGCD 214, 215. Mong. > Yak. delegej, delej; > Oroch dele, Ul. delen, Nan. dele,
delek, Man. deleen open space ( 1, 233, 234).

PTurk. *dl- full (): OTurk. tolu (OUygh.); Karakh. tolu

(MK); Tur. dolu; Gag. dolu; Az. dolu; Turkm. dl; Sal. doli(:); tol (Kakuk); tl- v. (); Khal. tol- (v.); MTurk. tola (Abush., Pav.C.); Uzb.
tla; Uygh. tola, tolan; Krm. tol; Tat. tul; Bashk. tul; Kirgh. tolo; Kaz.
tol; KBalk. tolu; KKalp. tol; Kum. tolu; Nogh. tol; SUygh. tolo; Khak.
tol- (v.); Shr. tol-dr- (v.); Oyr. tolo; Tv. dolu; Tof. dolu; Chuv. tol- (v.), tolli;
Yak. tuol- (v.), toloru; Dolg. tuol- (v.), toloru.

*l - *alu

391

VEWT 486, EDT 491-492, 3, 257-259, Stachowski 226, 231. PT *dl- is derived
from *dl- to get filled.
PJpn. *tr- be sufficient, full (. , , ):
OJpn. tar-; MJpn. tar-; Tok. tri-; Kyo. tr-; Kag. tar-.
JLTT 764.
PKor. *ra- be sufficient, enough ( ): MKor.
ra-; Mod. ara-.
Nam 412, KED 1375.
Martin 243, JOAL 133-137, Miller 1981, 853, 858, 863; 1986,
195-196, 13, 45-46, 75, 282, 12.
-l a k. of broad-leaved plant: Tung. *ali-kta; Mong. *daldawu; Turk.
*dal; Jpn. *tr; Kor. *r-k.
PTung. *ali-kta 1 hawthorn 2 willow (1 2 ): Evk.
alikta 1; Neg. lta 1; Ul. atala 2; Ork. dtaqta 1; Nan. alaqta 2; Ud.
alikta 1.
1, 246, 253.
PMong. *daldawu lime-tree, linden (): WMong. daldau (L 226:
dalduu); Kh. dald.
PTurk. *dal 1 branch 2 tree 3 willow (1 2 3 , ):
OTurk. tal 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. tal 1 (KB), 3 (MK); Tur. dal 1; Gag. dal 1;
Az. dal 1; Turkm. tal 3; Sal. dl 2; MTurk. dal 3 (Pav. C.), tal 1 (Pav. C.,
Abush.); Uzb. tl 3; Uygh. tal 3; Krm. tal 3; Tat. tal 3, (dial.) 1; Bashk. tal
3; Kirgh. tal 3; Kaz. tal 1, 3; KBalk. tal 3 (also poplar); KKalp. tal 1, 3;
Kum. tal 3; Nogh. tal 3; Khak. tal 3; Shr. tal 3; Oyr. tal 3; Tv. tal 3; Yak.
talax 3; Dolg. talak 1, 3.
EDT 489, VEWT 457, 3, 130-131, 125-126, Stachowski 216. Turkm.
tal (with irregular t-) may be a loan from Kypchak: there seems to be no reason to postulate two different roots for PT.

PJpn. *tr vine (): Tok. tsur; Kyo. tsr; Kag. tsur.
JLTT 557.
PKor. *r-k stalk, branch without leaves (, ): MKor. rk; Mod. ulgi, ulgri.
Liu 672, HMCH 297, KED 1507.
13, 77, 288, 10. Jpn. and / or Kor. can be also
compared with TM *uru- willow, poplar ( 2, 417); this could explain the tonal discrepancy between Jpn. and Kor.
-alu wave, to overflow: Tung. *al-; Mong. *dolgi-; Turk. *dal-g-.
PTung. *al- 1 to overflow (of sea, river) 2 to be agitated, wave (of
sea) 3 spirit - master of the sea (1 , 2 , ( ) 3 - ): Evk. alki- 2; Evn.
l-, lqab- 1; Neg. alalgun 3.
1, 245, 246. Evk. alki- > Yak. alkj- id. (not vice versa, despite ).

392

*ma - *agu

PMong. *dolgi- wave (): MMong. doligijan (HY 3); WMong.

dolgija(n) (L 259); Kh. dolgio(n); Bur. dolgin, doljodo-; Kalm. don; Dag.
doln (. . 137), dolen (MD 137).
KW 94, MGCD 184. Mong. > Evk. dolgin etc., see Doerfer MT 102; > Yak., Dolg. dolguj- (see VEWT 458, 487, Stachowski 81-82).

PTurk. *dal-g- wave (): Tur. dalga 2; Az. dala 2; MTurk. tala
Wellenschlag, talum, talqum sea waves.
KW 94, VEWT 458, 487. An Oghuz word.
A Western isogloss.
-ma to hesitate, argue: Tung. *m-; Mong. *dam-; Jpn. *tmirap- ( ~
-ai-).
PTung. *m- 1 argument, quarrel 2 to argue (1 , 2 ): Man. aman 1, amara- 2; Nan. mor 1, mora- 2.
1, 247.
PMong. *dam- to hesitate (): WMong. damna-, damla- (L
228); Kh. damna-, damla-; Bur. damag-guj doubtless, certain; Kalm.
damn-.
KW 75, 76.
PJpn. *tmirap- ( ~ -ai-) to hesitate (): MJpn. tmraf-;
Tok. tamer-; Kyo. tmr-; Kag. tamer-.
JLTT 763. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular (under literary influence).
One of the suffixed forms - *ma-rV- (TM *mV-ra-) or *ma-lV(Mong. *dam-la-) may be reflected in PJ *tmi-ra-; the diphthong -ia- ( ~
-ai-) may, however, suggest a more complex origin of the Japanese
form.
-amu a k. of tree: Tung. *amu; Mong. *dom; Jpn. *tum(u)i.
PTung. *amu brier (): Man. amu, amuri; SMan. amr
(2166); Ud. amukta.
See 1, 247-248.
PMong. *dom lime-tree, linden (): WMong. dom (L 260); Kh.
dom.
PJpn. *tum(u)i mulberry ( ): OJpn. tum(j)i.
Cf. *am()ektV (partial contaminations were possible). WMong.
amur fruit of sweet-briar (eglantine) (L 1033) is most probably a Manchu loanword.
-agu gift, loan: Tung. *a(g)-; Jpn. *tu(n)ku-.
PTung. *a(g)- 1 be in need, straitened 2 loan, as a loan (1
2 , ): Man. aGala- 1; Sol. an-da, an-i 2.
1, 249.
PJpn. *tu(n)ku- 1 toll, tribute 2 to compensate, reimburse (1 , 2 , ): OJpn. tuki 1; MJpn.

*rikV - *ka

393

m-tki-mono 1, tknf- 2; Tok. mtsugi 1, tsugun- 2; Kyo. mtsg 1,

tsgn- 2; Kag. mitsgi 1, tsugun- 2.
JLTT 482, 772. Accent variation is not quite clear: the noun points to high tone, the
verb - rather to low tone (although their relationship can hardly be doubted).

A Tungus-Japanese isogloss; not quite secure because of sparse attestation in TM.

-rikV a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *arikta; Mong. *irgaj; Turk. *drek.
PTung. *ari-kta hawthorn (): Ul. araqta; Nan. arqta;
Orch. arakta.
1, 246.
PMong. *irgaj dense, tall (forest) (, ( )): WMong. irai (L 192); Kh. argaj; Bur. eregi thin growth, pinery
(?); Kalm. ir dense (branches); a k. of tree or bush.
KW 442.
PTurk. *drek 1 poplar 2 tree (1 2 ): Karakh. terek 1
(MK); Tur. tirek (dial.) 2; Turkm. derek 1; MTurk. terek 1 (Abush., Sangl.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. terak 1; Uygh. derk 1; Krm. terak 2; Tat. tirk 1; Bashk.
tirk 1; Kirgh. terek 1; Kaz. terek 1, 2; KBalk. terek 2; KKalp. terek 1; Kum.
terek 2; Nogh. terek 1; SUygh. terek 2; Khak. tirek 1; Shr. terek 1; Oyr. terek
1; Tv. terek 1; Chuv. tirek 1; Yak. tirex 1.
VEWT 475, EDT 543, 3, 205-206, 105, 134-135. Iranian origin is quite
improbable.

A Western isogloss. Closed * in PT is not quite clear: perhaps a

secondary narrowing in a disyllabic structure.
-ka to repeat, again, always: Tung. *eki; Mong. *daki-; Turk. *d(i)ak;
Jpn. *tk.
PTung. *eki always, constantly (, ): Neg. ek; Ul.
ek-ek; Nan. ek; Orch. e, eki; Ud. e at this time.
1, 283.
PMong. *daki- 1 to repeat 2 one more time, again (1 2
): WMong. daki- 1 (L 223); Kh. daxi- 1, daxin 2; Bur. daxi- 1, daxin 2;
Kalm. dkn 2; Ord. dai- 1; Dag. dagi- (MGCD 206), dag again (.
. 134).
KW 73. Mong. > Evk. daki etc., see Doerfer MT 76.
PTurk. *d(i)ak 1 additionally, and others, plus 2 again, once more
(1 , , , , 2 ,
): OTurk. taq 1, 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. taq 1 (MK); Tur. daha 1, bir daha
2 (tak as a clitic); Gag. t 1, 2; Az. dxi too; Turkm. daG 1; Sal. t, taxi
1, 2 (); Khal. taq 1, 2; MTurk. dax, taq 1 (Abush., Sangl.), da (MA)
1; Uzb. tain 2; Uygh. texi 1, 2; Krm. daa (K) 1, 2, da (H, T) 1, 2, dan
(H,K) 2, dax (K) 1, daxa (K) 1, 2; Tat. tan 2, in order to; Bashk. ta 2;
Kirgh. daa, da, ta 1, 2; Kaz. ta 2; KBalk. da-da 1, 2; KKalp. da al-

394

*lV - *lV

though, ta 1, 2; Kum. da 1, 2; Nogh. ta 1, 2; SUygh. taqi, dai 2;

Khak. t, d 1; Oyr. daa although (); Tv. d 1, dn wholly, always,
tn very, excessively; Yak. daan 1.
VEWT 457, EDT 466, 3, 122-123. Phonology is somewhat uncertain because
the stem is functioning as a clitic.

PJpn. *tk always, eternally (, ): OJpn. toko.

JLTT 548.
Gombocz 1905, 278, KW 73, 319, . Mong. is hardly
< Turk., despite 1997, 153. Jpn. *tk- < *tak because of the incompatibility of *a and * in PJ.
-lV a k. of small animal: Tung. *ele-k; Jpn. *ti ( ~ -ia); Kor. *r.
PTung. *ele-k ermine (): Evk. elek; Evn. iliki; Neg.
elex; Man. elken; Ul. ieli(n); Ork. eei; Nan. eli; Orch. eleki; Ud.
elexi.
1, 284.
PJpn. *ti ( ~ -ia) marten (): MJpn. t; Tok. ten.
The source of -n in the modern form is not quite clear; MJ has explicitly no second
syllable.

PKor. *r sable (): Mod. l.

KED 1392.
An Eastern isogloss. The Jpn. form reflects a suffixed formation
*l(V)-gV.
-lV to split, hole, crack: Tung. *lge; Mong. *ile; Turk. *dil-.
PTung. *lge crack, narrow passage (, ): Evk.
lge; Nan. elg.
1, 283. Nan. has a secondary vowel shortening (the old length is proved also
by the Dagur loanword from TM - lge, leg, see . . 143).

PMong. *ile space between, leisure (): MMong. olo

(SH); WMong. ilge(n) (L 183); Kh. l; Bur. sl; Kalm. ln; Ord.
l; Dag. ul (. . 182, MD 131; MGCD ol); S.-Yugh. l;
Mongr. oloG enfoncement (SM 454).
KW 444, MGCD 577. Mong. > Evk. ul etc., see Doerfer MT 101.
PTurk. *dil- to split, cut in slices (, ):
OTurk. til- (OUygh.); Karakh. til- (MK); Tur. dil-, dil thin slice; Gag.
dil-; Az. dilim slice; Turkm. dil-; Khal. tilim slice; MTurk. til- (Sangl.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. til-; Uygh. til-; Krm. dilim (K) slice; Tat. tel-; Bashk. tel-;
Kirgh. til-; Kaz. til-; KBalk. til-; KKalp. til-; Kum. til-; Nogh. til-; Khak.
tl-; Oyr. til-; Tv. dil-; Chuv. l-.
VEWT 480, EDT 490-491, TMN 2, 553, 3, 230-231, 322, 76.
KW 444, 183, Poppe 16 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western
isogloss. The root was originally verbal (cf. PT); Mong. and TM reflect a
velar derivative *lV-gV. Despite Doerfers (TMN 2, 554) criticism the

*iko - *o

395

comparison still seems valid (although the narrowing *e > i in PT is not

quite clear). Miller (1985b, 207) cites a MJ tir- cut in narrow strips
which would be a nice match, but we were unable to identify the
source of the word.
-iko firm, strong: Tung. *diktu ( ~ -); Mong. *iirag; Turk. *Tgra- /
*Tg; Jpn. *tkr; Kor. *irk-.
PTung. *diktu ( ~ -) firm, tough (, , ): Neg. diktu; Man. uktu; Ul. diktu; Ork. iktu; Nan. iktu; Orch.
diktu.
1, 205.
PMong. *iirag firm, tough, strong (, ): MMong.
ijirax (HYt); WMong. igira (L 179); Kh. reg; Bur. rag; Kalm. rg;
Ord. raG; Dag. ira (. . 181); Dong. qara; Mongr. iraG (SM
456).
KW 443. Mong. > Oyr. raq; > Man. ira etc., see Doerfer MT 115, Rozycki 48.
PTurk. *Tgra- / *Tg 1 firm, tough 2 narrow, compact, firm (1
, 2 , , ): OTurk. tra-q 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. traq 1 (MK); Turkm. dqz 1 (a contamination with
dq- to stuff); Bashk. tz 1, 2; Kirgh. tz 2; Oyr. ts 2; Chuv. tvr 2;
Yak. tjs 2.
VEWT 477, EDT 471.
PJpn. *tkr force, strength (): OJpn. tikara; MJpn. tkr; Tok.
chikar; Kyo. chkr; Kag. chikra.
JLTT 546.
PKor. *irk- tough, firm (, ): MKor. irki-; Mod.
ilgi-.
Liu 686, KED 1551.
199, Poppe 15, Ozawa 121-123, JOAL 99, Miller
1985, 144-145. Mong. may be < Turk. (see 1997, 156), but not
necessarily.
-o power, ability: Tung. *i; Mong. *inee; Turk. *d; Jpn.
*tn-m-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *i very, extremely, really (, , ): Evk. i; Neg. i; Man. in, i; Ul. i; Ork. i; Sol. i-ki
real.
1, 258.
PMong. *inee force, strength, ability (, ):
WMong. inege(n) (L 188); Kh. in; Bur. en(n); Kalm. inn; Ord. in;
Dag. in (. . 181, MD 130).
KW 441, MGCD 572. Cf. MMong. (MA) ine- to measure, Mongor in- id. (SM
452).

396

*V - *V

PTurk. *d 1 very, strongly 2 strong, powerful 3 healthy 4 power 5

compact, dense (of earth) 6 to become strong 7 virgin soil (1 ,
, 2 , , 3 4
, 5 , ( ) 6 7 ):
OTurk. ti rki recent (OUygh. - ); Tur. din 1, din 2, 3; Gag. din 2;
Turkm. di 1, die only; Uzb. tin-ka 4, ti 5; Uygh. ti 5; Kirgh. t 2,
t- 6; Kaz. t 2, 7, t-aj- 6; KKalp. t 7; Kum. tn 7; Khak. t 2; Shr. t
1; Oyr. t 2; Tv. d 1, dz 2; Tof. dz- 6; Chuv. tnk crammed,
stuffed; Yak. t 2; Dolg. t 2.
VEWT 478, Stachowski 238. Turk. > WMong. i, ia (KW 437, 441), whence Nan.
q et al. ( 2, 397). Derivatives with the meaning healthy in 3, 344-345 are
erroneously attributed to dn- rest; Yak. t, d strained, tense belongs not here (despite VEWT, but to t- pull, stretch).

PJpn. *tn-m- be related, connected ( , ): MJpn. tn-m-; Tok. chinm-; Kyo. chnm-; Kag. chinm-.
JLTT 767. The Tokyo accent is irregular (*chnam- would be expected).
PKor. * 1 shape, appearance, conduct 2 to make, produce (1 , , 2 , ): MKor. 1, s- (-),
- 2; Mod. t [s] 1, t- [is-] (i-) 2.
Nam 441, 445, KED 1557.
172. The Korean form speaks in favour of reconstructing palatal *--; Turkic and Tungus reveal a secondary -- resulting from a suffixed form *(o)-gV ( = Mong. *inee).
-V to listen, consider: Tung. *i-; Mong. *ila-; Turk. *dla- /
*dile-.
PTung. *i- 1 to understand 2 attentive, conscious (1 2
, ): Evk. iktew- ( < *i-ktew-) 1; Ul. dinile 2;
Nan. iire, iksi- 2.
1, 207, 256.
PMong. *ila- to listen (): WMong. ina-, ila- (L 190);
Kh. agna-; Bur. agna-; Kalm. in- (); Ord. ina-; Dag. inil-;
Dong. enlie-, anlie-; Bao. ol-; Mongr. inla- (SM 452), ila- (Huzu),
(MGCD ala-).
MGCD 559.
PTurk. *dla- / *dile- 1 to listen 2 to hear 3 to consider, meditate
(1 2 3 , ): OTurk. tla- 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tla- 1 (MK, KB); Tur. dinle- 1; Az. dinl- 1;
Turkm. dile- 1; MTurk. dile-, tla- 1 (Pav. C.); Uygh. tila- 2; Krm.
dinle-, tla- 2; Tat. tma- 1; Bashk. tla- 1; Kirgh. ta- 1; Kaz. tda- 1;
KBalk. tla- 1; KKalp. tla- 1; Kum. tla- 1; Nogh. tla- 1; SUygh.
tnna- 2; Khak. tna- 1; Oyr. tda- 1; Tv. dna- 2; Tof. dna- 2; Chuv.
nla- 3.

*ipV - *tu

397

The verbal stem *dla- is derived from the noun *d (OT t, Turkm. di reason,
mind, cleverness). See VEWT 478, EDT 522, 3, 236-237.
172. A Western isogloss. Mong. can be < Turk., see
1997, 156.
-ipV ( ~ -b-) slow, sluggish: Tung. *ibge; Mong. *ibda-.
PTung. *ibge slow, sluggish; miserly (, ; ): Man. ibge.
1, 255. Attested only in Manchu, but having a probable Mong. parallel.
PMong. *ibda- slow, sluggish; thin (of water flow); miserly (, ; ( ); ): WMong.
ibda (L 174); Kh. avdag; Bur. abdag.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-adu ( ~ *oda) a k. of ungulate animal: Tung. *udura; Mong.
*dudura-; Turk. *T(i)adun.
PTung. *udura a pig (looking like a wild grey or white pig) ( ( )): Man. udura.
1, 270. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *dudura- foal of a donkey, young of small cattle (,
): WMong. dudurai, dudura (L 270); Kh.
dudraj, dudran; Ord. dudur.
PTurk. *T(i)adun 1 a one- or two-year old calf 2 ox (1
2 ): Karakh. taun (MK) 1; Khak. tazn
2.
EDT 457.
A Western isogloss.
-tu ( ~ *t-) sweet, taste: Tung. *ut; Mong. *dadu-; Turk. *dt.
PTung. *ut sweet (): Evk. ut; Evn. ut.
1, 279.
PMong. *dadu- to get accustomed (): MMong. dadu(SH); WMong. dadu-, (L 215) dad-; Kh. dad-; Bur. dada-; Kalm. dad-; Dag.
dadlag experience.
KW 71, MGCD 188.
PTurk. *dt- 1 to taste 2 taste 3 sweet, tasty 4 to get accustomed (1
(1 ) 2 3 , 4 ): OTurk. tat- 1, 1a (OUygh.), tat 2 (OUygh.), tat-l 3 (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tat-l 3 (MK), tat- 1 (MK, KB), tat 2 (MK, KB),
tat-l 3 (MK); Tur. tat- (tatar) 1a, tat (-d-), tadm, tatk 2, tatl 3, dad-ato bait, lure, dad-a-n- 4; Gag. dat- 1a, dat 2, datl 3, dad-a-n- 4; Az. dad1a, dad 2, dadl 3, dadan- 4; Turkm. dt/d- 1a, dt 2, dt-l 3; Khal. tt- 1;
MTurk. tat- 1a (Abush., Pav. C., Sangl.), tat 2 (Sangl.), tat-l3 (Sangl.);
Uzb. tt- 1a, tati- 1, 1a tt 2, ttli 3; Uygh. teti- 1, 1a, tatq 2, tatliq 3; Krm.
tat- 1a, tat- 1, 1a, tat (K), tatuv (T,H,K) 2, tatl (T,H,K) 3, tatan- (K) 4; Tat.

398

*obe - *obeV

tat- 1, 1a, tat 2, tatl 3; Bashk. tat- 1a, tat 2, tatl 3; Kirgh. tat- 1 a, tat- 1,
tatq 2, tattuw 3, tatq-a-n- 4; Kaz. tat- 1, 1 a, ttti 3; KBalk. tat- 1 a, tatw 2,
tatl 3; KKalp. tat- 1 a, tat- 1, 1a, tatl 3; Kum. tat- 1, tatw 2, tatli 3;
Nogh. tat- 1, 1 a, tatq 2; SUygh. tat- 1 a, tat 3; Khak. tad- 1, tad 2,
tadl 3; Shr. tatq 2; Oyr. tatu 2, 3; Chuv. tuda-l- 1, tuda-n- 1a, tod 2,
tut-l 3.
VEWT 466, EDT 449-450, 452, 454, 3, 162-164, 2, 256-257. Oghuz
(Osman) devoicing is secondary. Turk. > Mong. *tati- > tai(ja)- become accustomed (KW
385) > TM tati- id. ( 2, 170.)

See 13, 14. A Western isogloss. The Turkic forms (where

both the meanings to taste and to get accustomed (*to taste) are represented), provide a good link between TM *ut- sweet and Mong.
*dadu- to get accustomed. See also notes to *dasa-.
-obe ( ~ *t-) ten: Tung. *uba-n; Jpn. *tw.
PTung. *uba-n ten (): Evk. n; Evn. n-n; Neg. n; Man.
uwan; SMan. uan (2744); Jurch. uwa (645); Ul. wa(n); Ork. n; Nan.
o; Orch. (n); Ud. (n); Sol. .
1, 248.
PJpn. *tw ten (): OJpn. towo; Tok. t; Kyo. t; Kag. t.
JLTT 550. Original accent unclear, as in all numerals.
JOAL 84. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-obeV ( ~-abu-) salt; bitter, acid: Tung. *ujar-; Mong. *dabusu; Turk.
*d; Jpn. *tr-; Kor. *jr-.
PTung. *ujar- bitter, acid (, ): Evk. ri-pu; Evn.
r, jr; Neg. ojaj-gd; Man. u-u-xun; SMan. uuxun (431); Ul.
jr-s; Ork. d.re; Nan. ojor-s; Orch. ui-si; Ud. hi sour (.
235); Sol. iil- to turn sour.
1, 254. Man. > Dag. usun (. . 145).
PMong. *dabu-su salt (): MMong. dabusun (HY 24), buson
(IM), dabusun (MA); WMong. dabusu(n) (L 213); Kh. davs(an); Bur.
dabha(n); Kalm. dawsn; Ord. dawusu; Mog. dabsun, dpsun; ZM dbsun
(24-6a); Dong. dansun; Bao. dabso; S.-Yugh. dbsn; Mongr. dabs (SM
37).
KW 80-81, MGCD 185. Mong. > Man. dabsu etc., see Poppe 1966, 195, Doerfer MT
38, Rozycki 52.

PTurk. *d (~ *--) salt (): OTurk. tuz (OUygh.); Karakh. tuz

(MK, KB); Tur. tuz; Gag. tuz; Az. duz; Turkm. dz; Sal. duz, d, tuz;
Khal. tz; MTurk. tuz (MA); Uzb. tuz; Uygh. tuz; Krm. tuz; Tat. toz;
Bashk. to; Kirgh. tuz; Kaz. tuz; KBalk. to; KKalp. duz; Kum. duz;
Nogh. tuz; SUygh. duz; Khak. tus; Shr. tus; Oyr. tus; Tv. dus; Tof. tus;
Chuv. tvar; Yak. ts; Dolg. ts.
VEWT 502, EDT 571, 3, 288-289, Stachowski 234.

*ge - *ge

399

PJpn. *tr- unbearable, hard, bitter (; , ): OJpn. tura-; Tok. tsra-; Kyo. tsr-; Kag. tsra-.
JLTT 842.
PKor. *jr- to be salty ( ): Mod. l- [jl-].
KED 1442.
258, 13, 19, 49-50, 70, 285, 11.
Mong. dabu-su regularly < *dabur-su; borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is absolutely improbable, despite 1997, 160. The Turk.-Mong. parallel is an old etymology (starting with Pelliot 1935, 231) which Doerfer
(TMN 2, 510-511) tries in vain to refute. A small problem is the preservation of *-b- (one should rather expect *dau(r)-sun in Mong.), which
should be probably explained by an old assimilation *obeV- > *opeV
in pre-PM. For Jpn. one has to assume a rather universal semantic
change bitter > hard, unbearable. Cf. perhaps also MKor. ijm
vinegar dregs.
-ge to give, exchange: Tung. *ug-; Mong. *dji-; Turk. *dg-; Jpn.
*tai ( ~ *tia); Kor. *-.
PTung. *ug- to exchange (): Evk. u-lge-; Evn.
un-met-/-; Neg. ue-t-; Man. uwe-n debt; Jurch. u-mu-sun- to
lend (443); Ul. ue-i-; Ork. due-li-; Nan. ue-i-; Orch. uwe-i-; Ud.
ue-si-; Sol. ugut-.
1, 270, 267.
PMong. *dji- to buy or sell wholesale ( ): WMong.
di- (L 279); Kh. dj-.
PTurk. *dg- 1 to cost, to be worth 2 price 3 to change, exchange 4
allotment, portion 5 worth 6 change, exchange (1 , 2 3 (), 4 ()
5 , 6 , ): OTurk. teg-im 1,
teg-im-lig 5, teg-ir 4 (OUygh.), teg--il-, teg--r- 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. teg1 (MK - ), teg-ir 4 (MK), teg-i 5 (KB), given in exchange (MK),
teg--t exchange price (MK), teg--r-l- 3 (KB); Tur. de- 1, dejer 2,
de-im (dial.) 2, deji 6, deji- 3; Gag. d 6, d- 3; Az. djr 2, dji- 3;
Turkm. deg- 1, degi- 3; MTurk. (Xwar.) deg- 1, (OKypch.) deg-ir 2, teg-i
2 (Sangl.), teg-i- 3 (Sangl.); Uygh. tegi- 3; Krm. tij- 1, degi- 3; Kum. tij1; Chuv. tiv debt.
EDT 482, 485, 487, 488, 3, 181-182, 179-180, 338. Usually regarded as
a development of *dg- to touch, reach, which is somewhat dubious semantically; external parallels also seem to indicate that the two roots are originally distinct.

PJpn. *tai ( ~ *tia) goods for exchange ( ):

OJpn. te.
PKor. *- to give (): MKor. - give, i-h- to present;
Mod. u-.

400

*oke - *mi

Liu 670, 673, HMCH 332, KED 435.

13 (with a different Mong. parallel). Mong. *dji- has a
secondary narrowing < *dji-; the early PJ form must have been *tjV,
with a subsequent contraction.
-oke a k. of small animal (squirrel, otter): Tung. *uku-n; Turk. *dEgi;
Kor. *i.
PTung. *uku-n otter (): Evk. ukun; Evn. kn; Neg. uxin;
Ork. dkso; Nan. uku(n); Orch. ku(n); Ud. ugu; Sol. x.
1, 271. Cf. also Evk. uktu lynx (ibid.). Evk. > Dolg. ukun, kn (see Stachowski 91).

PTurk. *dEgi squirrel (): OTurk. teji (Orkh.); Karakh. tegi

(MK - erroneously glossed sable, see EDT), teji (KB); Tur. dejin, dein
(dial.); MTurk. tejin (Sangl.); Uzb. tijin; Uygh. tijin; Tat. tijen; Bashk. tejen; Kirgh. tjn; Kaz. tijin, tjn; Oyr. tiji; Tv. d; Yak. t; Dolg. t.
VEWT 470, EDT 569, 3, 180-181, 164-165, Stachowski 224. Criticism
of the borrowing ( < Ugrian) theory see in 165, 546-547.

PKor. *i rat, mouse (, ): MKor. i; Mod. wi.

Liu 673, KED 1517.
14, 7, 165. Voicing of -k- in PT must be
due to early assimilation.
-l ( ~ t-) ice, hail: Tung. *alka; Turk. *dolu; Jpn. *trr.
PTung. *alka 1 fine snow 2 to fall (of fine snow) (1 2 ( )): Neg. alka- 1, alka 2; Ud. aka- 2.
1, 246.
PTurk. *dolu hail (): OTurk. tol (OUygh.); Karakh. tol (MK,
KB); Tur. dolu; Gag. tolu; Az. dolu; Turkm. dol, (-) dl; Khal. tl;
MTurk. tol (MA), tolu (Sangl., Pav. C.); Uzb. dli; Uygh. tol (dial.); Kaz.
dol (dial.); Khak. to-dol (to- frozen); Tv. dolu; Yak. tolon; Dolg. tolot.
VEWT 486, EDT 491, 3, 260-261, 31-32, Stachowski 226. Cf. also *To
ice (Tuva do, Tof. do, Oyr. to 18, VEWT 491, 3, 267).

PJpn. *trr icicle (): MJpn. turara; Tok. tsrara; Kyo.

tsrr; Kag. tsurar.
Vocalism is not quite clear: in TM one would expect *ial-, but the
existing forms point rather to *al- (note, however, that TM *-ia- and -atend to get confused after affricates).
-mi thousand: Turk. *Tmen; Jpn. *ti; Kor. *mn.
PTurk. *Tmen ten thousand; very much ( ;
): OTurk. tmen (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tmen (MK, KB),
(Kypch. 14 cent.) dmen; Tur. tmen; Turkm. tmen (arch.); MTurk.
tmen (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. tuman; Uygh. tmn; Krm. tmen, kimen,
timen; Tat. tmn; Kirgh. tmn; SUygh. tmen (); Oyr. tmen; Tv.
tmen; Yak. tmn.

*nu - *nu

401

VEWT 504, EDT 507-508, 574-575. In general we agree with Doerfers arguments (TMN 2, 632-642: the Turkic word is the source of Persian tmn 10000, not
vice versa, although in some cases the word was borrowed back into Turkic (in particular: Az. tmn, Khal. timn a Persian coin, KBalk., Kum. tmen 10 roubles); the Tokharian word, whose IE source is highly dubious, is most probably < Turkic; a Chinese source
is extremely dubious). Turk. > Mong. tmen (see TMN 2, 641, 1997, 160), whence
Evk. tumen etc., see Doerfer MT 78. Week evidence of initial voice (*d- should be expected
in PT) may be due to later cultural interborrowing.
PJpn. *ti thousand (): OJpn. ti; MJpn. ti; Tok. chi.
JLTT 546.
PKor. *mn thousand (): MKor. mn.
Nam 437.
SKE 38. Despite TMN 2, 641 the Turk.-Kor. parallel seems quite
acceptable. Jpn. *ti reflects a suffixed form *um(i)-gV.
-nu blood; spirit, breath: Tung. *un-; Mong. *isu; Turk. *dn; Jpn.
*t.
PTung. *un- pulse, vein (, ): Man. un.
1, 275. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *isu blood (): MMong. isun (HY 48, SH), iun (IM),
isun (MA); WMong. isu (L 192); Kh. cus; Bur. uha(n); Kalm. cusn; Ord.
usu; Mog. usun; ZM osun (3-7b); Dag. os (. . 182), ose (MD
130); Dong. usun; Bao. iso; S.-Yugh. usun, sn; Mongr. cu, c
(SM 438), (MGCD is).
KW 434, MGCD 582.
PTurk. *dn 1 spirit, breath 2 rest 3 to rest 4 to pant 5 to breathe 6
quiet 7 sultriness (1 , 2 3 4 5
6 7 ): OTurk. tn 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. tn 1
(MK, KB), tn 2 (MK); Tur. tin 1, din-le- 3; Gag. din-ne-n- 3; Az. tn-x- 4,
din 2; Turkm. dn 2; Khal. tin 6; MTurk. tn- 3 (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb.
tin 1, tin- 3; Uygh. tin 1, tin- 3; Krm. tn- 5, tnc 2; Tat. tn 1; Bashk. tn 1,
tn-s-w 7; Kirgh. tn 1, tn- 3, 5; Kaz. tn-s 1, 2; KBalk. tin 1, tn--- to
rot, addle, tn--aj- 3, tn-m 2; KKalp. tn 1, tn- 3; Kum. tn- 1, tn--aj3; Nogh. tn-s 1, tn--q- 4, tn--a-j- 3; Khak. tn 1, tn- 5, tn-a-n- 3; Shr.
tn 1, tn- 5, tn-a-n- 3; Oyr. tn 1, 2, tn- 5; Tv. tn 1, tn- 5; Tof. tn 1, tn5; Chuv. m 1; Yak. tn 1, tn- 5; Dolg. tn 1, tn- 5.
VEWT 478, EDT 512, 3, 341-345, . 38-39, Stachowski 238, 239.
Some Oghuz reflexes have voiceless t-, probably because of Kypchak influence; still the
reconstruction of *d- seems preferable.

PJpn. *t blood (): OJpn. ti blood; spirit, force; MJpn. t; Tok.

ch; Kyo. ch; Kag. ch.
JLTT 545. The reading ti for blood in OJ is quite certain because of the makurakotoba tipayaburu, which is written alternatively with the characters (Kojiki), (e.g.
Manysh 2663) and (Manysh 3236).

402

*ru - *ui

Ozawa 120-121, 72, 92, 274. The Jpn. form may reflect a
contraction of the suffixed *n(u)-gV, but since loss of *-n- is not attested elsewhere, one cannot exclude a monosyllabic reconstruction
*, with a suffix *-n added in Turkic and TM. Cf. also Mong. *inar
quality, image (see 172, Poppe 15, 69; in VEWT 478
and KW 441 considered to be borrowed < Uygh. tnar).
-ru ( ~ -a) to scratch: Tung. *ur-, *ura-n; Turk. *dra-k; Kor. *r.
PTung. *ur-, *ura-n 1 to draw 2 a scratch, line (1 2 , ): Evk. ur- 1; Neg. ojan 2; Man. iu- 1; SMan. uu-, ui1 (1315, 2380); Ul. ra(n) 2; Nan. or 2; Orch. urara striped; Ud.
nda- 1; Sol. ur- 1.
1, 278.
PTurk. *dra-k finger-nail, claw (, ): OTurk. traq
(OUygh.); Karakh. traq (MK, KB); Tur. trnak; Gag. trnaq; Az. drnaG;
Turkm. drnaq; Sal. rna(:); Khal. trnaq; MTurk. traq/tra (Sangl.);
Uzb. tirnq; Uygh. tirnaq; Krm. trnax; Tat. trnaq; Bashk. trnaq; Kirgh.
trnaq; Kaz. trnaq; KBalk. trnaq; KKalp. trnaq; Kum. trnaq; Nogh.
trnaq; SUygh. drmaq; Khak. trax; Shr. traq; Oyr. trGaq; Tv. draq;
Tof. draq comb; Chuv. rne; Yak. trax; Dolg. trak.
Derived from PT *dra- to scratch, scrape. See VEWT 465, 479, TMN 3, 200 (there
are no reasons to postulate different roots here: we have obviously a case of a complicated behaviour of the medial --); EDT 551, 549-50, III 345-349, 324,
312, 323-325, 258, Stachowski 238.

PKor. *r file (): MKor. r; Mod. l.

Liu 672, HMCH 251, KED 1507.
281,13; 311-312, 323-324. Despite Doerfer MT 77,
the TM forms are hardly borrowed from Mong. iru-, which happens to
have a quite different origin (see *ae). Cf. also *iV.
-ui even, straight: Mong. *ir-; Turk. *d; Kor. *r-.
PMong. *ir- straight (): WMong. iraa, ira; Kalm. ir.
KW 442.
PTurk. *d even, level (1 2 ): OTurk. tz
(Orkh., OUygh.) 1, tz- (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. tz 1, tz- 2 (MK, KB); Tur.
dz 1, dz- 2; Gag. dz 1, dz- 2; Az. dz 1, dz- 2; Turkm. dz 1, dz- 2;
Sal. tz, tiz 1; MTurk. tz 1 (MA), tz- 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. tuz- 2; Uygh. tz2; Krm. tz, tiz 1, tz-, tz- 2; Tat. tz 1, tz- 2; Bashk. t- 2; Kirgh. tz
1; Kaz. tz-e- 2; KBalk. tz 1, tz-e-t- 2; KKalp. dz 1, dz-, dze-, tze- 2;
Kum. tz 1; Nogh. tz- 2; SUygh. tz 1, tz- 2; Khak. ts 1, tz-e-t- 2; Shr.
ts 1, tz-e-t- 2; Oyr. ts 1, tze- 2; Tof. ds; Chuv. tr, tr (NW) 1.
See 3, 309-312, VEWT 508, EDT 571, 572. The word is interacting with *dito string, thread (v. sub *u).

*u - *e

403

PKor. *r- to go straightly, take a short way ( ):

MKor. r-; Mod. ir-.
Nam 436, KED 1530.
13. The Mong. reflex is not quite certain: it is attested
only in Kalm. and not quite satisfactory vocalically. The root is phonetically very close to *u string, and was obviously liable to contaminations (in particular, Jpn. *tr row may actually continue either
root).
-u string, to string: Mong. *dr-; Turk. *di-; Jpn. *tr; Kor. *ur-.
PMong. *dr- to stick into (): MMong. duru- (MA 185);
WMong. dr- (L 283); Kh. dre-; Bur. dre-; Kalm. dr-.
KW 105-106.
PTurk. *di- 1 to bead, string 2 arrange in a row (1 2
): OTurk. tiz- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. tiz- (MK, KB) 1;
Tur. diz- 1, 2; Gag. diz- 1, 2; Az. dz- 1, 2; Turkm. dz- 1, 2; Khal. tiz- 1;
MTurk. tiz-, tz- (Abush., Sangl.) 1; Uzb. tiz- 1, 2; Uygh. tiz- 1, 2; Krm.
tiz- 1, tz- 1, 2; Tat. tez- 1, 2; Bashk. tee- 1, 2; Kirgh. tiz- 1, 2; Kaz. tiz- 1,
2; KBalk. tiz- 1, 2; KKalp. diz- 1, 2; Kum. tiz- 2; Nogh. tiz- 1, 2; Khak. ts-,
s- 1; Oyr. tis- 1; Tv. dis- 1; Chuv. tir- 1; Yak. tis- 1; Dolg. tis- 1.
VEWT 482, EDT 572, 3, 218-220, Stachowski 223. The word (with the meaning to arrange in a row) interacts with *d even, level (v. sub *ui) .

PJpn. *tr row, line (, ): OJpn. tura; MJpn. tr; Tok.

tsura.
JLTT 556.
PKor. *ur- 1 to string, bead 2 string, line (1 2 ,
): MKor. r-hj- 1, r 2; Mod. ul 2.
Nam 434, Liu 672, KED 1507. The noun is absent in Nam and HMCH, but adduced
with high tone in Liu, while the derived verb is given with low tone both in Nam and
Liu. The original accent is thus not quite clear.

14, 77. Cf. also *ui (with some contaminations possible).

-e front, front part: Tung. *ule; Mong. *dli; Turk. *d; Kor. *r.
PTung. *ule front, front part (, ): Evk. ul;
Evn. ul; Neg. ul-l; Man. ule-ri; ulkun hollow under neck; Jurch.
ule (ule-le) (598); Ul. uli; Ork. duli, dulde; Nan. ule; Orch. ul-du; Ud.
ul (. 235), ulie; Sol. uld-du.
1, 273-274.
PMong. *dli flat surface, Absatz auf dem Bergabhang ( , ): WMong. dli, dl (L 267); Kh. dl;
Kalm. dl.
KW 98.

404

*takV - *rka

PTurk. *d mountain slope ( ): Tur. d (dial.); Az. d;

Uzb. t; Uygh. t; Kirgh. t; Nogh. ts; Khak. ts; Tv. d.
3, 287. The root should be kept distinct from *d breast q. v. sub *ti (see
1970, 197).

PKor. *r before, beforehand (, ): MKor. r, rj;

Mod. ire.
Nam 436, KED 1529.
KW 98 (Turk.-Mong.), SKE 35 (Kor.-Tung.), 289.
-takV ( ~ -ukV) pulp, mushroom; lip: Tung. *udakta / *edukte; Turk.
*dtak.
PTung. *udakta / *edukte 1 piece of meat (without bones) 2 tree
mushroom (1 ( ) 2 ): Evk.
edukte, dial. dedukte 1; Ork. ddaqta / aqta 2; Orch. dudakta 2.
1, 219, 230, 282.
PTurk. *dtak lip (): Tur. dudak; Gag. dudaq; Az. dodaG; Turkm.
ddaq; Sal. totax, totx; Chuv. toda, tuda.
VEWT 491, TMN 2, 603-604, 3, 251, 2, 256, 226.
226. An interesting Turk.-Tung. isogloss: phonetically
quite regular except secondary (assimilatory) voicing -t- > -d- in TM.
-ra to stand: Tung. *ur-; Turk. *dur-; Jpn. *tt-; Kor. *r.
PTung. *ur- to stand still ( (, )): Evn. r-l-.
1,278. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *dur- to stand (): OTurk. tur- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. tur- (MK, KB); Tur. dur-; Gag. dur-; Az. dur-; Turkm. dur-; Sal.
dr-; Khal. tur-; MTurk. tur- (Pav. C.); Uzb. tur-; Uygh. tur-; Krm. tur-;
Tat. tor-; Bashk. tor-; Kirgh. tur-; Kaz. tur-; KBalk. tur-; KKalp. tur-;
Kum. tur-; Nogh. tur-; SUygh. dur-; Khak. tur-; Shr. tur-; Oyr. tur-; Tv.
tur-; Tof. dur-; Chuv. tr-; Yak. tur-; Dolg. tur-.
VEWT 500, EDT 529-530, 3, 296-301, Stachowski 232. Turk. > WMong. toruget smwh., arrive smwh. (KW 402).

PJpn. *tt- to stand (): OJpn. tat-; MJpn. tt-; Tok. tt-; Kyo.
tt-; Kag. tt-.
JLTT 765.
PKor. *r seat; place, location (; , ):
MKor. r; Mod. ari.
Liu 642, KED 1377.
101, 277. Korean has a verbal low tone, showing that
the noun is a deverbative (although the original verb is not attested).
-rka ( ~ -o-) swift stream, current: Tung. *urku; Mong. *dargil; Jpn.
*tk, *tanki-t-.
PTung. *urku 1 rapid, swift stream 2 fairway (1 ,
2 ): Evn. rq 1; Neg. ojk 2.

*rka - *rka

405

1, 277.
PMong. *dargil rapid current (, ):
WMong. dargil (L 233); Kh. dargil; Kalm. drgl.
KW 89. Mong. > Evk. dargi etc., see Doerfer MT 123.
PJpn. *tk, *tanki-t- 1 swift current, waterfall 2 to foam, overflow
(1 , 2 , ): OJpn. takji 1,
tagjit- 2; MJpn. tk 1, tagir- 2; Tok. tki 1, tagr- 2; Kyo. tk 1, tgr- 2;
Kag. tki 1, tagr- 2.
JLTT 539, 761.
Ozawa 119-120, 241-242 (Jpn.-Mong.). A good common Altaic
landscape term.


-a that, beyond, not very far: Tung. *-; Mong. *a-; Kor. *.
PTung. *- that, further (not very far) ( ( )): Evk. -; Evn. -; Neg. -; Man. a-; Ul. a-; Ork. -; Nan. a-;
Orch. -; Ud. a-; Sol. s-.
2, 376-377. Cf. also Manchu e they ( 2, 418-419).
PMong. *a- that, beyond (): MMong. aa-da (SH) near, close;
WMong. a-, i-, ia- (L 157, 158); Kh. c-; Bur. s-; Kalm. c-; Ord. na;
Dag. - (. . 181), i thither (MD 127); Bao. iata near;
Mongr. aG, taG (SM 442).
KW 423, 424. Cf. also *ina- beyond, other side.
PKor. * this (): MKor. .
Liu 650.
KW 423, Poppe 26, Rozycki 43. Hardly a loanword in TM <
Mong., despite Doerfer MT 20.
-abo to pinch: Tung. *aba-; Mong. *ibka; Kor. *b-.
PTung. *aba- 1 to grip (with claws) 2 claw 3 to pinch (1
() 2 3 ): Evk. awar- 1; Neg. awa- 1; Ul. awa-qta
2; Ork. awa-qta 2; Nan. awa-qta 2, (Bik.) cawai- 1; Ud. aban 2.
2, 375.
PMong. *ibka trigger, slingshot, string (of a stringed instrument)
(smth. which is pinched) (, , ( ) (, )): WMong. ibqa (L 175); Kh. avx; Bur.
abxa; Kalm. awg ().
PKor. *b- to pick (, ): MKor. s- (-), - (
< *ubu-); Mod. p- (-w-), t- [s-].
Nam 435, KED 1509.
Cf. *pu.
-abu army, war: Tung. *abu-ka; Mong. *aur; Turk. *Abu(); Jpn.
*tupa-.
PTung. *abu-ka army (): Neg. awxa; Man. a; SMan.
uah soldier(1141); Jurch. aw-xa (269); Ul. aa; Ork. aa; Nan.
aoa; Orch. axa; Ud. awaha, auha; Sol. oa.
2, 402. Man. > Dag. ga, uag (. . 181).

*bu - *adVbV

407

PMong. *aur military raid ( ): MMong. aur (SH);

Bur. sr sereg; Ord. irik r army.
PTurk. *Abu() military commander ( ):
OTurk. abu (Orkh., Yen.), avu (OUygh.); Karakh. avu (MK); Tur.
avu; Az. ovu leader of a pilgrimage; MTurk. awu (Sangl.); Krm.
avu (K) senior worker; Kum. awu herald.
VEWT 101, EDT 399, TMN 3, 35-38. Criticism of the hypothesis of the words Iranian origin see in TMN.

PJpn. *tupa- 1 armour, weapon(ry) 2 soldier (1 , 2 ): OJpn. tupa-m(w)ono 1, 2; MJpn. tufa-mono 1, 2; Tok.
tswamono 2; Kyo. tsuwamon 2; Kag. tsuwamon 2.
JLTT 558. Accent is not clear.
209.
-bu sound, fame: Tung. *ab-; Mong. *uw; Turk. *(i)b; Jpn. *tup-.
PTung. *ab- 1 to be noisy 2 noise 3 to resound (1 2 3
, ( )): Evk. iwi-, dial. awir- 1; Neg.
awg- 1; Ul. o 2; Ork. ajqot- 1; Nan. awal- 3, a 2.
2, 389.
PMong. *uw 1 rumour, gossip, echo, fame 2 to sound, cry (1 ,
, , 2 , ): WMong. uu (L 207) 1,
uugi- 2; Kh. 1, gi- 2; Bur. s hurag 1, sja- 2; Kalm. c 1, cgi-, cgi2; Ord. notorious, gi- 2; Dag. gn 1.
KW 435, 436. Mong. > Kirgh. and some other Kypch. forms.
PTurk. *(i)b fame, good reputation, news (, , ): Karakh. av (MK, KB); Tur. av; Az. ov; Turkm. v
(arch.); Khal. ov (may be < Az.); MTurk. aw (Sangl.); Khak. sab-la renowned; Shr. ap-t renowned; Oyr. ap; Tof. a.
VEWT 93, EDT 393. Final -p in Siberian languages is not quite clear.
PJpn. *tup- to address; to ask (; ): OJpn.
twop-; MJpn. tf-; Tok. t-, t-; Kyo. t-; Kag. t-.
JLTT 771. Tokyo t- and Kagoshima t- point to an accent variant *tup-.
256, Poppe 44; despite 1997, 193, not borrowed in Turk. < Mong. The vocalism is not entirely clear: the diphthong in OJ is either secondary (from *bu one would expect *tup-), or
points to a contraction < *tVwap-. In the latter case the PA form should
rather be reconstructed as *ba, with the Jpn. form analysed as containing a frequent -p-suffix (note that the TM evidence does indeed allow for an alternative reconstruction *iab-, because of the variation
-i-/-a- in Evk.).
-adVbV scorpion, viper: Turk. *Ad(b)an; Jpn. *tatipi.
PTurk. *Ad(b)an scorpion (): Karakh. aan (MK, KB);
Tur. ajan, jan ; Turkm. ajn; MTurk. ajan, jan

408

*[a]ge - *aju

(Abush., Sangl.), iban (R - Calc.Wb., Pav. C.); Uzb. ajn; Uygh. ajan;
Tat. ajan, (R, . - Kas.) ejban millipede; Bashk. sajan; Kirgh. ajan;
Kaz. ajan; KKalp. ajan; Nogh. ajan.
VEWT 94, EDT 403, 64, 184-185. Turk. > Kalm. caj crayfish (?), see 1997, 111.

PJpn. *tatipi viper (, ): OJpn. tadipji; MJpn. tatifi, tadifi.

A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss.
-[a]ge a k. of plant (reed) and its bast: Mong. *aal-su; Turk. *g (~--);
Kor. *jhi.
PMong. *aal-su paper (): MMong. aalsun (HY 20, SH),
alsun (MA); WMong. aasu(n) (L 159), aalsun (DO 696); Kh. cs; Bur.
srha(n); Kalm. csn; Ord. su; Dag. s (. . 180), se (MD 127);
S.-Yugh. sn; Mongr. (r) (SM 441), l (Huzu), (MGCD ls).
KW 424, MGCD 553. Mong. > Evk. rsun, see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *g (~--) 1 reed 2 reed mat 3 things woven from reed (1
, 2 3 ,
()): OTurk. (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. (MK) reed screen;
Tur. , i reed partition; MTurk. 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. ij 1, 3; Uygh. i
1; Kirgh. ij 1, 3; Kaz. ij 1, 3; KBalk. ij 2; KKalp. ij 2; Nogh. ijboj
(?); SUygh. i 1; Oyr. ij 1.
VEWT 107, 110; EDT 404, 412. Turk. > MMong. (HY 20) ix, WMong. ig, Khalkha
ig, Ord. g bamboo screen. The Nogh. form may be a compound; for the second part cf.
*ban.

PKor. *jhi paper (): MKor. jhi; Mod. oi.

Nam 432, KED 1486.
PKE 39 (Kor.-Mong.). The meaning paper in Mong. and Kor.
must be derived from original (reed) bast, bark. Labialized -o- (as well
as the source of modern --) in Kor. is not quite clear.
-aju ( ~ -e-) resin, juice: Turk. *Ajr; Jpn. *tuju; Kor. *r-.
PTurk. *Ajr resin, tar (, ): Tat. jr; Bashk. sajr;
Kirgh. ajr; Kaz. ajr; KBalk. ajr; KKalp. ajr; Kum. ajr; Nogh. ajr.
VEWT 95.
PJpn. *tuju juice (): OJpn. tuju; MJpn. tuju; Tok. tsuyu.
See comments to *tuju dew (s.v. *iju).
PKor. *r- slushy, watery (, ): MKor. r-; Mod.
il-.
Nam 439, KED 1551.
Kor. *r- (with contraction) = Turk. *Ajr. Cf. perhaps also
WMong. ei-dem, Kalm. dm, cdm water mixed with kumis (although
this may be a derivative of eji- white, whitish).

*jV - *jV

409

-jV ( ~ --) sand, sandbar: Mong. *eel; Turk. *j.

PMong. *eel 1 deep (water) 2 spring, place with springs 3 small
pool (1 () 2 , 3 , ): MMong. eel (SH) 1; WMong. egel 2 (L 169); Kh. cl 2; Bur. sl 1;
Kalm. cl 3; Dag. le (. . 181).
KW 428.
PTurk. *j 1 small river 2 sand, pebbles 3 flood, freshet 4 shallow (1
2 , 3 , 4 ): Tur.
aj 1; Az. aj 1; Turkm. j 1, ge 2; MTurk. aj 1, eke 2; Bashk. saj a
river weed (?); KBalk. aj (in the hydronym qaraaj); Shr. ajq 3; Oyr.
aj-r-am 4; Yak. aj 2 (?).
The word is poorly attested (almost only in some modern Oghuz languages and
Chag., see VEWT 95, 94; the Yakut parallel is phonetically unclear - borrowed
from Tuva or Altai?). Turk. *j-ka (Turkm. ge, Chag. eke) > Kalm. cek (KW 426). The
forms (despite semantic difference) may have an Iranian origin: Pers. (Pekhl.) h well,
spring < *a > Av. ta, Kurd. l, Bel. t, Osset. ad lake, Wakhi ot pond (Horn 97,
. 1, 285, 329, 1990, 191, 130); a certain Persian loan is Khal.
Brunnen, Grube. Osset. aj well is regarded by Abaev as a borrowing from Pers.
through Georgian (a well). The relationship to the verbal stem j- to swill ( 3,
59-60) ( < wash water off from the surface?) is yet to be determined.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of scarce attestation in Turkic (the form may actually have an Iranian origin).
-jV breast: Tung. *a(i)a-n; Mong. *eei; Turk. *iig (/*g);
Jpn. *t, *tt; Kor. *j.
PTung. *a(i)a-n 1 breast (fem.) 2 udder (1 (.) 2 ): Evk.
adan 2; Evn. ein(/-a-) 2; Neg. ojan 1; Man. een 1; Ork. dada-qta 1, 2;
Nan. aaqta 1, 2 (On.) .
1,242, 2,419. The Manchu form may be < Mong. (see Rozycki 45); in that case
one has to reconstruct *a(j)a(n) for PTM. In both cases initial *- is historically a result of
assimilation to the medial --.

PMong. *eei breast (): MMong. eei (SH); WMong.

egei(n) (L 170); Kh. c; Bur. se; Kalm. c, ; Ord. i; Mog. eii
(Ramstedt 1906); Dag. i (. . 181, MD 128); S.-Yugh. ; Mongr.
ian.
KW 428, 438, MGCD 565.
PTurk. *iig (/*g) 1 breast (fem.) 2 female sheep 3 sheep tail 4
roasted sheep tail 5 roasted fat (1 () 2 3 4 5 ): MTurk. ii 2, 3 (R Vamb.), , q 4 (R - Zenker); Tat. q (R, Bud. - Kas.), q (R Tob.) 5; Chuv. 1.
VEWT 110. An onomatopaeic root, attested late - but possibly archaic because of
the external evidence. The assumed semantic development in Chag. and Tat. is udder >
roasted udder > fat roasted piece of meat.

410

*ki - *ko

PJpn. *t, *tt breast (fem.) ( ()): OJpn. ti; Tok. chich;
Kyo. chch; Kag. chich.
JLTT 545, 546.
PKor. *j breast (f.) ( ()): MKor. js; Mod. t [].
Nam 426, KED 1460.
Martin 227, Lee 1958, 107, 32-33, 76, 88, 279. An expressive reduplicated root, but no doubt common Altaic. Because of its
structure, liable to assimilations (*jV > *jV or *jV).
-ki a k. of coniferous tree: Tung. *K-; Mong. *igr-; Turk. *Eket.
PTung. *K- fir-tree (): Evk. kre.
2, 379. Isolated in Evk., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *igr- cypress tree (): MMong. igorsun (pl. igot)
(HY 6, SH).
PTurk. *Eke-t 1 coniferous forest 2 pistacio nut 3 (fruit) stone, seed
4 hazel-nut 5 wild jujube 6 young coniferous growth 7 bush, shrub 8 fir
branch (1 () 2 3 , 4
5 6 7 8 ): Karakh. eki-r-tk 2 (MK); Tur. eki-r-dek 3; Gag. ekerdek 3; MTurk. eke-r-dek, ekid 5 (Pav. C., R - Babur); Krm. egirdek, ekirdek 3, eger blackthorn; Tat. iki 4 (dial.); Kirgh. ege-dek, ege-l-dek 8;
KBalk. eget forest, wood (Karach.), North (Balk.); Nogh. ege-r 7; Shr.
et 7 (R); Oyr. et aa 6; Tv. et 6.
VEWT 102, EDT 867-868. Morphologically -t - is a collective suffix, -dak/-dk - a
denominative suffix. The word is attested in MK, but in an aberrant (dialectal) shape
with -, and the meaning nut is probably secondary, the original meaning of the root
being coniferous tree, branch. Several other plant names may be related, cf.: Chag. ek
berries found in the Fergana mountains; Uzb. akanda ,
Uygh. knd a bush with red fruits (R 3, 1947 Taranchi, mod. akanda a k. of thorny
bush), Az. kil mulberry; Kirgh. South. ekende ; ;
(its pseudoberries are edible; despite Yudakhin, not < Iranian - the word
is not attested in Persian). Turk. > Pers. kldk blackberry ().

EAS 63. A Western isogloss.

-ko many; be full, enough: Tung. *ak; Turk. *ok; Jpn. *tk-pp-;
Kor. *h-.
PTung. *ak- 1 full 2 strongly (1 2 , ): Man.
aq seme 2; Ork. ak bi 1.
2, 379.
PTurk. *ok 1 many, very 2 vile, hooligan 3 to gather, multiply 4
group, crowd (1 , 2 , , 3 (), () 4 , ): Karakh. oq 1 ( KB), q 2 (MK - Oghuz), o-al- 3; Tur. ok (-u) 1, oal- 3; Gag. oju 4,
oq-la-n- 3; Az. ox 1, oxal- 3; Turkm. oq (-qu) 4; MTurk. oq 1 (Sangl.,
Oghuz-nama, AH), oq- 3 (Abush.); Krm. oq 1, o 4 (K); Kirgh. oq 1;

*aka - *aka

411

Kaz. or 4; KKalp. oq 2, 4; Nogh. oq ; Khak. sox 2; Oyr. oq3; Tv. o 2.

VEWT 113, EDT 405, 406. The Oghuz adverb much, in the 12th c. (KB) very, extremely, is probably the same word as oq bad, vile(Ogh. 11) (cf. also the Tuva parallel).
Turk. > Mong. (Khalkha) cox in cox xara very black. The identification of oq-(la-) gather,
collect with o-la- to bind, pack () or oq- to bend (EDT) is rather dubious. Vocalic
length is unclear (cf. the voicing of -k- in Western Oghuz).

PJpn. *tk-pp- to hoard, assemble (, ):

OJpn. takupap(a)-; MJpn. tkff(a)-; Tok. takuwa-, tkuwae-; Kyo.
tkw-; Kag. takuwa-.
JLTT 762. Accent is somewhat uncertain, though most sources (RJ, Tokyo tkuwae-,
Kagoshima) point to *tkpp-. It is also worth noting Middle Jpn. and modern takusn
much, many: the word is shaped and perceived as a kango ( swamps and mountains), but is apparently not attested in Chinese sources and may represent a folk etymology. Its accent, however, differs from that of *tk-pp- (Kyoto tksn and Kagoshima takusn, together with the Tokyo form, point to *tk-s[m]).

PKor. *h- to be full, fill ( , ): MKor. h-;

Mod. ha-.
Nam 447, KED 1561.
283. The comparison of PT *ok with Sino-Kor. jok (SKE
39, AKE 7, EAS 63) should be, of course, rejected; on the other hand, the
comparison of Kor. h- (a regular reduction < *h-) with Mong. ad-,
as- in SKE 46 cannot explain the aspiration of - in Korean. See further
,331.
-aka to wrap, tie: Tung. *aK-; Turk. *ak-; Jpn. *ta(n)k-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *aK- to wrap up, collect (, ): Evk.
ak-; Evn. aq-; Neg. ak-.
2, 378.
PTurk. *ak- to bind, fetters, harness (, , ):
Tur. akl- to be bound, fastened (of yoke animals), aan camel fetters; Gag. aqldaq rope harness; MTurk. aan camel fetters; Oyr. aq
stick for binding horses.
VEWT 94, 96 (but Oyr. ak is regarded as borrowed < Mong. aqu, on which see
*akV).

PJpn. *ta(n)k- 1 to bind ones hair into a bun 2 to bundle together; to

wear on the belt (1 2 ;
): OJpn. tak- 1; MJpn. tagana- 2.
JLTT 761.
PKor. *h- to wear on the belt ( ): MKor. h-; Mod.
ha-.
Nam 447, KED 1562.
15. Korean has a frequent vowel reduction between a stop
and a fricative (*h- < *h-).

412

*ake - *akV

-ake forearm: Tung. *axan; Turk. *kan(ak); Kor. *jki-.

PTung. *axan 1 place under the knee 2 calf of leg 3 back part of
heel 4 cubit, armpit (1 2 3
4 , ): Evk. akan, ke 1, aka 2; Neg. ax 3;
Nan. a 4.
2, 378, 380.
PTurk. *kan(ak) elbow, forearm (, ): MTurk.
aanaq (Sangl., CCum., AH); Uzb. eknk (dial.); Uygh. jnk; Krm.
canaq; Tat. canaq (dial.); Bashk. sanaq (dial.); Kirgh. qanaq; Kaz.
anaq bay; KBalk. na; KKalp. anaq; Nogh. anaq; SUygh. ikenek;
Khak. anax; Shr. anaq; Oyr. aanaq; Tv. enek; Tof. ehenk; Chuv.
ike cubit.
VEWT 96, EDT 404, 325, 249.
PKor. *jki- groin, inguinal region (, ): MKor.
jkijm; Mod. agmi.
Nam 419, KED 1372.
311, 250. A reconstruction *ajke is not excluded
because of the Korean form; this is perhaps the reason for *-x- in TM
(where in this context one would rather expect *akan).
-ki a k. of insect: Tung. *aKu- ( ~ -); Mong. *oku; Turk. *ek-rtke.
PTung. *aKu- ( ~ -) a k. of midge (-): Evk. akimukta; Neg. oxomto; Ul. qta; Nan. qta.
2, 379.
PMong. *oku beetle (): WMong. oqu (L 199); Kh. cox; Bur. soxo.
PTurk. *ek-rtke locust, grasshopper (, ):
Karakh. ekrge (MK Oghuz; Tefs.); Tur. ekirge; Az. ekirtge; Turkm.
ekirtge; MTurk. egrtke, ewrtke (Sangl.); Uzb. igirtka; Uygh. ektk;
Krm. egirtke; Tat. ikertk; Bashk. siertk; Kirgh. egirtke; Kaz. egirtke;
KKalp. egirtke; Nogh. egertki; Khak. sartx; Tv. ergi; Yak. saxsra
fly; Dolg. haksrga fly.
VEWT 103, EDT 416-417, 187, Stachowski 94. Forms like Tat. dial. sikertke
are a result of contamination with *sk- jump (v. sub *ski).

A Western isogloss. Note a labial vowel in the second syllable

which in this case must be reflecting suffixation (*ki-bV-); Mong.
*oku < *aku with a frequent secondary vowel assimilation.
-akV section, prop (in a building): Tung. *aKi-; Mong. *aku; Kor.
*hi.
PTung. *aKi- 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path ( < make a
partition?) (1 ( ) 2 ()): Evk.
aki- 2; Man. axin 1.

*ali - *l

413

2, 379. The Evk. form (borrowed in Yak. k rammed path) presupposes a

secondary semantic development and is somewhat uncertain here. Man. > Dag. agin
(. . 180).
PMong. *aku prop, support (, ): WMong. aqu
(L 167); Kh. cax; Kalm. caxlr ().
PKor. *hi section of a building ( ): MKor. hi; Mod.
h.
Liu 695, KED 1576.
Korean has a frequent vowel loss between *- and *-k-.
-ali membrane, bark: Tung. *alban; Turk. *El(p)-.
PTung. *alban birch, birch bark (, ): Evk. alban;
Evn. lban; Neg. lban; Nan. alb; Orch. (b)ba; Ud. afaktai
.
2, 380-382. TM > Dag. lbn (. . 180).
PTurk. *El 1 film, membrane 2 albugo 3 mucus discharged by the
eye 4 unhusked rice 5 thin bread, cake 6 husk in grain (1 , , 2 3 4
5 6 ): Karakh. elpek 3 (MK); Tur.
el-tik 4; elpik 3 (Red. only); Az. l-tik 4; Turkm. elpek 5, el-tik 6; Khal.
l-tik 4; MTurk. elpek 5 (Sangl.); Uzb. alpak 5; Uygh. lpk 5; Tat. cilen
cows afterbirth (dial. ); Kirgh. el 1, 2, elpek 5; Kaz. el 2, fat
under skin, elpek 5; KKalp. elpek 5; Nogh. el-te- to husk grain; Oyr.
el 1, 2.
VEWT 103, EDT 418-419, 392. Ogh. el-tik > Pers. altuk, altk (despite
VEWT 104). Turk. elpek > Pers. alpak (TMN 3, 1111). The meaning eye pus, mucus in
*el-pek developed under the influence of the similar *apak (see under *ap- plaster), but
the two roots should be clearly distinguished (despite EDT 418).

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-l sharp, to cut: Tung. *al-; Mong. *ali; Turk. *al-; Jpn. *tr(n)k.
PTung. *al- 1 to cut off 2 to cut, engrave 3 bed in cross-bow 4 arrow
head (1 2 , 3 4 ): Evk. al 4; Neg. l- 1; Man. oli- 2; Ul. l- 1, 2, al,
alqa 3; Ork. ala 3; Nan. l- 1, 2; Orch. ali 3.
2, 382, 405. Some forms reflect a PTM derivative *al-ga (*al-gi).
PMong. *ali 1 sharp 2 sharp instrument, crowbar (1 2 , ): MMong. alir 2 (SH); WMong. ali 1, alir / aril
2 (L 163, 166); Kh. calir / caril 2; Bur. sal- to be sharp; Kalm. ca, c 1,
car, cr 2; Ord. alir 2.
KW 420, 421.
PTurk. *al- 1 to knock (down), hit, agitate 2 to whet 3 to slaughter 4
to mow 5 scythe 6 to sting, pierce 7 to sweep 8 to chop 9 a k. of broom
10 to sharpen, whet 11 whetstone 12 mowing, hay time 13 to trip 14

414

*amo - *amo

blade (1 , , , 2 3 , 4 5 6 , 7 8 , 9 , - 10 11 12 13 14 , ): OTurk. al- 1 (OUygh.);

Karakh. al- 1 (MK, KB); Tur. al- 1, alg 9, alg ora 5; Gag. alm 14;
Az. al- 1, 6, 7, al 9; Turkm. al- 10, 7, 6, alG 5, 11; Khal. al- 1, 6; Uzb.
al- 1, ali rq 5; Uygh. al- 1, ala 5; Krm. cal- 1, 4, calq, cal 5; Tat.
al- 1, 3, al 5; Bashk. sal- 3; Kirgh. al- 1, 3, al 5, aln 12; Kaz. al13, al 5, aln 12; KBalk. al- 4, alq 5; KKalp. al- 1, 3, 13, al 5,
aln 12; Kum. al- 1, 4, al 5; Nogh. al- 1, 3, 4, al 5; SUygh. al()- 8;
Khak. sal- 1; Shr. al 5; Oyr. al 5; Tv. al- 10; Chuv. ol- 4, olk 9;
Yak. sln- to fall abruptly.
VEWT 97, EDT 417-418 , 206, 2, 132, 133. The difference in length
between Turkm. and Yak. allows to suppose a merger of at least two roots, perhaps
originally distinguished semantically and phonetically as *l- to knock down (reflected
in Yak., not reflected in Turkm.) - *al- to sharpen, whet (reflected in Turkm., not reflected in Yak.). Since Verba des Schlagens are generally vague semantically, in most
languages it is difficult to draw a line between them.

PJpn. *tr(n)k sword (): OJpn. turugji; MJpn. trg, trk;

Tok. tsurug; Kyo. tsrg; Kag. tsurug.
JLTT 557. Kagoshima accent is irregular.
KW 420, 1, 196-197. KW 420, 1, 196-197. The Jpn.
form can be alternatively compared with PTM *dargi harpoon.
-amo to suffer hardships: Tung. *amu-li-; Mong. *ima-; Turk. *Am;
Jpn. *tamar-; Kor. *mh-.
PTung. *amu-li- to eat smth. alone, be not willing to share (
-. ( )): Neg. amul-.
2, 383. Attested only in Neg., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *ima- 1 to want or demand more, be dissatisfied 2 queasy
(1 2 , ):
WMong. amaa 2, ima-la-, ima-rqa-, ama-rqa- 1 (L 184); Kh. camn 2,
amla-, amarxa-, camrxa- 2.
PTurk. *Am 1 a backbiting man 2 to exact a fine 3 claim 4 reproach
5 to be offended 6 to be angry (1 2 3 , (.) 4 5 6 ): OTurk.
am 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. amuq 1 (MK); Khal. ammal-tur- to look
nervous, angry; MTurk. am-la- to speak with disgust (R, Pav. C.);
Kirgh. am-da-n- 4; Kaz. am that which causes offence, am-da-n- 4;
KBalk. am joke, mockery, am-la-n- 6; KKalp. am-la-n- 5, am-l resentful, sensitive; Nogh. am-la-n- 6; SUygh. imig badly; Oyr. am
(dial., R) 4, am-da-l- (dial., R) 5.
EDT 421-422, 423, VEWT 98, D-T 97. At least part of the forms may ultimately have
a Chinese source (MC m slander). Cf. also aman lazy horse, dog; Tur. amura jat- to

*mo - *mro

415

decline from paying a debt (slang; lit. to lie down in dirt - perhaps a reanalysis based
on the analogy with amur dirt, cf. also amur (metaph.) low, humble).

PJpn. *tamar- to endure, bear (, ): Tok. tamar-.

PKor. *mh- to endure, to bear (, ): MKor. hm-;
Mod. hm-.
Nam 448, KED 1571.
The Kor. form reflects an earlier *mh- < *am(o)-g-, with a velar
suffix (cf. the Mong. form). The root is sufficiently attested in Mong.
and Kor.; but the Turkic forms may have a borrowed origin, the TM
and Jpn. forms are attested worse, so the archaic nature of the root is
somewhat dubious.
-mo ( ~ -e-) a k. of tree: Mong. *me-s ?; Turk. *Am; Jpn.
*tm-kui; Kor. *mh.
PMong. *me-s ? bird-cherry, cornel (, ): Kalm.
cms.
KW 432.
PTurk. *Am 1 pine tree 2 fir-needle (1 2 ): Tur. am 1,
am japra 2; Gag. am 1; Az. am 1; MTurk. am aa 1 (Pav. C.); Krm.
am, cam 1; Khak. sabal 2; Shr. abal 2.
VEWT 97. Dmitrieva ( 1979, 205) derives the Oghuz word for fir-tree
from Arab. am candle, which is dubious phonetically and unlikely because of the Khak.
and Shor forms (pointing to *amal); more probably an original Turkic root, although
localized.

PJpn. *tm-kui ash-tree (): MJpn. tmki.

JLTT 540.
PKor. *mh oak-tree ( ): MKor. hm-namu; Mod.
ham-namu.
Liu 692, KED 1571.
SKE 47. It is worth noting that the Korean word also means sesame or anise (in compounds, see KED 1570, 1571): this may be in fact
a merger with the reflex of PA *umu seed, cone (q.v.).
-mro a k. of small animal: Tung. *amduk-; Mong. *indaga; Turk.
*rba- (*rma-).
PTung. *amduk- 1 mouse 2 tarbagan (1 2 ): Evk.
amukn 1; Evn. mq 2, mqan 1; Orch. unduki 1; Ud. undihe 1.
2, 383, 390. The relation of Evn. da polar suslik is not quite clear ( <
Mong. hare?).

PMong. *indaga white hare (-): WMong. indaa(n) (L

188); Kh. andaga; Bur. andaga(n); Kalm. indn; Ord. indaGa(n); Dag.
andag (. . 183).
KW 441. Mong. > Man. indaan snow rabbit, Lepus timidus (Rozycki 48).
PTurk. *rba- (*rma-) 1 squirrel 2 sable, marten (1 2 , ): Khak. sarbax 1; Shr. arbaq 1; Oyr. rbq 1; Yak. srba 2.

416

* - *pa

VEWT 100, 403. A regional Siberian root.

8, 166. A Western isogloss, with a specific development of the medial cluster *-mr-.
- ( ~ *-, -e-) building: Jpn. *tn; Kor. *.
PJpn. *tn building, residence (, ): OJpn. tono;
MJpn. tn; Tok. tono.
JLTT 550.
PKor. * city wall, fortress, (KED) mountain pass ( , , (KED) ): MKor. s ( < *); Mod. .
Nam 418, KED 1409. Only the later form s is attested in MKor., but the modern
form points unambiguosly to *--.

A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Dag. n town (. .

181).
-ao people, gathering: Tung. *ait; Mong. *iul-; Jpn. *tami; Kor.
*(j).
PTung. *ait 1 robber 2 enemy, clan enmity (1 2 ,
): Evk. ait 1; Nan. agii- to wait for a convenient
time for retaliation (On.); Ork. ta 2; Orch. aiti 2.
2, 384. Evk. > Dolg. at, ait (see Stachowski 72).
PMong. *iul- 1 to gather (of public) 2 public assembly, society (1
2 , ): WMong. iul- 1,
iulan 2 (L 178); Kh. la- 1, lgan 2; Ord. l- 1, lGan 2.
Mong.> Evk. sugln gathering, see 509.
PJpn. *tami people, subjects (, ): OJpn. tam(j)i;
MJpn. tm; Tok. tmi; Kyo. tm; Kag. tmi.
PKor. *(j) slave (): MKor. j; Mod. .
Nam 433, KED 1483.
JLTT 540. Accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is quite irregular (reflecting an early
borrowing < Kyoto?).

Jpn. and Mong. suggest that the original meaning was people,
public gathering; in TM and Korean the root shifted the meaning to
foreign people > (TM) enemies, robbers, Kor. slave(s).
-pa ( ~ -u, -i) to chop, hit: Tung. *apka; Mong. *abi-; Turk. *ap-;
Kor. *ak-.
PTung. *apka fish spear (): Evk. apka; Neg. apka; Ul. aqpa;
Ork. apqa; Nan. aqp.
2, 384.
PMong. *abi- to chop, mow (, , ): MMong.
[e]wa- (IM), abi- (MA); WMong. abi- (L 154); Kh. cavi-; Bur. saba-;
Kalm. capi-, api-; Ord. abi-; Dag. ir- (. . 181 eri-), ari-;
Dong. -; Bao. bi-; S.-Yugh. aba-; Mongr. abi- (SM 76), avi(Huzu), abi (Minghe).

*pa - *pa

417

KW 437, MGCD 555. Mong. > Man. sabi-, Nan. api- etc., see Doerfer MT 115,
Rozycki 172; > Kirgh. ap- ( ).
PTurk. *ap- 1 to beat, hit 2 to attack, rob 3 chisel 4 hack, hoe,
hatchet 5 to chop 6 to scythe, mow 7 to dig 8 to break 9 sharp 10 scythe
11 to whet, sharpen (a scythe) 12 metal shavings after forging 13 trap 14
whetstone for sharpening scythes 15 to whip 16 to hack, adze 17 shavings 18 booty 19 currycomb (1 , 2 , 3 4 , , 5 6 7 () 8
9 10 11 () 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 , 19 ): Karakh. ap- 1 (MK);
Tur. ap- 2, apla 3, apa 4, apak 12; Gag. apanaq 18; Az. ap- 5, 2;
Turkm. ap- 5, 2, apG 4, apGr 9; Sal. ap-, a- 1 (); Khal. ap- 2;
MTurk. ap- 5, 2 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. p- 5, 7, pqi 4; Uygh. ap- 5, 6,
apqu 4; Krm. cap- 1; ap- 1, 5, apa 19; Tat. ap/b- 5, 6, 1, apq 4; Bashk.
sap/b- 6, 5, 1, sapq 4; Kirgh. ap/b- 5, 7, 1, apq 4, 10; Kaz. ap/b- 5, 6, 2,
apq 4; KBalk. ab- 2; KKalp. ap/b- 5, 6, 2; Kum. ap- 5, ap 4; Nogh.
ap/b- 5, apq 4; SUygh. ap- 1, 5, 8; Khak. sap- 1, 5, 6, saxp, sapx 10;
Shr. ap- 1, 6, apq 13; Oyr. ap- 5, 6, apq 10, 13; Tv. ap- 1, 2, ap-ta- 15;
Tof. ap-t 17, apt-la- 16; Chuv. op- 1, 11, opka 14; Yak. sab- 1.
VEWT 99, EDT 394, 203, 219, 2, 85, 137-8, . XII, 247-249.
PKor. *ak- fish spear (, ): Mod. ak-sal, ak-sui.
KED 1387.
KW 437, 1, 201. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite 1997, 112. Several subgroups reflect a PA derivative
*ap(V)-kV (PT *apk = PTM *apka = Kor. *ak- ( < *apk-)).
-pa ( ~ -u, -i) glue, clay: Tung. *apa; Mong. *aba(u); Turk. *ap-.
PTung. *apa 1 fish roe, caviar 2 white clay (1 2
): Evk. apa 1, apida, awia 2; Neg. apa 1; Nan. apa 1; Orch. apa
1; Ud. afa 1.
2, 74, 384.
PMong. *aba- glue, fish glue (, ): MMong.
[a]bsun (IM); WMong. abau (L 154) abau (DO 697); Kh. cav(n); Bur.
sab(n); Kalm. cawg; Ord. aw; Dag. agu.
KW 423, MGCD 1697.
PTurk. *ap- 1 to plaster 2 eye pus 3 to puncture (a tumour, furuncle) (1 , , 2 3
(, )): Karakh. ap- 1 (MK); Tur. apak 2; Gag. apaq 2; Uzb.
api- 1; Uygh. ap-li- 1, apaq 2; Kirgh. ap-ta- 1, abaq-ta- 3; Kaz. abaq-ta3; KKalp. abaq-a-la- 3; Kum. (aq) ap- to blanch, pipeclay; Tv. ap- to
pour water and stamp (ground)(?); Chuv. op- .

418

*api - *ro

VEWT 99, EDT 394, . XII, 248. Turk. > Hung. csipa eye pus (<*apa), see
Gombocz 1912.
KW 423. A Western isogloss.
-api ( ~ *epa) a k. of horned animal: Mong. *aa; Turk. *epi.
PMong. *aa reindeer ( ()): WMong. aa (L 154:
a); Kh. c; Bur. sagn breeding reindeer; Kalm. c ().
PTurk. *epi a half-year or 1-year-old kid (() ): Karakh. epi (MK); Tur. epi, epi; Az. pi; Turkm. ebi;
Khal. api ( < Az.?); Uygh. ivi; Kirgh. ebi; KBalk. emi; Kum. ebi.
VEWT 105, EDT 399, 1961, 120. Cf. also Chag. iber mountain goat (R).
The reflex -b- in Turkm. and Uygh. may be an indication of original vowel length (?)
Shcherbaks hypothesis of the word being borrowed < Iranian is dubious; Pers. api,
apu itself may well be borrowed < Turkic. In any case, the Persian form cannot be a
regular IE match for Lat. caper. Cf. WH 1, 157, sub caper: Np. api...lautlich unmglich; indeed, Common Iranian -p- (< IE -p-) > Mod. Pers. and NW-Iran. -b-, in exceptional cases -v- ( 114-115); a parallel for caper may perhaps be found in
Sak. ca, Osset. cv goat (see . 1, 307, Bailey 105). One should mention the problematic Wanderformen Rum. cap, Alb. tsap, Ital. dial. cappo, Crim.-Goth. stap, Slav. *cp
he-goat; cf. also Oyr. p one year-old roebuck ( < Mong.?). See 1960, 89-90,
Orel 47 with literature; note especially Hubschmids (1954, 49) hypothesis of the Turkic
origin of this Wanderwort.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. There are alternatives: the Mong. form

can be compared with Evk. enek, eek reindeer ( 2, 421), while
the Turkic may be compared with Evk. ubuk, wakn mountain ram
( 2, 410). On the whole, a rather obscure case: cf. 2000,
286 on a possibility of the Mongolian word being borrowed < Sam.
-are ( ~ --, -o) bare, barefooted: Tung. *ara-ku; Mong. *ira-ma.
PTung. *ara-ku barefooted (): Ul. araq; Nan. araq.
2, 385.
PMong. *ira-ma naked, bare, nude (): WMong. irama, irma
(L 192); Kh. arm; Kalm. irm.
KW 442.
A Tung.-Mong. isogloss.
-ro to cut off, tear off: Tung. *ari-; Turk. *ar; Jpn. *tt-; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ari- to tear (): Evk. ari-.
2, 385. Attested only in Evk., but with probable external parallels.
PTurk. *ar 1 whetstone 2 sickle 3 to whet (1 2
3 ): Sal. r- to cut, stick in (: Udzh.); MTurk. ar-la- 3
(Pav. C.); Tat. ar 1, mill stone, ar-la- 3; Bashk. sar 1; Kaz. ar 1; KKalp.
ar 1; Kum. ar 1, spool; Nogh. ar 1; Shr. ar 1; Oyr. ar 1; Chuv. orla
2; Yak. sardaa, sardna short heavy arrow with a broad head (.).
VEWT 99-100, 221, 2, 143 (borrowing < FU *orva horn is hardly
credible). Bulg. > Hung. sarl sickle, see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 494-495. The root is

*V - *bV

419

certainly genuine, although some influence of the Iranian ark, arx wheel could have
existed.

PJpn. *tt- to cut, cut off (, ): OJpn. tat-; MJpn. tt-;

Tok. tt-; Kyo. tt-; Kag. tt-.
JLTT 766.
PKor. *r- to cut off, chop off (, ): MKor. r-;
Mod. ar-.
Nam 413, KED 1376.
Martin 229, 76, 1, 209. The Japanese form may be
alternatively derived from PA *tatV q.v.
-V cheek, cheekbone: Tung. *ai-; Mong. *ai-; Turk. *Aj-na-.
PTung. *ai- cheekbone (): Man. ain; Ul. aqta; Nan.
ata.
1, 242.
PMong. *ai- 1 to chew 2 part of cheek (1 2 ):
MMong. eaolom- 1 (IM); WMong. ai-la- (L 1041: ail-) 1, ai-ur 2
(L 1041); Kh. ala- 1, ar 2; Bur. aal-, zaal- 1; Kalm. al- 1 ();
Ord. ail- 1; Mog. aul- 1 (Weiers), ai- 1 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. eile1; Dong. aulu- 1; Bao. al- 1; S.-Yugh. ail- 1; Mongr. aili- (SM 77),
ail- 1.
MGCD 422.
PTurk. *Aj-na- 1 to chew 2 to bite (1 2 ): Tur. ine-,
ejne- 1 (R); Gag. ne- 1; Az. ejn- 1; Turkm. ejne- 1; Sal. ene-, in- 1
(); MTurk. ajna- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. ajna- 1; Uygh. ajna- 1; Krm. cajna-, ajna-, ejne- 1; Tat. jn- 1, 2; Bashk. sjn- 1; Kirgh. ajna- 1; Kaz.
ajna- 1; KBalk. ajna- 1; KKalp. ajna- 2; Kum. ajna- 1; Nogh. ajna- 1;
Khak. tajna- 1; Shr. tajna- 1; Oyr. ajna- 1; Tv. dajna- 1; Tof. tajna- 1.
VEWT 95, . 168. Forms with t- in some Siberian languages are rather enigmatic.

5, 220. A Western isogloss. In Mong. and TM one

has to presume an early assimilation (*ai- < *ai-).
-bV branch, forked branch; staff: Tung. *ebu-(gan); Mong. *ib-;
Turk. *b-.
PTung. *ebu-(gan) 1 lever 2 forked branch 3 brace, clinch (1
2 ( )
3 , ): Evk. ewe 2; Man. oban 1; Nan. ebe 3 (.).
2, 401, 419.
PMong. *ib- whip, lash (, ): MMong. iua (SH);
WMong. ibirga (L 174); Kh. avirga; Ord. ibarGa; Mongr. (SM
393).
Mong. > Evk. ua etc., see Doerfer MT 78, Rozycki 180; > Chag. upura

420

* - *egV(nV)

PTurk. *b- whip-lash (): Karakh. av, a (MK); Tur. avun leather whip; Turkm. v-la- to lash with a rod, whip; Tv. ?
av-la- to lash (of branches); Chuv. v sound of the whip or rod,
va-la- to lash.
EDT 395. See also under *p.
A Western isogloss. Cf. also *ipV, *pa.
- to press, squeeze: Tung. *ee-re-; Jpn. *tnt-; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ee-re- to press, squeeze in arms (, ): Man. eere-.
2, 422. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable Kor.-Jpn. parallels.
PJpn. *tnt- to press, compress (): MJpn. tidi-k-; Tok.
chjime-; Kyo. chjm-; Kag. chijim-.
JLTT 768.
PKor. *r- to press down (, ): MKor. r-;
Mod. iir-.
Nam 443, KED 1537.
An Eastern isogloss.
-eu flower: Turk. *eek; Jpn. *tutu(n)si.
PTurk. *eek 1 flower 2 chicken-pox (1 2 ): OTurk.
eek (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. eek (KB) 1; Tur. iek 1, 2; Gag. iek 1, 2; Az.
ik 1, 2; Turkm. eek 1; Sal. iex () 1, bud; MTurk. eek (Sangl.)
1; Uzb. eak 1, 2; Uygh. ek 1, 2; Krm. iek, eek 1, 2; Tat. k 1, 2;
Bashk. ssk 2, ssk 1; Kirgh. eek 2; aq eek a k. of tree, eekej crystalline lens; Kaz. eek 1, 2; KBalk. eek 2; KKalp. eek 2; Kum. eek 1,
2; Nogh. eek 1, eekej 2; SUygh. uug; Oyr. eek 1; Chuv. eke
flower, leaf.
VEWT 102, EDT 400-401, 120. Turk. > Mong. eeg, see TMN 3, 57, 1997, 112. Kypch. > Chuv. ee, eek (see 322, 2, 408-409); some
Turkic forms (Tuva eek, perhaps also Oyr. eek and some of the Kypchak forms) may
be borrowed back < Mong.

PJpn. *tutu(n)si a k. of rhododendron ( ): OJpn.

tutuzi; MJpn. tds; Tok. tsutsji; Kyo. tstsj; Kag. tsutsji.
JLTT 558. Accent reconstruction unclear.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss; not quite reliable. Cf. *[i]V: one cannot
exclude that this is the same expressive root (*sprout), with some irregular developments.
-egV(nV) a k. of insect: Tung. *egene-; Mong. *eV- / *iV-; Kor.
*ni.
PTung. *egene- crayfish (): Neg. eenex; Ul. ni; Ork. teinei;
Nan. n; Orch. eei; Ud. endeuxie.
2, 419.

*k - *k

421

PMong. *eV- / *iV- 1 locust 2 multiped, wood louse ( ): MMong. urge 1 (HY 12); WMong. igigi 2 (L 179); Kh. ijg
2; Bur. gej 2; Kalm. gn 2.
The WMong. and modern forms may have been influenced by iig wet (semantically cf. Russ. wood louse < wet).

PKor. *ni centipede,multipede (, ): MKor.

ni; Mod. ine.
Liu 681, KED 1527.
The TM and Kor. forms reflect a common *-n-suffixation.
-k ( ~ -a-) to strike fire: Tung. *i(K)u- ( ~ -e-); Mong. *aki-; Turk.
*(i)ak-; Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *i(K)u- ( ~ -e-) fire steel (, ): Ul. iu(n); Ork.
u; Nan. i; Ud. cui (arch.) (. 311).
2, 400.
PMong. *aki- to strike fire ( ): MMong. aqi- (MA);
WMong. aki-, akil- (L 161); Kh. caxi-, caxila-; Bur. saxil-; Kalm. cak-,
cakl-, ckl-; Ord. akil- to scintillate, glare, lighten; Mog. ZM aqeldour
(19-5b) moonshine; Dag. akil- (. . 180 akilgn lightning).
KW 420, 424. Mong. > Evk. aklga, see Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *(i)ak- 1 to strike fire 2 flint, fire steel (1 2
, ): OTurk. aq- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. aq- (MK) 1; Tur.
ak- 1; Gag. aq- 1; Az. ax- 1; Turkm. aq- 1; Khal. aqmaq 2; MTurk. aq(Sangl.) 1; Uzb. aq- 1; Uygh. aqmaq-ta 2; Krm. aq- 1; Tat. aq- 1;
Bashk. sa-/saq- 1; Kirgh. aq- 1; KBalk. a-/aq- to produce sparks,
shoot from a flint gun; KKalp. aq- 1; Kum. aq- to pull the trigger,
aqma 2; Nogh. aqpa 2; SUygh. aq- 1; Khak. sax- 1; Shr. an spark;
Oyr. aq- 1; Tv. aq- 1; Tof. aq- 1; Yak. sax- 1.
VEWT 95, TMN 3, 80-81, 373. Kypch. > Chuv. akma fire steel, whence >
Mari, Udm. ( 2, 387). The verb is usually regarded as one of the meanings of *akhit, strike, but the semantics strike fire is attested quite early and allows to use the
Turkic material in the Altaic comparison.

PJpn. *tk- to burn, put on fire (, ): OJpn. tak-; MJpn.

tk-; Tok. tk-; Kyo. tk-; Kag. tk-.
JLTT 762.
PKor. *h- flint, silicon (, ): MKor. h-tr; Mod.
hadol.
Liu 690, KED 1562.
KW 420, 424, Poppe 26, JOAL 99. Korean has a frequent vowel r eduction between a stop and a fricative. Mong. is hardly borrowed from
Turk., despite 1997, 112 (TMN 3, 82: Onomatopoetica).

422

*k - *kV

-k ( ~ *oke, -k-) handle: Turk. *Ekk / *Ek; Jpn. *tk; Kor.

*hi.
PTurk. *Ekk / *Ek hammer (): Karakh. ekk (MK:
Oghuz), ek (IM); Tur. eki; Gag. eki; Az. k; Turkm. eki;
MTurk. ek, k (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. ki hack; Krm. cokuc, cekic,
k; Tat. ke; Bashk. ske; KBalk. g; Kum. k; Nogh. ki.
VEWT 103, EDT 415. (< Iran., see TMN 3, 85-86?). Despite EDT, hardly derived
from ek- to pull. The controversy concerning the Iranian origin of the Turkic word vs.
the Turkic origin of the Modern Persian one (see Doerfer, Clauson), should be probably
resolved as follows: Old Persian ( = Av. caku- axe / hammer for throwing) > Pers. aku
hammer; but Pers. eko, eko are phonetically aberrant (see Horn 99) and should be
regarded as Turkisms; Pers. eku is a mixed form. The source of Pers. eko is Turk. ek
- a diminutive in - for the form ekk. Turkic forms in - (Khal. kku, Kirgh. k,
KKalp. kki, possibly also Nogh. ki, Bashk. ske) may be iranisms. Turk. > Mong.
ek (see 1997, 112).

PJpn. *tk handle (): OJpn. tuka; MJpn. tk; Tok. tsuk; Kyo.
tsk; Kag. tska.
JLTT 554. Tone in Kagoshima is irregular (all other evidence points to *tk).
PKor. *hi whip; handle (; ): MKor. hi; Mod. h,
h-:ik.
Nam 449, KED 1576.
Korean has a usual vowel loss between a stop and a fricative.
-ekV part of shoulder close to neck: Mong. *ekerej; Turk. *ekn.
PMong. *ekerej part of breast (close to upper spine) (
( )): MMong. ekerei (SH).
PTurk. *ekn part of shoulder between the neck and shoulderblade
( ): OTurk. ikin (OUygh.); Tur.
ekin, dial. ein, en; Az. ijin; Turkm. igin; Khal. n; MTurk. ikin
(Abush., Sangl.); Chuv. an body.
EDT 415, VEWT 103, 129-130, 238-239 (see there about details of
phonetic reconstruction).

308; 130-131, 238-239 (but Evk. eke throat,

palate should rather be derived < *eka q.v.): A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-kV a k. of cloth: Tung. *eKe; Mong. *egedeg; Turk. *k-; Kor.
*jk-.
PTung. *eKe 1 upper short clothes 2 velvet (1
2 ): Man. eke 1, ekemu 2.
2, 419 (other forms: Oroch, Ul., Nan. eke velvet may be borrowed from
Manchu).

PMong. *egedeg a k. of cloth, short shirt ( , ): WMong. egedeg (L 169); Kh. cegdeg, cegdeg; Kalm. cegdeg;
Ord. igedek touloupe courte.
KW 426.

*ep - *ep

423

PTurk. *k- 1 woven cotton fabric 2 cotton shirt 3 woollen cloth 4 a

k. of upper clothes (jacket, trousers, cloak) (1 2 3 4 (,
, )): OTurk. ekrek 2 (OUygh. - XIV c.); Karakh. ekrek 2
(MK); Tur. ekmen, pkn 4; Turkm. kmen gown; MTurk. ekmen 4, 1
(Pav. C.); Uzb. akmn 4; Uygh. kmn 4; Krm. cekmen, ekmn 3; Tat.
ikmn 4; Bashk. skmn 4; Kirgh. ekmen, epken 3, 4; KBalk. epken 3, 4;
Oyr. ekpen, epken 3, 4; Tv. ekpen 3, 4; Tof. ekpen 3.
VEWT 103, EDT 416, 413.
PKor. *jk- shirt, coat (, ): MKor. jk-sm; Mod.
ksam, gori.
Nam 425, KED 1418, 1425.
KW 426, SKE 27. A cultural term, but borrowing (either in Mong.
< Turk. or in Manchu < Mong.) is hardly possible. The Kor. form is
somewhat dubious (tone does not correspond to Turkic; perhaps we
should regard it as an old loan < Manchu; if it is not, a reconstruction
*jkV is possible). Mong. -g- speaks in favour of PA *-k-, but may be a
result of assimilation (before -deg, like *ogo-da-su < *oko-da-su), thus (on
Korean evidence) more probable is the reconstruction of *k.
-ep rag: Mong. *ou-da-; Turk. *eprek; Jpn. *tapai; Kor. *apa- ( ~
--).
PMong. *ou-da- strip, long narrow piece (, ): WMong. oudasu(n) (L 195); Kh. cdas.
PTurk. *eprek 1 rag, patch 2 worn, used clothing (1 , 2 ): OTurk. opra (perhaps = pre) 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. pr-epr ; opra ( ~ br) 2 (MK); Turkm. prek
oakum; MTurk. (OKypch.) prek 1 (Houts.); Krm. iprek, ciprek, prk
1; Tat. prk 1; Bashk. seprk 1; Kirgh. prek, prek-apraq 1; KKalp.
berek 1; Kum. prek 1; Nogh. iberek, berek 1; Khak. sbrek 1; Shr.
brek 1; Oyr. eberek, ibirek 1.
EDT 398, VEWT 118 (confused with *p dirt), 677. Perhaps (as suggested
in EDT 398) connected with Karakh. (MK) pr goats hair, Chag., Turkm. pr id.

PJpn. *tapai a k. of cloth (made of bast), cloth in general (

( ), ): OJpn. tape; MJpn. tafe; Tok. shiro-tae.
JLTT 537.
PKor. *apa- ( ~ --) rags, odd ends of paper or cloth (, ): Mod. abgi.
KED 1379.
Mong. *ou-da- - with a secondary (usual) labialization <
*au-da-. Cf. also *opa, from which this root is sometimes difficult to
distinguish.

424

*pu - *ibe

-pu ulcer, furuncle: Tung. *epe; Mong. *ijigan; Turk. *pgan; Kor.
*jpk.
PTung. *epe ulcer, pustule (, , ): Evk. epe.
2, 421. Attested only in Evk., but having reliable external parallels.
PMong. *ijigan tumour, albugo (, ): MMong. ein
(IM), iqan (MA); WMong. ijian, iqan; Kh. an, cagn; Bur. xan;
Kalm. cag, cag; Ord. ag.
KW 419.
PTurk. *pgan 1 furuncle 2 rash, pimple (1 2 ,
): Karakh. bqan (MK) 1; Tur. ban 1; Gag. ban 1; Az. iban1,
ivz 2; Turkm. ban 1; MTurk. ban (Sangl.) 1; Uzb. ipqn 1; Krm.
cban, ban 1; Tat. uwan 1, ebi ; Bashk. sbrt- ,
sebeke ; Kaz. jqan 1; Nogh. jqan, dial. uba 1; Shr. bran 2;
Oyr. btqan, (dial. - .) ibike 2; Tv. iviki 2; Tof. ibiki 2, 1; Chuv.
ban, van 1.
VEWT 106, EDT 396, TMN 3, 1151, 208, 2, 96. The Kaz. and Nogh.
forms may be < Mong. (although they differ semantically).

PKor. *jpk furuncle, ulcer (, ): MKor. jpk; Mod.

ubu-kho red bulbous nose ( = MKor. jpk-k).
Nam 436, KED 1498.
Poppe 26 (Turc-Mong). Mong. cannot be borrowed < Turk. In PT a
secondary vowel narrowing has occurred (probably *pgan < *pgan);
otherwise correspondences are quite regular. Note velar suffixation
reflected in PT, Mong. and Kor. (PA *pu-ka-).
-era ( ~ -o) snow, to freeze: Mong. *ar; Turk. *ar-.
PMong. *ar 1 snow crust 2 to freeze (1 , 2 , ): WMong. ar 1, ara- 2 (L 165); Kh. car 1, carca2; Bur. sarsa- 2, sarja tramped snow; Kalm. car 1; Ord. ara- 2.
KW 422. Mong. > Oyr. ara- to freeze.
PTurk. *ar- 1 snow dust 2 fog (1 2 ): Karakh.
(MKypch.) as 2; Tur. (dial.) ars 2; Tat. as 2 (dial.); Bashk. sar animal
trace on snow; KBalk. ars 2; Kum. ars 2; Oyr. dial. (Leb.) ara 1.
29, 35. The derivative *ar-s is somewhat peculiar morphologically and
could be a loanword - from the (unattested) Mong. *ar-su(n) (?).

KW 422. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

-ibe to twist, turn: Tung. *ib-; Mong. *w; Turk. *ebir-.
PTung. *ib- to wriggle, roll (, ): Evk. iwar-.
2, 389. Cf. also Evk. epe- to roll; to plait (a string, rope). An expressive and
isolated root, therefore the PTM reconstruction is dubious.

PMong. *w ring (): WMong. (XTTT); Kh. c; Bur. sj.

PTurk. *ebir- 1 to twist, turn 2 round (1 , 2
): Karakh. evr- 1 (MK); Tur. evir- 1; Gag. evir- 1, evr 2; Az.

*[i]V - *iju

425

evir- 1; Turkm. vr- 1; MTurk. ewr- 1 (Sangl.); Uygh. bir- 1; Krm.

ivir-, evir- 1, civre 2; KBalk. jr- to tuck, jre contrariwise; Kum.
jr- to wrap; Nogh. jir- to twiddle a whirligig; Chuv. avar-/ar1, avra 2; Yak. sebirij- to uncoil (of a twisted rope).
VEWT 102, EDT 398, 201-201, 2, 80. Despite VEWT, there are no
reasons to regard the Chuv. word as a borrowing.

287. A Western isogloss; Mong. *w < *iw with secondary assimilative labialization. The PA nature of the root is somewhat
dubious because of its expressive meaning and the isolatedness of
Evenki forms.
-[i]V spout, prick, penis: Tung. *iu; Mong. *ii-; Kor. *i.
PTung. *iu 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot) (1 penis 2 ()): Man. oo 1; Ul. 1,2; Ork. tt 1; Nan. qo 2; Ud. iko 1.
2, 403.
PMong. *ii- 1 to prick 2 prick, thorn, sprout (1 , 2 , ): MMong. iigina Krautwurzel (SH); WMong.
ii- 1, iigr, iijes(n), iies(n) 2 (L 176); Kh. ii- 1, ir 2; Kalm.
i- 1, ir, isn 2; Ord. ii- 1; Dag. ii- 1 (. . 181).
KW 442.
PKor. *i penis (penis): Mod. i (orth. i), ot [o].
KED 1383, 1488.
SKE 25 (Kor.-Tung.). An expressive word with not quite secure
vocalic correspondences (cf. also in Turkic: Uzb. q penis (of a
child) = Kirgh. k , , Khal. uo
pee (in childr. language); cf. also *eu flower.
-iju wet, moisture: Tung. *ikpa-; Mong. *iig; Turk. *j-k; Jpn.
*tuju; Kor. *-n, *huk-.
PTung. *ikpa- 1 wet 2 to become wet, soak (1 2 ):
Neg. p- 2; Ul. qpa 1; Ork. qpa ~ pqa 1; Nan. aqpa 1; Orch. ippa 1;
Ud. ipa 1.
2, 398. Cf. also Evk. w- to flow, leak ( 2, 389) which could reflect the
original *iju.

PMong. *iig moisture (): WMong. igig (L 179), ig; Kh. ijg;
Bur. g; Kalm. g; Ord. g; S.-Yugh. g.
KW 443, MGCD 568.
PTurk. *j, *j-k 1 wet, soaking, moist 2 dew 3 moisture 4 raw (1
2 3 , 4 ): Karakh. i/ 3 (MK), -lato moisten (MK), q- to absorb moisture (MK), -la-n- to be
half-cooked (MK), ig 4 (IM); Tur. i, ij 1, 2; Gag. ij 1, 2; Az. ij raw;
Turkm. g 1, G 2; Sal. x-u 2 (); Uzb. iq 2 (dial.), 1 (Xrazm);
Krm. j, cij 4, x 2, hoar-frost; Tat. q 2; Bashk. sej 4, sq 2; Kirgh. ij-ki
4, q 2, 3; Kaz. q 2; KBalk. ij 4, q 2; KKalp. q 2; Kum. ij 4, q 2;

426

*ika - *ika

Nogh. ij 4, q 2; Khak. sx 1, 3; Shr. q 3, qt 1; Oyr. ij 4, q 3; Tv. q

3, meadow, qt 1; Tof. q 1; Yak. sk 2, 3; Dolg. hk 2.
EDT 393, 406,408, 413, 418, VEWT 107, 39, Stachowski 106. The actual reflexes are best explained if we postulate an opposition *j wet, raw - *j-k dew, moisture (with further contractions). Some forms, however, could be secondarily borrowed
from Mong. (see Kal. 34).

PJpn. *tuju dew (): OJpn. tuju; MJpn. tuju; Tok. tsuyu.
JLTT 558. There is considerable confusion of three words in Japanese: a) RJ tj,
Tokyo tsyu, Kyoto tsy, Kag. tsyu dew; b) RJ tj, Tokyo tsyu, Kyoto tsy, Kag.
tsuy juice; Tokyo tsyu, tsyu, Kyoto tsy, Kag. tsyu early rainy season. It seems
that there had existed several original words but their dialectal reflexes got hopelessly
mixed up.

PKor. *-n, *huk- 1 fluid, liquid, sap 2 be moistened, wet (1 , 2 , ): MKor. n 1, huk-,
hk-hk-h- 2; Mod. n 1, huk-, hukhuk-ha- 2.
Liu 685, 701, Nam 450, KED 1543, 1635, 1637.
EAS 64, KW 443, 39. A PA derivative *iju-kV is reflected in PT *jk = Mong. iig = PTM *ik- = Kor. *huk-. Also here
probably Kor. h-m phlegm. In Japanese (perhaps also in Korean)
there is some confusion of this root with *aju resin, tar q.v.
-ika ( ~ -u) to stamp, ram; stamped path: Tung. *iKi-; Mong. *ig;
Turk. *gr.
PTung. *iKi- 1 edge, border 2 to go along the shore, come out on
the shore 3 stamped snow (1 , 2 , 3 ): Evk. iki (Tomm.); Man. ikin 1,
iki-ra- 2; Nan. iku-le- 2 (Kur-Urm.).
2, 389, 391.
PMong. *ig 1 to stamp, ram 2 narrow, pressed 3 direction (1 , 2 , 3 ): WMong. igi- 1
(L 180), ig 3 (L 178), ig 2; Kh. ig- 1, ig 3; Bur. egn (
), eg 3; Kalm. ig 2; Ord. ig; Dong. Gi- 1; Bao. i- 1;
S.-Yugh. iG- 1.
MGCD 569, KW 438.
PTurk. *gr 1 to stamp, ram (ground) 2 stamped snow 3 boundary,
limit 4 small path (1 , () 2
3 4 ): Karakh. ru- 1, r 4 (MK); Tur. r 4,
coomb, trace of an avalanche; Turkm. Gr 3; Khal. r bad road;
MTurk. r thawed spot (Sangl.), snow stamped by strong wind
(Pav. C.); Uzb. ijir trace; Uygh. iir jol 4; Tat. r 3; Kirgh. jr, ijir
4; Kaz. jr stamped; KBalk. jr-t- to stamp snow, grass; Tv. r 2;
Tof. r spot on snow or ground with many tracks.

*k - *ka

427

VEWT 95, 107, EDT 409, 410. Cf. perhaps also PT *ig- to draw a line (VEWT 110).
Turk. > Mong. Khalkha ijr stamped road, Kalm. r eaten and stamped grass (KW
443).
A Western isogloss. Mong. > Tung. (Evk. igan, igle- etc.), see
2, 389 (perhaps also Nan. Gda-, 1, 255) - although Evk. iki
stamped snow must be genuine.
-k bead, treasure: Tung. *iku-; Turk. *Ek- ( ~ -i-); Jpn. *tkr.
PTung. *iku- 1 bead 2 ornament (made of carps bones) (1 2
( )): Evk. ikti 1; Neg. kt 1; Ul. ikukte 2;
Nan. iku-kte (Sch.) 2, i 1 (Naikh.); Orch. ixite 1, ukikti beads.
2, 392.
PTurk. *Ek- ( ~ -i-) silk bead embroidery (
): Karakh. ikin embroidered brocade (MK); MTurk. ikin floral
designs embroidered in silk (Sangl.); Tat. igen golden embroidery (R
- Kas.); ig- to embroider; Bashk. sige- to embroider; KBalk. ij tigi
.
EDT 415-416, 143. Despite Clauson, cannot be < Chin.
PJpn. *tkr treasure (): OJpn. takara; MJpn. tkr; Tok.
takar; Kyo. tkr; Kag. takar.
JLTT 538.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term.
-k to cut, cutting instrument: Tung. *ik-; Jpn. *tnkn.
PTung. *ik- to cut, hack, chop off (, , ):
Evk. ik-; Evn. q-; Neg. xa-; Man. ikiri shavings; Ork. ike support
for cutting, hacking smth..
2, 390, 391.
PJpn. *tnkn chisel (, ): OJpn. tagani; MJpn. tgn;
Tok. tgane; Kyo. tgn; Kag. tagan.
JLTT 537 (not mentioning the OJ form). Tone in Kagoshima is aberrant. Already in
MJ the word was obviously influenced by kane metal.

A Tung.-Jap. isogloss.
-ka ( ~ -o, -u) to rise, sprout: Tung. *iK(i)-; Mong. *iki; Turk. *k-;
Kor. *hi-.
PTung. *iK(i)- to sprout (, ):
Evk. iki-ltu-; Man. iq-ala-.
2, 391 (cf. also Man. iqte-n stem, stalk, iq-si- to ripen, become grown-up).
PMong. *iki 1 sprout 2 to sprout (1 2 ):
WMong. iki(n) 1, ikile- 2 (L 181); Kh. ix 1, ixle- 2; Bur. exen 1, exer- 2;
Ord. iile- 2; Mongr. igi (SM 448) 1.
Homonymous with iki(n) ear - but certainly quite different etymologically.
PTurk. *k- to go out, come out (): Karakh. q- (MK, KB);
Tur. k-; Gag. q-; Az. x-; Turkm. q-; MTurk. q- (Abush., Sangl.);

428

*ik - *ko

Uzb. iq-; Uygh. iq-; Krm. q-; Tat. q-; Bashk. sq-; Kirgh. q-; Kaz.
-/q-; KBalk. -/q-; KKalp. -/q-; Kum. -/q-; Nogh. -/q-; Khak.
sx-; Shr. q-; Oyr. q-; Yak. sarj- to move, be displaced (?).
EDT 405-406, VEWT 107-108.
PKor. *hi- to raise, rise (, ): MKor. h-;
Mod. hi-.
Nam 452, Liu 704, KED 1655.
In Kor. - a usual vowel loss between a stop and a fricative; cf. also
SKE 48.
-ik straw, chaff: Tung. *ixe-; Mong. *iire; Turk. *igit / *gt ( ~
-k-); Jpn. *tkusa; Kor. *kr.
PTung. *ixe- 1 straw; bast 2 stub, broom remains (1 ;
2 , ): Man. ike-ku 1; Nan. ixin 2 (On.)
2, 392.
PMong. *iire chaff, straw (): MMong. ijiulsun matting
(HY 21); WMong. igire, (L 179) igirs(n); Kh. ijrs.
KW 443. Mong. > Yak. sigiri , .
PTurk. *igit / *gt ( ~ -k-) cotton seed(s) ( , ): Karakh. igit (MK - Argu); Tur. t, iit seed; freckle; Az. ijid;
Turkm. igit seed; MTurk. igit (Sangl., Pav.C); t spots on a pregnant womans face (Pav. C.); Uzb. igit; Uygh. igit; Kirgh. igit; Kaz.
ijit; KKalp. igit.
EDT 414, TMN 2, 88, 116.
PJpn. *tkusa a k. of horse-tail ( ): MJpn. tks; Tok. tokus; Kyo. tks; Kag. toksa.
JLTT 549. Kagoshima reflects *tks, but all other forms reflect low tone, probably
under double influence of *ks grass and *tksi horse-tail (q.v.).

PKor. *kr chaff (): MKor. kr; Mod. uk-i, :uk-i.

Liu 670, KED 1505.
10, 116. In Jpn. it is difficult (but probably necessary) to distinguish the reflex of this root from *ke forage grass ( >
Jpn. *tukusi horse-tail) q.v. The Mongolian form also raises problems:
it probably reflects a suffixed *ikrV with a development -kr- > -Vr(cf. similarly buurag < *bkrV, uurga < *ukrukV / *ukurkV); otherwise
-- is very hard to explain.
-ko ( ~ -k-) pivot, bolt: Tung. *iKi; Mong. *igta; Turk. *kanak; Jpn.
*tikiri; Kor. *tri.
PTung. *iKi pivot (, ): Evk. iki; Evn. q; Neg. x.
2, 391.
PMong. *igta lock, bolt (, ): WMong. ita (L 178); Kh.
agt; Bur. agta; Kalm. ikt Leit- oder Halsstrick der Klber und
Fllen.

*u - *u

429

KW 439. Mong. > Kirgh. qta. Cf. also the common Mong. *iki(n) linchpin - formally coinciding with the word for ear, which may be a secondary coincidence.
PTurk. *kanak lock, pivot (, ): Tat. canak (Sib.);
Bashk. sanaq, dial. sansaq; Oyr. anak, dial. naq (.).
171. It is also necessary to note Kaz. ege, Kirgh. ege nail, possibly going
back to the same root.

PJpn. *tikiri balance beam (, ()): MJpn.

tikiri; Tok. chikiri.
PKor. *tri pivot, hinge (, ): MKor. tri; Mod. idoli.
Liu 682, KED 1528. The explanation in KED < - carry + tr- turn is tonally implausible and obviously folk-etymological.

43. Note dental suffixation in Mong. and Kor. (PA

*k(o)-tV).
-u to swell: Tung. *ilu-; Mong. *ulaji- / *eleji- / *ili-; Turk.
*s; Jpn. *tu(n)si-m-.
PTung. *ilu- swelling, gland (, ): Evk. ilun; Man.
ilin; SMan. iliin wen (151); Ul. ulu-kte; Nan. ilu-kte; Ud. cikci
(. 310).
2, 394.
PMong. *ulaji- / *eleji- / *ili- to swell (): WMong. ulaji-, uluji- (L 206), eleji-, iliji- (L 183); Kh. culc-, celc-; Bur. sulsaj- to
be plump (about children); Kalm. culc-, il-; Ord. ul- to be swollen.
KW 433, 440. Cf. also Khalkha colco nodule. Mong. > Kirgh. uluj- etc.
PTurk. *s- 1 to swell 2 swelling, tumour (1 2 ):
OTurk. s-, - 1, i 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. s 2, sl- 1 (MK), i- 1 (Tefs.,
IM); Tur. i- 1, i 2; Gag. i- 1, i 2; Az. i- 1, i 2; Turkm. - 1, 2;
Khal. - 1; MTurk. i- (Sangl.) 1; Uzb. i-(mq) 1, i 2; Uygh.
ii-(maq) 1; Krm. i-, sis- 1; Tat. e- 1; Bashk. e- 1; Kirgh. ii- 1; Kum.
i- 1; Nogh. sis- 1; SUygh. siz- 1; Khak. ss- 1, ss 2, (Qyz.) k 2; Shr.
i- 1, i 2; Tv. - 1; Chuv. - 1; Yak. is- 1; Dolg. is 2.
VEWT 424, EDT 857, 524 , 341, 2, 467, Stachowski 128-129.
Languages display both assimilations and dissimilations (loss) of the first consonant.
Loss of length in Yak., Tuva and Tof. is not quite clear (Turkm. clearly demonstrates a
long --); if we take into account the Chuv. reflex (-- corresponding to Common Turkic
i/), we should perhaps reconstruct a PT form *sj- (see . 158).

PJpn. *tu(n)si-m- to have discoloration appear on the skin (as in the

bruises from a beating) ( ( )): MJpn. tusim-, tuzim-.
EAS 108, KW 440, Poppe 117, . 91, Miller 1970, 129,
JOAL 119. In Turkic one has to suppose a dissimilation (*s < *; cf.
Turkm. -, perhaps preserving an archaism). PA *u may be a par-

430

*me - *mu

tial reduplication, or else have a suffixed *-V (*u-V; cf. Mong. ili-,
perhaps reflecting an original simple stem). A possibility of reconstructing *ju-V should be also considered (see above on the Turkic
reflexes).
-me knuckle, cartilage: Tung. *me- (~-,--); Mong. *imge; Turk.
*Emirik; Kor. *k- ( < *m-k- ?).
PTung. *me- (~-,--) 1 knee-cap, fat under the knee-cap 2 ankle,
huckle-bone (1 , ( ) 2 ): Evk. mein 1; Evn. imnk 2.
2, 395.
PMong. *imge marrow, marrow-bone ( ,
): MMong. imegan (HY 48), imign (MA); WMong. imge(n),
mge(n) (L 186, 203); Kh. mg; Bur. semege(n), dial. emege(n); Kalm.
imgn; Ord. mg; Dag. imug (. . 183), imehe (MD 216), img;
Dong. umeGe; S.-Yugh. egn; Mongr. imuge (SM 451).
KW 440, MGCD 578. Mong. > Evk. a marrow bone; Yak., Dolg. oku marrow,
marrow bone (hardly < Evk. k scull, despite Stachowski 75); cf. 516.

PTurk. *Emirik cartilage, gristle (): Tat. mj knucklebone;

Kirgh. emirek ; Kaz.
emirek; KKalp. emirek; Nogh. emirek; Oyr. amaj cheekbone.
VEWT 251. Widely spread forms like Chag. kmirk are probably due to contamination with *kEmk bone (v. sub *kome).

PKor. *k- 1 knee 2 shin, shank (1 2 ): Mod.

gai, gi 2.
KED 1450.
261.
-mu to pinch, pluck (with fingers): Tung. *[i]m-; Mong. *im-; Turk.
*m-; Jpn. *tm-; Kor. *um.
PTung. *[i]m- 1 to grip with claws 2 to pick ones teeth 3 to pinch
(1 2 3 ): Evk. omdokol- 3; Neg. imet- 2 ( 1982); Man. amna- 1; Nan. imi- (On.)
2, 375, 406. Vocalism is hard to reconstruct: aberrations are probably due to
the roots expressive nature.

PMong. *im- 1 to pinch 2 a pinch (1 2 ): WMong.

imki-, imi- (L 185) 1; im 2; Kh. imxe- 1; Bur. emxe- 1; Kalm. imk-,
im- 1; Ord. imke-; Dag. uk 2; Bao. oG- 1; S.-Yugh. imke 2;
Mongr. igi- (SM 453) 1; im- cueillir.
KW 440, MGCD 571. Mong. > Oyr. imi- etc. (VEWT 111).
PTurk. *m- 1 to pinch 2 a pinch, thimbleful (1 ,
2 , ): Tur. imdik, imik 2; Gag. imdik 2; Az.
imdik-le- 1, imdik 2; Turkm. mmk 2; MTurk. imdi- 1, imdik 2 (Pav.

*mu - *imV

431

C.), (CCum.) md- 1; Uzb. im-, imi-, imi-la-, imdi-, imi-t- 1,

imdi-m 2; Uygh. imdi-, imqi- 1, mdim 2; Krm. imde- 1, imdik 2,
cmda-, mda- to bite; Tat. eme-t-, eme-n- 1, emek 2; Bashk. semte- 1,
semte-m 2; Kirgh. m-, m-la- 1, mm 2; Kaz. m-, m-la- 1;
KBalk. imdi- 1; KKalp. m-, m-la- 1, m, mm 2; Nogh. mt- 1,
mqm 2; SUygh. ume- to pick out, pull out; Khak. m-la- 1, mx 2;
Shr. imi- 1, imik 2; Oyr. m- 1, m-m 2; Tv. m- 1, mm 2; Tof.
m- 1, mm 2; Chuv. bt- 1, ptm, pkm 2 (?).
VEWT 108, TMN 3, 99, 323, 2, 413. Chuv. bt- is phonetically
strange; it may reflect a secondary denasalization ( . 50), but may actually be
a trace of a different root, cf. PA *ipu or *abo.

PJpn. *tm- to pluck (with fingers) (, ()):

OJpn. tum-; MJpn. tm-; Tok. tsm-; Kyo. tsm-; Kag. tsm-.
JLTT 775.
PKor. *um fist, handful (, ): MKor. m, mki; Mod.
m, umk.
Nam 433, 434, KED 1496, 1509. Original tone is not quite clear.
Poppe 26, JOAL 98, 76; TMN 3, 99 (mglich, da hier
ein Zusammenhang besteht...Jedoch sind die Wrter anscheinend expressiv, daher nicht gut als urverwandt vergleichbar.)
-mu top, edge: Tung. *me; Mong. *imarkai; Turk. *m- / *um(*om-); Jpn. *tuma.
PTung. *me 1 top (of tree, mountain) 2 crown, sinciput (1 (, ) 2 ): Evk. me 1; Evn. em 1; Nan. imik 2 (On.)
2, 395. Cf. also Evk. mka middle post in the house.
PMong. *imarkai temple (of head), sides of forehead (, ): WMong. imarqai (L 184); Kh. amarxaj; Bur. sabirgaj temple, temporal; Ord. imarx.
PTurk. *m- / *um- (*om-) 1 top, upper part 2 staff (with a knob)
3 lump, pompon, knob (1 2 ( ) 3 , , ): Karakh. omaq 2; Az. omaG 2; Turkm.
mmek 1; Uygh. omak 1; Chuv. mak 3.
VEWT 115, TMN 2, 94-95, EDT 422. The Chuv. reflex points to *--.
PJpn. *tuma edge, side, rim; skirt, lap (, ; ): OJpn.
tuma; MJpn. tuma; Tok. tsum; Kyo. tsm; Kag. tsm.
Accent reconstruction difficult (see JLTT 555).
The root seems reliable, although in Turkic its reflex is rather hard
to distinguish from a homonymous reflex of *mu rounded object.
-imV a k. of fish: Tung. *ime; Mong. *ima.
PTung. *ime 1 a k. of salmon 2 burbot (1 2 ): Man.
ima, ime 1; Ul. mada name of a fish, (Sch.) mada 2; Orch. ume 1;
Ud. cuma (. 312).

432

*ipV - *pa

2, 414. Neg. an, Oroch en burbot perhaps reflect a contamination with

*siaa-n burbot (v. sub *sa).
PMong. *ima a small carp ( ( )): WMong.
ima (L 184); Kh. am.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, and borrowing in Mong. < TM is not excluded (although the meanings differ); in Turkic cf. perhaps Chuv.
omga rainbow trout.
-ipV sharp edge, peg: Tung. *ibuke; Mong. *ibe; Turk. *ib.
PTung. *ibuke 1 awl 2 through(out) (1 2 ): Evk. iwuke 1; Nan. oqo 1; Orch. iok-iok 2.
2, 389. The word resembles Mong. sibge awl, but this is probably fortuitous:
sibge cannot be borrowed as *ibuke, and has a separate TM parallel.

PMong. *ibe penis (penis): WMong. ibe (L 174); Kh. iv; Bur. ebe
(.); Kalm. iw, iwl.
KW 442, 443.
PTurk. *ib 1 nail, peg 2 corner 3 penis 4 fir (1 , , 2 3 penis 4 ): OTurk. /iv 2 (OUygh.); Karakh.
(i 1 MK - a miswriting instead *iv?); Tur. ivi 1; Gag. ivi 1; Az. iv 1;
Turkm. j 1; Uzb. uv 1; Uygh. 3 (R, by animals), iv space between legs above the knees, iviln back saddlegirth (fixed with a
wooden peg); Krm. j, w, (K) ivij 1; Tat. j wedge, cotter; Bashk.
sj 1; KBalk. j 1; KKalp. j 1; Kum. j 1; Nogh. j 1; Oyr. ii
wedge.
VEWT 110, 121, EDT 393-394, 396, 125, 398. Because of well known semantic correlations of the type penis: thorn: fir (needle) it is tempting to compare also
the name of the fir-tree: Tat. dial. () ivi, cv, Khak. sb, Shor be, Oyr. ibi (Tuba
b), Tuva ivi, Tof. ibi. However, the intermediate form meaning thorn is not attested,
and the medial consonant here is rather *-p- (unless we suppose interdialectal loans), so it
may be unrelated.

A Western isogloss. Cf. *pa, *bV.

-pa branch, sharp branch: Tung. *ipa-; Turk. *p.
PTung. *ipa- 1 edge of sledge brake-stick 2 sharp (1
- 2 ): Evk. pan 1; Neg. p-p 2; Nan.
ip (to stick into, pierce) deeply (On.)
2, 398.
PTurk. *p branch (): Karakh. p, bq (MK); Tur. bk, ubuk;
Gag. bq; Az. ubuG; Turkm. bq; MTurk. ubuq (Sangl.); Uzb. iviq;
Uygh. iviq; Krm. cbuq, cubuq, ubuq lash; Tat. bq [brq lash];
Bashk. sbq; Kirgh. bq; Kaz. bq; KBalk. bq lash; KKalp. bq;
Kum. ubuq; Nogh. bq; Khak. smx; Shr. mq; Oyr. bq; Tv. vq;
Tof. bq; Chuv. bk lash.

*p - *p[]

433

EDT 393, 395, VEWT 106, TMN 3, 1059, 118-119, 320, 2,

403-404. Forms meaning lash reflect a contamination with PT *bk lash (v. sub
*b).
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; possible but not very reliable. The root
seems to be distinct from *bV branch, staff and from *ipV sharp
edge q.v. - although contaminations were of course possible.
-p to press (with fingers), pinch: Tung. *ip-; Jpn. *tmp-m-; Kor.
*p-.
PTung. *ip- 1 to press (with fingers) 2 to squeeze, press 3 to stuff,
stick 4 to clutch 5 to pick with a finger (food remnants) 6 to lick (1 () 2 , 3 , 4 ,
5 ( ) 6 , ): Evk. p- 3, ipka- 2, w- 6; Evn. p- 3, - 6; Neg. ipixet- 1,
pxla- 2, p- 3, w- 6; Man. ibu- 3; Ul. ipei- 5; Ork. po- 5; Nan. p
tightly, sefele- (Bik.) 4; Orch. ipi- 3, ipopu(n) index finger; Ud. ipi3.
2, 389, 398, 399. Evk. length in some forms is probably expressive or compensatory.

PJpn. *tmp-m- to stuff, press into (, ): MJpn.

tuboma-; Tok. tsbome-; Kyo. tsbm-; Kag. tsubom-.
JLTT 771.
PKor. *p- 1 to pick up, pinch 2 tongs, tweezers (1 ,
2 , ): MKor. p- 1, pki 2; Mod. ip- 1, ipke 2.
Liu 687, KED 1554, 1555.
An Eastern isogloss (but cf. *abo, with possible contaminations).
In Turk. cf. Chuv. bt- to pinch - possibly reflecting a contamination
of the above root with Turk. *im- (q.v.).
-p[] small bird: Tung. *ipi-; Mong. *uwali; Turk. *pk; Jpn.
*tmp-mi ( ~ -ia); Kor. *jp.
PTung. *ipi- 1 a small bird 2 swallow (1 2 ): Evk.
ipi- 1; Evn. bln 1; Neg. ptja 1; Man. ibin 2; SMan. ivaqn 2
(2240); Nan. paqo 2; Ud. iwjau sparrow.
2, 398. The root is expressive and subject to various irregular changes.
PMong. *uwali snipe (): WMong. uuali (L 207); Kh. cca;
Bur. sslan , ssaglan ; Kalm. l (); Ord. il-.
Mong. > Man. anli, oori the common snipe (Rozycki 49).
PTurk. *pk sparrow (, ): Karakh.
(MKypch.) apuq, pq (AH), pq (Ettuhf.); Tur. imek, (dial.) abk,
pk; Turkm. mq, dial. pq; MTurk. puq, upuq (MA, Abush.,
Pav. C.), imik (Pav. C.); Uzb. umuq; Uygh. tumuuq; Krm. cfcq; Tat.
pq, dial. pj; Bashk. spseq wagtail; (dial.) sparrow, spqaj -; Kirgh. mq; imeldirek (South.) a small green bird; Kaz.

434

*re - *re

bq; KKalp. mq; Kum. imiq, dial. imik; Nogh. mq; Shr. imige titmouse (., Upper-Kond.); Oyr. ibilik (dial.) a k. of bird
(R, ., Kumd.).
VEWT 109, 176. Turk. > Mong. ipiqaj (TMN 3, 123, 1997, 113).
PJpn. *tmp-mi ( ~ -ia) swallow (): OJpn. tubame; MJpn.
tubame; Tok. tsbame; Kyo. tsbm; Kag. tsubam.
JLTT 552.
PKor. *jp swallow (): MKor. jp; Mod. bi.
Nam 425, KED 1464.
SKE 26 (Tung.-Kor.), 293, 8, EAS 63,
176-177. The vocalism is not quite certain because of expressive
changes (Mong. *uwali may be < *iu-ali, but -j- in Kor. is harder to
explain). Cf. *sipV.
-re to stink, be rotten: Tung. *iri-; Mong. *er; Turk. *r; Kor. *iri-.
PTung. *iri- to stink (, ): Evk. iri-; Nan.
rftala- (Bik.).
2, 399.
PMong. *er 1 phlegm 2 tumour (1 , 2 ):
WMong. er; Kh. cer 1; Bur. ser 2; Kalm. cer 1; Ord. ir 1; Dag. ire dirt,
manure.
KW 427.
PTurk. *r 1 bodily heaviness, constipation (euphem.) 2 rotten, foul
3 to rot 4 illness 5 dirt 6 to be sick, ill 7 rot 8 glue 9 anguish, sorrow (1
(.) 2 , 3 4 5 6 , 7 , 8 9 , ): Karakh. er 1
(MK), er-le-n- to be constipated; to suppurate (of eyes) (MK); Tur. er
4, irk 5, iri flour paste; Gag. iri 8; Az. r horses heart attack,
rl- 6, irk 5; Turkm. irk (dirty) spot; insult, errik illness (of cattle);
MTurk. ir tumeur, clou, ire- se dgoter; Uzb. iri- 3, irik 2, irk
snuff; hardened wheel ointment; Uygh. iri- 3, irik 2; Krm. ciri-, iri- 3,
cirik, irik 2, r 8; Tat. ir 4, irl- 4, ere- 3, erek 7; Bashk. sir 4, sere- 3,
serek 2; Kirgh. er 9, hard tumour, erle- to be anguished, iri- 3, irik
2, iren 8; Kaz. er 4, 9, iri- 3, irik 2; KBalk. iri- 3, irik 2; KKalp. er 9,
ir- 3, irik 2, iri slime; Kum. er 4, 9, iri- 3, irik 2, irkew maggots in
rotten food; Nogh. er 4, iri- 3, irik 2; Oyr. iri- 3, irik 2; Chuv. ir,
dial. r 4, r- 3, 6, rk 2.
VEWT 105, EDT 427, 430, TMN 1077, 211-212, 326, 2,111-112, 420.
As Doerfer notes, Turkic forms of the type irkin dirty, nasty, ugly (Chag., Tur., Gag.,
Tat., Uzb.) are rather borrowed from Persian irkin (which itself is derived from irk, borrowed < Turkic).

PKor. *iri- to be foul, emit a foul odour ( ): Mod.

iri-.

*ire - *abo

435

KED 1531.
EAS 63, SKE 35, 1, 207.
-ire to cut, scrape: Tung. *ire-; Turk. *ert-.
PTung. *ire- to scrape off (, ): Evk. ir--; Nan.
re (to cut smth.) across (On.)
2, 400.
PTurk. *ert- 1 to cut (off edges), make notches 2 to click 3 to pinch 4
to pinch (a musical instrument) (1 (), 2
3 4 ): Karakh.
ert- 1 (MK); Az. rt- 1, 2; Turkm. irt- 1, 3; Khal. irt- 2; Uzb. ert- 2, 4;
Tat. irt- 2, 3, rdk-l- to hew; Bashk. sirt- 2, 3; Kirgh. ert- 2, 4; Kaz.
ert- 2, 4; KBalk. ert- to mark; KKalp. ert- 2, 4; Kum. ert- 1, 2, 4;
Nogh. ert- 2, 3, 4; Khak. sirte- 2; Shr. irte- 2; Oyr. ert- 1, 2; Chuv. art a
dent for inserting bottom into banded vessels.
VEWT 105, EDT 428, 2, 87-88. The semantic development here is to make
notches, indents > break the edge, pinch (whence to click with fingers) - not onomatopoetic, as suggested by Clauson.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of scarce attestation in TM.

-iV to drag, draw: Mong. *ir-; Turk. *i-.
PMong. *ir- to drag, pull (, ): WMong. ir- (L 191);
Kh. ire-; Bur. ere-; Kalm. ir-; Ord. ir-/ir-; Dag. oro- (. . 184),
ore- (MD 218); Bao. irg-; S.-Yugh. irGa-, erGa-.
KW 442, MGCD 563, 572. Mong. ir-a sleigh > Dolg. hrga, srga, see Stachowski
119.

PTurk. *i- to draw (): OTurk. /iz- (OUygh.); Tur. iz-;

Gag. iz-; Az. iz-; Turkm. z-; Khal. i/z-; MTurk. iz-, sz- (Pav. C.);
Uzb. iz-(mq); Uygh. siz-(maq); Krm. cz-, z-; Tat. sz-; Bashk. h-;
Kirgh. z-, sz-; Kaz. sz-; KBalk. sz-; KKalp. sz-; Kum. sz-; Nogh. sz-;
Khak. sz-r- to scrape, plane; Chuv. r- to draw, scrape, tear.
VEWT 112, EDT 432, 323, 2, 413-414. . The variant *s- is probably
due to assimilation.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; not quite reliable, since the Mong. word

can also belong to *uru q.v.
-abo ( ~ *obe) foam, bubble: Tung. *ob- ( ~ -); Mong. *eer.
PTung. *ob- ( ~ -) 1 foam 2 saliva 3 to sprinkle (1 2 3
): Evk. ow-ksa 1,2; Evn. ol 1; Neg. oxsa 1, 2.
2, 402.
PMong. *eer 1 foam or scum 2 bubble (1 2 ):
WMong. eger 1 (L 169); Kh. cr 1, cevr 2; Bur. seber 2.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

436

*abVkV - *ke

-abVkV oyster, shell: Tung. *iabikta; Kor. *jki.

PTung. *iabikta shell (): Evk. wka (Il.); Neg. kta; Ul.
oqta; Ork. toqta; Nan. oqta; Orch. ojikta.
2, 387, 404.
PKor. *jki oyster, shell, clam (, ): MKor.
jki; Mod. og.
Nam 432, KED 1469.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-aga cold, frozen snow: Tung. *iaga; Mong. *a(g)-su; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *iaga 1 frozen snow 2 to become frozen (of snow) (1 2
( )): Evk. a 1; Evn. aqaj 1; Man. aq-a- 2.
2, 387.
PMong. *a(g)-su snow (): MMong. asun (HY 1, SH), son
(IM), asun (MA); WMong. asu(n) (L 166); Kh. cas(an); Bur. saha(n);
Kalm. casn; Ord. asu; Mog. sun; ZM un (19-9a); Dag. as (. .
180), ase (MD 128); Dong. asun, ansun; Bao. aso, abso (Tungren);
S.-Yugh. ekseu (MGCD asn), eksen (Sichuan); Mongr. as (SM 444),
axs (Minghe).
KW 423, MGCD 564.
PKor. *h- cold (): MKor. h-; Mod. ha-.
Nam 447, KED 1561.
Kor. hiw- cold is a secondary derivation from h-. Mong. a-sun
may actually reflect a contamination with *ar-sun, cf. *ar crust (of
snow), (see *era); Southern Mongolian languages seem, however, to preserve traces of a velar *ag-su.
-ke time: Tung. *iK-; Mong. *ag; Turk. *ik; Jpn. *tk; Kor. *k.
PTung. *iK- grown-up (, (
30 40 )): Man. iqsin.
2, 392. Attested only in Manchu, but quite possibly going back to the Altaic
root for time (*timely > grown-up).

PMong. *ag time (): MMong. ax (HY 5, SH), aq (MA);

WMong. a (L 156); Kh. cag; Bur. sag, segn; Kalm. cag; Ord. ag; Dag.
ag(i) (. . 180); Dong. a; S.-Yugh. eg; Mongr. aG.
KW 419, MGCD 556.
PTurk. *ik 1 time, measure 2 precisely, exactly (1 , 2
, ): OTurk. aq 1, 2 (late OUygh.); Karakh. aq 2 (MK); Tur.
a 1; Gag. q, aq up to; Az. a 1; Turkm. G 1; MTurk. (OKypch.)
aq when (conj.); Uzb. q 1, qum certainly; Uygh. aq 2; Krm. a
(K), caq (H) 1; Tat. aq 1, 2; Bashk. saq 1, 2; Kirgh. aq 1, 2; Kaz. aq 1, 2;
KBalk. aq 1, aq-l this much; KKalp. aq 1, 2; Kum. aq 1, 2; Nogh. aq
1, aq-l this much; Khak. sax 2; Oyr. aq 1; Tv. aq 1, 2; Chuv. ox 1;

*ke - *[a]ki

437

Yak. sax 1, saa about (the time when, the size of); Dolg. haga about
(the time when, the size of); sagna while.
VEWT 95, 327, 67, EDT 404, 139, 2, 425, Stachowski
92-93, 208. Forms like Chag. a, Uygh. a or Tof. a time are borrowed < Mong., but
this cannot be assumed for most other forms quoted above.

PJpn. *tk time (): OJpn. tokji; MJpn. tk; Tok. tok; Kyo. tk;
Kag. tok.
JLTT 548.
PKor. *k time (): MKor. k; Mod. k.
Nam 422, KED 1423.
EAS 64, KW 419, Poppe 26, Martin 244, Menges 1984, 266, 76. Jpn. tone is irregular; it may be, however, due to an influence
of another root (cf. *eka, OJ toko always, eternally /accent unknown/).
Mong. ag may be < Turk. (see TMN 3, 27-28, 1997, 112), but
may as well be genuine. The Kor. reflex is quite regular (the attested k
is just an orthographic variant of the expected *jk), despite Doerfers
doubts in TMN ibid.
-ke ( ~ -u) small: Mong. *aka; Turk. *ka; Kor. *jk-, *jk-.
PMong. *aka new-born child ( ):
MMong. axun (~ ajaqa) small cup, pan (HY 19); WMong. aqa (L 166);
Kh. cax; Ord. axa inheritor.
Mong. > Tuva aa bear cub ( 1979, 170).
PTurk. *ka new-born child ( , ): Tur. aa (dial.); aa young of birds (Old Osm. XIV c.); Az.
aa; Turkm. Ga; MTurk. aqa (Pav. C.), (Xwar.) aqa young of birds
( 2, 511); Uzb. aqalq, (Tashk.) aqa; Uygh. bala-aqa children
(dial.); Tat. aa; Kirgh. bala-aqa children; Kaz. qzl aqa quite naked
(of young of animals); KKalp. qzl aqa quite naked (of young of animals); Nogh. bala-aa children.
VEWT 96, 1979, 170.
PKor. *jk-, *jk- small (): MKor. jk-, jk-; Mod. ak-.
Nam 419, 425, KED 1386.
SKE 20, EAS 64. Turkic forms are attested late and can be < Mong.;
however, Turkm. Ga with a long vowel is hard to explain as a loan.
On the other hand, cf. Karakh. ekn young of marmot (EDT 415),
Evk. eke tarbagan: if these words are related, the PA reconstruction
should be changed to *eka.
-[a]ki temple; ear: Tung. *aKar; Mong. *iki; Turk. *ke; Kor.
*kami.
PTung. *aKar temple; eyelid (; ): Evk. akar; Evn. aqarba.
2, 378. Occasional forms with -o- (Evk. dial. kawran, okom, Evn. oqrron)
may actually reflect PA *ke q.v.

438

*ale - *lu

PMong. *iki ear (): MMong. ikin (HY 45, SH), ek[]n (IM), iqin
(MA); WMong. ike, iki(n) (L 181); Kh. ix(en); Bur. exe(n); Kalm. ikn;
Ord. ike(n); Mog. ekin, ikin; ZM eqin (2-1b); Dag. iki (. . 181,
MD 129); Dong. qe, Gn, Gn; Bao. ixa, ixo; S.-Yugh. Gn,
iGn; Mongr. igi (SM 448).
KW 439, MGCD 573.
PTurk. *ke 1 temple 2 cheekbone (1 2 ): Karakh.
(MKypch.) eke 1 (At-Tuhf.); Turkm. ekge 1, 2; MTurk. eke back of
head (Vamb.); Uzb. akka 1, 2; Uygh. ek 1; Krm. ege 1; Tat. ig 1;
Bashk. sik 1; Kirgh. eke 1; Kaz. eke 1; KKalp. eke 1; Kum. eke 1; Nogh.
eke 1; Chuv. ig 1.
VEWT 103, TMN 3, 87f, 326, 203. Despite the lack of ancient attestation, the root is evidently archaic.

PKor. *kami chin of helmet ( ): MKor. kami;

Mod. agmi.
Nam 412, Liu 631.
KW 439, Poppe 55, 294 (without the Tung. form),
4, 203. The vocalism is not quite certain: a reconstruction of
*-a- is possible if we admit a secondary monophthongization *a- >
*a- in PTM.
-ale to spread, open wide: Tung. *ildi-; Mong. *ala-.
PTung. *ildi- 1 to spread, open wide 2 become wider (of footwear)
(1 , 2 ( )): Evk. ildi- 1; Evn. ldm- 2; Nan. ildin- ( )
(On.)
2, 393. The Nan. meaning reflects a contamination with ilqa- < *tilka- q.v.
PMong. *ala- to open wide, have a wide opening ( ): WMong. alaji- (L 162); Kh. calaj-; Bur. sal spacious;
Kalm. cal-; Ord. al-.
KW 420.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-lu ( ~ *la) to talk nonsense, babble: Tung. *l-; Mong. *al-;
Turk. *Al-.
PTung. *l- 1 to gossip, prattle, babble 2 tongue (1 , , 2 ): Evk. l- 1, l 2; Neg. l- 1; Nan. oli(On.) 1.
2, 405.
PMong. *al- to talk nonsense, blab ( , ):
WMong. ali- (L 162); Kh. ali-; Bur. ali-, alaran lisping; alaganato talk nonsense; Kalm. l-; Ord. ali-; Dag. oli-.
KW 438, MGCD 561.

*lV - *au

439

PTurk. *Al- 1 noisy, talkative man 2 blasphemy (1 , 2 ): OTurk. o/ulvu (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. ala 1 (MK).
EDT 418, 420.
A Western isogloss.
-lV a k. of thorny plant: Tung. *il-; Mong. *ulkir; Turk. *(i)al-;
Jpn. *tra.
PTung. *il- 1 growth, bushes 2 a k. of tree with red bark (1 , 2 ( )): Evn. ldqa 1;
Man. olo m 2.
2, 393, 405.
PMong. *ulkir a k. of plant ( ): WMong. ulkir
(); Kh. culxir.
PTurk. *(i)al-(gan) 1 bush, shrub 2 nettle 3 thorn (1 2 3 ): Tur. al 1; Gag. al blackthorn; thorn; Az. al 1;
Turkm. al ; Khal. alu eine Pflanze zum
Verbrennen; MTurk. alaan 2 (R - Vam.); Uzb. alw
; Kirgh. alqan 2; Shr. aln, (R) alanaq 2; Oyr. alqanaq 2.
VEWT 97, 110. Clauson (EDT 420) relates here OT () alqan spread of
an injury which is not quite probable (rather a derivative from the polysemic al-).

PJpn. *tra a k. of plant, Aralia manchurica (japonica) ( , ): OJpn. tara; MJpn. tra; Tok. tara(noki).
JLTT 542.
The root denotes a wild plant, probably thorny; the vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain. In TM one would expect a *ial-, but the
diphthong may have been distorted in a long form with initial affricate;
Mong. *ulukir may similarly represent a later assimilation < *alu-kir.
In that case one could reconstruct *la.
-au ( ~ *oe) a sharp bone, sharp instrument: Tung. *ok-; Turk.
*ee; Kor. * ( ~ *j).
PTung. *ok- 1 to peck 2 pecking, beak (1 2 ,
): Evk. ok- 1, ok 2; Evn. oq- 1, oqn 2; Neg. ok- 1, ok
2; Man. ogi-, oki- 1; Nan. ok- 1.
2, 407.
PTurk. *ee jaw (): Gag. en; Az. n; Turkm. ene (dial.);
Khal. n; MTurk. aa, ee (Pav. C., AH); Krm. cege; Kum. ene; Yak.
seie.
220. Despite . 1, 483-484, D-T 98 the Pers. nah lower jaw cannot be
the source of Turkic forms; it does not have any Iranian etymology and is itself most
likely a Turkism.

PKor. * ( ~ *j) chisel (): Mod. .

KED 1450.
It is also tempting to compare PJ *tnu horn.

440

*apa - *ke

-apa groin, hip: Tung. *iabu-; Mong. *abi.

PTung. *iabu- 1 thigh, hip 2 buttock (1 2 ): Ul. iwu
1; Nan. ok 2.
2, 389.
PMong. *abi groin (): WMong. abi (L 155); Kh. ca; Kalm. cv;
Ord. cawi.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite secure: the TM forms can be alternatively derived from *iK-ki, a diminutive of *iKi (*iK) pivot
(q. v. sub *ko ); cf. with the same anatomical meaning Ewk. iki, Ewn.
q, Neg. x, Ud. cigi ( 2, 391, . 310). For this etymological
direction see 1988, p. 120.
-ke ( ~ -k-) grass, weed: Tung. *Ka; Turk. *ekin; Jpn. *tksi;
Kor. *soksi.
PTung. *Ka grass (): Evk. ka; Evn. k; Neg. xa; Sol. uka.
2, 411.
PTurk. *ekin different weed kinds (
): Karakh. ikin / ekin a plant growing among the vines and eaten
by cattle (MK); MTurk. ekin greens, grass; a weed on rice fields, with
black seeds and sharp awns (Pav. C., Sangl.), ekil-dam tulip bulb; a
root similar to wild garlic (Pav. C., for dam cf. Uzb. dam pungency,
bitterness < Pers.); Uzb. akalak bush thicket (or perhaps to PT
*Eke-t?); Tat. kn corn cob (< Chuv.?); Bashk. skn corn cob ( <
Chuv.?); Kirgh. eken ; KKalp. igin weed
growing on rice fields, , igildik reed; Khak. sgen dry
grass; Chuv. akan reedmace.
VEWT 111, EDT 415, . 277, 316. Chuv. akan, despite
1997, 52-53 and Rona-Tas, is not connected with *jeken reed (v. sub *dk). Cf. other
grass names: Chuv. iken kurk geranium (according to ., grass helping from colics
- 1997, 56); ikka kurk camomile (according to . it hosts a plantlouse,
to summon which the children say ikka! - 1988,51); Uygh. ig plant fibre,
wild hemp (VEWT), Yak. sige , . Tuva sigen hay (Tuva),
(Tof. grass) has an irregular s-, so perhaps should be regarded as borrowed from Khak.

PJpn. *tksi horse-tail (): Tok. tskushi; Kyo. tsksh; Kag.

tsukush.
PKor. *sok- horse-tail (): MKor. soksai, soksi; Mod. soks.
Liu 464, KED 983.
Mong. ike-n in names of plants may be a merger of this root and
*ika q.v. Kor. soksi horse-tail is hard to separate from Jpn. tukusi id.;
most probably we are dealing with an assimilation here (soksi <
*oksi).

*k - *li

441

-k to agree, confirm: Tung. *ixa; Mong. *oku-; Turk. *ok-; Jpn.

*tnk-.
PTung. *ixa 1 will, wish, agreement 2 to agree, to wish (1 , , 2 , ): Man. ia 1, iala- 2; SMan.
ihal- to be fond of, like to (1890); Ul. tala- 2; Nan. ala- 2; Orch.
ixala- 2; Ud. la-, ahala- 2.
2, 390-391.
PMong. *oku- to agree, confirm (, ):
WMong. oqu- (L 199); Kh. coxo-; Bur. soxom (adverb); Ord. uxum vrai.
PTurk. *ok- 1 to pray 2 to sacrifice 3 to baptize 4 to worship 5
bailment, pledge (1 2 3 4 5 , ): Turkm. oqun- 3; Uzb. qin- 3,
1 (disapprovingly), 4; Uygh. oqun- 3; Tat. uqn- 3; Bashk. suqn- 3;
Kirgh. oqun- 3, 4; KKalp. oqn- 3; Kum. oqun- 3; Nogh. oqn- 3;
SUygh. oq et- 1 (); Khak. on- 1 (Sag.- R 2, 2014); Shr. oqta- to
besprinkle idols with an exclmation oq! R 4, 1024); Oyr. or- 2 (Lebed. R 3, 2014), oqto- to besprinkle idols with an exclamation oq! (R
3, 2009); Chuv. k 5.
VEWT 113-114, 328, 2, 426-427. Rsnens attempt to explain the
verb as baptism through immersion (linking Kypch. oqur pit and Taranchi oqur- to
sink (R 3, 2007) appears unconvincing. The former word is derived from ok- to delve,
and the latter should be corrected to kr- according to more modern sources. The semantic transfer of a pagan ceremony to the Christian one seems quite natural in an
islamicized society. The same root may be represented by the exclamation (made during
a libation), Oyr. oq!, Shor oq!, and further - the approbatory exclamation Kirgh. ok!,
Kaz. oq! etc. Quite unlikely is the hypothesis of a loan from Hebrew (Y. Malov, quoted in
). In fact, the meaning in Chuv. (pledge) and the external parallels suggest that
the religious component in the meaning of *ok- is relatively late (having evolved after
the separation of Bulgars): pledge > sacrifice > praying > baptizing. Turk. > Hung.
csk sacrifice, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *tnk- to commit, fulfil, come to an agreement (,

, ): OJpn. t(w)oga-; MJpn. tg-;
Tok. tog-; Kyo. tog-.
JLTT 769. Accent in Kagoshima is aberrant.
A good common Altaic verbal root.
-li ( ~ -e, *lo) grey, light: Tung. *olka; Mong. *il- / *el-; Turk.
*l.
PTung. *olka grey, white (of hair) (): Evk. olko; Neg. olko.
2, 405. Cf. also *ul- green, blue.
PMong. *il- / *el 1 albino 2 clear, cloudless (1 2 ,
): WMong. ilba 1 (L 182), il, el 2 (DO 703), ilge- 2; Kh.
alba, il; Bur. algar 2; Kalm. cel, ilgr 2; Ord. ilba 1, il 2.
KW 426, 440.

*l[m]i - *l[m]i

442

PTurk. *l grey, grey-headed (, ): Karakh. al (MK,

KB); Tur. al; Az. al; Turkm. l; MTurk. al having grey hair amid
black hair (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. l old man; Krm. al; Tat. al grey
hair; Bashk. sal; Kirgh. al; Kaz. al old man; KBalk. al; KKalp. al;
Kum. al; Nogh. al; Khak. al; Oyr. al; Yak. slr light-bay (horse);
pepper-and-salt (hair).
EDT 417, VEWT 96, TMN 2, 31, 640. Turk. > WMong. al, Kalm. cal,
Khalkha cal bral grey-haired, roan; Russ. .

A Western isogloss.
-l[m]i ( ~ -e, *l[m]o) to hobble, tether: Tung. *ulupk-; Mong.
*ilbur; Turk. *(i)al-, *(i)alma.
PTung. *ulupk- 1 to hobble (a dog) 2 dog-collar (1
() 2 ): Evk. ulupk- 1, ulupkwun 2; Evn. lipkin 1, lipkin- 2.
2, 413.
PMong. *ilbur bridle (): MMong. ilbur (HY 18, SH), olbor
(Lig.VMI), lbur (MA 403); WMong. ilbuur, ulbuur (L 182); Kh. culbr; Kalm. culwr; Ord. ulbr; Dag. olbur (. . 184); S.-Yugh.
lbr.
KW 433-434, MGCD 581. Mong. > Oyr. lbr etc.; > Man. ilburi, see TMN 1,
309-310, Doerfer MT 137, Rozycki 48.

PTurk. *(i)al- 1 turban 2 noose, lasso 3 to plait, wrap 4 to bind by

throwing the rope 5 to become entangled 6 to entangle 7 band, strap 8
to bind around, wrap around 9 to plait (1 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 ): Tur. alma 1; Gag. al- 8, alma 1; Az. alma 1; Turkm. alma 1, al3, alq entangled (of a rope); MTurk. alma 1, flask fastened to the
saddle (Pav. C., Sangl.), apron (Pav. C.); Uzb. al-(mq) 4, alma 1;
band, facing; Uygh. al-ma-- 5; Krm. cal- 8, calma 1, calman wattle; Tat.
al- 4, alma 1; Bashk. sal- 8, salma 1; Kirgh. al- 4, al 7, alma 2; Kaz.
al- 8; KBalk. alma 1, al- 9, alman wattle; KKalp. al- 8; Kum. al- 9,
alma 1; Nogh. alma 1, aluw 7; Khak. salba (Sag.)
; Oyr. alma 2, dial. (Leb.) al- 6; Tv. alba 2; Tof. alqaq
criss-crossing.
EDT 420, VEWT 97, 395. Turk. > Mong. alma, salma lasso, see TMN 4,
316-317, 1997, 163 (although the meaning lasso is not widely spread in Turkic,
Doerfer suggests that it may have been the original, pre-Islamic, meaning of the derivative *al-ma). Note Chuv. la- to entangle - usually derived as a loanword < Tat. ula< PT *og-la-, but in this case one would rather expect ula- - so the Chuv. form may
actually reflect PT *ial-. The root is attested late, but does not seem to be borrowed, or a
specialized development of *al- hit, chop (as suggested in TMN).

*olu - *opa

443

A Western isogloss. The medial cluster is not quite secure (perhaps one should rather reconstructed *li with different suffixes). It is
interesting to mention MKor. jmpr horses mudguards (Nam 426) perhaps a (somewhat distorted) loanword < Mong. ilbur.
-olu crippled: Tung. *ial-; Mong. *ile-; Turk. *ol-; Jpn. *tur-; Kor.
*rk.
PTung. *ial- 1 to be unable 2 to choke 3 exhausted 4 to stumble
(while going down the hill) (1 2 ,
3 4 ( )): Evk. elgek 3, el4; Evn. elgk- break (limb); Man. ili- 2; Ul. la- 1; Nan. la- 1; Orch.
la- 1.
2, 393, 420. The peculiar vocalism is best explained by supposing *ial- Cf.
also *ulug- ( 2, 413) < *ialug- (?).

PMong. *ile- to stiffen, get oedema (, , ):

MMong. ile- erschpft sein (SH); WMong. ile- (L 182); Kh. ile-; Bur.
elden (adj.), ele- to peter, ala-; Kalm. il- become ill, powerless (of
princes); Ord. ile-; Dong. la-.
KW 440, MGCD 570. Mong. > Yak. slaj-, Dolg. hlaj- (see Stachowski 118).
PTurk. *ol- 1 crippled 2 to deteriorate, dwindle 3 defect 4
short-statured (1 ( ) 2 , 3
, 4 , ): OTurk. oluq (OUygh.) 1, ol- 2,
olmaq 3 (OUygh. late - Suv.); Karakh. oluq (MK) 1; olquj worn (of a
sole), crippled (of an arm, hand) (MK); Tur. olak; olpa unskilful,
awkward; Gag. olaq 1; Az. olaG 1; Turkm. olaq 1; Khal. olaq handless, lame; MTurk. olaq (Sangl.); Uzb. lq handless, lame, ltq 4;
bungler, unskilled person; Uygh. olaq 1, 4; Krm. olaq (K) 1; Tat. ulaq;
Bashk. sulaq 1; Kirgh. olu- to pull out, pick out, oluj- become
curved, warp, oloj- become short, limbless, oloq 1, 4; Kaz. olaq 4,
oltj- to shorten; KBalk. olaq 1; KKalp. olaq 1, 4; Kum. olaq 1; Nogh.
olaq 1; olta-la- to move aside angrily; Oyr. oltuq 4; Tv. oluq sensitive, huffish.
EDT 419-420, VEWT 115, TMN 3, 89, 152. Turk. > Mong. olaq ( 1997,
113). The existing forms are derived from a verb *ol- become defective (cf. the attested
OUygh. ol- and forms like Kirgh. olu-).

PJpn. *tur- to have cramps ( ): Tok. tsur-.

PKor. *rk lame (, ):
MKor. rk.
Nam 422.
Cf. also Kor. jri-da to be stiff (of limbs), SKE 30, 1, 203.
-opa ( ~ *apu) a k. of clothing: Tung. *op-; Mong. *uba; Turk.
*Ap.
PTung. *op- a k. of overcoat ( ): Evn. obaqa; Sol. ibkea.

444

*op - *op

2, 388, 401.
PMong. *uba overcoat (, ): WMong. uba (L
203); Kh. cuv; Bur. suba; Kalm. cuw (fur) coat (); Ord. uwa.
Mong. > Man. uba id., KBalk. uba corset (but cf. also Gag. upak). The traditional
etymology ( < Arab. ubba) is not plausible phonetically.

PTurk. *Ap- 1 a k. of cloak 2 lap, skirt 3 used clothing 4 bedding

under the saddle 5 womans gown 6 gown 7 gusset (in clothes) (1
2 , 3 , 4
, 5 6 7 ( )): Karakh.
aput a padded garment (MK); Tur. aput 3, aprak 4; Gag. apraq 4;
Turkm. abt 5, apan 6, ap ornamental trimming for clothes lap;
Khal. abu trimmed section on a womans tunic; MTurk. apan 1 (R;
Pav. C. jamal apan mended cloak), abuq 2 (Pav. C.), (OKypch.)
aput 3 (AH); Uzb. pn 1; Uygh. apan 1; Tat. apan 1, apraq 4, abu 2;
Bashk. sapan 6, sabw 2; Kirgh. ab 7; apan 6, apan-apqt upper
clothes, opqut quilted coat under armour; expensive costume; Kaz.
abu 2, apan 6; KKalp. abuw 7, apan 6, obt used things, opqt rags;
Kum. abw 7, 2; Nogh. abuw gusset-like front part of gowns laps;
Khak. sab 7; Shr. abr 6; Oyr. abu 7; Tv. av 7; Tof. ab 7.
VEWT 99, EDT 396, TMN 3, 47, 643. Several derivations are clearly distinguishable: a) *ap-gut upper clothes, garment (with later development > used clothes);
b) *ap-rak bedding under the saddle; c) *ap-an cloak, gown; d) *ap-gu lap, gusset all clearly related to each other.

A Western isogloss; somewhat difficult - but necessary - to distinguish from *ep rag q.v.
-op water container, vessel: Tung. *up- / *op-; Mong. *erm;
Turk. *ap-; Jpn. *tp ( ~ -ua-); Kor. *(j)apa-.
PTung. *up- / *op- 1 pit, deep place 2 to submerge, dive (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. opk, uper 1, opo- 2;
Neg. op tk- 2; Ork. ubbe- 2.
2, 408, 416.
PMong. *erm pond (, ): WMong. germ, gerem,
grm (L 201); Kh. crm; Bur. srem; Kalm. crm ().
PTurk. *ap- 1 big vessel, barrel, pail 2 basin (1 ,
, , 2 , ): OTurk. opun 1
(OUygh., late - Suv.); Tur. opul 2; MTurk. sapaq (AH) (OKypch.); Krm.
capcaq, apaq 1; Tat. apaq 1; Bashk. sapsaq 1; Kirgh. apaq 1; KBalk.
apaq 1; KKalp. apaq wooden vessel for shaking up milk; Kum. apaq 1; Nogh. apaq 1; Khak. saban, sapax 1; Shr. apaq 1; Oyr. apaq 1;
Tv. opulaq spoon; Chuv. pe 1; Yak. sabaraj 1.
VEWT 99, 153, 223, 2, 148-149. Forms with -u- in the second
syllable demonstrate vowel assimilation (opu- < *apu-). External parallels strongly suggest that the word is not derived from *ap- hit, but is an original noun.

*[o]ra - *[g]a

445

PJpn. *tp ( ~ -ua-) gutter (): Tok. ti; Kyo. t; Kag. to.
JLTT 548.
PKor. *(j)apa- earthenware jar, bowl ( ): Mod.
abgi.
KED 1379.
A common derivative *op-rV is reflected in Mong. *e-r-m
and Evk. upe-r; another suffixed form, *op-kV (originally diminutive) may be reconstructed on the basis of Evk. op-k and Kor. ab-gi.
The root must have denoted a big water container, perhaps both artificial and natural.
-[o]ra a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *uru-; Mong. *ara-su; Turk. *ar-;
Kor. *ori-.
PTung. *uru- a k. of willow ( ): Evk. urumkur; Neg. ojomka; Nan. oromqola.
2, 417.
PMong. *ara-su oak tree (): WMong. arasu (); Kh. cars;
Bur. sarsa; Dag. carese (MD 128).
PTurk. *ar- 1 plane tree 2 gooseberry 3 asp tree 4 a k. of poplar (1
2 3 4 ): Karakh. arun (MK) 1;
Uygh. araj 2 (?); Kirgh. ar terek 4; Tv. arlan 3.
VEWT 110, EDT 430, 1972, 186.
PKor. *ori- oak tree (): MKor. oriham-namo; Mod. oriham-namu.
Liu 662, KED 1472.
The vocalism is uncertain; it is possible that the TM form should
be removed from here and compared with Jpn. *tr, see notes to PA
*lu. In such case a reconstruction *aro for the present root would be
possible.
-[g]a scarce, poor: Tung. *uki; Mong. *ukag; Turk. *ga.
PTung. *uki bad (): Ul. qana; Nan. uk (On.); Orch. uki.
2, 411.
PMong. *ukag scarce, poor, rare (, ): WMong. uqa
(L 208); Kh. uxag; Bur. uxag; Kalm. cux; Ord. uxaG.
PTurk. *ga 1 poor 2 mischief 3 impolite, rough (1 2 ,
3 , ): OTurk. a (Orkh.), aj (OUygh.)
1; Karakh. aj (MK), an (MK - Argu) 1; Tur. aj, an (dial.) 1;
MTurk. aj (R), an (R, Pav. C.) 1; Krm. jr 2 (with an unexplained
-r); Kum. n 3; Khak. sj 2; Shr. j 2.
VEWT 107, EDT 408-409, 334. Chuv. uxan poor may be of different origin (cf. an aberrant reflex of *g), cf. ux mediocre, ux poor ( < *jok?).

446

*ugu - *mu

A Western isogloss, somewhat questionable phonetically. Unclear

is -k- in TM and Mong. (*-g- would be expected). A possible solution is
to reconstruct for all three subgroups a suffixed form *ugu-kV.
-ugu to tie up, bandage: Tung. *uga-; Mong. *ig; Turk. *g-.
PTung. *uga- to fix, attach (, ): Ud.
uga-.
2, 410. Attested only in Ud., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *ig bandage, splint (, ): WMong. ig (L 179);
Kh. ig.
PTurk. *g- 1 to tie up (a parcel) 2 to sew (with small stitches) 3
parcel, pack 4 knot 5 to tie in a knot (1 (, ) 2
( ), 3 () 4 5
): Karakh. - 1; Tur. k, kn 3; Gag. q 3; Turkm. ig5, igin 4; Khal. (tn u) qn small parcels in womens working room;
MTurk. ik 4 (Pav. C.), (OKypch) q- 1 (AH); Uygh. ig- 5, igik 4; Kirgh.
ije 4; KKalp. ije tightly bound; SUygh. ig-, ik- 5; Khak. s-la- 2; Oyr.
i-de- 2.
EDT 405, VEWT 94. Forms apparently pointing to *k- most probably reflect a contraction of the suffixed form *g-k-.

A Western. isogloss; borrowing in Mong. is possible, but not very

probable for semantic reasons.
-me ( ~ -i) a k. of insect: Tung. *me- (~-,--); Turk. *meli; Kor.
*m.
PTung. *me- (~-,--) a k. of insect ( (
)): Evk. meldn; Ud. cimgi (. 310).
2, 395.
PTurk. *meli ant (): OTurk. meli (OUygh.); Karakh.
meli (MK - Chigil); MTurk. /umadu small ants (Pav. C.); Uzb.
umli; Uygh. ml (R - Tar.); Tat. mld (R - Bar.); Oyr. umal, dial.
ubal; Tv. ml maggot.
EDT 423, VEWT 121, 184.
PKor. *m a k. of worm, teredo; poisonous insect, poison
(-): MKor. m; Mod. om.
Liu 665, KED 1482.
184.
-mu round(ed) object: Tung. *umbu-; Mong. *om-; Turk. *mur;
Jpn. *tmns.
PTung. *umbu- 1 globe, sphere 2 rounded, swollen (of a mosquito)
3 (sleigh) arc (1 2 ( ) 3 ()): Evk.
umbukte 1, umkilptin 2; Nan. embu-embu 2.
2, 414.

*umu - *pa

447

PMong. *om- 1 bouquet; bud 2 bud-shaped (1 ; 2

): WMong. omurla, (L 197) omurli 1,
ombuar, ombun 2; Kh. comorlog 1, combogor, combon 2; Ord. om- avoir la forme de bouton de fleur.
PTurk. *mur 1 buds 2 lily 3 sphere, globe, fist (1 2 3
, , ): Oyr. omur 2; Tof. omur 1 (. 89, 231);
Chuv. mr 3.
The Chuvash form points to *--. The root is very localized, but seems to be distinct
from *m- / *um- top; stick with a knob (although a contamination was of course possible).

PJpn. *tmns hair-whorl ( ): OJpn. tumuzi;

MJpn. tmz; Tok. tsmuji; Kyo. tsmj; Kag. tsumuj.
JLTT 556. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
An expressive common Altaic root; both in Turkic and Japanese
its reflexes may have partially coincided with the reflexes of *mu top,
edge q.v., but in Mongolian and TM they seem to be distinct.
-umu seed, cone: Tung. *um- / *im-; Mong. *me; Turk. *m.
PTung. *um- / *im- cone (of any fir tree) (): Evk. unm ( <
*um-n); Neg. imukte; Ul. imikte; Ork. ipikte; Nan. imikte; Orch.
imikte.
2, 395, 414.
PMong. *me fruit stone, grain, seed (, , ):
WMong. me, m (L 202); Kh. cm; Bur. seme-
.
Mong. > Evk. me, me etc. (see 2, 421).
PTurk. *m 1 turf 2 meadow 3 various kinds of grass (with seeds)
(1 2 , 3 ): Karakh. /im 1, imgen 1, 2; Tur. imen 2, im 1; emen ; ; Gag. im 1, imen
1, 2; Az. mn 2, im 1; Turkm. emen 2, bundle, bouquet; Khal. mn,
imn 2 (< Pers.?); Uzb. aman 2, im 1; Uygh. im 1, imn 2; Kirgh. m
1; emirek (cf. also
mldq , mldrq, mndq (dial.) ); Kaz. m 1; Nogh.
m 1; Khak. m-olaj (an edible bulbous plant); Oyr. emene ; Chuv. emem/n ,
(- VII, 49).
The primary root is *m turf, whence *im-gen meadow, borrowed in Pers. aman
(see EDT 423; not vice versa, despite TMN 2, 99-100); but many of the modern forms
meaning meadow or bouquet are already backloans from Persian.

A Western isogloss.
-pa ( ~ -u) a k. of insect: Tung. *ope-; Mong. *ubali; Turk. *pn.
PTung. *ope- 1 locust 2 larva (of insects) (1 2 ()): Evk. epeder 1; Ul. ob 2; Nan. ob 2.

*p - *ga

448

2, 401, 421.
PMong. *ubali ant (): MMong. ubali (MA 136).
PTurk. *pn 1 fly 2 gad-fly 3 mosquito 4 bee (1 2 3 4 , ): Karakh. bn 1, 3 (MK); Tur. ibin 1, 3; Az.
ibin 1,2; Turkm. bn 3; Uzb. ibin 3; Uygh. ivin 1,2; Tat. eben 1, 2;
Bashk. seben-le- to be annoyed by fly-bites (of animals); Kirgh. mn
1,2; Kaz. bn 1,2; KBalk. ibin 1,2; Kum. ibin 1,2; Oyr. (dial.) mn 4.
VEWT 110, EDT 838, TMN 3, 53, 186.
An expressive Western isogloss.
-p small, narrow: Tung. *ip[u]-; Mong. *e-n; Jpn. *tp-s-; Kor.
*p-.
PTung. *ip[u]- narrow (): Evk. ipikte, ipileme; Evn. pt.
2, 398.
PMong. *e-n, -ken small (in number), few (, ):
MMong. uejen (HY 44), un (MA); WMong. ge(ge)n, (L 201:) gen,
geken, gken; Kh. cn; Bur. dej; Kalm. c(k)n; Ord. kn, rm;
Dag. un (. . 182); Dong. ueGuan (MGCD ouan); Bao. o;
S.-Yugh. n; Mongr. n (SM 454), gwn (SM 453).
KW 432, 460, MGCD 577. In Bur. two roots are contaminated *e-n few and
*- sm, little. dej means little, but s(n) - few.

PJpn. *tp-s- small (): OJpn. tip(j)isa-; MJpn. tfsa-; Tok.

chs-; Kyo. chsa-; Kag. chsa-.
JLTT 842. Kagoshima has an irregular reflex; otherwise all dialects point to low
tone.

PKor. *p- narrow (): MKor. p-; Mod. op-.

Liu 665, KED 1482.
Martin 249. Korean has a verbal low tone. In Turk. cf. perhaps
Kirgh. pqa strainer, pqala- to strain.
-ga ashes, glowing coals: Tung. *uguk ( ~ -b-); Turk. *g, -ak.
PTung. *uguk- ( ~ -b-) 1 snuff 2 to burn (with fire) 3 to hiss (of
glowing coals in contact with water) (1 2 () 3 ( )): Evk. uke,
dial. uwuk 1, uwkn- 2; Neg. owixn 3; Ud. auk-uk (expr.) 3.
2, 410, 412.
PTurk. *g glowing heat, glowing coals (, ):
OTurk. o (OUygh.); Karakh. o (MK); Turkm. g; MTurk. o
(Vamb.); Uzb. ; Uygh. oq, o; Kirgh. oq; Kaz. oq; SUygh. o;
Khak. so; Shr. o; Oyr. oq; Yak. suos; Dolg. huos.
VEWT 113, 114, 366-367, EDT 405, Stachowski 113 (Yak. suos = Tur. oga
sun heat). Turk. > WMong. o, Kalm. cog (KW 429, TMN 2, 119, 1997, 113).
Mong. > Yak. ox.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

*ka - *ke

449

-ka to peck, gouge: Tung. *k(i)-; Mong. *oki-; Turk. *ok-; Kor.
*h-.
PTung. *k(i)- 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig, delve (1
, 2 3 4 , ):
Evk. k- 4; Evn. uq- 4; Neg. ok- 1; Man. oki- 2; Ul. oq- 3; Nan. oq- 3;
Ud. cugu adze (. 311).
See 2, 403. Secondary vowel shortening in Nan.
PMong. *oki- to strike, punish (, ): MMong. oqoliul- to overthrow (SH); WMong. oki- (L 196); Kh. coxi-; coxi-lo; Bur. soxi-; Kalm. cok-; Ord. oki-; Mog. ZM qor axe (22-4a);
Dag. oki-; Mongr. ugu- (SM 440).
KW 429.
PTurk. *ok- 1 to peck 2 to delve, dig 3 to pick at 4 to stab 5 to pick
(eyes) 6 pitfall, delve (1 2 , 3 4 5 () 6 , ): OTurk. oq- 4
(OUygh.); Karakh. oq- to rush at the prey (of a bird) (MK); Tur. oku1, ukur 6; Gag. uqur 6; Az. uxur 6; Turkm. oq- 1, uqanaq, uxur 6;
MTurk. o/uqu- (Sangl., Pav. C. (5)); uqur 6 (Sangl.; starting with Old
Kypch.); ux-la- 3 (MA 137); Uzb. qi- 1, uqu-la- 2, 3, uqur 6; Uygh.
oqu- 1; Krm. oq- to sting, o- 1 (K), /uqu/r 6; Tat. uq- 1, oq- 2;
Bashk. suq- 1, soqo- 2, 3; Kirgh. oqu- 1, uqu- 3; Kaz. oq- 1, uq- 1, 3;
KKalp. oq- 1, uq- 2, 3; Kum. oqu- 1; Nogh. oq- 1, uq- 2, 3; Khak.
sox-la- 1; Oyr. oqu- 1, 3.
VEWT 114, 119, EDT 406. Kypchak languages suggest a distinction between *okto peck and *uk- to dig, delve, absent elsewhere, and possibly a result of interdialectal
loans.

PKor. *h- to kick (, ): MKor. h-; Mod. ha-.

Nam 447, KED 1562.
EAS 64, KW 429, 13, Doerfer MT 68. Martin 239 compares
OJ tuk- which can belong here, too, but is an obvious merger of several
roots.
-ke ( ~ -u-) cheek bone: Mong. *oku; Turk. *gde; Kor. *jki.
PMong. *oku temple, sinciput (, ): WMong. oqu (L 199);
Kh. cox; Bur. soxo forehead; (Okin.) temple; Kalm. cox (); Dag.
oko (. . 181).
Mong. > Man. oki, see Doerfer MT 137; Kirgh. oqu etc. (see TMN 3, 119).
PTurk. *gde 1 the projecting bone behind the ear 2 back of head 3
back of axe (1 2 3 ):
OTurk. gte (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. gdei (MK) 1; Turkm. wde 2, 3;
Uzb. (dial.) jd 2; Bashk. j papilla of the first neck vertebra, back
side of blade; Kaz. jde 2, 3; KKalp. jde 2; Nogh. jde 2, cerebellum;
Chuv. ivt, t womans plait (.).

450

*ki - *li

EDT 414, 213, 2, 116 (both gloss the Chuv. word as obscure), 202.
PKor. *jki cheek (): MKor. p-jki (a compound with pcheek).
HMCH 199, Nam 261.
203. Cf. also notes to *[a]ki.
-ki to incline, sink: Tung. *oK[i]-; Mong. *k-; Turk. *k-; Jpn.
*tuku-(m)pap-; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *oK[i]- 1 to incline, bow 2 to squat (1 , 2 ): Evk. oko- 2; Neg. oxtn-
; Man. uqu- 1; Nan. oqojgan squatting (On.)
2, 411, 404. Cf. also *i- to squat ( 2, 418) < *Uk-i- (?).
PMong. *k- to lose all hope, to be a beggar ( ,
): WMong. k-, kre- (L 201); Kh. cx-, cxr-; Bur.
sxer-; Kalm. ck-, ckr-; Ord. rli-; Dag. akaral ,
(. . 180); Mongr. ugo eclipse.
KW 431, 432.
PTurk. *k- 1 to kneel down 2 to sink 3 to sit (1 2 , 3 , ): OTurk. k- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. k- 1 (MK); Tur. k- 1; Gag. k- 1, 2, 3; Az. k- 2;
Turkm. k- 1, 2; Sal. k-, x- 1 (); MTurk. k- 1 (Sangl.); Uzb. k1, 2; Uygh. k- 1, 2; Krm. k-, cok- 1; Tat. k- 1; Bashk. sk/g- 1, 2;
Kirgh. k- 1, 2; Kaz. k/g- 1, 2; KBalk. k/g- 1, 2, 3; KKalp. k/g- 1, 2;
Kum. k/g- 1, 2, 3; Nogh. k/g- 1, 2; SUygh. oGe- 3; Shr. k- 2; Oyr.
g-d- 1; Chuv. k- to fall, g-n- 1; Yak. sgrj- 1.
VEWT 117, TMN 3, 120-122, EDT 413-4, 205, 2, 90-91. Turk. >
WMong. k(le)-, Kalm. kl- (KW 444; TMN 2, 121, 1997, 113).

PJpn. *tuku-(m)pap- to squat ( ): MJpn.

tuku-baf-; Tok. tsukuba-.
PKor. *k- 1 to die 2 to kill (*k-jo-) 3 to bow, incline 4 to squat (1
2 (*k-jo-) 3 4 ):
MKor. k- 1, skr- 3, skr- 4, kj-m killing; Mod. uk- 1, ugi- 2,
k:ul(h)- 3, :ugri- 3, 4.
Nam 433, 434, 63, KED 1503, 1504, 219, 1470, 1494.
VEWT 117, KW 431 (without the Korean form), EAS 64, SKE 43,
286. Despite Doerfers (TMN 3, 122) criticism, the root is certainly common Altaic. In Mong. cf. also reduplicated forms: Khalkha
cogcoj s-, Bur. sogsojo h- to squat, sogsogono- to curtsey. The original meaning must have been squat, kneel down - whence incline,
sink, and further metaphorical developments: lose hope, die.
-li ( ~ -e) steppe: Tung. *ulbi-; Mong. *olid; Turk. *l.
PTung. *ulbi- a small hill ( ): Evk. ulbikn.

*me - *omi

451

2, 413. Attested only in Evk., with possible parallels in Turk. and Mong.
PMong. *olid area with many small lakes (,
): WMong. olid (L 197); Kh. cod.
PTurk. *l steppe, desert (, ): OTurk. lig name of a
country (Orkh.); Tur. l; Az. l; Turkm. l; MTurk. l (Abush.,
Sangl.); Uzb. l; Uygh. l; Krm. l; Bashk. sl desert; Kirgh. l; Kaz.
l; KKalp. l; Kum. l; Nogh. l; SUygh. l (); Khak. sl; Oyr.
l; Tv. l field, plaza; Tof. l steppe, desert.
VEWT 117, TMN 3, 122-123, EDT 420. Turk. > WMong. l desert (because of uncertainty of OT lig doubted by Clark 1977, 135).

A Western isogloss.
-me together, all: Tung. *unu; Mong. *m; Jpn. *tm.
PTung. *unu all, entirely (, , ): Neg. unu; Ul.
unu; Nan. unu; Ud. ono.
2, 415.
PMong. *m all, entirely (, ): WMong. m (L 202);
Kh. cm; Bur. sme; Kalm. cm; Ord. m.
KW 432. Mong. > Chag. /om tout entier; tous (Pav.C.) .
PJpn. *tm together (): OJpn. tomo; MJpn. tm; Tok. tom,
tmo; Kyo. tm; Kag. tmo.
JLTT 549. Most sources point to high tone in the first syllable (except the aberrant
Tokyo variant tmo).

A not quite clear phonetic development in TM; perhaps one has to

reconstruct *me, with cluster simplification in Mong. and with dissimilation *umu > *unu in TM.
-omi ( ~ -e) stack, to stack: Tung. *um-; Mong. *omu-; Turk. *mele.
PTung. *um- 1 to put into a stack 2 a wood stack (1 2 ): Evk. ume- 1, ume 2.
2, 414. Attested only in Evk. (Evk. > Yak. mx, not vice versa), but having
probable Turkic and Mongolian parallels.

PMong. *omu- 1 to collect, stack 2 haystack (1 , 2 ): WMong. omu-ru- 1, omu 2 (L 197); Kh. comro- 1,
comog 2; Bur. somo 1, som 2; Kalm. com cone hillock; Mongr. umoG
petite tente (SM 440), omboG tas, meule (SM 454).
KW 430.
PTurk. *mele stack, haystack (, ): Uygh. ml; Krm. ?
mel wizy; Tat. ml; Bashk. sml; Kirgh. ml; Kaz. mele;
Chuv. mel.
210, 2, 108, . 137.
A Western isogloss.

*mu - *rV

452

-mu ( ~ -o-) to cram, stop up: Jpn. *tm-; Kor. *m-, *m-.
PJpn. *tm- to be crammed, to cram ( , ):
OJpn. tum-; MJpn. tum-; Tok. tsm-, tsme-; Kyo. tsm-, tsm-.
JLTT 774, 775.
PKor. *m- to be closed, shut; to hide, submerge ( ;
, ): MKor. m-; m-t-, m(ki)- to soak, submerge; Mod. am-gi-, am-g-.
Nam 413, 417, KED 1395, 1396.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; Western parallels may have merged with
*mo to dive, scoop q.v.
-opi ( ~ -e) dregs, dirt: Tung. *upa; Mong. *b; Turk. *p.
PTung. *upa dregs, grounds; porridge (, ; ): Evk.
upa.
2, 415.
PMong. *b dirt, dregs (, ): WMong. b (L 200); Kh.
cv; Bur. sb; Kalm. cb; Ord. cb caG dirty time = time of war, hunger etc..
KW 431.
PTurk. *p 1 dregs, impurity, rubbish 2 stick, small branch, straw 3
penis 4 grass, hay (1 2 , , 3 penis 4
, ): OTurk. b, bik 1 (OUygh. Budd.); Karakh. b dregs of
wine; any piece of noodles; bek 3 (MK; with Kypch. phonology bik
); Tur. p 1, 2, 3; Gag. p, ep gag in a barrel,
epk grapevine, wine dregs, epel dirty; Az. p 2; Turkm. p 2; Sal.
p weed, grass; MTurk. u/b 2 (Pav. C.), 1 (Sangl.); Uzb. p 1, 2;
Uygh. p grass; noodles; Krm. p 1, 4; Tat. p 1, bek oakum,
combings; Bashk. sp 1, weed; Kirgh. p 4; afterbirth; bg dregs
after boiling butter; Kaz. p 1, 4; KBalk. b 2, 4; KKalp. p 1, 4; Kum.
p 1, weed; lot; Nogh. p 1, 2; Shr. p 1, bek hemp straw; Oyr. p
1; 4; afterbirth; Chuv. p 1; newborn child.
VEWT 118, EDT 394, 396, 323, 2, 148. Turk. > Russ. Siber. up
dregs, see 677.

A Western isogloss; Mong. may be < Turkic.

-rV pike: Tung. *r-; Mong. *urukai; Turk. *ortan.
PTung. *r- 1 pike 2 young fish (1 2 ): Man.
uru 2; Sol. srald 1.
2, 113, 400. The Manchu form is regarded as a mongolism by Rozycki, but
(unlike Evk. irukaj pike) is more probably a genuine cognate.

PMong. *urukai pike (): MMong. uraqa (SH); WMong. urqai,

(L 207:) uruqai; Kh. curxaj; Bur. surxaj; Kalm. curx.
KW 434. Mong. > Evk. irukai, see Doerfer MT 131. Cf. also Kalm. cordg young
pike (KW 430) - possibly a Turkism.

*g - *ukV

453

PTurk. *ortan 1 eel 2 pike (1 2 ): Tur. ortan 1; Turkm.

ortan 2; Uzb. rtan 1; Tat. urtan 2; Bashk. sortan 2; Kirgh. orton 2;
Kaz. ortan 2; KKalp. ortan 2; Kum. ortan 2; Nogh. ortan 2; Khak. sortan 2; Shr. ortan 2; Oyr. orton 2; Tv. ortan 2; Chuv. rdan, rtan 2;
Yak. sordo 2; Dolg. hordo 2.
VEWT 116, 178, Stachowski 108.
KW 434, 178. A Western isogloss.
-g bundle: Mong. *ug-; Turk. *ug; Jpn. *tk; Kor. *ok.
PMong. *ug- 1 together 2 to bind together (1 2 ):
WMong. u 1, ula- 2 (L 205), uala- accumuler; Kh. cug, cugla-;
Bur. sug; Kalm. cuG, cul-; Ord. ugla- sassembler; S.-Yugh. oG;
Mongr. oG (SM 453), uolo- entasser, amonceler, se rassembler (SM
460).
KW 433, MGCD 580. Mong. > Oyr. uq etc. (VEWT 119).
PTurk. *ug 1 bundle 2 to bind, pack, wrap (1 2 ,
, ): OTurk. u 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. u 1,
u-la- 2 (MK); Tur. (dial.) u 1; Az. ula- 2; MTurk. u yoke (Pav.
C.), ula- 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. ula- 2; Krm. ula- 2; Tat. ola- 2; Bashk. sw
placenta, sola- 2; Kirgh. 1, (South.) uq swaddle (*uguk), ula- 2;
Kaz. uw-maq 1, ulaw ; KBalk. ula- 2; KKalp. uw-maq-la2, ula-n- ; Nogh. uw-maq 1; Khak. sula2; Shr. u 1 (R), ula- 2; Oyr. (dial.) 1, -la- 2 (R); Tv. ula- to cover
(with a blanket); Yak. s wrapper, s-l- 2; Dolg. h-l- 2.
VEWT 119, EDT 405, 407, Stachowski 114.
PJpn. *tk bundle (): OJpn. tuka; tuka-na- to bundle; MJpn.
tk, tk-n.
JLTT 554.
PKor. *ok womens hairdo ( , ): MKor. ok;
Mod. :ok.
Nam 430, KED 1477.
Korean *ok should be explained as a contraction < *ugu-kV, with
a frequent suffixed -k.
-ukV ( ~ -o-) to jump, trot: Tung. *uKe-r-; Mong. *ogi-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *uKe-r- to move warily; to jump cautiously (
; ): Evk. uker-.
2, 412. Attested only in Evk., but having probable parallels in Mong. and Kor.
PMong. *ogi- to trot (not very swiftly) (, ( )): WMong. ogi- (L 196); Kh. cogi-; Bur. sojor-; Ord. ogi-.
PKor. *h- to dance (): MKor. hu-; h-m dance (n.);
Mod. hu-.
Liu 701, KED 1629.
Korean has a frequent vowel loss between a stop and a fricative.

454

*ki - *upa

-ki ( ~ -u-) a k. of fish: Turk. *ke; Kor. *ki.

PTurk. *ke sterlet (): Tat. k, dial. () k; Bashk.
sg; Chuv. ga.
VEWT 121, 2, 152. A local Volga region word; cf. however Turkm. j balk
pike, lit. nail-fish - which may be a reanalysis of the original root.

PKor. *ki gilthead fish (Collichthys fragilis); porgy (sea bream)

( ): MKor. ki, joki; Mod. ogi.
Nam 427, 432, KED 1470.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.
-uli to grow less, shrink: Tung. *ulbi-; Mong. *l-; Turk. *lik-;
Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ulbi- to starve, become lean (, ): Evk.
ulbi-.
2, 413. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *l- to diminish, deteriorate (, ): WMong. li- (L 202); Kh. clij-.
Cf. also WMong. uluid- id.
PTurk. *lik- to become shabby ( , ): Karakh. lik- (lk-) (MK); Tur. (dial.) il little; Turkm.
l-aGa little children, lpe small child; MTurk. le- tre alter
(Pav. C.); Kirgh. lk- to be exhausted, weakened; Khak. slek- to
wear unusual clothes.
VEWT 121, EDT 420.
PKor. *r- 1 to shrink, grow less 2 to starve, be famished (1 , 2 ): MKor. uri-hi- 1 (tr.), ri- 2; Mod.
l- 1, ri- 2.
Liu 670, KED 1496, 1508.
SKE 44.
-upa grey: Tung. *ub-r-; Mong. *abidar; Turk. *ubar.
PTung. *ub-r- green, blue, yellow (, , ):
Evk. ri-n,-rin; Evn. ra; Neg. ojn; Sol. sr, () uurin.
The root is probably *ub-; see 2, 417-418.
PMong. *abidar yellowish (of horses color) (, ( )): MMong. abdar (MA); WMong. abidar (L 155); Kh.
cadar; Bur. sabidar; Kalm. cwdr (); Ord. awidar robe de cheval:
alezan crinire et queue blanches; Dag. ebdg; S.-Yugh. abdar.
MGCD 554.
PTurk. *ubar variegated (): Tat. uwar; Kirgh. r.
VEWT 118-119. Note however that most of the forms listed in VEWT actually reflect PT *opur (v. sub *op), so the root *ubar appears to be very late and local.

*upV - *upV

455

A Western isogloss. KW 431, Poppe 26, 48. Mong. > late MTurk.
abdar (see 1997, 202), Evk. abidar etc., see Doerfer MT 101,
Rozycki 41.
-upV through: Tung. *up-; Mong. *ou.
PTung. *up- 1 through and through, completely 2 to pull out (1 , 2 ): Evk. up 1, upt- 2; Evn. ptre
1, ptl- 2; Neg. op 1, opt- 2; Ul. p 1, pti- 2; Ork. tp, p 1,
tptll- 2; Nan. op 1; Orch. op 1, pp- 2; Ud. ofu 1; Sol. stt- 2.
2, 415-416.
PMong. *ou 1 through and through, completely 2 to pierce, make
a hole 3 to be pierced (1 , 2 ,
3 ): WMong. ou 1, oul- 2 (L 195), ouru3; Kh. c 1, clo- 2; Bur. slgo ice-hole, , snog hole; Kalm. cl2 (); Ord. l- 2; Mog. l; ZM l hole, window (14-4b); Dag.
ro- 3 (. . 182); Bao. ol-, or- 2; S.-Yugh. l-; Mongr. li- (SM
454), l- (Huzu) 2.
MGCD 573, 574.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (but cf. also Tuva uptu all < TM?). See
PKE 38 (although Kor. i hardly belongs here).

D
-dg near; to follow: Tung. *daga; Mong. *daa-ri-; Turk. *jgu-; Jpn.
*dnk-; Kor. *ta(h)-.
PTung. *daga 1 near 2 soon 3 for a short time (1 2 3
): Evk. daga 1; Evn. d-l 1; Neg. daa 1; Man. da-rtaj 2; SMan.
arit, dartai at once, instantaneously (2689); Jurch. di-a-sa (681) 1;
Nan. da-pt 3; Ud. d-sa 1 (. 226); Sol. daga 1.
1, 187-188.
PMong. *daa-ri- to pass; to hit in passing, offend ( ; ): MMong. daari- (SH, HYt); WMong. daari- (L 218); Kh.
dajra-; Bur. dajra-; Kalm. dr-; Ord. dri-; Dag. dri-; S.-Yugh. dr-;
Mongr. dri- rencontrer en chemin, dire en passant (SM 45).
KW 83, MGCD 191, TMN 1, 318. Mong. > Chag. dar-; Yak., Dolg. trj- (Ka. MEJ
28, Stachowski 219); Man. dari- id. The original meaning is to pass closely (not hit, pace
Doerfer).

PTurk. *jgu- 1 to draw near 2 near (1 2 ):

OTurk. jau- (OUygh.) 1, jauq (Orkh.) 2; Karakh. jau- (MK, KB) 1,
jauq (MK) 2; Tur. javuk 2; Az. jav- 1 (dial.), jowuG 2; Turkm. jovu- 1
(dial.), jowuq 2; MTurk. javu- (Pav. C.) 1, javuq (Abush.) 2; Uzb. jvuq 2;
Tat. jawuq, juwq (dial.); Kirgh. - 1, q 2; Kaz. uw- 1, uwq 2; KBalk.
uwuq, zuwuq; KKalp. uw- 1, uwq 2; Kum. juwuq 2; Nogh. juw- 1;
Oyr. j-, u- 1, jq, q 2; Tv. q 2; Chuv. vx 2; Yak. ugas 2; Dolg.
hugas, ugas 2, hugah- 1.
4, 62-63, EDT 898, 901, Stachowski 75, 110.
PJpn. *dnk- soon after, before long (, ) :
MJpn. jgte; Tok. ygate; Kyo. ygt; Kag. yagte.
JLTT 570. The accent in Kagoshima is aberrant, otherwise all dialects point to high
tone.

PKor. *ta(h)- following (): Mod. ta-m.

KED 388.
EAS 51, 91, 92, KW 72, Poppe 22, Doerfer MT 241, 15,
26-27, 71, 278, 12. Closed vowel in Turkic is unexpected (*jagwould be a normal reflex).

*dg - *dagV

457

-dg enemy, alien: Tung. *dagu-r; Mong. *dajin; Turk. *jag; Jpn.
*(d)ks; Kor. *ti.
PTung. *dagu-r 1 friend 2 Daghur 3 allied kin (1 2 () 3
): Evk. door, daor 1; Evn. do 1; Man. daur 2; Nan. doa
1, 3; Sol. dar 2.
1, 189, 211, 212. Neg., Oroch, Ul., Orok doa allied kin < Nan. (which itself
may be historically a Manchurism). TM > WMong. daur, Dag. dagur, daur (. . 134),
Yak. door, Dolg. dogo, dogor (Stachowski 81).

PMong. *dajin war (): MMong. daijin, daijisun (SH), din enemy (IM), dain (MA); WMong. dajin (L 222); Kh. dajn; Bur. daj(n); Kalm.
dn; Ord. dn war; enemy; Dag. dain, daisan (. . 134, MD 132);
S.-Yugh. dain.
KW 83, MGCD 192. Mong. > Man. dain etc., see Doerfer MT 115, Rozycki 54.
PTurk. *jag enemy, war (, ): OTurk. ja (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ja (MK); Tur. ja; Az. ja; Turkm. ja; Khal. ja; MTurk. ja
(Houts.); Uzb. jw, (dial.) jaw, j; Uygh. jaw, ja, j (dial.); Tat. jaw;
Bashk. jaw; Kirgh. ; Kaz. aw; KBalk. aw, aw, zaw; KKalp. aw; Kum.
jaw; Nogh. jaw; SUygh. ja; Khak. ; Shr. ; Oyr. j, u; Tv. ; Chuv.
u heathen; Yak. sa-kr rogue, villain.
VEWT 178, 4, 55-56, 561, 2, 129 (?).
PJpn. *(d)ks warrior, war (, ): OJpn. ikusa; MJpn.
ks; Tok. ikus; Kyo. ks; Kag. ikus.
JLTT 423. Kyoto points to *ks, all other forms - to *ks.
PKor. *ti barbarian (): MKor. ti; Mod. tw.
Nam 161, KED 496.
EAS 50, 88, KW 83, 267, 7, 15. Borrowing in
Mong. from Turk. (TMN 4, 101-102, 1997, 121) is impossible. A
suffixed form *dagi-gu (*dagi-u) accounts for labialization in the second
syllable (in TM, Jpn. and, originally, in Kor.).
-dagV shoulder bone, back: Tung. *daga-; Mong. *dajira / *daari; Turk.
*jagr, *jagrn.
PTung. *daga- hip, hip bone, shoulder bone (,
, ): Evk. daaa; Neg. daaa; Man. dabsi shoulder;
Ork. dna.
1, 184, 188. TM > Dag. dagan (. . 134).
PMong. *dajira / *daari 1 withers 2 abrasion, sore on back of animal (1 2 ): MMong. daari 1 (SH),
dari 2 (MA); WMong. dajira 1 (L 222: dajir 2), daari 2 (L 218); Kh. dajr 1,
2; Bur. dri, dajr 2; Kalm. dr 1; Ord. dri 2; Dag. dre (MD 131), dri, d
(. . 135), dr 2,; Dong. daru-san 2; S.-Yugh. dr 2; Mongr. dr,
dri (SM 45) 2.
KW 83, MGCD 182. Mong. > Evk. daarin etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, Doerfer MT 76.

458

*dku - *dk

PTurk. *jagr, *jagrn back, shoulderblade (, ): Tur.

jar, dial. jar, jar; Turkm. jarn; jarn, jarn (dial.); Sal. jar (Kakuk); MTurk. jarn (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jarin; Tat. jawrn,
jawrn, awr (dial.); Bashk. jawrn (dial.); Kum. jawrun; Nogh. jawrn.
VEWT 178, 4, 65-67, 139-141, 242.
318, 1972a, 89-91. A Western isogloss. Despite 1997, 121 Mong. is not < Turk. Turk. *jagr
represents in fact a merger of two different original roots (see *eka).
See also TMN 4, 177-178 (with unconvincing criticism).
-dku coverlet: Tung. *dakan-; Turk. *jogurgan; Jpn. *dk.
PTung. *dakan- 1 to cover 2 coverlet, mat (1 2 , ): Ul. daqan- 1, daqana(n) 2; Ork. daqan- 1, daqapta 2; Nan.
daqa- 1, daqaa 2.
1, 191.
PTurk. *jogurgan blanket (): OTurk. jourqan (OUygh.);
Karakh. jourqan (MK); Tur. joran; Gag. joran; Az. joran; Turkm.
joran; Sal. joran; Khal. jorn; MTurk. joran (Ettuhf.), juran (Houts.),
jawurqan (MA); Uygh. jo(r)tqan; Krm. joran; Tat. juran; Bashk. juran;
Kirgh. rqan; KBalk. uwuran, ran, uwuran, zuwuran; Kum.
jowuran; Nogh. jurqan, juwrqan; Khak. oran; Oyr. rqan; Tv. ran;
Yak. suoran; Dolg. huorgan, suorgan.
EDT 907, VEWT 205, 4, 225-226, Stachowski 112.
PJpn. *dk floor (): OJpn. juka; MJpn. jk; Tok. yka; Kyo.
yk; Kag. yka.
JLTT 579. Cf. Kor. j cushion, mattress < Jpn.?
Cf. also Bur. dagadxa unworked leather, leather mat. Turk. -omust be a result of secondary narrowing in a polysyllabic word <
*jagu-rgan.
-dk follow, near: Tung. *daxa-; Mong. *daka-, *daga-; Turk. *jAk-n;
Jpn. *tk-.
PTung. *daxa- to follow, obey (, ): Neg.
daxaw-; Man. daa-; SMan. dah- (1181); Jurch. tai-xa (360); Ul. daa-;
Ork. dar-; Nan. daa-; Orch. dau-; Ud. dahala- (-li-) to agree (.
226).
1, 191.
PMong. *daka-, *daga- to follow ( .-.): MMong. daqa(HY 33, SH); WMong. daa- (L 216); Kh. daga-; Bur. daxa-; Kalm. dax-;
Ord. daGa-; Dag. daga- (. . 134), dahe (MD 131); Dong. daGa-; Bao.
daGa-, (MGCD) deg-; S.-Yugh. taa- (MGCD da-); Mongr. daG- (SM
38).
KW 72, MGCD 189. The variant with -g- is obviously a result of later assimilation <
*daka-.

*dla - *dla

459

PTurk. *jAk- 1 to come near 2 near 3 to come near to each other,

pass 3 good (1 2 3 , 4 ): OTurk. jaq- (OUygh.) 1, jaqn (OUygh.) 2, jaq(OUygh.) 3; Karakh. jaq- (MK, KB) 1, jaqn (MK) 2, jaq- (MK) 3, ja
(MK) 4; Tur. jakn 2, jak- 3, jak 4; Gag. jaqn 2, jaq- 3; Az. jaxn 2, jax
4; Turkm. jaq- 1, jaqn 2, jaG 4; Sal. jan 2, ja 4; MTurk. jaqn (MA)
2, ja 4 (MA); Uzb. jaqin 2, jaxi 4; Uygh. jaq- 1, jeqin 2, jaqi 4; Krm.
jaqn 2, jaq 4; Tat. jaqn 2, jax 4; Bashk. jaqn 2, jaq 4; Kirgh. aqn 2,
aq 4; Kaz. aqn 2, aqs 4; KKalp. aqn 2, aqs 4; Nogh. jaqn 2, jax 4;
SUygh. jahGn 2, jax(i) 4; Khak. an 2, axs 4; Tv. close to; Tof.
xa- to press to.
VEWT 178, 180, EDT 896-9, 901, 904, 908-9, 4, 63-64, 81, 84, TMN 4, 179.
PJpn. *tk- near (): OJpn. tika-; MJpn. tk-; Tok. chik-;
Kyo. chka-; Kag. chik-.
JLTT 842.
KW 73, 1, 215-216, Doerfer TMN 4, 105 (with some unsubstantial criticism), MT 241, 15, 26-27, 71, 278. Despite Doerfer
MT 142, TM is hardly borrowed from Mong.
-dla wave, deep place: Tung. *dal-; Mong. *dalaj; Turk. *dl-; Jpn.
*dara.
PTung. *dal- 1 overflow, inundation 2 small wave, jet (1 , 2 , , ): Neg. dalan 1; Man. dol-in 2; Ul.
dala(n) 1; Nan. dal 1.
1, 193, 214. Rozycki 61 proposes Man. dolin < Mong. dolgijan (v. sub *alu),
which is hardly possible.

PMong. *dalaj sea, ocean (, ): MMong. dalai (HY 3, SH),

dalai (MA); WMong. dalai (L 224); Kh. dalaj; Bur. dalaj; Kalm. dal, dal;
Ord. dal; Dag. dalai (. . 134: da MD 132); S.-Yugh. dal; Mongr.
dal, dal (SM 41).
KW 73, MGCD 193, 633. Mong. > Evk. dalai (Doerfer MT 125); Chag. dalaj etc., see
TMN 1, 325, VEWT 130).

PTurk. *dl- 1 to sink 2 ocean (1 () 2 , ):

OTurk. taluj 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Tur. dal- 1; Gag. dal- 1; Turkm. dl- 1
(dial.); MTurk. tal-, dal- 1; Krm. dal- 1; Tat. tal- 1 (dial.); Tv. tal- (Castr.)
swim.
3, 133-134 (to be separated from *Tal- to faint); EDT 502 (the Chinese etymology of OT taluj seems hardly plausible: the compound MC dj-lwi is not attested, and
we would expect *Tajluj, not *Taluj anyway).

PJpn. *dara sea bottom, deep place ( , ):

OJpn. jara.

460

*dala - *dli

368, Doerfer MT 125. Despite TMN 1, 325, EDT 502

Mong. cannot be < Turkic (initial d- cannot be explained). See notes to
*tle.
-dala ( ~ -e-) a k. of building: Mong. *dal; Jpn. *da.
PMong. *dal warm shelter for large cattle (, ): WMong.
dal (L 223); Kh. dal; Bur. dal; Kalm. dal ().
PJpn. *da house (, ): OJpn. ja; MJpn. j; Tok. y; Kyo. y;
Kag. y.
JLTT 569. RJ has the right upper dot and the original accent is not quite clear.
Street 1985, 640. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-dli to roast, burn: Tung. *dalga-; Mong. *dl; Jpn. *(d)r-; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *dalga- to roast (): Evk. dalga-; Evn. dalgat-/-; Neg.
dalga-; Ul. alGa-; Ork. dalda-; Nan. dalGa-; Sol. dalga- to burn.
1, 193-194.
PMong. *dl flame (): WMong. dl, dli (L 267); Kh. dl;
Bur. dle(n).
Mong. > Yak., Dolg. tln (Stachowski 228).
PJpn. *(d)ir- to roast, fry (): OJpn. ir-; MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo.
r-; Kag. r-.
JLTT 698.
PKor. *tr- to roast, burn (, ): MKor. tr-h-; Mod. tlbe hot, burned.
Liu 200, KED 403.
EAS 1, 124, SKE 252. Korean has a usual verbal low tone; Mong.
*dl < *del (from an earlier *deli-w). On a possible Turkic reflex see
under *ale.
-dli glue; to glue, stick: Tung. *dl-bu-; Mong. *il-; Turk. *jli-m.
PTung. *dl-bu- to glue, stick to (, ): Evk. dalbu-;
Evn. dlbu-; Neg. dlb-; Man. dalu-; Ul. darp-; Nan. dlpo-; Ud. dagbu-.
Cf. also Evk. dl- to stick to, be boring (which probably reflects the original suffixless stem *dl(a)-). See 1, 192.

PMong. *il- fish glue ( ): MMong. il-sn (MA);

WMong. ilaan; Kalm. aln Schleim; Bao. ilso glue; Mongr. uls
glue.
KW 107, MGCD 555.
PTurk. *jli-m glue (): OTurk. jelim (OUygh.); Karakh. jelim
(MK); Tur. jilim; Turkm. jelim; MTurk. jelim (Ettuhf.), jilim (AH); Uzb.
jelim; Uygh. jelim; Tat. ilem; Bashk. jelem; Kirgh. elim; Kaz. elim;
KBalk. jelim, elim, elim; KKalp. elim; Nogh. jelim; SUygh. jilm; Shr.
elim; Oyr. jelim, elim; Chuv. ilm; Yak. silim; Dolg. hilim.
EDT 928-929, VEWT 196, 4, 179-180, TMN 4, 189, Stachowski 103.

*dalo - *dlV

461

4, 180. A Western isogloss. Turkic must have a secondary

narrowing *e > * here (in a disyllabic structure?).
-dalo sweet, tasty: Tung. *dal-di; Turk. *j[]l-nga; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *dal-di tasty, sweet (, ): Evk. dalli, daldi;
Evn. dalr; Neg. dalgd.
1, 195.
PTurk. *j[]l-nga tasteless food ( ): Karakh. jlna
(MK).
EDT 931.
PKor. *tr- sweet (): MKor. tr-; Mod. tal-.
Nam 140, KED 403.
SKE 253, EAS 51. In Turk. *-a- would be expected; Karakh. jlnga
is probably an assimilation < *jalnga.
-dalpV ( ~ -e-, -p-) to shake, sway: Mong. *delbe- / *dalba-; Turk. *jelpi/ *jalp-.
PMong. *delbe- / *dalba- to shake, sway, wave (, ):
MMong. dilbu- to fan (MA 213); WMong. delbegene-, delbele-, dalbala(L 225, 247); Kh. delbegne-, delbele-, dalbala-; Bur. dalba- ,
; Kalm. delwlz-, dalwlz-; Dag. delebure fan (MD 136).
KW 75, 87. A Mong. origin is probable for Oyr. talb-, Turk. tal(a)b-, dalab- etc. (see
EDT 493), although one should note that the derivatives talpn- and talpr- are already
attested in MK.

PTurk. *jelpi- / *jalp- 1 to flap, winnow 2 to shake, sway 3 fan (1

, 2 , 3 , ): Karakh. jelpit- 1
(caus.) (MK); Tur. jelpaze 3; Az. jelpik 3; Turkm. jelpe- 1; MTurk. jelpi(Sangl.); Uzb. jelpi- 1; Uygh. jlp- 1; Krm. jelpi- 1; Tat. ilpe- 1; Bashk.
jelpe- 1; Kirgh. elpi-, elbire- 1; Kaz. elpi- 1; KKalp. elpi- 1; Kum. jelpi- 1;
Nogh. jelpi- 1; Khak. elbe-, albra- 2; Oyr. jelbi-, elbi- 1, jalbra- 2; Tv.
elbi-, elwi- 1; Yak. salbr- 2.
EDT 920, VEWT 182, 196, 4, 182. Derivation from *jel wind is highly improbable (at the most we can speak of a secondary contamination of roots).

KW 87. An expressive Turk.-Mong. isogloss, tending to merge

(both in Turk. and Mong.) with the reflexes of *delpa flat, broad (to
shake, flatter (of flat objects)). One cannot exclude that a merger indeed took place, and the original shape of the root had been *dalV ( ~
-e-) without the *-p-: cf. WMong. dalaji- to brandish, swing (see TMN
1, 328-329), dele- to wave, flap (wings); Karakh. jalu flip-flap, the
swing (EDT 930), see SKE 258.
-dlV ( ~ --) nape, withers: Mong. *dala; Turk. *jl; Kor. *tr-mi.
PMong. *dala counter, withers, nape of neck (of animals) (, ): WMong. dala (L 224); Kh. dala; Bur. dalan; Kalm. dal

462

*d - *dma

(); Ord. dala long hill; Mog. ? dallan to carry on the shoulders
(Ramstedt 1906).
Mong. > Evk. dala etc., see Poppe 1974, 121, Doerfer MT 96, Rozycki 54.
PTurk. *jl mane, counter, scruff (, ): Karakh. jal (MK);
Tur. jal (dial.); Az. jal; Turkm. jl; Khal. jl; MTurk. jal (AH); Uzb. jl;
Uygh. jal; Krm. jal; jalda- to swim grasping the horses counter; to
swim; Tat. jal; Bashk. jal; Kirgh. al; Kaz. al; KBalk. al; KKalp. al;
Kum. jal; Nogh. jal; Shr. al; Oyr. jal, al; Tv. al; Yak. sl.
220-222, EDT 916, 4, 85-86, 93-94 (for *jl-da-), 146-147.
PKor. *tr-mi counter, scruff (, , ): Mod.
tlmi.
KED 449.
KW 73, Poppe 97, 306, 147; TMN 4, 106
(...unklar). The root seems to be distinct from *dl (*djl) q.v.
-d ( ~ -o) to close, hide: Tung. *dal(i)-; Mong. *dal-; Turk. *ja-; Jpn.
*dsr; Kor. *tjr.
PTung. *dal(i)- to close (): Evk. dal(i)-; Man. dali-; SMan.
dali- to defend (794); Ul. dl-; Nan. dla-.
See 1, 192. TM > Dag. dali- (. . 134). Length in Ul. and Nanai is not
clear.

PMong. *dal- hidden, secret (, ): MMong. dalda

Schirm, Schutz (SH), dalda, daldadu (MA 138); WMong. dalda (L 225);
Kh. dald; Bur. dalda; Kalm. dald; Ord. dalda; Dag. dalda (. . 134;
MGCD dalida), dalede (MD 132); S.-Yugh. dalda.
KW 73, MGCD 195. Mong. > late MTurk. dalda (see 3, 138-139, 1997,
203), Sol., Nan. dalda etc. (see Doerfer MT 18, Rozycki 54).

PTurk. *ja- to close, hide ((), ()): OTurk. ja(OUygh.); Karakh. ja- (MK); Az. ja- (dial.); Turkm. ja-; MTurk. ja(AH); SUygh. jas-; Yak. sas-.
VEWT 192, 4, 160-161. Very widely spread are also the derivatives *jan-,
*jar-, see ibid.

PJpn. *dsr shrine, enclosure for worship of deities (): OJpn.

jasiro; MJpn. jsr; Tok. yshiro; Kyo. yshr; Kag. yashir.
JLTT 574. Accent in Tokyo is irregular.
PKor. *tjr temple (): MKor. tjr; Mod. l.
Nam 155, KED 1441. Kor. > OJ tera (*tir), see JLTT 545.
EAS 51, KW 73, 365, Poppe 22-23, 77, 12,
Miller 1970, 127, Street 1980, 297, JOAL 86. Despite Doerfer MT 18,
PTM *dali- cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-dma ill, sick, bad: Tung. *dam-; Turk. *jAman; Jpn. *dm-.
PTung. *dam- 1 old, worn out 2 to act as an aggressor (1 ,
2 ): Nan. damba- 2; Ud. dmpihi- 1.
1, 195.

*dm - *dkV

463

PTurk. *jAman 1 bad, wicked 2 sickness, inflammation (1 ,

2 , ): OTurk. jaman 1 (OUygh.); Karakh.
jaman 1 (MK); Tur. jaman 1; Az. jaman 1; Turkm. jaman 1, 2; Sal. jaman 1;
MTurk. jaman (AH) 1; Uzb. jmn 1; Uygh. jaman 1; Krm. jaman 1; Tat.
jaman 1; Bashk. jaman 1; Kirgh. aman 1; Kaz. aman 1; KBalk. aman 1;
KKalp. aman 1; Kum. jaman 1; Nogh. jaman 1; SUygh. jaman 1; Oyr.
jaman, aman 1, 2.
VEWT 184, EDT 937, 4, 109. Cf. Yak. smja lie, deceit. The meaning bad
disease is attested already in Old Turkic.

PJpn. *dm- to be ill, sick (): OJpn. jam-; MJpn. jm-; Tok.
ym-; Kyo. ym-; Kag. ym-.
JLTT 785. RJ and Tokyo point to *jm-; the tonally aberrant Kyoto and Kagoshima
reflexes may have been influenced by the literary language.

Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic form (MC ja-mn savage, barbarian is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jAman for a bad disease, sickness is very
close to Japanese and may suggest that the original meaning of the root
was ill(ness), sick(ness)).
-dm only: Tung. *dmu; Jpn. *dmi.
PTung. *dmu 1 only, merely 2 perhaps, rather (1 , 2 , ): Evk. dmukte 2; Man. damu 1; SMan.
dam 1 (2970); Nan. dam 1 (may be < Manchu).
1, 195.
PJpn. *dmi ever (usually with negation) (-,
( )): OJpn. jume; MJpn. jm; Tok. yme, yum;
Kyo. ym; Kag. yum.
JLTT 579. Modern dialects point also to a variant *dmi.
An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss. It is perhaps worth noting the
particle jamu mentioned by MK for contexts like sen barl jamu go,
will you (see EDT 934).
-dkV ( ~ t-) blame, guilt: Tung. *da-; Jpn. *tnk.
PTung. *da- to blame, rebuke (, ): Neg.
daaxan-; Man. dasi-; Ul. das-; Nan. das-.
1, 196.
PJpn. *tnk guilt (): OJpn. toga; MJpn. tg; Tok. tga; Kyo.
tg; Kag. tog.
JLTT 547. Accent in Kyoto is irregular (perhaps influenced by the Tokyo pronunciation).

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

464

*dp - *drV(mV)

-dp to cross (a mountain): Tung. *db-; Mong. *daba-; Jpn. *dm.

PTung. *db- to cross (a river) (): Evk. dw-, d-;
Evn. daw-; Neg. daw-; Man. d-; SMan. dau- (1219); Ul. da-; Ork. d-;
Nan. d(w)-; Orch. dau-; Ud. dau-.
1, 187 (the words in 185-186, e.g. Man. daba-, dabaGan, are < Mong., cf. Doerfer
MT 38, Rozycki 52).

PMong. *daba- cross (a mountain) ( ( )):

MMong. daba-, dabaan (SH); WMong. daba- (L 211); Kh. dava-; Bur.
daba-; Kalm. daw-, dawn; Ord. dawa-; Dag. dawa-, dau-, daw (n.) (.
. 134, MD 133); Dong. dava-; S.-Yugh. dawa-; Mongr. daw- (SM 47).
KW 80, MGCD 184. All languages also reflect the derivate *daba-an mountain
pass. Mong. > Chag. taban mountain pass (see 1997, 203).

PJpn. *dm mountain (): OJpn. jama; MJpn. jm; Tok. yam;
Kyo. jm; Kag. jam.
JLTT 571.
KW 80, Poppe 23, 45, JOAL 85, 86, Murayama 1962, 108,
15, 104, 109 (with an explanation of Jpn. -m-: *dm < *dpa-(ga)n =
Mong. dabaan), 276.
-dari ( ~ t-) to freeze: Tung. *dar-; Mong. *dereji-; Jpn. *(d)ita-.
PTung. *dar- 1 icedrift 2 snow crust 3 water flowing over ice (1 2 3 , ): Evk. dar 1, darkin 2, 3; Nan.
darol 3.
1, 198. Cf. also Yak. tarn frazil - possibly from some TM source.
PMong. *dereji- to become stiff, freeze stiff (, ):
WMong. dereji- (L 253); Kh. derij-.
PJpn. *(d)ita- to freeze, freeze stiff (, ): MJpn.
ita-.
The root is not widely represented, but seems to be well reconstructable for PA.
-drV(mV) back, waist: Tung. *darama; Mong. *dere(me); Turk. *jarn.
PTung. *darama waist, back (, ): Evk. darama; Evn.
darm; Neg. dajama; Man. dara, darama; SMan. darm (95); Ul. darama;
Ork. darama; Nan. darama; Orch. dma; Ud. dma; Sol. darama.
1, 198. TM > Dag. daram, darma (. . 135); > Dolg. darama (Stachowski
77).

PMong. *dere(me) pillow, cushion (): MMong. dere (HY

21, SH), dir (MA); WMong. dere (L 253), derem-deg; Kh. der(en); Bur.
dere; Kalm. der, derm-deg; Ord. dere; Dag. derbe (. . 136; MGCD
dereb, MD 136: derebe); dareme back (MD 133);; S.-Yugh. dere; Mongr.
dere (SM 52), (MGCD dre).
KW 89, MGCD 218.

*dasa - *dsi

465

PTurk. *jarn shoulder, shoulderblade (, ): OTurk.

jarn (OUygh.); Karakh. jarn (MK); SUygh. jarn; Khak. arn; Shr. arn;
Oyr. jarn, arn; Tv. arn; Chuv. orm; Yak. sarn; Dolg. sarn, sann.
EDT 970, 4, 66, 242, 139-141, 2, 142, Stachowski 209.
Forms going back to *jagrn are due to a merger with *jagr (v. sub *dagV).

A Western isogloss. Somewhat different in 305,

242; for Turkic cf. also PTM *dre shoulderblade ( 1, 205).
-dasa to regulate, govern: Tung. *dasa-; Mong. *das-; Turk. *jAsa-; Kor.
*ts-.
PTung. *dasa- to govern, regulate (, ): Man.
dasa-; SMan. das- (1039).
1, 201. Man. > Dag. dasa- to correct, govern (. . 135).
PMong. *das- to get accustomed (): WMong. das-, dasu(L 236, 237); Kh. das-; Kalm. das-; Ord. das-; Dag. dasn sweet (.
. 135); S.-Yugh. dasanna- (MGCD 188).
KW 79.
PTurk. *jAsa- 1 to determine, govern 2 to create (1 ,
2 ): Tur. jasa- 1; Turkm. jasa- 2; Sal. jasa- 2; MTurk.
jasa- 1 (Ettuhf., Pav. C., Abush.) 1, 2; Uzb. jasa- 2; Uygh. jasa- 2; Krm.
jasa- 1, 2; Tat. jasa- 1, 2; Bashk. jaha- 1, 2; Kirgh. asa- 1, 2; Kaz. asa- 2;
KKalp. asa- 2; Kum. jasa- 2; Nogh. jasa- 2; Khak. aza- 2; Shr. aza- 2;
Oyr. jaza-, aza- 1, 2; Tv. aza- 2.
VEWT 191, 4, 150-152. The verb has been also read in the Kl-Tegin inscription (8th c.), but Clauson (EDT 974) contests the reading. Turk. > Mong. asa- id. (KW
468), whence Evk. asa- etc., see Doerfer MT 61; TMN 4, 92-96, EDT and 1997,
204, however, regard the Turkic forms as Mongolisms).

PKor. *tsr- 1 to govern, regulate 2 to improve, order, correct (1

, 2 , , ):
MKor. tsr- 1, tsk- 2; Mod. tasri- 1, tak:- 2.
Liu 194, 202, KED 386, 392.
Lee 1958, 107 (TM-Kor.). The combination of meanings in Mong.
here is suspiciously similar to PA *tu ( > Mong. dadu-); so one may
wonder if Mong. *das- is not actually a derivative of *dad- (*dad-s-). In
that case the form should be removed from the present etymology.
-dsi a flat cover: Tung. *dasi-; Mong. *dasinga; Turk. *jAs-; Kor. *tsi.
PTung. *dasi- to cover (, ): Evk. das-; Evn. das-;
Neg. das-; Man. dasi-; Ul. das-; Ork. das-; Nan. das-; Orch. dasi-; Ud.
dahi- (dai-) (. 226).
1, 200-201.
PMong. *dasinga board (, ): WMong. dasia (L 236);
Kh. dainga.

466

*d - *deb

PTurk. *jAs- flat and broad ( ): Karakh. jas

(MK); Tur. jass; Gag. jas; Az. jast; Turkm. jas; MTurk. jass (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jassi; Tat. jass, jast; Bashk. ja; KBalk. ass; Kum. jass.
VEWT 191, EDT 973-974, 4, 153-154, 155-156 (see there the list of other derivatives of the root *jAs-), 98.

PKor. *tsi tile (): MKor. tsi.

Nam 179. The word is not attested in modern dictionaries, but KED 920 mentions a
bound noun -s roof tile, attested in compounds ok-s, ma-s and pt-s. It is quite
probable that this -s is a later contraction < *ts < tisai.

The Turk. form can also be derived from *nese to flatten, make
even q.v.
-d to lie: Tung. *d-; Mong. *de-b-; Turk. *jt-; Jpn. *dnt-r-.
PTung. *d- 1 to lie 2 bed 3 decking (1 2 3 ):
Man. dedu- 1; SMan. dudu- 1 (522); Jurch. dedu-rie (355) to lie, to sleep;
Ul. deduxu 3; Ork. deduxi 3; Nan. dederi 3; Orch. d 2.
1, 227, 230.
PMong. *de-b- 1 to lay, put, spread, bed 2 saddle cushion 3 mat, rug
(1 , , 2 3 ): MMong. debusger (HY 23) 2, dbos- (IM), dibs- 1, dbisgr 2 (MA), debsgr 2 (LH);
WMong. debije 3, debsi 2 (L 239: debse); Kh. dev 3, devs(en), devsger 2;
Bur. debdi- 1, debhe(n) 2; Kalm. dews- 1 KPC 191, dews 2; Ord. dewes- 1;
Dag. debseg 2, deuse- 1; Bao. ds- 1; S.-Yugh. debse 2, debsger 3; Mongr.
dsgu 3, d(w)s- , debse- (Minghe) 1.
KW 90, MGCD 209.
PTurk. *jt- to lie, to sleep (, ): OTurk. jat- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. jat- (MK); Tur. jat-; Gag. jat-; Az. jat- 1, 2; Turkm. jat-;
Sal. jaht-; Khal. jat-; MTurk. jat- (MA); Uzb. jt-; Uygh. jat-; Krm. jat-;
Tat. jat-; Bashk. jat-; Kirgh. at-; Kaz. at-; KBalk. at-; KKalp. at-; Kum.
jat-; Nogh. jat-; SUygh. jat-; Khak. at-; Shr. at- (R); Oyr. at-; Tv. t-;
Tof. t-; Yak. st-; Dolg. ht-.
VEWT 192, EDT 884, 4, 156-158, Stachowski 120.
PJpn. *dnt-r- to spend the night (): OJpn. jador-; MJpn.
jdor-; Tok. yadru; Kyo. ydr-; Kag. yadr-.
JLTT 784. The form seems to be derived from *d room, house, but the tone contradicts it (all dialects except Kagoshima point to *d(n)tr-).

One of the common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots. Note dental

suffixation (probably *d-ta-) reflected in PT, TM and Jpn.
-deb ( ~ -) bad, to suffer: Mong. *ib-; Turk. *jAb-; Jpn. *(d)impi-r-;
Kor. *jbi-.
PMong. *ib- aversion, disgust, indignation (, ): WMong. ibeg, ebeg (L 1048); Kh. iv(n), ev(n); Bur.
zeb(n) arrogant, proud.

*debV - *debV

467

Mong. > Evn. bn austere, serious ( 1, 266).

PTurk. *jAb- 1 bad, coarse, wicked 2 to become bad, weak 3 heavy,
difficult, severe 4 tasteless, insipid (1 , 2 ,
3 , , 4 , ):
OTurk. jabz 1 (Orkh.), javz 1 (OUygh.), javan 1 (OUygh.), jablaq
(Orkh.) 3, javlaq (OUygh.) 3; Karakh. javr- 2, javra- to become rough,
coarse, javz 1, javan 1, javlaq 3 (MK); Tur. javuz 1, javan 4; Gag. javan 4;
Az. javan 4; Turkm. jovuz 1, 3, juwan 4 (dial.); MTurk. javlaq (R) very ,
javuz (Ettuhf., AH) 1; Uzb. jwuz 1, jan 4 (dial.); Uygh. javuz 1; Tat.
jawz 1; Bashk. jaw- 1; Kirgh. an 4; Kaz. awz 1; KKalp. awz 1;
SUygh. jus 1; Khak. aban 4; Yak. suos 3.
VEWT 176, EDT 879, 881-882, 4, 47-48, 51. Turk. > WMong. abqai, abaan
(KW 468), whence again some Turkic forms (Kirgh. abq etc., see 4, 9-10). One
could perhaps also note Kaz. awra-, Uzb. wra- to suffer from cold, shiver ( 4, 20)
which may be = Karakh. javra-, javr- and thus should not be compared to Mong. daara(despite KW 82).

PJpn. *(d)impi-r- to oppress (): MJpn. ibir-; Tok. ibir-.

PKor. *jbi- to get emaciated, haggard (,
): MKor. ji-, ji-; Mod. jwi-.
Liu 563, KED 1165.
Finch 1987, 17 (Jpn.-Mong.). One of the few exceptional cases of
*- > *j- in Kor. (cf. *a eight).
-debV young (of birds or animals): Tung. *debere; Mong. *de; Turk.
*jabr.
PTung. *debere-n young (of birds) (): Man. deberen; SMan.
devrxn puppy, young (2179); Ul. deuru(n); Ork. dewre(n); Nan.
deuru.
1, 239.
PMong. *de younger sibling ( ):
MMong. deu (HY 28, SH); WMong. deg, (L 246:) deg; Kh. d; Bur.
d; Kalm. d; Ord. d; Mog. dn; Dag. deu (. . 136, MD 136);
Dong. iao, iau; Bao. du, du; S.-Yugh. d; Mongr. d (SM 56), d.
KW 106, MGCD 242. Mong. > Man. deo etc., see Poppe 1966, 192, Doerfer MT 117,
Rozycki 59.

PTurk. *jabr young of birds and animals ( ): Tur. javru, javr; Gag. javru; MTurk. javr (Ettuhf.); Chuv. vr,
ur.
VEWT 176, 4, 53, 168-169, TMN 4, 220, 2, 140-141.
Poppe AU 105, 9, 169. A Western isogloss.

468

*d[]g - *dgni

-d[]g feather, wing: Tung. *dekte-; Mong. *ir; Turk. *jg; Jpn.
*(d)k.
PTung. *dekte- 1 feather 2 wing (1 2 ): Evk. dektenne 1,
2; Evn. detle 1, 2; Neg. detele 1; Man. detxe 1, 2; SMan. detx 1 (2294); Ul.
dektekte 1; Ork. dektekte 1; Nan. degdece 1; Orch. dektese 1, 2; Ud. dektehe 1,
2; Sol. dettele 1, 2.
1,231.
PMong. *ir wing (): MMong. uur (HY 15), iur (SH),
ebr (Lig.VMI); WMong. igr (L 1053); Kh. igr < lit.; Bur. egr < lit.;
Ord. igr < lit.; Mongr. r, r, sr.
KW 114.
PTurk. *jg feather (): Karakh. jg (MK, KB); Tur. jg, jv
(dial.), Osm. jg; Khak. g; Tv. g.
EDT 910, 150. Rsnen (VEWT 211b) confuses this root with *ju wool,
but they are certainly unrelated (although may tend to contaminate).

PJpn. *(d)k kite (out of paper) ( ): MJpn. ika,

ika-nobori.
44, 287, 150. Labialization in PT is probably
secondary (*jg < *jeg < *jegi-g, cf. the Mong. form).
-dgni needle, thorn, arrow: Tung. *dgu; Mong. *e-wn; Turk.
*(j)igne; Jpn. *(d)inka.
PTung. *dgu 1 cross-bow 2 arrow (1 2 ): Ul.
dgure 1; Ork. dgure 1; Nan. dgure 1; Orch. degu 2.
1, 234.
PMong. *e-wn needle (): MMong. ouun (HY 20), eu
(SH), n (IM); WMong. egn (L 1044: eg, e, egn); Kh. n; Bur.
z(n); Kalm. zn; Ord. ; Mog. wn (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. , (.
. 143) eu; Dong. un; Bao. u; S.-Yugh. n; Mongr. (SM 94), .
KW 485, MGCD 465.
PTurk. *(j)igne needle (): OTurk. jine (OUygh.); Karakh. jigne
(MK); Tur. ijne; Gag. n; Az. ijn; Turkm. igne, ine; Khal. n ( < Az.);
MTurk. igne (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. ign; Uygh. ign, jin, jign;
Krm. ijne; Tat. in; Bashk. n; Kirgh. ijne; Kaz. jna; KBalk. ijne; KKalp.
ijne; Kum. ine; Nogh. ijne; SUygh. jine; Khak. ie; Shr. ing; Oyr. ijne;
Tv. ine; Yak. inne, ie; Dolg. ine, ie, inne.
EDT 110, VEWT 169, 1, 367-369, 106.
PJpn. *(d)inka thorn, bur (): Tok. ig; Kyo. g; Kag. ga.
JLTT 421. The word is not attested in OJ, and the modern accentuation is controversial: Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *(d)nk, while Kyoto rather to *(d)nk.

196. Mong. *e-n must go back to *ie--n.

*dk - *dk

469

-dk to burn: Tung. *deg-e-gi-; Turk. *jak-; Jpn. *dk-; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *deg-e-gi- to burn (): Evk. egd-; Evn. egde burned
place; Neg. egd-; Man. deji-; SMan. dei-, dii- (483); Jurch. eh-din-ku
(686); Ul. egdeiwu; Ork. degde-; Nan. egdi-; Orch. egdi-; Ud. egdi-.
A causative form derived from PTM *dege- to burn, see 1, 281-282.
PTurk. *jak- 1 to burn (tr.) 2 light, ray 3 to produce fire (1 2
, 3 ): Karakh. jaq- 1 (MK); Tur. jak- 1; Gag. jaq- 1;
Az. jax- 1; Turkm. jaq- 1, jat 2; Khal. ja:q- 1; MTurk. jaq- 1 (Abush.);
Uzb. jq- 1, jdu 2; Uygh. jaq- 1; Krm. jaq- 1; Tat. ja- 1, jaqt 2; Bashk.
jaq- 1, jaqt 2; Kirgh. aq- 1; Kaz. aq- 1; KKalp. aq- 1, aqt 2; Kum. jaq- 1;
Nogh. jaq- 1; Tof. aq- 3; Chuv. ot- 1, o-d 2; Yak. saq- 1.
VEWT 180, TMN 4, 201-202, EDT 897, 4, 62, 81-82, 2, 146,
362. This stem should be distinguished from *jan- to burn (intr.).

PJpn. *dk- to burn (tr.) (): OJpn. jak-; MJpn. jk-; Tok. yk-;
Kyo. jk-; Kag. jT.
JLTT 784.
PKor. *th- to burn (, ): MKor. th- (itr.), thi- (tr.);
Mod. tha- (itr.), thu- (tr.).
Nam 456, 457, KED 1684, 1697.
Martin 227, JOAL 90-94, 35-36, 90, 279. Korean has a
usual vowel reduction between a stop and a fricative.
-dk a k. of reed or bamboo: Tung. *deke-; Mong. *dek-; Turk. *jEken;
Jpn. *tki; Kor. *ti.
PTung. *deke- 1 a k. of willow 2 rope made from it 3 bush 4 tree (1
2 3 4 ): Neg. dekke
1, dexen 2; Jurch. do-o (115) 4; Ul. deke(n) 2, deksu(n) 3; Ork. deksu(n) 3;
Nan. d 3.
1, 231.
PMong. *dek- a k. of grass ( ): Kalm. dekm Leinpflanze.
KW 85.
PTurk. *jEken a k. of grass, reed ( , ): OTurk.
jigen (OUygh.); Karakh. jigen (MK); Turkm. jeken; MTurk. jekn (R.),
jign (AH); Uzb. jkn; Uygh. jekn; Tat. jegn (dial.), ikn; Bashk. jekn;
Kirgh. eken; Kaz. eken; KBalk. zegen; KKalp. iken; Nogh. jeken; Oyr.
jeken, jekken, ken.
EDT 913, VEWT 195, 4, 172-173. Turk. > Mong. eken, ege-sn (KW 472,
1997, 123); Hung. gykny (MNyTESz 1, 1125).

PJpn. *tki bamboo (): OJpn. take; MJpn. tk; Tok. tke;
Kyo. tk; Kag. tke.
JLTT 539.
PKor. *ti bamboo (): MKor. ti; Mod. t.
Liu 204, KED 418.

470

*dekV - *dlp

Martin 225, Whitman 1985, 188, 215, 11. The tone incongruence between Kor. and Jpn. should be explained by contraction in Kor.;
however, the zero reflex in Kor. is somewhat strange (one would at
least expect *tahi).
-dekV ( ~ -k-) harness, hook: Tung. *deken; Turk. *jEk-.
PTung. *deken last pair of dogs in the team (
): Ul. deke(n); Nan. dek.
1, 231.
PTurk. *jEk- to harness (): Krm. jek-, jik-; Tat. ik-; Bashk.
jek-; Kirgh. ek-; Kaz. ek-; KBalk. ek-; KKalp. ek-; Kum. jek-; Nogh. jek-;
Oyr. jek-, ek-.
VEWT 195, 4, 172.
12. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-dl mane; collar: Tung. *del-n; Mong. *del; Turk. *jl; Jpn. *(d)ir.
PTung. *del-n mane (): Evk. delin; Man. delun; SMan. deln,
dulun (2281); Nan. derbini (?).
1,232. The Nan. form may be < Mong. (Bur. delben).
PMong. *del mane, crest (, ): MMong. del (HY 15, SH),
dl- (IM), dil (MA); WMong. del (L 247); Kh. del; Bur. delben; Kalm. del;
Ord. del; Dag. dlbur (. . 136) delin (MD 136); S.-Yugh. del.
KW 74, 85, MGCD 212.
PTurk. *jl 1 mane 2 feather (1 2 ): OTurk. jel 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. jel 1 (MK); Tur. jele 1; Gag. jel 1; Az. llk 2; Turkm.
jelek 2; Khal. jlk 2; Krm. lelek 2; SUygh. e 1; Khak. ilen 1; Tv. el 1;
Tof. el 1; Chuv. ile 1; Yak. siel 1.
VEWT 181, TMN 4, 188-189, EDT 916, 4, 85-86 (confused with *jl, v. sub
*dlV), 147, 566. The Oghuz name of feather (jelek / lelek, see 4, 179) is
probably derived from this root; perhaps also *jel-ke back of head (including the neck),
see VEWT 196, 4, 181.

PJpn. *(d)ir collar (): MJpn. eri; Tok. er; Kyo. r; Kag. ri.
JLTT 393.
EAS 52, KW 74, 85, Poppe 22, 75, 72, 287, 147;
TMN 4, 106 (...unklar). TM is hardly < Mong., despite Doerfer MT 76,
Rozycki 58. The diphthong in Jpn. may indicate PA *djl. Cf. *dlV.
-dlp flat, wide: Tung. *delpi-n; Mong. *dalba-; Turk. *jalp; Jpn.
*tpra.
PTung. *delpi-n wide, roomy (, ): Man.
delfin.
1, 233. Attested only in Manchu, but having quite probable external parallels.
PMong. *dalba- to be flat and wide ( ):
MMong. dalba-ru (SH); WMong. dalbaji- (L 225); Kh. dalbaj-; Bur. dalba-;
Kalm. dalw-.

*dlpi - *depo

471

KW 75.
PTurk. *jalp 1 broad, flat 2 blade, paddle 3 shallow (1 ,
2 , 3 ): Karakh. jalb 1 (MK); Tur. jalpk 1;
Gag. jalpaq 1; Turkm. jalpa 2, jalpaq 1, 3; MTurk. jalpaq 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb.
jlpq 1; Uygh. jalpaq 1; Krm. jalpaq 1; Tat. lpk 1; Bashk. jalpaq 1;
Kirgh. alpaq 1; Kaz. alpaq 1; KKalp. alpaq 1; Kum. jalpaq 1; Nogh. jalpaq 1; Khak. elbax, nalpax 1; Oyr. jalbaq, albaq 1; Tv. albaq 1; Tof. albaq
1; Yak. salbax 2; Dolg. halbax span; foot.
EDT 919, VEWT 182, 4, 14, 100-101, Stachowski 94. This root should be distinguished from *japur-gak leaf and from *jalp- / *jelpi- to shake, sway.

PJpn. *tp-ra flat, even (, ): OJpn. tapjira; MJpn.

tpr; Tok. tira, tairka; Kyo. tr; Kag. tara.
JLTT 538. Tokyo and Kagoshima point rather to *tpr.
VEWT 183, KW 75 (Turk.-Mong.), 1984, 8, 71,
287. Mong. has also a front vowel variant delbe flatness, delbeger
broad, wide, ilbigar id.
-dlpi to burst, break: Tung. *delpe-; Mong. *delbe-; Turk. *de-; Jpn.
*timp-.
PTung. *delpe- to split (, ): Evk. delpe-rge-,
delpe-m-; Evn. deperge-; Neg. detpejkin-; Sol. delpe-.
1, 233.
PMong. *delbe- to burst, break through (, ):
WMong. delbe-le, -re- (L 247, 248); Kh. delbere-, -le- (Tr.); Bur. delber-, delbel- (Tr.); Kalm. delwl-; Ord. delbel-.
KW 87.
PTurk. *de- to make holes (): Karakh. te- (MK);
Tur. de-; Gag. de-; Az. de-; MTurk. te- (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. te-;
Uygh. t-; Krm. te-; Tat. ti-; Bashk. ti-; Kirgh. te-; Kaz. tes-; KBalk.
te-; KKalp. tes-; Kum. te-; Nogh. tes-; Khak. tis-; Oyr. te-; Tv. de-; Tof.
de-; Yak. tes-; Dolg. tes-.
VEWT 476, EDT 559, 3, 210-212, TMN 2, 657, Stachowski 221.
PJpn. *timp- to become worn down, out (, ): MJpn. tib(u)-; Tok. chibi-.
JLTT 767. PJ accent not clear.
Poppe 44 (Mong.-Tung.), 13. Despite Doerfer MT 64, the
TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong.
-depo ( ~ -b-) wet, soak: Tung. *deb-; Mong. *debte-; Turk. *jbi-.
PTung. *debe- 1 paste, fool 2 to paint 3 paint (1 , 2
3 ): Evk. dewe- 2; Evn. dewe- 2; Neg. dewekse 3; Man.
debse 1; Ul. dewekse 3; Ork. dew- 2; Orch. dewukse, dewekse 3.
1, 227, 228.

472

*dpa - *dea

PMong. *debte- to soak, become wet (): WMong. debte-,

debt- (L 239); Kh. devte-; Bur. debte-; Kalm. dept-; Ord. debte-; Mog. ZM
debtl- to make fall into the water (15-3a); Dag. debte- (. . 135),
derte-; S.-Yugh. debt-; Mongr. tbd-, tud- (SM 427).
KW 88, MGCD 210. Cf. MMong. (SH) debul- to boil.
PTurk. *jbi- to become wet, soak (): Karakh. jebe dampness (MK); Uzb. ivi-; Uygh. ivi-; Krm. jibi-, ibi-; Tat. ebe-; Bashk. jebe-;
Kirgh. ibi-; Kaz. ibi-; KKalp. ibi-; Kum. jibi-; Nogh. jibi-; Shr. ibi-;
Oyr. ibi-; Chuv. ve whey; Yak. sibn- fresh.
EDT 872, VEWT 202, 4, 196-197. Except Uzb., Uygh., Chuv. and possibly
Yak. all languages actually reflect *jp- (*jip-); the Inlaut stop may be a result of secondary
gemination, or reflect a merger with some other root. Original voiced *-b- ( > -v-), however, is well preserved in the derivative *jbi() wet (Karaim jv, Tat. jwi, Bashk.
jv). Turk. > Kalm. - durchnt werden (KW 114; although phonology is somewhat
strange: one would rather expect Kalm. iw-).

KW 88. A Western isogloss.

-dpa ( ~ *t-) soft, fluffy: Tung. *dep-; Kor. *tpk-.
PTung. *dep- 1 fluffy, furry 2 squirrels nest 3 rot, soft (1 ,
2 3 ): Evk. debdirin 1; depe,
depe-me 3; Evn. debuli 1; Neg. depe-depe j 1; Ork. deberli 1; Nan. debini
2.
1, 227, 236.
PKor. *tpk- thick, luxurious (, ): MKor. tpk-;
Mod. tabok-, taborok-.
Nam 130, KED 385.
An expressive TM-Kor. isogloss.
-dru ( ~ --) to shake, sway: Tung. *der(gi)-; Mong. *derbe-; Jpn. *dr-.
PTung. *der(gi)- 1 to shiver, tremble 2 to sway (1 , 2 ): Evk. dergi-, deri- 1; Man. dergie- 2; Ul. deri- 1,
dremnei- 1; Nan. dergi- 1.
1, 237.
PMong. *derbe- to sway, swing (, ): MMong. derbel- (SH); WMong. derbe- (L 252); Kh. derve-; Bur. derbelze-; Kalm. derw-;
Ord. derwe-.
KW 90.
PJpn. *dr- to shake, sway ((), ): MJpn. jur-; Tok.
yr-; Kyo. yr-; Kag. yr-.
JLTT 788.
Cf. also PTM *deri(n)- jump, run.
-dea ( ~ -o) to flatten, flat: Mong. *daru-; Turk. *j-; Kor. *tr-.
PMong. *daru- to press down (, ):
MMong. daru- (HY 39, SH), dra- (IM), daru- (MA); WMong. daru- (L

*dible - *dible

473

233); Kh. dar-; Bur. dara-; Kalm. dar-; Ord. daru-; Mog. daru- (Ramstedt
1906), dru-; Dag. dara- (. . 135), dare- (MD 132); Dong. daru-;
Bao. da(r)-; S.-Yugh. dr-; Mongr. dri- (SM 45).
KW 77, MGCD 201.
PTurk. *j-, *j 1 flat 2 steppe, flat ground 3 to spread, spread out,
flatten folds (1 2 , 3 , ): OTurk. jaz- 3 (OUygh.) jaz 1,2 (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. jaz- 3 (MK, KB), jaz 2 (MK); Tur. jaz 2; Gag. jaz- 3; Az. jaz 2
(dial.); Turkm. jaz- 3, jaz 2; MTurk. jaz- 3 (Pav. C.), jaz 2 (Ettuhf., AH);
Uzb. jz- 3; Uygh. jaz- 3, jazi, jezi 2 (dial.); Tat. jaz- 3; Bashk. ja- 3; Kirgh.
az- 3, az 1, 2; Kaz. az- 3, az 2 (dial.); KKalp. az- 3; Kum. jaz- 3;
Nogh. jaz- 3, jaz 2 (dial.); SUygh. jaz- 3; Khak. az 2; Oyr. jas-, as- 3,
jaz, az 1, 2; Tv. as- 3; Yak. sh 2.
VEWT 194, EDT 983, 984, 4, 69-70, 73, 97.
PKor. *tr- to iron (): MKor. tr-; Mod. tari-.
Nam 129, KED 383. Cf. also Mod. Kor. taru- to tan, make pliant (KED 382).
SKE 257, 258.
-dible hem: Tung. *dilbi-; Mong. *dewel; Turk. *jEl(b)-.
PTung. *dilbi- 1 to make facing 2 hem, hemming 3 skin (for a coat)
4 raincoat, umbrella (1 () 2 , 3
( ) 4 , ): Evk. dilbikte 3; Neg. ilbu- 1;
Man. ilbi- 1, ilbi(n) 2; delbin 2; Ul. deli-ku 4.
1, 206, 232.
PMong. *dewel fur coat; list, facing ( , ; , ): MMong. dejel (HY 22), deel-n (axa) (HY 23), deel
(SH), dil (IM), dil (MA), dbl (LH); WMong. degel, debel (L 238), degelen,
degelei (L 243); Kh. dl; Bur. degel; Kalm. dewl, degl; Ord. dl; Dag. debel,
dl (. . 135); Mongr. dr (SM 51), del (Huzu).
Mong. > Man. dexelen etc. (see Doerfer MT 61), Chag. dgl; > MKor. tkri (Lee
1964, 193). KW 85, 90. A variant of the same stem is probably WMong. dlei, Khalkha
dlij raincoat. Bur. > Russ. Siber. dygl, see 192-193.

PTurk. *jEl(b)- a k. of short coat ( ): Tur. jelek;

Az. jelk, jeln (dial.); Turkm. jelek (dial.), jelbegej; MTurk. jelk (Pav. C.,
. .); Uzb. elk; Krm. jelek; Tat. iln, ilbgj; Bashk. jeln, jelbgj; Kirgh. elek, elbegej, dial. elegej; Kaz. elek, ele, elbegej, elegej;
KKalp. elek, ele, elbegej; Kum. jelbegej; Nogh. jele.
VEWT 196, 4, 177, 178.
KW 85, EAS 174 (with several misquoted forms), TMN 1, 328. A
Western isogloss. Some rather strange variants coexist within Mong.
and TM, and archaic interborrowing is not excluded; it is also possible
that the root should be reconstructed as *dible, to account for the development in Mong. Another possibility is comparing the Mong. forms (at

474

*dijV - *dile

least part of them) with Evk. lipre a k. of winter clothes, Tuva vr

trousers (?).
-dijV ( ~ *t-) tar, to melt: Tung. *d; Jpn. *(d)-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *d pitch, tar (, ): Orch. d; Ud. d.
1, 202.
PJpn. *(d)- to cast ( ()): OJpn. i- ; MJpn. -; Tok. -; Kyo.
-; Kag. -.
JLTT 698.
PKor. *t- to forge, to cast (, ( )): MKor.
t-.
Nam 178.
An Eastern isogloss.
-dile udder: Tung. *dilba; Mong. *dele; Turk. *jlin.
PTung. *dilba diaphragm; breast (, ; ):
Evk. dilba; Evn. dlb; delbe ; Neg. dlba; Ul. dlba womens breast
cover; Ork. la nipple; Nan. lba womens breast cover; Ud. digba
stomach cavity (. 227); Sol. dilva.
1, 206, 232.
PMong. *dele udder (): WMong. dele (L 249); Kh. dele; Bur.
delen; Kalm. del; Ord. deli; Dag. deln; Dong. ielien; S.-Yugh. dele;
Mongr. dla, dili (SM 55).
KW 86, MGCD 213. Mong. > Evk. dele etc., see Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 58.
PTurk. *jlin udder (): Karakh. jelin (MK); Tur. jelin; Gag. jelin;
Az. jelin; Turkm. jelin; MTurk. jelin (R., .), jilin (AH); Uygh. jelin,
jilim, ilim; Tat. ilen; Bashk. jelen; Kirgh. elin; Kaz. elin; KBalk. jelin,
elin, elin; KKalp. elin; Kum. jelin; Nogh. jelin; Oyr. jelin, eli; Chuv.
il; Yak. silin.
EDT 930, 4, 180-181, 148.
Poppe 22, 76, 148 (with lit.). A Western isogloss. Despite
1997, 123 Mong. cannot be borrowed < Turk.
-dile ( ~ t-, --) a k. of insect or worm: Tung. *dilu-k; Mong. *dele-; Kor.
*tro.
PTung. *dilu-k fly (): Evk. dilkn; Evn. diliken; Neg. dirkn;
Man. derxuwe; SMan. durw, duruw (2256); Ork. iokto; Nan. iluekte;
Sol. dilx, diluk.
1, 207.
PMong. *dele- 1 beetle 2 midge (1 2 ): WMong. delegi 1
(L 248); Kh. deleg 1, delen 2; Kalm. deln 2 ().
PKor. *tro worm, earth-worm (, ): MKor.
tiroi, tirjo, tirjoi; Mod. ri.
Liu 260, KED 1529.

*dlo - *dilu

475

A common derivative *dile-kV (-kV) is reflected in Mong. *dele-gand TM *dilu-k.

-dlo year; sun, sun cycle: Tung. *dila; Mong. *il; Turk. *jl; Jpn. *ts;
Kor. *tor.
PTung. *dila sun (): Evk. dila; Neg. dilaa.
1, 206.
PMong. *il cycle year (, ): MMong. il (SH, HYt),
l (LH); WMong. il; Kh. il; Bur. el; Kalm. il; Ord. il; Mog. il time
(Weiers); Dag. il (. . 143), ile (MD 178); S.-Yugh. l; Mongr. ir,
ur (SM 92), (MGCD il).
KW 109, MGCD 444. Mong. > Dolg. l (Stachowski 92, 118).
PTurk. *jl year (): OTurk. jl (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jl (MK);
Tur. jl; Gag. jl; Az. il; Turkm. jl; Sal. jel; MTurk. jl (MA), il (Pav. C.);
Uzb. jil; Uygh. jil; Krm. jl; Tat. jl; Bashk. jl; Kirgh. l; Kaz. l; KBalk.
l; KKalp. l; Kum. jl; Nogh. jl; SUygh. jil; Khak. il; Shr. l; Oyr. l;
Tv. l; Tof. l; Yak. sl; Dolg. hl.
VEWT 200, EDT 917, 4, 275, 70-71, Stachowski 118.
PJpn. *ts year (): OJpn. tosi; MJpn. ts; Tok. tosh; Kyo. tsh;
Kag. tosh.
JLTT 551.
PKor. *tor (-s) anniversary (cycle) ( , ):
MKor. tors; Mod. tot [tols], tol.
Liu 230, KED 478.
EAS 52, KW 109, 171, Martin 246, 1, 220,
JOAL 119, 31, 88, 278-279, 11, 71. Mong. may
be < Turk. (see TMN 4, 251, 1997, 124). The Eastern form go
back to a suffixed *dlo-V.
-dilu juice, resin: Tung. *dilgu; Mong. *ilij; Turk. *jlk / *juluk.
PTung. *dilgu tree juice ( ): Evk. dilgu; Evn. dlgs;
Neg. dlgksa; Ul. lma; Ork. l; Nan. lk; Orch. duguksa.
1, 207.
PMong. *ilij rosin, colophony (, ): WMong. ilij
(XTTT); Kh. il; Bur. el.
PTurk. *jlk / *juluk juice (): Oyr. juluq, uluq, jlk; Tv. uluq.
VEWT 212, EDT 927-928, 4, 266, 263-264. The root should be distinguished both from *jilik and from *jul (v. sub *ll, *dilu), although all three tend to contaminate.

10. A Western isogloss. One wonders if the root is not actually derived (as *dij-lu) from *dijV tar, to melt q.v.

476

*dilu - *dsa

-dilu brain: Tung. *dili; Mong. *ilua / *ulaj; Turk. *jul / *jl.
PTung. *dili 1 head 2 horn foundation (1 2 ): Evk. dil, del 1; Evn. dl 1; Neg. dl 1; Man. ili 2; Ul. dl 1; Ork. l 1;
Nan. l 1; Orch. dili 1; Ud. dili 1; Sol. dli, dil(i) 1.
1, 205-206. The comparison with Mong. ilua, Turk. *jular halter (EAS 52,
KW 114, Poppe, 23) is hardly acceptable.

PMong. *ilua / *ulaj 1 brain 2 sinciput, fontanelle (1 2 ): MMong. [o]l 1 (IM); WMong. ilua (Schmidt) 1, ulai, ula 2 (L
1078); Kh. ulaj 2; Bur. zulaj 2; Kalm. zul 2 (); Ord. ul 2; Dag. ol 2
(. . 144), ole the temple (of the head) (MD 179).
PTurk. *jul / *jl marrow, spinal marrow ( ,
): Karakh. julun (MK); MTurk. jln (MA), julun (Pav.
C.); Uzb. jl (dial.); Uygh. julun (dial.); Bashk. jlm, dial. jelen, jelem,
jolon; Kirgh. ln, ulun; Kaz. uln; KKalp. uln; Nogh. juln; Khak.
l; Shr. l; Oyr. jln, l; Tv. n; Yak. sln; Dolg. hn.
EDT 930, 4, 266, 263, Stachowski 115.
314, 263. A Western isogloss; but cf. notes to
*maa.
-die to win: Tung. *die-; Mong. *dejil-; Turk. *j-.
PTung. *die- to press; to win (; ): Ud. die-.
1, 207. Attested only in Ud., but having probable Turk. and Mong. parallels.
PMong. *dejil- to win (): WMong. dejil-, dejile- (L 246);
Kh. dijl-; Bur. dle-; Kalm. dl-; Ord. dl-.
KW 92.
PTurk. *j- to win (): Karakh. je- (MK); Tur. jen-; Gag.
jen-; Az. jen-, jin- (dial.); Turkm. je-; Khal. jeg-; MTurk. je- (Ettuhf.);
Uzb. je-; Uygh. j-; Krm. jeg-, je-; Tat. i-; Bashk. je-; Kirgh. e-;
Kaz. e-; KBalk. e-; KKalp. e-; Kum. je-; Nogh. je-; Khak. i-;
Shr. ne-, neg-; Oyr. je-, e-; Chuv. n-.
EDT 942, 4, 187, 576. Ramstedts hypothesis of *je- being derived
from *jeg- better, top could be accepted, but the Ud. parallel die- makes it questionable.
We prefer to regard -- here as the root consonant.

KW 92. A Western isogloss. The Turkic and Mong. forms are no

doubt related, but Ramstedt treats them both as derived from *degtop. Since we divide the traditional reconstruction of the latter root
into *dge and *tga (q.v.), such a derivation seems less plausible. The
Ud. form die-, albeit isolated in TM, also supports deriving Turk. *jand Mong. dejil- from a separate root.
-dsa to guard, preserve: Tung. *disu-; Mong. *ise-; Jpn. *js-nap-.
PTung. *disu- to guard, preserve (): Evk. disut-; Evn.
disut-; Neg. disut-; Nan. sun-.
1, 208.

*dgi - *dno

477

PMong. *ise- to guard; to prepare (; ()):

WMong. ise-, ese- (L 1047, 1063); Kh. ese-; Bur. zehe-; Kalm. zes-;
Mongr. sle- faire attention, garder, veiller (SM 93).
KW 473.
PJpn. *js-nap- to feed, take care of (, ,
): OJpn. jasinap-; MJpn. jsnaf-; Tok. yshina-; Kyo. yshn-; Kag. yashin-.
JLTT 785.
A good common Altaic verbal root.
-dgi ( ~ -o-) fish: Mong. *ia-; Jpn. *(d)wu; Kor. *thi.
PMong. *ia- fish (): MMong. iqasun (HY 12, SH), ixui
fisher (HY 30), anu (IM), iasun, iqasuni (Partit.) (MA); WMong.
iasu(n) (L 1050); Kh. agas; Bur. zagaha(n); Kalm. zasn; Ord. aGasu;
Dag. agas, aus (. . 141), ause (MD 176); Dong. aGasun; Bao.
il(G)aso; S.-Yugh. aasn; Mongr. aGas (SM 78).
KW 463, MGCD 423. -g- is probably secondary ( < *igag-?); with *-- cf. *iarag
(Khalkha rcag).

PJpn. *(d)wu fish (): OJpn. iwo; MJpn. w; Tok. o; Kag. wo.
JLTT 563.
PKor. *thi fish (a suffix in fish names) ( ( .
)): MKor. km-th etc.; Mod. kamul-hi eel, sam-hi mackerel etc..
100, 275, 46, 178, Vovin 2000. TM *oji
(in fact *obi) Salmo lenoc (compared in some of the above sources)
has a precise match in WMong. ebege and has to be separated; see
*abo. The Jpn. form could also belong there phonetically, but the close
match with Kor. thi makes its derivation from *dgi more plausible.
-dno ( ~ *dne) flat surface, land: Tung. *dunse; Mong. *deni; Turk.
*jn.
PTung. *dunse 1 earth 2 land 3 wood, taiga (1 2 3 ): Evk. dunne, dunde 1; Evn. dme, dnde 2; Ul. duente 3; Nan. duente 3;
Ud. dh 2.
1, 224.
PMong. *deni terrace (between the steppe and the river bank)
( ( )): WMong. deni, (L
252:) dei; Kh. den; Kalm. den; Ord. deni; Dag. deni small hill,
mound (MD 136).
KW 88.
PTurk. *jn side (): OTurk. jan (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jan
(MK); Tur. jan; Gag. jan; Az. jan; Turkm. jn; Sal. jan; Khal. jn; MTurk.
jan (Bor.Bad, Abush.); Uygh. jan; Krm. jan; Tat. jan; Bashk. jan; Kirgh.
an; Kaz. an; KBalk. an, an, zan; KKalp. an; Kum. jan; Nogh. jan;
SUygh. jan; Khak. nan, an; Shr. an; Oyr. jan, an; Tv. an; Chuv. om.

478

*dari - *dge

VEWT 184, EDT 940, 4, 113, 118-119, TMN 4, 120, 2, 135. The word
has an anatomical meaning (hip) in old sources, but the meaning side is also attested
and must be more archaic, to judge from external evidence; the more abstract meaning in
Chuvash (vicinity) also supports side as the original meaning.
A Western isogloss. The meaning side in Turkic is easily deducible from land (cf. Russ. - ).
-dari a small animal (flying squirrel): Tung. *(i)arami ( ~ d-); Mong.
*irke; Turk. *jar- / *jer-; Jpn. *(d)tti; Kor. *trm.
PTung. *(i)arami ( ~ d-) otter (): Ork. daram(n).
1, 198. An isolated Orok word, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *irke chipmuck (Tamias sibiricus Laxmann) (Gomb.) (): WMong. irke (MXTTT); Kh. irx; Bur. erxi; Kalm. irx
().
Not from Evk. eleki ermine, pace 184.
PTurk. *jar- / *jer- bat ( ): Karakh. jersg, jerise (MK
Chigil); Tur. jarasa, jarask; Gag. jarasa; Az. jarasa; Turkm. jarasa (dial.),
jarnat; Sal. jeresen; MTurk. jarasa (AH), jar-qanat (Ettuhf.); Uzb.
jr-qant; Krm. jeri qanat; Tat. jar-qanat; Bashk. jar-anat; Kirgh.
ar-anat; Kaz. ar-qanat; KKalp. ar-anat; Kum. jar-qanat; Nogh.
jar-anat; Khak. ar-xanat; Oyr. jar-anat, ar-anat; Tv. asq; Chuv.
ara-eri; Yak. sar knat.
EDT 972, VEWT 189, TMN 4, 143, 4, 140-141, 168. The word is etymologically difficult because of the unclear suffix *-sa / *-se attested in early forms and
some of the modern reflexes. In most modern languages the word is folk-etymologically
rebuilt as *jar-Kiajnat film-wing (or naked sparrow in Chuv.).

PJpn. *(d)tt Mustela itatsi itatsi, kolinsky (, ): OJpn.

itati; MJpn. tti; Tok. tachi, itach; Kyo. tch; Kag. itach.
JLTT 427. Tokyo reflects a tone variation between *(d)tt and *(d)tt.
PKor. *trm flying squirrel (-): MKor. trm; Mod. taram-wi.
Nam 135, KED 382.
168. Low tone in Jpn. does not correspond to Kor. (but cf.
different dialectal variants). The root must have denoted some small
rodent, possibly a flying squirrel (which could explain the meaning
bat in Turkic). One should also mention PM *araa hedgehog, porcupine = Karakh. jarpuz mongoose, possibly derived from the same
root. A different etymology of the Turkic word (comparing it with Evk.
arbakin naked and deriving from a *arV naked skin, see Stachowski 1999) seems less likely to us.
-dge good, better: Mong. *aa; Turk. *jg-; Jpn. *d-; Kor. *tjh-.
PMong. *aa good, well (, ): MMong. aarin (SH)
omen; WMong. aa, (L 1022: zaa-bala for certain); Kh. ; Bur. z;
Kalm. z, z, ; Ord. ; Dag. , (. . 143), (MD 176); Dong.

*doktV - *dblu

479

a; S.-Yugh. a; Mongr. ri signe par lequel la divinit manifeste sa

volont (SM 83), -le- consentir (SM 87).
KW 469, MGCD 416.
PTurk. *jg- 1 better 2 upper part, surface (1 , 2
, ): OTurk. jeg 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jeg 1 (MK);
Tur. je, jej 1; Az. jeg (dial.) 1; Turkm. jeg 1; MTurk. jik 1 (AH); Chuv. i,
ije 2.
EDT 909-910, VEWT 194, 4, 165-166, TMN 4, 184-185, 2, 115-116.
PJpn. *d- good (): OJpn. jo-; MJpn. j-; Tok. -, y-; Kyo. ;
Kag. y-.
JLTT 845.
PKor. *tjh- good (): MKor. tjh-; Mod. - [h-].
Nam 162, KED 1488.
103, 275. Despite the meaning of the Chuvash form
(up) the Turk. root should be rather compared with this Korean and
Japanese data than with Mong. degde- rise etc. (see VEWT 194 with
literature). On the latter root see under *tga. The Mong. vocalism in
*aa is somewhat aberrant: it is probably a result of early vowel assimilation < *ia (the variants ia- and aa- in WMong. interchange
frequently).
-doktV ( ~ t-) socks, stockings: Tung. *dokta; Mong. *degtej.
PTung. *dokta-n socks, stockings (, ): Evk. dokton; Evn.
dtn; Neg. dokton; Ul. doqto(n); Ork. doqto(n); Nan. doqto(n).
1, 213.
PMong. *degtej fur stockings (, ): WMong. degtei; Kh. degt ().
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-dblu ( ~ -a) a k. of predator: Tung. *dolbi; Mong. *ilar; Turk.
*jolbars.
PTung. *dolbi fox (): Man. dobi; SMan. ovi (2207); Jurch. dolbi
(153) , do-bi (151).
1, 211.
PMong. *ilar cat (): WMong. ilar (XTTT); Kh. alar.
Sukhebaatar derives the word from Tib. byi la cat, but the final -r is hard to explain.

PTurk. *jolbars panther, leopard, tiger (, , ):

OTurk. jolbars (OUygh.: Suv.); Turkm. jolbars; MTurk. jolbars (Pav. C.);
Uzb. jlbars; Uygh. jolbars; Tat. julbars; Bashk. julbar; Kirgh. olbars;
Kaz. olbars; KKalp. olbars; Nogh. jolbars.

*dlgu - *dlu

480

4, 219, 157. The Turkic form is analysed as road panther which is

most probably a folk etymology (under the influence of the borrowed bars panther):
even if one takes jol with a secondary late attested meaning line, stripe, shortness of -oin Turkm. contradicts the etymology (*jl road has a long vowel).
A Western isogloss.
-dlgu ( ~ -a) a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *dulgikta; Mong. *dolugana;
Turk. *jlgun.
PTung. *dulgi-kta alder (): Evk. dulgik; Evn. dkt; Orch. duggimtu; Ud. dugumpe (. 228), duumne.
1, 222.
PMong. *dolugana hawthorn, mayflower (): WMong.
doluana, doluuna, dolunu (L 260); Kh. dolgono; Bur. dolgono; Kalm.
doln.
KW 94. Mong. > Yak. doloon etc. (see TMN 4, 315, 3, 269-270,
123-124).

PTurk. *jlgun tamarisk (): Karakh. jlun (MK); Tur. ln;

Az. julun; Turkm. jlun, jln; MTurk. jln (Houts.), julun (Pav. C.);
Uzb. julun; Uygh. ulun; Kirgh. ln, lam; Kaz. l; KKalp.
l; SUygh. julum, jolam.
VEWT 165, 200, EDT 926, 4, 277-278, 134. Kaz. > Russ. dial. dengil, see 183-184.

A Western isogloss.
-dlu warm: Tung. *dl-; Mong. *dulaan; Turk. *jl-g; Jpn. *d.
PTung. *dl- to warm (of sun) ( ( )): Evk. dl-;
Evn. dl-.
1, 221.
PMong. *dulaan warm (): MMong. dulaan hot, sunheat
(HY 6); WMong. dulaan (L 272); Kh. duln; Bur. duln; Kalm. duln;
Ord. duln; Dag. duln (. . 138, MD 138); S.-Yugh. duln (MGCD
dln).
KW 101-102, MGCD 237.
PTurk. *jl-g warm (): OTurk. jl (OUygh.); Karakh. jl,
l (MK); Tur. lk; Gag. l; Az. ilG warmish; Turkm. jl; Sal. jili;
MTurk. lq, jlq (Abush., . .); Uzb. iliq; Uygh. ilman; Krm. jl;
Tat. l; Bashk. jl; Kirgh. luu; Kaz. l; KBalk. l; KKalp. ll; Kum.
jl; Nogh. jl; SUygh. il; Khak. l; Shr. l- (v.); Oyr. lu; Tv. l;
Tof. l; Yak. sls; Dolg. hls.
Derived from *jl- to be warm. See VEWT 200, EDT 919, 925, 4, 275-276,
21, Stachowski 118.

PJpn. *d warm water ( ): OJpn. ju; MJpn. ju; Tok. y;

Kyo. y; Kag. y.
JLTT 578.

*dup - *dn(e)kV

481

EAS 51, KW 102, 174, Poppe 23, 75, JOAL 85,

1, 221-222, Murayama 1962, 108, 51, 72, 284, 11,
21. Despite 1997, 124, Mong. cannot be explained as a
Turkic loanword, and despite Doerfer MT 72 the TM and Mong. forms
should be regarded as genuinely related. Note that several forms reflect
an original derivative *dl(u)-gV (Turk., Mong. and Jpn. *d < *dul-gu).
-dup wing, fin: Mong. *iber; Jpn. *tumpasa.
PMong. *iber 1 fish fin 2 wing (1 2 ):
WMong. iber (L 1048) 1; Kh. iver 1; Bur. eber 2; Kalm. iwr () 1, 2.
PJpn. *tumpasa wing (): OJpn. tubasa; MJpn. tbs; Tok.
tsbasa; Kyo. tsbs; Kag. tsubas.
JLTT 552. Accent not quite clear: modern dialects point rather to *tmps.
JOAL 98. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss; cf. perhaps Tuva akpa ( < *japka)
fin.
-d ( ~ t-) inside, middle: Tung. *d; Mong. *do- / *du-; Kor. *ti.
PTung. *d inside (): Evk. d; Evn. d; Neg. d(n);
Man. do; SMan. do-, o- (2586-2589); Jurch. do-lo (600); Ul. d; Ork. d;
Nan. d; Orch. d; Ud. d (. 227); Sol. d-.
1, 209-210.
PMong. *do- / *du- 1 inside 2 middle, mediocre 3 middle (1
2 , 3 ): MMong. dotora (HY 50),
dotona (SH) 1, dutar, dutur (MA) 1, dunda (HY 50, SH) 2, dumda, donda
(IM), dund (MA) 3; WMong. do-tur(a) 1 (L 265), du-li 2, du-mda 3 (L
273); Kh. dotor 1, du 2, dund 3; Bur. dos 1, dunda 3; Kalm. dotr 1, dund
3; Ord. dotor 1, dunda 3; Mog. dotna 1, dunda 3; ZM dotana (4-3a) 1,
donda (9-1b) 3; Dag. duatar, dotor 1, duanda 3, duande (MD 137) 3; Dong.
tudoro, sudoro 1, dunda 3; Bao. dor; S.-Yugh. hdoro 1, dunda 3; Mongr.
turo (SM 434), duro, tudor (SM 427) 1, dunda (SM 64) 3.
KW 97,102, MGCD 227, 237. Mong. du-li > Evk. dulin etc., see 1, 222-223; Doerfer MT 20; Rozycki 63.

PKor. *ti place, inside (, ): MKor. ti; Mod. te.

Nam 147, KED 454.
1, 210, Rozycki 61. One of the few monosyllabic roots in PA.
-dn(e)kV withers, back: Tung. *doka; Mong. *d(ge); Turk. *jnak;
Kor. *t.
PTung. *doka saddle (for children or horses) ( (; )): Evk. doqa.
1, 216. Attested only in Evk. and rather problematic. It matches phonetically
Evn. dqn, Nan. dqo (On.) place where wild birds roost, derived in 1, 211
from *d- to sit down. Let us note, however, that the verb means exclusively sit down
(of birds), roost, so the meaning saddle is hardly derivable from it. We may well be
dealing with a secondary semantic contamination in Nan. and Evn.

482

*dre - *dre

PMong. *d(ge) 1 neck cangue 2 prop, support (1 2 ): WMong. dge 1, d 2 (L 267, 268); Kh. dng 1; Bur.
dnge 1; Kalm. d 2; Ord. dg 1; Dag. dugu (MGCD 229).
KW 99.
PTurk. *jnak saddleblanket (): Karakh. jonaq (MK); Turkm.
jna; MTurk. jona, juna (Houts., Pav. C.); Kaz. ona (dial.); KKalp. ona;
SUygh. junaq; Oyr. jonoq; Tv. onaq.
VEWT 206, 211, EDT 949, 4, 222-223, 543.
PKor. *t back (): MKor. t; Mod. t.
Liu 255, KED 546.
The Kor. word is alternatively compared with Mong. tke muscles of the back (SKE 268, EAS 49, 120) - but we were unable to find the
word in available sources.
-dre to go, walk, approach: Tung. *dr-; Mong. *drbe-; Turk. *jor- /
*jri-; Jpn. *dr-.
PTung. *dr- 1 to walk, wander (off) 2 to run 3 to leap, gallop (1
, 2 3 , ): Evk. dr- 1,
dri-3; Evn. re-nid- 1; Neg. dj- 1; Man. ura- 1; SMan. ura- to
start, to set out, to leave (1173); Nan. duere- 1; Ul. duere- 1; Ork. druu3; Orch. due-, duwe- 1; Ud. due- 1.
1, 226, 277, 278. Variants with - are not quite clear.
PMong. *drbe- to run (in panic) ( ( )): MMong.
durbe- (SH, HYt); WMong. drbe-, (L 281) drbi-; Kh. drve-.
PTurk. *jor- / *jri- to walk (): OTurk. jor- (Orkh., OUygh.),
jri- (Orkh.); Karakh. jor()- (MK, KB), jri- ~ jri- (KB); Tur. jr-; Gag.
jr-; Az. jeri-, jr-; Turkm. jr(e)-; Sal. jr-; MTurk. jri- ~ jri- (MA),
jr- (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jur-; Uygh. r- (jr-), jr-; Krm. juru-, jr-;
Tat. jr-, jr-; Bashk. jr-; Kirgh. r()-; Kaz. r-; KBalk. r()-;
KKalp. r-; Kum. juru-, jr-; Nogh. jr()-; SUygh. jor-, or-, jr-, jr-;
Khak. r-; Shr. r-; Oyr. or-; Tv. or(u)-; Tof. oru-; Chuv. re-; Yak.
srt-; Dolg. hrt-.
VEWT 207, 213, EDT 957-8, 4, 229-231, TMN 4, 217-218, Stachowski 120.
Clauson regards both forms together, but notes that jor- is attested earlier than jr(i)-.

PJpn. *dr- to approach (, ): OJpn. jor-;

MJpn. jr-; Tok. yr-; Kyo. yr-; Kag. yr-.
JLTT 787.
EAS 52, 284, 13. The frequently compared with
Turk. WMong. ori- to ride, wander (see KW 476, 187,
VEWT 207), is most likely a loanword (ori- < *orti-, from the Turk.
derived form *jor()t- ( 4, 226-227); cf. also *jorga pedestrian; ambler ( 4, 225) > WMong. irua, see VEWT 207, KW 115, TMN 4,
152, whence Yak., Dolg. oruo, see Ka. MEJ 23, 35, Stachowski 91)),

*dru - *dru

483

*jor- > WMong. ori- to head (somewhere) (KW 478; hence Man. ori-,
see Doerfer MT 115); see 1997, 125. Note that Doerfers criticism (TMN 4, 219-220) of the Tung.-Turk. comparison is unacceptable.
However, an archaic opposition of two roots (with *d- and *-) cannot
be excluded: besides a peculiar variation *jor-/ *jri- in PT note also the
tonal mismatch between PT *dr- and PJ *dr-.
-dru rule, permission: Tung. *dora(n); Mong. *dura-; Turk. *jor-; Jpn.
*dr-.
PTung. *dora-n law (): Man. doron; SMan. dorn official
rank(1047); Jurch. doro-un (255); Ul. doro(n); Ork. doro(n); Nan. dor;
Orch. doro(n).
1, 216-217. Borrowing from Mong. tre is excluded, despite Rozycki 62.
PMong. *dura- 1 will, intent; 2 wish, desire, liking 3 to wish, love (1
, 2 , 3 ; ): MMong.
durat- to hope, consider (HY 33), durala- 3 (HYt), dura(n) (SH), dura(n)
(MA) 1; WMong. dura (L 274) 1; Kh. dur 1,2, durla- 3; Bur. dura(n) 1,
durla- 3; Kalm. durn 1; Ord. dura 1; Mog. drn 2 (Weiers); ZM dorn
(5-5a) 1; Dag. duar (. . 137) 1, duare 1, duarele- 3 (MD 138); Dong.
duran 1; S.-Yugh. dura 1; Mongr. durn (SM 66) 1.
KW 103, MGCD 238.
PTurk. *jor- to explain, interpret (a dream) ( ()):
Karakh. jor- (MK, KB); Tur. jor-, jora-; Turkm. jor-; MTurk. jor- (AH,
Pav. C.); Uygh. oru-; Krm. jor-, jora-; Tat. jura-; Bashk. jura-; Kirgh.
oro-, oru-; Kaz. or-; KKalp. or-; Nogh. jor-.
EDT 955, VEWT 208, 4, 223-224. Turk. > Mong. jor- ( 1997, 125). The
root should be distinguished from *jr- to untie, release (Yak. sr-, OT jr-) - the latter is
different both phonetically and semantically, although it can, through contamination,
also attain the meaning to interpret (thus in MK and OUygh.).

PJpn. *dr- 1 to be allowed 2 to allow (1 2

, ): OJpn. jurus- 2; MJpn. jr- 1, jrs- 2; Tok.
yurs- 2; Kyo. yrs-; Kag. yrs-.
JLTT 788.
An interesting common Altaic root, with the original meaning reconstructable perhaps as interpretation (of desires or intentions) and
thus permission, rule.
-dru weak, slack, emaciated: Tung. *duru-; Mong. *doru; Turk. *jor-;
Jpn. *dr-.
PTung. *duru- to become worn out, old (): Man. duru-.
1, 225. Attested only in Manchu, but having reliable external parallels.
PMong. *doru weak, feeble, emaciated (, ):
WMong. doru, dorui (L 263); Kh. dor, doroj; Bur. doroj; Kalm. dor;
Mongr. dur.

484

*dorVkV - *dle

KW 96, MGCD 226.

PTurk. *jor- to tire, tired (, ): Tur. jor-, jorul-, jorun;
Gag. jorul-, jorun; Az. jor-, jorul-, jorun; Turkm. jor-, jorun; MTurk.
jorul- (Ettuhf., AH), jorun (Pav. C.); Krm. jorul-, jorun; Kum. jorul-.
VEWT 207, 4, 223.
PJpn. *dr- slack, languid, quiet (, , ): OJpn. juru-, jura-; MJpn. jr-; Tok. yur-; Kyo. yr-; Kag. yur-.
JLTT 845.
The root is homonymous with *dru rule, permission, but hardly
has anything in common with it etymologically.
-dorVkV a k. of badger: Tung. *d[o]riken; Mong. *dorugun; Turk.
*jorukan.
PTung. *d[o]rike- 1 lynx 2 a k. of bear 3 wild boar (1 2
3 ): Evn. deriken 2; Neg. dejexe 1; Man. dorGori 3.
1, 230, 237, 217.
PMong. *dorugun badger (): MMong. drqan (LH); WMong.
doroon, doruu(n), doru (L 262, 263); Kh. dorgo; Bur. dorgon; Ord. dorGo.
Mong. > Evk. dorokon etc., see Doerfer MT 39, Rozycki 62.
PTurk. *jorukan 1 badger 2 suslik (1 2 ): Khak. oraxa
(Radl.); Oyr. joroqon (Radl.).
VEWT 207. Turk. > WMong. oruan, oruqan, Kalm. zorn, zorxn (KW 476).
A Western isogloss.
-dubi ( ~ t-) skilled, accustomed: Tung. *dub-; Mong. *dj.
PTung. *dub- to get accustomed (, ): Evk.
d-; Evn. d-; Man. dubi-; Jurch. tu-bi-ba tei-bew fixed habits (784).
1, 217-218.
PMong. *dj 1 skill, dexterity 2 to be right or correct (1 ,
2 , ): WMong. di 1, di- 2 (L 279);
Kh. dj 1, dj- 2; Bur. dj 1.
Despite Lessing ibid., dji- is hardly < Chinese.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-dle night: Tung. *dolba; Mong. *dli-; Jpn. *du, *du-r.
PTung. *dolba night (): Evk. dolbon; Evn. dolb; Neg. dolbon;
Man. dobori; SMan. ovr night, evening (2661); Jurch. dol-wo (78); Ul.
dolbo; Ork. dolboni; Nan. dolbo; Orch. dobbo; Ud. dogbo; Sol. dolbo.
1, 213-214.
PMong. *dli- to spend the night (without sleep) (
( )): WMong. dli- (L 280); Kh. dle-; Kalm. dl-; Ord. dli-; Dag.
dule- (MD 139).
KW 105. Mong. > Man. duli- etc., see 1, 223, Rozycki 63.
PJpn. *du, *du-r night (): OJpn. jwo(ru); MJpn. j(r); Tok.
yru; Kyo. yru; Kag. yor.

*dli - *di

485

JLTT 575, 577.

Murayama 1962, 108, 71, 97, 276 (but the Turkic parallels listed there should be rejected). PJ *du reflects a suffixed form <
*dl(e)-gV (-bV).
-dli mad, crazy: Tung. *dulbu-; Mong. *dlei; Turk. *jl-; Kor. *tor.
PTung. *dulbu- 1 stupid, dumb 2 deaf (1 2 ): Evk.
dulbu-n 1; Evn. dlbr 1; Man. dulba 1; Ork. dl-dl 1; Nan. dulbi 2.
1, 221-222.
PMong. *dlei deaf (): MMong. dulaiji (HY 49), dol (IM),
duli (MA), dli (LH); WMong. dlei (L 280); Kh. dlij; Bur. dlij; Kalm.
dl; Ord. dl; Dag. dul (. . 138, MD 139); Dong. dulei; Bao. dli;
S.-Yugh. del-; Mongr. dul (SM 64).
KW 105, MGCD 244. Mong. > Kaz. dlej etc. ( 3, 324-325).
PTurk. *jl- 1 to be mad, crazy 2 anger 3 to be sexually excited (1
2 3 ):
Oyr. l- 1; Chuv. il 2; Yak. sl- 3.
VEWT 213, 4, 33. Chuv. > Hung. gyll be angry. Forms like Kirgh. l-,
Uygh. l- to go mad, speak in ones sleep are obviously < Mong. ele-, but the Chuv.
and Yak. forms, as well as the Oyr. form l- seem to be archaic.

PKor. *tor wicked, base, wild (, ): Mod. tol; tul- stupid; clumsy.
KED 478, 509, 510.
SKE 272, Lee 1958, 108.
-dure ( ~ t-, --, -i) to burn, set fire: Tung. *dur-; Mong. *dr-.
PTung. *dur- 1 to burn, blaze, flame 2 to set fire (1 , 2
): Evn. dur- 1; Man. dobu- 2; Ul. duregdeli- 1.
1, 211, 224-225. Man. dobu- < *dur-bu- = Evn. durb-.
PMong. *dr- to blaze, flame (, ): WMong.
drbele- (L 281); Kh. drele-, drsxij-; Bur. drge-, dre-; Kalm. drw-;
Mog. drg-, dr- (Ramstedt 1906).
KW 106.
Poppe 22. . 185. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, but despite
Doerfer MT 147, hardly a loanword in TM.
-di ring: Tung. *dur-; Mong. *dr; Turk. *j-.
PTung. *dur- 1 a k. of bracelet 2 stirrup 3 saddle (for children) (1
2 3 ()): Evk. durki 2; Ork. drke 3;
Nan. duri 1.
1, 217, 225. The word for stirrup (cf also Sol. durki id., see 1, 226) may
be a Mongolian borrowing, see Doerfer MT 126.

PMong. *dr 1 ring in bulls nose 2 stirrup (1 2 ): MMong. doroe (HY 18), dorebi (SH) 1, dur (IM) 2;
WMong. dr 1, drge 2 (L 269); Kh. dr 1, dr 2; Bur. dre 1, dr 2;

486

*di - *di

Kalm. dr 1, dr 2; Ord. dr 1, dr 2; Dag. dur 2 (. . 138

durgi); S.-Yugh. dur 2; Mongr. dur (SM 67), durm anneau, boucle
(MGCD 230).
KW 99, MGCD 230.
PTurk. *j- 1 finger ring 2 joint 3 stirrup (*eg < *jeg) (1
( ) 2 () 3 ): Karakh. jzk 1
(MK), ze 3 (KB); Tur. jzk 1, zengi 3; Gag. jzk, zk 1; Az. zk 1;
Turkm. jzk 1, zei 3; MTurk. jzk 1 (AH, Ettuhf.), zk 1 (Pav. C.,
Abush.); Uzb. uzuk 1; Uygh. zk 1; Krm. jzk, zk, ezik, izik 1; Tat.
jzek 1; Bashk. jk 1; Kirgh. zk 1; Kaz. zik 1; KBalk. zk, zzk
1; KKalp. zik 1; Kum. jzk 1; Nogh. jzik 1; Khak. stk 1; Shr.
stk 1; Oyr. jstk, stk 1; Tv. stk 1, s 2; Chuv. r 1, jrana
3; Yak. shx 2, ihee 3; Dolg. hhk 2.
EDT 986, VEWT 214, TMN 2, 146,147-148, 1, 623-625, 4, 260, 261-262,
212, 548-549, Stachowski 115. Turk. > Hung. gyr (see Lig. MNyTK 77-79). The
reason of *j- > 0- in the PT name of stirrup ( < *ring-formed) is unclear (irregular
change in a long form?).

KW 99, Poppe 23, 549. A Western isogloss.

E
- that (deictic root): Tung. *e-; Mong. *e-ne; Turk. *(-n); Jpn. *-; Kor.
*-m.
PTung. *e- this (): Evk. er, eri; Evn. er; Neg. ej; Man. ere; SMan.
er (2881); Jurch. e(r)se (854); Ul. ej; Ork. eri; Nan. ei; Orch. ei; Ud. eji; Sol.
er.
2, 460-462.
PMong. *e-ne this (): MMong. ene (SH, HYt), en (IM), in
(MA); WMong. ene (L 316); Kh. ene; Bur. ene; Kalm. en; Ord. ene; Mog.
en; ZM ena (13-6a); Dag. ene (. . 139); Dong. ene; Bao. ene, ine;
S.-Yugh. ene; Mongr. ne.
KW 122, MGCD 262.
PTurk. *n- that (obl.cases) 2 here, look (part.) ( ( . ) 2 , ): OTurk. an-ta (loc.), a-ar (dat.) (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. an-da (loc.), o-a (dat.) (MK, KB); Turkm. ana 2; Sal. an-d (loc.),
a-a (dat.); Khal. r that side (vocalism under influence of br this
side); MTurk. an-da (loc.), a-a (dat.) (Babur); Krm. an-da (loc.), an-ar
(dat.); Tat. an-da (loc.), a-a (dat.), an-ar (dat.) (Mish.); Bashk. an-ta, an-da
(loc.), a-a (dat.); Kirgh. an-ta (loc.), a-()a (dat.); KBalk. an-da (loc.),
a-a (dat.); SUygh. a (nom.); Khak. an-da (loc.), a-aa (dat.); Shr. an-da
(loc.), a-()a (dat.); Oyr. an-da (loc.), o-()o (dat.); Tv. n-da (loc.), a()-a
(dat.); Tof. n-da (loc.), a()-a (dat.); Chuv. on-da (loc.), n-a (dat.); Yak.
ana-r 2.
VEWT 19, EDT 165, 1, 147-150, 157. In OT and most modern languages the
root a(n)- acts as an oblique stem for ol that (as well as a deriving stem for pronominal
adverbs). Only in SUygh. a- is the direct stem.

PJpn. *- that (): MJpn. a-; Tok. -re, -no; Kyo. re.
JLTT 376.
PKor. *-m someone, some (-, ): MKor. m (cf.
also n some, someone, rm oneself); Mod. mu.
Nam 337, KED 1072.
111-112, 277; EAS 126, KW 122, 56, 292, Doerfer MT 21, Rozycki 70.

488

*e - *b

-e not: Tung. *e-; Mong. *e-se.

PTung. *e- not ( ( )): Evk. e-; Evn. e-; Neg.
e-; Jurch. ej-xe (476), esi(n)-in (710); Ul. e-; Ork. e-; Nan. e-; Orch. e-; Ud.
e-; Sol. e-.
2, 432.
PMong. *e-se not (): MMong. ese (SH, HYt), ise (IM), is() (MA);
WMong. ese (L 333); Kh. es; Bur. ehe; Kalm. es; Ord. ese; Mog. sa, s; ZM
e (27-7a); Dag. es (. . 140); Dong. ese; Bao. se; Mongr. s, s.
KW 128, MGCD 272.
Poppe 65, KW 128, 1, 265, 44, 291. A
Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-b to join, meet: Tung. *ebu-re-; Mong. *au-la-; Turk. *ab-; Jpn. *p-;
Kor. *br-.
PTung. *ebu-re- 1 to meet 2 to wait (1 2 ): Ul.
eurei- 1, 2; Nan. re- 1, 2.
2, 471.
PMong. *au-la- to meet, join (, ):
MMong. aula-, aula- (SH), aula- (HYt) to have an audience of a
khan; WMong. aula- (L 17); Kh. la-; Bur. lza-; Kalm. lz-; Ord.
la-; Dag. auli- (. . 122), aulei (MD 116).
KW 454, MGCD 663, TMN 1, 169. A variant with h- is attested in the Leiden manuscript (hawularin present), but this is certainly not the reason for reconstructing
*hau-la- - against the overwhelming weight of other Middle Mong. sources and Dagur;
it should be rather compared with Mongr. fla- offrir, sacrifier (105) (further perhaps to
*hab sorcery q. v. sub *ppa).

PTurk. *ab- to crowd, come together (, ):

OTurk. av- (OUygh.); Karakh. av- (MK, KB).
EDT 4, 10, 69.
PJpn. *p- to meet, join, fit, agree (; , ): OJpn. ap-; MJpn. f-; Tok. -; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 679.
PKor. *br- to unite, join (, ): MKor. r-;
Mod. aul-, ul-.
Nam 340, KED 1076, 1134.
SKE 12, Martin 234, Ozawa 167-168. An attempt of Doerfer (TMN
1, 173) to disprove Ramstedts etymology (by supposing *h- in Mong.)
is unsuccessful. Korean has a low tone, typical for the verbal subsystem.
-b to winnow, fan: Tung. *ebiri-; Turk. *ebis-; Jpn. *apu-.
PTung. *ebiri- to shuffle, hoard (, ): Evn. ewerge
two-paddled oar; Nan. ebiri-.
2, 433.

*ba(-ku) - *b

489

PTurk. *ebi-s- to winnow, blow (): Karakh. evs- (MK); Tur.

evis-; Az. s-; Turkm. vs-, s-; Khal. hp(i)s-, hs-; Chuv. avs-.
EDT 15, VEWT 49, 1, 553-554. Cf. also *epki-n cool wind, gust of wind ( 42). The form es-, attested already in MK (see EDT 240, ibid.) is possibly a
contraction of *ebs-.

PJpn. *apu- to blow, fan (, ): MJpn. afu-r-, afu-t-;

Tok. ar-; Kyo. r-; Kag. ar-.
JLTT 676. Accent not quite clear: Kyoto and Tokyo point to *pr-, but Kagoshima to *pr-.

The root is not widely represented, but seems quite reliable. A derivative *b-rV is reflected in Nan. ebiri- = OJ apu-t-, apu-r-.
-ba(-ku) marshmallow, hollyhock: Tung. *ebke-; Mong. *(h)abuga; Jpn.
*ppi; Kor. *k.
PTung. *ebke- 1 heather 2 a k. of plant 3 hawthorn (1 2
3 ): Evk. ebkemkir 1; Neg. epkexin 2; Ul. ewxexi 2;
Ork. ewxexi 2; Nan. opokta 3; Orch. ewxexi 2.
2, 22, 433.
PMong. *(h)abuga marshmallow ( ): WMong. abua
(); Kh. avga ().
Mong. > Man. abua (ila) id.
PJpn. *ppi hollyhock (-): OJpn. apupji; MJpn. ffi; Tok.
oi; Kyo. ; Kag. ai.
JLTT 382.
PKor. *k marshmallow (
(Althaea officinalis)): MKor. k; Mod. auk.
Nam 340, KED 1076.
Lee 1958, 105 (Man.-Kor.).
-b to carry on the back: Tung. *ebe-; Mong. *ere-; Jpn. *p-; Kor.
*p-.
PTung. *ebe- carry (on oneself) (): Evk. ewe-; Nan. warto unload; Orch. ewugi- to bring, iwa-dala- to put a person on ones
shoulder (in play).
1, 295, 2, 436.
PMong. *ere- to carry on the back ( ): MMong.
uur- (SH); WMong. ere- (L 301: egr-, gr-); Kh. re-; Kalm. r-;
S.-Yugh. oru-; Mongr. urgu-.
KW 461, MGCD 686.
PJpn. *p- to carry on the back ( ): OJpn. op-; MJpn.
f-; Tok. -; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 743. Tone is controversial: RJ and Kyoto < *p-, but Tokyo and Kagoshima <
*p-.

PKor. *p- to carry on the back ( ): MKor. p-; Mod.

p-.

490

*eb - *ebo
Liu 554, KED 1149.
Martin 238. Korean has a verbal low tone.

-eb to be weak, to wither: Tung. *ebe-; Jpn. *impu-sia-; Kor. *b-.

PTung. *ebe- 1 weak 2 to yield, be submitted 3 foolish, obstinate 4
lax, tarrying (1 2 , 3 ,
4 , ): Evk. ewe-ekin -; Man.
ebe-ri, ebi-lun 1; Ul. ebe-le 3; Ork. ebe-le 4; Nan. ebe-ri- 2; Orch. ebe-le 1.
2, 436. Some forms (esp. those in -ri) may be borrowed from Mongolian (see
under *apo), while the Ul. and Orok forms may be < Manchu (because of -b- instead of the
expected -w-).

PJpn. *i(m)pu-sia- in bad spirits, bad-mooded ( , ): OJpn. ibuse-; MJpn. ibuse-.

JLTT 829.
PKor. *b- 1 to be exhausted, hungry 2 to lack, be insufficient (1
, 2 , ): MKor. u1, psw-, ps- 2; Mod. p- [ps-].
HMCH 95, Nam 369, KED 1150.
PKE 59. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *po.
-bla egg: Tung. *(x)el-; Mong. *(h)elde; Turk. *o(b)l-duruk; Kor.
*rh.
PTung. *(x)el- 1 to hatch 2 egg (1 2 ): Evk.
el- 1; Evn. ola 2.
2, 15, 448. Cf. also Evk. el-mektekn, Sol. lux newborn child.
PMong. *(h)elder breed (): WMong. eglder (L 300); Kh.
lder; Bur. lter.
PTurk. *o(b)l-duruk milt, roe (, ): Tur. oulduruk
womb, ovary; Turkm. ovulduruq; MTurk. oulduruq (R - ShS); Uzb.
vuldrq (dial.); Tat. uwuldq; Bashk. wldrq (dial.); Kirgh. ulduruq; Kaz.
ulduruq, ldrk; Chuv. vl.
VEWT 358. Usually derived from *ogul son, which is rather dubious for external
reasons. See . 146. 156.

PKor. *rh egg (): MKor. r (rh-); Mod. al.

Nam 346, KED 1088.
In Turk. *obl-duruk probably < *abl-duruk with secondary narrowing in a long wordform. Kor. *rh reflects a suffixed *bla-gV.
-ebo enough, big: Tung. *ebi-; Mong. *(h)- / *(h)b-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *ebi- 1 enough 2 to be satiated 3 greedy 4 to eat greedily (1
2 , ): Evk. uwi- 2; Man. ebi- 2; Jurch.
oh-pih-leh 2; Ul. ebiri- 4, ebe-su(n) 3; Nan. ebe-s 3; Orch. eburi 1.
2, 243, 433.

*ebVrV - *bo

491

PMong. *(h)- / *(h)b- 1 huge, big 2 complete, whole (1 , 2 , ): WMong. gelei 1 (L 631), b-i 2 (L
627); Kh. lij 1, v 2.
PKor. *- whole, complete (, ): MKor. -n,
r-.
Nam 381.
Cf. PJ *p- big which may reflect a merger of this root with *po
q.v.
-ebVrV worm, snake: Tung. *re; Turk. *ebren; Jpn. *brt ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *re 1 worm 2 snake (1 () 2 ): Evk. re
1; Neg. uje 1; Ul. were(n) 2; Ud. w (. 219), uje.
1, 132; 2, 289.
PTurk. *ebren snake (): Tur. (Osm.) evren dragon, cf. mod.
heaven vault ( < snake-rainbow ?); Gag. ievrem fiery snake; MTurk.
MKypch. ewren adder (Houts.); Chuv. vre len dragon (lit. hot
snake), vereni (Bulg.).
EDT 14.
PJpn. *brt ( ~ -ua-) big snake ( ): OJpn. woroti;
MJpn. wrt, wrd; Tok. rochi; Kyo. rch; Kag. orchi.
JLTT 512. Accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is aberrant.
The Turkic form strongly suggests that PJ *brt is a contraction of
a longer *brt.
-bo to see, understand: Tung. *ee-; Mong. *e-; Turk. *(j)-.
PTung. *ee- to understand, remember (, ):
Man. ee-; SMan. e- to memorize (1866); Ul. ee-; Ork. ede-mu-; Nan.
ee-; Orch. ee-; Ud. ege-.
2, 439. TM > Dag. ei- (. . 138).
PMong. *e- to see (): MMong. ue- (HY 32, SH); u- (IM),
u-, hu- (MA); WMong. e- (L 1014); Kh. e-; Bur. ze-; Kalm. z-;
Ord. i-; Mog. -; ZM ou (5-4b); Dag. ui- (. . 170, MD 231),
u-; Dong. ue-; Bao. ne-; S.-Yugh. ee-; Mongr. ua- (SM 465), ue-.
KW 460, MGCD 331, 689.
PTurk. *(j)- to think, understand (, ): OTurk. (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. - (MK); Yak. j-.
EDT 2-3, VEWT 368. Derived is probably *-g thought, *g-re- to learn (see
1, 496-498, 501-502, Stachowski 198, 252).

A Western isogloss. The medial cluster with *-b- should be reconstructed in order to account for labialization in Turk. and Mong. However, the Turkic form may be alternatively compared with Mong. ojun
thought - if the latter is not related to PT *d thought (as suggested
by 285 and supported in . 103).

492

*a - *da

-a early, morning: Tung. *es; Jpn. *s; Kor. *hm.

PTung. *es now, just now, not long ago (, , ): Evk. es; Evn. esi-me; Neg. es; Man. esi yes, certainly; Ul. esi;
Ork. esi; Nan. esi; Orch. esi; Ud. esi; Sol. e.
See 2, 467-468.
PJpn. *s morning (): OJpn. asa; MJpn. s; Tok. sa; Kyo. s;
Kag. as.
JLTT 384.
PKor. *hm morning (): MKor. hm; Mod. ahim.
Nam 342, KED 1077/
Martin 236. An Eastern isogloss.
-o be weak, exhausted: Tung. *ee-; Turk. *; Jpn. *tr-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *ee- to feel constrained ( ): Ul. eise-;
Nan. eisi-.
2, 471.
PTurk. * hunger (): OTurk. a (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. a
(MK); Tur. a; Gag. ; Az. a; Turkm. ; Khal. , u-; MTurk. a (Pav.
C.); Uzb. ; Uygh. a; Krm. a; Tat. a; Bashk. as; Kirgh. a; Kaz. a;
KBalk. a; KKalp. a; Kum. a; Nogh. a; Khak. as; Shr. a; Oyr. a; Tv. a;
Chuv. v; Yak. s; Dolg. a-k hungry.
EDT 17, VEWT 3, 1, 208-209, Stachowski 28.
PJpn. *tr- 1 to be worse 2 to become weak (1 ,
2 ): OJpn. otor- 1, ot(w)or(w)op- 2; MJpn. tr- 1, trf- 2; Tok.
otr- 1, otoro- 2; Kyo. tr- 1, tr- 2; Kag. otr- 1, tr- 2.
JLTT 743. The Kagoshima accent in otr- is irregular (probably under literary influence).

PKor. *- to be in disorder, confusion ( , ): MKor. rp- (-w-) 2; Mod. irp- (-w-).

Nam 365, KED 1136.
The parallel seems reliable despite tone discrepancy between
Turk.-Tung., on the one hand, and Kor.-Jpn., on the other.
-da thing, goods: Tung. *ideg (/*e-); Mong. *ai- / *ada-; Turk. *ed.
PTung. *ideg (/*e-) thing (): Evk. ide; Nan. id reason (On.)
Cf. also Il. egdek clothes. 1, 298.
PMong. *ai- / *ada- 1 household 2 work (1 2
): WMong. ai 1, ail (L 61) 2; Kh. a 1, ail 2; Bur. aal, adal 2;
Kalm. al 2; Ord. ai 2; Dag. ail (. . 118).
KPC 29.
PTurk. *ed, *ed-g 1 thing, goods 2 good, excellent 3 good action,
benefit (1 , , 2 , 3 ): OTurk. ed 1 (OUygh.), edg 2; Karakh. e 1, eg 2 (MK, KB);

*da - *dV

493

Tur. iji 2; Turkm. ejgi-lik 3; Sal. 1; Tat. ige, ijge; Kirgh. ijgi-lig 3; KBalk.
igi,izgi 1; Nogh. ijgi 1; Tv. eki 2; Tof. ekki 2; Yak. t 2; Dolg. t 2.
1, 245-247, 248-249, 329-330, VEWT 35-36, EDT 33, 51, Stachowski 201. PT
*ed-g is derived from PT *ed thing, goods ( 326) ( > Mong. ed, MMong. (SH etc.)
ed, see 1997, 113). Mong. edege- to feel better, recover (Dag. edge-) is also possibly < Turkic.

A Western isogloss.
-da silly, evil: Tung. *de-; Mong. *ada; Turk. *Ada; Jpn. *nt.
PTung. *de- 1 silly 2 defect, shortcoming (1 2 ,
): Man. eden 2; Ul. ede(n) 1; Nan. d 1; Orch. ede 1; Ud. de 1.
2, 439. Man. > Dag. eden (. . 138).
PMong. *ada devil, evil spirit ( ): MMong. ada (HYt);
WMong. ada (L 9); Kh. ad; Bur. ada; Kalm. ad; Ord. ada.
Mong. > Kirgh. ada (KW 1).
PTurk. *Ada 1 danger 2 to endanger (1 2
): OTurk. ada (tuda) 1, adart- 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Shr. aza
name of an evil spirit (.); Tv. adam dashing, extraordinary; Yak.
ataast- to insult.
EDT 40, 68.
PJpn. *nt useless, vain (, ): MJpn. ada;
Tok. ad; Kyo. d; Kag. ad.
JLTT 376. The word is usually confused etymologically with *ta foe, which
seems, however, to have a different origin. Modern accentuation points to *nt, but it
may be secondary because of this confusion.

Mong. may be < Turk., see EDT 40, 1997, 94. The Jpn.
high tone seems to contradict the TM length, but it may be secondary,
see above.
-dV host, husband: Tung. *ed-; Mong. *een; Turk. *Edi.
PTung. *ed- husband (): Evk. ed; Evn. edi; Neg. ed; Ul. edi(n);
Ork. edi; Nan. ei; Orch. edi.
2, 437-438. Despite Doerfer MT 18, the root cannot be a Mong. loanword unlike forms like Evk., Man. een host, obviously recent borrowings (cf. Rozycki 67).

PMong. *een host (): MMong. een (HY 27, SH), inu (IM),
i-l- (MA); WMong. een (L 336); Kh. een; Bur. ezen; Kalm. ezn; Ord.
ein; Mog. en; ZM ein (9-8a); Dag. ein (. . 138, MD 142);
Dong. een; Mongr. nn lindividu en lui-mme, propre, sparment,
famille (SM 267), ri-le- se rendre matre de, usurper, ravir (SM 312).
KW 129-130.
PTurk. *Edi host (): OTurk. edi (idi) (OUygh.); Karakh. ii
(MK); Tur. ije, s, is; Az. jij; Turkm. eje; MTurk. eje (. ., Abush.),
ije (Pav. C.); Uzb. j (dial.); Krm. ije, je; Tat. ij; Bashk. j; Kirgh. ; Kaz.
je; KBalk. ije; KKalp. ije; Kum. jeje; Nogh. ije; SUygh. ise; Khak. ; Shr. ;
Oyr. ; Tv. ( < Oyr. or Khak.); Yak. ii; Dolg. ii.

494

*ga - *gi

1, 237-241, TMN 2, 176, EDT 41, 324-325, Stachowski 122. Some

forms (Tur. s, is, Yak. ii etc.) go back to a suffixed *ede-si; the Khak. and Shor forms
should be explained as a haplology of the same form.
EAS 97, KW 130, Poppe 53, 105, 1972a, 49-52, 6. A
Western isogloss. Despite 1997, 114, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk. Doerfers (TMN 2, 177-178) doubts in the validity of
the etymology are hardly grounded: all forms are easily explained if
we suppose a protoform like *edije. The form can be in fact an old derivative of *eda thing, household (q. v., cf. Poppe UJb XIII, 114, 120).
-ga to rise, lift: Tung. *ek-se-; Mong. *(h)ag-sa-; Turk. *(i)g-; Jpn.
*(n)k-.
PTung. *ek-se- 1 to carry, take with smb. 2 to put, preserve (1 ,
; 2 , ): Evk.
ekse- 1; Ork. ekse- 2.
2, 443-444.
PMong. *(h)ag-sa- to raise, put up (; ): WMong. asa- (L 14); Kh. agsa-; Bur. ah-.
PTurk. *(i)g- to rise (): OTurk. a- (Yen., OUygh.),
a-tur- (aus.) (Orkh.); Karakh. a- (MK, KB); Gag. - to vaporize;
Turkm. - to overflow; MTurk. a-; Bashk. awa-la- (of the sun).
EDT 77, 1, 68-70. is probably right in distinguishing the roots *(i)g(:- I) to rise and *ig- (: II) to turn over, fall, although the former is only sparsely
represented in modern languages, having for the most part dissolved within the reflexes
of the latter. In OT the stems a- to rise and ana- to tumble, roll on ones back are quite
clearly distinct.

PJpn. *(n)k- 1 to raise 2 give (1 2 ): OJpn. aga- 1;

MJpn. g- 1; Tok. ge- 1, 2; Kyo. g- 1, 2; Kag. ag- 1, 2.
Also intrans. *nk-r- to rise. See JLTT 674, 675.
275; Miller 1981, 869. Cf. *ga.
-gi ( ~ -e, -a) to bend: Tung. *ege-; Mong. *ee-; Turk. *eg-; Kor. *i-.
PTung. *ege- 1 to encircle, surround, go round 2 ring (1 2
): Evk. ee-l- 1; Neg. eg-di 2; Ul. eje- 1; Ork. eji- 1.
2, 437.
PMong. *ee- 1 outstanding corner 2 ring, ear-ring (1 2 , ): MMong. eemek 2 (SH); WMong. egeg 1,
ege-meg 2 (L 297, 298); Kh. g 1, meg 2; Bur. meg 2; Kalm. g 1, mg 2;
Ord. g, ng 1 mek, mk 2.
KW 130. Mong. > Yak. imx, Shor kpk etc.
PTurk. *eg- to bend (): OTurk. eg- (OUygh.); Karakh. eg- (MK);
Turkm. eg-; Khal. j-, jri; Chuv. av-, aj-; Yak. iex-; Dolg. iek-.
EDT 99, VEWT 37, 1, 330-332, 19, Stachowski 122 (Yak. iex- < *eg-ik-).
PKor. *i- to surround, encircle (): MKor. iu-; Mod. e-u-.

*egmV - *g

495

Nam 371, KED 1159.

KW 130, SKE 51.
-egmV shoulder, collarbone: Tung. *emu-ge; Mong. *eem; Turk. *egin.
PTung. *emuge collarbone (): Ork. emo-te; Nan. emue-en
lower part of thorax (On.); Ud. emuge.
252, 2, 437.
PMong. *eem shoulder, collarbone (, ): MMong.
egem, egan (egam) (SH), igem (LH); WMong. egem (L 298); Kh. egem; Bur.
m; Kalm. m.
KW 130. Mong. > Evk. eem, see Doerfer MT 125. The word reveals a peculiar variation of -g- and --: the Khalkha form egem may be a literary hypercorrection, but the Secret History also has -g-, not --, contradicting the reconstruction *eem based on Bur. and
Kalm. Perhaps one should reconstruct *egm(e) for Proto-Mong., to account for this unusual reflexation.

PTurk. *egin shoulder (): OTurk. egin (OUygh.); Karakh. egin

(MK); Tur. ein, ejin back; Az. jin body; Turkm. egin (dial.); MTurk.
egin (Abush., Pav. C.), in (Pav. C.) back; Uzb. egin; Krm. n, in; Kirgh.
ijin; Kaz. jn; KKalp. ijin; Nogh. ijin; SUygh. igen; Khak. in; Shr. in,
egini; Oyr. ijin; Tv. ein; Chuv. avn, an; Yak. ien.
EDT 109, VEWT 37, 1, 225-227, 26, 239, 1, 42-43.
KW 130, 321, Poppe 60, 1972a, 92-93,
307, 240. A Western isogloss. Despite 1997,
114, Mong. is not < Turk. May be derived from *gi to bend q. v. Doerfer (TMN 2, 192) protests against the Turk.-Mong. comparison, but restricts himself to einigen grundstzlichen Bemerkungen (a loan theory would have to explain Turk. *-n > Mong. -m).
-g big, many: Tung. *egdi; Mong. *au-; Turk. *g-id-; Jpn. *nki-r;
Kor. *u-.
PTung. *egdi 1 big 2 many (1 2 ): Evn. ed 1; Neg.
egdi 2; Ul. egdi 2; Ork. egi 2; Nan. egi 2; Orch. egdi 2; Ud. egdi 2; Sol.
egd 1.
See 2, 359-360.
PMong. *au- 1 large, wide, vast 2 very (1 , 2
): MMong. aue (HY 53, SH), w, aw (MA 108, 371) 1; WMong.
auu, uu (L 18), audam (L 16) 1, aui (L 16) 2; Kh. ag, dam, im 1, ag,
aguj 2; Bur. , am 1; Kalm. a, 1; Ord. im 1; Mog. ui 1 (Weiers);
ZM u(n) (13-1) 1; Dag. au 1 (. . 122, MD 116); Dong. aGui, aui
1, uida; Bao. 1; S.-Yugh. aui, im; Mongr. (SM 462), au (Minghe) 1.
KW 3, 453, MGCD 96, 547, 661, 662.
PTurk. *g-id- 1 to grow, bring up 2 high, raised up 3 huge (1 , 2 , 3 ): OTurk. igid-,

496

*egVrV - *j

egid- 1, ediz (< *dgi) 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. igi- 1, eiz 2 (MK);
Turkm. girt 3; Yak. t- 1; Dolg. t- 1.
EDT 73, 103, VEWT 36, 169, 1, 224-225, Stachowski 131.
PJpn. *nki-r wide and spacious ( ):
OJpn. ogjiro.
JLTT 504.
PKor. *u- to be broad, wide, extensive ( , ): MKor. u-.
Nam 364.
EAS 73, VEWT 169, SKE 62, 59, 291. Korean has - instead of the expected *, because the latter cannot stand in Anlaut. A
derivative of the same root may be MKor. n hundred ( < *go-nV).
-egVrV to twist, spin: Mong. *eere-; Turk. *egir-; Kor. *r.
PMong. *eere- to spin (, ): WMong. egere- (L 299);
Kh. re-; Bur. re-; Kalm. r-; Ord. re-; Dag. r- (. . 140; MGCD
re-).
KW 131, MGCD 248.
PTurk. *egir- to twist, spin (, ): Karakh. egir- (MK);
Tur. ejir-; Az. jir-; Turkm. egir-; Sal. ier-; Khal. hjir-; MTurk. egir(Pav. C.); Uzb. jigir-; Uygh. jiger-, igir-; Krm. ijir-; Tat. ir- (dial.); Kirgh.
ijir-; Kaz. ijir-; KBalk. ijir-; KKalp. ijir-; Kum. ijir-; Nogh. ijir-; Khak. r-;
Shr. r-, egir-; Oyr. ijir-; Tv. r-; Chuv. avr-la-; Yak. r-is-
; ieregej humming-top; Dolg. ieregej drill.
EDT 112, 1, 227-231, TMN 2, 192, 1, 27, Stachowski 122. The Chuv.
form reflects a partial merger with *ebir- (v. sub *pV).

PKor. *r spool (): MKor. r; Mod. lle.

Nam 360, KED 1144.
KW 131, 194. Despite TMN 2, 193, 1997,
114, Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk. The stem may be derived
from *gi to bend q.v.
-j ( ~ -o) to be afraid: Mong. *aju-; Turk. *Ej-men-; Jpn. *j-.
PMong. *aju- 1 to be afraid 2 fear, danger, risk (1 2 ,
): MMong. aju- (HYt, SH), j-, aj- (MA 96) 1, ajl (MA 223) 2, oja- 1,
caus. ajula- (IM 433); WMong. aji-, aju- 1, ajul 2; Kh. aj-, aj- 1, ajl 2;
Bur. aj- 1; Kalm. - 1; Ord. - 1; Mog. a-; ZM ai- (6-3a); Dag. aj- 1 (.
. 118, MD 111), aidaGan 2; Dong. aji- 1, ajiGu 2; Bao. ai- 1; Mongr. aji1 (SM 17), ajgu 2.
KW 25.
PTurk. *Ej-men- to be shy, timid, afraid (, , ): OTurk. ejmen- (OUygh.); Karakh. ejmen- (MK); Tur. imen-; Az.
ejmn- (dial.); Turkm. ejmen-; MTurk. ejmen- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb.

*jba - *ju

497

ijmn-; Uygh. jmn-; Krm. emen-; Tat. imn-; Kirgh. ijmen-; Kaz. jmen-;
KKalp. ijmen-; Nogh. ijmen-; Oyr. ijmen-.
VEWT 10, EDT 273, 1, 249-251. Turk. > WMong. ajman- ( 1997, 96);
but Mong. *aju- can be hardly regarded as a Turkism.

PJpn. *j- 1 to be afraid, feel anxiety 2 dangerous (1 2

): OJpn. aja-bum- 1; MJpn. j-bm- 1, j-f- 2; Tok. ayabm- 1,
yau- 2; Kyo. ybm- 1, y- 2; Kag. ayabm- 1, ayu- 2.
JLTT 679, 826.
Poppe 66, 79.
-jba to hurry: Tung. *ebV-; Mong. *(h)abad; Turk. *b-; Jpn. *w-t-.
PTung. *ebV- 1 to surpass 2 hurriedly, quickly (1 2 , ): Man. ebuxu sabuu 2; Jurch. ewu-ro (362) 2; Ork. ebessun- 1; Nan. ebe-saba 2.
2, 433. The Orok and Nan. form may be < Manchu (or influenced by Manchu), judging from the preservation of -b-.

PMong. *(h)abad at once, instantly (, ): WMong.

abad (L 2); Kh. avd; Bur. abahr; Ord. awun.
Despite Mostaert awun cannot be connected with ab- to take.
PTurk. *b- 1 to hurry 2 quick (1 2 ): OTurk. evk
(OUygh.) 2; Karakh. ev- (KB) 1, evek 2 (MK, KB); Tur. ev- 1; Turkm. v1; MTurk. ev- (MA, IM, Qutb., Houts.); Khak. ibek 2; Shr. ibek 2; Chuv.
ava- 1; avk moment; quick.
EDT 4, 8-9, VEWT 34, 19 ( 1, 25-26 - differently).
PJpn. *w-t- to hurry, scurry (, ): MJpn. awata-,
RJ ft; Tok. wate-; Kyo. wt-; Kag. awat-.
JLTT 679.
Ozawa 8, 12. Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account
for lack of spirantization in Mong. and for -w- (not -p-) in Jpn. Note a
similar dental suffixation in Mong. and Jpn.
-ju ( ~ -o) to speak, cry, sound: Tung. *ej-; Mong. *aji-; Turk. *j-t-;
Kor. *i-.
PTung. *ej- 1 to ask, desire 2 demand (n.) 3 to envy (1 ,
2 , 3 ): Evk. ej 2, ejt- 1; Evn.
ejet- 1,3; Neg. ejt- 1; Nan. juei- 3; Orch. ejei- 3.
2, 442.
PMong. *aji- 1 sound, voice 2 to cry, speak loudly; to recite 3 melody, tune (1 , 2 , 3 ): WMong. ai 1
(L 19), aji-la-, aji-da- 2 (L 20: ajilad- to perceive; to recite; to say), aja 3 (L
22); Kh. ajlda- 2; Bur. ajlada- 2; Kalm. 1, l-,d- 2; Ord. ajalGa 3; Dag.
aila- 2 (. . 119, MD 111); Mongr. aja 3.
KW 25. Mong. ajalu tune, tone (L 23) > Chag. ajalu etc. (VEWT 11, TMN 1,
195-196).

498

*ka - *ka

PTurk. *j-t- 1 to say 2 to prescribe, tell 3 to ask, demand 4 to concern (1 2 , 3 4

.-.): OTurk. ajt- 3 (OUygh.), aj- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. aj-, ajt- 1 (MK),
ajt- 3 (KB); Tur. ait- 4; Turkm. ajt- 1; Khal. hj- 1; MTurk. aj()t- 1; Uzb.
ajt- 1; Uygh. ejt- 1; Tat. jt- 1; Bashk. jt- 1; Kirgh. ajt- 1; KBalk. ajt- 1;
KKalp. ajt- 1; Nogh. ajt- 1; Khak. ajt- 1 (dial.), ajt- sing; Tv. ajt- 2; Tof.
ajt- 2; Chuv. jt- 3; Yak. j- 2, jt- 3; Dolg. jt- 3.
VEWT 10, 1, 99-100, 111-112, 342, EDT 268-9, Stachowski 259. PT
*jt- is derived from *j- to point out, prescribe. Before the 11th c. it had only a causative meaning; the meaning say, tell developed later.

PKor. *i- to recite (): MKor. i-; Mod. weu-.

Nam 387, KED 1223.
KW 4, 25, 282, Poppe 67, 286.
-ka (~ -o) bad, weak: Tung. *eke; Mong. *(h)egel; Turk. *ek-; Jpn. *k-.
PTung. *eke 1 to decrease 2 bad, low 3 weak 4 evil (1
2 , 3 4 , ): Man. ee- 1, exe 4; SMan. eki1 (2864), ex 4 (2508); Jurch. exebe (341) 2; Ul. ekei(n) 3; Ork. ekk 3; Nan.
eke 3; exele (Kur-Urm.) 2.
2, 444.
PMong. *(h)egel low, uneducated, not very good (, , ): WMong. egel (L 297); Kh. egil; Bur. eglej; Kalm. egl; Ord. egel, egn.
KW 117.
PTurk. *ek- 1 to decrease, be insufficient 2 common, ordinary, low
class; fault, faulty (1 , 2 ,
; , ): OTurk. egs- 1, egil 2
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. egs- 1 (MK); Tur. eksi-, eksil- 1, eksik 2; Gag.
jisil- 1; Az. skik 2; Turkm. egis-, egsil- 1, egsik 2; MTurk. eks- 1 (Abush.),
ks-, ksl- 1 (Pav. C.), ksk 2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uygh. gs- 1 (dial.);
Krm. eksil- 1, eksik 2; Kirgh. ks- 1, ksk 2; Chuv. iksl- 1, jksek 2.
1, 257-258, 77, . 199; EDT 106, 117. The Chuv. Anlaut is
not quite clear (iksl- < *jksl-?; one of the cases with prothetic j-, so the openness / closedness of the vowel in PT remains unknown); 1, 193 derives Chuv. jksik from
PT *jek (v. sub *k), but this is phonetically impossible.

PJpn. *k- to be bored, satiated (, ): OJpn.

ak-; MJpn. k-; Tok. ak-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 675.
12. Mong. may be < Turk.

*k - *k

499

-k to paw, hit with hooves: Tung. *ekte-; Mong. *(h)agsa-; Turk.

*agsa-; Jpn. *nk-k-.
PTung. *ekte- 1 to paw, hit with hooves (of a horse); to rough-house
2 to faint (1 ; 2 ): Man. ekte1; Ud. ektine- 2.
2, 444.
PMong. *(h)agsa- 1 to have fits, convulsions 2 to fling fiercely 3 to
chafe, behave nervously (of a horse); to rough-house 4 feeling of weariness (from physical labour) (1 2 3 ( ); 4 , ): WMong. asur-, asa- 1; Kh. agsra-, agsi- 3,
agsga 4; Bur. agan frolic, prankish; Kalm. agsra- 3, agsag wild; Ord.
agsur- 2 agsum , , .
KW 5. Mong. > Evk. aksa- to be insulted, grudge, Evn. s-, Neg. aksa-, Ul. aqsa-,
Orok aqsa-, Nan. aqsa-, Oroch aksa- id., Man. aqula- to curse ( 1, 25).

PTurk. *agsa- 1 to hobble, limp 2 lame (1 2 ):

Karakh. axsa- (MK) 1, aqsaq, asa (MK) 2; Tur. aksa- 1; Az. axsa- 1;
Turkm. aGsa- 1; Uzb. qsa- 1; Tat. aqsa- 1; Bashk. aqha- 1; Kirgh. aqsa- 1;
Kaz. aqsa- 1; KBalk. axsa-, asxa- 1; KKalp. aqsa- 1; Kum. aqsa- 1; Nogh.
aqsa- 1; SUygh. axsa- 1; Khak. axsa- 1; Tv. asqa- 1; Yak. axsm 2.
EDT 95, 76. Turk. > Mong. asag (animal) lameness.
PJpn. *nk-k- to paw (the air); struggle, strive ( (
); ): OJpn. agak-; MJpn. gk-; Tok. agk-; Kyo.
gk-; Kag. gk-.
JLTT 674. Usually analysed as a compound *asi foot + *kak- scrape, which is
probably a folk-etymological explanation.

KW 5. Both Turkic and Mongolian languages have also a derivative meaning rampage, rage, raging: Karakh. asu, axsum (MK),
aqsun (QB), Chag. aqsum, axsum, Az. aqsn, Kirgh. aqsm etc.; WMong.
asum, Khalkha agsa, Bur. agsam, Ord. agsum (DO 7) wild, raging,
Khalkha agsam rampage. Doerfer (TMN 2, 90) supposes a loanword in
Turk. < Mong.; Shcherbak (1997, 103) - vice versa; the final decision is
still unclear.
-k (~ -o) elder sister: Tung. *eKe / *keKe; Mong. *eke, *egee; Turk.
*eke; Jpn. *kaka; Kor. *kj-p.
PTung. *eKe / *keKe 1 woman, wife 2 elder sister (1 2
): Evk. ekn 2; Evn. ekn 2; Neg. exe 1, exn 2; Man. xexe
1; SMan. xex 1 (833, 924); Jurch. xexe-e (299) 1; Ul. qte 1; Ork. ekte 1;
Nan. ekte 1; Orch. eki 2; Ud. exi(n) 1, 2; Sol. xexe 1.
See 1, 480; 2, 443 (cf. a similar parallelism in the words for man and for
elder brother).

*li - *li

500

PMong. *eke, *egee 1 mother 2 elder sister (1 2 ): MMong. eke (HY 28, SH), ke (IM), ik (MA) 1, eki (HY 28), egei
(SH), igi (MA) 2; WMong. eke 1 (L 305), egei 2 (L 297); Kh. ex 1, eg 2;
Bur. exe 1, egee 2; Kalm. ek 1, eg, ek 2; Ord. eke 1, egei 2; Dag. eg 1,
egi, ek 2 (. . 138, 139); MGCD: eki, ek 2; egei, ek 2, ehe 1 (MD
142); Dong. eGe 2; S.-Yugh. hge 1, ei 2; Mongr. kai (SM 194) 2,
(SM 2) 2.
KW 118, TMN 1, 190, MGCD 254, 274. Mong. > Chag. egi, see 1997, 203.
PTurk. *eke elder sister ( ): OTurk. eke (OUygh.);
Karakh. eke (MK); ege-t female servant of bride (MK); Turkm. ekei;
Chuv. akka.
VEWT 38, 1, 222-224, TMN 1, 190, 2, 91-92, EDT 100, 102, 23.
PJpn. *kaka mother (): MJpn. kaka; Tok. o-k-san; Kyo. -k-sn;
Kag. o-k-sn.
PKor. *kj-p woman (): MKor. kjp; Mod. kjip.
Nam 42, KED 132. Historically a compound (*woman + house, family), with ip
house in the second part.

EAS 91, KW 118, Poppe 55, VEWT 38, 292,

1972a, 29-31, 6. The root is (like most other kinship terms) a
nursery word, but very well attested in all branches, so - despite Doerfer TMN 1, 190-191 - all forms cannot be explained as borrowings
(although some later interactions were of course possible, e.g. Mong.
egee may - because of its irregular -g- and meaning coinciding with
Turkic - be a later Turkic loanword).
-li sufficient: Tung. *ele-; Mong. *el-; Jpn. *r-; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ele- 1 enough 2 to have enough, be satiated (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. el, ele 1, eleke- 2;
Evn. elkn 1; Neg. ele 1; Man. ele- 2; Jurch. o-le-he-hu content, happy;
Ul. ele 1, ele- 2; Ork. ele 1, ele- 2; Nan. el 1, ele- 2; Orch. ele 1, ele- 2; Ud. ele
1, ele- to complete; Sol. ae-u, eleu I am full, I have had enough.
2, 448-449.
PMong. *el- 1 all, every kind of 2 abundance, abundant (2 , 2 , ): WMong. ele 1 (L 308), eldeb 1 (L
307), elbeg 2 (L 306); Kh. el, eldev 1, elbeg 2; Bur. eldeb 1, elbeg 2; Kalm.
eld, eldb 1, elwg 2.
KW 119, 120. Mong. > Yak. elb-, elbex, Dolg. elbek (Ka. MEJ 16, Stachowski 44),
Chuv. ilpek (Rna-Tas 1971-1972).

PJpn. *r- to need (): MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-; Kag. r-.
JLTT 698. The verb is homonymous with *r- enter, but probably quite different
etymologically.

PKor. *r- enough, sufficiently, nearly (, ): MKor.

ru, ro; Mod. l-hu.
Nam 360, KED 1146.

*lV - *lV(-kV)

501

KW 119, Lee 1958, 108 (TM-Kor.), Rozycki 68. Despite Doerfer MT

20, TM *ele is hardly < Mong. (a particle in Mong. vs. a widespread verb
in TM).
-lV peace: Tung. *elke; Mong. *el; Turk. *l.
PTung. *elke peaceful, silent (, ): Evk. elke; Neg.
elke; Man. elxe; SMan. elx leisurely (2956); Ul. erke; Ork. erke; Nan.
elke; Orch. ekke; Ud. eke.
2, 447-448. TM > Dag. elke (. . 139).
PMong. *el 1 peaceful 2 relatives (1 2 ):
MMong. el (SH); WMong. el 1 (L 306), elgen 2; Kh. el 2; Bur. eldin; Kalm.
el.
KW 118.
PTurk. *l 1 peace 2 people, country (1 2 , ):
OTurk. el 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. el 1, 2 (MK); Tur. il, el 2; Gag. iel 2;
Az. el 2; Turkm. l 2; MTurk. il (AH), el (Abush., Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. el 2;
Uygh. il, l 2; Krm. el 2; Tat. il 2; Bashk. il 2; Kirgh. el 2; Kaz. el 2; KBalk.
el 2; KKalp. el 2; Kum. el 2; Nogh. el 2; Khak. il 2; Oyr. el 2; Chuv. jal 2;
Yak. il 2.
EDT 121-122, VEWT 39, TMN 2, 194, 1, 339-343, 352, 316.
The meaning peace attested in MK is probably the most archaic (cf. the external parallels; typologically cf. also Slavic *mir peace > world), suggesting a development
*peace > peaceful people, realm, country.

EAS 145, KW 118, Poppe 76, 1, 268, Rozycki 68. A Western

isogloss (in fact, basically Turk.-Tung., since Mong. may be < Turk., see
TMN 2, 200; Clark 1980, 43 on Mong. eli < Turk. l-i).
-lV(-kV) deer: Tung. *(x)elkn; Mong. *ili; Turk. *elik.
PTung. *(x)elkn 1 wild deer 2 domestic deer (1 2 ): Evk. elkn 1; Evn. ilken, elken 2.
2, 448.
PMong. *ili new-born deer ( ): MMong.
eleut a k. of camel (SH); WMong. ili (L 407), eli; Kh. il; Bur. eli; Kalm.
il.
KW 206. Cf. also *il-gi(n) goat skin (KW 207).
PTurk. *elik roebuck, wild goat ( ( . )):
OTurk. elik (OUygh. - YB); Karakh. elik (KB); Tur. elik (dial.); MTurk.
(MKypch.) elik (Houts., AH); Bashk. ilek; Kirgh. elik; Kaz. elik; KKalp.
elik; Khak. ilk; Shr. elik; Oyr. elik; Tv. elik; Tof. elik; Yak. elik
.
EDT 142, VEWT 40, 1, 265-266, 153.
KW 207, 1, 273, 153, 389. A Western isogloss.

502

*po - *V

-po to cover: Tung. *elbe-, *eldu-; Mong. *(h)olbug; Turk. *-; Jpn.
*sp-.
PTung. *elbe-, *eldu- to cover (a tent), tent cover ( (),
()): Evk. elbe-; ellun, eldun; Evn. lrimi, lde; Neg. elbe-;
Man. elbe-; Ul. elbene sail; Nan. elb roof; Orch. ebbe-; Ud. egbe-; Sol.
eld.
2, 445, 448.
PMong. *(h)olbug cushion for sitting ( ):
WMong. olba, (L 608) olbu; Kh. olbog; Bur. olbog; Ord. olboG.
Mong. > Tuva olbuq id., see TMN 2, 111, Yak. olbox, Dolg. olbok (Stachowski 191). In
Mong. the word also means quilted jacket worn under armour and in this meaning is
borrowed in Turkic (Kirgh. olpok etc.) and TM (Manchu olbo etc.), see Doerfer TMN 2, 111,
Rozycki 167 (somewhat differently 414).

PTurk. *- 1 to cover 2 (door) curtain > door (1 2

() > ): Karakh. e- 1, eik / ek 2 (MK); Tur. eik
2; Gag. jeik 2; Az. eik 2; Turkm. ik 2; Khal. k 2; MTurk. iik 2 (AH,
IM), ik (IM), eik 2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. eik 2; Krm. eik 2; Tat. ik 2;
Bashk. ik 2; Kirgh. eik 2; KBalk. eik 2; KKalp. esik 2; Kum. eik 2;
Nogh. esik 2; Khak. zk, zk 2; Shr. eik 2; Oyr. eik 2; Tv. eik 2; Chuv.
alg, alk 2.
EDT 256, 260, TMN 2, 183-184, 24, 1, 396-398, 511-512, 517.
PJpn. *sp- to cover (): OJpn. os(w)op-; MJpn. osof-; Tok.
so-; Kyo. s-; Kag. os-.
JLTT 743 (homonymous with attack and suppress - obviously a secondary confusion with derivatives of *s- push, press).

PKE 46-47, Street 1980, 287, 15, 512. Mong.

*(h)olbug < *(h)albug, with a frequent labial attraction.
-V to scratch, rake, row: Tung. *elbe-s-; Mong. *ele-; Turk. *-.
PTung. *elbe-s- to swim, bathe (, , ): Evk. elbes(kt)-; Neg. elbesi-; Man. ebie-; SMan. ef-, efs- (2301); Ork. ulbesi-;
Nan. elbusi-; Orch. ebbesi-; Ud. egbesi-; Sol. elbe- to wade.
2, 445. The original meaning of the root was probably to scrape, rake up, cf.
Evn. Arm. lbi- to rake up ( 2, 445).

PMong. *ele- to rub off, be rubbed off, to wear out (, ): MMong. el- (HY 38), l- (IM), il- (MA); WMong. ele- (L 308);
Kh. ele-; Bur. ee-; Kalm. el-; Ord. ele-; Dong. elie-; Bao. el-; Mongr. il(SM 191).
KW 119, MGCD 257.
PTurk. *- 1 to dig 2 to tear, rip open 3 to row 4 to swim 5 to throw
away (1 2 3 4 5 ): Tur. e- 1;
Az. e- 2; Turkm. ij-gek oar; Khal. h-; MTurk. e- 1 (Abush.); Tat. i2; Kirgh. e- 1; Khak. is- 3; Tv. eti- 4, e- 3; Tof. e-, ehit- 3; Chuv. alt- 1;
Yak. es-, is- 5.

*u - *ma

503

VEWT 51, EDT 255-6, 1, 315-316, . 95. Chuv. i- to row; to

swim; to demolish, tear is evidently borrowed from Tat. (as opposed to the genuine al-t). Khal. h- is unclear here (external evidence clearly points to *0-).
A Western isogloss. See KW 119, Poppe 78, 126, VEWT 51
(Turk.-Mong.), 287, 14.
-u donkey: Tung. *eji-ken; Mong. *eligen; Turk. *egek.
PTung. *eji-ken donkey (): Neg. ejxe; Man. ejxen; SMan. eixen
(2218); Jurch. oh-hen; Ul. ejxe; Nan. ejxe.
2, 447.
PMong. *eligen donkey (): MMong. eligan (HY 9), lige (IM),
iligen (LH), ilign (MA); WMong. elige(n) (L 311); Kh. ilig, ilgen;
Bur. elege(n); Kalm. elne, ln; Ord. elige(n); Mog. elin
(Ramstedt 1906); Dong. enee (. .); Bao. nige (. .).
KW 119. Mong. > Oyr. lign.
PTurk. *egek donkey (): OTurk. egek (OUygh.); Karakh. egek,
ejek (MK); Tur. eek; Gag. ieek; Az. ek; Turkm. eek; MTurk. eek
(. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. ek; Uygh. ek; Krm. eek; Tat. ik;
Bashk. ik; Kirgh. eek; Kaz. esek; KBalk. eek; KKalp. eek; Kum. eek;
Nogh. eek; Oyr. etek; Chuv. aak.
1, 317-318, TMN 2, 65, EDT 260.
KW 119, 323, Poppe 86. A Western isogloss. The
phonology of the word strongly resists all attempts to regard it as an
interlingual borrowing (Turk. > Mong. > TM, see, e.g., Rozycki 67), as
well as attempts to derive it from Armen. e etc.
-ema ( ~ -o) to come: Tung. *eme-; Mong. *amada-.
PTung. *eme- to come, reach, arrive (, ): Evk.
eme-; Evn. em-; Neg. eme-; Nan. eme-; Orch. emegi- to return; Ud. eme-.
2, 452.
PMong. *amada- to meet smb., cross ones way ( , ): WMong. amada- (L 35); Kh. amda-; Bur. amada-;
Kalm. amd- ( 40); Ord. amada-.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Karakh. me guest, foreigner.
-ma (~-o) to stay, be left, leave: Tung. *em-n-; Jpn. *m-.
PTung. *em-n- to leave (, ): Evk. emn-, em-;
Evn. emn-; Neg. emn-; Orch. imene-; Ud. imen-; Sol. emn-.
2, 453.
PJpn. *m- 1 plenty 2 all 3 to stay, be left (1 ,
2 3 ): OJpn. amane- 1, ama-r- 3; MJpn. mn- 1, m-r- 3;
Tok. amanku 1, amr- 3; Kyo. mnk 1, mr- 3; Kag. amanek 1,
mr- 3.
JLTT 676.

504

*me - *mi

279. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also MKor.

mmr- to stay, remain ( < *Vm-mr-, with a rather usual Korean loss of
initial vowel?).
-me woman, female: Tung. *emV; Mong. *eme; Turk. *eme; Jpn. *ma;
Kor. *mh.
PTung. *emV 1 mother-in-law 2 female 3 female deer, elk (1 ,
2 3 , ): Evk. emugde, umigde 3; Evn.
miri 3; Neg. umigde 3; Man. emile 2, emeke 1; SMan. emx 1 (926); Nan.
emxe 1.
2, 268, 451-452.
PMong. *eme 1 woman 2 wife (1 2 ): MMong. eme 1,
emege (HY 29), emeguun 2 (HY 30, SH), em (IM), im (MA) 1; WMong.
eme 1 (L 311); Kh. em 1, emgen 2; Bur. eme 1; Kalm. em 1; Ord. eme 1,
emegen old woman; Mog. ZM emm (9-6b); Dag. emgun, emeg 1, 2 (.
. 139), eme (MD, 143) 1,2; Dong. eme 1; Bao. eme 1; S.-Yugh. eme 1;
Mongr. imu (: xara ~) nom que la jeune fille se donne devant ses parents le jour de son mariage (SM 192), mugen femme ge (SM 245).
KW 121, MGCD 259. Mong. emegin female > Yak. emxsin, Dolg. emksin (Ka.
MEJ 45, Stachowski 45).

PTurk. *eme 1 female 2 old woman (1 2 ): Karakh.

oma (MK Tibetan) 1 (?); Tur. dial. eme 2; Az. dial. m 2; Kirgh. eme 2;
Chuv. ama 1.
VEWT 42, 220, 25, EDT 156 (a nursery word, spread also in other
Altaic languages).

PJpn. *ma 1 woman 2 female (1 2 ): OJpn. mje 1;

MJpn. m 1; Tok. me-s 2; Kyo. m-s; Kag. me-s.
JLTT 474, 476. Although modern dialects point to *mi-s, RJ has explicitly m with
a high tone.

PKor. *mh woman, wife, female (, , ): MKor.

m (mh-); Mod. am.
Nam 348, KED 1093.
EAS 116, 1972a, 20-27, Menges 1984, 265, 89,
279. In Jpn. cf. also omo mother (see Ozawa 61, Murayama 1962, 110,
Miller 1985a, 82); in MKor also m mother (see Martin 236). Jpn. mia
represents a relatively rare case of a loss of initial vowel in Japanese.
-mi ( ~ a-, *ime) to avoid, taboo: Mong. *emie-; Turk. *emge-; Jpn.
*m-.
PMong. *emie- to be timid, shy away (, ):
MMong. emie- (SH); WMong. emije- (L 313); Kh. em-; Bur. em-; Kalm.
em-; Ord. em-.
KW 121. Mong. > Man. ejme- id.

*emo - *emV

505

PTurk. *emge- 1 to suffer, be tortured 2 bother, worry, pains (1

, 2 , , ): OTurk.
emge- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. emge- 1, emgek 2 (MK); Tur. emen- 1, emek 2;
Az. mk 2; Turkm. emgen- 1, emgek 2; MTurk. emgen- (AH, Pav. C) 1,
emgek (AH, Abush.), emek (Pav C.) 2; Uzb. dial. emgk 2; Uygh. dial.
mgn- 1, mgk 2; Krm. emgen- 1, emgek 2; Tat. imgn- 1, imgk 2; Bashk.
imgn- 1, imgk 2; Kirgh. emgek 2; Kaz. ebek 2; Nogh. embek 2; Tv. ebek
chronic illness; Chuv. aman- 1, amak illness; Yak. emek decrepit.
EDT 159, VEWT 42, 1, 272-275, 25-26. Turk. > Mong. emge- ( 1997,
114).

PJpn. *m- to avoid, taboo (, ): OJpn. im-;

MJpn. m-; Tok. m-; Kyo. m-; Kag. m-.
JLTT 697. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
KW 121.
-emo front: Tung. *ume- / emu-; Mong. *em-; Turk. *mgen.
PTung. *ume- / emu- one (): Evk. umn; Evn. mn; Neg. emen;
Man. emu; SMan. em (2734); Jurch. emu (636); Ul. m; Ork. umke; Nan.
emu(n); Orch. om; Ud. omo; Sol. em.
2, 270-272. The old meaning was probably front, cf. TM *ume- Adams apple, neck foundation ( 2, 273), *omko-ta / *emko-ta forehead ( 2, 17); *emker
bank, shore, Orok emie edge ( 2, 450).

PMong. *em- front, South (, ): MMong. emune (HY 50,

SH), umun, mun (MA), umene (LH); WMong. em-ne (L 314-315); Kh.
mn; Bur. mene (Alar.); Kalm. mn; Ord. mn; Dag. emel (. .
139), emele (MD 143); Dong. melie; Bao. mlt a, ml; S.-Yugh. lm;
Mongr. me, mani autrefois, jadis, anciennement (SM 237, 231).
KW 295, MGCD 544. Cf. also em-i- to make or sew a hem.
PTurk. *mgen upper part of breast ( ): Karakh.
mgen (MK); Kirgh. mgk; Khak. men.
137-138, EDT 159, 1, 537, 271.
EAS 117, 154, SKE 54, 307, 271. A
Western isogloss. The vocalic reconstruction is somewhat uncertain:
because of variation in PTM it is not quite clear whether Mong. has a
secondary delabialization or Turkic has a secondary labialization. PA
*ome is also possible.
-emV ( ~ *ami) to suck: Mong. *em-k-; Turk. *em-.
PMong. *em-k- to swallow, bite, chew (, , ):
MMong. emgu-gu / omgu-gu 3 (SH); WMong. emk- (L 313); Kh. mx-;
Bur. mxe-; Kalm. mk-; Ord. uku bouche; Dag. unku-, umku-, enku(. . 140); Mongr. ukw bouche (SM 475); xagu- (SM 157).
KW 457.

506

*emV(V) - *emV(V)

PTurk. *em-ig, *em-ek 1 breast (fem.) 2 to suck 3 nipple (1

(.) 2 3 ): OTurk. emig 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. m- 2 (MK),
mig 1 (MK); Tur. em- 2, emik 1; Az. mk 3; Turkm. em- 2, emek 1;
Khal. m- 2; MTurk. m- 2 (Pav. C.), emek 1 (Abush.); Uzb. emak 1;
Uygh. m- 2, mk 1; Tat. im- 2, imk 1; Bashk. imsk 1; Kirgh. emek 1;
KKalp. emek 1; Nogh. emek 1; SUygh. em 1; Khak. em- 2, imek 1; Tv.
em- 2, emig 1; Tof. em- 2, emij udder; Chuv. m- 2; Yak. em- 2, emj 1;
Dolg. emij 1.
VEWT 41-2, EDT 158-9, 1, 271-272, 63, 273-274, Stachowski
45. PT *em-ig and *em-ek (the latter form is first attested in the 13th c.) are derived from
*em- to suck.

A Turko-Mongolian isogloss. One is tempted to suppose lost *pand to unite this root with TM *pemu-, Jpn. *pm- (see *pma). This is,
however, hardly possible, because both Middle Mongolian and Dagur
have 0- here (while Mongor x- can easily be secondary in front of a
voiceless stop). A possible solution would be a loss of *h- ( < *p-) in
Proto-Mongolian (or even Proto-Turko-Mongolian) under the influence
of a phonetically close nursery word, *me mother, female q.v.
-emV(V) saddle, belt: Tung. *emu-l; Mong. *emee-l; Turk. *de-r.
PTung. *emu-l 1 quiver ornated with horses hair 2 hoop of shamans drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap (1 , 2 3 4
( ) 5 -): Evk. mu 1,
umul 3, mi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4; Neg. m 2; Ul. omali 3; Ork. ml 3; Nan.
omol 3; Orch. umu 3, omoo 3; Ud. umu 3; Sol. omul 3.
2, 18, 266, 269.
PMong. *emeel saddle (): MMong. emeel (SH), ml (IM),
iml (MA), iml (LH), jemjil (Lig.VMI); WMong. emegel (L 312); Kh.
eml; Bur. eml; Kalm. eml; Ord. eml; Mog. eml, jaml; ZM jml
(22-8a); Dag. eml (. . 139), emele (MD 143); Bao. emel; S.-Yugh.
emel, eml; Mongr. imer (SM 192), (MGCD) imel.
KW 121, MGCD 259. Mong. > Evk. emeen etc. ( 2, 452), see Poppe 1966, 190,
Doerfer MT 21; cf. also Jurch. e-em-meir saddle (226) preserving archaic phonology.

PTurk. *de-r saddle (): Karakh. eer (MK); Tur. eyer; Gag.
jr; Az. jhr; Turkm. ejer; Sal. eer (Kakuk); MTurk. ger; Uzb. egar;
Uygh. eg(r); Krm. jer; Tat. ijr; Bashk. ejr; Kirgh. r; Kaz. er; KBalk. ijer;
KKalp. jer; Kum. er; Nogh. ijer; SUygh. ezer; Khak. izer; Shr. ezer; Oyr. r;
Tv. ezer; Tof. ezer (. 183); Chuv. jner; Yak. r; Dolg. r.
EDT 63, VEWT 36, 1, 241-242, 658-659, 539, Stachowski 261. Reflexes of the cluster are complicated by borrowings: e.g. Tuva, Tof. is < Khak. Turk.
*eder-ak pack saddle > MMong. iiraq, WMong. jairaq id. (TMN 2, 128-129, 1997, 164, 88).

*na(kV) - *n

507

. 102, 539. A Western isogloss. The Turkic

form should be explained as a contraction < *eme-der (*eme- = Mong.
emee-).
-na(kV) middle, width: Tung. *(x)ene-k; Mong. *e; Turk. *n; Jpn.
*nk; Kor. *nh.
PTung. *(x)ene-k sheath, scabbard (, ): Evk. enek;
Evn. eki; Neg. enex.
2, 455.
PMong. *e breadth, width (): WMong. e (L 317); Kh. e;
Bur. en(g); Kalm. e; Ord. e; Mongr. a largeur des toffes, la chane
dun tissu (SM 9).
KW 122, MGCD 261.
PTurk. *n breadth, width (): Karakh. en (MK, KB); Tur. en;
Az. en; Turkm. n; Khal. hn, hn; Uzb. en; Uygh. n; Krm. en; Tat. i;
Bashk. i; Kirgh. en; Kaz. en; KBalk. en; KKalp. en; Kum. en; Nogh. en;
Khak. in; Oyr. en; Chuv. an; Yak. ien; Dolg. ien.
EDT 165, VEWT 43, 1, 352, 26, Stachowski 122.
PJpn. *nk middle (): OJpn. naka; MJpn. nk; Tok. nka;
Kyo. nk; Kag. nak.
JLTT 491.
PKor. *nh middle, inside (, ): MKor. n
(nh-); Mod. an.
Nam 345, KED 1081. Cf. also dial. anak id. (KED 1068).
VEWT 43, Martin 234. Note a common Altaic derivation in *-kV,
reflected in all languages except Turkic; for TM we suppose a semantic
development sheath < receptacle < inside, middle. Jpn. has lost the
first vowel in this archaic trisyllabic structure, and Kor. has rising tone
also due to contraction.
-n young of an ungulate: Tung. *(x)ene-; Mong. *unagan; Turk.
*nkaj; Jpn. *m.
PTung. *(x)ene- young of deer, horse (one year old) (,
()): Evk. enekn; Evn. nken; Neg. enexn.
2, 457.
PMong. *unagan foal up to one year old ( ):
MMong. unuxan (HY 9), una (IM), unaan (MA 153);
WMong. unaa(n) (L 875); Kh. unaga; Bur. unaga(n); Kalm. unn ();
Ord. unaGa(n); Dag. unek kid (. . 171); S.-Yugh. naGan; Mongr.
naGa (SM 254).
MGCD 674. Mong. > Evk. unukn etc., see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 218. Associating *una-ga(n) with una- to fall, drop is most certainly a folk etymology. -gan is a widely
spread suffix in animal names (daa-ga(n) colt, qura-ga(n) lamb etc.); the usage of
una-gan as having certain characteristics from birth is also easily explainable: cf. phrases

508

*enu - *nV

like unaan irua a horse able to travel at an amble since birth, lit. foal-ambler = fast
ambler since foalhood.

PTurk. *nkaj young of ungulates (less than 1-year-old) (

( )): Oyr. anaj; Tv. anaj, Todzh. anaj; Tof.
anhaj; Yak. x young of ungulates and bears.
154.
PJpn. *m horse (): OJpn. uma; MJpn. m; Tok. um; Kyo.
m; Kag. um.
JLTT 561.
All forms reflect a suffixed *n-kV. A certain phonetic problem
is raised by u- in Mong.; one has to assume PM *unu-gan (cf. the early
TM loans: Evk. unukn foal, Sol. unux kid; see on it Poppe 1974, 128)
with vocalic assimilation from earlier *anu-gan. Otherwise the etymology seems quite plausible, and appears to explain the Jpn. form better
than the usual theory of Chinese borrowing (neither MC m, nor OC
mr can explain the initial um- in Japanese).
-enu ( ~ -o) to beware, attention: Tung. *(x)en-te-; Mong. *(h)an-; Turk.
*anu-.
PTung. *(x)en-te- 1 to beware 2 attentively, slowly (1 2 , ): Evn. ente- 1, ntukukn 2; Man.
entexeme always, eternally.
2, 454. Man. > Dag. entegem (. . 140).
PMong. *(h)an- 1 to pay attention 2 vigorous 3 attentive 4 to aim at
5 to beware (1 2 , 3 4 5 , ):
WMong. aqa- 1 (L 46: aqar-), anuu- 2,3, ana- 5 (L 42); Kh. anxa- 1, anr
3, anxan 2, ana- 5; Bur. anxar- 1, anda-, anar- to notice; andadag very
sensitive; Kalm. axr- 1; Ord. anug- 4.
KW 12.
PTurk. *anu- 1 ready, certain 2 to get ready (1 ,
2 ): OTurk. anu- (OUygh.) 2, anuq 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. anu(MK), anut- (caus.) (KB, MK) 2, anuq 1 (MK, KB); Tur. dial. ank 1;
Turkm. anq 2; MTurk. anut- (caus.) (Qutb) 2, anuq (IM, Qutb) 1; Uzb.
niq 2; Uygh. eniq; Krm. anq 1; Tat. anq 1; Bashk. anq 1; Kirgh. anq 1;
Kaz. anq 1; KKalp. anq 1.
EDT 171, 179, 182, 1, 151-152.
A Western isogloss.
-nV pain, sickness: Tung. *en-; Mong. *ene-ri, -l-; Turk. *n-.
PTung. *en- 1 illness, pain 2 to feel pain, be sick (1 , 2
, ): Evk. en 1, ent- 2; Evn. en 1, en- 2; Neg.
enux 1, en- 2; Man. en seme groan; Ul. en 1, enu- 2; Ork. enu- 2, en 1;
Nan. enusi- 2, en 1; Orch. enu- 2; Ud. ene 1; Sol. enn- 2, enex 1.

*ea - *ea

509

2, 454-455.
PMong. *ene-ri, -l- 1 to feel pity, compassion 2 to suffer (1 ,
2 ): MMong. eneri-kui (HY 40), eneri- (MA) 1;
WMong. eneri- 1, enel- 2 (L 317); Kh. enere- 1, enele- 2; Bur. enel- 2; Kalm.
enl- 2; Ord. enel- 2; Mog. ZM inl lament, complain (4-8b).
KW 122.
PTurk. *n- 1 to suffer 2 to be abashed, distressed 4 colic 5 to grizzle, slug 6 (birth) pains, labours 7 impatience 8 drag, disturbance 9
flaw, fault 10 obtuse, absent-minded 11 to torture, offend (1 2
, 4 5 ,
6 , 7 8 , 9
, 10 , 11 , ): OTurk. eneg 4 (OUygh.); Karakh. enik- to lose feelings (MK,
KB), eneg 4 (MK), enit- (AH) 2; Tur. ini- 1; Gag. enek newborn; Az.
ini- 1; Khal. ni- 1; MTurk. entk- 1; Uzb. entik- 1; Uygh. inik 6; Krm.
int-, init- 11 (T); Tat. intek- 1, ene-le- 5; Bashk. intek- 1, inte- 11; Kirgh.
ente-le- 2, entik- to suffer from dyspnoea, en 10; KBalk. ini- 1; Kum.
ini- 1; Nogh. enew 4; Oyr. eni 6, enik 7; Chuv. andx- 1, 7, anzux
dumb, sclerotic person; Yak. enne-lik 8, eni 9.
EDT 174, 184, 1, 283, 29. Doerfer (Khal.) suggests Arabic origin,
which is quite improbable. Vowel length is suggested by the voiced -- of the suffix in
several languages.

KW 122, Poppe 69. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 47,

TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-ea sin, bad behaviour: Tung. *ee-; Mong. *ende-; Turk. *(i)ag; Kor.
*-.
PTung. *ee- to sin (): Ul. ee-; Ork. en(n)e-.
2, 456.
PMong. *ende- to be mistaken (, ):
MMong. ende- (SH); WMong. ende-; Kh. ende-; Bur. ende-; Kalm.
endgd-; Ord. endegdel fault, mistake; Dag. ende- (. . 139);
S.-Yugh. ed-.
KW 122, MGCD 261. Mong. > Evk. ende- etc., see Doerfer MT 111, Rozycki 69.
PTurk. *(i)ag sin, evil (, ): OTurk. a (Orkh., OUygh.),
aj (OUygh.); Karakh. aj (MK); Yak. a; Dolg. a.
VEWT 20, EDT 182, 1, 113, Stachowski 34.
PKor. *- to rob, steal (, ): MKor. s-, - (-);
Mod. at- [as-].
Nam 350, KED 1096.
The root must have denoted bad behaviour in general, whence
all the attested meanings: mistake, sin, robbery.

510

*a - *a(kV)

-a mother, elder sister: Tung. *ei-; Turk. *ana / *ee; Jpn. *ni; Kor.
*.
PTung. *ei- mother, female (, ): Evk. ein; Evn. ein;
Neg. ein; Man. een; Jurch. enin (283); Ul. e-; Ork. enin; Nan. ein;
Orch. ene, ei; Ud. ei(n); Sol. en, en.
2, 456.
PTurk. *ana / *ee mother (): OTurk. ana ~ ene (OUygh.);
Karakh. ana ~ ene (MK); Tur. ana; Gag. ana; Az. ana; Turkm. ene; Sal. ana;
MTurk. ana (Pav. C.); Uygh. ana; Krm. ana; Tat. ana; Bashk. in; Kirgh.
ene; Kaz. ene, ana; KBalk. ana; KKalp. ene, ana; Kum. ana; SUygh. ana;
Khak. in; Oyr. ene; Tv. ie; Chuv. ane; Yak. ie; Dolg. ie.
EDT 169-170, VEWT 19, 44, TMN 2, 130, 1, 278-281, 28,
298-299, 300-301, Stachowski 127.

PJpn. *ni elder sister ( ): OJpn. ane; MJpn. ane; Tok.

ne; Kyo. n; Kag. ne.
JLTT 382.
PKor. * mother (): MKor. ; Mod. i.
Nam 363, KED 1134.
1972a, 27-29, 78. A nursery word (like most
kinship terms), but no doubt archaic.
-ea a k. of vessel: Tung. *euk; Mong. *ajaga(n); Turk. *aak.
PTung. *euk a big kettle ( ): Neg. ei; Ul. eue;
Ork. enue, enue; Nan. eue; Orch. eneiki birch box for dishes.
2, 455.
PMong. *ajaga(n) cup (): MMong. ajaqa (HY 19, SH, LH),
ajaa (IM 433, MA 108); WMong. ajaa(n); Kh. ajaga(n); Bur. ajaga; Kalm.
; Ord. ajaGa; Dag. ajaga (. . 118); Dong. jiGa, ia; Bao. (a)jiG;
Mongr. jaGa (SM 486).
KW 20. TMN 2, 171.
PTurk. *aak 1 pot, cup 2 hole; mouth 3(river) mouth (1 ,
2 ; 3 ()): OTurk. ajaq 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. ajaq 1 (MK); Tur. ajak 3; Az. ajak 3; Turkm. ajaq 3; MTurk. ajaq 1
(Pav. C.); Uzb. jq 1, 3; Uygh. ajaq 1; Krm. ajaq 1; Bashk. ajaq 1; Kirgh.
ajaq 1; Kaz. ajaq 1; KBalk. ajaq 1, 3; KKalp. ajaq 3; Kum. ajaq 1; Nogh. ajaq
1; SUygh. ajaq 1; Khak. ajax 1; Shr. ajaq 1; Oyr. ajaq 1; Tv. ajaq 1, 3; Yak.
aax 1, 2; Dolg. aa, aak 2.
VEWT 11, 1, 105, TMN 2, 171-2, EDT 270, Stachowski 34. Turk. > Mongor
ajaG paquet (SM 16), ZM ajq (14-2a); > Russ. Siber. ajk ( 104).

293. A Western isogloss. Mong. may be < Turk.

(TMN 2, 171, 1997, 95-96).
-a(kV) chin, jaw: Tung. *(x)ege; Turk. *; Jpn. *nk-.
PTung. *(x)ege beak (): Man. ege.

*esV - *V

511

2, 457. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable parallels in Turkic and
Mongolian.
PTurk. * 1 cheeks 2 jaw, chin (1 2 , ):
Karakh. e 1, eek 1, 2 (MK); Tur. enek 2; Az. 2; Turkm. lower jaw,
eek 2; MTurk. eek, enek 2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. engk 2; Uygh. ik 2;
Tat. ijk 2; Bashk. jek 2; Kirgh. k 2; Kaz. jek 2; KKalp. ijek 2; Nogh. ijek
2; SUygh. iek 2; Khak. ek 2; Shr. k 2; Oyr. k 2; Chuv. ana 2; Yak. i 2.
EDT 166, 183, VEWT 45, 1, 284-285, 218-219, 1, 45.
PJpn. *nk- 1 gills 2 jaw, chin (1 2 , ):
OJpn. agji, agjitopji; MJpn. g, gt; Tok. ag 2, agito 1,2; Kyo. g 2; Kag.
go 2.
JLTT 377. RJ, Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *(n)k (the root ending is somewhat
hard to reconstruct), but Kyoto has an unexpected circumflex tone.

One could also reconstruct *na(kV) - in which case cf. Kor. anm
jowl, meat of the cheek (KED 1068).
-esV shoulder, back part: Turk. *ese; Kor. *ski.
PTurk. *ese back of the neck ( ): Tur. ense; Gag.
jens; Turkm. jese; MTurk. ese, s (Ettuhf.); Uzb. ens; Krm. ese,
ense; Kirgh. ese; Kaz. ese; KKalp. ese; Kum. ese; Nogh. ese; Oyr.
eze; Chuv. nze, jnze.
4, 190-191, 65, 237-238.
PKor. *ski shoulder (): MKor. ski; Mod. k:.
Nam 369, KED 1121.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. For the Turk. form cf. alternatively TM *pisa
(see 239).
-V to think, understand: Tung. *e-; Mong. *auda-la-; Turk. *,
*-la-; Jpn. *m-p-.
PTung. *(x)e- to peer, investigate (, ):
Evn. eli-, et-.
2, 458. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *auda-la- to search, investigate, rummage (,
-.): WMong. audala- (L 16); Kh. dla-; Bur. dal-; Kalm. dl-; Ord.
dala-; Mog. audl- (Weiers); ZM oudal (24-9a) investigation.
KW 454.
PTurk. *, *-la- 1 to understand 2 intelligence 3 to hear 4 to discern (dial.) (1 2 , 3 4 (.)):
OTurk. ala- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ala- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. anla- 1; Az.
anla- 1; Turkm. la- 1, 2; Khal. ala- 1 ( < Az.); MTurk. a 2, ala- 1
(San.); Uygh. ala- 3; Tat. a-ar- 1; Kirgh. a 2; SUygh. ana- 3; Khak.
ad- to look attentively; Chuv. n 2; Yak. al- 4.
VEWT 20, TMN 2,130, EDT 165, 186, 1, 153-154. WMong. a-ira- to know,
understand < Turkic Siberian languages (a-sra- with the affix of incomplete verb quality); WMong. aqar- < Turk. *-gar-.

512

*V - *po

PJpn. *m-p- to think (): OJpn. omop-; MJpn. mf-; Tok.

om-; Kyo. m-; Kag. m-.
JLTT 741.
1,154 (Turk.-Mong.), 286. The Jpn. word poses
some problems: its accent does not correspond to Turkic length, and if
we reconstruct *o (as required by Jpn. *-), PT should have a closed
*. It is worth while therefore to consider other explanations of Jpn.
*m-p-: e. g. compare it with Mong. ojun thought and reconstruct a
separate protoform like *uo.
-V cloud, darkness: Tung. *-; Mong. *ele.
PTung. *- 1 to disappear, become invisible 2 to close eyes;
to miss (a sight) 3 to go down (of sun, moon, stars) 4 shady,
unlit place (1 2 ;
( ) 3 ( , , ) 4 ,
): Evk. - 1; Evn. ut- 2; Orch. egi- 3; Ud.
igi- 3; Nan. emi (On.) 4
2, 457, 458.
PMong. *ele cloud (): MMong. eulen (HY 1, SH), ult
(IM), iuln (MA); WMong. egle(n) (L 300); Kh. l(en); Bur. le(n); Kalm.
ln; Ord. le, jle; Dag. eulen (. . 141, MD 146); Dong. olien; Bao.
lo, ulo; Mongr. ulin, uli, ulo (SM 470).
KW 461, MGCD 685.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-po to hunt, kill: Tung. *w- ( = *eb-); Mong. *aba; Turk. *b; Jpn. *p-.
PTung. *w- ( = *eb-) to kill (): Evk. w-; Evn. w-, m-;
Neg. w-; Man. wa-; SMan. v- (739); Jurch. wa-du-lar (459); Ul. ww;
Ork. w-; Nan. w-; Orch. w-; Ud. w-; Sol. w-.
1, 127-129. TM > Dag. wt- (. . 129).
PMong. *aba hunt, chase (): MMong. aba (SH), abai hunter
(HY 30), abala- to hunt (IM); WMong. aba (L 2); Kh. av; Bur. aba; Kalm.
aw; Ord. awa; Dag. au; Mongr. brdi-, wrdi- lutter, se mesurer la
lutte (SM 21, 481).
KW 19, TMN 1, 107. Mong. > Man. aba etc., see Doerfer MT 115, Rozycki 9.
PTurk. *b hunt, chase (): OTurk. ab (Orkh.), av (OUygh.);
Karakh. av (MK); Tur. av; Gag. av; Az. ov; Turkm. v; MTurk. aw (Pav.
C.); Uzb. v; Uygh. aw, dial. ; Krm. av; Tat. aw; Kirgh. ; Kaz. aw;
KBalk. uw; Kum. aw, haw; Nogh. aw.
EDT 3, VEWT 1, 62-64, TMN 2, 131, 417-418.
PJpn. *p- to follow, chase (, ): OJpn. op-;
MJpn. f-; Tok. -; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 743.

*pa - *p

513

KW 19, Poppe 46, 97. Cf. Manchu ebte axun hunting bird (perhaps preserving the original shape of the root *eb(a)-, that has elsewhere been irregularly reduced to *ew- > *w-). Despite TMN 1, 107, 2,
131, 1997, 94, there is no reason for assuming Turk. > Mong.
-pa mother, elder sister, aunt: Tung. *ebke; Mong. *ebej; Turk. *apa;
Jpn. *pp.
PTung. *ebke grandmother, aunt, elder brothers wife (,
, ): Evk. ewek; Neg. ewex; Ul. ewke; Ork.
ewe(n); Nan. euke; Orch. euke.
2, 433.
PMong. *ebej mother (): WMong. ebei; Kh. evij female otter;
Bur. eb (Dial.); Kalm. ew; Dag. ew (. . 138).
KW 129.
PTurk. *apa mother, elder sister, aunt (, , ):
OTurk. apa (Yen.); Karakh. epe ~ apa (Oghuz=Qarluq Trkmen, MK);
Tur. aba (Ank.), dial. apa; Turkm. apa, afa (dial.); MTurk. apa elder sister (Sangl.); Uzb. pa; Uygh. apa; Krm. apaj (Q); Tat. apa; Bashk. apa;
Kirgh. apa; Kaz. apa; KBalk. aba; KKalp. apa; Kum. abaj, apaj; Nogh. aba;
Shr. abie (< aba-ee); Oyr. abune (< aba-ene); Tv. ava; Tof. aba.
EDT 5, 1, 158-159, 290-291, 300, 301, TMN 2, 3, 90.
Front row variants (Tur. eve, Kaz. ebej, Yak., Dolg. ebe etc., see 1, 220-221, Stachowski 42) are recent and may have a Mong. origin.

PJpn. *pp mother (): OJpn. papa; MJpn. ff; Tok. hha; Kyo.
hh; Kag. hha.
JLTT 386. The accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is irregular.
1972a, 32-37, Poppe 43. One of the rather widely spread
nursery kinship words.
-p breast, rib: Mong. *eb-; Jpn. *mpr; Kor. *p-.
PMong. *eb- 1 breast 2 bosom (1 2 ): MMong. ebur 2,
ebueun (HY 46, SH), emon (IM), ibu-tu (MA) 1; WMong. ebr, br (L
628) 2, ebig(n) (L 285) 1; Kh. wr 2, w(n) 1; Bur. ber 2, bs(n) 1;
Kalm. wr 2, pcn, pn 1; Ord. wr 2, b 1; Mog. ebn; ZM eboun
(2-8b); Dag. eur 1 (. . 176 xeur - with a strange x-), er (. .
140) 2; Dong. een 2; Bao. vr 1, bo 2; S.-Yugh. wr 1, n 2; Mongr.
wer, ur, j(w)r, jer (SM 492), ujer (Huzu) 1, poitrine, poitrail (SM
391), iau 2.
KW 303, 298. MGCD 537, 539. Mong. > Evk. owur, see Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT
127.

PJpn. *mpr rib (): Tok. bara(bone); Kyo. br(bn); Kag.

abara(bne).
JLTT 376.

514

*ep - *po

PKor. *p- beef brisket, breast of ox (, ): Mod. pin.

KED 1150.
Lee 1958, 108 (Mong.-Kor.); a loanword in Kor. < Mong. is not excluded.
-ep bread, food: Tung. *epe; Mong. *aag / *haag; Turk. *Epej; Jpn.
*p-mn; Kor. *pp.
PTung. *epe baked bread, cake ( , ): Evk. ewedi;
Man. efen; SMan. efn Manchu bread (364); Ul. epe(n); Nan. ep; Sol. ouo
~ uon ~ ewe.
2, 436.
PMong. *aag / *haag bran (): WMong. aa (L 12: aa); Kh.
ga; Bur. gaha(n), ha(n) oatmeal; Ord. G; Dag. he (MD), ga, xg
(MGCD 90, Kuribayashi 175).
PTurk. *Epej baked bread ( ): Tat. ipi; Bashk. pj.
Forms like epmek may belong here but contaminated with *etmek (v. sub *ite).
PJpn. *p-mn food (, ): OJpn. op(w)omono.
JLTT 509. The analysis of the word as big thing is obviously a folk etymology: cf.
the same root also in a verbal derivative OJ op(w)o-k- to eat greedily.

PKor. *pp food (): MKor. pp; Mod. pap.

Liu 370, KED 734.
The Kor. form (perhaps also the Dagur form with x-) reflect an
expressive reduplication.
-po big: Mong. *aba-; Turk. *Ap / *Ep; Jpn. *p-; Kor. *op-.
PMong. *aba- huge (): MMong. ? aburin eme principal
wife (SH, ); WMong. abara, (L 6: aburu, abura); Kh. avraga;
Bur. abarga; Kalm. awrG; Dag. auruhe big fish (probably sturgeon (MD
116) (?).
KW 20. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. oburgu (Ka. MEJ 16, Stachowski 188); > Russ. dial.
( 71).

PTurk. *Ap / *Ep emphatic strengthening particle (

): Karakh. ap / ep (MK); Tur. ap (XIV c.), apak
quite, completely; Az. apG however; Kirgh. apej an emphatic interjection.
EDT 3.
PJpn. *p- big; many (; ): OJpn. opo-; opo(ki)-; MJpn.
f-; ofo(ki)-; Tok. -; k-; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 838.
PKor. *op- plentiful (, ): Mod.
obut-hada [obus-], obt-hada.
KED 1201.

*pV - *ra

515

SKE 174, Martin 239, 102 (with literature), 274. Cf. also
*ebo (Jpn. reflects a merger of these two roots).
-pV grandfather: Tung. *epu; Mong. *eb-gen; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *epu 1 elder sisters husband 2 grandfather, elder relative 3
bear 4 fathers elder brother (1 2 ,
3 4 ): Neg. epo, epa 4; Man.
efu 1; SMan. ef 1 (905); Ork. pi 2, epeke 2, 3; Orch. epere 2, 4.
2, 459.
PMong. *eb-ge- 1 old man, grandfather 2 ancestor (1 , 2
): MMong. ebugan 1, ebuge(n) 1,2 (SH); WMong. ebgen 1, ebge 2
(L 290); Kh. vgn 1, vg 2; Bur. bge(n) 1; Kalm. wgn 1, 2; Ord.
wg(n) 1, 2; Dag. euk elder sisters husband.
KW 302. Mong. ebgen > Chag. bgn etc., see TMN 1, 109-111.
PKor. *p- 1 father 2 parents (1 2 ): MKor. p 1, p
2; Mod. bi (arch.), abi, abi 1, bi 2.
Nam 361, 362, KED 1074, 1130, 1131.
SKE 3, Poppe 103. Cf. *pa.
-ra to be: Tung. *eri-; Mong. *ere-; Turk. *er-; Jpn. *r-.
PTung. *eri- 1 to breathe 2 breath 3 soul (1 2 3 ): Evk. er- 1, ern 2, 3; Evn. eri- 1, erin 2; Neg. ej- 1, ejgen 2, 3; Man.
erge- to rest, ergen 2, 3; SMan. erxn breath, life (39, 693, 2965); Jurch.
erin-he ( = erhen) (517); Ul. ersi- 1, erge(n) 2; Ork. er(i)- 1; Nan. erisi- 1, erg
2; Orch. egge 3; Ud. ege 2, 3, dial. eje 2; Sol. erg life.
2, 464.
PMong. *ere-l healthy, sober (, ): MMong. ilur
(MA 152), elor (IM 437), ileur (LH); WMong. ere-gl, ele-gr; Kh. erl;
Bur. erl; Kalm. erl; Ord. erl.
KW 128. Mong. > Oyr. elr etc. (VEWT 41).
PTurk. *er- to be (aux.) ( (.)): OTurk. er- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. er- (MK, KB); Tur. i-; Gag. i-/ir-; Az. i-; Turkm. er-; Sal. ir- (Kakuk 182); Khal. r- (D. GCh 182); MTurk. er- (Abush.); Uzb. e-, er-r
(fut.); Uygh. e-; Krm. e-; Tat. i- (i-ken (perf.) it appears, i-me (evident.)
...says that it is); Bashk. i-; Kirgh. e-; Kaz. e-; KBalk. e-; KKalp. e-; Kum.
e-; Nogh. e-; SUygh. er-; Khak. i-; Shr. e-; Oyr. e-; Tv. e-/ir-; Yak. e-/er-;
Dolg. e-/er-.
EDT 193-194, VEWT 46, 1, 218-220, Stachowski 42, 46. The verb frequently
occurs as e-, without the final -r- (see ibid.).

PJpn. *r- to be (): OJpn. ar-; MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-; Kag.
r-.

JLTT 677.

516

*ra - *re

Cf. Mong. *a- (MMong. a-) a defective auxiliary verb. This, together with the frequent absence of -r- in Turkic paradigms, may speak
in favour of reconstructing monosyllabic *er for PA.
-ra rough: Mong. *ar-; Turk. *rig; Jpn. *r-; Kor. *ar-.
PMong. *ar- 1 to become dry, hard 2 dry, hard, thick 3 to be rough,
shaggy (1 , 2 , , 3 , ): WMong. aru- 1 (L 51: ara-), aru 2, ariji-, araji- (L
55) 3; Kh. arga- 1, arg(n) 2, ar-, araj- 3; Bur. arga- 1, argn 2, arzaj- 3;
Kalm. arz- 3; Ord. ari-, ar- 3; Dag. arbi- (MGCD); Mongr. r(MGCD), (a)r- (SM 13, 311), r- 3.
KW 16, MGCD 118.
PTurk. *rig rough, large (, ): OTurk. erig
(OUygh.) wild; Karakh. erig (MK) lively, energetic; Tur. iri; Az. iri;
Turkm. ri; MTurk. iri (. .), irik (. ., Pav. C.), erig (Qutb.);
Uzb. jirik; Uygh. irik, jirik; Krm. iri; Tat. r; Bashk. r; Kirgh. iri; Kaz. iri;
KKalp. iri; Nogh. iri.
EDT 221, 222, 1, 371-372. Modern languages reveal a secondary vowel narrowing. Turk. > Hung. reg.

PJpn. *r rough (): OJpn. ara-; MJpn. r-; Tok. ra-; Kyo.
r-.
JLTT 825.
PKor. *ar- bare, naked, stripped to essentials (, ):
MKor. ar-; Mod. al-.
Liu 526, KED 1088.
Martin 225 (Kor.-Jpn.)
-re ( ~ -i) early: Tung. *er-n; Mong. *er-te; Turk. *r; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *er-n time (): Evn. eri; Neg. ejun; Man. erin; SMan.
erin (2648); Jurch. erin (89); Ul. eru(n); Ork. eru(n) / eri(n); Nan. er; Orch.
er(n); Ud. li(n); Sol. er.
2, 463-4. TM > Dag. erin (. . 140).
PMong. *er-te early (, ): MMong. erte (HY 76), erde
(SH), rt (IM), irt (MA); WMong. erte(n) (L 331); Kh. ert(en); Bur. erte;
Kalm. ert; Ord. erte; Mog. irte; Dag. erte, erde (. . 140) early;
morning, erete (MD 145) long ago, anciently; early; morning; Dong.
eie; Bao. ete; S.-Yugh. rde; Mongr. de (SM 372).
KW 126, MGCD 269. Mong. > Evk. erte etc., see Doerfer MT 76, Rozycki 70.
PTurk. *r 1 early 2 early in the morning 3 tomorrow 4 (morning
sun) > sunny mountain slope (1 2 3 4 ( ) > ): OTurk. [ir ~ er 4, er-kenin,] erte
2 (OUygh.); Karakh. erte 2 (MK); Tur. er, erte 2; Gag. ierte next day; Az.
ert 2; Turkm. r 1, erte 2; MTurk. er 1 (Bud.), erte 2 (Abush., Pav. C.);
Uzb. erta 2; Uygh. (r)t morning; Krm. erte 2; Tat. irt 2; Bashk. irt 2;

*rga - *r

517

Kirgh. erte 2; Kaz. erte 2; KBalk. ertte 2; KKalp. erte 2; Kum. ert 2; Nogh.
erte 2; SUygh. erte 2; Khak. irte morning; Oyr. erte 2; Tv. erte 2; Chuv. ir
3; Yak. erde 1; Dolg. erin 1.
EDT 202-203, VEWT 46, 1, 302-306, 369-370, 70, 79, Stachowski 47.

PKor. *r- early (): MKor. r-; Mod. ir-.

Nam 400, KED 1326.
EAS 146, KW 126, VEWT 46, SKE 69, Poppe 106, Menges 1984,
267, 11, 79. Cf. perhaps also MKor. jt now ( < *jr-t =
Mong., Turk. *erte?); Lee 1958, 108 also draws MKor. ri time, season,
rn quickly, which we were unable to identify. Borrowing in Mong.
from Turk. ( 1997, 116) is hardly plausible: the *-tV suffix in
this case must be Common Altaic. The etymology is still quite valid,
despite all attempts of Doerfer (TMN 4, 257-259). Cf. also Turk. *er-kearly; ancient = Mong. argi- to be old, ancient, mature.
-rga ( ~ -u) a k. of box, enclosure: Tung. *(x)erge; Mong. *(h)ergi-neg;
Turk. *erge; Kor. *r.
PTung. *(x)erge a k. of box ( ): Evk. erge.
2, 462. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *(h)ergi-neg 1 cupboard (standing close to the door) 2 enclosure (for sheep, calves) (1 ( ) 2
( , )): WMong. ergineg 1 (L 325); Kh. eregneg 1; Bur. ergeneg
1,2; Kalm. ergng 1; Ord. ergenek 1.
KW 124.
PTurk. *erge 1 part of the yurt close to the door 2 threshhold 3 stairs
(1 2 3 ): MTurk. irgene
smth. belonging to the tent (Sangl.); Kirgh. ergilek 1; Kaz. erge, irge 1;
Khak. irkn 2; Oyr. irge 2; Chuv. arg lap; Yak. ergene, ergine 3.
VEWT 47, 1, 56-57.
PKor. *r enclosure (, ): MKor. r; Mod.
ri (arch.).
Nam 361, KED 1128.
VEWT 47. The Turkic forms are attested late and those ending in
-ne may actually be < Mong.; however, the Oyr. and Kaz. forms can
hardly be explained as loans.
-r a k. of fruit: Mong. *ril; Turk. *erk; Jpn. *tpi; Kor. *rm.
PMong. *ril plum (): WMong. ril (L 1013); Kh. rl wild
apple; Kalm. rl wild pear.
KW 300. Cf. *lir (a different root, but liable to merger).
PTurk. *erk 1 plum 2 apricot (1 2 ): OTurk. erk 1, 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. erk 1, 2 (MK); Tur. erik 1; Gag. ierik 1; Az. rik 2;
Turkm. erik 2; Sal. rx 1; MTurk. erk (AH) peach, rk (Abush.) 1;

518

*erka - *ro

Uzb. rk 2; Uygh. rk 2; Krm. erik 1; Tat. rk 2; Bashk. rk 2; Kirgh.

rk 2; Kaz. ork 2; KBalk. erik 1; KKalp. erik 2; Kum. erik 1.
EDT 222, 1, 291-292.
PJpn. *tpi Japanese fig ( ): OJpn. itabji; MJpn. tb,
tb.
JLTT 427.
PKor. *rm clematis berries, akebi seed ( ): Mod. rm.
KED 1285.
1, 292. In TM cf. perhaps Evk. dial. erbeu name of a shrub
with yellow flowers, used instead of tea ( 2, 462). Mong. *ril
plum should be kept distinct from *lir small apple (see under *jle);
however, since the sequences -l-r and -r-l in Mong. are liable to metathesis, it is difficult to decide which protoforms are actually reflected
in *ril and *lir. In any case, labialization in Mong. is probably secondary here (either *ril < *ir-l or *lir < *elr < *er-l).
-erka to wrap, tie: Mong. *arga-; Turk. *Arka-; Kor. *rk-.
PMong. *arga- 1 string, cord 2 woven basket (1 2
): MMong. arqami (SH) ar, arami (IM 432) 1, ruq (MA 113)
2; WMong. arami 2, aru 2; Kh. argam 1, arag 2; Bur. arag 2; Kalm. arg
2; Ord. aruG 2; Mog. ZM ra (13-3) fibre; Dong. areu 2 (MGCD aru);
Bao. aroG 2 (MGCD arGo); Mongr. aruG 2 (SM 14), aroG (MGCD).
KW 13, MGCD 114, 115. Turkic origin of arami was supposed by Doerfer TMN 1,
122, but without sufficient reasons (Chag. arami etc. (see 1, 171-172) is certainly <
Mong., see ibid.).

PTurk. *Arka- lasso, thick string (, ): Turkm.

arqn; Uzb. arkan 1.
VEWT 26, 1, 175-176. Turk. > WMong. arqala-, Kalm. arxl- (KW 14).
PKor. *rk- to wrap, tie up (, ): MKor. rk-;
Mod. lk-.
Nam 368, KED 1147.
Cf. Nan. er rope for binding up the yurt with ritual purposes
( 2,463), suggesting that *-k- may be originally a suffix. Despite
1997, 162, Mongolian forms are hard to explain as borrowed
from Turkic.
-ro clean: Mong. *ari-; Turk. *r-; Jpn. *rp-.
PMong. *ar- 1 clean 2 to clean 3 cloth for cleaning (1 2 3 ( )): MMong. ari- 2, aril- to be clear (SH),
ariun 1, ori- 2, [o]rur 3 (IM 433, 432), ariun, ri-jun 1, ari- 2, ariwur 3
(MA 105, 106, 104, 178), arilqa- 1 (HYt); WMong. ariun (L 53) 1, ari- 2,
ariur, aliur 3; Kh. ariun 1, ari- 2, alr 3; Bur. an 1, ara- 2, arl 3;
Kalm. rn 1, ar- 2, alr 3; Ord. arn 1, ari- 2, alr 3; Mog. orn 1; ZM
rn 1 pure, clean (11-3a); Dag. arn (. . 122), aren 1 (MD 115),

*rta - *rta

519

ari- 2; Dong. arun 1, ai- 2, anu 3; Bao. aru 1; S.-Yugh. arn;

Mongr. arn, arin (SM 11, 14) 1, arili- se purifier (SM 14), xair (SM 149)
3.
KW 24, MGCD 119, 565. Mong. > Evk. ariwn, see Poppe 1966, 189, Doerfer MT
125; > Chag. arun, see TMN 1, 129.

PTurk. *r- 1 clean, pure, to be clean 2 to clean, purify (1 ,

2 ): OTurk. ar (Orkh.), ar-, ar (OUygh.) 1, art(OUygh.) 2; Karakh. ar-, ar (MK, KB) 1, art- (MK, KB) 2; Tur. ar 1,
art- 2, Osm. art- to wipe; Az. dial. ar 1, art- 2; Turkm. arG 1, art- 2;
Khal. ar 1, arut- 2; MTurk. ar- (Abush.), ar (Abush., Sangl., Qutb),
ar (Pav. C.) 1, art- (Sangl., Qutb) 2; Uzb. dial. ari- 1; Uygh. eriq 1; Tat.
aru 1; Bashk. arw 1; Kirgh. ar 1; Kaz. aru 1; KBalk. arw 1; KKalp. aruw
1; SUygh. ar 1; Khak. ar 1; Oyr. aru 1; Tv. ar 1, art- 2; Chuv. r
good, irt- , ; Yak. rs 1,
rt- ; Dolg. ras 1.
EDT 198, 213, VEWT 27, 1, 184-186, . 182, Stachowski 261.
PJpn. *rp- to wash (): OJpn. arap-; MJpn. rf-; Tok. ra-; Kyo.
r-; Kag. ar-.
JLTT 677.
EAS 88, KW 24, 199, Poppe 79, Ozawa 170-171,
. 182. Cf. TM forms: Orok ra- to clean (with a brush)
( 1, 50), Evk. ertik- clean up ( 2, 465). Despite TMN 1, 129,
1997, 100, Mong. can hardly be regarded as borrowed < Turk.
-rta ( ~ -o) to carry on back: Mong. *ai-; Turk. *rt-.
PMong. *ai- to load, carry on ones back (, ): MMong. ai- (SH ), aaan (HY), ai (IM), ai(MA); WMong. ai- (L 8); Kh. ai-; Bur. aa-; Kalm. ai- (); Ord. ai-;
Mog. ai- (Ramstedt 1906); Dong. a-; Bao. ae- (. .); Mongr.
(n.).
MGCD 126. Mong. > Evk. atiga, Man. ai-, see Poppe 1966, 192, Doerfer MT 100,
Rozycki 11.

PTurk. *rt- to load, carry on back (, ):

OTurk. (?) ar- (OUygh. - USp.); Karakh. ar saddle-bag (MK; <
art-?); Tur. ard- (dial.), = Osm.; Gag. rt-; Uzb. rt-; Uygh. a(r)t-; Bashk.
art-; Kirgh. art-; Kaz. art-; KKalp. art-; Nogh. art-; SUygh. art-; Khak.
art-; Shr. arta-; Oyr. art-art-; Tv. art-; Chuv. ort-; Yak. rt-; Dolg. rd-.
VEWT 27, EDT 201, 276, 2, 287, 1, 180-181. Chuv. ort- may
be restructured after *ar-ka back.

VEWT 27, KW 18. A Turko-Mongolian isogloss; in Turkic the root

has partially merged with PT *rt back (see sub *pr).

520

*r - *a

-r ( ~ --) skin: Tung. *eruke-; Mong. *ar[a]-su; Jpn. *rk (/*i-; ~ -ua-).
PTung. *eru-ke- upper coat (, ): Evn. irkenmi; Ul. eru(n),
erue(n); Orch. erue.
1, 328, 2, 466.
PMong. *ar[a]-su skin (): MMong. arasun (HY 15, SH), aru
(IM 432), arasun (MA 104); WMong. arasu(n), arisu(n) (L 49); Kh. as(an);
Bur. arahan, arha(n); Kalm. arsn; Ord. arusu; Mog. arsun; ZM rsun
(20-9); Dag. arsa, aras (. . 122); Dong. arasun; Bao. arso; S.-Yugh.
arsn; Mongr. aras (SM 11).
MGCD 320. Cf. Mongor *(a)rwa hair, fur. KW 14.
PJpn. *rk (/*i-; ~ -ua-) scales; dandruff (; ): MJpn.
uroko, rk; Tok. roko, roko; Kyo. rk; Kag. urok.
JLTT 426. The modern Tokyo accent variants are not quite regular (pointing to
*rk or *rk).

The TM and Jpn. forms reflect a common derivative *r-kV (diminutive).

-a to go astray, mistake: Tung. *er[e]-; Mong. *ere; Turk. *-; Jpn.
*r-; Kor. *rj-b-.
PTung. *er[e]- 1 bad 2 torture, torment 3 to torture 4 to be mistaken
(1 2 , 3 4 ): Evk. er 1, ere- 4;
Man. eru-n 1; Ul. eru-le- 2; Nan. er 2; Sol. er 1.
2, 465-466. For all the forms except Evk. ere- borrowing from Mong. cannot be
excluded (see Doerfer MT 39, Rozycki 71), thus the actual TM protoform could have been
*ere-.

PMong. *ere torture, crime (, ): MMong.

ereu (SH); WMong. ereg() (L 321); Kh. er; Bur. erdelge, erde- to
torture; Kalm. er; Ord. er; Dag. erle- to torture (MD 146), erun.
KW 128, MGCD 269.
PTurk. *- 1 to go astray, lose ones way 2 to lose mind, go mad 3
to miss (1 2 3 , ): OTurk. az- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. az- 1 (MK, IM); Tur. az- 1;
Gag. z- ( 1955) 1; Az. az- 1; Turkm. z- 1; Khal. hz- 1;
MTurk. az- (Sangl., Houts., Pav. C., Qutb) 1; Uzb. z- 1; Uygh. az- 1;
Krm. az- 1; Tat. az- 1; Bashk. a- 1; Kirgh. az- 1; Kaz. az- 1; KKalp. az- 1;
Nogh. az- 1; SUygh. az- 1; Khak. as- 1; Shr. as- 1; Oyr. as- 1; Tv. as- 1;
Chuv. or- 2; Yak. s- 1, 3.
EDT 279, VEWT 22, 33, 193, 1, 94-95, 2, 283.
PJpn. *r- to behave violently, be in distress ( , ; ): OJpn. ara-; MJpn. ara-; Tok. re-; Kyo.
r-; Kag. r-.
JLTT 677.
PKor. *rj-b- to be difficult, hard, in distress ( , ): MKor. rjp- (-w-); Mod. rjp- (-w-).

*emu - *s[i]

521

Nam 360, KED 1127.

EAS 107, 145-146, SKE 56 (Mong.:Tung.:Kor.). Mong. and Turk.
have also suffixed forms that may belong to the same root (with front /
back vowel variation): cf. Mong. ara- to quarrel, argue; ers- to rival,
compete; Turk. *ersi- mean, nasty (see 12); perhaps also Mong.
*arila- to disappear, vanish ( < *to miss), see MGCD 118.
-emu a k. of grass, wormwood: Mong. *erme; Turk. *een; Kor. *rm.
PMong. *erme wormwood (Artemisia Sieversiana, Artemisia macrocephala) (): WMong. erme (L 331); Kh. erem; Bur. rmehe(n),
rmedehe(n); Kalm. erm; Ord. ?? rme artemisia glauca Pall., dapres
Potanin; Dag. erem.
Mong. > Tat. rm etc., see KW 126, 127, 132-133. Cf. also (as Mong. loanwords): Man. eremu wormwood, Khak. irben , Yak. erbesin .

PTurk. *een wormwood (): Kaz. izen (R); Chuv. arm.

VEWT 48, 346, 1, 57-58. Turk. (Bulg.) > Hung. rm, see Gombocz
1912.

PKor. *rm a k. of grass ( ): MKor. rm; Mod. olmi-phul.

Liu 580.
The root denotes wormwood, artemisia in Turkic and Mongolian;
in Korean the meaning is not quite certain (probably some sort of
shepherds purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris). The phonetic match is precise, anyway, and the reconstruction seems reliable.
-s[i] to take care of: Tung. *ske-; Mong. *asara-; Turk. *es; Jpn. *sma-;
Kor. *s-kb-, *s-k-.
PTung. *ske- 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to curse (1
2 , 3 , 4 ,
): Evk. ksit- 2, esk- 3; Evn. ske- 3; Neg. eksit- 2; Man. esue- 4;
SMan. esxin-, isixin- (1468); Ul. eksen- 1, 2; Nan. eksei- 2; Ud. ehie- to
take care of.
2, 443, 468.
PMong. *asara- to take care of (): MMong. asara- (HY 40,
SH), asor- (IM 433), asra- (MA 107); WMong. asara- (L 56); Kh. asra-;
Kalm. asr-; Ord. asara-; S.-Yugh. asara- (MGCD 122).
KW 16. Mong. > Chag. asra- etc. (VEWT 29, TMN 1, 131, 1997, 199); >
Chuv. usra- (Rna-Tas 1973-1974); > Man. asara- (Doerfer MT 136). Derivation < Turk. aato eat (Rona-Tas 1975, 201-211, Clark 1980, 42) is quite improbable.

PTurk. *es 1 memory, mind 2 to pity, regret (1 , 2

, ): OTurk. es 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. es 1 (KB), esirge- 2
(MK); Az. ksi (< s-ki) clever; Turkm. es 1; MTurk. es 1 (AH, KW);
Uzb. es 1; Uygh. s 1; Krm. es 1; Tat. is 1; Bashk. i 1; Kaz. es 1; KBalk. es
1; KKalp. es 1; Kum. es 1; Nogh. es 1; Oyr. es 1; Chuv. as 1.

522

*eso - *ta

EDT 252, VEWT 49, 50, 1, 310, 33, 1, 61. Turk. > WMong. esi,
Kalm. i allowing, etiquette.
PJpn. *sma- to admonish (): OJpn. isama-; MJpn. sma-;
Tok. isam-; Kyo. sm-; Kag. isam-.
JLTT 699. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular, probably under literary influence.
PKor. *s-kb-, *s-k- 1 to be pitiful; to be precious, valuable 2 to
spare, grudge; value, esteem (1 ;
, 2 , ; , ):
MKor. s-kp- (-w-) 1, s-k- 2; Mod. ak:ap- (-w-) 1, ak:i- 2.
Nam 349, KED 1067.
14. Vocalism is not quite certain (in Mong. one would
rather expect a front *e-).
-eso unripe, sour: Tung. *esi-kin; Mong. *es-; Turk. *sr-; Jpn. *s-.
PTung. *esi-kin unripe (, ): Evk. esikin; Evn.
eskni; Man. esxun; SMan. usxn, usuxun (388); Jurch. (h)osu-xun (539).
2, 468.
PMong. *es- 1 to pickle 2 sour milk, kumis (1 2 , ): MMong. esuk 2 (HY 25, SH); WMong. esg 2; Kh. es- 1,
sg 2; Bur. eh- 1; Kalm. is- 1; Ord. es- 1, sk, esk 2; S.-Yugh. hs- 1.
KW 210, MGCD 413.
PTurk. *sr- to become drunk (, ): OTurk. esr(OUygh.); Karakh. esr- (MK); Tur. esri-; Turkm. esre-; MTurk. esri(AH); Uzb. sr- (dial.); Krm. esir-; Tat. isr-; Bashk. ir-; Kirgh. esir-;
Kaz. esr-; KBalk. esir-; KKalp. esir-; Kum. esir-; Nogh. esir-; Khak. izr-;
Shr. ezir-; Oyr. ezir-; Tv. ezir-; Chuv. zr-; Yak. itir-; Dolg. itirikt- to
rejoice, have a feast.
EDT 251, VEWT 50, 1, 309-310, Stachowski 130.
PJpn. *s- bad (): OJpn. asi-; MJpn. s-.
JLTT 826.
Cf. perhaps also (although semantically dubious) OJ asa- to fade.
-ta to take care of, to deal with: Tung. *ete-; Turk. *t-; Jpn. *tkp-;
Kor. *t.
PTung. *ete- 1 to guard 2 to nurse (1 2 ): Evk.
etej- 1, 2; Evn. etu- 1, etij- 2; Neg. etew- 1, etixi- 2; Ul. eteu- 1, etexi- 2;
Ork. etew- 1, etexi- 2; Nan. et- 1, etexi- 2; Orch. etu-i- 1; Ud. eteu-si- 1.
2, 470.
PTurk. *t- to organize, to make (, ): OTurk. et(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. et- (MK); Tur. et-; Gag. et-; Az. et-; Turkm.
deg keeping (), et-; MTurk. et- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. et-;
Uygh. et-, t-; Krm. et-; Tat. it-; Bashk. it-; Kirgh. et-; Kaz. et-; KBalk. et-;
KKalp. et-; Kum. et-; Nogh. et-; SUygh. et-, jet-, it-; Khak. it-; Oyr. et-; Tv.
et-; Chuv. at-.

*t - *t

523

EDT 36-37, 1, 312-313, . 56, 1, 67. Shortness in Turkm. etis no doubt secondary: cf. the derivative deg, and also regular intervocalic voicing -t- >
-d- in all Oghuz languages (pointing to original length), see EDT ibid.
PJpn. *tkp- to take care of, deal with (,
): OJpn. atukap- to worry; MJpn. tkf-; Tok. tsuka-, atsuk-; Kyo.
tsk-; Kag. atsuk-.
JLTT 678.
PKor. *t to flatter (): MKor. t-h-; Mod. ada-ha-.
Nam 335, KED 1069.
15. Cf. also Mong. atugaj be! (imper.) (MMong. aduai er
soll sein, SH). Cf. *ita.
-t elder relative: Tung. *(x)eti-; Mong. *eige; Turk. *Ata / *Ete; Jpn.
*tt, *ti; Kor. *t.
PTung. *(x)eti- 1 old man 2 father-in-law (1 2 , ):
Evk. eti-rkn 1, etk 2; Evn. eti-kn 1, etki 2; Neg. eti-xen 1, etk 2; Sol. etikk
1.
See 2, 469 (one should note that many forms listed there, like Man. eike etc.,
are later mongolisms, see Doerfer MT 117, Rozycki 66).

PMong. *eige father (): MMong. eige (HY 28, SH), ee (SH),
iig (MA); WMong. eige (L 292); Kh. eceg; Bur. esege; Kalm. ecg; Ord.
eige; Dag. eig (. . 141) ecihe (MD 139).
KW 129, TMN 1, 187.
PTurk. *Ata / *Ete 1 father 2 uncle 3 ancestor (1 2 3 ): OTurk. ata 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. ata, ataq 1 (MK); Tur. ata 3, dial.
ede 2; Az. ata 1; Turkm. ata fathers father; MTurk. ata (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb.
ta 1; Uygh. ata 1, 3; Krm. ata 3; Tat. ata, eti 1, etkej 2; Bashk. ata 1, male;
Kirgh. ata 1, 3; Kaz. ata 1; KBalk. ata 1; KKalp. ata 3; Kum. ata 1; Nogh.
ata 1, male; SUygh. ata 1; Khak. ada 1; Oyr. ada 1, 3; Tv. ada 1.
EDT 40, 48, VEWT 31, 1, 200-201, TMN 2, 5-6, 9, 294, 304.
PJpn. *tt, *ti 1 father 2 uncle (1 2 ): OJpn. ti / titi 1, wo-di
2; MJpn. toto, tt 1, wo-di 2; Tok. chich, o-t-san 1, ji 2; Kyo. chch,
-t-sn 1, j 2; Kag. chich, o-t-sn 1, j 2.
JLTT 514, 547. Accent reconstruction is difficult because of irregular transformations and reduplications (a nursery word).

PKor. *t man (): MKor. t.

HMCH 212.
1972a, 37-40. Poppe 51, 56, 296, 6; a
weak attempt of disproving the etymology see in TMN 1, 188. A nursery word, represented in all Altaic subgroups. Ramstedt (KW 129)
compares the Mong. form with Turk. *ei / *ee elder brother, but it is
obviously closer related to *ata (Mong. *ei-ge = Turk. *ete-ke / *ata-ka).
The form *ete-ke, reflected in Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus, is probably an archaic diminutive, and Doerfers (TMN 2, 9) attempt to treat the

524

*ti - *ti

Turk. form as a compound ata Vater + k lteres Geschwister is certainly faulty.

-ti ( ~ -t-) thread, to quilt: Tung. *etu- / *ute-; Turk. *Etek; Jpn. *tu.
PTung. *etu- / *ute- 1 to quilt, tuft 2 seam 3 quilted coat, lap 4 mitten lining 5 to put on, wear 6 upper clothes (1 2 3
, 4 5 , 6
): Evk. uteme 3, uteptn 4; Evn. ut- 1, (All.) etik 6; Neg. ute- 1;
Man. etu- 5, etuku 6; SMan. utu- 5 (199); utuku clothing, clothes, garb
(195); Jurch. etu-xun (846) 6; Ul. utee 2, utesu 3; Ork. utteuri 3; Nan. ute1, utes 3.
2, 293, 295, 469.
PTurk. *Etek lap, edge of cloth (, ): Karakh. etek
(MK); Tur. etek; Gag. ietek; Az. tk; Turkm. etek; Khal. htk; MTurk. etek
(. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. etk; Uygh. etk; Krm. etek; Tat. itk;
Bashk. itk; Kirgh. etek; Kaz. etek; KBalk. etek; KKalp. etek; Kum. etek;
Nogh. etek; Khak. idek; Shr. edek; Oyr. edek; Tv. edek.
EDT 50, VEWT 52, 1, 313.
PJpn. *tu thread (): OJpn. it(w)o; MJpn. t; Tok. to; Kyo. it;
Kag. it.
JLTT 428.
15.

G
-ga to take; to put: Tung. *ga-; Turk. *Ko-; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *ga- to take (): Evk. ga-; Evn. ga-; Neg. ga-; Man. Gaj-;
SMan. Gia- (1402, 1538); Jurch. ga-gwa-i (399); Ul. Ga-; Ork. Ga-; Nan.
Ga-; Orch. ga-; Ud. ga-.
1, 133-134.
PTurk. *Ko- to put (): Tur. ko-; MTurk. qo- (Pav. C., IM); Krm.
qo-; Chuv. xv-, xu-.
VEWT 273, 6, 27-29. The root seems archaic, but in most languages (beginning with OT) was substituted by the synonymous *Kod- (v. sub *kda), being preserved
only in Chag., Osm. and Chuv.

PKor. *k- to take (): MKor. k--; Mod. kai-, dial. ka-.
Nam 8, KED 27, SKE 83.
SKE 83, Lee 1958, 111, 356, 1, 225. One of the few
PA monosyllabic roots. The relation of the Turk. form is somewhat dubious (for semantic and phonetic reasons). One may conjecture that the
original shape was PT *Ka- - actually attested in OT, see EDT 578 which was early substituted by *Ko- under the influence of the more
widespread *Kod- and then disappeared altogether.
-gi ( ~ *ga) branch, bough: Mong. *ga-; Kor. *k.
PMong. *ga- 1 bough 2 spruce 3 noble fir (1 2 3 ):
WMong. aura 1, aiur 2 (L 342: aura, auura spruce); Kh. gar 2;
Bur. gasr 1, 2; Kalm. acr 3.
KW 147.
PKor. *k branch (): MKor. k; Mod. kai.
Nam 7, KED 26.
A Mong.-Kor. isogloss.
-ggt one of a pair: Tung. *gagda; Mong. *gaga; Turk. *Kat; Jpn. *kt.
PTung. *gagda one of a pair ( ): Evk. gagda; Evn. gd;
Neg. gagda; Man. Gaqda, Gaqta; Nan. GaGda; Orch. gagda; Ud. gagda.
1, 135.
PMong. *gaga single, alone (): MMong. qaxa (HY
44, SH), qaqar (instr., IM), aqa (MA); WMong. aa (L 343), ana; Kh.
gagcr, gagc, ganc; Bur. gansa, gagsa; Kalm. akc; Ord. gaga, gana; Dag.

526

*gj - *gj

gani (. . 130), gak(r) (. . 131), ganare, gaikare (MD 148);

Mongr. xaaGr, aGr (instr.) (SM 148, 388).
KW 141, MGCD 283. The variant ana is not quite clear. Mong. > Ul. Gaqs, Orok
Gaqsa, Evn. gasn (these forms should be kept distinct from the genuine PTM *gagda).

PTurk. *Kat layer (): OTurk. qat (OUygh.); Karakh. qat (MK,
KB); Tur. kat; Az. Gat; Turkm. Gat; MTurk. qat (Houts., AH, IM, MA);
Uzb. qt, dial. qt; Uygh. qat; Tat. qat; Bashk. qat; Kirgh. qat; KKalp. qat;
Kum. qat; Khak. xat; Oyr. qat; Tv. qat; Chuv. xut; Yak. xat double, X
times; Dolg. kat X times.
VEWT 241, 5, 335-336, TMN 3, 419, Stachowski 140, . XVI, 250-255, 2, 371-372. The original meaning must have been one of two layers - as witnessed by the Yak. meaning and by external evidence.

PJpn. *kt one of two sides ( ): OJpn. kata;

MJpn. kt.
JLTT 442.
Rozycki 85 (TM-Mong.). Despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be
borrowed from Mong. The Mong. form presents some difficulties:
apart from the unclear variant *gana, the form *gaga itself can only
belong here if it is an irregular development < *gagi < *gagti, or if it is a
contraction of a derived form *gagta-a. Note that Jpn. *kt may also be
derived from PA *kal(t)o q.v.
-gj oar, boat pole: Tung. *ga(j)-; Turk. *K(i)aj-guk; Jpn. *kj.
PTung. *ga(j)- / *gia- 1 to pole (in a boat) 2 boat pole 3 oar (1 ( ) 2 3 ): Evk. ga- 1,
ga-wun 2, gwun 3; Neg. gawn 2, gwl 3; Man. guwafu 2; Ul. Goa- 1,
Gl 3; Ork. G-p(n) 2, Gwl 3; Nan. Ga- 1, Gol 3; Orch. gau- 1, gau 2,
giu 3; Ud. gau, gou 2.
1, 134, 144. On the PTM level one can reconstruct an opposition of *ga-buboat pole and *gia-bu- oar, which must be earlier morphological or dialectal variants.

PTurk. *K(i)aj-guk boat, oar (, ): Karakh. qajuq, qajq

(MK); Tur. kajk; Gag. qajq; Az. GajG; Turkm. Gajq; MTurk. qajq (MA,
Pav. C.); Uzb. qjiq; Uygh. qejiq; Tat. qajq; Bashk. qajq; Kirgh. qajq; Kaz.
qajq; KKalp. qajq; Kum. qajq; Nogh. qajq; Oyr. qajq; Yak. xajk, dial.
xojk.
VEWT 233, 5, 212-213, TMN 3, 408-409 (derivation from *Kaj- slide is
probably folk-etymological, cf. the external evidence).

PJpn. *kj oar (): OJpn. kai; MJpn. kai; Tok. ki; Kyo. k; Kag.
ka.

JLTT 433.
Murayama 1962, 107. An interesting common Altaic cultural term.

*gju - *gajV

527

-gju sorrow: Tung. *gaja-; Mong. *gaj; Turk. *Kadgu; Jpn. *kj-; Kor.
*kim.
PTung. *gaja- 1 to have insomnia 2 to be possessed, demoniac (1 2 ): Man. Gajla- 2; Ul. Gaja1; Ork. Gajadd- 1; Nan. Gaja- 1.
1, 136.
PMong. *gaj sorrow, grief, woe (, , ): WMong.
ai (L 344); Kh. gaj; Bur. gaj; Kalm. g; Ord. g; Dag. gai (. . 130).
KW 149. Mong. > Man. Gaj impediment, obstacle (see Rozycki 85).
PTurk. *Kadgu sorrow (): OTurk. qadu (OUygh.); Karakh.
qau (MK, KB); Tur. kaj; Az. Gaj; Turkm. GajG; MTurk. qaj
(Qutb., Pav. C); Uzb. qj (dial.); Krm. qaj; Tat. qaj; Bashk. qaj;
Kirgh. qaj; Kaz. qaj; KKalp. qaj; Kum. qaj; Nogh. qaj; Chuv.
xoja.
VEWT 217, 5, 201-203, 2, 352-353.
PJpn. *kj- to be sorry (, , ): OJpn. kuja-; MJpn. kj-; Tok. kuyash-; Kyo. kysh-; Kag.
kuyash-.
JLTT 834. Also PJ *kj-m- to feel sorry, regret.
PKor. *kim envy, covetousness (): MKor. kim; Mod.
kejm.
Liu 52, KED 109.
. 102. Cf. also Kalm. gejn, WMong. gejen grievous, gloomy (perhaps < *gaju-gi- with secondary fronting). Note the
peculiar *-d- in PT, reflected as -j- (not -r-) in Chuv.: perhaps we should
rather reconstruct *Kaj(i)-dgu for early PT, with subsequent development either > *Kajgu or > *Kadgu.
-gajV surprise: Tung. *gaji-; Mong. *gajika-; Turk. *KAj-.
PTung. *gaji- 1 to beckon 2 to show 3 index finger 4 small finger 5
to indulge, be enthralled (1 2 3 4 5 ): Evk. gajw- 1; Man. Gajsilabu- 5; Ul.
Gajaw(n) 3, Gojsant- 5; Ork. Gajaw 4; Nan. Gajao- 2, Gajaqo 4, Gojsanto- 5.
1, 136, 158. On the semantic correlation index finger : small finger see
Dybo 1995.

PMong. *gajika- to wonder, marvel (): MMong. iqa-;

aami wonderful (MA 173); WMong. ajiqa- (L 345); Kh. gajxa-; Bur.
gajxa-; Kalm. x-; Ord. Ga-; Dag. gajga- (. . 130), gajhe- (MD
147).
KW 149, MGCD 279. Mong. > Kaz. qajqa- etc. (VEWT 222), Yak. xaj-, Dolg. kjgto praise (Stachowski 142); > Evk. gajka-, Man. Gajqa- etc., see 1, 136, Doerfer MT
102, Rozycki 85.

528

*gli - *gai

PTurk. *KAj- to pay respect ( ): OTurk.

qaj- (Yenis., OUygh.); Karakh. qaj- (MK); Tur. kajr-; Kirgh. qaj-; Kaz.
qajs-; Khak. xaj-; Tv. xaj dr to still, pacify.
EDT 674, 5, 194.
A Western isogloss; maybe the same root as *gju (sorrow > surprise?)
-gli to hate, wild: Tung. *galu-; Mong. *galau; Turk. *K(i)al; Jpn.
*krp-.
PTung. *galu- to hate (): Evn. galt-; Ul. Gal-; Ork.
Gal-; Nan. Galo-; Orch. galu-; Ud. galu-.
1, 138.
PMong. *galau wild, rabid (, ): MMong. qlu
(LH); WMong. alau, aliu (L 346); Kh. gal; Bur. galz; Kalm.
alz; Ord. Gal; Dag. gal (. . 130), gale (MD 148); Bao.
Ganir-; S.-Yugh. Gal; Mongr. Gar (SM 119), Gal.
TMN 1, 410, KW 142, MGCD 280.
PTurk. *K(i)al wild, rough (, ): OTurk. qal (OUygh.);
Karakh. qal (KB); Turkm. Galdav; MTurk. qal (CCum.); KBalk. qaltaq;
Khak. xal; Shr. qal; Oyr. qal; Tv. xal-mal; Yak. xal.
EDT 614, VEWT 224, 410.
PJpn. *krp- to hate (): OJpn. kjirap-; MJpn. krf-; Tok.
kra-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kir-.
JLTT 708.
Mong. gelme- to be scared, afraid is probably a variant reflex of
the same root - despite KW 133, Poppe 25, 18, 14, all
connecting it with TM *le-.
-glV clear (of sky, weather): Tung. *galu-; Turk. *K(i)al-.
PTung. *galu- clear (of sky, weather) ( ( , )):
Man. GalGa; Ul. Gal-Gal bi; Ork. Gl-; Nan. GalGa.
1, 138.
PTurk. *K(i)al- 1 sky 2 to clear up (of sky) (1 2
( )): OTurk. qalq (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. (kk) qalq 1 (MK); Chuv. ?
jl- to shine, glitter; Yak. kilej-xalaj shining, xaln- 2, xalln clear sky,
good weather; Dolg. kalln 1.
VEWT 226, 60-61, Stachowski 135.
VEWT 226, 1, 138. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-gai to contest: Tung. *gali-; Jpn. *kisuap- ( ~ *kisp-); Kor. *kjru-.
PTung. *gali- to contest (): Man. Galgi-; Nan. Gal-; Orch.
gali-; Ud. galoa-.
1, 138.
PJpn. *kisuap- ( ~ *kisp-) to contest (): MJpn. kisof-;
Tok. kis-; Kyo. ks-; Kag. kis-.

*gmo - *gi

529

JLTT 709. PJ accent unclear: Tokyo points to low tone in the first syllable, Kagoshima - to high; the Kyoto accent is ambiguous, while the word is not attested in RJ.
PKor. *kjru- to compete, contend (, ):
Mod. kjru-.
KED 111.
An Eastern isogloss.
-gmo concubine, co-wife: Tung. *gama; Turk. *Koma; Kor. *km.
PTung. *gama children of sisters ( , ): Ul.
Gamas; Ork. Gamas; Nan. Gamas; Orch. gama, gamasu.
1, 138.
PTurk. *Koma 1 concubine 2 wives of the same husband (1 2 ): Tur. kuma 1,
2; MTurk. quma (Pav. C.) 1; Krm. quma 1; Tat. quma (.) 1.
Turk. > MMong. (MA, LHa) quma id. (although Doerfer TMN 1, 415 suggests the
opposite direction of loan - which is dubious because of the isolated nature of the
MMong. form).

PKor. *km concubine (): MKor. km.

Nam 46.
Ramstedt (SKE 415) thinks of a loan Kor. > Turk., which is highly
improbable (see TMN 1, 415); despite late attestation in Turkic the root
may well be archaic. For TM one should suppose the original meaning
children of smb.s concubine(s).
-gi ( ~ -a-) to explain, tell, say: Tung. *g(i)ana-; Mong. *gee-; Turk.
*gee-.
PTung. *g(i)ana- 1 to explain 2 to set (a riddle) (1 2 ()): Man. ana- 1; Ul. GaGa- 2; Ork. GaGa Gajawo2; Orch. gaga- 2; Ud. gaia riddle (. 220).
1, 140 (the Manchu word is separated as a Chinese loanword, which is hardly
the case).

PMong. *gee- to speak, say (, ): MMong. kee- (SH,

HYt), k- (HYt), gi- (MA); WMong. ge- (L 372); Kh. ge-; Bur. ge-; Kalm.
ge-, g-, g-; Ord. ge-; Mog. ge- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. gei (MD 149-150)
(quotation particle - converb from *ge-); Bao. ge-; Mongr. gi- (SM 135).
KW 132.
PTurk. *gee- 1 to advise 2 advice (1 () 2 ):
OTurk. kee 2, kee- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. kee- to settle ones affairs
with someone (MK, KB), kene 2, kee- 1 (MK, KB); Tur. genge- 1
(dial.); Az. gn- 1 (dial.); Turkm. gee- 1, gee 2; MTurk. kee 2,
kee- 1 (Abush., Sangl.); Uygh. k- 1 (dial.); Krm. kenes, kene 2,
kene- 1; Tat. ki 2; Bashk. k 2; Kirgh. kee 2, kee- 1; Kaz. kees 2,
kees- 1; KBalk. kenge counsel; KKalp. kees 2, kees- 1; Kum. genge

530

*gp - *gr

counsel; Nogh. kees 2; SUygh. kees- 1, keis 2; Oyr. kee- 1 (.);

Chuv. kana 2, kana-la- 1.
VEWT 253, EDT 727, 734, 3, 21-22, TMN 3, 613-614.
250, 295, KW 132 (Turk.-Mong.). A
Western isogloss.
-gp protection, care: Mong. *gabi-; Jpn. *kmp-.
PMong. *gabi- 1 care, diligence, attention, merit 2 to care, strive 3
skilled, careful (1 , , , 2 , 3 , ): WMong. abija 1, abija- 2,
abiai 3 (L 340); Kh. gavjn 1, gavgaj 3; Bur. gabj 1, gabgaj 3; Kalm.
gw energy, efficiency; Ord. Gawij 1; Dag. gabign 3; S.-Yugh. gobt
1.
KW 148, MGCD 275. See 5, 270-271 with an analysis of Mong. forms and
Turkic loanwords. Mong. > Man. gabsian (see Rozycki 84).

PJpn. *kmp- 1 to take care of, protect 2 one of ancient titles (1 , 2 ): OJpn. kabane 2;
MJpn. kabane 2; Tok. kabane 2, kab- 1; Kyo. kb- 1; Kag. kb- 1.
JLTT 700.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note the Old Turkic title
qapaan which may be = OJ kabane and Mong. gabija(n).
-gr ( ~ -e-) arm: Mong. *gar; Turk. *Kar; Jpn. *kt.
PMong. *gar hand, arm (): MMong. qar (HY 46, SH), qr (IM),
ar (MA); WMong. ar (L 350); Kh. gar; Bur. gar; Kalm. ar; Ord. Gar;
Mog. ar; ZM ar (2-9a); Dag. gari, ga (. . 130, MD 148); Dong.
qa; Bao. xar; S.-Yugh. Gar; Mongr. Gar (SM 118).
KW 144-145, MGCD 284.
PTurk. *Kar 1 arm 2 forearm 3 shin-bone of animal 4 various measures of length (1 ( ) 2 3
4 ): OTurk. qar 1, qar 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. qar (MK) 1; Tur. karu-a 1; Az. gari 3 (dial.); Turkm. Gar 3,4;
Khal. qar 4; MTurk. qar 1 (Vam.), qar 1 (Abush.), 2 (Houts.), 4 (in all
sources); Uzb. qari 1,4, qara 3 (dial.); Uygh. qeri 4, qaja 3 (dial.); Tat. qar
1, qara 4 (dial.); Bashk. qar 3; Kirgh. qar 1, qar 1; Kaz. qar 2, qar 2, 3;
KBalk. qar 4; KKalp. qar 2, qar 2, 4; Nogh. qar 4; SUygh. qar 2; Shr. qar
1; Oyr. qar 1; Tv. qr 2; Tof. qr 2; Chuv. xor 2, 4; Yak. xar, xara 2, 3.
TMN 3, 461-2, 5, 278-283, 160-164, 1989, 246-247, 2, 361. The usage of *Kar as a measure (cubit) may seem natural, but in fact reflects
a merger with a different root, see under *K(i)ar. Turk. > Hung. kar arm, see Ligeti 1933,
MNyTESz 2, 369.

PJpn. *kt shoulder (): OJpn. kata; MJpn. kt; Tok. kta; Kyo.
kt; Kag. kat.
JLTT 442.

*gari - *g[]

531

KW 145, 391, Poppe 24 (Turk.-Mong.; but *la

hand, arm cannot belong here), 1972a, 95-97;
290, 310-311, 247. Borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite
improbable, despite 1997, 134 (even Doerfer in TMN 1, 207, 3,
461 describes the Turk.-Mong. match as Zufall - which in all his
works is actually a synonym for cognate).
-gari ( ~ --, -o) light: Tung. *garpa; Mong. *gere-l.
PTung. *garpa 1 ray 2 to shine (1 2 ): Evk. garpa 1, garpa2; Evn. garpan 1, garp- 2; Neg. gatpa 1, gatpa- 2; Ul. Garpa- 2; Ork.
Galpa 1, Galpa-, Garpa- 2; Nan. Garpa- 2; Orch. gappa- 2; Ud. gakpa- 2.
1, 142. The root also has the meaning shoot (from a bow) in most languages.
This was compared by Poppe (18, 44, 87) with Mong. qarbu- id. - but the phonological
correspondence is quite irregular, both if we assume genetic relationship or borrowing
(on Mong. qarbu- see under PA *kare). The resemblance is therefore either simply accidental, or the meaning of TM *garpa- to shine, shoot rays was modified under Mongolian
influence.

PMong. *gere-l beam, light (, ): MMong. gere, gerel (HY 42,

SH), ger (IM); WMong. gerel (L 378); Kh. gerel; Bur. gerel; Kalm. gerl;
Ord. gere, gerel; Dag. gerel; Dong. gieren; S.-Yugh. gerel; Mongr. grl,
gr (SM 134), gergea- luire, briller (SM 133).
KW 134, MGCD 290, 292.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; on a possible Jpn. match see under *gle.
See also notes to *ra.
-g[] sharp edge: Tung. *gara; Turk. *ge; Jpn. *ktn; Kor. *krh.
PTung. *gara bough, stick (, ): Evk. gara; Evn. gar; Neg.
gaja; Man. GarGa; Garin blade of a knife, edge of a sword; SMan.
Garhn branch (2134); Jurch. gar (758); Ul. Gara; Ork. Gara; Nan. Gara;
Orch. g; Ud. g; Sol. gar, gara.
1, 141, 142.
PTurk. *ge 1 notch of an arrow 2 aim (of a gun) (1 2 ()): Karakh. kez (MK) 1; Tur. gez 2; Gag. kz 2; Az.
gz 1; Turkm. gezlik small knife; MTurk. kez arrow shaft (Abush., Pav.
C.); Bashk. kie (dial.) 1; Kaz. kez 1; Tv. kes 1; Tof. kes 1.
EDT 756, 760, VEWT 260, 5, 20-21, TMN 4, 2-4.
PJpn. *ktn knife (): OJpn. katana; MJpn. ktn; Tok. katan,
katna; Kyo. ktn; Kag. katan.
JLTT 443.
PKor. *krh knife, sword (, ): MKor. kr (krh-); Mod. khal.
Nam 19, KED 1669.
Martin 251 (Kor.-Jpn.), Lee 1958, 111 (Kor.-TM). Fronting in Turk.
is unclear (*Ka would be normally expected). The Kor. word may also

532

*gV - *gte

reflect *kale q.v. (Joki 1963, 154); in any case, it actually reflects a suffixed form *g[a]-KV (cf. Man. GarGa) or *kale-kV.
-gV wild goose: Tung. *gr(u)a; Turk. *K.
PTung. *gr(u)a 1 owl 2 swan (1 2 ): Evk. gre 1,2; Evn.
gr a big mythical bird; Neg. gaja 1; Man. Garu 2; Jurch. gawr-un (185)
2; Ul. Goara(n) 1; Orch. garua 1; Ud. g 1.
1,142-3.
PTurk. *K goose (): OTurk. qaz (OUygh.); Karakh. qaz (MK,
KB); Tur. kaz; Gag. qz; Az. Gaz; Turkm. Gz; MTurk. qaz (Houts., AH,
Pav. C.); Uygh. az; Tat. qaz; Bashk. qa; Kirgh. qaz; Kaz. qaz; KKalp. az;
Kum. qaz; Nogh. qaz; Khak. xas; Shr. qas; Oyr. qas; Tv. qas; Chuv. xor;
Yak. xs; Dolg. ks.
EDT 679, VEWT 243, 5, 184, 171, 2, 361, Stachowski 143.
EAS 113, Poppe 18, 1972, 6, 80, 171,
TMN 3, 387 (onomatopoetisch). The Turk. form is probably contaminated with *Ks == TM *gasa crane, duck, which should explain the
exceptional preservation of vowel length. See also comments to *kujilV
and *gla.
-gaso ( ~ -i) crane, aquatic bird: Tung. *gasa; Mong. *geske.
PTung. *gasa 1 crane 2 bird 3 swan 4 duck, water-bird 5 kite (1 2 3 4 , 5 ):
Evk. gasa 1; Neg. gasa 3; Man. Gasa 2; SMan. Gash 2 (2172); Ul. Gasa
4; Ork. Gasa 4, 2, Gasawaqqu 5; Nan. Gasa 4; Orch. gasa 4; Ud. gah 2, 4.
1,143.
PMong. *geske fish-eagle (-): WMong. geske; Kalm.
gesk.
KW 135.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. On a possible reflex in PT see under
*gjrV; if PT *K at least partially reflects the present root, it would be
an argument to reconstruct PA *gso with a long *. One should also
note Kor. dial. kesani goose (KED 109) - if it is not a derivative of PK
*kj goose (see under *kja).
-gte strong, very: Tung. *gata- / *kada-; Mong. *kdr; Turk. *ged; Jpn.
*kt.
PTung. *gata- / *kada- 1 strong, hard 2 daft, crafty 3 big, huge (1
, 2 , 3 , ): Evk.
gatakta 2; Ork. qadara 3; Nan. Gatox 1.
1, 143, 360.
PMong. *kdr strong, hard (, ): WMong. kdr
(L 497: kder); Kh. xder; Bur. xder; Kalm. kdr.
KW 244.

*gt - *gta

533

PTurk. *ged very, extremely (, ): OTurk. ked (OUygh.);

Karakh. ke (MK, KB); Tur. kej (Osm.); Az. gej.
EDT 700 (with a quite dubious hypothesis of borrowing < Sogd.).
PJpn. *kt each, every (, ): OJpn. -goto (ni); MJpn.
-goto (ni); Tok. -goto.
The root reveals some phonetic irregularities - probably because
of contaminations with *kto much, many and *kadi(rV) strong,
tough q.v.
-gt fur on animals paws: Tung. *gata-; Mong. *godu / *gudu-, *gutu-;
Jpn. *kt.
PTung. *gata- 1 hoof (of deer) 2 fur (1 () 2 ): Man.
Gatuwa 2; Ork. Gataja 1.
1, 143, 144.
PMong. *godu / *gudu-, *gutu- 1 fur on animals paws 2 shoe (1
2 , ): MMong. qudusun (HY 22,
SH) 2, q[o]sun (IM), utusun (MA); WMong. odu 1, utul 2 (L 370)
udasun, udal, utal 2 (KW 152); Kh. god(on) 1, gutas, gutal 2; Bur. godon
(pl. godod) 1, gutal, gutaha(n) 2; Kalm. osn 2; Ord. Gutul 2; Dag. gor 2;
Dong. Gudusun 2; Mongr. Gudus (SM 124).
The forms meaning fur on animals paw and shoe are hard to distinguish (cf.
voiced -d- in MMong. forms for shoe), but the reason of devoicing is not quite clear.

PJpn. *kt shoe (, ): OJpn. kutu; MJpn. kt, kt;

Tok. kuts; Kyo. kts; Kag. kuts.
JLTT 467. Jpn. > Kor. kudu id.
KW 152, SKE 128, Poppe 24, Ozawa 89-90, Miller 1986a, 55. The
development fur on paws > shoe in Mong. and Jpn. may well have
been independent, but one has also to reckon with a possibility of ancient borrowings (especially because of some phonetic irregularities in
Mong.).
-gta ( ~ -t-) berry, to gather berries: Tung. *gata-; Turk. *Kat-; Jpn.
*ktai; Kor. *kt-.
PTung. *gata- 1 to gather berries 2 place of gathering berries (1 2 ): Ul. Gtaw 2; Ork. Gata- 1; Nan. Gatao 2.
1, 143.
PTurk. *Kat 1 berry 2 blackberry (1 2 ): Karakh.
qat (MK) 1; Tur. kara-kat chestnut (dial.); Az. Gara-at 2; Uzb. qr-t
2; Tat. qara-at 2 (dial.); Bashk. qara-at 2; Kirgh. qara-at 1, 2; Kaz. qat 1;
Khak. xat 1; Oyr. qat blackberry, bramble; Tv. qat, Todzh. xat 1.
VEWT 241, 5, 332-333, 121.
PJpn. *ktai provisions, food for travelling (, ): OJpn. kate; MJpn. kate; Tok. kte, kat; Kyo. kt; Kag. kat.

534

*gt - *gb

JLTT 444. Without the RJ evidence it is somewhat difficult to reconstruct accent on

the 2d syllable; however, all accent reflexes seem to point to low tone in the 1st syllable.
PKor. *kt- 1 to gather 2 to gather harvest (1 2
): MKor. kt- 1, kt- 2; Mod. kt- 1, kdu- 2.
Liu 39, 47, KED 81, 95.
10. Verbal low tone in Kor.
-gt to go, come: Mong. *getl- / *gatul-; Turk. *g(j)t-; Jpn. *kt-r-.
PMong. *getl- / *gatul- to cross over (, ):
WMong. getl- (L 380), atul- (L 354); Kh. getle-, gatla-; Bur. getel-, gatal-;
Kalm. getl-, atl-; Ord. getl-; Dag. hedele- (MD 158), xedelg-, xedl-.
KW 135, 147, MGCD 288, 294.
PTurk. *g(j)t- to go (away) (): OTurk. ket- (OUygh.);
Karakh. ket/- (MK, KB); Tur. git-; Gag. get-; Az. get-; Turkm. git-; Sal.
G/i- (Kakuk); MTurk. kt- (Abush., Sangl., MA); Uzb. ket-; Uygh. kt-;
Krm. ket-; Tat. kit-; Bashk. kit-; Kirgh. ket-; Kaz. ket-; KBalk. ket-; KKalp.
ket-; Kum. get-; Nogh. ket-; Oyr. ket- (dial.); Chuv. kajt-.
VEWT 258, EDT 701, 3, 39-40, 49-50. Vowel length can be reconstructed on
indirect evidence (voicing -t- > -d- in forms like Az. gedi going away etc.).

PJpn. *kt-r- to come, arrive (): OJpn. kjitar-; MJpn.

ktr-; Tok. kitr-; Kyo. ktr-; Kag. ktr-.
JLTT 709. Usually treated as a fusion of *ki- having come + *itar- arrive, which is
most probably a folk etymology in the light of external evidence. Accent reflexes in modern dialects are somewhat aberrant.

Because of the peculiar shape of the Turkic form one should perhaps reconstruct *gjti.
-gb shell, husk: Tung. *gub- ( ~ *geb-); Mong. *gawr-su; Turk. *Kb-;
Jpn. *kmp; Kor. *kbi.
PTung. *gub- ( ~ *geb-) bud, flower button (, ): Man. gubsu.
1, 165. Cf. also Man. Gubiri name of a plant (ibid.), geferi name of a plant
( 1, 183).

PMong. *gawr-su 1 chaff, straw 2 feather (usually for writing) (1 , 2 ( )): WMong. aursu (L 344),
uursu (L 365), uursu (L 371), aursu 1, 2; Kh. grs(an) 1, 2; Bur.
grha(n) 2; Kalm. rsn 1, 2; Ord. Grsu 1; S.-Yugh. grs pipe (MGCD
302); Mongr. xr (SM 185).
KW 157. Mong. > Turk. qavursun, Kirgh. qaursu etc. ( 5, 177).
PTurk. *Kb- 1 bark 2 shell 3 husk 4 bran (1 2 3 4 , ): OTurk. qavq 4 (OUygh.); Karakh. qavq, qavuq
(MK, KB) 4; Tur. kavuz 3, kavza 2; Az. Gavz (dial.) 3; Uzb. qvuz 3;
Uygh. qovzaq 1; Kaz. qavz 4; KKalp. qavz 4; Kum. quvq 3; Nogh. qavz 4;
Khak. xx 4; Shr. qq 3, 4; Tv. x-tar a k. of millet with sagging panicles; Chuv. xvx 4.

*gbo - *gd

535

VEWT 217, EDT 583, 5, 173-174, 178-179, . 62. The root should
be distinguished from *K(i)ab- peeled skin, peel (v. sub *kbu).
PJpn. *kmp rice ear ( ): OJpn. kabji; MJpn. kbj.
JLTT 431.
PKor. *kbi 1 bamboo bark 2 patella (1 2 ): MKor. ti-s-ki 1, ks-ki 2.
Liu 73, 207.
209, Poppe 48, 14, 280. One of several
similar PA roots (see *kpa, *kepa, kpi, kbu).
-gbo light, empty: Tung. *gebu-; Mong. *gji-; Turk. *geb-.
PTung. *gebu- 1 empty 2 thin, lean (1 2 , ):
Man. gebsexun 2; Ul. geu(n) 1; Ork. gewu(n) 1; Nan. ge 1; Orch. gewu(n);
Ud. geu.
1, 176.
PMong. *gji- 1 shallow 2 light (1 2 ): MMong. gojen
(HY 52) 1; WMong. gjken, giken (L 390), gjin 1; Kh. gjxen, gjn 1;
Bur. gjxen 1; Kalm. ggn, gkn, gn 1,2; Ord. gn, gn; Dag. gun (MD
152) 1.
KW 137.
PTurk. *geb- 1 soft, mild, gentle 2 to become weak 3 empty (1 , 2 3 ): OTurk. kevek (OUygh.) 1, kevil- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. kevek (MK) 1, kevil- 2 (MK); Tur. gevek 1; Gag. keve2; Az. kvek 1; Turkm. gvl dilapidated; MTurk. kewek 1 (Pav. C.),
(MKypch.) kewil- 2 (AH); Kirgh. kp- 2; Khak. kpsek 1; Tv. kgr-gej
, (, ); Chuv. kb 1, kava- 2; Yak. kp 1.
VEWT 244, 291, EDT 689, 691, 3, 9-10 (the root tends to contaminate either
with *geb- chew or with *kp foam).

A Western isogloss. Cf. *kupe, *gupu.

-gd back (of head), behind: Tung. *gedi-muk; Mong. *gede; Turk. *ged;
Jpn. *kt.
PTung. *gedi-muk back of the head (): Evk. gedimuk; Evn.
gedmk; Neg. gedemuk.
1, 177.
PMong. *gede / *geige 1 back of the head 2 plait 3 leaning or bending backwards 4 to bend backwards (1 2 3 4 ): MMong. gedergu lying on the back,
geige back troups, reserve (SH), giig plait, scruff (MA); WMong.
gede 1 (L 372), gedereg on back, geige 1,2 (L 381); Kh. ged 1, ged-reg
back (adv.), geeg 1,2, gedger 3, gedij- 4; Bur. ged- to hog, gezege 2;
Kalm. gedrg back (adv), gig 1, 2; Ord. gedergn backwards, geige
1,2; Mog. KT gig nape of the neck, occiput (6-1a).; Dag. ged- (.
. 131) 4, geige (MD 150) 2, gig 2; Dong. GGi 2; Bao. gtgul- 4;

536

*gg - *gk

S.-Yugh. gedeger 3, ged- 4; Mongr. gd- tenir la tte haute, se pencher

en arrire (SM 131), gdng 3, gd- 4, gidergu backwards (SM 136).
KW 131, 135, MGCD 290. Mong. > Kirgh. keige etc. ( 6, 17-18), Evk. gedikn
plait etc. ( 1, 177), see TMN 1, 492, Doerfer MT 47, Poppe 1966, 192, 1974, 120 (but
*gedi-muk cannot be < Mong.).

PTurk. *ged back, after (, ): OTurk. kedin (OUygh.);

Karakh. kein (MK, KB); MTurk. kijin (Pav. C.); Uzb. kejin; Uygh. kejin,
kjin; Kirgh. kijin; Kaz. kejin; KKalp. kejin; Khak. kizn; Shr. kzin; Oyr.
kijin; Chuv. kaj; Yak. ke-lin; ketex back of head; Dolg. ke-lin; ketek back
of head.
EDT 704, VEWT 246-247, 5, 23-24, Stachowski 144, 146. Forms like Yak. ketex
back of head clearly show that the root was *ged-; the monosyllabic *ge- (observable in
Yak. ke-lin and perhaps Chuv. kaj) is most probably a result of secondary reinterpretation
of the stems *gedin and *ger (the latter < PA *kro q.v.). It is exactly this reinterpretation
that allows to reconstruct *g- in PT *ged- (the root is not attested in Oghuz languages).

PJpn. *kt North (): OJpn. k(j)ita; MJpn. kt; Tok. kit; Kyo.
kt; Kag. kta.
JLTT 452.
EAS 48, 206, Poppe 24, 53, 1972a,
101-103, 1, 228, 71; 4. Despite Doerfers criticism (TMN 1, 492) the root still holds.
-gg ( ~ -o) to be angry: Tung. *geg-; Mong. *gaa-; Turk. *KAk-; Jpn.
*kkat-.
PTung. *geg- to be angry (): Evk. gegin-; Evn. gegin-; Neg.
gewxe-; Ul. gewxe-de-; Nan. geuxe-de-; Orch. geuxende-; Ud. ge-.
1, 177.
PMong. *gaa- to rave (): WMong. aa-ra- (); Kh.
g-ra-; Bur. g-ra-.
PTurk. *KAk- to be angry (): OTurk. qaq- (OUygh.),
qaq- anger; Karakh. qaq-, qaqu- (MK); Tur. kak-; Turkm. qaq-;
MTurk. qaq- (AH, Qutb., Pav. C.); Krm. qaq-; Kirgh. qaq-.
VEWT 223, 5, 223-224. Turk. > WMong. qaki-, Kalm. k- (KW 176).
PJpn. *kkat- to complain (): MJpn. kkt-; Tok. kakt-;
Kyo. kkt-; Kag. kakt-.
JLTT 702. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
The PT form has an irregular *-k-, most probably under the influence of the synonymous PA root *kaki ( > PT *Kek-).
-gk hook, bend: Tung. *gek(u)-; Mong. *gek-; Turk. *Kek- / *Kak-;
Jpn. *knkm-.
PTung. *gek(u)- to bow, bend (, ): Neg. gexete-;
Man. gexu-; Ul. gekel-gekel; Ork. gekkil-gekkil; Nan. gekel.
1, 178.

*gla - *gla

537

PMong. *gek- 1 to bow, nod 2 fish-hook, angle (1 , 2 , ): WMong. geki-, gek- (L 375) 1,
gkj, ggi (L 386) 2; Kh. gexes xij- 1, gxij 2; Bur. gax- 1, gx 2; Kalm.
gek- 1; Dag. gekli- 1 (. . 131).
KW 132.
PTurk. *Kek- / *Kak- 1 curved 2 stick with a hook 3 latch 4 to bend
5 to bend ones neck (1 2 3 4 5 ): Tur. keke, dial. gege 2; Uzb. kekkaj-, qaqqaj- 5; Tat.
kkre, kjre 1, 2, kkrj- 4, (Sib.) kg 3; Bashk. kkere 1, kkerj- 4,
kk--l- , qaqaj- 5; Kirgh. qaqaj-, kekej- 4, 5; Kaz.
qaqaj-, kekirej- 5; KKalp. qaqaj-, kejkej- 5; Oyr. kekej- 5; Chuv. kagr 2, 3,
kagr-t- 5; Yak. keij-, kekej- 5.
VEWT 248.
PJpn. *knkm- to bend (): OJpn. kagam-; MJpn. kgm-; Tok.
kgam-; Kyo. kgm-; Kag. kagm-.
JLTT 701.
Cf. *gka, *ku, *kki.
-gla to search, hunt: Tung. *gel-; Turk. *gele-; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *gel- to ask, demand, search (, , ):
Evk. gel-; Evn. gel-; Neg. gel-; Ul. gele-; Ork. gele-; Nan. gele-; Orch.
gele-; Ud. gele-; Sol. gel-.
1, 179. TM > Dag. gel- (. . 131).
PTurk. *gele- 1 to woo 2 to ask 3 messenger, in-between 4 parents
having espoused their children 5 a promised bride (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ): Tur. (dial.) geleik 4; Turkm. geleik 4, gele attention, care; MTurk. (Xwar.) kelei 3
(Qutb); Krm. keli- 1, kla-, klan- to wish, be favourably inclined; Tat.
kile- 1, kl 5; (Mishar) kel- 2, () kln- to annoy, pester; Bashk.
kl 5; KBalk. kelei 3; Kum. gele- 1, gelei 3; Khak. kle- 2, klen- to
beg; Chuv. kala- 1; kle- 2.
VEWT 248, 5, 32-33, 112-114, 105, 1, 270-271.
Some languages may reflect a merger with *kele- speak (v. sub *kli). Turk. > Russ.
.

PJpn. *kr- to hunt for, demand, search; drive (, , ; ): OJpn. kar-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kr-, kr-; Kyo. kr-;
Kag. kr-.
JLTT 704. The dialects also reflect *kr-, but the reconstruction *kr- is more probable because of RJ evidence.

14, 1, 270-271.

538

*gle - *ga

-gle to come; to go: Tung. *gel-; Mong. *gel-; Turk. *gl-; Jpn. *k-; Kor.
*k-.
PTung. *gel- to get hardly on ones way ( , ): Evk. gel-; Ork. gilin-.
1, 150, 178.
PMong. *gel- to walk slowly ( ): MMong. gelihinterherlaufen, einholen (SH); WMong. geldri- (L 375), gelderi-, gelgri-; Kh. geldre-; Kalm. geldr-; Dag. geldure- (. . 131).
KW 132.
PTurk. *gl- to come (): OTurk. kel- (Orkh., Yen.,
OUygh.); Karakh. kel- (MK, KB); Tur. gel-; Gag. gel-; Az. gl-; Turkm.
gel-; Sal. gel-, gej-; Khal. kl-; MTurk. kl- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. kel-;
Uygh. kl-/kil-; Krm. kel-; Tat. kil-; Bashk. kil-; Kirgh. kel-; Kaz. kel-;
KBalk. kel-; KKalp. kel-; Kum. gel-; Nogh. kel-; SUygh. kel-; Khak. kil-;
Shr. kel- (R); Oyr. kel-; Tv. kel-; Tof. kel-; Chuv. kil-; Yak. kel-; Dolg. kel-.
VEWT 248; EDT 715, 3, 14-16, 31-32, Stachowski 143. The Chuv. and Yak.
vowels correspond irregularly.

PJpn. *k- to come (): OJpn. ko-; MJpn. k; Tok. k-; Kyo.
k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 716. The RJ form is k (final), but modern dialects point unanimously to *k(perhaps there was a metatony in this irregular paradigm).

PKor. *k- to go (away) (, ): MKor. k-; Mod. ka-.

Nam 2, KED 6.
99, 274. The verb loses the final resonant in Jpn., Kor.
and in some forms of the Turkic paradigm: this must be an archaic feature (also present in some other frequently used verbs), speaking perhaps in favour of the roots original monosyllabic structure (*gl).
-ga to screen (from light), disappear: Tung. *gl-; Turk. *K-; Jpn.
*ksm-; Kor. *krmi.
PTung. *gl- 1 to disappear 2 to clear up (of sky) 3 to reflect light,
throw shadow on (1 2 ( ) 3 ,
): Evn. gl- 2; Man. gelmare-, gelmere- 3, gelen pale; Ul.
gel- 1; Ork. gl- 1; Nan. gl- 1.
1, 178-179.
PTurk. *K- 1 screen, covering 2 to screen, obstruct light 3 shadow
(1 , , 2 , 3 ):
OTurk. kige (OUygh.) 3; Karakh. ki- (MK) 2, kik (MK) 1, kige
(MK) 3; Uygh. kk 1; Kirgh. kg 1; Khak. kzee 1; Shr. kege 1; Tv.
kege 1, 3.
EDT 753. The root tends to merge with PT *k- to shiver (of cold), freeze (see
VEWT 294), as well as with *kli- shadow - but they should be probably kept apart.
Turk. > MMong. ki-, kige, kge (TMN 1, 481, 1997, 128, Clark 1980, 41) > Evk.
kui-, kuiger (Doerfer MT 125).

*gmo - *gmo

539

PJpn. *ksm- be hazy, misty ( , ):

OJpn. kasum-; MJpn. kasum-; Tok. ksum-; Kyo. ksm-; Kag. kasm-.
JLTT 705.
PKor. *krmi shadow (): MKor. krmi, krmi; Mod. krima.
Nam 67, 68, KED 237.
In Turkic *Ke- would be expected; -- is probably due to the influence of a very close phonetically and semantically Karakh. klige
shadow. In Korean one would expect rather *krVm-, so the tone and
vocalism appears to be distorted. This all may be due to expressive (tabooistic) reasons, as well as to the interaction between this root and PA
*klmV cloud q.v.
-gmo to complete, fill in: Tung. *gemu; Mong. *gmr-; Jpn. *km-; Kor.
*km-.
PTung. *gemu all (, ): Man. gemu; SMan. gum (2816); Jurch.
em-ur (841); Ork. gem.
1,179 (without the Orok form).
PMong. *gmr- storage, depository, buttery (, ,
): MMong. gumerge (HY 20); WMong. gmrge (); Kh.
gmrg.
Cf. *kmrge.
PJpn. *km- to be filled in, stuffed ( , ):
OJpn. kom-; MJpn. km-; Tok. km-; Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 712. Cf. also PJ *kmr- id.
PKor. *km- to hide, conceal (, ): MKor. km-ho-;
Mod. kamhu-.
Nam 24, KED 55.
Cf. also notes to *kmi.
-gmo stern, boat: Tung. *gemu ?; Turk. *gmi; Kor. *kmr.
PTung. *gemu a utensil for cleaning river bottom ( ): Nan. gemu a long cord with attached stones and hooks
for cleaning river bottom, gemude- (v.)
1, 179. Attested only in Nanai, but having possible external parallels.
PTurk. *gmi boat (): OTurk. kemi (OUygh.); Karakh. kemi
(MK, IM); Tur. gemi; Gag. gemi; Az. gmi; Turkm. gmi; Sal. kim;
MTurk. keme (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. kema; Uygh. kem; Krm. gemi; Tat.
kim; Bashk. km; Kirgh. keme; Kaz. keme; KBalk. keme; KKalp. keme;
Kum. geme; Nogh. keme; Khak. kime; Shr. kebe; Oyr. keme; Tv. xeme;
Chuv. kim.
VEWT 251, TMN 3, 668-669, EDT 721-722, 3, 37-38. Turk. > Mong. keme
( 1997, 126).

PKor. *kmr stern (): MKor. kmr; Mod. komul.

540

*gn - *gna
Nam 47, HMCH 271, KED 142.
One of the common Altaic navigation terms.

-gn to suppose; unexpected: Mong. *gene-; Turk. *gEne; Jpn. *kn-.

PMong. *gene- 1 unexpected, sudden(ly) 2 naive 3 be naive, make a
mistake (1 2 , 3 ,
): MMong. genen, genet (SH); WMong. genedte 1, gene(n) 2,
genede- 3, gene- 3; Kh. genen 2, gentxen, gent(ed) 1; Bur. gene 1; Kalm.
gen- 3, gent 1; Ord. genede- ,
geneden 1; Dag. genteken (. . 131, MD 150), gentken 1; S.-Yugh.
genetele 1, genen 2.
KW 133, MGCD 291. The root is widely borrowed into Turkic and TM.
PTurk. *gEne again, also, however (, , ): Karakh.
kene (MKypch.); Tur. gene; Az. gn.
4, 115.
PJpn. *kn- 1 to be unable, be unable to bear 2 to suppose, foresee
3 before, earlier (1 , 2 , 3
, ): OJpn. -kana- 1, kana- 2, kane-te 3; MJpn. -kana- 1, kna- 2,
kane-te 3; Tok. -kane- 1, knete 3; Kyo. knt 3; Kag. kanet.
JLTT 703. The meaning earlier, before of kanete is derived < having foreseen. Although Martin unites this *kana- with *kn- to combine, we would prefer to keep the
latter separate.

The original meaning may be reconstructed as to be unexpected /

not expect smth..
-gna to bend: Tung. *g(n)e-; Mong. *gana-; Turk. *KAr-.
PTung. *g(n)e- 1 to stretch ones neck, raise ones head 2 to bend
ones head 3 horses counter, bone on the nape (1 ,
2 3 ,
): Evn. gel- 1; Man. gen 3; SMan. gen-d nape,
back of the nape (61); Nan. gugule- 2; Ud. gegem 1, gendugule- 2.
1, 179, 180.
PMong. *gana- to be bent, curved, hold ones chest out ( , , ): WMong. anala-, andaji- (L
347); Kh. ganala-, ganaj-, gandaj-; Bur. ganaj-, ganajlza- to sit back;
Kalm. and-; Ord. Gan- to be inclined backwards.
KW 143.
PTurk. *KAr- to bend (): Tur. kanr-; Az. Ganr-; Turkm.
Gar-; Uzb. qnir- (dial.); Khak. xri-tart- to change direction, turn
sharply.
5, 194-195.
A Western isogloss.

*gentV - *gr(bV)

541

-gentV ( ~ k-) male, self: Mong. *gend; Turk. *[g]nt (-nd-).

PMong. *gend male of animals ( ): WMong.
gend(n) (L 376); Kh. gend , ; Bur. gende male sable
(Tunk., Okin.); Kalm. gendn.
KW 133.
PTurk. *[g]nt (-nd-) self, himself (): OTurk. kent (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. kend (MK); Tur. kendi, dial. gend; Az. gendi; Yak.
kini he; Dolg. gini he, gien own.
EDT 728-729, 5, 38-39, 1953, Rsnen 1957, 18, Stachowski 86.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Poppe 25, KW 133, 1, 226-227 (despite Doerfers criticism in TMN 1, 489 the forms are perfectly semantically compatible).
-gepV to disappear, obscure: Tung. *gepe-; Mong. *gee-.
PTung. *gepe- 1 dim, obscure 2 to disappear 3 to begin (of night) (1
, 2 3 ( )): Evk. gepe- 3; Evn.
gepeni black (All.); Ul. geptu(n) 1, geptun- 2; Nan. gepejgen, geperie 1; Ud.
gefu - 2.
1, 180.
PMong. *gee- to lose (): WMong. gege- (L 373); Kh. g-; Bur.
g-; Kalm. g-; Ord. g-; Mog. g- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. g- (MD 149);
Mongr. g- abadonner, quitter, laisser, ne pas achever, rejeter, dposer,
placer, mettre (SM 131).
KW 135.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *gpa.
-gera ( ~ -o, -u) many: Tung. *gere-n; Mong. *garu-.
PTung. *gere-n 1 many 2 all (1 2 ): Man. geren 1; SMan.
gern 1 (2851); Ul. gere(n) 1; Ork. gere(n) 1; Nan. gere(n) 2; Orch. gere(n) 1,
2; Ud. gele 2.
1, 182.
PMong. *garu- more than ( , ): WMong.
arui, arun (L 352, 353); Kh. garuj; Bur. garan; Kalm. arn; Ord. Gar,
Gar.
KW 146.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-gr(bV) word, name, witness: Tung. *gerb; Mong. *gere(-e); Turk.
*gr-t; Jpn. *kt, *kt-p; Kor. *kr, *kr-br.
PTung. *gerb name (): Evk. gerb; Evn. gerb; Neg. gelbi; Man.
gebu; SMan. gev (1005, 1356); Jurch. ger-bu (780); Ul. gelbu; Ork. gelbu;
Nan. gerbi; Orch. gebbi; Ud. gegbi; Sol. gerb.
. 1, 180-181.
PMong. *gere(-e) witness, agreement (, ,
): MMong. gri (IM 437), gir (MA); WMong. gere, gerei (L

542

*grki - *grV

378); Kh. ger, ger; Bur. ger, gere; Kalm. ger; Ord. gere, gerei; Dag.
gerin (. . 131), ger (MD 150), geril; Bao. gan; S.-Yugh. xur
(MGCD Gor; Mongr. gann.
KW 134, MGCD 293. Mong. > Evk. gerei etc., see Doerfer MT 132, Rozycki 8.
PTurk. *gr-t true, truth (, ): OTurk. kert, kert-gnbelieve (OUygh.); Karakh. kert oath, truth, kert-gn- believe (MK,
KB); Tur. ger-ek; Gag. ger-ek; Az. ger-k; Turkm. ger-ek; Krm. kerti,
ker-ek; KBalk. kerti; Kum. gerti; Nogh. kerti; Khak. kirt-n- believe; Yak.
kirdik, kirik; Dolg. kirdik.
VEWT 257, EDT 738, 741, 3, 28-31, Stachowski 149.
PJpn. *kt, *kt-p word, speech (, ): OJpn. koto, koto-ba;
MJpn. kt, kt-b; Tok. kotob; Kyo. ktb; Kag. kotob.
JLTT 459.
PKor. *kr, *kr-br 1 poetry, letter 2 to draw (1 , , 2 , ): MKor. kr, krur 1, kr- 2; Mod. kl 1, kri- 2.
Liu 98, 103, 104, KED 237, 247.
KW 134, Poppe 25, 80 (Turk.-Mong.). Cf. also Old Koguryo *k
(Lee reads *kl, Miller 1979 emends to *kn, which is hardly correct).
-grki a k. of pheasant: Mong. *girgawl, *k-; Turk. *Kerke-; Jpn. *knkis.
PMong. *girgawl, *k- pheasant (): MMong. xurqaul (HY 14);
WMong. giraul, uruul (L 369), kiruul (L 471), kiraul (L 470); Kh.
gurgl; Bur. gurgl; Kalm. kirl (), orl; Ord. GurGl; Dag. xorgl
(. . 177); Bao. golGor; Mongr. irG (SM 457), (MGCD) GurGul.
KW 151, MGCD 305. Mong. > Chag. qravul, Turk. qrqavul etc. ( 6, 232; see
VEWT 266, 1997, 208, TMN 3, 451) > Kalm. kirl, kerl (KW 232).

PTurk. *Kerke- 1 a k. of bird () 2 black-cock (1 2

, ): KBalk. gerge , skylark; Khak. kergen 1;
Shr. kergen 1; Chuv. kark 2.
PJpn. *knkis pheasant (): OJpn. kjigjisi; MJpn. kz; Tok. kij;
Kyo. kj; Kag. kji.
JLTT 452.
Cf. various similar bird names in TM: Evk. goriwk swallow
( 1, 161); Orok kiru, kireu crane ( 1, 399); Oroch kurau, koro;
Evk. karaw, karawul gray crane ( 1, 379).
-grV house, house poles: Tung. *gerbe-; Mong. *ger; Turk. *gerek.
PTung. *gerbe- to procure poles (for the tent) (
( )): Evk. gerbe-; Evn. gerben-; Neg. gejbe-; Ork. gelbe-;
Nan. gerbe-; Orch. gebbe-.
1, 181.
PMong. *ger yurt, house (, ): MMong. ger (HY 17, SH), ker
(IM), kir (MA); WMong. ger (L 377); Kh. ger; Bur. ger; Kalm. ger; Ord.
ger; Mog. ger; KT ger (18-1a), ZM geh[e]r (22-10a); Dag. geri, ge (.

*getV - *gibe

543

. 131, MD 150); Dong. gie; Bao. gar, ger (Tungren); S.-Yugh. ger;
Mongr. ger (SM 133), ges maison, mnage, famille (pl.) (SM 134), Ger.
KW 134, MGCD 292.
PTurk. *gErek 1 tent, yurt 2 grating of the yurt (1 2
): OTurk. kerek 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. kerek 1 (MK); Turkm. gerege
2; MTurk. gerege 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. keraga 2; Bashk. kirg 2; Kirgh. kerege
2; Kaz. kerege 2; KKalp. kerege 2; Nogh. kerege 2; Oyr. kerege 2.
VEWT 255, TMN 3, 592, EDT 744, 3, 24-25, 503.
A Western isogloss.
-getV to watch, look: Tung. *gete-; Mong. *gete-.
PTung. *gete- to wake up, sober up (, ): Man.
gete-; SMan. get- to wake up, to waken (533); Nan. gete-.
1, 183.
PMong. *gete- to watch, spy, lie in ambush (, , ): WMong. gete- (L 380); Kh. gete-; Bur. gete-;
Kalm. get-; Dag. gete- (. . 131), getbei- (MGCD 293).
KW 135, Mong. > Sol., Evk. gete- to creep up, lie in ambush; Yak., Dolg. ket- (Stachowski 146).

KW 135. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; despite TMN 1, 489, Doerfer MT

79, hardly a borrowing in TM < Mong. (because of semantic differences).
-gibe mare: Tung. *gibu-; Mong. *gew-n; Turk. *KEbel.
PTung. *gibu- roe (): Evk. giwn; Neg. giwn; Man. o; Ul.
giu(n); Ork. giu; Nan. giu; Orch. gua, giua; Ud. giu, giuse; Sol. gs.
1, 148.
PMong. *gew-n mare (): MMong. geun (HY 9), guun-du
(MA), keun (LH); WMong. geg(n), geg (L 374), ge (DO 273); Kh.
g(n); Bur. gn(g); Kalm. gn; Ord. g; Dag. geu (. . 132, MD
151); S.-Yugh. gn; Mongr. g femeille de certaine animaux (SM 138).
KW 140, MGCD 306. Mong. > Evk. gn etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, 1972, 96, Doerfer
MT 102.

PTurk. *KEbel a well-bred fast horse ( ): Karakh. kevel, kevil (MK, KB).
EDT 689.
A Western isogloss. The isolated Karakh. form may be borrowed <
Sak. kb well-bred horse; perhaps a better match in Turkic would be
*Kojn sheep ( 431, 6, 24-26) ( > Mong. qoni(n) > Evk. konin etc., see TMN 3, 564, 1997, 139, Doerfer MT 37; despite KW
194 and Poppe 70, hardly a common Altaic *koni). In that case Turk.
*Kojn < *Kobi-n, with a subsequent reconstruction of PA *gabo(nV).

544

*gijo - *gl

-gijo notch, to cut aslant: Tung. *gia-; Turk. *Kj-; Jpn. *ki.
PTung. *gia- 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings (1 , ( ) 2 ): Neg. gsadan 2; Man. a- 1 (cf. also
geje- to carve); Ul. G- 1; Ork. G- 1; Nan. Ga- 1; Orch. gsa 2.
1, 147, 178. If the original meaning is to cut aslant (cf. the Turkic parallels),
cf. also Ud. gojom, Nan. Gojmo crooked, aslant ( 1, 158).

PTurk. *Kj- 1 to cut aslant, make notches 2 to cut in small pieces (1

, 2 ):
Karakh. qj- (MK) 1; Tur. kj- 2; Gag. qj- 2; Turkm. Gj- 1; MTurk. qj(AH, Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. qij- 1; Kirgh. qj- 1; KKalp. qj-; Nogh. qj- 1; Khak.
xj- 1; Oyr. qj- 1; Tv. qj- 1; Chuv. xj chip, sliver; Yak. kj- walk
around.
VEWT 261, 6, 197-200. Turk. *Kjga > Kalm. ks (KW 234). The meaning of
the Orkh. hapax qd- (see EDT 595) is quite insecure and cannot serve as a basis for reconstructing *Kd-; all other forms (including qj- to cut aslant and qj-ma cut meat in MK)
point unambiguously to *Kj-, see 6, 200, 202-203. There exist also common Turkic
derivatives *Kj-r and *Kj-k oblique, bent.

PJpn. *ki notch (): OJpn. kji.

Kalm. k- (WMong. kijai-, KW 222) to split (wood) is probably
borrowed from the Turk. derivative *Kjga- (although the latter now
means basically slant, the original meaning was cut aslant). If the
latter was the original meaning in PA, one could also compare Mong.
*geji-, *geje- slanting, oblique (otherwise see notes to *k(k)u).
-gl ( ~ -i, -o) to shine, glitter: Tung. *gilta-; Mong. *gil(b)a-; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *gilta- 1 white 2 shine (1 2 ): Evk. gilta-li 1;
Evn. gltl- 2; Man. gilta- 2; SMan. giltr- (2043); Ul. gilte 2; Nan. gilte2; Sol. giltar 1.
1, 151-152.
PMong. *gil(b)a- to glitter, shine (): MMong. gilibeligan
lightning (HY 2); WMong. gila-, gilba- (L 382), gilu, gil shining (L
383); Kh. ala-, alba-, gilbegne-; Bur. jalaj-; Kalm. giln, gilg, gilgr light,
glittering, gil-, gilw- glitter; Ord. gilba-; Dag. gialbagali- (MGCD
294), gialebelei- (MD 151); Mongr. iln luisant, lisse, uni, glabre (SM
87).
KW 136. Mong. gileji- > Oyr. kili-; Mong. gilba-la- > Man. gilmara-, see Rozycki 89.
PJpn. *kr- shining, glittering (, ): OJpn.
k(j)ira-k(j)ira-si beautiful; MJpn. kr-kr-; Tok. kra-kira, kira-mk-; Kyo.
kr-kr, kr-mk-; Kag. kira-kra, kira-mk-.
JLTT 708.
KW 136, 1, 230. In TM cf. also a variant *kilbe- / *kilt- glitter ( 1, 393, 394; hence Yak. kilbej-, klbaj-; but Dolg. gilbej-, glbajmay be directly < Mong.; see Ka. MEJ 103, Stachowski 86, 87). Since
Mong. also has a variant *gilt- (MMong. (MA) qiltai-, WMong. giltagir,

*gilu - *gme

545

giltuji-, Kalm. giltgr, gilt-, KW ibid.), the TM forms may be borrowed

from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 21-22, Rozycki 89). Note that Jpn. *krmay also reflect PA *gari q.v.
-gilu ( ~ -o, -a) curved object: Tung. *gil-; Mong. *gil-; Turk. *Kl.
PTung. *gil- 1 ring 2 bracelet (1 2 ): Evk. gild 1;
Neg. gilixn 1; Ul. gileptu(n) 2; Sol. diaptun 2.
1, 83, 150.
PMong. *gil- 1 to bevel 2 look askance, squint (1 2 , ): WMong. gileji- (L 382: gilaji-) 2, giliji- 1; Kh.
gilij- to trend, bend, squint; Bur. gel- to trend; Kalm. gils-gils gi
xl- (KPC 144) 2, gil- 1.
PTurk. *Kl handle, ear (of a kettle, bucket) (, (, )): Tat. ql, ql (dial.); Bashk. ql, qls (dial.); Kaz. ql; Khak.
xla, xl; Shr. ql; Oyr. ql, ql; Yak. kl.
VEWT 263, 6, 209-210.
A Western isogloss; cf. *gu.
-g cold: Tung. *gil-; Turk. *K; Jpn. *ksra-(n)ki.
PTung. *gil- cold (): Evk. gildi; Evn. glr; Neg. glgd; Ul.
Gtl, Gts; Ork. Gl; Nan. Gs; Orch. gii-si; Ud. gilihi.
1, 151. Most forms reflect a derivative *gil-si / *gil-i.
PTurk. *K winter (): OTurk. q (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. q
(MK); Tur. k; Gag. q; Az. G; Turkm. G; Khal. q; MTurk. q (AH,
Pav. C.); Uzb. qi; Uygh. qi; Krm. q; Tat. q; Bashk. q; Kirgh. q;
Kaz. qs; KBalk. q; KKalp. qs; Kum. q; Nogh. qs; SUygh. qs; Khak.
xs; Shr. q; Oyr. q; Tv. q; Chuv. xl; Yak. ks, khn; Dolg. khn.
EDT 670, VEWT 268, TMN 3, 479, 75-76, 6, 253-254, Stachowski
167-168.

PJpn. *ksra-(n)ki second month of the lunar calendar ( ): OJpn. k(j)isarag(j)i; MJpn. kisaragi; Tok.
ksaragi; Kyo. ksrg; Kag. kisarag.
JLTT 451. Accent evidence is rather in favour of low tone, although the Kyoto form
is aberrant.

EAS 110, 76, Miller UAJ 1986, 47, Miller 1996, 114.
-gme ( ~ *gemi) defect: Mong. *gem; Turk. *Kem; Kor. *kmi.
PMong. *gem 1 defect, illness, damage 2 to regret (1 , , 2 , ): MMong. gise-, gise, g[e]si- (IM)
2; gemuriul- to sicken (SH), gemur Sorge (HYt); WMong. gem 1,
gemsi- 2 (L 375, 376); Kh. gem 1, gemi- 2; Bur. gem 1, geme- 2; Kalm. gem
1, gemi- 2; Ord. gem 1, gemi- 2; Dag. gem 1 (. . 131, MD 150:
geme), gemi- 2; Dong. gien 1 (MGCD gn), giemere- to be sick; S.-Yugh.
gem 1; Mongr. g- (SM 133) 2.
KW 133, MGCD 291.

546

*gire - *ga

PTurk. *Kem illness (): OTurk. kem (OUygh.); Karakh.

ig-kem (MK, KB); Tur. gem, kem (dial.); Az. km (dial.); Oyr. kem; Tv. kem;
Yak. kem agnail (illness).
EDT 720, 5, 34-35, VEWT 250, Clark 1977, 138, (should be distinguished from
kem few < Pers.). Cf. perhaps Chuv. kmr anger.

PKor. *kmi defect (on skin, jade) (, ( , )): MKor. kmi; Mod. kimi.
Nam 79, KED 266.
KW 133. Cf. Evk. gimdig- to break (of a belt, strap) ( 1, 152).
-gire ( ~ --) bone: Tung. *giram-ksa; Mong. *gere.
PTung. *giram-ksa 1 bone 2 skeleton (1 2 ): Evk. giramna 1; Evn. grmr 2 (also grave); Neg. gjamna 2; Man. giragi 1;
SMan. gira 1 (167); Jurch. gi(r)ba-an-gi (510) 1; Ul. Gramsa 1; Ork. Giransa 1; Nan. Grmaqsa 1; Orch. giamsa 1; Ud. gmaha, gemaha 1, 2
(. 221); Sol. giranda 1.
1, 154.
PMong. *gere 1 cheek bone 2 front teeth (1 2 ):
WMong. gere 1 (L 378); Kh. ger 1; Kalm. ger dn 2.
KW 134.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-giru shore; road: Tung. *giri; Turk. *Krgak; Kor. *krh.
PTung. *giri 1 shore 2 line, row 3 riverbed (1 2 , 3
): Evk. giri 1; Evn. gr 1; Neg. gj 1; Man. girin 2; SMan. girin
hamlets scattered along a highway (1020); Ul. gr(n) 3; Ork. giri 1;
Nan. gr 1; Orch. g 1; Ud. g-ma 1.
TMC 1,155.
PTurk. *Krgak edge (): Karakh. qra (MK) selvage, edge;
Tur. krak; Az. GraG; Khal. qra; MTurk. qr, qra (Pav. C.); Uzb.
qirq; Uygh. qi(r)aq; Krm. qrj; Tat. qrj; Kirgh. qr; Kum. qrj; Nogh.
qraq; Khak. xri, xrj, xr; Oyr. qr; Tv. qr; Chuv. xr; Yak. kr; Dolg.
kr.
VEWT 265, EDT 653, 6, 242-244, Stachowski 170.
PKor. *krh road (): MKor. kr (krh-); Mod. kil.
Nam 81, KED 278.
SKE 112, 296. In Turkic the root is contaminating with
the reflex of *kre q.v.
-ga ( ~-o,-u) girl, mate: Tung. *girk; Turk. *K.
PTung. *girk 1 mate 2 wife 3 placenta (1 2 3 ): Evk. girk 1, 2, 3; Evn. girk 1, 2, 3; Neg. gx 1; Nan. girki idol,
helping spirits; Sol. gikki 2.
1, 155.

*gl - *gla

547

PTurk. *K 1 girl 2 woman (1 2 ): OTurk. qz 1

(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qz 1 (MK, KB); Tur. kz 1; Gag. qz 1; Az. Gz
1; Turkm. Gz 1; Sal. qz 1; MTurk. qz 1 (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qiz 1; Uygh.
qiz 1; Krm. qz 1; Tat. qz 1; Bashk. q 1; Kirgh. qz 1; Kaz. qz 1; KBalk.
qz 1; KKalp. qz 1; Kum. qz 1; Nogh. qz 1; SUygh. qs 1; Khak. xs 1;
Shr. qs 1; Oyr. qs 1; Tv. qs 1; Tof. qs 1; Chuv. xr 1, xr-(arm) 2; Yak.
ks 1; Dolg. ks 1.
VEWT 269, TMN 3, 569-70, EDT 679-80, 295, 318, 6, 190-191, Stachowski 172. For PT one should reconstruct variants *k/*kr (they are reflected in several
derivatives, e.g. *Kr-kn, see 317-318, 6, 237, *Kr-nak, see TMN 3, 456,
6, 240).

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Mong. *gergei wife (if not derived from *ger house; Mong. pl. gergen > Yak., Dolg. kergen family,
see Ka. MEJ 28, Stachowski 145).
-gl goose, duck: Tung. *gile-; Mong. *galau(n); Jpn. *kr.
PTung. *gile- a k. of duck ( (-, )):
Neg. gileti; Ul. gileetu.
1, 152.
PMong. *galau(n) goose (): MMong. qalauu (SH, HY 13),
qalawun (LH); WMong. alau(n) (L 346); Kh. gal; Bur. gal(n); Kalm.
aln ( 155); Ord. Gal; Dag. gal wild goose; Mongr. Gal (SM
117).
PJpn. *kr goose (): OJpn. kari; MJpn. kr; Tok. kri; Kyo. kr;
Kag. kri.
JLTT 440. Tones in Kyoto and Kagoshima point to *kr, but the attested RJ and Tokyo tones speak in favour of *kr.

In TM one would rather expect *giale, but the existing forms

may be explained as secondarily monophthongized. Despite
80, the Jpn. form rather belongs here (semantically it is exactly = Mong.
alaun, and in case *kr < *gV we would rather expect *kt).
-gla to stay behind, be separated: Tung. *giala-; Mong. *gal-; Turk.
*Kil-; Jpn. *kra-.
PTung. *giala- 1 to separate 2 division, partition 3 room 4 to stop (1
, 2 3 4 ): Man. ala- 1,4, alan 2; SMan. al- distant, separated (2576); aln
room space, compartiment of a house (448); Ul. Glaqo 3; Nan. Gala- 1;
Ud. glau 3 (. 221); Sol. gl 3.
1, 146. Sol. > Dag. gl, al room (. . 131).
PMong. *gal- 1 to walk slowly 2 to be lazy; to leave, go away (1 2 ; ): WMong. ali- 1, alira- 2 (L
346); Kh. galgi- 1, galira- 2; Bur. galgi-; Kalm. ag- be ashamed, confused; Ord. Galgi-.

548

*glu - *gu

KW 142. Mong. > Kaz. qal- etc. ( 5, 232-233).

PTurk. *Kil- to stay behind, remain (): OTurk. qal(Orkh., OUygh., Yenis.); Karakh. qal- (MK, KB); Tur. kal-; Az. Gal-;
Turkm. Gl-; MTurk. qal- (Sangl., Qutb., Houts., AH, IM, MA, Pav. C.);
Uzb. ql-; Uygh. qal-; Tat. qal-; Bashk. qal-; Kirgh. qal-; Kaz. qal-; KBalk.
qal-; KKalp. qal-; Kum. qal-; Nogh. qal-; Khak. xal-; Shr. qal-; Oyr. qal-;
Tv. qal-; Tof. qal-; Chuv. jol-; Yak. xl-; Dolg. kl-.
EDT 615-616, VEWT 224, 5, 226-227, 347, 2, 483, Stachowski
142.

PJpn. *kra- to stay away, get apart; die (, ;

): OJpn. kara-; MJpn. kra-.
JLTT 704.
The original meaning is well reconstructable as to lag behind >
become separated. The derivative *gla-kV separation, lagging is reflected in PTM *giala-ku separated space, room and the denominative
*gal-gi- in Mongolian.
-glu thick, whole: Tung. *gulu-kun; Mong. *goli-; Turk. *Kal.
PTung. *gulu-kun 1 whole 2 (whole) piece (1 2 () ): Man. gulxun 1; SMan. guluxun complete, pure (2348, 2820); Ul.
gulxu(n) 2; Nan. gulx 2; Ud. guluhu 2; Sol. gulg 1.
1, 169. TM > Dag. gulgun (. . 133).
PMong. *goli- be tall, stately, gross ( , ,
): WMong. oliji-; Kh. golij-; Bur. gol-; Kalm. or.
KW 150.
PTurk. *Kal 1 thick, stiff 2 numerous (1 , 2 ): OTurk. qaln (Orkh.) 1, qaln (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. qaln
(MK) 1, (MK, KB) 2; Tur. kaln 1; Az. Galn 1; Turkm. Gal 1; MTurk.
qal (Qutb.) 1, qaln (MA, Houts., Abush., AH, Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. qlin 1;
Uygh. qelin 1; Tat. qaln 1; Bashk. qaln 1; Kirgh. qal 1; Kaz. qal 1;
KKalp. qal 1; Kum. qaln 1; Nogh. qaln 1; Khak. xaln 1; Oyr. qal 1;
Tv. qln, dial. Todzh. 1; Tof. xln 1; Chuv. xuln, xolm 1; Yak. xal 1.
VEWT 226, 5, 238-239, 2, 354-355.
A Western isogloss.
-gu ring, bracelet, precious stone: Tung. *goldi; Turk. *K; Jpn.
*kusir; Kor. *krhi.
PTung. *goldi 1 ring 2 loop (on handle of whip) (1 2
( )): Evk. goldi 1; Man. Gularan 2.
1, 159, 167.
PTurk. *K 1 jade 2 precious stone, the bezel of a finger ring (1 2 , ): Karakh. qa (MK) 1; Tur.
ka 2; Az. Ga 2; Turkm. G 2; MTurk. qa (Houts., IM, Pav. C., MA) 1,

*gau - *gri

549

2; Uygh. qa 2; Tat. qa 2; Bashk. qa 2; Kirgh. qa 2; Kum. qa 2; Nogh.

qas 2; Tv. xa 2.
EDT 669. KW 171. Turk. > Mong. qas(i), (HY) qai, see Clark 1980, 41, 42,
1997, 134.

PJpn. *kusir bracelet (): OJpn. kusiro.

JLTT 466.
PKor. *krhi ring, bracelet (, ): MKor. krhi; Mod.
kori.
Nam 51, KED 140.
A specific common Altaic cultural term.
-gau wild onion: Tung. *guur; Turk. *gEmrgen; Jpn. *k(u)i.
PTung. *guur garlic (): Evk. guur.
1, 173. Attested only in Evk., with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *gEmrgen wild onion or garlic ( ):
Karakh. kvrgen (MK), kmrgen (MK - Oghuz); Tur. gmren; Gag.
kmren; Kirgh. kbrgn; Khak. kbrgen; Oyr. kbrgen; Tv. kgrn
(dial.); Tof. kgirhen.
EDT 691, 3, 100; VEWT 285; 124. Sometimes explained as derived
from kbr- to foam (see VEWT ibid.); this seems a folk etymology, but may explain the
irregular -b- in some of the forms.

PJpn. *k(u)i a k. of onion ( ): OJpn. k(j)i.

JLTT 449.
Cf. also some similar roots: *gokV, *komga, *kema (with possible
mergers). Medial -m- in Turk. may be either due to these mergers, or a
result of labial assimilation (*gEmrgen < *gErgen). The Jpn. form
must go back to a suffixed *ga(u)-gV.
-gri to stretch, spread: Tung. *girke-; Turk. *ger-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *girke- to spread (): Evk. girke-; Evn. girk-.
1, 156.
PTurk. *ger- to spread out, to hang (, ): OTurk.
ker- (OUygh.); Karakh. ker- (MK, KB); Tur. ger-; Gag. ger-; Az. gr-;
Turkm. ger-; MTurk. ker- (Pav. C.); Uzb. ker-; Uygh. ker-; Krm. ger-; Tat.
dial. kr- (); Bashk. kir-; Kirgh. ker-; Kaz. ker-; KBalk. ker-; KKalp.
ker-; Kum. ger-; Nogh. ker-; Khak. kir-; Oyr. ker-; Tv. xer-; Tof. ker-; Chuv.
kar-.
VEWT 254, EDT 735, 3, 23-24.
PKor. *kr- 1 to hang on, put on (smth.) 2 to spread out (1 ,
(-.) 2 ): MKor. kr-th- 1; Mod. kl- 1, klhi- 1,
2.
Nam 38, KED 97, 100.
The match is possible if TM *girke- is a secondary contraction <
*giarke-. Another possibility would be to suppose *girke- < *gerki- and
reconstruct PA *grV.

550

*gru - *g

-gru acacia: Tung. *gur-; Turk. *KArakan; Jpn. *kt-; Kor. *kor-.
PTung. *gur- 1 acacia 2 polar birch 3 willow (1 2
3 ): Evk. guran 2; Man. Goro 1; Nan. GorGolai 3.
1, 161, 162, 173.
PTurk. *KArakan acacia (): Karakh. qaraqan (MK); Turkm.
GaraGan ; Khal. qaraqan; MTurk. qaraqan[a] (Pav.
C.); Uzb. qrn; Bashk. dial. qaraan; Kirgh. qaraan; Kaz. qaraan;
Khak. xaraan; Shr. qaraan; Oyr. qaraan; Tv. xaraan, Todzh. qaraan.
EDT 657, 5, 293-294, TMN 1, 275. Turk. > Mong. qaraana, whence again into
Turk. (Khak. xarana etc., see ibid.).

PJpn. *kt- Gardenia jasminoides (Gardenia jasminoides): MJpn.

ktnasi; Tok. kchinashi; Kyo. kchnsh; Kag. kuchinshi.
PKor. *kor- acacia, Caragana ussuriensis (): Mod. koldam-ho.
The meaning acacia is surprisingly well reconstructable for this
root.
-gru wave, stream: Tung. *guru-; Mong. *goru-ka / *gori-ka; Kor. *kjr.
PTung. *guru- 1 reach (of river) 2 whirlpool (1 2 ):
Evk. guruk 1, guru-ma straight (of a river reach); Ork. GorGi 2.
1, 161, 174.
PMong. *goru-ka / *gori-ka small river, rivulet, stream (, ): MMong. goroxan (HY); WMong. oruqa, oriqa (L 362); Kh. gor;
Bur. gorxo(n); Kalm. oroxa ().
PKor. *kjr wave (): MKor. kjr; Mod. kjl.
Nam 43, KED 116.
Mong. and TM reflect a common derivative *gru-kV.
-g to walk, step: Tung. *giari- / *gira-; Mong. *gar-; Turk. *gE-; Jpn.
*kt.
PTung. *giari- / *gira- 1 to walk 2 to step (1 2 ): Evk.
gira-kta- 2; Evn. gra-, grq- 2; Neg. gjn- 2; Man. Garda- to run, arito walk round, walk away; Ul. Gr- 1, Gran- 2; Ork. Gran-; Nan.
Gari- 1, Gran- 2; Orch. gri- 1, gia- 2; Ud. ge-li- 1, gena- 2.
1, 141, 142, 147, 154-155.
PMong. *gar- to go out (): MMong. qar- (HY 36, SH), qor-,
qur- (IM), r- (MA); WMong. ar- (L 350); Kh. gar-; Bur. gara-; Kalm.
ar-; Ord. Gar-; Mog. aru-; ZM aru- (41-2); Dag. gar- (. . 130),
gare- (MD 148), gar-; Dong. qeri- (MGCD qri-); Bao. xr- (MGCD xar-);
S.-Yugh. Gar-; Mongr. Gari- (SM 120).
KW 145, MGCD 285.
PTurk. *gE- to walk, walk through (, ):
OTurk. kez- (OUygh.); Karakh. kez- (MK, KB); Tur. gez-; Gag. gez-; Az.
gz-; Turkm. gez-; Sal. gez- (Kakuk); Khal. kz-; MTurk. kz- (Sangl., MA,
. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. kez-; Uygh. g/kz-; Krm. gez-; Tat. giz-; Bashk.

*gaso - *ge

551

gi-; Kirgh. kez-; KBalk. [kezik ]; KKalp. gez-; Kum. gez-; Nogh.
kez-; Tof. kes-.
VEWT 260, EDT 757, 3, 10-11. Cf. also (with -r-) Yak. kerij- walk around.
The derived Turk. *gEik turn, order ( < *going through) > MMong. keik (SH), WMong.
kesig wake, turn (see TMN 1, 467-468, Clark 1980, 40). The verb itself was also borrowed,
cf. WMong. kes-, Khalkha, Bur. xese-, Dag. kese- to wander, roam.

PJpn. *kt walking ( ): OJpn. kati; MJpn. kt;

Tok. kchi; Kyo. kch; Kag. kach.
JLTT 444. The Kyoto accent is irregular, otherwise all evidence points to *kt.
3, 11, JOAL 125, 126, 74, 289, 13.
-gaso to curse, horrify: Tung. *gos-; Mong. *ges-; Turk. *Kias-; Jpn.
*kasi-.
PTung. *gos- to curse (): Neg. gosowl-; Man. gasxu- to swear
( 305); SMan. Gash- (1915, 1916); Ul. Gosolo-; Ork. Gos-; Nan.
Gosla-, n. Goso(n); Orch. gosola-.
1, 162-163.
PMong. *ges- 1 to punish 2 to suffer (1 2 ): Kh.
gesg- 1; Kalm. ges- to suffer ().
PTurk. *Kias- 1 horrible, terrible 2 to annoy 3 to become wasted,
lose 4 vindictive 5 inimical (1 , 2 3 , 4 5 ): OTurk. qasn
(OUygh. Suv.) 1; Kirgh. qas 5; Kaz. qas 5; Shr. qasta- 2; Chuv. jus-, juzn3, jus-tar- 2; Yak. xasmar 4.
EDT 668, . XI, 12.
PJpn. *kasi- to curse, damn; cast a spell (; ):
OJpn. kasi-r-; MJpn. kasi-r-.
Cf. *kasa.
-ge a k. of flower: Mong. *geigene; Turk. *gE-; Kor. *k.
PMong. *geigene silverweed, potentilla anserina (--):
WMong. geigene (L 381: giigene); Kh. gigene; Bur. geegen(n) ; Ord. geigene.
PTurk. *gE- a k. of flower ( ): Turkm. geemek , geigei .; Kirgh. kk catkins, aglets,
flower buds; Chuv. kk catkins, aglets, flower buds ( > Mari kike
willow buds?).
1, 264. Not quite secure, since the root is (folk-etymologically?) contaminated either with gee goat or with *gk puppy.

PKor. *k flower (): MKor. k; Mod. k:ot [k:oh].

Nam 54, KED 174.
Very scantily represented in Turkic, so basically a Mong.-Kor. isogloss; not quite reliable.

552

*godV - *g[o]jku

-godV belly, stomach: Tung. *gudige; Mong. *gede-sn.

PTung. *gudige stomach (): Evk. gudi; Evn. gudi; Neg.
gudi; Man. guweixe; Ud. gudie; Sol. gudege.
1, 167. On Mong. gie < TM see Doerfer MT 22; backloans are probably
Spoken Manchu guuge and Nan. g.

PMong. *gede-sn belly, intestines (, ):

MMong. gedesun (HY 47), kesosun (IM), kitsun, kuies (MA 391, 345);
WMong. gedes(n), geds(n); Kh. gedes, gedsen; Bur. gedehe(n); Kalm.
gesn; Ord. geds; Mog. gesn, gesl; ZM gisl (3-6b); Dag. gedes, getes
(. . 131), ketes; geese, getese, ketese (MD 150, 151, 183); Dong.
kisun, qsun, kiiesun; Bao. Gaiso; S.-Yugh. gedesn; Mongr. gides
(SM 136), gdes.
KW 135, MGCD 289.
1, 167. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-goje ? to butt, horn: Tung. *guj-.
PTung. *guj- 1 to butt 2 horn 3 fang 4 to play (of animals) (1 2 3 4 ( )): Evk. guj- 1; Evn. gj- 1;
Neg. goja 2; Man. Guja- 4; Ul. Gja 3; Ork. Gja- 1; Nan. Goja 2; Orch.
guja 3; Ud. guja 3.
1, 168.
Basically a TM root, but cf. Yak. kej- to butt. Jpn. *k()i fang may
belong here, too - but see under *kge). On the whole, rather dubious
as a common Altaic etymon.
-g[o]jku bird of prey: Tung. *giax(-n); Turk. *gjke.
PTung. *giax-n 1 hawk 2 falcon (1 2 ): Evk. gki 2;
Evn. gqn 1,2; Neg. gxin 1; Man. aun 1; SMan. ahun 1 (2241); Jurch.
giaxun (giaxun-un) (155) 2; Ul. G 1; Nan. G 1; Orch. gki 1; Ud. gxi
(. 221), gexi.
1, 146. Cf. also TM *kiak- falcon, hawk ( 1, 391) - variant of the same
root with assimilation?

PTurk. *gjke kestrel, windhover, hawk (, ):

OTurk. kekk a bird of prey (OUygh. - Irq Bitig); Karakh. kekk
al-zummac, a bird the bones of which are used in conjurations and
sorcery (MK); Turkm. gvenek; MTurk. kjkenek (Pav.C., Abushk.);
Kirgh. kjk; Khak. kjkenek.
VEWT 288, EDT 710, 5, 133-134, 170. Turk. > Mong. kjknek.
9, 170. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.; seems reliable, but
the front vowel in Turk. is unclear.

*gju - *gju

553

-gju dawn, daylight: Tung. *giaam; Mong. *gegee < *geee; Turk.
*gn(e) / *gua; Jpn. *ka(i); Kor. *ki.
PTung. *giaam dawn (, ): Evk. gwan; Evn. gwn;
Neg. gwan; Ul. Gwa(n); Ork. Gwa(n); Nan. Gw; Orch. gawan; Ud.
gwa.
1, 145. The reflexes match almost exactly those of *miaam heart, which
makes us reconstruct *giaam with a later assimilative development > *giawan. Cf. perhaps also Jurch. gen-gien light, clear = Man. geen, SMan. giiN id. (a contamination
with PTM *geg- clean, clear? - or the same root?), see 1, 177.

PMong. *gegee < *geee dawn, daylight (, ):

MMong. gegejen (HY 53, SH), gegen (SH), geji- to become light (SH),
gign (MA); WMong. gege(n), gegege(n) (L 373); Kh. geg(n); Bur. geg(n);
Kalm. gn, gegn; Ord. geg(n); Dag. gegn (. . 131, MD 149), gejito get light (about the sky) (MD 149); Bao. gega; Mongr. ggn (SM
132).
KW 132, 135, MGCD 290.
PTurk. *gn(e) / *gua 1 sun 2 day 3 sunny place 4 sun-heat (1
2 3 4 ): OTurk. kn 1, 2
(Orkh., OUygh.), kne 3 (YB), isig quja 4 (OUygh. - Br.); Karakh. kn 1,
2, quja 4 (MK), kne 3 (Tefs.); Tur. gn 2, gne 1, (dial.) guja 1; Gag.
gn 1, 2, gne 1; Az. gn 1, 2, gn 1; Turkm. gn 1, 2, gne 1, 4, quj
1 (dial.); Sal. gn 1, 2; Khal. kin, kn 1, 2, kin sonnig; MTurk. quja 1
(Sangl., Abush., Pav. C.), kne 1 (Pav. C., Abush., . .), kn 1, 2
(Pav. C., MA); Uzb. kun 1, 2, quj 1; Uygh. kn 1, 2, (dial.) qoja 1; Krm.
kn 1, 2, kne 1, quja, qujas 1; Tat. kn 1, 2, qoja 1; Bashk. kn 1, 2, kns
4, qoja 1; Kirgh. kn 1, 2; Kaz. kn 1, 2; KBalk. kn 1, 2; KKalp. kn 1, 2,
quja 1; Kum. gn 1, 2 gne 1; Nogh. kn 1, 2, qjas 4; SUygh. kun 1, 2;
Khak. kn 1, 2; Shr. kn 1, 2, quja 1; Oyr. kn 1, 2, dial. quja 1 (Kumd.,
Leb.); Tv. xn 1, 2; Tof. xn 1, 2; Chuv. kon 2, xvel 1; Yak. kn 1, 2, kus
heat; Dolg. kn 1, kus heat.
VEWT 301, 309 (Rsnen separates *gn and *gunal, which is hardly justified);
EDT 679, 725, 734, 3, 100-104, 6, 112-113, 20-21, 64-65, 77-78, 1
306-307, Stachowski 161, 164. The forms *ge and *gua must be old dialectal variants.

PJpn. *ka(i) day, period of time (, ): OJpn. ke.

The root is also attested as a suffixed -ka (patu-ka 20 days, itu-ka 5 days etc.), see
JLTT 430, 448.

PKor. *ki dawn (): MKor. his-ki; Mod. hk:wi.

Nam 484, KED 1815.
78, Doerfer MT 143. Cf. also Mong. geji- to dawn (KW
137), proving that *gee- < *geje-. The Korean form points to a cluster
with *-j-, therefore a reconstruction *gjnu (with subsequent assimilative palatalization -jn- > -j-) is perhaps more plausible; cf. also the
variation *n/* in PT. The Jpn. reflex is somewhat problematic: loss of

554

*g[k] - *gola

final resonant here may be explained by a standard development before a velar suffix (*ka < *gjn(u)-gV, cf. Mong. *gege-e, Man. ge-e);
but one would rather expect a PJ form like *ku(i). The irregular vowel
may be due to contraction, cf. a similar case in PJ *k mosquito < PA
*ke.
-g[k] to run, send: Tung. *gik-; Mong. *gji-; Turk. *Kog-; Jpn.
*kk-.
PTung. *gik- 1 to gallop 2 to send 3 to spy (1 2 3 ): Evn. gql- 3; Man. aala-a- 1; Ul. Glta- 2; Nan.
Gqo- 1, Gaqta- 2; Orch. gikta- 2.
1, 137, 149.
PMong. *gji- to run, gallop, flee (, ): MMong. gue(HY 16, 36), guiji- (SH), gui- (MA), guj- (IM); WMong. gi-, gj- (L
390); Kh. gj-; Bur. gj-; Kalm. g-; Ord. gj-; Mog. g-; KT guj(10-6a); Dag. gui- (. . 133, MD 153); Mongr. gw- (SM 140), gui(Huzu).
KW 140, MGCD 308.
PTurk. *Kog- to drive, pursue (, ): Tur. ko(since 17th cent.); Uygh. qola- (dial.); Khak. xo-; Oyr. qo-; Yak. kuol-.
6, 9-10, VEWT 275 (should be distinguished from PT *Kob-).
PJpn. *kk- to run, gallop, flee (, , ): MJpn.
kaka-; Tok. kak-; Kyo. kk-; Kag. kk-.
JLTT 702.
The medial consonant behaves irregularly: the Turk. and Mong.
forms point to an intermediate *gogo, probably a result of assimilation
< *goko.
-gola ( ~ --, *galo) to burn, fire: Tung. *gul-; Mong. *gal.
PTung. *gul- 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth (1 2
3 4 ): Evk. gul- 1; Evn. gl- 2; Neg. golo-wun 3;
Man. Golon tuwa 3; gulgin flame; Ul. Gol-o(n) 4; Nan. Gola- 2, Gol 4;
Orch. gogo(n) 4; Sol. glr 4.
1, 169.
PMong. *gal fire (): MMong. qal (HY 22, SH), qal (IM), al
(MA); WMong. al (L 346); Kh. gal; Bur. gal; Kalm. al; Ord. Gal; Mog.
l; l (18-2a); Dag. gali, ga (. . 130, MD 148); Dong. qan; Bao.
xal; S.-Yugh. Gal; Mongr. Gar (SM 118).
KW 141-142, MGCD 279.
294. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Poppe 24, 75 compares
the TM stem with Mong. olu-mta hearth, but cf. rather *go.

*glo - *gpe

555

-glo to be unhappy, endure: Tung. *gil-; Mong. *golu-; Turk. *Kol-;

Jpn. *krp- (~-uo-).
PTung. *gil- 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, annoyed, indignant (1 , ( , ) 2 , , ): Evk. gilka- 1; Evn. glko- 1; Man. gila-, giqa-, giGa-,
gilaa-, gilaa- 2; Ul. gil-, gl- 1; Ork. gili- 1; Nan. Glk- 1.
1, 151.
PMong. *golu- to be unhappy with smth., consider smth. bad (, ): MMong. qolu- (HY 36); WMong. olu-, ol- (L 359);
Kh. golo-; Bur. golo-; Kalm. ol-.
KW 150.
PTurk. *Kol- to beg ( (), ): OTurk. qol(Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. qol- (MK); MTurk. qol- (Pav. C., Abush.), qol-i
beggar; Uzb. qlir Verleumder (KW 183); Krm. qol-; SUygh. qol-;
Yak. kulu give (imper.).
VEWT 277, EDT 616, 6, 36-37. Turk. > WMong. qolir, KW xor verschwenderisch, leichtsinnig (KW 183).

PJpn. *krp- (~-uo-) to endure (, ): MJpn. korafa-;

Tok. kora-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 712.
KW 150.
-gV edge; eyebrow: Tung. *gula; Turk. *K(i).
PTung. *gula 1 edge, cliff 2 eyelashes 3 beard, moustache (1 ,
2 3 , ): Evk. gula 1; Neg. gulaxan 1; Man. Gulaqu 1; Orch. gla 1, gulag 2; Ud. gula 1, guluge 3.
1, 169.
PTurk. *K(i) eyebrow; edge, bank; saddle bow (; , ; ): OTurk. qa (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qa (MK, KB);
Tur. ka (dial.); Az. Ga; Turkm. G; MTurk. qa (Sangl., Pav. C.,
Abush.), qa (CCum.); Uzb. q; Uygh. qa; Krm. qa; Tat. qa; Bashk. qa;
Kirgh. qa; Kaz. qas; KKalp. qas; Kum. qa; Nogh. qas; Khak. xas; Shr. qa;
Oyr. qa; Tv. qa; Tof. xa; Yak. xs; Dolg. ks.
EDT 669, VEWT 240, TMN 3, 389, 5, 343-345, 211-212, 542, Stachowski 143.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss, with very similar semantic developments.

212.
-gpe to swell, form blisters: Mong. *gb- / *gb-; Turk. *Kp-; Jpn.
*kp(u)i ( ~ -ua-); Kor. *kp-m-.
PMong. *gb- / *gb- 1 elevation, unevenness on the surface of an
object; wart, blister, pimple 2 to have pimples 3 hill, mound (1 , ; , 2
3 , ): WMong. gbdrig 1, gb-

556

*gra - *gro

drigde- 2 (L 385), gbege(n), gbge(n) 3 (L 388); Kh. gvdr 1,

gvdrde- 2, gv 3; Bur. gb 3, gb-; Kalm. gw, gw 3; Ord. gbdr
1, 3.
KW 138, 140.
PTurk. *Kp- 1 to swell, form blisters 2 thick, swollen 3 hill, mound
(1 , 2 , 3 , ):
Karakh. qapar- 1, qapa (MK) 3; Tur. kabar- 1, kaba 2; Az. Gabar- 1, Gaba 2;
Turkm. Gbar- 1, Gba 2; MTurk. (OKypch.) qabar- (AH) 1, qaba (Houts.,
AH) 2; Uygh. qapa(r)- 1, dial. qova 2; Tat. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Bashk. qabar- 1,
qabaq 3; Kirgh. qabar- 1, qabaq 3; Kaz. qabar- 1, qaba 2; KKalp. qabar- 1,
qapa 2; Kum. qabar- 1, qaba 2; Nogh. qabar- 1; Tv. xavar-, xapj- 1; Chuv.
xba-lan- 1; Yak. xaba-lan- 1.
VEWT 215, 233, 5, 158, 165-166.
PJpn. *kp(u)i ( ~ -ua-) swelling of feet ( ): MJpn. kofi.
PKor. *kp-m fever, malaria (, ): MKor.
kp-m.
Nam 47.
Cf. *kpe, *kpe.
-gra a k. of reed: Tung. *gurbi; Turk. *KAr(a)gu; Jpn. *kntr.
PTung. *gurbi reed (): Man. Gurbi(n).
1, 173. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *KAr(a)gu reed (): Karakh. qaru (AH); Tur. kar;
Az. Gar; Turkm. GarG; Khal. Garo; MTurk. qaru (AH), arqu (.
.), araw (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. rw; Chuv. xorux ,
( < *Korgau with secondary -x ; . XVI, 194: xur xuxi, xur
xuxxi, xor xvx).
5, 306.
PJpn. *kntr vine, creeper (): OJpn. kadura; MJpn. kdra;
Tok. kzura; Kyo. kzr; Kag. kazra.
JLTT 447. All dialects except Kyoto point to high tone.
The Turk.-Manchu match is semantically straightforward; the Jpn.
match is phonetically plausible, but less certain semantically.
-gro ( ~ --) to cut, carve, shear: Tung. *giri-; Mong. *gur-; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *giri- to cut out (): Evk. gir-; Evn. gr-; Neg. g-, gj-;
Man. giri-; Ul. Gr-; Ork. Gr-; Nan. Gr-; Orch. g-, giji-; Ud. g-.
1, 153-154.
PMong. *gur- 1 carving 2 whetstone (1 2 ): WMong. orbi 1, uranu 2 (L 369); Kh. gurvi 1, guran 2; Bur.
guba 1; Kalm. guw, gow 1.
KW 152, 156.
PJpn. *kr- to shear, mow (, ): OJpn. kar-; MJpn. kr-;
Tok. kr-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 704.

*ge - *gube

557

288, Miller-Street 1975, 108ff (with a somewhat different

distribution of roots). MKor. kr-hi- < *kr-hi- through assimilation (?).
The root tends to contaminate with a number of similar roots: see
*kirga, *kiregV, *kiro.
-ge ( ~ *gu) skin disease: Tung. *gr-; Turk. *KEi-.
PTung. *gr- 1 to exuviate, lose skin 2 a bird that has lost feathers (1
, 2 ): Evk. gr- 1; Evn. gr1; Neg. goj- 1; Man. Goqi 2; Ul. Gol- 1; Ork. Gor- 1; Nan. Gr- 1; Ud.
guai- 1; Sol. gori- 1.
1, 160-161.
PTurk. *KEi- fever, contagious disease (, ): OTurk. kezik (OUygh.); Karakh. kezig (KB, MK); Tur. gezik a
rodent ulcer (EDT), kezek gangrene; MTurk. kezek a rodent ulcer
(Abush.), Kypch. keziv pestilence (CCum.); Uygh. kezik typhus;
Bashk. kiew pestilence; Kirgh. kezik long uncurable disease; Kaz.
kezik fever; KKalp. gezik a cold in the head; Khak. kizm; Oyr. kezim,
kez.
EDT 758-759, VEWT 260 (derivation from kez- walk is highly dubious).
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-gose ( ~ -i, *gaso) stick, pole: Tung. *gusa; Mong. *gesi-n.
PTung. *gusa 1 pole (for tying nets) 2 banner (1 ( ) 2 ): Man. Gusa 2; Ul. Gsa 1; Ork. Gsa 1; Nan.
Gosa 1.
1, 175. Man. > Dag. gusa (. . 133).
PMong. *gesi-n branch (): MMong. geiun (HY 7), geibn
(Lig.VMI), keiut (pl.) (SH ); WMong. gesign, gesig (L 380); Kh.
gen, gin; Bur. ge(hen); Kalm. gen; Ord. g; Dag. ges (. .
131, MD 150); Mongr. k attisoir (SM 197).
KW 135. Mong. > Khak. k bough.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-gube to hit, pound: Tung. *gb-; Turk. *Kb-; Jpn. *kuwa-.
PTung. *gb- to pound, strike (, , ):
Evk. giw-; Evn. gw-; Neg. giw-; Ul. guji-; Nan. guji-; Orch. giwi-; Ud.
giu-.
1, 148.
PTurk. *Kb- to pound, hit (laundry) (, ()): Tat.
kj-; Chuv. kiv-.
VEWT 306, 1, 268, 290.
PJpn. *kuwa- to kick (): OJpn. kuwa-; MJpn. kuwa-; Tok. kr-;
Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.

*gbe - *gldo

558

JLTT 707. The tone is not clear because of later contraction; the conjugation type of
the verb has secondarily changed (ke- would be regular in modern Jpn.).
EAS 148, Poppe 25, Doerfer MT 73. Cf. *gpi.
-gbe to smoke, roast: Tung. *gb-; Turk. *gbe; Jpn. *kwr-; Kor.
*kb-.
PTung. *gb- 1 to fume, smoke 2 furnace, stove (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. g- 1, gwun 2; Man. Guwa-an 2.
1, 147, 165.
PTurk. *gbe frying pan; earthenware pot (;
): Karakh. kve ((MK); Tur. gve; Gag. gve; Az. gv;
Turkm. gwe; Uzb. kv (dial.); Oyr. k skull (.).
VEWT 151, 286, EDT 687-688, 3, 53-54.
PJpn. *kwr- to smell, fumigate (; ): OJpn. kawor-; MJpn. kawor-; Tok. kor-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kar-.
JLTT 703.
PKor. *kb- to bake, fry (, ): MKor. kp- (k-); Mod.
kp- (-w-).
Nam 63, KED 220.
One of several similar roots (cf. *kajo, *kaju) tending to contaminate, which may explain some irregularities (notably, tone and irregular -a- in Jpn.).
-gla thin, short: Tung. *gl-; Mong. *gulbi-; Turk. *Kl-; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *gl- 1 rare (with intervals) 2 shallow (1 ( ) 2 ): Evk. grba (.) 2; Nan. Gl 1.
1, 159. -r- in Evk. is not quite clear: grba may be < *glba under the influence
of the synonymous arba shallow.

PMong. *gulbi- be thin, lean ( , ): WMong.

ulbij- (XTTT); Kh. gulbij-; Bur. gulba-gar.
PTurk. *Kl- 1 thin 2 short (1 2 ): Kirgh. qlmj-;
Kaz. qlmj-; Khak. xlbs; Oyr. qlbq, qlbs 1; Chuv. xldrke , , ; Yak. klgas 2; Dolg. klgas 2.
On the rare reflexes of this root see VEWT 263, Stachowski 168.
PJpn. *kr- light (of weight) (): OJpn. karu-; MJpn. kr-nari;
Tok. kru-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kru-.
JLTT 831. Kyoto and Kagoshima point rather to *kr-, but the attested MJ form is
kr-.

A common derivative *gla-bV- is reflected in Turkic, Mongolian

and TM.
-gldo to stretch: Tung. *glde-; Mong. *gulda-; Turk. *Kula-.
PTung. *glde- to stretch (, , ): Evk. gilde-; Evn. gild-; Neg. gilde-; Ul. gulde-; Ork. guli-; Nan.
gulde-; Orch. gigdeli- to change clothes; Ud. gigde-.

*guli - *g[]e

559

1, 150. Southern languages reflect a partial contamination with *gulde- untie,

unwrap (v. sub *gldi).
PMong. *guld- along (): MMong. ulatqa- to roll (MA 179);
WMong. uldu; Kh. guld; Kalm. uld- roll off, slide along; Ord. Guladroll off.
KW 154. Mong. > Man. Gula- fall off (a rock) ( 1, 169; Doerfer MT 111).
PTurk. *Kula- 1 to wave; jump over 2 to stretch 3 fathom (1 ;
2 3 ): Karakh. qula 3 (MK); Tur. kula
3; Gag. qola 3; Az. Gula, Gola 3; Turkm. Gula 3; Sal. qula 3; MTurk.
qula- 2 (.), qula 3 (AH, . .), qula 3 (Pav. C.); Uzb. qula 3;
Uygh. ula 3; Tat. qola 3; Bashk. qolas 3; Kirgh. qula 3; Kaz. qula 3;
KKalp. qula 3; Kum. qula 3; Nogh. qula 3; SUygh. qula, Gola 3; Khak.
xulas 3; Oyr. qula- 1, qula 3; Tv. qula 3; Chuv. xla 3; Yak. kul-, kulas-ta- 1.
EDT 618, VEWT 298, TMN 3, 487, 6, 122, 129-131.
1, 150 (Mong.-Tung.). A Western isogloss.
-guli male deer: Tung. *gil-; Turk. *Klm.
PTung. *gil- reindeer (more than 5-years-old) (
( 5 )): Evk. gilge, gilduka; Evn. gilge, glrq; Neg. gldka; Ud.
gilog male roe.
1, 150. Cf. also *gilbe- in Evk. gilbe- to tie deer in a tandem, gilbe-wun buckle,
loop (on the back saddlebow, for tying the next deer in the caravan), Evn. gilbn-, Orok
gilben- to tie in a tandem.

PTurk. *Klm male chamois ( ): Karakh. klmz

(KB); Khak. klbs; Oyr. klms; Tv. xlbs; Tof. xlbs.
5, 139, 153.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-g[]e to strain liquid: Tung. *gile-; Turk. *K-er-; Jpn. *ks- ( ~ -ua-);
Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *gile- to sprinkle with wine (sacr.) (, ): Man. gile-.
1, 152. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *K-er- to be full to overflowing ( ,
): Karakh. ker- (MK).
EDT 754.
PJpn. *ks- ( ~ *-ua-) to strain, filter (, ):
Tok. ks-; Kyo. ks-; Kag. ks-.
The word is not attested in OJ sources; Martin JLTT 713 (contradicting Martin 213)
takes it as a variant of *kua-s- send/cross over, which is highly dubious.

PKor. *kr- to strain, filter (, ): MKor.

kr-; Mod. kr-.
Liu 40, KED 82.

*go - *gb

560

Martin 232, JOAL 119 (Kor.-Jpn.). Reflexes outside the Eastern

area are scarce, but still the comparison seems probable, despite some
phonetic problems (in TM *-- would be expected).
-go ( ~ -e) to smoke, fume: Tung. *gl-; Mong. *golu-mta; Jpn.
*ks-(m)p-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *gl- to smoke, fume (): Evn. gl- ; Ul.
gulup-; Ork. guliti-; Nan. gulu-.
1, 147, 149. Shortening in Nan. is not quite clear (perhaps a misrecording).
PMong. *golu-mta hearth (): MMong. ulumtan (MA 179);
WMong. olumta (L 359); Kh. golomt; Bur. gulamta; Kalm. ulmt, olmt;
Ord. Gulumta; S.-Yugh. golomd.
KW 150, 154, MGCD 299.
PJpn. *ks-(m)p- to smoke, fume (()): MJpn. kusuba-;
Tok. kusubr-; Kyo. ksbr-; Kag. ksbr-.
JLTT 717.
PKor. *kr- to be smoked (()): Mod. kl-.
KED 97 (derives from kl- < *kr- q. v. sub *ke), which is phonetically implausible.

Cf. *gola.
-gpa ( ~ -u) to extinguish: Tung. *gp-; Turk. *Kp-.
PTung. *gp- to extinguish, be extinguished (, ): Ul.
gpu-, gkpi- (itr.), gptu- (tr.); Ork. gptu- (itr.), gpu- (tr.); Nan. gp-,
gkpu- (itr.), gpu- (tr.).
1, 159. Cf. also Evk. kubdume dark, see 1, 421 ( < *gup-tu-me ?)
PTurk. *Kp- 1 spark 2 ashes (1 2 ): Tat. qpqn 1; Kirgh.
qpn 1; Kaz. qpqn 2; Khak. xbn 1,2; Oyr. qbn 1, qbr 2; Yak. kban 1.
VEWT 263, 265, 369, 6, 223.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *gepV.
-gb ( ~ -o) to search, hunt: Tung. *gob-; Mong. *guji-; Turk. *Kob-; Jpn.
*kp-.
PTung. *gob- to hunt (): Evk. go-, gowo-; Evn. goba-;
Neg. gobo-; Ork. Gobdo-; Orch. gobono-.
1, 157.
PMong. *guji- to search, ask (, ): MMong. quiu (HY
39), quju- (SH), quj- (IM), uj()- (MA); WMong. uju- (L 365), uji-; Kh.
guj-; Bur. guj-; Kalm. -, -; Ord. guj-; Dag. goi- (. . 132), guai-;
Dong. Goji-; Bao. Gui-; Mongr. Gwrla- demander avec instance, prier,
mendier (SM 124).
KW 156.
PTurk. *Kob- to follow, chase (, ): Karakh. qov(MK); Tur. kov-; Gag. q-; Az. Gov-; Turkm. qov-; MTurk. qov- (AH),
qaw- (. .); Uzb. qaw- (dial.), quw-; Krm. quw-; Tat. quw-; Bashk.

*goblu - *gb

561

qw-; Kirgh. q-, qubala-; Kaz. quw-; KBalk. quw-; KKalp. quw-; Kum.
quw-; Nogh. quw-; Oyr. q-; Chuv. xu-, xv-.
6, 9-10, VEWT 275, 2, 315-316. The Karakh. derivative qovdaq
greedy (although scarcely attested) is a probable source of WMong. qobdu greedy, see
Clark 1977, 147.

PJpn. *kp- to ask, beg (, , ): OJpn.

kop-; MJpn. kf-; Tok. k-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 714.
KW 156, 160, 272, Poppe 24, 49, Ozawa 202-203,
Miller 1985, 145, 81.
-goblu valley: Tung. *gola; Mong. *gowl; Turk. *Kl; Jpn. *kura; Kor.
*kr.
PTung. *gola valley (): Man. golo.
1, 160. Manch. golo valley, watershed has also acquired the meaning land
between two rivers and administrative region. With the latter meaning it was borrowed
into Ud. golo people, Nan. Golo id., (Bik.) region, locality.

PMong. *gowl river; river valley, centre (; ,

): MMong. qol (SH), ol (MA); WMong. oul; Kh. gol; Bur. gol;
Kalm. ol; Ord. Gol; Mog. l; Dag. gol (. . 132), gole (MD 152);
Dong. Gon; S.-Yugh. Gol; Mongr. Gor (SM 125), (MGCD Gol).
KW 149-150, MGCD 298, 300. The meaning centre in Mong. is obviously secondary ( < river bed, river centre, despite Doerfer TMN 1, 438 who thinks of an opposite
semantic development).

PTurk. *Kl valley (): Karakh. qol (MK); Tur. kol (dial.);
Turkm. Gl; MTurk. qol (B); Uygh. qol (dial.); Tat. qul; Bashk. qul (dial.);
Kirgh. qol; KBalk. qol; Kum. qol; SUygh. qol gutter; Khak. xol; Tv. xol.
VEWT 277, 90-91, EDT 615 (confused with *Kol arm), 6, 43-46.
PJpn. *kura deep valley ( ): OJpn. kura, kura-tani.
PKor. *kr valley (): MKor. kr; Mod. kl.
Nam 51, KED 156.
EAS 48, KW 150, SKE 121, Martin 245, Whitman 1985, 191, 222,
Martin 1996, 39, 19, 70. Mong. cannot be borrowed from
Turk., despite 1997, 139.; the isolated Manchu form may be <
Mong. (see TMN 1, 439, Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 91), but not necessa rily so.
-gb ( ~ -u-) beautiful: Mong. *gowa; Jpn. *kp-; Kor. *kb-.
PMong. *gowa beautiful, good (, ): MMong. qoa
(SH), ua (MA), qoh (IM); WMong. uwa, uua, oua (L 370); Kh. gua;
Bur. g; Kalm. g straight; Ord. G, Gn; Dong. gau.
KW 152, TMN 1, 421 ( > Oyr. qo, Yak. kuo). Despite Joki 214 and Menges 1984, 273
not < Chin.

*gd - *gd

562

PJpn. *kp- 1 beautiful 2 fine, detailed (1 2 ,

): OJpn. kupa-si 1; MJpn. kf-s 2; Tok. kuwash- 2; Kyo.
kwsh- 2; Kag. kuwash- 2.
JLTT 834.
PKor. *kb- beautiful, lovely (): MKor. kp- (-w-); Mod.
kop- (-w-).
Nam 52, KED 163.
EAS 90, SKE 124 (despite Doerfers - TMN 1, 422 - doubts, the
comparison seems impeccable), Miller 1985, 144-145, 15, 68,
Ozawa 18.
-gd to be diligent, persistent, to endure: Mong. *gi-; Turk. *Kodur-;
Jpn. *ktpa-.
PMong. *gi- / *gd-ke 1 to be energetic, persistent, stubborn, to
take risks 2 to slander, calumniate (1 , ,
2 ): WMong. gire-, girde- (L 393) 1, 2, gdke(L 388) 2; Kh. girde-, gtge- 2; Bur. ger slander; ger reckless, persistent; Kalm. gr-, gtk- 1; Ord. gir violence; Dag. guule- (MD
153) 2, geire (n.).
KW 139, MGCD 307.
PTurk. *Kod-, *Kodur- 1 to take trouble, make efforts 2 to overpower (1 2 , ): Karakh. qour(MK) 1; Yak. xot- 2; Dolg. kot- 2.
EDT 605; Stachowski 154 (but, because of semantic difference, hardly to *Kod- put
aside).

PJpn. *ktpa- to endure (): MJpn. ktfa-; Tok. kote-, kota-;

Kyo. kt-; Kag. kt-.
JLTT 713: the verb is usually treated as = *ktpa- to answer, but the two forms
should be probably separated (because of the difference in meaning and external evidence).

Cf. *kdi, *kitu.

-gd down, to lower: Mong. *gudu-; Turk. *Kod; Jpn. *knt-r-.
PMong. *gudu- 1 to lower, be bent downward 2 downward (1 , 2 ): WMong. uduji- 1, udus 2 (L 364,
365); Kh. gudaj-, guduj- 1, gudas 2; Bur. gud- 1; Kalm. ud- 1, uds 2;
Ord. Gudus in the centre.
KW 153.
PTurk. *Kod below, downwards (, ): OTurk. qod (Yen.,
OUygh.); Karakh. qo (MK, QB); Tur. koju; MTurk. quju, quj (MA, .
.), quji (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. quji; Uygh. quju; SUygh. qoz, quz,
quzu; Tv. qudu; Tof. qudu; Chuv. (?) xrl bowing the head (KW 153);
Yak. xotu downstream; North; Dolg. kotun in the direction of.
EDT 596, VEWT 275, 6, 31-32, Stachowski 154.

*gje - *gokV

563

PJpn. *knt-r- to lower, go down (): OJpn. kuda-r-;

MJpn. kd-r-; Tok. kdar-; Kyo. kdr-; Kag. kudr-.
JLTT 715 (also *knt-s- to lower).
KW 153, 160, 319.
-gje a k. of ferment: Tung. *g ( ~ *g); Turk. *gj-; Jpn. *ki; Kor. *ki-.
PTung. *g ( ~ *g) 1 poison 2 a poisonous plant (1 2
): Man. gu oro 2; Ul. g 2; Ork. g 1; Nan. g 1; Ud. g.
1, 164.
PTurk. *gj- 1 capers 2 ferment for milk 3 a k. of fermented milk
drink (1 2 3 ): Turkm. gjl 1; Kirgh. krk 3; Chuv. kvelek 2, kve- to
ferment; Yak. kjrg 2, krex 3; kjn- to ferment (der. knr-).
103. Kirgh. > Kalm. krcg (see differently in KW 244, 451).
PJpn. *ki wine (): OJpn. kji.
JLTT 449.
PKor. *ki- to make sour (of wine), coagulate ( ( ), ()): MKor. ki-h-.
Nam 77, HMCH 314.
Jpn. *ki must be a result of early secondary contraction (*kj- > *ki).
-gojV different, other: Tung. *goj / *gia; Mong. *gojar; Jpn. *ka.
PTung. *goj / *gia other (): Evk. g; Evn. g; Neg. g; Man.
Guwa; SMan. Gu (3023) other,another; Ul. G-Gda single; Goj; Ork.
G-da one, single; Go; Nan. Ga-Gda single; Goj; Ud. ge; Sol. g.
1, 144, 157-158. Ramstedts (SKE 185) idea about borrowing from Sino-Korean
is impossible.

PMong. *gojar two (): MMong. xojar (HY 42), qojar (SH), qujar
(IM), qujar (MA); WMong. qojar (L 955); Kh. xojor; Bur. xojor; Kalm. xojr;
Ord. xojor; Mog. qojr; ZM qejr (25-1a); Dag. xojir (. . 177), hojire
(MD 162); Dong. Gua; Bao. Guar; S.-Yugh. Gr; Mongr. Gr (SM 122).
KW 181-182, MGCD 361. Northern dialects reflect *k-, due to contamination with
*koji- to be behind, follow or with *korin twenty.

PJpn. *ka different, other (, ): OJpn. kje; MJpn. k.

JLTT 448.
The Jpn. form reflects a contraction *ka < *kja, frequent in roots
with medial *-j-.
-gokV a k. of reed or leek: Mong. *gogu-; Turk. *Koga ( ~ -k-).
PMong. *gogu- a k. of wild leek ( ): MMong. qoqosun (HY 8); WMong. oud, ousu(n) (L 358); Kh. gogol, gogod; Bur.
gogod, ggol; Kalm. osn; Ord. gogot; Dag. gogos (. . 132), guagas; Mongr. GoGor (SM 122).
KW 149. Mong. > Evk. gowohun, see Poppe 1966, 197.

564

*gk - *gl

PTurk. *Koga ( ~ -k-) a k. of reed ( ): Tur. kova, koa

(dial.); Uzb. qa; Krm. qoa; Tat. qua; Bashk. qua (dial.); Kaz. qoa;
KKalp. qoa; Kum. qoa; Nogh. qoa; Oyr. qoo.
VEWT 275, 6, 10-11.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss: not quite reliable because of late attestation, but borrowing in either direction seems improbable. Cf. *gau,
*komga, *kema.
-gk (*-dV) high, peak: Tung. *gugda; Mong. *ggde-; Jpn. *kk; Kor.
*kki.
PTung. *gugda high, tall (): Evk. gugda; Evn. gd; Neg.
gogda; Man. Godo-on; Ul. GGda; Ork. GGda; Nan. GoGda; Orch.
gugda; Ud. gugda; Sol. ggda.
1,166.
PMong. *ggde- high, knobby, lofty (, , ): WMong. g/gde-ger, (L 388:) gdgr; Kh. gdgr, gdger;
Kalm. ggdgr; Ord. gdgr; Mongr. gudr (SM 139).
KW 137.
PJpn. *kk peak (, ): OJpn. kukji; MJpn. kk.
JLTT 462.
PKor. *kki peak, height (, ): MKor. kki; Mod. kog.
Liu 61, HMCH 156, KED 134.
Poppe 19, 51, 288, 295. The Mong. and TM forms reflect
a derivative in *-dV (probably originally locative). See also a discussion
under *gudA.
-gl a k. of weapon for sea-hunting: Tung. *goli; Mong. *glmi; Jpn.
*krr.
PTung. *goli 1 a hook (in a needle for weaving nets) 2 net for large
fish (1 ( ) 2
): Evk. goli 1; Nan. Gol 2; Orch. gli 2.
1, 159.
PMong. *glmi net (): MMong. golimi (HY 21), golmi (SH);
WMong. glmi (L 386); Kh. glm; Bur. glem, gme; Kalm. glm;
Mongr. gurma.
KW 138.
PJpn. *krr an arrow for shooting sea-birds or for catching fish
( ): OJpn.
kururi; MJpn. krr.
JLTT 465.
A common Altaic cultural term.

*goli - *goV(V)

565

-goli log, wooden block: Tung. *gola; Mong. *gle- ( ~ --); Turk. *gl-;
Jpn. *kura-i.
PTung. *gola 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood (1 2 ,
): Evk. golo 1; Evn. gol 2; Neg. golo 1; Man. Goldon, Golton 2; Ul.
Goloqo 2; Ork. Golo 1, 2; Nan. Goloqo 2; Orch. golo; Ud. golo.
1, 159-160.
PMong. *gle- ( ~ --) (wooden) crane, wooden log for lifting logs to
a carriage (() ,
): Bur. gl.
PTurk. *gl- 1 wooden board 2 woodblock 3 cross-bar (over fire) (1
2 3 ( )):
Turkm. gle 1; Khak. klbe 2; Oyr. klzk (?);
Chuv. kle ; Yak. kl 3.
Different etymologies in 1, 271 (Chuv. kle - hardly to kilit); VEWT 289
(Yak. kl - not to harness kl-).

PJpn. *kura-i log with unpeeled bark ( ): OJpn. kure; MJpn. kure.
JLTT 464.
The word is rather scantily represented in Turkic and Mongolian,
but borrowing is rather improbable.
-goli ( -e) female of an ungulate: Tung. *gulu-; Turk. *gle.
PTung. *gulu- female deer, roe ( , ): Evk. gulkan; Evn. gulk; Ork. gulu; Ud. gulugese.
1, 170.
PTurk. *gle 1 heifer 2 cow (1 2 ): Tur. gle (dial.) 1;
Turkm. gle 1; Sal. klex 2.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also MMong. glme, WMong.
glme, Ord. glme skin of ox or swine, saddle cloth.
-gli ( ~ -e) to bury, put bones: Tung. *gul-; Turk. *gli-.
PTung. *gul- to put animal bones on a special decking ( ): Evk. gul-; Evn. gli-; Neg. gul-;
Ork. guli-.
1, 170.
PTurk. *gli- to bury (): Karakh. kli- (MK); Turkm. gle-.
EDT 716. Despite Clauson, not connected with kle- to shade.
An interesting Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-goV(V) a k. of insect: Tung. *gugu; Mong. *guwur; Turk. *Kou;
Kor. *km(p)-.
PTung. *gugu 1 big fly 2 grasshopper, dragon-fly (1 2 , ): Ul. guguni 2; Ud. gugu 1.
1, 172.

566

*gp - *gpi

PMong. *guwur larva of a gad-fly ( ): WMong. uur

(L 371); Kh. gr; Bur. gr; Kalm. r.
KW 157.
PTurk. *Kou beetle (): OTurk. qouz (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh.
qouz (MK); Uzb. qgiz; Uygh. qoGuz; Krm. qomuz; Tat. qoz; Bashk.
qu; Kirgh. qouz; Kaz. qoz; KKalp. qoz; Nogh. qoz; Khak. xs
(dial.); Oyr. qous, qos, qoms; Chuv. xmr drone; Yak. xomurduos;
Dolg. komurduos.
VEWT 281, EDT 641, 187, 6, 61-62, Stachowski 152. Turkic >
MMong. (MA) qonquz. A hardly plausible explanation of the Yak. form as brown pig
see in 1997, 140-141.

PKor. *km(p)- larva of a beetle ( ): MKor. kmp,

kmp; Mod. kumpei.
Nam 63, KED 220.
KW 157, 8, 188 (Doerfer TMN 3, 527 regards the
Turk.-Mong. match as aus lautlichen Grnden mindestens unwahrscheinlich), although phonetically the match is quite plausible. The
Kor. form is not quite clear morphologically (kmp(j)(i) < *k-p(j),
a compound with some unclear second component?), but semantically
matches the other forms very well.
-gp ( ~ -u-) stump: Mong. *gobur; Jpn. *kmp.
PMong. *gobur having no branches (of a tree) ( ( )): WMong. obur (L 357); Kh. govor.
PJpn. *kmp stump (): MJpn. kabu; Tok. kbu; Kyo. kb; Kag.
kbu.
JLTT 431.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-gpi ( ~ -e) to beat, hit: Tung. *gupuj-; Mong. *gbi-; Turk. *gp-.
PTung. *gupuj- to hit down berries by a special device (
): Evk. guj-; Evn. guj-; Ul. gupi-; Nan. gupi-; Orok. gupi-.
1, 168. Evk. guj-vun > Russ. dial. gajevun, Selk. kujavun, see
161 (with lit.).

PMong. *gbi- to pound, strike (, ): MMong. gubur

(HY 35); WMong. gbi-, gbi- (L 386); Kh. gve-, gvi-; Bur. gbi-; Kalm.
gw-; Ord. gw-, gwi-, gwe-; Mog. gubi abstreifen (Asche) (Weiers);
ZM gube- (23-10a); Dag. guwi- (. . 133), gubi- (MD 152) shake
(dirt off); Bao. ki-; Mongr. gubu-, guwu- (SM 139), gui-, gubu-.
KW 138, MGCD 300.
PTurk. *gp- 1 a wooden hammer for processing boot seams 2 to
hit, pound (1 2
, ): Turkm. gbe 1; Kirgh. kb- to shake, shake off;

*gr - *gre

567

KKalp. kpilde- to lumber, rumble; Khak. kp-le-t- to knock; Chuv.

kpke- 2; Yak. kbrg- to hit ice with a pounder.
Modern expressive formations, but the root seems to be archaic.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *gube.
-gr ( ~ --) to starve, be empty: Tung. *gure-; Mong. *guri-; Jpn. *kr;
Kor. *krh-.
PTung. *gure- free, spacious (, ): Neg. gujex; Ul. gure; Ork. gurei; Nan. guxe (irreg. < *gure-ke ?); Orch. gure-ni.
1, 169.
PMong. *guri- hungry, starving (, ): WMong. uria, uriu; Kh. guriad-; Bur. gurinxa; Kalm. u, o,
o.
KW 151, 155.
PJpn. *kr empty (): MJpn. kara (in comp.); Tok. kar; Kyo.
kr; Kag. kr.
JLTT 438. The accent in Kyoto is irregular, but Tokyo and Kagoshima point more
or less certainly to *kr. Despite Martin (ibid.), the word should be probably distinguished from *kr shell.

PKor. *krh- to be hungry; to be empty ( ; ): MKor. kr-ph-, krh-; Mod. koph-, kol- [kolh-].
Nam 51, KED 152, 160.
Martin 231 (Kor.-Jpn.)
-gre to see; understand: Tung. *gur-; Mong. *gori; Turk. *g ( = *gr-s)
/ *gr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *gur- 1 to look out, appear 2 to understand (1 ,
2 ): Evn. gpken- 1; Neg. gupket-/- 1; Ul. gurpun- 1; Ork. golpon-, gorpon- 1; Nan. gurpun- 1; Sol. guru- 2.
1, 163, 174. Sol. > Dag. goro-, guru- (. . 132).
PMong. *gori hope (): WMong. gori (L 361); Kh. go; Bur.
gori; Kalm. gr (); Ord. Gori; Dag. goro-, guru- to understand, think
about smth..
PTurk. *g ( = gr-s) / *gr- 1 eye (*g) 2 to see, look (*gr-) (1
2 ): OTurk. kz 1, kr- 2 (Orkh., Yen.,OUygh.); Karakh. kz 1, kr2 (MK, KB); Tur. gz 1, gr- 2; Gag. gz 1, gr- 2; Az. gz 1, gr- 2; Turkm.
gz 1, gr- 2; Sal. g(:)z 1, gr- 2; Khal. kr- 2; MTurk. gz (Sangl., Pav.
C.), kz (Vamb.) 1, kr- (MA, Abush., Sangl.) 2; Uzb. kz 1, kr- 2; Uygh.
kz 1, kr- 2; Krm. goz/koz 1, kor- 2; Tat. kz 1, kr- 2; Bashk. k 1, kr- 2;
Kirgh. kz 1, kr- 2; Kaz. kz 1, kr- 2; KBalk. kz 1, kr- 2; KKalp. kz 1,
kr- 2; Kum. gz 1, gr- 2; Nogh. kz 1, kr- 2; SUygh. kz 1, gr- 1; Khak.
ks (Sag.) 1, kzenek (Kzil.) window, kr- 2; Shr. ks (R) 1; Oyr. ks, dial.
kz 1, kr- 2; Tv. kstk eye-glass, ksk visible, good-eyed, kskenek

568

*gV - *got

window, kr- 2; Tof. kskt- to show, kr- 2; Chuv. ko 1, kor- 2; Yak.

kr- 2; khn- to be seen; Dolg. kr- 2; khn- to be seen.
VEWT 292, TMN 3, 637f, EDT 756 (*g), 736 (*gr-), 1, 310, 314, 3,
60-64 (*g), 77-79, 81-84 (*gr-), 209, Stachowski 155, 156. The Chuv. reflex requires a supposition of a final cluster (*rs) in the nominal stem; this may be a suffixed
deverbative. OT krg glance; image > MMo, WMong. krg image.

PKor. *kr- to long for, miss, think of ( ,

-.): MKor. kr-; Mod. kri-.
Nam 68, KED 237.
PKE 85, 281, 14. ? Cf. Mong. girkaj having good
eyesight.
-gV to move, be irritated: Tung. *gori-; Mong. *gurba-; Turk. *K-ga-.
PTung. *gori- to move, stir (, ): Evk. gori-;
Evn. gurgld- (gurge work, engagement); Sol. gurgelb- (trans.).
1, 161, 173-174.
PMong. *gurba- to creep, move creeping (of a snake) (, ): WMong. urba-; Kh. gurvala-; Kalm. urw-,
urwlz-.
KW 156.
PTurk. *K- 1 to be irritated, agitated 2 to move; irritate (1
2 ; ): Turkm. Gza- 2; MTurk.
qoza- (Pav. C., Abush., . .) 2; Uzb. qzi- 1, qza- 2; Uygh. qoza2; Krm. qoza- 2; Tat. quza- (dial.) 2; Bashk. qu- 1 (dial.); Kirgh. qozu1, qozo- 2; Kaz. qoz- 1, qoza- 2; KBalk. qoz- 1, qoza- 2; KKalp. qoz- 1,
qoza- 2; Kum. qoza-, xoza- 2; Nogh. qoz- 1, qoza- 2; Oyr. qosqo- 2.
3, 132-133. The roots *K- to be hungry and *K- to be agitated are usually considered to be a single root and are very hard to distinguish within Turkic.

A Western isogloss. The root is homonymous with *ga to starve

(except that the final vowel is uncertain here), but it seems impossible
to reduce the two roots to a single entity.
-got ( ~ -u-, -e) a k. of fish: Tung. *gutk-; Mong. *gutaar; Jpn. *kti ( ~
-ua-).
PTung. *gut-k- pike (): Evk. gutkn; Evn. gtken; Nan. g;
Orch. ge; Ud. guese.
1, 175.
PMong. *gutaari burbot (): WMong. utari, utaari (L 370);
Kh. gutr; Bur. gutr.
PJpn. *kti ( ~ -ua-) Platycephalus indicus ( ,
Platycephalus indicus): Tok. kochi.
It is not quite clear whether Mong. and TM reflect a common derivative *got-gV (with assimilation -g- > -k- in TM) or these are independent derivations.

*gui - *gje

569

-gui ( ~ -e) eagle: Tung. *gusi; Turk. *gi-.

PTung. *gusi eagle (): Evk. gus; Evn. gusete; Neg. gusixn; Ul.
gusi; Ork. gusi; Nan. gusi; Orch. gusi.
1, 175.
PTurk. *gi- eagle (): Tur. gen, ggen; MTurk. kigen
(Houts.); Tat. kcgn (Sib.); Bashk. ksgn (dial.); Kirgh. kgen; Kaz.
kigen; KKalp. kigen; Oyr. kgen (Tel.); Chuv. kajk-kk, kajk-k
animals and birds.
TMN 3, 631, 5, 130. The Chuv. form is hardly derived from *Ku bird, despite 1, 289.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-gudV ( ~ -o-) (?) straight, vertical: Tung. *goda-; Mong. *goda-; Kor.
*kt-.
PTung. *goda- straight, vertical (, , ): Man. Godoon.
1, 166.
PMong. *goda- straight, vertical, sticking out (, , ): WMong. odaar (L 357: oduur), odai (L 357); Kh.
godgor, godoj-; Bur. godogor, godoj-; Kalm. odr, od-; Ord. GodoGor.
KW 149.
PKor. *kt- straight, vertical (, ): MKor. kt-;
Mod. kot-.
Nam 50, KED 156.
Lee 1958, 111, 1, 166 (Tung.-Kor.). Not a very reliable root.
Note that the Manchu form may belong here only if it is separated from
TM *gugda high, tall (see under *gki), which is not necessarily so. The
reflex -t- in Kor. points rather to *-t- (unless one presumes secondary
morphonological analogies). One wonders if all the forms present here
do not actually represent reflexes of *gok-dV, the suffixed form of PA
*gki.
-gje to love, like: Tung. *guej; Mong. *goju; Turk. *gel; Jpn.
*ku-p-; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *guej 1 beautiful 2 lovely 3 deserving pity 4 to love, like (1
2 3 , 4 ): Evk. guej 1; Evn.
guj 2, 3; Neg. guej 1; Ul. guukuli 1, guele 3; Ork. guile 3; Nan. guiele
3; Orch. gueje 3; Ud. guihi 3; Sol. gun- 4.
1, 167. TM > Dag. gueje (. . 133).
PMong. *goju beautiful, good (, ): WMong. oju,
oji (L 358); Kh. gojo; Bur. gojo; Ord. GojoGlo- marcher dun facon
lgant et vive (femmes); Dag. goji (. . 132).
Mong. > Evk. gojo etc., see Doerfer MT 102; MMong. goiqan > Chuv. xxm
(Rna-Tas 1971-1972).

570

*gk - *gl

PTurk. *gel beautiful (): Tur. gzel; Gag. gzl; Az. gzl;
Turkm. gzel; MTurk. kzel (Pav. C.); Uzb. gzal; Uygh. gzl; Krm.
guza (K); Kirgh. kzl; Nogh. kzel.
3, 63-64, VEWT 295.
PJpn. *ku-p- 1 to love 2 love (1 3): OJpn. kwopu- 1,
kwopi 2; MJpn. kfu- 1; Tok. ki 2; Kyo. k 2; Kag. ko 2.
JLTT 711, 714.
PKor. *k- to love, like (): MKor. k-; Mod. kw- (arch.).
Liu 66, KED 188.
12, Martin 236. The root contains a rare medial cluster *-j-.
-gk ( ~ -o-) curve, hook; to cling to: Tung. *guk-; Mong. *gok-; Jpn.
*kk-.
PTung. *guk- 1 bent upwards (of head) 2 convex, hill 3 part of harness (a piece of iron with a ring) 4 (plough) thills 5 ski straps (1 ( ) 2 , 3 (
) 4 ( ) 5 ): Evk. gugarka 3;
Man. gukdu 2, Goqi 4; Ul. gksi 5; Nan. guk 1.
1, 159, 166, 169.
PMong. *gok- hook (): MMong. ua (MA 223); WMong. oqa
(L 363), oqu; Kh. gox; Bur. goxo; Kalm. ox.
Mong. > Evk. goko, Man. Goon etc., see 1, 158-159, KW 149, Doerfer MT 79,
Rozycki 91). Cf. also Bur. gogno-gor with head bent upwards.

PJpn. *kk- 1 hook; key 2 to attach, hang 3 to be attached (1 ;

2 , 3 ): OJpn. kag(j)i 1, kak(a)2, kaka-r- 3; MJpn. kg 1, kka- 2, kk-r- 3; Tok. kag 1, kak- 2, kakr- 3;
Kyo. kg 1, kk- 2, kkr- 3; Kag. kag 1, kk- 2, kkr- 3.
JLTT 433, 702. Accent in Kyoto kk- is irregular..
Cf. *gk, *ku, *kki.
-gldi to tether, bind: Tung. *gulde-; Mong. *gldi-; Turk. *gl-.
PTung. *gulde- to untie, unwrap (, ):
Neg. gulde-; Nan. gulde-.
1, 170.
PMong. *gldi- to bend the neck, to harness ( , ): WMong. gldi-; Kh. gldij-; Bur. gld-; Kalm. gldi-.
KW 139.
PTurk. *gl- to tether, bind feet (, ):
Karakh. kl-tr- (MK); Tur. gl- (dial.); Turkm. gjl-; SUygh. kul-; Oyr.
kl-; Tv. xl-.
VEWT 308, EDT 717 (incorrectly to kl- harness), 3, 95-96.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *koli, *kuli, *kia.
-gl dwelling, cottage: Tung. *gle; Turk. *gl; Jpn. *kr.
PTung. *gle hut, dwelling-place (, ): Evk. gle.

*guna - *gno

571

See 1, 171. Attested only in Evk. (whence Russ. Siber. gu house, dwelling,
see 171), but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *gl 1 vestibule, inner porch 2 house, hut 3 home, dwelling-place (1 , 2 , 3 ): Tur. gil family (as a second part of compound), (dial.) 3; Az. gil family (as a second part of compound); Chuv. kil, kl 2; Yak. kl 1.
VEWT 270, 112, 1, 291-292. Yak. kl is secondarily borrowed from
Tungus, see VEWT 270; but kle may be inherited.

PJpn. *kr shed (): OJpn. kura; MJpn. kr; Tok. kur; Kyo.
kr; Kag. kr.
JLTT 464.
EAS 48.
-guna to rob, attack, torture: Tung. *gun-; Mong. *gani; Turk. *Kun-.
PTung. *gun- to punish, avenge (, ): Evk. guna-.
1, 172. Attested only in Evk., but having probable Turkic and Mongolian parallels.

PMong. *gani 1 berserk, frenzied 2 to strive, endeavor (1 ,

2 ): MMong. qani (HY 38), qni stupid (MA),
ani (LH); WMong. gani 1, gani- 2(L 349); Kh. ga 1, gani- 2; Bur. gani(g)
1; Kalm. gr- to become mad; Dag. gni (. . 130) 1.
KW 148.
PTurk. *Kun- to rob, plunder, attack (, ): OTurk.
qun- (OUygh.); Karakh. qun- (MK); Turkm. Gunu- (dial.); Kirgh. qun-;
SUygh. qun-; Tv. xun-.
6, 141, VEWT 300, EDT 632.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *ka.
-gno to think: Tung. *gn-; Mong. *guni-; Turk. *Kun-; Jpn. *kn-m-;
Kor. *knr-.
PTung. *gn- 1 to say 2 to think (1 2 ): Evk. gn- 1;
Evn. gn- 1; Neg. gn- 1; Man. Guni- 2; SMan. Goni- 2 (1848); Jurch.
xen-du-ru (467) 1; Ul. wembuwu 1; Ork. un- 1; Nan. un(de)- 1; Orch. gun1; Ud. gun- 1; Sol. gun- 1.
1, 171. Loss of *g- in Ul., Orok and Nan., as well as vowel shortening is unclear (perhaps a different root).

PMong. *guni- be sad, anxious (): WMong. uni-; Kh. guni-;

Bur. guni-; Kalm. u-; Ord. Gunid-; Dag. guni-; Dong. Gunira-.
KW 155.
PTurk. *Kun- 1 attention, care 2 usefulness 3 to yearn, be anxious,
sorry (1 , , 2 , 3 , , ): MTurk. qunuq- 3 (Pav. C.); Uzb. qunt 1;
Tat. qon 1, (dial.) qonar 2; qono diligent, busy, qonoq- to get used, become accustomed; Bashk. qont (dial.) 1, qonar 2; Kirgh. qunt 1, qunar 2;

572

*gpu - *gure

Kaz. qunt 1; KKalp. qunt 1; qunq- become accustomed; Oyr. qunuq-,

qunan-, qunal- 3; Tv. qunuq- 3.
6, 147-148, 149-150. *Kun- to yearn, be sorry and *Kun- attention, usefulness can hardly be separated; despite late attestation a theory of Mong. origin ( < Mong.
guni-) is hardly plausible because of quite different affixation.

PJpn. *kn-m- to like, wish (, ): OJpn. konom-;

MJpn. knm-; Tok. konm-; Kyo. knm-; Kag. knm-.
JLTT 712.
PKor. *knr- to take care of, to look after (, ): MKor. knr-; Mod. knr-.
Nam 66, KED 232.
Poppe 24, KW 155, 1, 234, 291. Verbal low
tone in Korean. There are several mental verbs of the type KUNV in
Altaic, and they are not always easy to distinguish from each other.
Besides *gno think cf. also notes to *ku distress, envy, *knu to
long, covet, *ka punishment (the latter - with additional analogies
with *guna attack, torture). On the whole this produces an extremely
complicated etymological situation, and we are not sure we have disentangled everything correctly.
-gpu ( ~ -o-) empty, hollow: Tung. *gub-; Mong. *gobi-; Jpn. *kp-.
PTung. *gub- 1 to submerge 2 to sink, get stuck in smth. (1 , 2 , ): Evn. gb- 1, gupturu- 2.
1, 163, 173.
PMong. *gobi- 1 chute 2 empty place, desert (1 2 , ): WMong. obil 1, obi, obija 2 (L 357); Kh. govil 1, go 2;
Bur. gobil 1, gubi 2; Kalm. owl 1, uw, ow, w, owi 2 164.; Ord.
Guwil, Guwi 2; Dag. gobi, go (. . 132) 2; Dong. gobi; Bao. gbi;
S.-Yugh. gobi.
KW 152, MGCD 296. Mong. > Evk. gowi, Man. gobi, see Doerfer MT 102, Rozycki 90.
Forms like Kaz. qob, Oyr. qob etc. ( 6, 6-7) are also most likely < Mong.

PJpn. *kp- to make a nest ( ): OJpn. su-kup-; MJpn.

kf-, s-kf-.
JLTT 718.
An expressive root; not quite reliable because of scanty reflexation
in TM and possible contaminations with *gebo et al. On a possible reflex
in Turk. see under *kobu.
-gure flour: Mong. *guril; Turk. *Kr; Jpn. *ku; Kor. *kr.
PMong. *guril flour (): MMong. qolir (IM), ulir (MA), lir
(LH); WMong. uril, ulir (L 367); Kh. guril; Bur. guril; Kalm. ujr; Ord.
gulir, guril; Mog. ulur; ZM orul (16-7b); Dag. goli(l) (. . 132), goli
(MD 152); Dong. quru, Guru; Mongr. Gurir (SM 127).
KW 153. Mong. > Tadzh. ulur (Lig. VMI 46).

*gurgi - *gri

573

PTurk. *Kr millet flour boiled in water or milk ( ,

): Karakh. krek (MK) 1.
VEWT 311, EDT 747.
PJpn. *ku flour (): OJpn. kwo; MJpn. k; Tok. k; Kyo. k; Kag.
k.
JLTT 453.
PKor. *kr flour (): MKor. kr, kr; Mod. karu.
Nam 10, 20, KED 12.
Martin 248. In Kor. the word seems to be related to kr- to grind,
pulverize - but this meaning is probably secondary (the verb originally
means to polish, whet). The tone discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn.
should be explained either by the secondary influence of this verbal
stem in Korean, or by contraction in Japanese (where *ku < *gur(e)-ga);
the first explanation seems more probable because the vowel reflex in
Korean is also not quite regular (*-o- would be normally expected).
-gurgi palate: Tung. *gorgakta; Mong. *gree; Turk. *Kurgak.
PTung. *gorgakta palate, uvula (, ): Neg. gorkakta; Man.
Guqan Adams apple (?); Ork. Goaqta.
1, 161, 173.
PMong. *gree front part of the throat ( ):
WMong. grege(n) (L 392); Kh. gr(n); Bur. gr; Kalm. grn; Ord.
gr; Dag. gure; S.-Yugh. gurn.
KW 139, MGCD 309. Mong. > Kirgh. kr, Man. gurexe (see Doerfer MT 143).
PTurk. *Kurgak palate (): Khak. xurax; Oyr. quraq.
VEWT 303, 230.
A Western isogloss. See 230.
-gri wide, broad, thick: Tung. *gora; Mong. *gr; Turk. *gr; Kor.
*krk-.
PTung. *gora far (): Evk. goro; Evn. gor; Neg. gojo; Man.
Goro; SMan. Gor (2613); Jurch. gor-o (701); Ul. Goro; Ork. Goro; Nan.
Goro; Orch. g; Ud. g; Sol. goro.
1, 161-162. TM > Dag. gro (. . 132).
PMong. *gr 1 wide, broad 2 swollen (1 2 ):
MMong. gur (SH) 1; WMong. greger 2 (MXTTT); Kh. grger 2; Bur.
greger 2; Ord. greger 2.
PTurk. *gr 1 stout-hearted, courageous 2 thick, dense, abundant 3
wide, broad 4 well fed (1 2 , , 3
4 ): Karakh. kr 1 (MK, KB); Tur. gr 2; Gag.
gr 2; Az. gr 2; Turkm. gr 2; Krm. kr 2; Tat. kr 1, 4; Bashk. kr 1, 4;
Kirgh. kr powerful; Kum. kr 1; Nogh. kr friendly; Khak. kr 1; Tv.
xr healthy, well fed; Chuv. kr 1, 2; Yak. kr 3.

574

*gri - *gri

VEWT 310-311, EDT 735, 3, 106, 1, 277-278. Turk. > WMong. kr,
Kalm. kr (KW 246).
PKor. *krk- thick (): MKor. krk-; Mod. kuk- [kulk-].
Nam 63, KED 219.
Despite Poppe (1960,18 etc.) the TM form cannot be compared
with Mong. qola far.
-gri to slander, go mad: Tung. *gori-; Mong. *gr-; Turk. *Kr; Jpn.
*krp-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *gori- to go mad ( ): Evk. gori-; Nan. Goria-;
Ud. gulela-.
1, 161.
PMong. *gr- 1 slander, deceit 2 slanderer 3 to slander (1 ,
2 3 ): WMong. gr 1, gre-i 2, grde-, grle3 (L 387); Kh. gr 2, grd- 3; Bur. grde- 3; Kalm. grd- to deny (
147, 149); Ord. gr 1, grd- 3, gri 2; S.-Yugh. grd- 3.
MGCD 300.
PTurk. *Kr trick, device (, , ): OTurk. tevlig krlg tricky, tev kr (Orkh., OUygh.).
EDT 735, 745.
PJpn. *krp- to become crazy, go mad ( ): OJpn. kurup-; MJpn. krf-; Tok. kur-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 717.
PKor. *kr- to be wrong, mistaken (, ):
MKor. kr(s)-; Mod. kr-.
Nam 67, KED 236.
Martin 246. Korean has a usual verbal low tone.
-gri ( ~ -o-, --, -e) deer, game: Tung. *gurma- / *gurna-; Mong.
*gre-; Kor. *krn.
PTung. *gurma- / *gurna- 1 hare 2 squirrel 3 ermine (1 2
3 ): Evk. gurnun 2; Evn. gurnata 3; Man. Gulmaun 1; SMan.
Gulmahun hare, rabbit (2216); Jurch. guRma-xaj (150); Nan. Gorma 1.
1, 161, 174. Cf. also Nan. (On.) gorgo fox.
PMong. *gre- antelope, wild steppe animal, game (,
, ): MMong. goree, goreesun (SH),
gors[o]n (IM), gursun (MA); WMong. grge(n), grges(n) (L 387); Kh.
grs(n); Bur. grhe(n); Kalm. grsn, gr; Ord. grs; Mog. ZM
gor[]sun wild ass (21-1); Dag. gurs (. . 133), gurse (MD 153);
S.-Yugh. grsn; Mongr. koros bte froce, bte sauvage (SM 215).
KW 138, MGCD 301. Mong. > Sol. gures, Man. gurgu, see Poppe 1966, 191-192, Doerfer MT 137.

PKor. *krn deer, reindeer, elk (, ): MKor. krn; Mod.

korani.
Liu 63, KED 138.

*gi - *gua

575

PTM and Korean reflect a common derivative *gri-nV-. Note that

Mong. *gura roebuck is to be kept apart, see *urV.
-gi to unfasten, (un)tie: Tung. *gur-; Mong. *gr- / *gr-; Turk.
*g-; Jpn. *kr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *gur- 1 to unfasten 2 to tie (a band) 3 string, lace (1 2 () 3 , ): Evk. gur- 1,
gurewu- 2, guren 3; Evn. gurelge- 1, grn 3; Man. Guran 3; Ul. gure-li- 1;
Ork. gure-li- 1; Nan. gure-li- 1, gor 2; Orch. gue 3; Ud. gue- 2.
1, 174.
PMong. *gr- / *gr- to plait, spin (, ): MMong. gur(Lig.VMI); WMong. gr-, gr- (L 387, 392); Kh. gr-; Bur. gre-;
Kalm. gr-; Ord. gr-; S.-Yugh. gur-; Mongr. guru- (SM 144), gur-.
KW 139, MGCD 301.
PTurk. *g- 1 to lace, bind 2 part of loom (1 , 2
): Turkm. gze- 1; MTurk. kzk (IM) 2; Kirgh. kzk 2; Oyr.
kzg 2 (dial. North.); Chuv. kr 2.
VEWT 312-313, 5, 131.
PJpn. *kr- to wind (, ): OJpn. kur-; MJpn. kr-;
Tok. kr-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 716.
PKor. *kr- to unfasten (): MKor. kr-, kr-; Mod. k:r-.
Nam 66, 67, KED 236.
Poppe 25, 107, Miller 1996, 154, Tekin 1979, 127. Korean has standard verbal low tone.
-gusa ( ~ -o-, --) elder male relative: Tung. *gusin; Jpn. *kas.
PTung. *gusin maternal uncle ( ): Evk. gusin; Evn.
gser; Ul. gusi(n); Ork. gusi(n); Nan. gus; Orch. gusin; Ud. goso, guse
(. 222).
1, 175.
PJpn. *kas father (): OJpn. kaso; MJpn. kz, kz.
JLTT 447.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-gua bitter, sour: Tung. *goi-; Mong. *gasi-un.
PTung. *goi- bitter, sour (, ): Evk. goi; Evn. got;
Neg. gotgd; Man. Gosi-on; SMan. Goshun (430); Ul. Gotl; Ork. Gott;
Nan. Go; Orch. gotisi; Ud. guaihi; Sol. gogdi.
1, 182-183.
PMong. *gasi-un bitter (): MMong. qaiun (SH, HYt),
qsun acid, qsun bitter (IM), aun (MA), qsn (Lig.VMI); WMong.
asiu(n) (L 354); Kh. gan; Bur. gan; Kalm. an; Ord. Gan; Mog.
qan, an; ZM qun (14-9b); Dag. gasn (. . 130), gasun (MD

576

*gt - *gt

148); Dong. qun, qun; Bao. xoal- to become acid, bitter; S.-Yugh.
Gan; Mongr. Gan (SM 121), xain, Gain 1.
KW 147, MGCD 288. Also *gosi-un, Kalm. gon id. (KW 152); cf. also gesigne,
MMong. (HY) geiun, Khalkha gene rhubarb ( > Russ. dial gen, see 164).

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. 17, . 41, Rozycki

92. ? Cf. OJpn. kasu dregs.
-gt to deteriorate: Tung. *gutu-; Mong. *gutu-; Turk. *Ktu; Jpn.
*kutu-.
PTung. *gutu- 1 to disgrace 2 to rough-house, rage (1 ,
2 ): Man. Gutubu- 1; Ul. Goto- 2.
1, 163, 176.
PMong. *gutu- to deteriorate, lose power, lose courage, become
spoiled (, , , ):
WMong. utu-, utura- (L 370); Kh. guta-, gutra-; Bur. guta-; Kalm. ut, ; Ord. Guta- to be dishonest; Dag. goto(. . 132), gotorolg-.
KW 156, MGCD 305.
PTurk. *Ktu 1 mad, enraged 2 to become mad, rage 3 to instigate
4 instigation (1 , 2 , 3 4 ): OTurk. qutur- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. qutuz 1, qutur- 2 (MK); Tur. kuduz 1, kudur- 2; Gag.
quduz 1; Az. Guduz 1, Gudur- 2; Turkm. Guduz 1, Gdura- 2; MTurk. qutuz 1 (Ettuhf., . .), qutur- 2 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. qutur- 2; Uygh. qutu(r)2; Krm. qutur- 2; Tat. qotoroq 4, qotr- 2; Bashk. qotort- 3; Kirgh. qutur- 2;
Kaz. qutr- 2; KKalp. qutr- 2; Kum. qutur- 2; Nogh. qutr- 2; Chuv.
xdr boaster, xdr- to curse; kdr- 2 ( < Tat.); Yak. qutur- 2.
VEWT 305, EDT 605, 608, 6, 103-105.
PJpn. *kutu- to rot, become spoiled (, ): OJpn. kutu-,
caus. kutas-; MJpn. ktu-, caus. kts-; Tok. kuch-, kchi-; Kyo. kch-;
Kag. kch-.
JLTT 717. Original accentuation is not quite clear. The causative kts- in RJ and the
variant kch- in Tokyo point to a high tone (corresponding to Turkic length), but other
evidence is in favour of a low tone.

Ozawa 209-210, KW 156. The original meaning may be reconstructed as deteriorate, with two directions of semantic development (
> a) to become mad, enraged; > b) to become spoiled, rot).

I
-i a deictic root: Tung. *i; Mong. *i-nu-; Turk. *-na-; Jpn. *i; Kor. *.
PTung. *i 3d p. deictic stem ( 3 .): Man. i;
ineku the same; SMan. he, she (2877); Jurch. in; Sol. ini his.
1, 315, 319.
PMong. *i-nu- 3d p. possessive pronoun (. . 3 .):
MMong. ino (Gen.) (HYt, SH); WMong. inu- (L 412); Kh. ; Bur. ;
Kalm. ; Mog. ini ~ ni ~ ne ~ i (Weiers); Dag. n he; this, that (. .
146).
PTurk. *-na- that (): Turkm. na-ru; Khal. na; Tv. nda there,
nd such; Tof. nda there.
PJpn. *i that (): OJpn. i.
JLTT 420.
PKor. * this (): MKor. ; Mod. i.
Nam 397, KED 1316.
SKE 66, 1, 271-272, 56-57, 297.
-b door, yard: Tung. *ib-le; Mong. *ede; Turk. *eb; Jpn. *pa; Kor.
*p.
PTung. *ib-le 1 yard 2 dwelling, building (1 2 , ): Man. olen ~ ulen ~ len 2; Jurch. ew-le (197) 1.
2, 16. Cf. also *b-e relative-in-law ( 1, 295; = PT *eb-i ?).
PMong. *ede door (): MMong. euden gate, entry (HY 16,
SH), iudn (MA); cf. also eede (SH) Zeltgerst, Trrahmen; WMong.
egde(n) (L 300); Kh. d(en); Bur. de(n); Kalm. dn; Ord. de; Mog.
dn; ZM ujdn (22-10a); Dag. eude, eud (. . 141, MD 146); Dong.
viien; Bao. nda; S.-Yugh. den, uden; Mongr. ude (SM 464), rde (Huzu).
KW 461, MGCD 685, TMN 1, 196.
PTurk. *eb house (): OTurk. eb (Orkh.), ev (OUygh.); Karakh. ev
(MK), v (KB); Tur. ev; Gag. jev; Az. ev; Turkm. j; Khal. hv; MTurk. j
(Pav. C., . .); Uzb. uj; Uygh. j; Krm. j; Tat. j; Bashk. j; Kirgh.
j; Kaz. j; KBalk. j; KKalp. j; Kum. j; Nogh. j; SUygh. j; Khak. ib;
Shr. em, (Kond.) j; Oyr. j; Tv. g; Tof. g; Chuv. av-la-n- to marry.

578

*b - *ibkV

VEWT 34, EDT 3-4, 1, 287-288, 513-514, 21, 500. The word
for woman in some languages goes back to PT *eb-i (housewife), see EDT 6; borrowed in Mong. as ebsi female of a big bear, see Clark 1980, 43).
PJpn. *pa hut (): OJpn. ip(w)o, ip(w)ori; MJpn. f, fr; Tok.
o(ri); Kyo. r; Kag. iri.
JLTT 425. Modern dialects reflect rather *pa - but RJ has quite explicitly both f
and fr.

PKor. *p door (): MKor. p.

Nam 406.
Menges 1982, 109. A good common Altaic root; if TM *b-e belongs here, can be reconstructed as *be.
-b ( ~ -p-) grain: Tung. *ibi-; Turk. *ebin; Jpn. *p; Kor. *pj.
PTung. *ibi- to pick out seeds ( ( )): Man.
iaa afa-, iaala-.
1, 294. Attested only in Manchu, but having plausible external parallels.
PTurk. *ebin grain, seed (, ): OTurk. evin (OUygh.);
Karakh. evin (MK, KB); Tur. Osm. evin, Anat. efin; MTurk. evin (Qutb);
Oyr. ebin; Chuv. avn ap- to flail, avn karti cornfloor > Mari (Low)
avn, Mari (High) n..
VEWT 34, EDT 12, . 82.
PJpn. *p boiled rice, boiled grains ( , ):
OJpn. ipji; MJpn. f.
JLTT 421.
PKor. *pj rice plant, grain of rice (, ): MKor. pj;
Mod. pj.
Nam 257, KED 774.
In Kor. a frequent initial vowel reduction occurred.
-ibkV a k. of vessel: Tung. *ibk-n; Mong. *(h)keg; Turk. *kek; Jpn.
*ukupa.
PTung. *ibk-n 1 scoop 2 small boat 3 box (1 2
3 ): Evk. iwkn 1; Neg. iwkn 1; Man. weiku 2; Ul. uxe, ujg 1;
Ork. iwwe 1; Nan. juke(n), ujk 1, dial. uixu 2, ujek 3; Orch. eukke, jeuke 1;
Ud. jge 1 (. 242).
1, 295, 2, 250, 251, 252 (forms like ujeken are most probably interdialectal
loans).

PMong. *(h)keg trough, box for dishes (, ): WMong. keg, kg (L 1002, 1003); Kh. xeg; Bur. xeg; Kalm. kg;
Ord. kek.
KW 456.
PTurk. *kek box (, ): Karakh. kek (MK); Bashk. klk
store, stall; Kirgh. kk; Tv. gek kennel; basket; Yak. gex stockroom.

*e - *iV

579

EDT 105, VEWT 370, 521. Derivation from *k- to heap up (v. sub *k),
see 579-580 with lit., is dubious, primarily for semantic reasons.
PJpn. *ukupa scoop, vessel (, ): OJpn. ukupa.
Mong. may be < Turk., but otherwise the root seems quite reliable.
-e to go, reach, get ready to go: Tung. *is-; Mong. *iu-; Jpn. *su(n)k-.
PTung. *is- to reach (): Evk. is-; Evn. s-; Neg. s-; Man. isi-;
SMan. ii- to be enough, suffice (2798); Jurch. isi-maj (380); Ul. s-; Ork.
s-; Nan. s-; Orch. isi-; Ud. -gi-; Sol. is-.
1, 329-330. TM > Dag. iik- (. . 146).
PMong. *iu- to go back, get ready to go back (, ): MMong. iu- (SH, HYt); Ord. ii-; Dag. i- to
go to a place (. . 146: ii-), ii go (MD 170); Mongr. i-,
(MGCD) ii- to go to a place.
MGCD 534.
PJpn. *su(n)k- to hurry, get ready to go (, ): OJpn. iswog-; MJpn. swg-; Tok. isg-; Kyo. sg-; Kag. sg-.
JLTT 699.
One of the common Altaic verbs of motion.
-iu inside: Mong. *(h)ii-; Turk. *i; Jpn. *utu.
PMong. *(h)ii- to lie in a hole, lair (of animals), retire into hibernation ( , ( ), ):
WMong. ii-, ie- (L 397); Kh. ie-; Bur. ee-; Kalm. i-.
KW 212.
PTurk. *i 1 interior of smth. 2 intestines 3 belly (1 2
3 ): OTurk. i (Orkh., OUygh.) 1, ieg 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. i 1 (MK, KB); Tur. i 1; Az. i 1; Turkm. i 1, iege 2; Khal. i 1,
igr 2; MTurk. i 1 (Pav. C., . .); Uygh. i 1; Tat. e 1; Kirgh. i 1,
iegi 2; Kaz. i 1; KBalk. i 1; KKalp. i 3; SUygh. hiig 3; Khak. isker 1;
Tv. iin 3; Tof. iti 1, 2; Chuv. 1; Yak. is 1; Dolg. is 1.
VEWT 168, EDT 17, 25, 1, 388-391, 392-393, Stachowski 128-129.
PJpn. *utu hole, hollow (, ): OJpn. utu; MJpn. uturo;
Tok. tsuro; Kyo. tsr; Kag. utsur.
JLTT 565. Accent not quite clear: either *t- (Kyoto, Kagoshima), or *t- (Kyoto,
Tokyo). The root seems to be distinct from *t inside (v. sub *), although the stems
certainly tend to contaminate.

Basically a Turk.-Mong. isogloss; the Jpn. reflex is somewhat dubious because of the influence of *i > PJ *t q.v.
-iV to hope, see: Tung. *ie-; Mong. *(h)ia-.
PTung. *ie- to see (): Evk. ie-; Evn. it-/-; Neg. ie-; Ul. iewu;
Ork. ite-; Nan. is(k)e-/ice-; Orch. ie-; Ud. ise-; Sol. is- to appear.
1, 334-335.

580

*idV - *k

PMong. *(h)ia- to hope, trust, believe (, ):

WMong. ia- (L 397); Kalm. ic-.
KW 211-212.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-idV to follow, lead, arrange: Tung. *idu-; Mong. *ii; Turk. *Eder-.
PTung. *idu- 1 to command 2 to arrange in order 3 order (1 2 3 ): Evn. idu- 1; Man. idu 3,
idure- 2; Ul. idu(n) 3; Nan. idu 3, idule- 2.
1, 298.
PMong. *ii 1 complete set 2 equal, identical 3 accustomed 4 to get
accustomed (1 2 , 3 4 ): MMong. iilidule- 4 (SH); WMong. ii 1, iil 2 (L
419); Kh. i 1, iil 2, 3; Bur. eel 2, 3; Kalm. il 3 accustomed to each
other (of animals); Ord. iil, eil 3 =Kal.
KW 205.
PTurk. *Eder- to follow (): OTurk. eder- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. eer- (MK); Turkm. ejer-; Uzb. ejr- (dial.); Tat. ijr-; Bashk. jr-;
Kaz. ijer-; Kum. ijer-; SUygh. ezer-; Khak. izert-; Tv. eder-; Chuv. jer-.
EDT 67, VEWT 36, 1, 242-245, 61-62.
A Western isogloss. The original meaning here is probably arrange in order, whence all the other meanings are easily deduced. Cf.
similar roots: *adV, *ude, with a possibility of secondary contaminations.
-ijsV soot, smoke: Mong. *(h)isu; Turk. *js.
PMong. *(h)isu soot (): WMong. isu, (L 417) is; Kh. is; Bur.
ehen; Kalm. i.
KW 210-211.
PTurk. *js 1 smoke 2 soot, dirty smoke 3 scent, odour 4 fumes (1
2 , 3 , 4 ): Tur. is 2; Az. his 2;
Turkm. s 3; Uygh. is 1; Tat. is 3; Kirgh. is 4; KKalp. ijis 3; Nogh. ijis 3;
Chuv. js 3; Yak. s 1, 2; Dolg. s 1, 2.
1, 379, 76, Stachowski 263. The original meaning must have been
smell, odour, see notes to *() (cf. the opposition s soot - ijis smell in Nogai etc.).

Poppe 116, VEWT 167, KW 210, 286, 371. A

Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. Kor. s moss (?)
-k to be insolent, angry, flamed up: Tung. *ik-; Mong. *(h)egde-;
Turk. *ke- (~ -); Jpn. *k-r-; Kor. *ki-.
PTung. *ik- 1 to sing 2 to sing obscene songs, blackguard (1 2
, ): Evk. ik- 1; Evn. ik- 1;
Neg. ix- 1; Man. jeke- 2; Nan. k- 1 (.); Orch. ike- 1; Ud. jexe- 1.
1, 301.

*ki - *la

581

PMong. *(h)egde- indignation (, ):

WMong. egdeg (MXTTT); Kh. egd; Kalm. egdt- to resent (
691).
PTurk. *ke- (~ -) to be insolent, quarrel ( , ): Karakh. ike-, ike- (MK); Tur. ige-; Turkm. gen- to scold, growl at;
Tat. ege-; Kirgh. ege-; Kaz. eges-; Nogh. eges-; Tv. egen- to feel uncomfortable; Yak. ee faultfinding, eel- to find faults.
EDT 101, 118-119.
PJpn. *k-r- to be angry (): OJpn. ika-r-; MJpn. k-r-; Tok.
kar-, ikr-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. ikr-.
JLTT 696.
PKor. *ki- to overcome (, ): MKor. ki-,
k-; Mod. igi-.
Nam 397, 398, KED 1319.
See SKE 68 (in Kor. cf. also igr-ida to act up, put on airs). One
of the numerous common Altaic verbs of emotion. Semantic match between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese is straightforward (to be angry, indignant). In TM one has to suppose a shift > to be insolent,
obscene > sing obscene songs, blackguard (Manchu), with further
generalization > sing in other languages. In Korean we see a different
semantic shift > to put on airs, be haughty > to overcome.
-ki ( ~ -o) to live, settle: Tung. *ix[]-; Jpn. *k-.
PTung. *ix[]- settlement (, ): Evk. ikn; Nan. ;
Ud. jogoso, joxo.
1, 302.
PJpn. *k- 1 to live 2 breath, life (1 2 , ): OJpn.
ik- 1, ikji 2; MJpn. k- 1, k 2; Tok. ik- 1, ki 2; Kyo. k- 1, k 2; Kag. k- 1,
ik 2.
JLTT 422, 697.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-la evident, visible: Tung. *il-; Mong. *ile; Turk. *iler-; Jpn. *rp-ar-.
PTung. *il- 1 figure, shape 2 body 3 example 4 exterior (1 ,
2 3 4 ): Evk. ille 2; Evn. ilr 2, lrn 1,
ilun 3; Ul. lta(n) 4; Nan. lta 4.
1, 310, 311.
PMong. *ile known, evident, obvious (, ):
MMong. ile (SH), il (MA); WMong. ile (L 404); Kh. il; Bur. eli; Kalm. il;
Ord. ile, ele; Mog. ZM il (10-2b); Dag. il, ilt (. . 146 ilte), ile (MD
171); S.-Yugh. hele.
KW 206, MGCD 407. Initial h- in S.-Yugh. is unclear. Mong. > Man. ile etc., see Doerfer MT 117, Rozycki 116; Yak., Dolg. ile (Stachowski 124).

*ile - *lka

582

PTurk. *iler- to be dimly visible ( ): Karakh.

iler- (MK); Oyr. eles silhouette, ghost, eleste- be dimly visible.
EDT 150. The form attested in MK cannot be a mongolism (primarily for semantic
reasons); however, Mong. ilere- also cannot be a Turkism, being rather derived from
Mong. ile. Modern Turkic forms - Tuva ilere-, Oyr. iler- to become visible are obvious
late mongolisms.

PJpn. *rp-ar- to appear (): OJpn. arap-ar-a-; MJpn.

rf-ar-a-; Tok. arawar-; Kyo. rwr-; Kag. arawar-.
JLTT 677. The Kagoshima accent is aberrant (type B would be expected). The stem
*rp- is also attested in *rp-s- to express, cause to appear.

The Karakh. form is isolated, but borrowing is hardly possible

here.
-ile to drive: Tung. *ilbe-; Mong. *ilee-; Turk. *l-t-, *l--.
PTung. *ilbe- to drive (): Evk. ilbe-; Evn. ilb-; Neg. ilbe-; Orch.
ibbe-; Ud. igbe-; Sol. ibere beije driver.
1, 307.
PMong. *ilee- to send (): MMong. ile- (SH) to go away,
il-, el- (IM), hile-, il- (MA), ile- to go, il- to send (HYt); WMong.
ilege- (L 404); Kh. ilg-; Bur. eg-; Kalm. ilg-; Dag. ilg- (. . 146).
KW 207. Most modern forms point to a form with secondary suffixation *il(e)ee- >
*ilgee-. Mong. > Evk. elge-, Man. elge-, elgi- etc. (see 2, 446).

PTurk. *l-t-, -- 1 to bring, carry 2 to lead, drive, send (1 2

, ): OTurk. elt- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1, 2; Karakh. elt-, elet(MK) 1; Tur. ilet- 1, 2; Turkm. elt- 1, 2; MTurk. elt- (Houts.) 2, ilet- (Pav.
C.) 1; Uzb. elt- 1; Uygh. ilt- (dial.) 1; Krm. elt- 1, 2; Tat. ilt- 1; Bashk. ilt- 1;
KBalk. elt- 1, 2; Kum. elt- 1, 2; SUygh. elt- 1, 2; Chuv. je- , le- 2; Yak. ilt1, 2.
EDT 132, VEWT 41, 1, 267-269, Stachowski 125, 126. Turk. > Mong. elde-,
Kalm. eld- (KW 119).

13. A Western isogloss.

-lka ( ~ *lka, -k-) front, before: Tung. *(x)elek-s; Turk. *il(i)k; Jpn.
*rka-.
PTung. *(x)elek-s at first, in the beginning (): Evk. eleks;
Evn. elks; Neg. elexes.
2, 449.
PTurk. *il(i)k front, before, East (, , ): OTurk.
ilki (OUygh.); Karakh. ilk (MK); Tur. ilk; Gag. jilk; Az. ilk, ilki; Turkm.
ilki; Khal. ilgr; MTurk. ilk (Ettuhf.); Uzb. ilk; Krm. ilk; Tat. lk; Bashk.
lk; Tv. elek; Chuv. lk; Yak. il-in, il-i (ilik one who is not yet...); Dolg.
ilin; ilik not yet, iligine before.
EDT 140, VEWT 170, 1, 347-350, 62-63, Stachowski 125.

*l - *ia

583

PJpn. *rka- beforehand, before (, ): OJpn.

arakasime ( -z-); MJpn. rksime; Tok. rakajime; Kyo. rkjm; Kag. arakajme.
JLTT 383.
Cf. Bur. ege(n) sunny side, Southern slope.
-l third (or next after three), consisting of three objects: Tung. *ilan;
Turk. *l; Jpn. *rpu.
PTung. *ilan three (): Evk. ilan; Evn. ln; Neg. lan; Man. ilan;
SMan. ilan (2737); Jurch. (j)ilan (638); Ul. la(n); Ork. la(n); Nan. l;
Orch. ila(n); Ud. ila(n); Sol. il.
1, 305-306.
PTurk. *l song with three out of four verses rhyming (first, second and fourth) ( (,
)): Turkm. le; MTurk. le a wedding song
(Sangl.); Uygh. l Kazakhs song; Kirgh. l song with one rhyme
for a dozen lines ( ); Kaz. l; Yak.
oloxo Yakut metric epos.
VEWT 371, EDT 147.
PJpn. *rpu bissextile (year, month) ( (, )):
MJpn. rfu; Tok. r, ur; Kyo. r; Kag. ur.
Modern dialects point rather to *rp (although accent on the non-first syllables is
somewhat difficult to reconstruct because of contractions).

An interesting etymon; the original meaning can be probably reconstructed as (a group of) three objects, followed by a fourth. The
Turkic form must represent a vowel assimilation < *il.
-ilV ( ~ --) to stand, become: Tung. *ili-; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ili- to stand (): Evk. il-; Evn. l-; Neg. lt-; Man. ili-;
SMan. ila- (537,1216), ili- (538); Jurch. ili-bu (424); Ul. lsw; Ork. ili-;
Nan. ilGo-; Orch. ili-; Ud. ili-; Sol. il-.
1, 302-303.
PKor. *r- 1 to become 2 to happen (1 2 ):
MKor. r- 1; Mod. l- 2, ir-na- 1.
Nam 405, KED 1351, 1356.
Martin 1996, 75. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-ia to rub, smear: Tung. *ilba, *ile-; Mong. *(h)il(b)i-; Turk. *-; Kor.
*ru-.
PTung. *ilba, *ile- 1 to smear 2 clay 3 to lick (1 2 3 ): Evk. ile- 3; Neg. ilede- 3; Man. ilba- 1, ilban 2, ile- 3; Ul. ile- 3; Ork.
ile- 3; Nan. lba- 1, lb 2, ile- 3; Orch. ile- 3; Ud. ile- 3.
1, 306, 311.

584

*a - *bi

PMong. *(h)il(b)i- to stroke, rub (, ): WMong. ilbi-,

ili-, ile- (L 403, 404, 407); Kh. ilbe-, ile-; Bur. ebe-; Kalm. il-, ilw-, il-; Ord.
ilbe-, (elbe-).
KW 207.
PTurk. *- 1 to rub, scrape 2 jack-plane (1 , 2 ): Tat. - 1, q 2; KBalk. i- 1.
VEWT 167, 1, 667. Despite some mergers with *j- (v. sub *iu), cf. Bashk.
j-, jq, this appears to be a separate root.

PKor. *ru- to rub, stroke, touch (, , ): Mod.

ru-(mani-).
KED 1127.
KW 207, Tekin 1975, 280, Street 1980, 296. The Korean form may
belong here if it is historically distinct from *r- fondle < *a q.v.
-a to fry, burn: Tung. *(x)ila-; Mong. *ila-; Turk. *().
PTung. *(x)ila- to burn, kindle (, ): Evk. ila-; Neg.
la-; Man. jila-; Orch. ila-; Ud. ila-; Sol. ila-.
1, 303-304.
PMong. *ila- 1 to fry (on a pan) 2 frying-pan (1 ( ) 2 ): Kh. jal- 1; Bur. jala 2; Mongr. la- faire brler,
chauffer le lit en briques (SM 190).
PTurk. *() 1 smoke 2 soot, dirty smoke 3 scent, odour 4 fumes (1
2 , 3 , 4 ): Karakh. 2 (MK),
mist (KB); KKalp. s 2; Nogh. s 2; SUygh. s 1; Khak. s 2; Oyr. 1, 2;
Tv. 1; Tof. 1; Yak. s 4.
The root originally meant soot, smoke and should be strictly kept distinct from PT
*jd- smell and *js smell, odour, fumes, although they have a natural tendency to
merge. See VEWT 167, 170, EDT 254, 883, 1, 379-382, 370-371.

A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps Jpn. *asai sweat (?).

-bi fish bait: Tung. *lb; Mong. *(h)ilbee-sn; Jpn. *i(n)sa-r-.
PTung. *lbV 1 bait 2 uvula 3 plummet, sinker (1 , 2 (); 3 ( , , )):
Evk. lb 1, 2; Man. ilmaa 2, ilmen 3; Ul. ilbuxe 3; Nan. ilbexe 3; Orch. ibbuxe 3; Ud. ilbexe 3.
1, 294, 306. Vowel shortening in Nanai is secondary.
PMong. *(h)ilbee-sn fish bait ( ): WMong. ilbeges(n) (L 402); Kh. ilbs.
PJpn. *i(n)sa-r- to fish ( ): OJpn. isar-, izar-; Tok. isari
fishing.
JLTT 699.
There may be more than one root here. Jpn. has, besides *i(n)sar-,
a synonymous *asar- to fish. One of the two Jpn. words may be alternatively compared either with TM *is- to bring the killed animals

*i - *ikV

585

from the hunt or TM *usu fishing-rod, with a provisional reconstruction of PA *isV or *usV.
-i work, craft: Tung. *(x)ilga-; Mong. *jile; Turk. *; Jpn. *isa-b,
*s-m-; Kor. *r.
PTung. *(x)ilga- 1 diligent 2 brave 3 handsome 4 crafty 5 to develop,
become firm (1 2 3 , 4 5 , ): Evk. ilga-n 1,2,3,4; Evn. lgrlb- 5;
Man. ildamu 3,4; SMan. ildamu good-looking, prim (2525).
1, 307.
PMong. *jile deed, action, work (, , , ): MMong. uele (HY 36), uejile (SH), ujle (IM); WMong. ile (L 999);
Kh. jle; Bur. jle; Kalm. l (); Ord. le; Dag. weil, uil, (. .
170) uile; Dong. uili; Bao. l; S.-Yugh. ul, ul; Mongr. ule (SM 470), uile
(Huzu).
MGCD 690. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. le (Ka. MEJ 38, Stachowski 250).
PTurk. * work, deed (, ): OTurk. i (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. (MK); Tur. i; Gag. i; Az. i; Turkm. ; Khal. ; MTurk. i
(Pav. C.); Uzb. i; Uygh. i; Krm. i; Tat. ; Bashk. ; Kirgh. i; Kaz. s;
KBalk. i; KKalp. is; Kum. i; Nogh. is; SUygh. is, s; Oyr. i; Tv. i;
Chuv. ; Yak. s.
EDT 254, VEWT 174, 1, 395-396, 66.
PJpn. *isa-b, *s-m- 1 craftsman, diligent person 2 to be brave (1
, 2 ): OJpn. isawo 1, isa-m- 2; MJpn.
isawo 1, s-m- 2; Tok. sam-, ism- 2; Kyo. sm- 2; Kag. sm-.
JLTT 699. There is some confusion between *sm- to be brave and *sm- to admonish (v. sub *s[i]), but the RJ accentuation clearly opposes them to each other.

PKor. *r work, profession (, ): MKor. r; Mod. l.

Nam 404, KED 1348.
EAS 109. Mong. jile < *il-le; Mong > Man. uilen, see Doerfer MT
119, Rozycki 222).
-ikV to hope, believe: Tung. *ilkV-; Mong. *ilga-; Turk. *an- / *ien-.
PTung. *ilkV- 1 to try 2 to hope (1 , 2 ): Evk. ilke- 1, ilkie- 2; Evn. ielkt- 1; Neg. ilki- 2.
1, 309.
PMong. *ilga- to discern, distinguish (): MMong. jilxa
(HY 40); WMong. ila- (L 406); Kh. jalga-; Bur. ilga-; Kalm. il-; Ord.
ilga-; Mog. ZM el (6-6b); Dag. jalga- (. . 147), jaleg (MD 168);
Dong. inGr-, (j)inGara-; S.-Yugh. lga-; Mongr. laGa- (SM 219), laG-.
KW 206, MGCD 733. Mong. > Oyr. la- etc. (VEWT 165, TMN 1, 194-195, 1,
652-653); > Man. ilga- (TMN 1, 195, Doerfer MT 137).

PTurk. *an- / *ien- to believe, trust (, ): Karakh.

ien- (MK, KB); Tur. an- (dial.); Turkm. an-; MTurk. an- (Abush.,

586

*m - *na

Pav. C.); Uzb. in-; Uygh. ian-, in-; Krm. an-; Tat. an-; Bashk. an-;
Kirgh. ien-; Kaz. sen-; KBalk. ian-; KKalp. isen-; Nogh. sen-; SUygh.
isen-; Khak. zen-; Oyr. ien-; Chuv. an-, en- (NW); Yak. isen- (.).
EDT 264, VEWT 174, 1, 673-674.
14. A Western isogloss.
-m now: Tung. *ime-; Mong. *(h)ima-gta; Turk. *em-; Jpn. *m; Kor.
*ima-.
PTung. *ime- fresh, new (, ): Evk. imekin; Neg. imexin;
Ork. imew; Nan. imek; Ud. imexi.
1, 314.
PMong. *(h)ima-gta always, constantly (, ):
WMong. imata (L 409); Kh. jamagt; Bur. imagta right this one now, just
this one; Ord. imagta.
Mong. > Manchu imata completely, all, totally, thoroughly (Rozycki 115).
PTurk. *em- now (): OTurk. emti (OUygh.); Tur. imdi; Az.
indi; Turkm. indi, -ndi; MTurk. imdi (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. endi; Uygh.
mdi; Krm. endi; Tat. ind; Bashk. ind; Kirgh. emi, endi; Kaz. end; KBalk.
endi; KKalp. endi; Kum. endi; Nogh. endi; Oyr. emdi; Chuv. nd.
EDT 156-157, VEWT 41, 1, 357-358, 65, 83 (with confusion
of *em- and *am- q.v. sub *mV).

PJpn. *m now (): OJpn. ima; MJpn. m; Tok. ma; Kyo. m;

Kag. im.
JLTT 423.
PKor. *ima- 1 now 2 lately, nowadays (, ): Mod. imi
1, ima-k (k time) 2.
KED 1328, 1329.
83.
-m ( ~ -i) a k. of vegetable: Jpn. *m (~-ua); Kor. *mh.
PJpn. *m (~-ua) potato (): OJpn. um(w)o; MJpn. mo;
Tok. im; Kyo. m; Kag. im.
JLTT 423.
PKor. *mh potato, yam (, ): MKor. m (mh-); Mod.
m.
Nam 191, KED 558.
Whitman 1985, 180, 237. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss, so the reconstruction is rather approximate. Cf. perhaps Oroch impai a k. of onion () ( 1, 313); Orok imu potato (ibid.) may be < Jpn.
-na dawn, dusk: Tung. *ine-; Turk. *r; Kor. *r-m.
PTung. *ine- day (): Evk. ine; Evn. in; Neg. ine(i); Man.
inegi; SMan. in (2657); Jurch. inei sun, day (3); Ul. ineni; Ork.
inegi; Nan. ini; Orch. inei; Ud. inei; Sol. inei, inei.
The deriving stem is PTM *ine- to dawn, begin (of day), see 1, 318-319.

*na - *na

587

PTurk. *r dusk (, ): OTurk. iir (~ r) (OUygh.);

Karakh. iir (MK), imir (MK Oghuz); Tur. inirik, irik (dial.), mez fog;
Turkm. mr, irik; Khal. gr, gr; Uzb. mr, imir; Krm. iir, r;
Tat. gr; Bashk. r; Kirgh. iir, rt, iirt; Kaz. r, mrt, imirt; KBalk.
iir; KKalp. iir, mrt; SUygh. ier, jir; Khak. r; Shr. r, nar; Oyr. iir,
r, nr; Tv. imir; Chuv. nrk; ner yesterday; Yak. im morning and
evening dawn; Dolg. im morning and evening dawn.
EDT 162, 188, VEWT 172, 1, 354-356, 64-65, 34-35, 81, 83.
Mudrak ( 83) separates forms with -m-, comparing them with Evk. umulge
shadow.

PKor. *r-m 1 evening, dusk 2 dark, dusky (1 , 2

): MKor. r-m 1; Mod. srm 1, sre-hada 2.
Nam 363, KED 1132.
81-82. The Turk. form reflects a velar suffix (cf. PTM
*ine-i day, dawn). Cf. perhaps OJpn. ina-(bjikari) lightning (light in
darkness?).
-na younger sibling: Tung. *nan; Turk. *ini; Jpn. *n; Kor. *.
PTung. *nan 1 husbands younger brother 2 (younger) brother- /
sister-in-law 3 sisters children 4 son-in-law 5 husbands younger sister
(1 , 2 () / 3 4 5 ): Evk. nan 1; Evn.
nn 2; Neg. na 3; Man. ina 3; SMan. in sisters son (nephew); son of
faters or moters sister (cousin) (920); Ork. na 4; Nan. n 5.
1,315. Cf. also Man. ene heir ( 2, 455).
PTurk. *ini younger brother ( ): OTurk. ini (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. ini (MK); Tur. ini; Az. ini (dial.); Turkm. ini; MTurk.
ini (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. ini; Uygh. ini; Tat. n; Bashk. n; Kirgh. ini;
Kaz. n; KKalp. ini; Kum. ini; Nogh. ini; SUygh. ini, n; Oyr. ini, n; Yak.
ini, in; Dolg. ini-b.
EDT 170, VEWT 172, TMN 2, 226, 1, 362-363, 292, Stachowski 126.
PJpn. *n elder brother ( ): OJpn. ani; MJpn. ani; Tok.
ni; Kyo. n; Kag. ni.
JLTT 382. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
PKor. * younger brother or sister ( ):
MKor. ; Mod. au.
Nam 338, KED 1075.
Vovin 1993 (Jpn.-Kor.). Cf. also MKor. m family, child.
The Korean reflexes raise some doubts: tone does not correspond to
TM, medial -- is also irregular (unless it was palatalized in before
-i, and other forms were changed by analogy); see a discussion in Martin 1996, 67-68, Robbeets 2000, 116-117. In Japanese *younger brother >

588

*io - *iV

*brother; with the introduction of *t younger brother ( < *ore

young male) *ani changed its meaning to elder brother.
-io to laugh: Tung. *ie-; Mong. *(h)inije-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *ie- to laugh (): Evk. ie-; Evn. i-; Neg. ie-; Man.
ine-; SMan. ini-, in- (186); Jurch. ine- (461); Ul. ie-kte-; Nan. ie-mu;
Orch. ie-kte-; Ud. ie-; Sol. ne-kte-.
1, 319-320.
PMong. *(h)inije- to laugh (): MMong. jinee (HY 36), jinie(SH), in-b (MA), in- (LH), in (Lig.VMI); WMong. inije-, inige-, inege(L 411); Kh. in-; Bur. e-; Kalm. i-; Ord. en-, in-; Mog. inn-; Dag.
in-, xin- (. . 184), inde- (MD 216); Dong. inie-; Bao. ine-, ne-;
S.-Yugh. -; Mongr. n- (SM 375).
KW 208, MGCD 411.
PKor. *- to laugh (): MKor. s-, - (-); Mod. t- [s-].
Nam 393, KED 1250.
EAS 114, KW 208, Poppe 70, Robbeets 2000, 111. Mong., with a
strange reflex of *h- in Southern dialects (opposed to 0- in MMong.)
may in fact reflect a contamination: cf. Evk. hene- to laugh (see under
*peka). In any case, despite Doerfer MT 23, the TM root is hardly <
Mong.
-o to neigh: Tung. *ii-; Mong. *ia-; Turk. *ra-; Jpn. *n-nak-.
PTung. *ii- to neigh (): Evk. iil-; Man. ila-, ina-; Nan.
igiri-; Sol. iele-.
1, 321. The Manchu form (but not the rest) may be < Mong.
PMong. *ia- to neigh (): MMong. iulia- (HY 16); WMong.
inaa-, iaa- (L 410, 411); Kh. jancg-; ugalda-; Bur. insag-; Kalm.
inc-; Ord. inag-; Dag. ingil- (. . 146: to moan).
KW 208, MGCD 736.
PTurk. *ra- 1 to neigh 2 to bellow, purr (1 2 , , ): Karakh. ra- (MK); Turkm. ra-; Bashk. ran- 1;
Chuv. nr- 2; Yak. ran- 1.
1, 658, 65, 73.
PJpn. *n-nak- to neigh (): MJpn. n-nak-; Tok. nanak-; Kyo.
nnk-; Kag. inank-.
JLTT 697.
An expressive root, but quite regular and doubtlessly common.
-iV shallow place: Tung. *(x)i; Jpn. *a; Kor. *j ( < *i).
PTung. *(x)i 1 sand (on a shallow place) 2 pebbles 3 small stone 4
shallow place (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. i 1, 2;
Evn. a 1, 2; Neg. 2; Man. jogan 1; SMan. uan, ohun 1 (2111);
Orch. io 2; Ud. io 4; Sol. i 3.
1, 320-321.

*ipa - *ipi

589

PJpn. *a inlet (, ): OJpn. je; MJpn. j.

JLTT 392.
PKor. *j a reef, a rock in the sea (, ): Mod. j.
KED 1160.
See SKE 76. An Eastern isogloss; the Jpn. form presupposes
*i(V)-gV, with further contraction.
-ipa ( ~ -b-) shell: Tung. *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta); Mong. *(h)ibawu; Jpn.
*apampi.
PTung. *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta) shells as ornaments ( (
)): Ork. joqto; Sol. jogs.
1, 346.
PMong. *(h)ibawu sea shell ( ): WMong. ibau,
ibau (L 396); Kh. juv; Bur. jobn.
PJpn. *apampi abalone, a k. of seashell ( ): OJpn.
apabji; MJpn. fb; Tok. wabi; Kyo. wb; Kag. awbi, awab.
JLTT 388. Accent reconstruction is somewhat uncertain.
Cf. also OJ ebi shrimp, shellfish - perhaps an old dialectal variant
of the same root.
-ipe ( ~ a-) cold, winter: Tung. *ibaksa; Mong. *ebl.
PTung. *iba-ksa frazil (): Evk. iwaksa; Evn. ws; Neg. waksa;
Ul. waqsa; Orch. juaksa (. 242); Ud. juakk (. 242), iwak.
1, 295. Cf. also Evk. ewle-se, owla-sa early spring, own last spring snow
crust ( 2, 4-5).

PMong. *ebl winter (): MMong. ubul (HY 5), ebul (SH), obol
(IM), ubul, bula- (MA); WMong. ebl (L 290); Kh. vl; Bur. bel; Kalm.
wl; Ord. wl; Mog. bl, ebul; Dag. ugul (. . 170), eule (MD
146); Dong. uvun; Bao. gu, go; S.-Yugh. wl; Mongr. ugur, gur (SM
468), rgul (Huzu).
KW 303, MGCD 538.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-ipi (~-p-,-e) mouth; to say: Tung. *(x)ipke-; Jpn. *p-; Kor. *p.
PTung. *(x)ipke- to order, tell, lure (, , ): Evk. ipku-, ipke-; Evn. ipkn-; Ud. ikpele- (. 237).
1, 322.
PJpn. *p- say (, ): OJpn. ip-; MJpn. f-; Tok. y-;
Kyo. y-; Kag. y-.
JLTT 700.
PKor. *p mouth; to recite (; , ):
MKor. p mouth, p(h)- to recite; Mod. ip.
Nam 406, 407, 409, KED 1363.
Martin 249, 111, 277. An Eastern isogloss (but cf. perhaps Mong. abija(n) (L 4), Khalkha aa, Bur. aa sound ( < *ibaja ?); on a

590

*ire - *ri

possible Turkic parallel see under *t); seems reliable, despite a tonal
discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn.
-ire to melt: Tung. *ir-; Turk. *ri-.
PTung. *ir- 1 to sink 2 to melt (1 2 , ): Evk. ir- 1; Evn. irl- 2; Man. iru- 1.
1, 328, 329.
PTurk. *ri- to melt (): Karakh. er- (MK); Tur. eri-; Gag. jeri-;
Az. ri-; Turkm. ere-; Sal. iri-; MTurk. eri- (Abushk.); Uzb. eri-; Uygh.
iri-; Krm. iri-; Bashk. ire-; Kirgh. eri-; Kaz. eri-; KBalk. eri-; KKalp. eri-;
Kum. iri-; Khak. ir-; Oyr. eri-; Tv. eri-; Chuv. irl-; Yak. ir-; Dolg. ir-.
1, 289-290, Stachowski 128, EDT 198.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-re to come, enter: Tung. *-; Mong. *ire-; Turk. *r-; Jpn. *t-r-.
PTung. *- to enter (): Evk. -; Evn. -; Neg. -; SMan. ji-be-;
Jurch. i-re- (715); Ul. -; Ork. -; Nan. -; Orch. -; Ud. -; Sol. -.
1, 293.
PMong. *ire- to come (): MMong. jire- (HY 34, SH), ir-,
iro- (IM), ir-, ir- (MA); WMong. ire- (L 413); Kh. ire-; Bur. jere-; Kalm.
ir-; Ord. ire-; Mog. ir-; ZM eir (40-7); Dag. ire- (. . 146, MD 173);
Dong. ire-; Bao. re-; S.-Yugh. ere-; Mongr. re- (SM 313), ire-.
KW 209, MGCD 412.
PTurk. *r- 1 to reach 2 to pass (1 2 ):
OTurk. er- (OUygh.) 1, er-t- (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. eri- (MK) 1; Tur. er-,
dial. r-, ir- 1; Khal. r- 1; MTurk. er- (Pav. C., AH) 1, ert- (CCom) 2;
Uzb. eri- 1; Krm. er- 1; Tat. ire- 1; Bashk. ire- 1; KKalp. eris- 1; Khak.
irt- 2; Shr. ert- 2; Oyr. dial. eri- 1, ert- 2; Chuv. irt- 2; Yak. ird- 2.
1, 288-289, 303, 1,172-173. Rsnen (VEWT 46) connects also PT
*eri- to contest, challenge ( 1, 293-294) - which, together with Mong. *eri- to seek,
search (HY ere- to hope), should be rather kept apart (possibly a separate PA root *erV).
Turk. > Hung. r- to reach, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *t-r- to reach (): OJpn. ita-r-; MJpn. t-r-; Tok.

tar-u; Kyo. tr-; Kag. itr-.
JLTT 699.
Poppe 117 (Mong.-Tung.), KW 209, 293-294. In Jpn. one
could (following Ozawa) compare *r- to enter, but the latter should
be rather compared with Kor. tr- id. (see *tire), while *t-r- is also a
perfect phonetic match for PA *re. Turk. reveals variants *r- and *r- (
< *re-?). Cf. also Koguryo *i- to enter (Lee 37, Menges 1984, 267).
-ri ( ~ *e-) to rot, pus, be sick: Mong. *(h)ereke-; Turk. *iri-; Jpn. *t-.
PMong. *(h)ereke- to vesicate; to complicate (of a disease) (; ( )): WMong. ereke- (L 322); Kh. erxe-;
Kalm. erk-; Ord. erkere-.

*ru - *r

591

KW 125.
PTurk. *iri- 1 to rot 2 pus 3 to turn sour, coagulate (1 2 3
, ): OTurk. jir- 1 (OUygh.), iri 2 (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. iri- 1, iri 2 (MK); Tur. irin 2; Gag. jirin 2; Az. irin 2;
Turkm. iri 2; MTurk. iri 2; Uzb. iri- 1, jiri 2; Uygh. iri 2; Krm. irin 2;
Tat. r- 3, rn 2; Bashk. r- 3, rn 2; Kirgh. iri- 1, 3, iri 2; Kaz. r- 1, 3,
rn 2; KBalk. irin 2; KKalp. iri- 1, 3, iri 2; Nogh. irin 2; Khak. r- 1, 3,
rn 2; Oyr. iri- 3, iri 2; Tv. iri- 1, iri 2; Yak. iree 2; Dolg. iree 2.
EDT 198, 233, 1, 372-374, Stachowski 128.
PJpn. *t- to be ill, feel pain (adj.) (, ):
OJpn. ita-; MJpn. t-; Tok. it-; Kyo. t-; Kag. it-.
JLTT 829.
KW 125.
-ru song: Tung. *ir-ke-; Mong. *ira-u; Turk. *r; Jpn. *t; Kor. *rp-.
PTung. *ir-ke- 1 to sing a song, versify 2 to cry, moan (1 , 2 ): Evk. irkihin- 2; Evn. rq- 2; Man. irgebu- 1;
SMan. irxv- (1339) 1.
1, 326, 327. Man. > Dag. irgbu- (. . 146).
PMong. *ira-u melodious sound, harmony ( ,
): MMong. jirau (MA); WMong. irau (L 413); Kh. jar; Bur.
irag ( < lit.); Ord. iraG; Mongr. joro bruit, son, voix (SM 494).
PTurk. *r song (): OTurk. r (OUygh.); Karakh. r (MK); Tur. r
(dial.); Turkm. r (dial.); MTurk. r (Pav. C., AH); Tat. r (dial.); Kirgh. r;
Khak. r; Oyr. r; Tv. r; Yak. ra; Dolg. ra.
EDT 192, VEWT 166, 201, 610, Stachowski 261. The root should be kept
distinct from *jr, although actively contaminating.

PJpn. *t song (): OJpn. uta; MJpn. t; Tok. ut; Kyo. t;

Kag. ta.
JLTT 564.
PKor. *rp- to chant, sing songs (, ): MKor. rp-;
Mod. p- [lph-].
Nam 396, KED 1302.
Mong. may be < Turk. (cf. Karakh. jrau singer, see TMN 4, 242,
1997, 164). Note also PJ *t-p- sing = Kor. *r-p-.
-r omen, divination: Tung. *rme-; Mong. *irwa; Turk. *r- / *ir-; Jpn.
*r.
PTung. *rme- to ask (): Evn. rmu-; Ul. iremesi-; Ork. ireme-;
Nan. ireme- (On.)
1, 328.
PMong. *irwa (bad) omen (() ): MMong. ira (MA
242); WMong. irua, iruua (L 415); Kh. jor(o); Bur. joro; Kalm. jor; Ord.
joro; Dag. jor (. . 147), jore (MD 173); S.-Yugh. jor.

*ru - *u

592

KW 219, MGCD 740. Despite EDT 197, hardly borrowed from Turkic; Mong. > Yak.
ra.

PTurk. *r- / *ir- omen (; ): OT ir (OUygh.) Tur.

rm (dial.); Turkm. rm; MTurk. rm (Pav. C.); Uzb. irim; Uygh. irim;
Tat. rm; Bashk. rm; Kirgh. rm; Kaz. rm; KKalp. rm; Nogh. rm;
Khak. rm (R); Shr. rm (R); Oyr. rm; Tv. rm .
EDT 197, VEWT 166, 3, 120, 1, 666. Back row in modern languages
may be due to contamination with *r-, q. v. sub *pru.

PJpn. *r 1 divination 2 to divine (): OJpn. ura 1, ura-nap- 2;

MJpn. r 1, r-naf- 2; Tok. uran- 2; Kyo. rn- 2; Kag. rn- 2.
JLTT 563, 779.
KW 219, 181.
-ru to be ashamed, shy, hostile: Tung. *ire(n)te-; Mong. *(h)ir-ba-; Turk.
*r-; Jpn. *ta-; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ire(n)te- to be ashamed (): Man. jerte-; SMan.
irt- to be bashful, to feel shy (1969); Nan. irente-.
1, 329.
PMong. *(h)ir-ba- discontent, cranky (, ): WMong. irba- / jarba-, (L 413) irbaana-; Kh. jarva-; Bur. irba-;
Kalm. jarw- ( 710).
PTurk. *r- shame, be ashamed, frighten away (, , ): Karakh. ir-, iril- (MK); Turkm. r-; Khak. irk- to languish, be
bored; Chuv. jrn-; Yak. r- to rave, become crazy.
EDT 192, VEWT 173, (incorrect in) 80.
PJpn. *ta- alienated, discontent (, ):
OJpn. utwo-; MJpn. tw-; Tok. ut-; Kyo. t-; Kag. to-.
JLTT 844. The Tokyo accent is irregular; otherwise all evidence points to *ta-. Cf.
also *tu(m)p- to shun, neglect, MJ utoma-si unpleasant, offensive.

PKor. *r- to scare, threaten, menace (, ): Mod. r-.

KED 1285.
One of many common Altaic verbs of emotion. Correspondences
are quite regular, and the etymology seems reliable.
-u trace, furrow: Tung. *iru-n; Mong. *(h)iraa-; Turk. * / *; Kor.
*r.
PTung. *iru-n furrow (, ): Man. irun, jurun; Nan. ir.
1, 328. Cf. perhaps also *ir- to drag, trail ( 1, 323-324) (< *to leave a
trace).

PMong. *(h)iraa- ripple, riffle ( ( )):

WMong. iraa (L 412); Kh. jart-; Kalm. ert-.
KW 124. WMong. iraa, irala (Kalm. irln) ripple (on water) > Man. iraxi, iren id.,
see Rozycki 117.

PTurk. * / * 1 trace 2 furrow (1 2 , ): OTurk. iz

1 (OUygh.); Karakh. iz 1 (MK); Tur. iz 1; Gag. jiz 1; Az. iz 1; Turkm. z 1;

*s - *isV

593

MTurk. iz 1 (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. iz 1; Uygh. iz 1; Krm. iz, z 1; Tat.

z 1, zan 2; Bashk. 1, an 2; Kirgh. iz 1; Kaz. z 1; KBalk. z 1; KKalp. iz
1; Kum. hzan 2; Nogh. z 1, zan 2; SUygh. is 1; Khak. s 1; Oyr. is 1; Tv.
is 1; Chuv. jr 1, jran 2.
EDT 277, 1, 383-385, 646, 647, VEWT 175, 79, 75. There exists a verbal
derivative *-te- to follow ones tracks, attested as iste- as early as in OUygh. (see EDT
243) and in many modern languages (see 1, 383); but simultaneously there is a
variant *r-te- (with *-- > -r- according to Helimskis rule), attested already in MK (see
EDT 208) and in Yak., Dolg. ird-, see Stachowski 128.

PKor. *r furrow (, ): MKor. r; Mod. ira.

Nam 399, KED 1324.
EAS 112, KW 209, Poppe 81, Lee 1958, 113, 1, 251. Despite
Doerfers (TMN 2, 53) doubts ( allerdings zweifelhaft ), the comparison seems completely justified.
-s to crush, grind; bite: Tung. *(x)ise-; Turk. *sr-; Jpn. *s; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *(x)ise- 1 to crush 2 to beat 3 to butt, quarrel (1 2
3 , ): Evk. ie- (dial.) 1; Neg. isi-kte- 1; Man. isele- 2;
Sol. iili- to contest; Orch. ismei- ( , , - ) .
1, 336.
PTurk. *sr- to bite (): Karakh. sr- (MK); Tur. sr-; MTurk.
sr-, sur- to bite, to eat (Abush., Sangl.); Krm. sr-; Kirgh. sr-; Kum.
sr-; Khak. zr-; Tv. zr-; Tof. sr-; Yak. tr-, st-; Dolg. tr-, st-.
VEWT 167, EDT 251, 1, 671-672, Stachowski 262, 263.
PJpn. *s mortar (): OJpn. usu; MJpn. s; Tok. su; Kyo.
s; Kag. us.
JLTT 564.
PKor. *sr- to grind, crush (, , ): Mod.
sr-(t:rida).
KED 1287.
SKE 73 (Kor.-Tung.), 281.
-isV to pinch, pluck out: Tung. *is-; Turk. *iske-.
PTung. *is- to pinch, pluck out (, ): Evk.
is-; Evn. is-; Neg. s-; Man. isi-; Ul. is-; Ork. isi-; Nan. is-; Orch. isi-.
1, 330.
PTurk. *iske- 1 to pinch, pluck out 2 pincers 3 chisel (1 2 , 3 , ): Karakh. iske- (MK) 1; Az.
iskn 3; Turkm. iskew 2, isgn 3; Yak. iskex 2.
EDT 246, VEWT 174 (Tadzh. iskana probably < Turk.), 1, 382-383.
A Tung.-Turk. isogloss; not quite reliable because the Turkic form
may reflect a contamination with *psa q.v.

*ite - *t

594

-ite ( ~ *eti) to eat: Mong. *ide-; Turk. *et-mek.

PMong. *ide- to eat (): MMong. jide- (HY 25, SH), id- (IM), id(MA); WMong. ide- (L 398); Kh. ide-; Bur. ede-; Kalm. id-; Ord. ide-;
Mog. id-; ZM id (16-2b); Dag. ide- (. . 146, MD 173); Dong. iie-;
Bao. nde-; S.-Yugh. ede-; Mongr. ide- (SM 188).
KW 205, MGCD 407, TMN 1, 188.
PTurk. *et-mek bread (): OTurk. tmek (OUygh.); Karakh. etmek
(MK), epmek (MK - Oghuz, Qypch.); Tur. etmek, ekmek; Gag. iekmek; Az.
ppk; Turkm. (dial.) ekmek, epmek; MTurk. etmek, tmek (Pav. C.); Krm.
ekmek, etmek, tmek; Tat. ikmk; Bashk. ikmk; KBalk. tmek; Kum. ekmek;
Nogh. tpek; Khak. ipek; Shr. itpk; Oyr. tpk.
EDT 12, 60, VEWT 376, 1, 254-256. The oldest form is clearly *et-mek with
various subsequent assimilations.

A Turkic-Mong. isogloss, but no doubt archaic: a Nostratic etymology see in 340, 1, 273-4.
-t board: Tung. *(x)ite; Mong. *(h)ider; Jpn. *t.
PTung. *(x)ite board (on bottom of the birch-boat) ( (
)): Evk. ite; Neg. te.
1, 334.
PMong. *(h)ider trough (): WMong. ider (L 400); Kh.
idr; Bur. er; Kalm. id, idr.
KW 205. The formal connection with ide- eat (trough for feeding animals) is
probably due to a secondary contamination.

PJpn. *t board (): OJpn. ita; MJpn. ita; Tok. ta; Kyo. t; Kag.
it.

JLTT 427.
The Mong. reflex is somewhat dubious (because of a secondary
merger with *ide- eat, feed), but the Tung.-Jpn. match still seems reliable.

-t to rely, trust, take upon oneself: Tung. *(x)iti; Mong. *itege-; Jpn.
*ntkr-.
PTung. *(x)iti 1 custom, order 2 to organize, prepare 3 occasion (1
, 2 , 3 ): Evk. iti(n) 1,
iti- 2; Evn. tqa 1, t-, t- 2; Neg. tqa 1; Orch. ti 3.
1, 333. TM > Dag. ite (. . 146).
PMong. *itege- to hope, believe, trust (, , ): MMong. itege- (HYt), itqa- to reason (MA), itegiltu
(LH)zuverlssig; WMong. itege- (L 417); Kh. itge-, jatga-; Bur. idxa-;
Kalm. itk- (); Ord. etege-; Dag. itge- (. . 146), itege- (MD 174);
S.-Yugh. hdge-.
MGCD 414.

*t - *itVKV

595

PJpn. *ntk-r- to take upon oneself ( ,

): OJpn. adukar-; MJpn. dkr-; Tok. azukr-; Kyo.
zkr-; Kag. zkr-.
JLTT 680. The transitive parallel is *ntk-.
The root should be kept distinct from *ta, although they tend to
be confused.
-t to hit, push: Mong. *ete-; Turk. *it-; Jpn. *t-.
PMong. *ete- 1 to pick, dig 2 to cut (1 , 2 ):
MMong. etke- 2 (SH, HY 25); WMong. ete- 1 (L 335); Kh. ete- 1; Bur. ete1; Kalm. et- 1; Mog. etq- 2; KT etk (20-5a) 2; Mongr. dige- (SM 55) 2.
KW 128. Forms with the meaning cut may reflect a partial contamination with
*heske- q.v.

PTurk. *it- to push, hit (, ): Karakh. it- (MK); Tur.

it-; Gag. jitir-; Turkm. it-; MTurk. it- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. itar-; Uygh.
itr-; Krm. it-; Tat. t-; Bashk. t-; Kaz. jter-; KKalp. ijter-; SUygh. it-;
Khak. t-; Shr. it-; Oyr. it-, ijt-; Tv. it-; Yak. t-; Dolg. it-, t-.
EDT 38, VEWT 174, 1, 386-387, Stachowski 129, 254.
PJpn. *t- to beat, hit (, ): OJpn. ut-; MJpn. t-; Tok. t-;
Kyo. t-; Kag. t-.
JLTT 781.
Cf. perhaps Evn. t- to flounce, thrash about ( 1, 333).
-itVKV a k. of (big) bird: Tung. *itiknija; Mong. *it-.
PTung. *itiknija 1 owl 2 crane (1 2 ): Evk. itiknija 1;
Evn. tqa 1; Neg. tna 1; Nan. jatnia 2.
1, 333.
PMong. *it- 1 partridge 2 jay 3 falcon 4 a k. of hawk 5 hazel-hen (1
2 3 4 - 5 ):
MMong. jitelogu (HY 14) 4, itawun 1 (LH), itan 1 (Lig.VMI), itelku merlin (MA 221); WMong. itau 1, ite 2, itelg 3 (L 417, 418); Kh. jat 1, jot
5; Bur. itag (zgaj) 2; Kalm. jotn, it hazel-hen, it a bird of prey,
itl 3; Ord. it 1, tlg, etelge 3; Mongr. sdergu 3 (SM 336).
KW 211, 219. Mong. > Uzb. itlg etc., Manchu itulxen, iturxen ( 1, 334), Man.
itu, Sol. itau (Rozycki 117); MKor. iktkui (Lee 1964, 191).

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

IA
-ga to fall over, shake: Tung. *iaga-; Mong. *(h)egeji-; Turk. *ig-.
PTung. *iaga- to crumble, fall down (, ):
Evk. aw-; Neg. a-; Man. ja-qsa ; Ul. jga-.
1, 289.
PMong. *(h)egeji- to shake, move, tremble (, ,
): WMong. egeji- (L 297).
Cf. also WMong. (L 296) ege steep, straight, abrupt (cf. the meanings in TM) ( >
Yak., Dolg. eki, see Ka. MEJ 24, Stachowski 44).

PTurk. *ig-, *ig-na- 1 to roll over, fall over 2 to climb over 3 to

tumble 4 to turn over, capsize, let fall (1 , , 2 3 , 4 , ): OTurk. ana- 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. ana- 3 (MK, KB); Tur. a1, adr- 2, an- 3; Az. ana- 3; Turkm. - 1, 2, -dar- 4, na- 3; Khal.
ha, ha back, in the back; MTurk. ana- 3; Uzb. - 1, na- 3; Uygh.
a- 1; Krm. avdar- 4, av-a-la-n- 3; Tat. aw- 1, awdar- 4, awna- 3; Bashk.
aw- 1, awdar- 4, awna- 3; Kirgh. - 1, na- 3; Kaz. aw-dar- 4, awna- 3;
KBalk. aw- 1, 2, aw-la- to skim, awdar- 4, awna- 3; KKalp. aw- 1, 2, awdar- 4, awna- 3; Kum. av- 1, avdar- 4, av-la-n- to turn over, incline, avna3; Nogh. av- 1, av-dar- 4, avna- 3; SUygh. ana- 3 ( 11); Khak.
a-dar- 4; Shr. a-dar- 4; Oyr. a-tar- 4, a-da- (<*a-na-) 3; Tv. ada-r- 4,
ada-- 3; Chuv. jvan- 1, 4; Yak. -na- 3.
EDT 86-87, VEWT 7, 1, 69-70, 73-76. Forms like a-dar- are not quite clear caus. from the refl. *ig-n- ? (but the refl. form is here not *ig-n- but rather *ig-na-).

A Western isogloss. Despite some confusion in Turkic, should be

kept distinct from *ga rise (q.v.).
-ga ( ~ -i) a k. of disease: Tung. *(x)iag-; Turk. *g; Jpn. *ia ~ *ai.
PTung. *(x)iag- cold (sickness), influenza (, ): Evk.
; Evn. 1; Neg. .
1, 289.
PTurk. *g illness, decease (): OTurk. ig (OUygh.); Karakh.
ig (MK, KB, Tefs.); Tur. iil; Turkm. gli rickety; MTurk. ig (Sangl.,
Houts.); Chuv. jx leprosy, scrofula.

*gi - *agu

597

EDT 98-99, 76-77, 1, 189, 73, . 157, VEWT

169.

PJpn. *ia ~ *ai contagious disease ( ): OJpn. (j)e,

(j)e-jamji; MJpn. e, e-jami.
JLTT 392. Accent is not clear: in RJ both -jm and -jm are attested.
Cf. Bur. jogo- to ache, nag. Turk. *g is perhaps a result of secondary narrowing < *(i)g. In TM there exists also an apparent derivative
*iagsi- to sneeze which is very similar to PT *aksr- (*agsr-) id. (see
1, 194-195). This may be either an old derivative, phonetically
distorted in Turkic, or an independent onomatopoeic root.
-gi fat: Tung. *iag-akta; Mong. *ek, *ek; Turk. *jg.
PTung. *iag-akta fat (of a bear) ( ()): Ul. jaGaqta.
1, 337 (despite the isolated nature of the Ul. form its relationship with the
Turkic and Mong. forms seems reliable).

PMong. *ek, *ek fat (): MMong. eukun (HY 24, SH),
oukun (SH), ukon (IM), ukun- (MA); WMong. gek, gek(n) (L 631);
Kh. x(n); Bur. xe(n); Kalm. kn; Ord. , ; Dag. eugu, ge (.
. 138), euwe (MD 147); Dong. fugun; Bao. gum (MGCD gum);
S.-Yugh. kn (MGCD gon); Mongr. ke (SM 296), (MGCD ku).
KW 304, MGCD 535.
PTurk. *jg 1 fat n., butter 2 lard 3 thick, fat (adj.) (1 , 2
3 , ): OTurk. ja 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. ja (MK);
Tur. ja 1; Gag. j 1; Az. ja 1; Turkm. j 1; Sal. ja 1; Khal. j 1;
MTurk. ja 1 (MA); Uzb. j 1; Uygh. ja 1; Krm. ja 1; Kirgh. oo-n 3;
KBalk. au 1; Kum. jav 1; SUygh. ja 1; Khak. a 1; Shr. a 1; Oyr. 1;
Tv. a 2; Tof. a 2; Chuv. u, v 1; Yak. sa 1; Dolg. ha 1.
VEWT 177, EDT 895, 4, 58-59, 453, 2, 127, Stachowski 117.
1, 337 (TM-Turk.), 282. A Western isogloss.
-agu ( ~ *oga) hips, space between hips: Tung. *oga; Mong. *aarak;
Turk. *(i)ag.
PTung. *oga thigh, hip (, ): Evk. oo; Evn. ; Neg. oo;
Ul. ; Ork. ; Nan. ; Orch. ; Ud. ; Sol. oo.
2, 5.
PMong. *aarak flesh between the hips ( ):
WMong. aarag; Kh. rcag ; Kalm. rcg; Ord. rcaq.
KW 21.
PTurk. *(i)ag 1 space between the legs 2 wedge between trouser legs
(1 2 ): OTurk.
a (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. a (MK) 1; Gag. 2; Az. a (dial.) 2; Uzb. 2;
Uygh. a 2; Krm. aw 1; Kaz. aw 2; Nogh. aw 2.
EDT 75, 1, 67-68, Clark 1977, 127.
A Western isogloss.

598

*k - *a

-k ( ~ -k-) liquid, flow: Tung. *iaKu; Turk. *iak-; Jpn. *k-i.

PTung. *iaKu 1 swamp, ditch 2 brook (1 , , 2
): Evk. jaku 1, jakta 2; Man. jon 1; SMan. johrn, johurun 1
(2084); Nan. jaqra 2; Ud. jakpa 2 (. 240).
1, 339.
PTurk. *iak- to flow (): OTurk. aq- (OUygh.); Karakh. aq- (MK);
Tur. ak-; Gag. aq-; Az. ax-; Turkm. aq-; MTurk. aq- (Pav. C.); Uzb. q-;
Uygh. aq-; Krm. aq-; Tat. aq-; Bashk. aq-; Kirgh. aq-; Kaz. aq-; KBalk. aq-;
KKalp. aq-; Kum. aq-; Nogh. aq-; SUygh. aq-; Khak. ax-; Oyr. aq-; Tv. aq-;
Chuv. jox-.
EDT 77, VEWT 12, 1, 118-120, 352, 2, 495.
PJpn. *k-i pond (): OJpn. ike; MJpn. k; Tok. ik; Kyo. k;
Kag. k.
JLTT 422.
. 196.
-kV light, white: Tung. *ixere; Mong. *jagaan; Turk. *k; Jpn. *k-;
Kor. *ikr-.
PTung. *ixere candle, light (, , ): Neg. ixere ( <
STung.); Ul. ixere; Ork. ixere; Nan. ixere; Orch. ixere.
1, 302.
PMong. *jagaan pink (): WMong. jaan (L 423); Kh. jagn;
Bur. jagn; Kalm. jaan ().
PTurk. *k white (): OTurk. aq (OUygh.); Karakh. aq (MK);
Tur. ak; Gag. aq; Az. a; Turkm. q; Sal. a; MTurk. aq ~ a; Uzb. q;
Uygh. aq; Krm. aq; Tat. aq; Bashk. aq; Kirgh. aq; Kaz. aq; KBalk. aq;
KKalp. aq; Kum. aq; Nogh. aq; SUygh. aq; Khak. ax; Shr. aq; Oyr. aq; Tv.
aq; Tof. aq.
VEWT 12, TMN 2, 84-5, 1, 116-117, EDT 75, 598-599.
PJpn. *k- red (): OJpn. aka-; MJpn. k-; Tok. ka-; Kyo.
k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 825.
PKor. *ikr- to burn lively; to be deeply flushed ( ; ): Mod. igl-kri- 1, igl-igl-ha- 1, 2.
KED 1319.
110, 277. The final vowel is not quite clear: some languages point to *-i or *-e, others - rather to *-a.
-a female; to seduce, to frolic: Turk. *ei; Jpn. *sump-; Kor. *r-.
PTurk. *ei lady, begs consort ( ): OTurk. i/ei
(OUygh.); Karakh. i/ei (MK).
See EDT 256, TMN 2, 182-183. The word is borrowed in Mong.: MMong. esi (HY),
WMong. esi empress, Kalm. i mother (KW 210), Ordos ii Gat nom dun sanctuaire,
ei qatun (DO 389), see Clark 1980, 41.

*mu - *nti(-kV)

599

PJpn. *sump- to play, divert oneself (, ):

OJpn. aswob-; MJpn. swb-; Tok. sob-; Kyo. sb-; Kag. asb-.
JLTT 677. Kyoto accent is aberrant (sb- would be expected).
PKor. *r- / *r- 1 to flirt 2 to marry 3 to fondle, play with 4 to
have sexual intercourse (1 , 2 3 , 4 ): MKor. r-, ru-, r1, 2, 4; Mod. r- 3.
Nam 360, 361, 367, KED 1127.
? Cf. Evk. ilu pregnant ( 1, 311).
-mu hole, pit: Tung. *umu-; Mong. *(h)uma-; Turk. *(i)am; Jpn. *m-;
Kor. *mk-.
PTung. *umu- hole, nest (): Evk. umd-k, umuk; Evn. umrkn,
mak; Neg. om; Ul. omon; Ork. omo; Nan. omo.
2, 267-269. Cf. also verbal forms (Evk. um-nut- to hide, um-r- to sink (in
snow etc.). The root should be distinguished from *um- to lay eggs, *um-kta egg.

PMong. *(h)uma- scrotum with testicles; lower part of belly (; ): WMong. umada (L 874); Kh. umdag;
Kalm. omdg; Ord. umadaG.
KW 285.
PTurk. *(i)am vulva (vulva): Karakh. am (MK - Oghuz, Kypch.);
Tur. am; Turkm. am; Khal. hm; MTurk. (MKypch.) am (CCum., AH,
At-Tuhf.); Tat. am (. 1, 90); Kirgh. am (R); Kaz. am (R); Oyr. am (R);
Yak. abas vulva; amanax fat in the groins of cows, horses.
VEWT 18, EDT 155, R 1 643.
PJpn. *m- to bury, dig into (, ): OJpn. uma-;
MJpn. m-; Tok. me-; Kyo. m-; Kag. um-.
JLTT 778. The accent in Kyoto is irregular.
PKor. *mk- to form a cavity, be depressed ( , ): MKor. mk-h-, mk-; Mod. umuk-ha-, omok-ha-.
Liu 593, KED 1239.
Cf. also notes to *mu to bear (the reflexes of which tend to
merge with the reflexes of *amu with specialized meanings vulva,
genitals).
-nti(-kV) a k. of small predator: Tung. *iandaku; Turk. *(i)anduk ( ~
-nt-); Kor. *j.
PTung. *iandaku 1 racoon dog 2 badger 3 young of badger 4 wolverine (1 2 3 4 ):
Evk. jantak 4; Neg. jandako 1; Man. jandai 3; Ul. jandaq 1; Nan. jandaqo
1; Orch. jandaku 1, jadai 2; Ud. jandasi 2.
1,341, 249. Interdialectal loans are not excluded.

600

*au - *pV

PTurk. *(i)anduk ( ~ -nt-) a k. of predator ( ): Tur. andk

, Osm. anduq; MTurk. andq espce de loup cervier (Pav.
C.).
VEWT 20, 159.
PKor. *j fox (): MKor. j, j, j; Mod. ju.
Nam 374, 377, KED 1164.
9, 159.
-au line, furrow: Tung. *oa-; Mong. *(h)oji-su; Turk. *En; Jpn. *ni.
PTung. *oa- 1 to draw 2 drawing, ornament 3 spot (1 2
, , 3 ): Evk. oo- 1, o 2; Evn. o- 1,
on 2; Ork. ono 3; Ud. oo- 1, oo 2.
2, 20.
PMong. *(h)oji-su a hollow below or above the ribs (
): WMong. oji-su (L 606: ojis pit of the stomach); Kh. ojs.
PTurk. *En 1 earmark (on domestic animals) 2 to make an earmark 3
to castrate (1 ( ) 2
3 ): Karakh. ene- 2 (MK), 3 (MK - Kypch.); Tur.
enek 1, (dial.) en 1, ene- 3; Az. en (dial.) 1; MTurk. en (Bud.), in (Pav. C.)
1; Uzb. en (dial.) 1; Uygh. n 1; Tat. in- (dial.) 2; Bashk. in, inw 1;
Kirgh. en 1; Kaz. en 1, dial. ene- 2; KKalp. en 1; Nogh. en 1; Khak. in 1.
1, 177-278, EDT 166, 171.
PJpn. *ni furrow, seedbed (, ): OJpn. une; MJpn.
n; Tok. un; Kyo. n; Kag. un.
JLTT 563.
The root is very similar to *a pit, ravine and *ne notch (on
arrow) q.v., and there could have been some interaction between them
- which could, in particular, explain Turk. -n instead of the expected
*-.
-pV to bend, turn; hook: Tung. *oboka; Mong. *eb-; Turk. *ebir-; Jpn.
*pku.
PTung. *oboka hook (): Man. oba a k. of wooden hook serving as a bait for eagles; Orch. ob, oboo; Ud. obo (. 273).
2, 4.
PMong. *eb- 1 to bend, fold 2 knee 3 to roll (1 , , 2 3 ): MMong. ebk- 1 (IM), ibk- 1 (MA),ebuduk
2 (SH), bdk 2 (IM), ubuduk 2 (MA),; WMong. ebke- 1 (L 288), ebdg 2
(L 290), ebkere- 3 (L 288); Kh. evxe- 1, vdg 2, evxre- 3; Bur. ebxe- 1, bdeg
2; Kalm. epk- 1, wdg 2; Ord. ebe-, ewe- 1, wdk 2; Mog. ndk;
Dag. ebke- 1 (. . 138), ebeke- (MD 139); Dong. odu 2; Bao. ebdg,
vedeg 2; S.-Yugh. wdg 2; Mongr. udiG, idiG (SM 464), wedeG (Huzu) 2.
KW 302, MGCD 251, 536.

*api - *pu

601

PTurk. *ebir- to turn (): OTurk. ebir- (Orkh.), evir(OUygh.); Karakh. evr- (MK); Tur. evir-; Turkm. wr-; MTurk. evir-,
iber- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. wr- (dial.); Bashk. wir-; Kaz. jr-; Khak.
ibr-; Shr. ebir-; Oyr. ebir-; Chuv. avr-.
EDT 14, VEWT 34, 1, 498-500, 20.
PJpn. *pku stick with a hook, stick for carrying things (
, ): OJpn. apuk(w)o; MJpn. fk.
JLTT 509.
1, 500. The Turkic form is hard to separate, although one
would rather expect a back vowel (*iab-) here. There indeed exists a PT
root *(i)ab- to bend, fall, swing (Tat. avu- to bend, fall, Oyr. ab-, Tuva
aa-t-tn- to swing, Kirgh. oo- to bend on one side, fall, swing, also in a
play, oon- to roll, as a dog, Kaz. awu-, awn-, av-t-qu- id., Nogh. av-,
avna-, avda- id., Bashk. aw-, awn-, aw- id., KBalk. aw-, awan-, awdaid., Karaim avd-, Kum. avun-), whose relationship to *ebir- is not quite
clear.
-api ( ~ *opu) to break: Tung. *iapu-; Mong. *ebde-.
PTung. *iapu- to break, spoil, broken (, , ): Evk. p- (Sym.); Neg. jewus; Ul. jepu-; Nan. jepu-.
1, 291, 352.
PMong. *ebde- to break (, ): MMong. ebde-, obde(SH), ibd- (MA); WMong. ebde- (L 285); Kh. evde-; Bur. ebde-, nde(Alar.); Kalm. ebd-; Ord. ebde-; Dag. erde- (. . 140), erede- (MD
145); Bao. vete-; S.-Yugh. ebde-.
KW 116, MGCD 249. Mong. ebde-re- > Man. ebdere- etc., see Doerfer MT 79, Rozycki
65. Cf. also WMong. ibire-, Khalkha ivre- to crumble.

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-apu adze: Tung. *upa; Mong. *ouli; Turk. *Apl.
PTung. *upa adze (, ): Man. efexun; Nan. ofali, ufali;
Orch. upa.
2, 280-281, 471.
PMong. *ouli adze (, ): WMong. ouli (L 603); Kh. ;
Bur. li; Kalm. ; Ord. li; Dong. uali.
KW 292, MGCD 522.
PTurk. *Apl hoe (): Kirgh. abl-qasm one of the pegs in a
plough; Shr. abl; Oyr. abl, dial. l (Leb.).
VEWT 2. Despite late and sparse attestation hardly borrowed from Mong. - for semantic and phonetic reasons, despite 73.

KW 292, VEWT 2. A Western isogloss.

-pu ( ~ *pa) to hide, conceal: Tung. *op-; Mong. *(h)ob; Turk. *Ap-.
PTung. *op- to hide, conceal (, ): Evk. op-; Nan. up
having submerged (.).

602

*r - *rgi

2, 22.
PMong. *(h)ob trickery, deceit, fraud (, , ):
WMong. ob (L 598); Kh. ov; Bur. ob.
Mong. > Tuva, Oyr. op, see VEWT 363.
PTurk. *Ap- 1 to hide 2 to be cautious 3 caution, precautions (1
2 3 , ): Karakh. ab-, abt- (MK), abn- (refl.) (MK) 1; Uygh. abajla-, avajla(refl.) 1; Bashk. abajla- 2; Kirgh. abaj 3; Kaz. abajla- 2; KKalp. abajla- 2.
EDT 6, 7, 13.
A Western isogloss.
-r lower jaw, chin: Tung. *irki; Mong. *eriw-; Turk. *Erin; Jpn.
*t(n)kapi.
PTung. *irki gums (of teeth) (): Neg. irxi; Ul. irxi(n); Ork. irki;
Nan. ilx; Orch. ixi.
1, 327.
PMong. *eriw- lower jaw, chin ( , ):
MMong. eriun (SH), irun (MA), eirn (Lig.VMI); WMong. erig, (L 322,
323:) ereg, ere, eregn (DO 248); Kh. er; Bur. er, rge(n); Kalm. rgn;
Ord. er; Mog. KT oru (2-2a) cheek; Dag. er (. . 140, MD 146);
Mongr. ir (SM 192).
KW 299.
PTurk. *Erin lip (): OTurk. erin (OUygh.); Karakh. erin (MK);
Tur. erin (dial.); Turkm. erin; Khal. rin; MTurk. iren (Abush., Pav. C.);
Uzb. irin; Krm. erin; Tat. irn; Bashk. irn; Kirgh. erin; Kaz. ern; KBalk.
erin; KKalp. erin; Kum. erin; Nogh. erin; Khak. irn; Oyr. erin; Tv. erin;
Tof. erin chin.
EDT 232-233, VEWT 48, 1, 292-293, 226-227. See also notes to *Erneg
edge.

PJpn. *t(n)kapi chin (): OJpn. ot(w)ogap(j)i; MJpn.

tgafi; Tok. togai; Kyo. tg; Kag. otogi.
JLTT 513. Accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is irregular (points rather to *t-).
KW 299, 308, 227.
-rgi ( ~ -o) wild beast of prey: Tung. *iarga; Kor. *rh.
PTung. *iarga leopard (): Man. jarGa / jara, jerxe; SMan.
jarh (2220); Jurch. jara (148); Ud. jag (. 240); Nan. jarga (On.)
1, 337, 355.
PKor. *rh wolf (): MKor. rh; Mod. iri.
Nam 406, KED 1327.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. In Kor. one has to suppose a secondary
monophthongization (*jrh > *rh), cf. the attested Old Koguryo *yai (
= *yarhi) wolf (see Miller 1979, 10).

*aru - *t

603

-aru young (of an animal): Tung. *ora-; Mong. *(h)ori; Turk. *Arkun (?);
Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ora- 1 small, young 2 bear-cub 3 female of bear (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. orot 3;
Evn. os, ojs (dial.) 2; Neg. ojokon 2; Man. orun, oroo 1; Ork. oko 2
(voc.); Nan. orq 1; Orch. orko ~ oroko(n-).
2, 25.
PMong. *(h)ori young, energetic (, , ):
WMong. ori (L 618); Kh. o.
PTurk. *Arkun a cross-bred horse ( ):
Karakh. arqun (MK); Uygh. a(r)un; Kirgh. arn.
EDT 216, 1, 171. Cf. also *arga-mak stallion ( > WMong. arama, see 1997, 162). The verb ar- to run swiftly (of a well-bred horse) is attested in Kirgh.,
Kum. and Tuva (see 1, 172). Turk. > Bur. arxan bastard; cross-bred horse. See also
. 1, 66 (Osset. aronaq well-bred dog < Turkic).

PKor. *r- young (, ): MKor. r-; Mod. ri-.

Liu 545, KED 1128.
The Turkic reflex is somewhat questionable; it belongs here if we
suppose a semantic development young (animal) > young horse, stallion.
-t ( ~ -t-) to give, gift: Turk. *(i)tag; Jpn. *tp-; Kor. *t-.
PTurk. *(i)tag 1 sacrifice 2 price, sale 3 engagement, votive 4 gift (1
2 , 3 , 4 ):
Tur. ada 1, 3, 4; Az. adax 3; Turkm. daG 3; Shr. ada 1; Yak. at 2.
VEWT 5. All the listed forms may be derived from *ta- to name ( < *t name),
but the specific meanings rather suggest a secondary contamination.

PJpn. *tp- 1 to give 2 price (1 2 ): OJpn. atapa- 1, atapji

2; MJpn. tf- 1, tfi 2; Tok. tae- 1; Kyo. t- 1; Kag. ata- 1.
JLTT 387, 678.
PKor. *t- give (me) ( ()): MKor. t-k; Mod. t-go, t-o.
Liu 190, 191, KED 378.
Korean demonstrates a frequent vowel elision. Phonetically a
good match would be PTM *iata ritual pollution, desecration in
child-birth, but the meaning appears too specialized.

IO
-obo ( ~ *ubi) near, come near: Tung. *ib-; Mong. *ojira.
PTung. *ib- to come near (, ): Evk. iw-;
Man. ibe-; SMan. iven- to move forward (1188).
1, 296. Man. > Dag. ib- (. . 145).
PMong. *ojira near (): MMong. ojira, ojiri (HY 52, 55), ojira
(SH), wr(b) (IM), uir (MA), ira (LH); WMong. ojira (L 605); Kh. oirn;
Bur. ojro; Kalm. r; Ord. oro; Mog. ojr; ZM ujr (6-8a); Dag. wair (.
. 129), uajre (MD 229); Dong. uira; S.-Yugh. iro, oiro.
KW 304-305, MGCD 525.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-de skin, to tan: Tung. *(x)odinsa; Mong. *(h)idee; Turk. *ed-.
PTung. *(x)odinsa 1 summer skin of deer 2 to fade (of skin) (1 2 ( )): Evk. odinna 1; Evn.
odnd- 2.
2, 6.
PMong. *(h)idee tanning stuff ( ): WMong.
idee (L 399); Kh. id(n); Bur. exe- 1 () 2 ().
PTurk. *ed- to tan (leather) ( ()): Az. ejm leather bag
with clabber; Turkm. ej-; Chuv. ir- skinner; Yak. etirik skin scraper.
1, 236-237, 335-336, . 171, 377.
377. A Western isogloss.
-le to hang on (smth.), hang on hook: Tung. *ol-; Mong. *elg-; Turk.
*l-; Kor. *ori.
PTung. *ol- 1 hook (for hanging kettle) 2 to hang over fire (1
( ) 2 ): Evk. oldon
1, ollon- 2; Evn. olrwn 1, olrn- 2; Neg. oln 1; Ul. rpn 1; Ork. ola 1;
Nan. olp 1; Orch. ogia 1; Ud. olohu 1.
2, 14-15. TM forms like elgu- should be regarded as mongolisms. Evk. > Dolg.
oldn, oldon (see Stachowski 191).

PMong. *elg- to hang on (smth.) ( ( -.)): MMong.

elgu- (SH), ulku- (MA 276); WMong. elg- (L 309); Kh. lg-; Bur. lge-;

*oe - *e

605

Kalm. lg-; Ord. lg-; Dag. elgu- (. . 139), el(e)w- (MD 143);
S.-Yugh. olGo-, uu-.
KW 294, MGCD 543. Mong. > Evk. elgu etc. (hardly vice versa; see Doerfer MT 89).
PTurk. *l- 1 to hang on (smth.) 2 hook ( ( -.) 2 ): OTurk. il- (OUygh.) 1, ilin- (refl.) (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. il- (MK) 1,
ln- (refl.) (MK) 1; Tur. dial. il- 1, ilmek 2; Az. ilmk 2; Turkm. l- 1;
MTurk. l- (Abush., Sangl.), ln- (refl.) (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. il- 1, ilmq 2;
Uygh. il- 1, ilmaq 2, loop; Tat. el- 1; Bashk. el- 1; Kirgh. il- 1, ilmek 2;
Kaz. il- 1; KBalk. ilin- (refl.) 1; KKalp. il- 1, ilmek 2; Kum. il- 1; Nogh. il1; Khak. l-; Oyr. il- 1, ilmek 2; Tv. il- 1; Chuv. jl, jlmak loop; Yak. l1.
VEWT 170, 1, 343-346, 73-74.
PKor. *ori a fishing hook with several barbs (
): Mod. ori.
SKE 178. The noun is found only is absent from major MKor. and modern Korean
dictionaries and thus somewhat dubious.

SKE 178, EAS 106, Poppe 76 (Turk.-Mong.; assumption of Mong.

being borrowed from Turk., see 1997, 120, is improbable).
Turk. has a somewhat unexpected narrowing: *l- instead of *l-; however, the etymology still seems probable (despite Doerfers categorical
refusal: lautgesetzlich unmglich; see TMN 2, 214).
-oe food: Tung. *ul-; Mong. *l; Turk. *(i)a, *(i)a-a-.
PTung. *ul- to feed (): Evk. ul-; Evn. uli-; Man. ulebu-;
Nan. uli-; Ud. ulikte sacrificial fat (. 301).
2, 260.
PMong. *l nutritive, nutrition (, ): WMong. l
(L 633); Kh. l; Bur. l; Kalm. l; Ord. l; S.-Yugh. l.
KW 294, MGCD 541.
PTurk. *(i)a, *(i)a-a- 1 meal, food 2 to eat 3 porridge 4 to feed (1
, 2 3 4 ): OTurk. a 1, aa- 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. a 1, aa- 2 (KB); Tur. a 1; Az. a 3; Turkm. a 1; Khal. , 1;
MTurk. a 1 (Pav. C.); Uygh. a 1; Krm. aa- 2; Tat. aa- 2; Bashk. aa- 2;
Kirgh. a 1; KBalk. aa- 2; Nogh. aa- 2; Khak. as 1; Tv. a 1, a- 4; Tof.
aa- 4; Yak. as 1; Dolg. as 1, as- 2.
VEWT 29-30, 1, 210-212, TMN 2, 61-62, EDT 253, 256, Stachowski 38.
A Western isogloss.
-e to weave, bind: Tung. *ul-; Mong. *(h)el-t-; Turk. *-; Kor. *jr-.
PTung. *ul- to sew (): Evk. ull-; Neg. uli-; Man. ufi-, ifi-; SMan.
ifi- (271); Ul. urpi-; Ork. ulpi-; Nan. ulpi-; Orch. ippi-, uppi-; Ud. ulihi-;
Sol. uldi-.
1, 322, 2, 261-262.

606

*mke - *oo

PMong. *(h)el-t- to weave, knit (, ): WMong. eltle- (L

310); Kh. eltle-.
PTurk. *- to spin, twist (, , ): Az. e-; Turkm. -;
MTurk. e- (Pav. C.); Uzb. e-; Uygh. -; Krm. e-; Tat. i-; Bashk. i-;
Kirgh. e-; Kaz. es-; KBalk. e-; KKalp. es-; Kum. e-; Tv. e-.
1, 396.
PKor. *jr- to weave, tie together (, ): MKor. jr-.
Liu 566.
1997a (Turk.-Mong.)
-mke to crawl, move: Mong. *mkeri-, *nkeri-; Turk. *Emgek-; Jpn.
*nkk-.
PMong. *mkeri-, *nkeri- to roll, fall (, ): WMong.
mkeri-, keri-, mkere-, mkri- (L 635); Kh. nxr-; Kalm. kr-; Ord.
r-; Mongr. gur- (SM 294).
KW 297. Mong. Yak., Dolg. krj- (Ka. EJE 130, Stachowski 251).
PTurk. *Emgek- to crawl (): OTurk. mgekle- (OUygh.); Tur.
emekle-; Gag. mekle-; Az. imkl-; Turkm. imekle-; MTurk. emgekle- (.
., Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. emkl-; Uygh. ikl- (dial.); Kirgh. emgekte-; Kaz. ebekte-; Khak. mekte-, nmekte-; Shr. emekte-; Oyr. emekte-,
emgekte-.
EDT 160, VEWT 42, 1, 275. The noun *emgek crawling is preserved in Tur.
dial. imek, Chag. emgek crawling child (and, despite Clauson ibid. it certainly has nothing to do with *emgek worry, pains, see *emge-). Cf. also forms like Turkm. ekej- bow
and Yak., Dolg. k- to bow (contractions?); see Stachowski 251.

PJpn. *nkk- to move (): OJpn. ug(w)ok-; MJpn. gk-;

Tok. ugk-; Kyo. gk-; Kag. gk-.
JLTT 777. Cf. also Tok. ugomek- to crawl, cluster.
For possible TM reflexes see under *nV; cf. also PTM *uki- send
( 2, 277-278).
-oo ( ~ *ui) weave (nets), net: Tung. *ini-; Mong. *(h)esi.
PTung. *ini- to weave a net, to tie knots ( ,
): Evk. ini-; Evn. in-; Neg. ii-; Ul. -; Nan. inru woven basket; Orch. ii-; Ud. ii- (ii-) (. 239), iii-.
1, 317-318.
PMong. *(h)esi fish-net ( ): WMong. gesi(n)
(L 632); Kh. ; Kalm. ; Ord. d-, l- to fish with a fish-net.
KW 305.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. The TM form must go back to *i-niwith a suffix (Mong. -- does not point to a cluster in PA).

*pe - *re

607

-pe to cover; to wear: Tung. *upsi; Mong. *ibee-; Jpn. *p-; Kor. *ps-.
PTung. *upsi 1 shaman clothes 2 belt made of badgers skin (1 2 ): Neg. upsi 1; Ul. upsi 1; Nan. ufsi
2.
2, 281.
PMong. *ibee- to protect (, ):
MMong. ibee- (SH), hibe- (MA 347), ihe- (HY); WMong. ibege- (L 396);
Kh. iv-; Bur. ebigl protection (dial.); Kalm. iv- (); Ord. iweg-.
Cf. perhaps also WMong. ibe- to pad, lay something between or under ( < *to
cover).

PJpn. *p- to put on clothes (on the upper body); to cover (

( ); ): OJpn. op-, op(w)op-;
MJpn. ff-; Tok. -; Kyo. -; Kag. -.
JLTT 742, 743. Modern tones point rather to *pp-, but this may be due to contraction.

PKor. *ps- to put on (hat) ( ()): MKor. ps-, s-; Mod.

s:-.
Nam 317, 319, KED 1023.
Korean has a frequent initial vowel reduction.
-oprV ( ~ *aprV, --) horn: Tung. *opora; Mong. *eber; Kor. *s-pr.
PTung. *opora nose (): Man. oforo; SMan. ofr (24); Nan. oporo.
2, 22.
PMong. *eber horn (): MMong. eber (HY 15, SH), br (IM), ibr,
hibr (MA); WMong. eber (L 286); Kh. ever; Bur. eber, ber; Kalm. ewr,
wr; Ord. ewer; Mog. ZM ebr (20-8); Dag. xeur (. . 176), heure
(MD 161); Dong. eve, uve; Bao. ver; S.-Yugh. ewer, eber, wer; Mongr. ujer
(SM 480), wer.
KW 129,303, MGCD 249. Initial x- in Dagur is quite unclear.
PKor. *s-pr horn (): MKor. spr; Mod. p:ul.
Nam 274, KED 832.
46, 291. One of the cases with prefixed s- in Korean
body part names (cf. also *s-pj bone, *s-kr tail).
-re male, young male: Tung. *ur; Mong. *(h)ree; Turk. *r-kek; Jpn.
*t; Kor. *rp.
PTung. *ur 1 male 2 elk (2 y. old) 3 1-year-old deer (1 2
(2- ) 3 -): Evk. ur 1, urikn 2; Neg. ojn 2; Man.
urgeen 3; Nan. oj 2; Orch. uria 2.
2, 281, 284, 285.
PMong. *(h)ree 3 to 5-year-old stallion ( ): WMong. rege, rije (L 1013); Kh. r; Kalm. r (); Ord.
r.

608

*t(mu) - *tkV

PTurk. *r-kek 1 man 2 husband 3 male (1 2 3 ): Karakh. erkek 1 (MK, KB); Tur. erkek 1; Gag. erkek 1; Az. erkk 1;
Turkm. erkek 1; Sal. rkex 1; Khal. hrkk 1; Uzb. erkak 1; Krm. erkek 1; Tat.
irkk 3; Bashk. irkk 3; Kirgh. erkek 1; Kaz. erkek 1; KBalk. erkek 1; KKalp.
erkek 1; Kum. erkek 1; Nogh. erkek 1; Oyr. erkek 1, 2; Tv. irgek 3; Tof. irxek
3; Yak. irgex 3; Dolg. irgek 3.
VEWT 46, TMN 2, 178-9, EDT 192, 1, 297-298, 321-322, 303, 561,
30, Stachowski 46, 128. We follow Clauson (EDT 223-4) in separating *r from
*r-kek.

PJpn. *t younger brother ( ): OJpn. oto, otopji; MJpn.

tt; Tok. otto; Kyo. tt; Kag. otto.
JLTT 513.
PKor. *rp brother (): MKor. rp; Mod. orabi.
Liu 575, KED 1197.
The Turkic forms should be kept apart from the reflexes of *r <
*ri q.v.
-t(mu) ( ~ *t-) top of head, head: Tung. *utumuk; Jpn. *tm;
Kor. *utu.
PTung. *utumuk back of head (): Evk. utumuk; Evn.
tmhk; Ork. utumu.
2, 294.
PJpn. *tm 1 top of head 2 head (1 2 ): MJpn. tm 1,
2; Tok. atam 2; Kyo. tm 2; Kag. atam 1.
JLTT 387.
PKor. *utu 1 head 2 top of head (1 2 , ): MKor. utu 1; Mod. udu-mri 2.
Liu 591, KED 1237.
An Eastern isogloss.
-tkV a k. of berry: Tung. *kta; Jpn. *t(n)ku; Kor. *ti.
PTung. *kta currant (): Evk. kta; Neg. kta; Man.
ukuxu, -xe name of a berry; Orch. oktokto.
2, 11.
PJpn. *t(n)ku strawberry, raspberry (, ): OJpn.
itib(j)ik(w)o; MJpn. tg; Tok. chigo, chigo; Kyo. chg; Kag. ichig.
JLTT 428. Most forms point to *t(n)ku, but the Tokyo form chigo - to *t(n)ku or
*t(n)ku.

PKor. *ti mulberry ( ()): MKor. ti; Mod. oti.

Nam 379, KED 1197.
Accent in Korean is irregular. An Eastern isogloss; cf. Yak. oton
berry (isolated in Turkic, but perhaps archaic).

IU
-b to be hungry, exhausted: Tung. *(x)ob-; Mong. *je-; Jpn. *w-;
Kor. *b-, *br-.
PTung. *(x)ob- 1 to become spoiled (of meat) 2 to get tired, exhausted 3 to get poor (1 ( ) 2 , 3
): Evk. obdo- 1; Evn. obd- 2; Neg. obolo- 3; Man. uba- 1, obdoqo
jali spoiled, tasteless meat.
2, 4, 5.
PMong. *je- to be hungry, voracious ( , ): MMong. ojese- (SH) 1.
PJpn. *w- to be hungry (): OJpn. uwa-; MJpn. w-; Tok.
u-; Kyo. -; Kag. u-.
JLTT 777. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular, but all other dialects and RJ point to
*w-.

PKor. *b-, *br- to wither, dry up, decline, decay (, , , ): MKor. p- (w-), wr-, r-, r-; Mod. iul-.
Nam 401, 403, 407, KED 1335.
Ozawa 184-185. Korean has a verbal low tone.
-b[u] to dig, hole: Tung. *(x)ub-g; Turk. *oba; Jpn. *wa-.
PTung. *(x)ub-g burrow, hole (, ): Evk. ubg; Evn. bgq,
dial. wa; Neg. obga- ( ); Man. o armpit.
2, 3, 242.
PTurk. *oba cavity, valley (, ): Tur. ova; Gag. uva;
Az. ova; Uzb. uwa; Uygh. ova; Tv. howu.
1, 403.
PJpn. *wa- to plant (): OJpn. uwa-; MJpn. wa-; Tok. e-;
Kyo. -; Kag. u-.
JLTT 777. The tone reflex in Kyoto is aberrant (perhaps under literary influence).
1, 403 (Turk.-Tung.). The vocalism is not quite secure: the
diphthong must be reconstructed because of Jpn. *-w-, but in Turkic
one would rather expect *ba in this case (perhaps *ba > *uba > *oba because of later vowel assimilations).

*u - *udi(rV)

610

-u to become free, retire, disappear: Tung. *s-; Turk. *-; Jpn. *us-.
PTung. *s- to retire, make the place vacant (,
()): Evk. s-; Evn. s-; Neg. s-; Ul. os-; Ork. ss-; Nan. s-; Orch.
osu-.
2, 25-26.
PTurk. *-, *-gn- to lose, disappear ((), ):
OTurk. n- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. n- (MK), - (KB); MTurk.
qn- (Abush., Pav. C.); Tat. qn-; Bashk. sqn-; Kirgh. qn-; KBalk.
xn-; Kum. in-; Nogh. qn-; Khak. sxn-; Shr. qn-; Oyr. qn-,
qn-; Tv. qn-; Yak. hgn-.
VEWT 164, 1, 672-673, 216.
PJpn. *us- to lose, get lost, disappear (, , ): OJpn. usa-, usi-nap-; MJpn. s-, s-nf-; Tok. us-, shina-; Kyo.
s-, shn-; Kag. us-, ushin-.
JLTT 780. Accent reconstruction is not quite clear: for *usinap- to lose the pattern
*HHH is more or less secure, but for *usa- it seems best to reconstruct *s- (indicated by
Tokyo and Kyoto). We may actually be dealing with two original roots heavily interacting with each other.

Cf. also Kalm. us- to become free (KW 452) - if not < Turk. The
Jpn. form can be alternatively compared with MKor. irh- to lose.
-uda ornament: Tung. *ud-; Jpn. *aja.
PTung. *ud- 1 to ornament 2 ornament (1 2 ):
Evk. ud- 1; Neg. uditkan 2; Ork. ui 2.
2, 248.
PJpn. *aja ornament, ornamented cloth (, ):
OJpn. aja; MJpn. j; Tok. ay; Kyo. y; Kag. ya.
JLTT 388. Modern dialects point rather to *j (although it may be just an aberration in the Kagoshima dialect).

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-ude to imitate, to simulate: Turk. *d-kn-; Jpn. *ja(n)si.
PTurk. *d-kn- to imitate (, ): Karakh. tgn- (MK); Turkm. jkn-; MTurk. jkn- (Pav. C.), tgn- (Abush.);
Krm. etkin-; Oyr. kten-; Tv. tn-; Yak. tgn-; Dolg. tgn-.
EDT 52, VEWT 368, 1, 515-516, Stachowski 254.
PJpn. *ja(n)si equal ( , ): OJpn. ojazi.
JLTT 839.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss; but cf. *adV, *idV, with a possibility of interaction.
-udi(rV) to choose: Mong. *d-; Turk. *dr-; Jpn. *ir- ~ *ar-.
PMong. *d- to conceive, urge, instigate (, ):
MMong. etuldu to discuss, agree (HY 40); WMong. ed-, d- (L 294,
630); Kh. d-; Ord. ed-; Dong. uduru-; S.-Yugh. du-.

*du - *du

611

MGCD 540.
PTurk. *dr- to choose, to select (): OTurk. dr(OUygh.); Karakh. r- (MK, KB); Tur. Osm. r-; MTurk. (Xwar.) r(Qutb), (MKypch.) r- (Houts.); Khak. zr-.
VEWT 368, EDT 67-68.
PJpn. *ir- ~ *ar- to choose (): OJpn. er-, erap-; MJpn. rb-;
Tok. r-, erb-; Kyo. r-, rb-; Kag. r-, rb-.
JLTT 681, 682. All forms point to low tone in the first syllable.
The Jpn. form must be derived < *idar- < *idi-ra-. Mong. reveals a
causative meaning here: *make choose > instigate, urge.
-du wonder, supernatural: Tung. *(x)odu; Mong. *id-; Turk. *duk; Jpn.
*i / *ju.
PTung. *(x)odu wonder (): Evk. odu.
2, 7. Attested only in Evk., but having reliable external parallels. Evk. > Yak.
od (not vice versa).

PMong. *id- female shaman (): MMong. jituxan (HY 31),

jtxan (IM), utugun / hotkun (LH); WMong. iduan, uduan (L
861); Kh. udug; Bur. udagan; Kalm. udn (); Ord. udaGan accoucheusse, accoucheur; Dag. jadagan (. . 146), jadegen shaman
(in direct contact with spirits) (MD 168).
PTurk. *duk sacred (): OTurk. duq (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. uq (MK); Kirgh. jq; KBalk. jq; Khak. zx; Oyr. jq, ijik; Tv.
dq; Chuv. jrx; Yak. tq.
EDT 46, 1, 649-650, 80, 199, TMN 230-231 (most sources
give a dubious inner Turkic derivation < *d- to send, based on the old gloss in MK most probably a folk etymology).

PJpn. *i / *ju sacred, purified (): OJpn. i, ju.

JLTT 420. Also with -tu in attributive function: i-tu-, ju-tu-.
Ozawa 52-53, 177-181. Despite 1997, 120, not a borrowing
in Mong. < Turk. The Middle Jpn. itiko virgin consecrated to a deity,
sorceress (with a later form itako id.), which is compared by Miller
(1985, 148) directly with the Mong. form, should be treated as a secondary distortion of *i-tu-kua (lit.) sacred girl.
-du to lead, direct: Mong. *udu-; Turk. *d-.
PMong. *udu- to lead, direct (, ): MMong. uduri(HY 54, SH); WMong. udu- (L 862: udurid-); Kh. udir-; Bur. udarida-;
Kalm. udrd- (); Ord. udu- donner la branle, mettre en train (une
affaire); Bao. dur-; Mongr. duru- (SM 67).
MGCD 667, TMN 1, 162-163.
PTurk. *d- to send (): OTurk. d- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. - (MK); Turkm. j-; MTurk. ij- (AH); Krm. ij-; Kirgh. ij-;

612

*uga - *ge

KBalk. ij-; Khak. s-; Shr. s-; Oyr. ij-, s-; Tv. t-; Chuv. jar-; Yak. t-; Dolg.
t-.
EDT 37-38, VEWT 164, 1, 332-333, 354, Stachowski 263.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-uga child, son: Mong. *ele ~ *oala; Turk. *ogul; Kor. *hi.
PMong. *ele ~ *oala stepbrothers ( ): WMong.
gelen (DO 531); Ord. xod l the second husband of the mother, ln
k fils dun autre lit; Mongr. ula ns de la mme mre, mais de diffrents pres (SM 469).
PTurk. *ogul son (): OTurk. oul (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. oul
(MK); Tur. oul; Gag. l; Az. oul; Turkm. oul; MTurk. oul (Pav. C.);
Uzb. il; Uygh. oul; Krm. ovul; Tat. l; Bashk. l; Kirgh. l; Kaz. l;
KKalp. ul; Nogh. uwl; SUygh. oul; Khak. ol, l; Oyr. l, l; Tv. l;
Chuv. vl; Yak. uol; Dolg. uol.
EDT 83-84, VEWT 358, TMN 2, 81, 1, 411-412, 414-417, 313-314, 323,
429-430, 341, Stachowski 243-244. Derived are: *ogu kin, generation, *oglak kid
( 1, 404-405) etc. (ibid.)

PKor. *hi child (): MKor. hi; Mod. ai.

Nam 343, KED 1076.
It is interesting to note OJ akwo child (usually in addressing) usually regarded as a-kwo my child, which may be a folk etymology.
Cf. also WMong. (L 16) aul ai ones own grandson or descendant ( <
Turk.?).
-ge to knead, press, crush: Tung. *(g)-; Mong. *uur; Turk. *g-.
PTung. *(g)- to knead, press (, , ): Evk. -;
Evn. -; Neg. -; Man. uje-; Nan. ui-; Orch. ibbe soft.
1, 294.
PMong. *uur mortar (): MMong. aur (HY 21, SH); WMong.
aur, uur (L 865: uur, uuur, uur, aur); Kh. r; Bur. r; Kalm. r; Ord.
r; Dag. ogor.
KW 454, MGCD 663. Mong. > Evk. owur etc., see Poppe 1966, 191, Doerfer MT 99,
Rozycki 166; Chag. our etc., see 247.

PTurk. *g- 1 to knead, press 2 porridge, liquid soup (*smth.

pressed) (1 , 2 , (*)): Karakh.
gre ( ~ -) 2 (MK); Tur. j-, v- (dial.) 1; Turkm. j- 1; MTurk. gre 2
(Pav. C.); Uzb. uwra, ugra 2; Uygh. gr, gr 2; Krm. iwre 2; Tat. jr 2;
Bashk. jr 2; Nogh. jre 2; Khak. gre 2; Oyr. re 2; Tv. j- 1; Yak. re
2.
EDT 112, VEWT 369, 1, 324-325 (*g-re porridge), 515, 618-620. The root
clearly has a *-g- and should be distinguished from *k- grind q. v. sub *pki (although contaminations were possible).

*ugerV - *uge(V)

613

A Western isogloss. Cf. *ppo. Despite TMN 2, 151, Chag. our

and other late attested Turkic forms are most probably < Mong. (see
Ligeti 1954, 110).
-ugerV enclosure for cattle: Tung. *ugi(r)-; Turk. *gr; Jpn. *bri; Kor.
*ur-.
PTung. *ugi(r)- 1 herd 2 pasture 3 yard 4 gate 5 garden (1 2
3 4 5 ): Evk. ujur 2 (Nep.), uuwa, uwuwa
1 (Olk., Tng.); Evn. ujir 4; Ork. ujru 2; Ud. uhi (. 303), uji 5.
2, 243, 252.
PTurk. *gr 1 herd 2 tame 3 companion 4 group of people (1 , 2 3 ): OTurk. gr 1 (OUygh.); Karakh.
gr 1 (MK, KB); Tur. jr 2, 4; Turkm. ri pasture; MTurk. gr 1,2, 3
(Sangl.); Uzb. ujur 1; Tat. jer 1; Bashk. jr 1; Kirgh. jr 1, 2, 3; Kaz.
jir 1, 2; KBalk. jr family; KKalp. jir 1, 2; Kum. jr 1; attached;
Nogh. jir 1; convivial; Khak. r 1; Shr. r 1; Oyr. r 1; Tv. r 1, 3; Tof.
r 1, 3; Yak. r 1; Dolg. r 1.
VEWT 369, Stachowski 251. Turk. (with a later developed meaning companionship, see EDT 112) > WMong. gr, Kalm. r (not vice versa, despite VEWT ibid.). A
possible derivative ( < *to be tamed?) can be PT *gr-e-n- to learn ( 1, 496-498).

PJpn. *bri enclosure, cage (, ): MJpn. wr, wr; Tok.

or; Kyo. r; Kag. or.
JLTT 511.
PKor. *ur- 1 enclosure 2 fence 3 cage (1 2 3 ):
MKor. r 1, rh 2, 3; Mod. uri 1, 3, ul 2.
Liu 592, 595, KED 1238, 1246.
Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Original vocalism is somewhat uncertain; a
diphthong must be reconstructed to account for loss of *-g- in Jpn.
(where *bri < *uri < *ugVri).
-uge(V) river, small river: Tung. *ug(r)- / *ug-be(n); Mong. *jer;
Turk. *g (~ *-); Jpn. *r; Kor. *jhr.
PTung. *ug(r)- / *ug-be(n) 1 wave 2 jet 3 river rift (1 2 ,
, 3 ( ), ): Evk. e 1, dial. uw, uwge-;
Neg. uw 1, ubge-n 3; Man. were-n 2; Ul. ugbe(n) 3; Nan. w 1, ugb 3;
Orch. uwe 1, 2; Ud. w (. 219), ue 1, 2, ugbe(n) 3.
1,132; 2, 243, 247.
PMong. *jer flood, freshet (, ): MMong. ujer (HY
4); WMong. jer (L 1002); Kh. jer; Bur. jer; Kalm. jr; Ord. jer; Dag.
ujir; S.-Yugh. r.
KW 456, MGCD 691, TMN 2, 156. Mong. > Tuva jer (see 90).
PTurk. *g (~ *-) small river (): OTurk. gz (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. gz (MK, KB); MTurk. Kypch. ochus (CCum.);
Uygh. gz; SUygh. gz; Khak. s.

614

*gu - *gu

VEWT 369, EDT 119-120, TMN 2, 156, 90.

PJpn. *r bay, coast (, ): OJpn. ura; MJpn. r;
Tok. ur; Kyo. r; Kag. ur.
JLTT 563.
PKor. *jhr shallow place (): MKor. jhr; Mod. jul.
Nam 374, KED 1165.
KW 456, 323, (Turk.-Mong.), PKE 63 (Kor.-Turk.).
Low tone in Jpn. (not matching the low tone in Kor.) is probably due to
contraction. The Mong. form cannot be separated, despite TMN 2, 156
(lautgesetzlich mit der t. Form nichts zu tun). One should also note
PTM *ge-n river duct (Neg. en, Ud. jogo-so, Ul. ui-n, 1, 297, 2,
250); PT *gen (OUygh. gen, Oyr. n).
-gu up, above: Tung. *ug-; Mong. *e-, *g-se-; Turk. *jg-; Jpn.
*-pa-; Kor. *h.
PTung. *ug- 1 above, up 2 to mount (1 , 2
): Evk. u 1, u- 2; Evn. - 1, - 2; Neg. uvi- ~ ui- 1, oka-l- 2;
Man. ve-si- 1; Jurch. wi-si (594) 1; Ul. uji- 1, - 2; Ork. ui, uwu 1, - 2;
Nan. uwu-j 1, - 2; Orch. ui-si 1, - 2; Ud. ui- 1, -na- 2; Sol. ue-sx 1,
ugu- 2.
2, 243-244, 245-246.
PMong. *e-, *g-se- 1 upwards 2 to rise, ascend (1 2 ): MMong. oe-de (SH) 1; WMong. gede (L 630) 1, gse- (L 632)
2; Kh. d 1, gs- 2; Bur. de 1, gse- 2; Kalm. d 1, ks- 2; Ord. d 1;
Mog. d; ZM ud (18-6a); Dag. wd (. . 129) 1; Dong. oie 1; Bao.
od 1.
KW 303, MGCD 535, TMN 1, 167-168.
PTurk. *jg- 1 upwards 2 to rise 3 hill 4 high (1 , 2
3 4 ): OTurk. jger (Orkh., OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. jkse- 2 (MK); Tur. jksel- 2, je, (dial.) jg, jek, jgek, jvek
3; Gag. sel- 2; Az. jksl- 2, ua 4; MTurk. jkst- 2 (Houts.), je 4 (AH);
Krm. ksel- 2.
EDT 915, 4, 263-264. The form *jger is replaced in most modern languages
by a back row variant *jokaru, *jokgaru (see 4, 213-214); this may be due to a contamination with a synonymous root *jok up, above (see 4, 215).

PJpn. *-pa- up, above (, ): OJpn. u-pe; MJpn. -fe; Tok.

u, e; Kyo. ; Kag. u.
JLTT 560.
PKor. *h up, above (, ): MKor. (h-); Mod. wi.
Nam 388, KED 1258.
EAS 146-147, Poppe 60, Rozycki 222 (Mong.-Tung.), Martin 247,
Menges 1984, 291, 15, 81, SKE 284. This is a well known Altaic root, and the Mong.-Tung.-Kor. match seems undeniable. Doerfer
first tried to abolish the obvious Mong.-Tung. parallel by attempting to

*jula - *le

615

postulate the original meaning in Mong. as opposite (see TMN 1,

168-169), then included it into his list of Mong.>Tung. borrowings (Doerfer MT 25): both positions are certainly untenable. However, the
Turkic and Japanese reflexes here are not devoid of problems. The
Turkic reflex reveals an exceptional preservation of *u- as j- (regularly *g- would be expected) - which may be explained by the inner
Turkic confusion of the synonymous roots *jg- and *jok- ( < *k
q.v.). The Japanese match can be (and has been traditionally) explained
as a compound of *u- top with *pa (*ba) place (v. sub *bga). However, in case of a compound we would rather expect *u-m-pa. It should
be also noticed that the form *pa- itself is very frequent as a first component of compounds, while the root *- alone is never attested. This
all may mean that the Japanese form actually reflects a different root
(with a medial labial consonant), or a merger of PA *ugu with some
different root. Such a root may be perhaps discovered in TM (*ebu-rito lift, raise, see 2, 471) and Mong. (Kh. vx- to rise), with a
provisional reconstruction of PA *bu.
-jula to weep, howl: Mong. *ujila-; Turk. *jala-; Jpn. *nr-.
PMong. *ujila- to cry, weep (, ): MMong. uijila(SH), ujla- (IM), uila-, hujlal- (caus.) (MA), jla- (Lig.VMI); WMong.
ujila- (L 866); Kh. ujla-; Bur. ujla-; Kalm. -; Ord. ujla-; Mog. ula-; Dag.
waila- (. . 129), uajle- (MD 229), uail-; Dong. uila-; Bao. l-, la-;
S.-Yugh. la-; Mongr. (u)l- (SM 469).
KW 454, MGCD 670.
PTurk. *ja-la- to cry, weep (, ): Karakh. ala- to
cry, howl (of a donkey) () (?); Tur. inle-, dial. iile-; Gag. inne-; Az.
inl-; Turkm. ile-; Khal. ln-; MTurk. OKypch. ile- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. ingala-; Krm. inle-; Tat. egelde-; Bashk. jla-; Kirgh. jla-; Kaz. nql-da-;
KKalp. l-da-; Khak. la-; Shr. la-; Oyr. jla-; Tv. jla-, la-; Yak. la-.
VEWT 172, EDT 186, 1, 366-367.
PJpn. *nr- to howl, weep (, ): Tok. unr-; Kyo. nr-;
Kag. nr-.
JLTT 779.
An onomatopaeic root, but with a rather precise phonetic matching between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese.
-le to measure, compare: Tung. *l(k)e-; Mong. *li-; Turk. *l-, *l--;
Kor. *rkr.
PTung. *l(k)e- 1 to measure 2 to understand 3 to transmit, relay,
teach (1 2 3 , , ):
Evk. ilke- 1; Evn. ilk- 1; Neg. ilkt- 1; Man. ulxi- 2, ula- 3; SMan. ulixi- 2

616

*l - *l

(1860); Jurch. uli- 3; Nan. ilkei- 1 (Kur-Urm.); Orch. ili- 1; Ud. ilewesi1.
2, 258, 261; 1, 309.
PMong. *li- 1 to compare 2 shape, form, model, story (1 2 , , ): MMong. olgeor (IM) 2, uli- 1, ulige 2
(SH); WMong. li- 1; liger 2 (L 1005); Kh. le- 1; lger 2; Bur. lie- 1;
ger 2; Kalm. - 1; lgr 2; Ord. liger 2; Dag. urgil 2 (. . 171),
legire story; Mongr. xuGui 2.
KW 457, MGCD 693. Mong. > Evk. ulgur tale, story etc., see Doerfer MT 48.
PTurk. *l-, *l-- 1 to measure 2 measure, measuring (1 2
, ): OTurk. lg (lg) 2; Karakh. lg (lg) 2; Tur. l1; Gag. jl- 1; Az. l- 1, lg 2; Turkm. le- 1, li 2; Khal. el- 1;
MTurk. lg (lg) 2 (Pav. C.); l- (IM) 1; Uzb. l- 1, ulgi 2; Uygh. li1, lg 2; Krm. o-, le- 1; Tat. l- 1, lg 2; Bashk. ls- 1, lg 2;
Kirgh. l- 1, lg 2; Kaz. le- 1, lg 2; KBalk. lg 2; KKalp. le- 1,
lgi 2; Kum. lg 2; Nogh. le- 1, lgi 2; Khak. lg 2; Shr. lg 2; Oyr.
lg 2; Chuv. vi- 1, lg 2; Yak. llehin- divide, distribute; Dolg. llehin- divide, distribute.
EDT 142, VEWT 371, 1, 529, 632, Stachowski 250.
PKor. *rkr shape, appearance (, ): MKor. rkr; Mod.
k:ol.
Nam 367, KED 157.
Note the widespread velar suffixation and the identity Mong.
*liger = Kor. *rkr.
-l hollow, hole, intestine: Tung. *l-; Mong. *(h)olugaj; Turk. *oluk;
Jpn. *ru.
PTung. *l- 1 fistula, hollow nutshell 2 anus (1 , 2
anus): Evn. mn 2; Man. ulu 1; Orch. lmini 2.
1, 313; 2, 263.
PMong. *(h)olugaj thick intestine ( ): WMong. oluai
(L 609); Kh. olgoj; Bur. olgoj; Ord. olog.
PTurk. *oluk gutter; hollowed-out tree trunk (; ): Karakh. oluq (MK); Tur. oluk; MTurk. oluq (IM,
AH); Uygh. olaq; Krm. oluq; Tat. ulaq; Bashk. ulaq; Nogh. olq; Chuv. vol
tree-trunk.
EDT 136-137, 1, 451, . 125, 131, . V, 263, 1, 99,
130. There also exists a similar - but originally different - form *og(u)l-, *ogluk, reflected in
Chag. oluq, Tur. dial., Gag. holluq, Chuv. valak, Yak. (.) uoluk, uol-ba, with natural
contaminations.

PJpn. *ru hollow, hollow tree-trunk (,

): Tok. ur, ro; Kyo. r; Kag. ur.
Turkic and Mongolian reflect a common derivative *l-kV.

*me - *umi

617

-me ( ~ -o) to tie, strap, belt: Tung. *(x)m-; Mong. *(h)umaji-; Jpn.
*mp; Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *(x)m- 1 strap, tie 2 to girdle (1 , 2 ): Evk. imenne 1; Evn. imnru 1; Neg. imenne 1; Man. iele-,
uele- 2; Sol. imende 1.
1, 314. Evk. umur strap, belt etc. ( 2, 272) is borrowed from Mong. mrl, see Doerfer MT 27.

PMong. *(h)umaji- to tighten, shrink (, ):

WMong. umaji- (); Kh. umaj-.
PJpn. *mp belt (, ): OJpn. obji; MJpn. b; Tok. bi; Kyo.
b; Kag. ob.
JLTT 503.
PKor. *mi- to pucker, close up, shut up ( , , ): MKor. mi-j-tr-; Mod. umur-i-, omur-i-.
Nam 390, KED 1239.
SKE 286, EAS 117. Korean has a usual verbal low tone. The Jpn.
form reflects fusion with an original labial suffix (*mp < *me-bV =
Mong. *umuji-). Cf. also *umi.
-umi a k. of clothing: Tung. *(x)im-; Mong. *em- (*m-); Turk. *(i)m.
PTung. *(x)im- 1 gown 2 a k. of ritual hat (1 2 ): Man. iantu 2; Orch. ima 1.
1, 313.
PMong. *em- (*m-) 1 trousers 2 to clothe (1 2 ):
MMong. emudun (HY 23, SH), modn (IM), umudn (MA) 1, emus(SH), umus-, mus- (MA) 2; WMong. m-d(n) (L 635), emd(n) 1,
ems-, emsge-, emske- (L 315) 2; Kh. md(n) 1, ms- 2; Bur. mde(n) 1,
med-, md- (Alar.); Kalm. ms- 2; Ord. md 1, ms- 2; Mog. ndn 1,
ms- 2; ZM ondun (13-4); Dag. emese- 2 (MD 143), emse- 2, (. .
139) emsu-, (. . 171) umse- 2; Dong. mdun 1, mus- 2; Bao. mdo
1, ms- 2; S.-Yugh. mudn 1, ms- 2; Mongr. mos- (SM 242) 2.
KW 296, MGCD 544.
PTurk. *(i)m trousers (, ): OTurk. m (OUygh.)
(=m); Karakh. m (MK); Tur. im (Osm.); Khal. m; MTurk. m (Kypch.
Houts.); SUygh. m, jm, jm; Chuv. jm.
EDT 155, VEWT 520-521, 78, 1, 195, 119, 478.
478. A Western isogloss. In TM a reconstruction *m- is
also not excluded; if this is the case the root should be reconstructed as
*ume and would be just a specialization of *me tie, belt: girdled
clothes.

618

*mu - *umu

-mu a k. of fruit or berry: Tung. *uma-kta; Turk. *imiti ( ~ *mt); Jpn.

*mi.
PTung. *uma-kta 1 brier 2 a sp. of berry 3 cornel (1 2
3 ): Evn. umtan 2; Man. umpu 3; Ul. omaqta 1.
2, 16, 268. Manchu umpu is probably an assimilation < *umqu < *uma-kta.
PTurk. *imiti ( ~ *mt) a k. of hawthorn ( ):
OTurk. imiti (Rach.) (can also be read as mt).
209. Attested only in Old Uyghur, but having possible parallels in Tung. and
Jpn. Turk. > Mong. imidi (the word has been pointed out by Stefan Georg, who found it
out in : (1908 .), 339); cf. also WMong. imdij,
Khalkha imdij (). The Turkic word is, of course,
not from Mongolian (which certainly has a borrowed shape with -d- in front of -i).

PJpn. *mi plum (): OJpn. ume; MJpn. m; Tok. me; Kyo.
m; Kag. me.
JLTT 562.
The Jpn. word is usually derived from Middle Chinese moj plum,
but the problem here is the same as in the word for horse (see *u):
inexplicable initial u- in Japanese. The matches in TM and Turkic may
provide an alternative Altaic explanation of Jpn. *mi.
-umu to help, gather: Tung. *um-; Mong. *m-; Turk. *im-; Kor.
*umur-.
PTung. *um- to gather (()): Evk. umw-; Evn. mw-;
Man. ia-; Ul. m-; Ork. mm-; Nan. om-; Orch. umu-; Ud. mu-.
1, 312, 2, 267-268.
PMong. *m- 1 to gather, to work collectively 2 help 3 property, inheritance (1 (), 2 3 ,
): MMong. omer- 1 (SH); WMong. mr- 1, m 2 (L 635: me,
mg), m-i 3 (L 635); Kh. mg 2, m 3; Bur. mr- -., ; mse 3; megle-, megel- ,
; Kalm. mg protection, defence (), mi,
ni 3; Ord. mr- 1, mk 2, mi 3; Dag. umei 3 (MD 232); S.-Yugh.
mi 3.
KW 296, MGCD 544. Mong. > Turk. mk.
PTurk. *im- 1 public gathering 2 to gather 3 collective work (1 2 3 , ): OTurk. imer- 2;
Karakh. imren (MK) 1; Tur. imee 3.
1, 633-634.
PKor. *umur- to crowd, cluster ( , ):
MKor. umur-umur; Mod. umul-umul-ha-, omul-kri-.
Liu 593, KED 1200, 1239.
A reliable common Altaic root; a small problem is fronted *im- instead of the expected *m- in Turkic.

*ne - *unu

619

-ne notch (on arrow): Tung. *n-; Mong. *oni; Kor. *ni.
PTung. *n- 1 notch on an arrow 2 scar, mark (on face) 3 wrinkle
(on face) (1 2 ( , ) 3 ( )): Evk. inu 3; Evn. nat 2; Man. wen 1; Nan. 1 (On.)
1, 132, 318. The Man. and Nan. forms can be borrowed < Mong. (as are certainly Evk., Neg. un, see below), but the Northern forms can only be genuine.

PMong. *oni 1 hollow, groove, nick (on point of an arrow) 2 mark in

sheeps ear (1 , ( ) 2 ): MMong. ono (SH); honi (MA) (with a secondary h-) 1; WMong. oni,
onu 1 (L 614, 615); Kh. o 1; Bur. oni 1; Kalm. on 1, 2; Ord. oni 1; Dag.
oi knife for making nicks (. . 160, MD 201).
KW 286. Mong. > Sol. ono, Evk., Neg. un ( 2, 273). Cf. also *oni defile, gorge.
PKor. *ni notch on an arrow ( ): MKor. ni;
Mod. oni.
Nam 379, KED 1196.
VEWT 362, 1984, 43. The Kor. word is regarded as borrowed from Mong. in Lee 1964, 192, which is somewhat dubious (-- is
unexplainable). See also notes to *a and *au.
-ni to live, rest: Tung. *in-; Mong. *n-i-; Jpn. *n-t; Kor. *ni.
PTung. *in- 1 to live 2 alive (1 2 ): Evk. in- 1; Evn. n- 1;
Neg. n- 1; Nan. i-k 2; Orch. ini 2; Ud. inigi 2; Sol. inirge- to revive.
1, 315.
PMong. *n-i- to rest (): MMong. uni-(gu) (SH); Bur.
ne- to spend a day.
PJpn. *n-t life (): OJpn. inoti; MJpn. nt; Tok. nochi; Kyo.
nch; Kag. nch.
JLTT 425. The word is obviously an old compound with *-t spirit; blood.
PKor. *ni world, generation (, ): MKor. ni.
Nam 116.
MKor. has a frequent initial vowel reduction.
-unu cow: Mong. *nien; Turk. *in-gek (/*n-gak), *in-ken.
PMong. *nien cow (): MMong. unien (SH), unejen (HY
11); WMong. nije(n) (L 1010); Kh. nn; Bur. (n); Kalm. n, nn;
Ord. n(n); Mog. in (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. un, (. . 171) u;
Bao. una; S.-Yugh. nn; Mongr. un (SM 472).
KW 458, MGCD 694. Mong. > Man. unijen etc., see Poppe 1966, 191, Sinor 1962, 321,
Doerfer MT 139, Rozycki 218-219.

PTurk. *in-gek (/*n-gak), *in-ken 1 cow 2 female camel (1 2

): OTurk. ingek (Orkh., OUygh.) 1, ingen 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. ingek 1, ingen 2 (MK); Tur. inek 1; Gag. inek 1; Az. ink 1; Turkm.
inek 1 (), inen 2; MTurk. inek 1 (AH), inen 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. ink,
inj 1 (dial.); Uygh. ink 1, (dial.) ingan, igan 2; Krm. inek 1; Tat. nk 1

620

*a - *upo

(dial.); Kirgh. inek 1, igen 2; Kaz. inek 1, gen 2; KBalk. inek, ijnek 1;
KKalp. igen 2; Kum. inek 1; SUygh. inek, enek 1; Khak. nek 1; Shr. inek,
nk 1; Oyr. inek, ijnek 1; Tv. inek 1, egin 2; Chuv. ne 1; Yak. nax 1.
EDT 184, VEWT 172, 1, 358-361, 64, 436, 447-448). Turk. >
Mong. igen female camel; Hung. n heifer (Gombocz 1912).

EAS 114, 175. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Despite

1997, 163 Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk.
-a ( ~ -u, -e) pit, ravine: Tung. *ui ( ~ -); Mong. *(h)oni; Turk. *jn.
PTung. *ui ( ~ -) small river, brook (, ): Ul. ; Ork.
ui river; Nan. o; Orch. ui; Ud. ui Auj river.
2, 277.
PMong. *(h)oni defile, gorge (, ): WMong. oni, onu
(L 614, 615); Kh. o; Bur. oni; Kalm. on; Ord. oni.
KW 286. The root is homonymous with *oni nick on point of an arrow (v. sub
*ne), which must be a historical coincidence (judging from external data).

PTurk. *jn hollow, pit, lair (, ): OTurk. in (OUygh.);

Karakh. in, jin (MK); Turkm. hn; Khal. hn; Kirgh. ijin; Chuv. jn; Yak.
n; Dolg. n.
EDT 166, VEWT 172, 79, Stachowski 131.
A Western isogloss. It is somewhat difficult to distinguish PA
*a pit, ravine, *ne notch (on arrow) and *au line, furrow because of natural contaminations, but such a distinction seems necessary.
-uu ( ~ -a) to breathe, smell: Tung. *uu-; Mong. *(h)oguli-; Turk.
*n-tk.
PTung. *uu- to smell (): Evk. unu-; Evn. unu-; Neg.
uu-; Ul. ue-; Ork. unene-; Nan. ujne-; Ud. uefe- (. 303).
2, 274-275.
PMong. *(h)oguli- to gasp, breathe heavily (,
): WMong. ouli- (L 613); Kh. ogoli-.
PTurk. *n-tk (~ *e-) to breathe heavily ( ): Tat.
intek- to become tired, exhausted; Bashk. intek-; Kirgh. ntq-; Kaz.
nt-; Tv. ndnn panting, alarmed; Chuv. andx-.
29, 1,49.
A Western isogloss.
-upo to be ashamed, taken aback: Tung. *b-; Mong. *ubaj; Turk. *ubut;
Jpn. *pp-.
PTung. *b- 1 to hate, abhor 2 to panic 3 to be ashamed (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. iba- 3;
Man. ua-, ia- 1; SMan. ua- to dislike (1904); Nan. obosa- 2.
1, 294-295, 639; 2, 4.

*ure - *ru

621

PMong. *(h)ubaj consciousness, attention (, ):

WMong. ubai (L 858); Kh. uvaj; Bur. ubaj-gj , ;
Kalm. ubra- to pay attention ().
PTurk. *ubut 1 shame 2 to be ashamed (1 2 ):
OTurk. ubut (Orkh.) 1; Karakh. uvut (MK) 1; Tur. ut, -du 1, ut-an- 2; Az.
ut-an- 2; Turkm. ut-an- 2; Gag. ut-an- 2; Uygh. uvat, ubat 1.
1, 561-563.
PJpn. *pp- perturbed, taken aback (, , ): OJpn. op(w)op(w)o-si; MJpn. obobo-si.
JLTT 838.
All languages reflect the root with different derivational suffixes;
the simple verbal stem is perhaps preserved only in Manchu.
-ure a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *r-kte; Turk. *rgaj; Jpn. *utu-kui; Kor.
*ori.
PTung. *r-kte 1 larch 2 rod, willow rod (1 2 ,
): Evk. irkte 1; Evn. irt 1; Neg. ijkte 1; Ul. urekte 2; Ork. urekte
2; Nan. urekte 2; Orch. ijekte 2; Ud. jakta 2; Sol. irkte, irtte 1.
1, 329.
PTurk. *rgaj 1 name of a plant (irga) 2 honeysuckle, woodbind 3
juniper (1 2 3 ): Uygh. iraj 1; Kaz.
raj 3; Oyr. jjra 3; Tv. raj 1.
VEWT 166.
PJpn. *t-ki Deutzia, a decorative shrub (
): MJpn. t-g; Tok. utsugi.
JLTT 565.
PKor. *ori alder (): MKor. ori-namo; Mod. ori-namu.
Liu 576, KED 1199.
Turkic forms are usually derived < Mong. iraj id., but the direction of borrowing may be opposite; however, Yak. ara is certainly <
Mong.
-ru joy: Tung. *uru-; Mong. *urma; Turk. *ra; Jpn. *ri-.
PTung. *uru- to enjoy, be merry (, ): Evk.
urws-; Evn. rus-; Man. ur-gun joy; SMan. uruxun joy (1929); Jurch.
wur-hul-e-rie (372); Ork. uru-lini-; Sol. urun-.
2, 288. Man. > Dag. urgun joy (. . 171).
PMong. *urma inspiration, enthusiasm (, ):
WMong. urma (L 884); Kh. uram; Bur. urma(n), urmas; Kalm. urm; Ord.
urma, urmas; Dong. uruma.
KW 451.
PTurk. *ra character, disposition (, ): Tur.
ra; Tat. raj (dial.); Kirgh. raj; KKalp. raj; Oyr. ra.
1, 659-660.

622

*r - *gi

PJpn. *ri- merry, joyful (, ): OJpn. ure-si;

MJpn. ure-si; Tok. uresh-; Kyo. rsh-; Kag. uresh-.
JLTT 843.
One of numerous common Altaic terms of emotion.
-r to gather, crowd: Tung. *ur-; Mong. *ir-, *irge-; Turk. *irk-; Jpn.
*(n)t; Kor. *ur.
PTung. *ur- 1 to gather, collect 2 crowd, gathering (1 ()
2 , ): Evk. urw- 1, urw 2; Neg. ojw-; Ork. uru-; Sol.
or-.
2, 287.
PMong. *ir-, *irgen 1 to fill up, to crowd 2 people (1 ,
2 ): MMong. jirgen (HY 28), irge(n) (SH) 2, irken, hirken
(MA); WMong. ir- 1 (L 412), irgen 2 (L 414); Kh. irgen 2; Bur. ergen 2;
iraj-, , , iralza- (
, ); Kalm. irgn 2; Ord. rgen 1
citizen, 2 chinese; Mog. irgan 2 (Weiers); ZM orgn (9-6a); Dag. irgen 2
(. . 146), iregen (MD 173).
KW 209. Mong. > Jurch. irhebe (843), Man. irgen (see Rozycki 117).
PTurk. *irk- to gather (()): Karakh. irk- (MK); Tur. irk-;
Turkm. irik- (dial.); MTurk. irk- (Pav. C.); Kirgh. irk-il-; Kaz. irk-.
EDT 221, 1, 378-379.
PJpn. *(n)t clan (): OJpn. udi; MJpn. udi, t; Tok. ji; Kyo. j;
Kag. ji.
JLTT 566. The Tokyo accent is aberrant.
PKor. *ur clan, relatives (, ): Mod. ul.
KED 1246.
KW 209, Martin 228, Lee 25-26. Cf. Old Koguryo *u (see Miller
1979, 17).
-gi (?) fat; brain: Tung. *irg[]; Turk. *.
PTung. *irg[] 1 brain 2 head (1 2 ): Evk. irge 1; Evn.
irg 1; Neg. igge / ijge 1; Man. uu 2; SMan. uu 2 (1); Jurch. (h)u(i)ew
(492) 2; Ul. ie 1; Ork. de 1; Nan. ge 1; Orch. igge 1; Ud. igi 1; Sol. igge,
irge 1.
1, 326.
PTurk. * fat (): Karakh. z (MK); MTurk. z (AH), z clinging
mud (Sangl.); Khak. s; Shr. s; Oyr. s; Tv. s liquid fat; Tof. s liquid fat; Chuv. jor-var ; Yak. skl.
EDT 278-279, 2, 491, VEWT 523, . 154, 454-455.
Chuv. va- points to a long *-.

A Turkic-Tungus isogloss; phonetically a good match, but semantics raises some doubts.

*uo - *se

623

-uo long; late: Tung. *(x)ir- ~ (x)r-; Mong. *urtu, *uri-du; Turk. *u-n,
*ua-k; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *(x)ir- ~ (x)r- ancient, former (, , ): Evn. ir-bt; Neg. ij; Sol. irkte.
1, 329.
PMong. *urtu, *uri-du 1 long 2 formerly (1 2 ):
MMong. urdu (HY 52), urtu (SH), uruxi jire to come before (HY 40),
ortu (IM), urtu (MA) 1, urida (HY 50), urit 2 (HY 28, SH); WMong. urtu 1
(L 884), uri-du 2 (L 883); Kh. urt 1, ud 2; Bur. u(r)ta 1; Kalm. ut 1; Ord.
urtu 1; Mog. urtu; ZM oro (11-6b); Dag. orto (. . 160), ortu 1;
warda (. . 129), ordn (. . 160) 2, orete 1 (MD 202); Dong.
fudu 1; Bao. fdu (MGCD ft) 1; S.-Yugh. rd 1; Mongr. fudur (SM 101),
(MGCD dur) 1.
KW 452, MGCD 681. Mong. > Dolg. urut formerly (Stachowski 246).
PTurk. *u-n, *ua-k 1 long 2 lie; grow 3 far 4 long (time), late (1
2 ; 3 4 , ): OTurk.
uzun 1, uzaq 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. uzun 1 (MK, KB), uzaq (MK) 3; Tur.
uzun 1, uzak 3; Gag. uzun 1; Az. uzun 1, uzan- 2, uzaG 3; Turkm. uzn 1,
uzaq 3; Sal. uzn 1, uz 3; Khal. uzn- 2, uzq 3, uzn 1; Uzb. uzun 1, uzq
3; Uygh. uzun 1, uzaq 3; Krm. uzun 1; Tat. ozn 1, ozaq 3; Bashk. oon 1;
Kirgh. uzun 1, uzaq 2, 3; Kaz. uzun 1; KBalk. uzun 1, uzaq 3; KKalp. uzn
1, uzaq 3; Nogh. uzn 1; SUygh. uzun 1, ozaq 3; Khak. uzun 1; Shr. uzun 1,
uzaq 4; Tv. uzun 1, uzaq 3; Tof. uzun 1 uza- ; Chuv. vrm
1, vrax 3; Yak. uhun 1; Dolg. uhun 1.
PT *u-n long, *ua-k far, long are derived from *ua- to be long, prolonged. See
VEWT 518, EDT 281, 283, 288-9, 1, 570-572, Stachowski 241.

PKor. *r- late, long ago (, ): MKor. r-; Mod. or-.

Nam 379, KED 1198.
EAS 112, KW 452, Poppe 81, 34, 283. Cf. *re.
-se to grow, sprout: Tung. *se-; Mong. *s-; Turk. *s-; Kor. *sk.
PTung. *se 1 seed 2 to grow 3 field ready for ploughing (1 2
3 ): Evk. isew- 2; Evn. isu- 2; Neg. isew- 2; Man. use
1, usi-n 3; SMan. us 1 (330, 1158, 2143); Jurch. use 1, usi-in (50) 3; Ul. use
1; Nan. use 1; Orch. usi 1; Ud. jehu- 2.
1, 332; 2, 290, 291.
PMong. *s- to grow (): MMong. us- (MA), os- (SH), osge- caus.
(HYt); WMong. s- (L 645); Kh. s-; Bur. de-; Kalm. s-; Ord. s-; Dag.
euse- (. . 141); Dong. os-, os-; Bao. ose-; S.-Yugh. s-; Mongr. s(SM 298).
KW 301, MGCD 550.
PTurk. *s- to grow (): OTurk. s- (OUygh.); Tur. s-; Turkm.
s-; MTurk. s- (Sangl.); Uzb. s-; Uygh. s-; Krm. s-; Tat. s-; Bashk.

624

*te - *te

-; Kirgh. s-; Kaz. s-; KBalk. s-; KKalp. s-; Kum. s-; Nogh. s-;
Khak. s-; Shr. s-; Oyr. s-; Tv. s-.
VEWT 376, 1, 552-553. Doubts about OT s- see in EDT 241, 251, with a discussion in Clark 1977, 142-144.

PKor. *sk sprout, spike (, ): MKor. sk; Mod. isak.

Nam 401, KED 1330.
Poppe 108. In Kor. one has to suppose a secondary reduction
*jsVk > *sk; otherwise the correspondences are regular.
-te thick liquid: Tung. *t-; Mong. *te-; Turk. *t.
PTung. *t- 1 to ferment bread 2 jam, cream (1 () 2 , ): Evk. itke- 1; Man. uta 2.
1, 334, 2, 293.
PMong. *te- thick (of liquids) ( ( )): MMong. otkan (SH); WMong. te-ge-n; Kh. tgn ; Bur. dxe(n) (of liquids,
grass); Kalm. tkn, tgn; Ord. dn; Mog. utkn (Ramstedt 1906);
Dong. oean (. .).
KW 302.
PTurk. *t gall (): OTurk. t (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. t
(MK); Tur. t; Gag. jt; Az. d; Turkm. t; Sal. t; MTurk. d (Pav. C.), t
(AH, IM); Uzb. t; Uygh. t; Krm. t; Tat. t; Bashk. t; Kirgh. t; Kaz. t;
KBalk. t; KKalp. t; Kum. t; Nogh. t; SUygh. jt; Khak. t; Oyr. t; Tv.
t; Chuv. vat.
EDT 35, VEWT 376, 1, 504-505.
A Western isogloss. Ramstedt (SKE 79) compares Kor. jt candy,
taffy, but MKor. has consistently js here.

K
-kabari oar: Tung. *kabri-k; Mong. *kajiur, -bu(r); Jpn. *kapiara.
PTung. *kabri-k sledge pole ( (
)): Evk. kawrik; Neg. kawrx; Ul. qar; Ork. qawr; Nan. kaor;
Orch. kauri.
1, 358.
PMong. *kajiur, -bu(r) 1 oar 2 pedal (1 2 ): WMong.
qajiur (L 915: qajaur), qajibi, qajibu (L 911: qajiba); Kh. xajr, xajv 1; Bur.
xajr 2; Kalm. xajr, xwr 1, xw 2.
KW 161, 181.
PJpn. *kapiara oar (): OJpn. kapjera.
A common Altaic cultural term. The difference between *kabari
and *gja is not quite clear: both can mean oar or boat pole in daughter languages. The Mong. forms can be explained from an earlier form
*kabi(r)-ur, whence *kaibur / *kai-ur.
-kb enclosure: Tung. *kaba-; Mong. *keji-d; Jpn. *kmpi; Kor.
*kbr.
PTung. *kaba- 1 tent (covered with bark) 2 to enclose, fence 3 fence,
enclosure, camp (1 ( ) 2 3 ,
; , ): Man. quwara- 2, quwaran 3; SMan.
quarn courtyard (553); Ork. qara(n) 1; Nan. qawa 1; Orch. kawa(n) 1;
Ud. kawa 1.
1, 391, 422. Manchu > WMong. quwaran barracks.
PMong. *keji-d monastery, temple (, ): MMong.
ge-yid house, building, boutique (hPhags-pa script); WMong. kejid (L
444); Kh. xijd; Bur. xd; Kalm. kd (); Ord. kd.
272, as well as DO 420 compare the MMong. word with MTurk. kebit ( 290) canteen, shop ( > Russ. , Kalm. kiwde), which, according to VEWT
244 is borrowed from Sogd. qpy id. Loss of -b-, though, as well as a pronounced religious meaning in Mong. make this derivation rather improbable; we are rather dealing
with a -d-derivation (standard plural or collective suffix) from an original *keji enclosure.

PJpn. *kmpi wall (): OJpn. kabje; MJpn. kb; Tok. kbe; Kyo.
kb; Kag. kbe.
JLTT 431 (wrongly spelled as OJp kabe).

626

*kbro - *ke

PKor. *kbr district (, ): MKor. kr; Mod. kol.

Liu 65, KED 148.
The root is rather difficult to distinguish from *kpu barrier.
There also exists MJ kfr district, county - which is considered by
most authors a loanword from MKor. kr ( = kwr), see e.g. JLTT 457;
the loan must have occurred already after the merger of -f- ( < *-p-) and
-w- in Japanese, which can explain the orthography.
-kbro a k. of ferment: Tung. *kabu-kta; Mong. *kowr; Turk. *Kor; Jpn.
*kr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kabu-kta 1 salmon fat 2 salmon stomach (1 (,
) 2 ()): Ul. qaqta 1; Nan. qaqta 2.
1, 385.
PMong. *kowr poison, harm (, ): MMong. qor Schaden
(HYt), qr (IM), qur (MA); WMong. qour, qoura (L 973); Kh.
xor; Bur. xoro(n); Kalm. xorn; Ord. xor; Dag. xor, kor (. . 177), hore,
huore (MD 164, 167); S.-Yugh. oro; Mongr. xur, xor.
KW 188, MGCD 365. Cf. also WMong. qorqa, qura pus (in wound), Kalm.
xorx. Mong. > Oyr. qoron, Man. qoro, xoron etc. (Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 109, 144). The
forms meaning damage may actually reflect a merger with a Turkic loanword *Kor loss,
harm, on which see under PA *koru.

PTurk. *Kor 1 ferment; yeast 2 bitter, astringent (1 ; 2 , ): Karakh. qor 1 (MK, IM); Turkm. Gor 1; Uzb. qr
1 (dial.); Tat. qur 1 (dial.); Bashk. qur 1; Kirgh. qor 1; Kaz. qor 1; KKalp.
qor 1; Yak. kuras 2.
EDT 642, 6, 72.
PJpn. *kr- bitter (): OJpn. kara-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kar-;
Kyo. kr-; Kag. kar-.
JLTT 830. Cf. also *krs vinegar; mustard.
PKor. *kr- wine fungus, mould, scum ( , ,
): MKor. kr-; Mod. kolmai.
Nam 51, KED 158.
Cf. also MKor. krm pus, probably preserving the original accentuation.
-ke wish, intent: Tung. *kasaga-; Mong. *kai; Turk. *Ka; Jpn.
*ks-rpa-.
PTung. *kasaga- 1 insistent, obstinate 2 to overcome (1 , 2 ()): Evk. kasaa- 2; Evn.
qas 1.
1, 382.
PMong. *kai interest, curious thing (, ):
WMong. qai (L 901); Kh. xa.

*ki - *ku

627

PTurk. *Ka 1 passion, wish 2 to demand 3 to threaten (1 ,

2 3 ): Kirgh. qa- 2; Kaz. qsa
commotion, anger (R 2, 803 - Kir.); Khak. xa 1, xan- 3; Shr. qan- 3;
Oyr. qa 1; Tv. qan- 3.
VEWT 260.
PJpn. *ks-rpa- to plan, contrive (, ):
OJpn. k(w)osirapa-; MJpn. ksrfa-; Tok. kshirae-; Kyo. kshr-; Kag.
koshira-.
JLTT 713.
The suffixless root is nominal both in Turkic and Mongolian;
verbs are derived from it by means of various productive suffixes.
-ki to pass, go through: Tung. *kas-; Turk. *ge-.
PTung. *kas- through, straight through (, ): Neg.
kas; Man. qas quickly; Ul. qas; Ork. qas; Nan. qas; Orch. kas; kasa- to
send; Ud. kahil.
1, 382.
PTurk. *ge- to pass, wade (, ):
OTurk. ke- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ke- (MK, KB); Tur. ge-; Gag.
ge-; Az. ke-; Turkm. ge-; Khal. k-; MTurk. k- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb.
ke-; Uygh. k/e-; Krm. ke-; Tat. ki-; Bashk. ki-, kis-; Kirgh. ke-; KKalp.
ke-; Kum. ge-; Nogh. ke-; SUygh. ke-; Khak. kis-; Shr. ke-ir- to ferry
across the river; Oyr. ke-; Tv. ke-; Tof. ke-; Chuv. ka-; Yak. kes-.
VEWT 245, EDT 693-694, 3, 32-34, TMN 3, 584.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-ku covering, skin: Tung. *kau-; Mong. *kui-; Turk. *KA-(g)a; Kor.
*k.
PTung. *kau(-ki) skin clothes ( ): Man. qaiki; Ul.
qa; Nan. qao; Orch. kaun, kauki.
1,386.
PMong. *kui- to cover (, ):
MMong. qui- (SH, HYt); WMong. qui- (L 979); Kh. xui-; Bur. xua-;
Kalm. xu-; Ord. Gui-; Mog. kui- (Weiers); Dag. koi-, xoi- (. .
150, 178), koi- (MD 183); Dong. qu-; S.-Yugh. quo-; Mongr. xoi- (SM
169), (MGCD xui-).
KW 200, MGCD 395. Mong. > Evk. kui-, Man. usi- etc., see 1, 441, Doerfer
MT 77, Rozycki 113.

PTurk. *KA-(g)a Chinese brocade, woven fabric ( , ): Karakh. qaa (MK).

EDT 590.
PKor. *k skin (): MKor. kk, kh (ks); Mod. kauk, sal-gat
(sal-gah-), (arch.) kat (kah-).

628

*kdaV - *kd(rV)
KED 25, 63, 64, 896.
SKE 102, PKE 74, 297.

-kdaV ( ~ k-) a k. of foliage tree: Mong. *kadu; Turk. *Kad; Jpn.

*kn-p.
PMong. *kadu 1 currant 2 birch (1 2 ): WMong.
qadu; Kh. xadan 1; Kalm. ad 2.
KW 159.
PTurk. *Kad birch tree (): Karakh. qa (MK), qaj (KB);
Tur. kajn beech tree; Az. Gajn maple tree; Turkm. Gaj; MTurk.
qajn (Houts.); Uzb. qjin; Uygh. qejin; Tat. qajn; Bashk. qajn; Kirgh.
qaj; Kaz. qaj; KKalp. qaj; Nogh. qaj; Khak. xaz; Shr. qaz; Oyr.
qaj; Tv. xad; Tof. qad; Chuv. xorn; Yak. xat; Dolg. kat.
VEWT 218, TMN 3, 183, 5, 214-215, 122, 2, 366, Stachowski
141.

PJpn. *kn-p birch (): OJpn. kanipa bark of some trees;

MJpn. knf; Tok. kaba.
JLTT 431.
KW 159, TMN 3, 184(: unklar ). In Jpn. we probably have a
compound with *pa leaf; *kn < *kadV-N with regular nasal assimilation. The old form *kadiNpa is reflected in the Ainu loanword karinpa
birch tree or cherry tree.
-kd(rV) strong, oppressive: Tung. *kadara-ku; Mong. *keder; Turk.
*Kadr; Jpn. *kt-.
PTung. *kadara-ku courageous, diligent (, , ): Man. qadaraqu; Ul. qda-; Ork. qadaraqu; Nan. qadaraqo.
1, 360.
PMong. *keder angry, inobedient (, ): MMong.
keder haughty (MA 213); WMong. keder (L 441); Kh. xeder; Bur. xeder;
Kalm. kedr.
KW 222. Chag. keden translating the MMong. form may be a distorted mongolism.
PTurk. *Kadr- hard, strong, cruel (, , ):
OTurk. qadr (Orkh., OUygh.); Bashk. qajr (dial.); Kirgh. qajr contradiction, objection; KBalk. qajr angry; Khak. xazr; Shr. qazr; Oyr. qajr;
Tv. Todzh. xadr; Yak. xatrj- , ,
.
VEWT 218, TMN 3, 378-379, 5, 216.
PJpn. *kt- strong, brave (, , ): MJpn.
kitu-; Tok. ktsu-; Kyo. kts-; Kag. kits-.
JLTT 832.
A suffixed form *kd-rV is reflected in most subgroups.

*kd - *kadV

629

-kd a k. of harness (bridle): Tung. *kadala / *kadara; Mong. *kada-;

Jpn. *ktw; Kor. *kri.
PTung. *kadala / *kadara bridle (): Man. adala; SMan.
hadl, qadl (1255); Nan. qadara, adara; Sol. xadal, kadala.
1, 359 (the verb *kadala- to regulate, oppress reflected in several languages is
derived from the noun bridle rather than borrowed from Mong., where *kada- means
basically to nail; however, there were vast possibilities of contaminating the original
and borrowed roots (see under *kjta). Nan. adara bridle may be borrowed from Mong.
(not quite plausibly, however: the forms like qadar are actually attested only in MMong.
and Southern Mongolian dialects), but the Manchu and Solon forms are hard to explain
as borrowings (despite Rozycki 97).

PMong. *kada- bridle (): MMong. qadaar (HY 18, SH),

qadsu (IM), qdar (MA), qadr (LH); WMong. qaaar (L 947), qaijar
(SM); Kh. xar; Bur. xazr; Kalm. xazr; Ord. xar; Mog. qadr; Dag.
xadl (. . 172 xadla); Dong. qata (. .); Gada; Bao. Gadr;
S.-Yugh. Gadar; Mongr. Gaar (SM 116), Gaa- (SM 117) ronger,
brouter, Gadar (SM 115).
KW 174, MGCD 316. Often derived from *kaa- to bite (see e.g. Doerfer MT 57),
but MMong. and South Mongolian forms with -d- clearly contradict it, so WMong.
qaaar is most probably a result of contamination. The isolated form with -l, Dag.
xadl(a), may in fact be a Tungus loanword.

PJpn. *ktw bridle (): MJpn. ktw; Tok. ktsuwa; Kyo.

ktsw; Kag. kutsuw.
JLTT 468. The accent in Kagoshima is secondary.
PKor. *kri bridle (): MKor. kri; Mod. kulle.
Nam 62, KED 217.
EAS 97, KW 174. Despite Doerfer MT 57 the TM forms are very
hard to explain as borrowed from Mong. In Jpn. the word is usually
analysed as mouth ring, which seems to be a folk etymology (in view
of external parallels: together with Kor. kri it presupposes a suffixed
form like *kdu-bV-). It seems that we in fact are dealing here with an
archaic term of horse harness.
-kadV rock, mountain: Tung. *kada-; Mong. *kada; Turk. *K(i)aja (?).
PTung. *kada(r) rock (): Evk. kadar, kadaa; Evn. qadr, qadaq;
Neg. kad; Man. ada; SMan. had mountain peak (2069); Ul. qadal;
Ork. qada; Nan. qadar granite, marble (On.); Orch. kada; Ud. kada; Sol.
xadr.
1, 360 (part of the forms may be < Mong., see Doerfer MT 18, but as a whole
the root is undoubtedly genuine).

PMong. *kada rock (): MMong. qada (SH); WMong. qada(n) (L

902); Kh. xad; Bur. xada; Kalm. xad; Ord. xada(n); Dag. xada, xad (.
. 172), hade (MD 154); Dong. Gada; S.-Yugh. Gada; Mongr. Gad (SM
114).
KW 158, TMN 1, 393, MGCD 314.

630

*kagVlV - *kajamV

PTurk. *K(i)aja 1 rock 2 mountain 3 slope (1 2 3 ):

OTurk. qaja (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qaja (MK, KB) 1; Tur. kaja 1;
Gag. qaja 1, 2; Az. Gaja 1, 2; Turkm. dial. Gja, Gaja 1; MTurk. qaja
(Houts., AH, Ettuhf., Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. qj 1; Uygh. dial. qija 1; Tat. qja 1;
Bashk. qaja 1; Kirgh. qaja 1, qja 3 (oblique slope - through contamination with *kj- oblique); KBalk. qaja 1; KKalp. qja 1; Nogh. qaja 1; Khak.
xaja 1; Shr. qaja 1; Oyr. qaja 1; Tv. xaja 1; Tof. xaja 1; Yak. xaja 2; Dolg.
kaja 2.
VEWT 221, TMN 3, 565, EDT 674-5, 5, 198-199, 96, Stachowski 133.
EAS 46, 97, KW 158, Poppe 95, VEWT 221, 288,
96-97. A Western isogloss. PT -j- instead of the expected -d- is baffling
(cf. TMN 1, 394, 3, 566); perhaps OT qaja is a borrowing from some archaic j-dialect? Helimski 1995 proposed a Sam. etymology for the
Turkic word (PS *koj mountain), which cannot be excluded. But obviously Mong. is not < Turk. (despite 1997, 132). Cf. also a
toponym: OT Ezgenti qadaz = Mong. Ergenet qada].
-kagVlV ( ~ k-) willow, elm: Mong. *kajila(r)-; Turk. *K(i)agl.
PMong. *kajila- elm (): MMong. qajilasun (HY 7); WMong. qajilasu(n) (L 912); Kh. xajlas; Bur. xajlha(n); Ord. xlasu; Dag. xails (.
. 172).
Mong. > Jurch. xailar, Man. xailan id. (Rozycki 98).
PTurk. *K(i)agl rod (): OTurk. qal (OUygh.); Karakh. qal
(MK, KB) fresh willow shoots; Kirgh. kla- ( .)
, ; Khak. xl rod.
VEWT 220, EDT 610.
A Turko-Mong. isogloss.
-kajamV crayfish, tick: Tung. *kiamk-; Turk. *Km-; Kor. *kjm.
PTung. *kiamk- 1 crayfish 2 a k. of water insect 3 worm (1 2
3 ): Evk. kmkn 1; Evn. qmqr 2; Neg.
kmkaj 3.
1, 388.
PTurk. *Km- 1 bed-bug 2 beetle (1 2 ): Tur. kandalaj 1
(dial.); Turkm. Gandala 1; MTurk. qandala (Houts., .) 1, qandala
(Qum.) 1; Uzb. qndl 1; Tat. qandala 1; Bashk. qandala 1; Kirgh. qantala
1; Kaz. qandala 1; KBalk. qandaaj 1, qamaaq 2; KKalp. qandala 1; Kum.
qandala 1; Nogh. qandalaj; Khak. xandala 1; Oyr. qandrjaq cochlea
(.); Chuv. xmtla, xmdla, xmgla ~ xngla 1.
VEWT 229, 5, 253-254, 183.
PKor. *kjm ant (): MKor. kjm, kjmi, kjmi; Mod.
kmi.
Liu 22, KED 70.

*kaje - *kji

631

183. Cf. *kuma, *kumi. In Mong. cf. perhaps Mongor

xmn (153) taon.
-kaje ( ~ k-) to love, covet: Mong. *kaji-; Turk. *Kj-.
PMong. *kaji- 1 to seek, investigate 2 love, compassion (1 ,
2 , ): MMong. qairala-, qaijirala- to
love, treat kindly (HYt), qajirala- (MA); WMong. qaji- 1 (L
911), qajira 2 (L 913); Kh. xaj- 1, xajr 2; Bur. xaj- 1, xajra 2; Kalm. xrn 2;
Ord. xra, xram 2; Dag. xairan 2 (. . 172); S.-Yugh. air 2; Mongr.
xran 2; xrla- cher, chri; aimer, gratifier (SM 167), xairGan 2.
KW 180, MGCD 317. Mong. > Man. xaira- etc., see Rozycki 98.
PTurk. *Kj- 1 greedy, miserly 2 wise, clever 3 to offer, sacrifice 4 to
dare (1 , 2 , 3 ,
, 4 , , ): Tur. kj3; Gag. qj- 4; Az. Gj- 3, 4; MTurk. qj- 4 (AH); Krm. qj- 3; Tat. qj- 4;
Bashk. qj- 4; Kirgh. qj- 3, 4; Kaz. qj- 3; KKalp. qj- 3; Khak. xja 2, xjtx
1; Oyr. qja 1; Chuv. xj- 4.
VEWT 262, 6, 197-198 (confused with *Kj- to cut aslant which should be
probably kept apart).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-kaji animal: Tung. *kaji-; Turk. *gejik.
PTung. *kaji- 1 a big seal 2 wild goat 3 a variegated dog breed (1
() 2 () 3 ): Evn. kajir
2; Ork. qaar 1; Nan. kiaktn 3 (.).
1, 361, 362.
PTurk. *gejik 1 wild animal 2 bird 3 roe (1 2 3 ): OTurk. kejik 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. kejik 1; Tur. gejik 3;
Turkm. kejik 1; Sal. kijyx wild goat (); MTurk. kejik 1 (. .),
kijik (MA, Abush.); Uygh. kijik 1; Tat. qjq 1; Bashk. qjq 1; Kirgh. kijik 1;
Khak. kk 1; Chuv. kajk 1, 2.
VEWT 247, EDT 755, 5, 21-23, 151-152.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; but cf. also Mong. kik lausa mule; OJ
ke-mono animal (usually explained as hairy being).
-kji ( ~ k-, g-) clear, clean: Jpn. *kja-; Kor. *ki-.
PJpn. *kja- clear, clean (): OJpn. kjijwo-; MJpn. kj-; Tok.
kiy-; Kyo. ky-; Kag. kiy-.
JLTT 832.
PKor. *ki- to clear up (of weather) ( ( )):
MKor. ki-; Mod. k-.
Nam 28, KED 68.
Martin 247. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

632

*kjta - *kaku

-kjta nail, bar; to stick into: Tung. *kiata-kun; Mong. *kada-; Turk.
*Kta-; Jpn. *kit ( ~ *kit); Kor. *kt.
PTung. *kiata-kun 1 finger-nail 2 bar, billet (1 2 ):
Man. xitaxun 1; SMan. athun 1 (76); Nan. qatax 2.
1, 384, 466.
PMong. *kada- 1 to nail 2 nail (1 2 ):
MMong. qadaasun 2 (SH); WMong. qada- 1, qadaasu(n), qadasu(n),
qadaa 2 (L 902, 903); Kh. xada- 1, xads, gadas 2; Bur. xada- 1, xadha(n) 2;
Kalm. xad- 1, xadsn 2; Ord. xada- 1, xadsu 2; Dag. xada- to sew a button (. . 172), (MGCD) xad- 1, gats (. . 131) 2, (MGCD)
gat 2; hade- to sew on (MD 154); Dong. Gada- 1, Gadasun 2; Bao. Gad1, Gadaso 2 (MGCD Gaso 2); S.-Yugh. Gad- 1, Gadsn 2 (MGCD
Gadasn, GadaG); Mongr. Gada- (SM 114) 1, Gadas (SM 115) 2.
KW 158, MGCD 277, 315. Cf. also *kadku- to stick into (MMong. (SH) qatqu-, KW
172, 158, Dag. karku-, xarxu-, xatukul, . . 148, 174, 175). Mong. > Evk. kada-, Man.
ada- etc. (see 1, 359; Doerfer MT 91, Rozycki 97); Mong. gada-sun, gata-sun > Evk.
gatahun (see Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT 126).

PTurk. *Kta- 1 to stick into 2 nail (1 () 2 ): Tur.

kada- 1, kadak 2 (dial.); Az. GadaG 2; Turkm. Gadaq 2; MTurk. qada(Abush., Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qada- 1, qadq 2; Uygh. qada- 1, qadaq 2; Tat.
qada- 1, qadaq 2; Kirgh. qada- 1, qad 2; Kaz. qada- 1, qadaq 2; KKalp. qada1, qadaq 2; Kum. qada- 1; Nogh. qada- 1, qadaq 2; SUygh. qata 2; Oyr.
qada- 1; Tv. qada- 1, qada 2; Chuv. xudav 2 (Anatri); Yak. xat- 1; Dolg.
kat- 1.
VEWT 217-8, 5, 180-182, TMN 3, 420-422, . XIV, 257, Stachowski 141.
Because of the lack of ancient attestation one cannot exclude a borrowing < Mong. (although the variant qadaa is very poorly represented there, and may itself be borrowed <
Turk.).

PJpn. *kit ( ~ *kit) beam, cross-beam (,

): OJpn. k(j)eta; MJpn. keta; Tok. kta; Kyo. kt; Kag. ket.
JLTT 448. The Kagoshima accent is irregular (kta would be expected).
PKor. *kt pole, pillar (, ): MKor. kt, kit; Mod.
kidu, (arch.) kit [kit, kis].
Nam 78, 80, KED 263, 278, 282.
KW 158, 325, 290. Mong. has also variants gada-sun, gata-sun (either < Turk. or interdialectal).
-kaku ( ~ -k-) tanned skin, leather: Tung. *kaK-; Turk. *KAkma.
PTung. *kaK- 1 to rumple (skin) 2 instrument for rumpling skin (1
2 ): Orch. kaku 2; Ud. kai- 1 (. 244).
1, 364.
PTurk. *KAkma a k. of sheepskin ( ): MTurk. qaqma
(CCum., ShS).
VEWT 224.

*kk - *kki

633

15. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; very poorly attested and thus

not very reliable.
-kk bright, shine: Tung. *kakta-; Mong. *kaka-rkaj ( ~ -g-); Jpn.
*knk-.
PTung. *kakta- yellow, pale (, ): Evk. kaktalama,
kaktarin.
1, 363.
PMong. *kaka-rkaj ( ~ -g-) bright, clear (, ): MMong.
qaqarxai (HY 55) evident, clear; WMong. qaqarqai, qaarqai (L 907); Kh.
xagarxai.
PJpn. *knk- to glitter, shine (, ): OJpn. kakajak-,
kagajwop-; MJpn. kkjak-, kagajof-; Tok. kgayak-, kagayk-; Kyo. kgyk-;
Kag. kagayk-.
JLTT 701.
Ozawa 69-74.
-kki angry: Tung. *kaKi; Mong. *kek-; Turk. *Kk-.
PTung. *kaKi 1 angry 2 hasty (1 2 ): Evk.
kaki 1; Man. axi 2.
1, 363.
PMong. *kek- / *kika- 1 arrogance 2 to irritate, be angry 3 anger (1
, 2 , 3
): WMong. kegseji- (L 443), keke-ji- (L 446: kekle-) 1, kika- 2; Kh. xegsij- 1; Kalm. kek-, kix- 2, kix 3; Ord. gegs- 1.
KW 223, 231. Cf. also kikana- to oppress, avenge.
PTurk. *Kk- anger, malice (, ): OTurk. kek (OUygh.);
Karakh. kek (MK); Turkm. kje- to hate; Uzb. kek; Tat. dial. kik; Kirgh.
kek; Kaz. kek; KKalp. kek; Chuv. kagr chaos, hell, kagrza vrt- to die
(out), v kagrl starve; Yak. kegedi spiteful.
EDT 707, VEWT 247-248, 5, 24-25.
KW 223. A Western isogloss. Cf. *gka.
-kki to belch, choke: Tung. *kaxa-; Mong. *kekere- / *kakira- / *kaka-;
Turk. *gkir-; Kor. *ki-.
PTung. *kaxa- to choke (, ): Evk. kaka-; Man. aGa-;
Ul. qaambws-; Ork. qaGm-; Nan. qawal-.
1, 356. Cf. also Evk. kaklari- ( ) ( 1, 363).
PMong. *kekere- / *kakira- / *kaka- 1 to belch 2 to choke (1
2 ): MMong. qaqa- 2 (SH); WMong. kekere- (L 446), qakira- (L
915: qakir-, qakiru-) 1; qaqa- 2 (L 946); Kh. xexr- 1; Bur. xexer- 1; Kalm.
kekr- 1; Ord. geire- 1; Dag. kekre- (. . 149) 1; xag- 2; S.-Yugh.
kgerle- 1; qaGa- 2; Mongr. kgr-; xair- (SM 149) 1, 2.
KW 223, MGCD 336, 347. Mong. > Manchu kekere- id. etc. (see Rozycki 136).

634

*kako - *kala

PTurk. *gkir- to belch (): Karakh. kekir- (MK); Tur. gejir-;

Gag. gr-; Az. gjir-; Turkm. ggir-; Khal. ggr-; MTurk. gegir- (Pav. C.),
kekir- (MA); Uzb. kekir-; Uygh. keki(r)-; Krm. kekir-; Tat. kiker-; Bashk.
kiker-; Kirgh. kekir-; Kaz. kekir-; KBalk. kekir-; KKalp. kekir-; Kum. kekir-;
Nogh. kekir-; SUygh. kekirt- (); Khak. kigr-; Oyr. kegir-; Tv. keir-;
Tof. keir-; Chuv. kagr-; Yak. kegert-.
VEWT 248, EDT 712, 3, 37, 232.
PKor. *ki- to vomit (): MKor. ki-; Mod. keu-.
Nam 29, KED 109.
KW 223. An onomatopoeic root; the correspondences, however,
are quite regular (except for the sporadic assimilative weakening *kahi> kai- in Kor.), and it may well be common Altaic. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite 1997, 126.
-kako to smell (of burning): Tung. *kakti-; Mong. *kaku-; Turk. *Kok-.
PTung. *kakti- to give out a smell of burning ( ,
): Neg. kakt-; Man. aqsa-; Ul. qaqta-; Ork. qaqt-; Nan. qaqtar
(adj.); Ud. kakisi-.
1, 364.
PMong. *kaku- to turn sour; acrid, bitter, sour (; , ): WMong. qaqu-ra-, qaqu-n (L 947); Kh. xaxra-, xaxn; Ord.
Gaxur-, Gawxur-.
PTurk. *Kok- to smell badly, to give out a smell of burning (
, ): Karakh. qoq- (MK); Tur. kok-; Gag. qoq-;
Az. Goxu (n.), Goxu-; Turkm. qoq (n.), qoqa-; Krm. qoqu, qoq (n.); Nogh.
qoq- to be fragrant.
EDT 609, 6, 34.
A Western isogloss.
-kk a k. of building, fence: Tung. *kaK(u); Turk. *Kk-u; Jpn. *kk.
PTung. *kaK(u) dam (): Man. qaqu; Jurch. xe-ki (68).
1,356.
PTurk. *Kk-u ( ~ -g-) big pole, beam; hall ( , ;
): OTurk. qo shaft, thill (OUygh.) (?) ( 452); Tur. kou.
VEWT 275. The OT attestation is not quite reliable.
PJpn. *kk fence (): OJpn. kakji; MJpn. kkj; Tok. kak; Kyo.
kk; Kag. kki.
JLTT 434.
The root is not widely spread and somewhat dubious semantically.
-kala family, gathering: Tung. *kal-; Jpn. *kara.
PTung. *kal- 1 clan, family 2 to gather (deer) 3 together (1 , 2 () 3 ): Evk. kalbuld- 2, Il. klbe 3; Man.
ala 1.

*kla - *kla

635

1, 365, 459-460. The Manchu form was widely borrowed (Sol. xala, Neg. xala,
Oroch xala, Ud. xa, Ul., Orok, Nan. ala).
PJpn. *kara clan, family (, ): OJpn. kara.
JLTT 438.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; see also notes to *kdu.
-kla ( ~ k-, -e-) heap, to pile up: Mong. *kali-; Turk. *Kla-; Kor. *kari-.
PMong. *kali- to overflow ( ): WMong.
qali- (L 919); Kh. xali-; Bur. xali-; Kalm. x-.
KW 176.
PTurk. *Kla- to heap up, pile up (, ):
Karakh. qala- (MK); Tur. dial. kala-, gala-; Az. Gala-; Turkm. dial. Gla-;
MTurk. qala- (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. qla-; Uygh. qala-; Kirgh. qala-; Kaz.
qala-; KBalk. qala-; KKalp. qala-; Nogh. qala-; Oyr. qala-; Yak. xla-.
VEWT 224, EDT 617, 5, 228-229.
PKor. *kari- 1 heap, stack 2 to pile up (1 , 2 ):
MKor. kari 1; Mod. kari 1, kari- 2.
Liu 19, KED 13, 14.
The meaning overflow in Mong. is probably secondary ( < pour
too much, pile up very high).
-kla ( ~ *k-, -e-) a k. of hat: Mong. *kalba; Turk. *Kalpak; Kor. *kr.
PMong. *kalba (womans) hat (() ): WMong.
qalba; Kalm. alw.
KW 164. Mong. > Tuva xalba ears (of a winter hat), see 5, 235.
PTurk. *Kalpak hat (, ): Tur. kalpak; Gag. qalpaq;
Turkm. Galpaq; MTurk. qalpaq (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. qalpq; Uygh. qalpaq; Krm. qalpaq; Tat. qalpaq; Bashk. qalpaq; Kirgh. qalpaq; Kaz. qalpaq;
KBalk. qalfaq; KKalp. qalpaq; Kum. qalpaq; Nogh. qalpaq; SUygh. qalmaq;
Khak. xalbax, xalpax; Yak. xalpq.
5, 234-235. The word is not attested in OT; cf. however the common Slavic
loanword *klobuk, attested in Russian sources already in the 12th century (in black hats = the Karakalpaks, but with characteristically Bulgarian phonology).

PKor. *kr 1 peaked hat 2 rain-cover for a hat (1

2 ( )): MKor.
ks-kr 1; Mod. kok:al 1, kal-mo 2.
Liu 73, KED 45, 134. For the component ks- cf. *ks hat (although vowel variation
is not clear).

Basically a Turk.-Kor. isogloss; the Mongolian form is poorly attested and may be borrowed < Turkic. In TM cf. perhaps Evk. kelpeke
childrens winter clothes, kelk childrens winter footwear ( 1,
446).

636

*kle - *klo

-kle knife, to cut: Tung. *kaliki; Turk. *Kl; Jpn. *kr-.

PTung. *kali-ki(n) scar, cicatrice (, ): Ul. qal(n); Ork.
qal; Nan. qal; Orch. kalixi; Ud. kaleh.
1, 366. Cf. also Evn. qli- to whet ( 1, 388).
PTurk. *Kl sword (): OTurk. ql (OUygh.); Karakh. ql
(MK); Tur. kl, kl; Gag. ql; Az. Gl; Turkm. Gl; Khal. Gl;
MTurk. ql (Pav. C.); Uzb. qili; Uygh. qili; Krm. ql; Tat. ql; Bashk.
qls; Kirgh. ql; Kaz. ql; KBalk. ql; KKalp. ql; Kum. ql; Nogh.
ql; SUygh. ql; Khak. xls; Shr. ql; Oyr. ql; Tv. xl; Chuv. x;
Yak. kls, kls.
EDT 618, VEWT 263, 570, 6, 212-214. Cf. also *Kla-gu blade
(VEWT 263, 6, 207-208).

PJpn. *kr- to cut off, chop, hack (, ): OJpn. kor-;

MJpn. kr-; Tok. kor-.
JLTT 713.
One of the many verbs of cutting in PA, with only nominal derivatives preserved in PT and PTM.
-klo to change, borrow: Tung. *kalma-gda; Mong. *kala-; Turk. *Kalm;
Jpn. *kr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kalma-gda rich bride ( (
)): Neg. kalmagda; Ul. qalmaa; Orch. kamaa.
1, 367.
PMong. *kala- to change, alternate (, ): WMong.
qala- (L 916); Kh. xala-; Bur. xala-; Kalm. xal-; Ord. xala-; Dag. xala-; klto change, make better (. . 148, MD 181), xla- (. . 173).
KW 162, MGCD 319. ( > Evk. kala-, Man. ala- etc., 1, 364, Doerfer MT 81). Cf.
also qalami care, attention.

PTurk. *Kalm 1 ransom for bride 2 fee (1 2

, ): OTurk. qalan (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. qal (MK) 1; Tur.
kaln 1; Turkm. Gal 2; MTurk. qaln (Houts., Pav. C., .) 1; Uzb.
qalin; Tat. qalm 1; Bashk. qalm 1; Kirgh. qal 1; Kaz. qal 1; KBalk. qaln
1; KKalp. qal 1; Kum. qalm 1; Nogh. qalm 1; Khak. xalm 1; Oyr. qalm,
qal 1; Tv. xl 1 (dial. Todzh.); Tof. xlm 1; Chuv. xolm 1; Yak. xalm,
xalm 1.
VEWT 226, TMN 3, 399, 488, 5, 239-240, 2, 354. Turk. > Mong. qalan
fee, tax ( 1997, 197).

PJpn. *kr- to borrow ( ): OJpn. kar-; MJpn. kr-; Tok.

kri-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kar-.
JLTT 704. The transitive match (to lend) is PJ *kr-s- > OJ ks-.
PKor. *kr- to change (): MKor. kr-; Mod. kal-.
Nam 20, KED 43.
EAS 46, 154, 75, Martin 228. The tone correspondence
between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular, so the accent reconstruction here is

*kalto - *kalV

637

difficult; note that the Kor. high tone here must be archaic, because it
resists the general Korean tendency to introduce low tone into all verbal forms.
-kalto to split, divide: Tung. *kalta; Mong. *kalta-s, *kelte-; Turk.
*Kolak; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kalta 1 to split in halves, be splitted in halves 2 half 3 one of
a pair (1 , () 2 3
): Evk. kalta- 1, kaltaka 2, 3; Evn. qaltq-, qaltl- 1, qaltq 2; Neg.
kalta- 1, kaltaxa 3; Ul. qaltal- 1, qalta 2; Ork. qalt- 1, qalta 2; Nan. qalt- 1,
qalt 2; Orch. kkta- 1, kakta 2; Ud. kakta 2 (. 244); Sol. xaltaxa 3.
1, 367-368.
PMong. *kalta-s, *kelte- 1 half 2 to split off, break off (1 2
, ): WMong. qaltas 1 (L 921), kelte-, keltere- (L
450) 2; Kh. xaltas 1, xeltre- 2; Bur. xaltagaj; xeltel-, xelter-; Kalm. keltl- 2
(); Ord. Galtas; Dag. koltork splinter (. . 150), xaltag, kaltag
1 (. . 173), koletuei a part, koletuhe 1 (MD 183); Mongr. kideli-;
kidr- 1 brcher; sbrcher, mourir (petits enfants) 1 (SM 201, 200).
Mong. kelte- > Evk. kelte- etc., see Drfer MT 134.
PTurk. *Kolak one-handed (): Karakh. qolaq (MK); Tur.
kolak (dial.); Turkm. Golaq; Tat. qulaq (dial.).
VEWT 277, 6, 42.
PKor. *kr- 1 to divide, split 2 to distinguish (1 , 2 ): MKor. kr- 1, kr-hi- 1, 2; Mod. kar- 1, kar- 2.
Nam 10, 22, KED 11, 13.
SKE 98, Poppe 17, 75; Doerfer MT 47 (Turk. > Mong.). On a poss ible reflex in Jpn. see under *ggta.
-kalu a k. of fish: Tung. *kali; Mong. *kul-.
PTung. *kali 1 crucian 2 white-fish (1 2 ): Evk. kali 1; Ud.
kali 2.
1, 366. Cf. also Evk. kulala sheat-fish (which, however, may be < Samod. or
Chuk.-Kamch.).

PMong. *kul- salmon (): Kh. xuld, xut ().

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; cf. *kula, *kile, with possible mergers.
-kalV ( ~ --) near, to come near: Tung. *kal-; Mong. *kalu-.
PTung. *kal- 1 near 2 to come near (1 , 2 ): Man. xani 1; xalbu- to let into the house; SMan. hani 1 (2611);
Ul. ql- 2; Ork. qal- 2; Nan. qa 1; Orch. kalikun- to let near.
1, 366, 369, 372 (Man. xani should be kept distinct from qani similarly, in accordance with others).

PMong. *kalu- to approach, come near (): MMong.

qalit- (SH); WMong. qalu-, qal- (L 916); Kh. xala-; Bur. xalaj- (in compounds); Kalm. xal-; Dag. halede- (MD 155).

*kabo - *kapa

638

KW 162.
KW 162 (but Turk. *Kl- to stay behind hardly belongs here),
1, 369, 292. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, but, despite Doerfer MT 144, hardly borrowed in TM < Mong.
-kabo girdle, waist: Tung. *kalbu; Turk. *Koa- (*Kua-); Kor. *kuri.
PTung. *kalbu 1 girdle 2 band (1 2 , ): Evk. kalbu
1; Evn. qlb 1; Neg. kalbu 1; Sol. xalbaxa 2.
1, 365.
PTurk. *Koa- (*Kua-) 1 2 , (1 to girdle 2
girdle): Tur. kua- 1, kuak 2; Gag. quaq 2; Turkm. Guaq 2; MTurk.
quaq 2 (Pav. C.); Tat. quaq 2 (arch.); Bashk. quaq 2.
The stem should be probably distinguished historically from *Ko- to couple, bind,
although contaminations were possible. Turk. > Russ. ( 1958, 28, 216).

PKor. *kuri waist (): Mod. kure, h-guri.

KED 199. The word seems to be different from the attest MKor. kri inner part of
body (v. sub *krgo).

The root is well attested in TM, but other parallels are somewhat
questionable: the Turkic word is attested late and may be derived from
*Ko- join, unite; on the Korean word see above.
-k[]e a k. of water plant: Tung. *kalukta; Mong. *kolim; Turk.
*K-gun.
PTung. *kalu-kta 1 water lily 2 sea weed (1 , 2 ): Evn. qajq 2; Neg. kalkta 1; Ul. qaluqta 1, 2; Nan.
qaloqta 1.
1, 362, 369.
PMong. *kolim a k. of rice ( ): WMong. qolima (XTTT) a
k. of cereal similar to corn; Kh. xolim; Dag. xualimpe oat.
Mong. > Man. xolimpa, Sol. xolimpa, xolimpo (. . 178).
PTurk. *K-gun eatable grass ( ): Karakh. qun
(MK) fresh reeds which are eaten by cattle; sorrel; Oyr. qqn ;
Chuv. xlen ; Yak. ks ot .
EDT 672.
A Western isogloss; the Mong. reflex has an irregular vowel and is
somewhat dubious.
-kapa a k. of vessel: Tung. *kala-n; Mong. *kalbuga; Turk. *KAuk /
*KAlgak; Jpn. *kasipa.
PTung. *kala-n 1 kettle 2 bag (1 2 ): Evk. kalan 1; Evn.
qal-was 2; Ul. qala(n) 1; Nan. qal 1; Ud. kala(n) 1.
1, 364-365. Cf. also *kalbi- flat, broad ( 1, 365; hardly < Mong., despite
Doerfer MT 51, 69 - although some forms, notably Evk. kalbaa spoon, Man. albaa
crooked part of a flat spoon, are probably borrowed, see Rozycki 100).

*kma - *kma

639

PMong. *kalbuga spoon, ladle, oar (, ): MMong. xalbuxua (HY 19), qalbuqa (SH), albua (MA 139); WMong. qalbua,
qalbaa(n) (L 917, 918); Kh. xalbaga(n); Bur. xalbaga , , (), (); Ord. xalbaGa; Mongr. xrGa (SM
185).
Cf. also *kalba- flat, broad (KW 83).
PTurk. *KAuk / *KAlgak 1 spoon 2 oar, shovel (1 2 ,
): OTurk. qauq 1; Karakh. qauq, qaq (MK); Tur. kak 1, dial.
kalak 2; Az. GaG 1; Turkm. qaq 1; MTurk. qaq (IM), qauq (Houts.,
AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. qiq 1, qlq 2; Uygh. qouq, dial. qauq 1, qalaq 2; Tat.
qaq 1, qalaq 2 > Chuv.; Bashk. qaq 1, qalaq 2; Kirgh. qaq 1, qalaq 2;
Kaz. qasq 1, qalaq 2; KBalk. qaq 1, qalaq 2; KKalp. qasq 1, qalaq 2; Kum.
qaq 1, qalaq 2; Nogh. qasq 1, qalaq 2; Khak. xazx 1, xalax 1,2; Shr. qalaq
2; Oyr. qaq 1, qalaq 2; Tof. qahik 1, qalaq 2.
VEWT 225, 241, 5, 231-232, 353-354. Turk. > Russ. Siber. kak, see
277.

PJpn. *kasipa vessel ( ): OJpn. kasipa.

In the earliest texts the word unambiguously denotes some kind of vessel (esp. a
wine vessel); its reinterpretation as oak leaf and food-wrapping oak-leaf is certainly a
later folk-etymological development.

EAS 123, KW 83, 366, Poppe 78 (Turk.-Mong.),

1984, 83, Miller 1970, 130, JOAL 121, Street 1980, 286 -287,
75. Despite TMN 3, 391, 1997, 135. borrowing in
Mong. from Turk. is excluded. One cannot exclude a possibility that we
are dealing with two different roots here: cf. the distinction in Turkic,
strange loss of *-b- in Tungus *kala-n, and another Kor.-Jpn. root for
vessel, container: MKor. kari fish pot, basket for catching fish, OJ ke
(PJ *ka-i) vessel, container (see Whitman 1985, 160).
-kma to unite, together: Tung. *kamur-; Mong. *kam-; Turk. *KAmug;
Jpn. *km-p-.
PTung. *kamur- together, gather (, ): Ul. qamr;
Ork. qamr; Nan. qamor.
1, 371. Modern forms like Evk. kamu- to gather may be considered borrowed
< Mong. (see Doerfer MT 111), but it is hardly possible for all forms, especially for those
with an -r-suffix.

PMong. *kam- 1 together 2 to gather together (1 2 ): MMong. qamtu 1, qamux all (SH, HYt); WMong. qamtu 1 (L 925),
qamu- 2 (L 926); Kh. xamt 1; Bur. xamta 1, xamag all, xama- 2; Kalm.
xamt 1, xam- 2; Ord. xamtu 1; Mog. qamtu (Ramstedt 1906); Dag.
hamete 1 (MD 156); Dong. hantu 1; Bao. hamd 1; S.-Yugh. amt 1,
amb- 2; Mongr. xamdi (SM 153), xamd 1.
KW 164, 165, 177, MGCD 322, 323, 324. Cf. also WMong. qamija relation, concern.
Mong. > Yak. xomuj-, Dolg. komuj-, see Ka. JW 184, Stachowski 152.

640

*kma - *kami

PTurk. *KAmug all, together (, ): OTurk. qamu (OUygh.),

qama (Orkh., OUygh.), qam (OUygh.); Karakh. qamu (MK, KB); Tur.
kamu; MTurk. qamu (Qutb., .), qamuq (Abush.); Khak. xamx; Shr.
qamq; Oyr. qamq; Tv. xamq.
EDT 627, 5, 243-244. Modern forms like Kirgh., Kaz. qama- to surround, besiege, qamala- id., to gather in a crowd etc. (see 5, 159) should be rather regarded
as mongolisms.

PJpn. *km-pa- to arrange, set up (): OJpn. kamapa-;

MJpn. kmfa-; Tok. kama-; Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 703.
KW 164, 391, Poppe 67-68, 1984, 88.
Mong. can hardly be explained as borrowed < Turk., despite
1997, 132, 165.
-kma a k. of fish: Tung. *km-; Jpn. *kamasu; Kor. *kmr-thi.
PTung. *km- dried fish (): Evn. qm; Orch. kambuti name of
a small fish.
1, 369, 370. Cf. also Oroch kemmui herring ( 1, 448).
PJpn. *kamasu sea pike ( ): Tok. kmasu, kamas; Kyo.
kms; Kag. kamas.
Kagoshima and Tokyo favour the reconstruction *kms or *kms; the Kyoto accent, however, is quite irregular.

PKor. *kmr-th eel; (KED) snake fish (Channa argus), snakehead,

mullet (): MKor. kmth, kamorthi; Mod. kamulhi.
Nam 4, KED 17.
An Eastern isogloss, with somewhat unclear tone / length correspondences; cf. perhaps also Chuv. kms young fish ( < PT *kem- ~
*km-); Khak. xamnax roach, .
-kami a k. of cloth: Tung. *kam-; Mong. *kemerlig; Turk. *KEmek.
PTung. *kam- 1 to hem a garment with a white fur stripe 2 head
kerchief 3 broad womens belt (1
2 3 ): Evk. kamr1; Man. qamtun 2; Ul. qamba 3; Ork. qm 3.
1, 370, 371.
PMong. *kemerlig a k. of silk ( ): WMong. kemerlig (L
451); Kh. kemerleg.
PTurk. *KEmek a k. of striped cloth for making upper clothes (
): Karakh. kemek
(MK).
EDT 722. The isolated OT word may be borrowed from Eastern Iranian: cf. Pers.
kamxa < Chin. gimhua (see VEWT 229 on further loans: Pers. > Turkic qamqa > Russ.
striped silk cloth). Cf. other similar cases (like Sak. kamaika > MK kemige etc.).

*kmo - *kampo

641

A Western isogloss (although the Turkic reflex is somewhat dubious). MKor. kamtho a horsehair cap worn by officials (compared with
TM in SKE 92, Lee 1958, 113) is rather < Manchu.
-kmo boiled substance, alcohol: Tung. *kamnu- / *kamdu-; Mong.
*kimur; Turk. *Kum; Jpn. *km-.
PTung. *kamnu- / *kamdu- fish glue ( ): Evk. kamnun;
Evn. kanmo; Neg. kamnun; Man. amdun; Ul. qamdu(n); Ork. qamd(n);
Nan. qamd; Orch. kamnu; Ud. kamnu.
1, 370.
PMong. *kimur fermented milk with water (
): WMong. kimur, kimuraan; kiram, kirma (L 470)
boiled milk with water; Kh. aram boiled water with milk; Kalm.
kimr, kimrn; Ord. kirma.
KW 231. Mong. > Kirgh. qmran, Uzb. kumran, Tuva xmrn.
PTurk. *Kum fermented milk ( ):
Karakh. qmz (MK, KB); Tur. kmz; Az. Gmz; Turkm. Gmz; MTurk.
qmz (Pav. C.); Uzb. qimiz; Uygh. qimiz; Tat. qmz; Bashk. qomo, qm;
Kirgh. qmz; Kaz. qmz; KKalp. qmz; Nogh. qmz; Khak. xms, Sag.,
Koib. xums; Oyr. qms; Tv. xms; Chuv. kms < Qypch.; Yak. kms.
VEWT 264, EDT 629, 450-451, 6, 219.
PJpn. *km- to brew sake (from rice) ( ( )): OJpn.
kam-; MJpn. km-; Tok. kams-; Kyo. kms-; Kag. kams-.
JLTT 703. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular (probably under literary influence).
Poppe 68, 450-451. Despite Doerfers doubts (TMN 3,
515-516) the Turk.-Mong. parallel cannot be a coincidence.
-kampo to fold, close: Tung. *kamp-; Mong. *kamki-; Kor. *km-.
PTung. *kamp- 1 to fold, bend 2 to press (1 , 2
): Evk. kamn- 2; Neg. kamp- 1, 2; Man. qamni- 2; Ul. qamp- 1;
Nan. qamp- 1; Ud. qampi- 1.
1, 370, 371. The variant *kamn- has probably arisen from *kamp(i)-n- and has
secondarily merged with TM *kamn ravine ( the latter should be perhaps compared
with Mong. kagil bald hills).

PMong. *kamki- to close, shut (): WMong. qamki- (L 924);

Kh. xamxi-; Kalm. xamx- ().
PKor. *km- to close (eyes) ( ()): MKor. km-; Mod.
km-.
Nam 23, KED 50.
-p- in TM is not easily explained as a suffix, so we prefer rather to
reconstruct an original consonant cluster here.

642

*kmsa - *kmV

-kmsa ( ~ k-) wind, whirlwind: Mong. *kabsara-; Turk. *Kasrku; Jpn.

*kns-i.
PMong. *kabsara- 1 to blow (of a cold wind) 2 cold wind, snowstorm (1 ( ) 2 , ): WMong.
qabsara- 1 (L 898: qabsura-), qabsaraa (L 899: qabsura) 2; Kh. xawsra- 1,
xawsraga 2; Bur. xabsara 2; Kalm. xawsrg 2 ().
PTurk. *Kasrku whirlwind (): Karakh. qasrqu (MK); Tur.
kasra; Az. Gasra; MTurk. (MKypch.) qasrqa (Houts.), qasura (AH);
Tv. qazr; Tof. qasr; Chuv. kozrga.
VEWT 240, 5, 332, 43, . VII, 20. Chuvash has an irregular form
with initial k- (*x- would be expected). But it can hardly be a borrowing from
Volga-Kypchak languages.

PJpn. *kns-i wind (): OJpn. kaze; MJpn. kz; Tok. kze; Kyo.
kz; Kag. kze.
JLTT 447. OJ kaza- in compounds, which allows to reconstruct *kns-i.
5, 332, 43 (Turk.-Mong.)
-km[u]a a k. of vessel, ladle: Tung. *kamiu; Mong. *kumija; Turk.
*Kam; Jpn. *kms.
PTung. *kamiu box, bag (made of birch-bark) (,
): Evk. kamit; Ul. qam; Orch. kamii; Ud. kamisi.
1, 370.
PMong. *kumija a measure for gunpowder ( ):
WMong. qumija (MXTTT); Kh. xum; Bur. xum.
PTurk. *Kam scoop, ladle (): OTurk. qam (OUygh.);
Karakh. qam (MK); MTurk. qam (IM); Uygh. qemi; Khak. xams; Tv.
xm; Chuv. (Bulg.) xuma (< *kama(h)); Yak. xamas, xomuos; Dolg. komuos.
EDT 626, VEWT 229, 5, 248-249, Stachowski 152.
PJpn. *kms a k. of bag ( ): Tok. kmasu; Kyo.
kms; Kag. kamsu.
SKE 94, 1, 370, . 184. Despite Doerfer MT 240
(semantisch unsicher), the Turk.-Tung. match seems quite plausible.
-kmV be weak, oppress: Tung. *kama-; Mong. *kama-; Turk. *Kma-;
Jpn. *km-r- ( ~ kum-r-); Kor. *kam-.
PTung. *kama- 1 to oppress 2 to prohibit, be unable to help 3 (being
at a) loss (1 2 , 3 , ): Evk. kama- 1, kama-lit- 2; Evn. kama 3; Neg. kama-li1; Ul. qama-l- 1; Ork. qama-l- 1; Nan. qama-li- 1, qama 3; Ud. kama-,
kamasi- , ( ) (. 244),
kamali- , (. 245).
1, 369. Despite Poppe 1966, 191, Evk. kamaa is not a borrowing < Mong.
qamija relation, concern (a quite different root, see PA *kma).

*kna - *kna

643

PMong. *kama- 1 scab, herpes 2 infection, epidemics (1 ,

2 , ): MMong. qamwu (IM); WMong. qamau 1,
qama- to be mangy (L 923); Kh. xam; Bur. xam 1, xamag 2; Kalm.
xam; Ord. xam; Dag. xam (. . 173), (MGCD) xangu 1; S.-Yugh.
am 1.
KW 165, MGCD 324.
PTurk. *Kma- 1 become blinded, dumb 2 (set) teeth on edge 3 to
be tired, pine, droop (1 , 2 3 , ): OTurk. qama- (Orkh.) 3; Karakh. qama- (MK, KB)
1, 2; Tur. kama- 1; Az. Gama- 1; Turkm. Gma- 2; MTurk. qama- (Pav.
C., . ., MA) 1, 2; Uzb. qm- 1; Uygh. qama- 2; Tat. qama- 3;
Bashk. qama- 2; Kirgh. qama- 2; Kaz. qama- 2; KKalp. qamas- 2; Kum.
qama- 2; Nogh. qama- 2.
VEWT 228, 5, 242-243, 246-247. Cf. also Kirgh., Kaz. qam sorrow, Turkm.
Gam GajG mischief, sorrow. Turk. > MMong. (MA) qama- id. (see 1997, 197).

PJpn. *km-r- ( ~ kum-r-) be in a difficult position ( ): Tok. komr-; Kyo. kmr-; Kag. kmr-.
JLTT 712.
PKor. *kam- to be unable to, to be insufficient for ( , .-.): Mod. kam-gi-.
SKE 91-92.
KW 165, EAS 47, SKE 91-2. The Kor. parallel is found only there;
as for the Japanese word, it is not attested in any OJ or MJ sources, so
the PJ reconstruction is uncertain. One should also note irregular PJ
vocalism and tone (*-a- with high tone would be expected). This all
makes the Kor.-Jpn. aspect of the etymology dubious.
-kna to be satisfied: Tung. *kan-dari-; Mong. *kanu-; Turk. *Kn-; Jpn.
*knransu.
PTung. *kan-dari- to be fed up, tired of (, ): Evk.
kandari-.
1, 372.
PMong. *kanu- be satisfied, thankful ( , ): MMong. qan- () (); WMong. qanu-,
qan- (L 930); Kh. xana-; Bur. xana-; Kalm. xan-; Ord. xan-; Mongr. xani(SM 156), xan-.
KW 166, MGCD 325.
PTurk. *Kn- to be satisfied ( ): OTurk. qan(OUygh.); Karakh. qan- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. kan-; Az. Gan-; Turkm. Gn-;
MTurk. (OKypch.) qan- (AH); Uzb. qn-; Uygh. qan-; Tat. qan-; Bashk.
qan-; Kirgh. qan-; Kaz. qan-; KBalk. qan-; KKalp. qan-; Kum. qan-; Nogh.
qan-; Khak. xan-; Shr. qan-; Oyr. qan-; Tv. xan-; Yak. xan-; Dolg. kan-.
EDT 632, VEWT 230, 5, 251-252, Stachowski 136.

644

*kanti - *knu

PJpn. *knransu necessarily, certainly (): OJpn. kanarazu; MJpn. knrazu; Tok. kanarazu.
Formally kanarazu is a negation of kanari enough (not enough > necessarily).
The latter is not attested in RJ, and the modern dialects speak rather in favour of *knr.

EAS 114, KW 166, Poppe 70 (but despite Ozawa 192-193 and

72, PJ *knp- should be attributed to *kno). The root is very
similar to *kno, both phonetically and semantically, but the opposition
of *Kn- and *Kon- in Turkic does not allow to unite them. The hypothesis of Mong. *kanu- being borrowed from Turkic (see
1997, 133) is possible, but not very probable.
-kanti dewlap, peritoneum: Tung. *kanda; Mong. *kanir; Turk. *Kandr
(*Kantr); Jpn. *kinta.
PTung. *kanda dewlap (): Man. qanda; Nan. qando.
1, 372.
PMong. *kanir peritoneum (): WMong. qanir (L 927);
Kh. xanir; Bur. xanar belly muscles; Kalm. xanr belly muscles
(); Ord. xanir maxa stomach of a meagre, skinny animal, xanir
kn thin person.
PTurk. *Kandr (*Kantr) membrane (, , ): Karakh. qandr (MK); Chuv. xund,
e.g. in tpl pr xund-i appendix (anat.) (dial.).
EDT 635.
PJpn. *kinta gills (): OJpn. kjida.
PT and PM reflect a suffixed form *kanti-rV.
-kntV to reach, attain: Tung. *knta-; Mong. *kan[t]u-.
PTung. *knta- to attain, reach (by hand) (, ): Ul. qanta-; Nan. qnda-, (On.) qnta 1, 373.
PMong. *kan[t]u- to head towards, to address ( , ): MMong. qantuqala- show (?) (SH); WMong. qandu(MXTTT); Kh. xanda-; Bur. xanda-; Kalm. xand- (); Ord. xandu-;
Dag. xanda-.
MGCD 325.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Chuv. xond protect, influence etc. (if not < Mong.). Cf. also OJ katug- to carry (although this
may be a variant of kataga-, a compound of kata shoulder + aga- lift,
raise).
-knu swan: Tung. *kgu; Mong. *kuna; Kor. *kn.
PTung. *kgu a k. of duck ( ): Evk. kan-dir, dial. koor;
Evn. ql; Neg. kag, kaln, kood; Man. oGo(lo)n; Ul. qaGl;
Ork. qoGolo; Nan. qG; Ud. kagu (. 245).

*kane - *kpi

645

1, 373-374, 410. Because of recurring long vowel in Evn., Neg. and Nan.
shortness in dialectal Evk. forms should be probably regarded as secondary (misrecorded
length?).
PMong. *kuna swan (): MMong. qun (HY 14, SH); WMong.
quna, qun, qu (L 986); Kh. xun; Bur. xun(g); Kalm. xun; Ord. xun.
KW 197.
PKor. *kn swan (): MKor. kn; Mod. koni.
Nam 50, KED 136.
SKE 123.
-kane helminth: Tung. *kaa(r); Turk. *Kna.
PTung. *kaa(r) helminth (): Evk. kair; Evn. qar; Neg. kaaj;
Nan. ka (On.); Ork. qaa a k. of fish (); Orch. kaa salmon.
1, 374.
PTurk. *Kna helminth (): Kirgh. qna
; Khak. xna; Oyr. qna.
VEWT 264.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-kV dog: Tung. *kai-kn; Turk. *KA-k; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *kai-kn puppy (): Evk. kaikn; Evn. qaqan; Neg.
kaxn; Ork. kike; Nan. keje(k); Ud. kasaniga; Sol. xasx.
1, 385.
PTurk. *KA-k 1 bitch 2 female (1 2 ): OTurk. qanq
(OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qanq (MK) 1; Tur. kank 2; Az. GanG 1; Turkm.
Ganq 1; MTurk. qanq (Pav. C., Houts., Qutb.), qanuq (AH) 1; Uzb.
qniq 1; Uygh. qanuq, qaniq (dial.) 1; Bashk. qansq, qansaj 1; Kirgh.
qanq 1; Kaz. qanq, qa 1; KKalp. qanq 1; Kum. qanq 1; Nogh.
qanq 1.
VEWT 230, 5, 255-256, 190. The original *-- is probably preserved
in Kaz. qa.

PKor. *k- 1 dog 2 puppy (1 2 ): MKor. kh 1, k

2; Mod. k 1, kaai 2.
Nam 8, 28, KED 65, 61. The form kh points to a suffixed *k-h- ( < *kaV-k-). With
*-- cf. also MKor. ku a k. of dog (Liu 50).

The TM form may belong here if it goes back to *ka-ikn (= PT

*Kak, MKor. k). See SKE 84-85, 1,385, Menges 1984,
270-271, 296, 9; TMN 3, 520 (alles sehr unsicher).
-kpi to break, fragile: Tung. *kab-; Mong. *kebere-; Turk. *gebre-.
PTung. *kab- 1 to break, destroy, press 2 to squeeze, knead (1 , , 2 ): Evn. qawq-, qawl- 1; Neg. kawj- 2.
1, 357, 358. The root is expressive and has several variants: *kab- (see above);
*kapu- reflected in Man. qafur crackling, Nan. qapo-qapo id., Ul. qap(r) id., Orok qaplito break, Evn. qabr-, Evk. kapu- id. (see 1, 377-378); *kupu- in Manchu kufujen
fragile.

646

*k[]p - *k[]p

PMong. *kebere- 1 fragile 2 to break down (1 2 ):

MMong. keberek (HY 54) 1, kebge-, kebke- zu Staub zertreten (SH);
WMong. kebereg, keberig 1, kebere-, kebire- 2 (L 439); Kh. xevreg 1, xevre- 2;
Bur. xebreg 1; Kalm. kewreg, krg 1; Ord. kewerek 1; Bao. kurg; S.-Yugh.
kebreg; Mongr. krig (SM 198), kreG.
KW 229-230, MGCD 338.
PTurk. *geb-re- 1 to become weak, fragile 2 fragile (1 , 2 ): Karakh. kevre- 1, kevrek 2 (MK); Tur.
gevre- 1, gevrek 2; Gag. gevrek 1; Az. kvrk 2; Uzb. kuwrak 2; Tat. kjrk 2
(); Bashk. kwert a tree rotten inside; Kirgh. kjr- 1; Kaz. kjrek
2; Khak. kibrek 2; Chuv. kavraj- 1; Yak. kebir- 1 (possibly < Mong.).
VEWT 244, 245, EDT 691, 3, 7-9. Turk. > Hung. kr fragile Gombocz 1912.
EAS 145, 153-154, 258, Poppe 45. One cannot exclude Mong. < Turk. in this case. An expressive Western isogloss. Cf.
also *kpe (and Ozawa 201).
-k[]p to cover, sack: Tung. *kup-; Mong. *kab-t-; Turk. *Kp; Jpn.
*kmp-.
PTung. *kup- 1 to cover 2 cloth 3 sheath, boxing 4 sack 5 knee covers 6 hat 7 cover (n.) 8 wadded coat (1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 ): Evk.
kuptu-, kupu- 1, kupu 7, kup 5, kupe 2; Evn. kupke 4, kubi 5, qpt 6, kbe
2; Neg. kuptin- 1, koptn 7; Man. xubtu 8; Ul. kup 1 (expr. adv.); Ork.
qpt- 1, qpom 2; Nan. kopt 3.
1, 434, 476. Evk. kupe > Dolg. kop, see Stachowski 153. Manchu xubtu has
variants xukdu, xuktu ( > Nan. xuktu, Neg. xuktu etc.) - which is probably a secondary
merger with a Mong. loanword (Mong. kgd, v. sub *kugi).

PMong. *kabt- sack (): WMong. qabta-a(n) (L 899); Kh. xavtga; Kalm. xaptx, xaptr; Ord. GabtarGa; Dag. xartag (. . 174);
Mongr. sdarGa petite bourse, blague, poche (SM 333).
KW 167, 180. Mong. qabtaa, qabtura > Evk. kapturga etc. (see Poppe 1966, 195,
TMN 1, 384-385, Doerfer MT 39); > Kirgh. qaptra etc. ( 5, 271-272).

PTurk. *Kp 1 sack 2 to surround (1 2 ): Karakh.

qap 1 (MK); Tur. kap 1; Gag. qap 1; Az. Gab; Turkm. Gp 1, Gba- 2;
MTurk. qap 1 (MA, IM), qaba- to besiege (. .); Uzb. qp 1; Uygh.
qap 1, dial. qaba- 2; Krm. qap 1; Tat. qap 1; Bashk. qap 1; Kirgh. qap 1; Kaz.
qap 1; KBalk. qap 1; KKalp. qap 1; Kum. qap 1; Nogh. qap 1; SUygh. qap 1;
Khak. xap 1; Shr. qap 1; Oyr. qap 1; Tv. xap 1; Tof. qap/b- 1; Yak. xappar 1
(?).
VEWT 233, TMN 3, 366-367, EDT 578 (should be separated from *kab!) 5, 159,
266-267 (with a partial confusion with another root, probably of Mongolian origin, see
under *KAmug), 266-267. Despite Doerfer (ibid.) the resemblance with *Kpuk bark is
only superficial. See also notes to *K(i)amak / *K(i)apak forehead, eyebrow/eyelid.

*kp - *kra

647

PJpn. *kmp- helmet (): OJpn. kabut(w)o; MJpn. kbto; Tok.

kbuto; Kyo. kbt; Kag. kabut.
JLTT 431.
KW 167, 180, Poppe 17, 18, 43, 1984, 76-77. Mergers with
phonetically close roots (e. g. *kapa barrier, *kope film, covering,
*kobe clothing, *kpV bladder) were possible - which may explain
some vocalic and prosodic irregularities.
-kp to squeeze, press together: Tung. *kap-; Mong. *kajii; Turk.
*Kp-.
PTung. *kap- 1 together 2 to press, squeeze together 3 couple 4
gripe 5 trap (1 2 , 3 4 , 5
): Evk. kapkal- 2; Neg. kap 1, kapel 5; Man. qab(a) 3, afira- 2,
afiraqu 4; SMan. havirhun, havirhun (2619) narrow, tight; Ul. qap 1,
qapra- 2, qapraq 4, qapal 5; Ork. qap 1, qapra 4; Nan. qap 1, qapra- 2,
qapraqo 4, qapal 5; Orch. kapali 1; Ud. kfi- 2 (. 247), kabau 3.
1, 376, 378-379.
PMong. *kajii scissors (): MMong. xajii (HY 21), qaii
(MA); WMong. qajii(n) (L 912); Kh. xaj; Bur. xaja; Kalm. x; Ord.
xi; Dag. kai (. . 148: kaii, xaii), kaji (MD 181); Dong. qai;
Bao. ii; S.-Yugh. aii; Mongr. xi, xi (SM 166), xaii.
KW 180, TMN 1, 448, MGCD 318. Mong. > Oyr. qaj etc. ( 5, 209-211); Evk.
kaji etc., see Poppe 1966, 193, TMN 1, 449, Doerfer MT 64-65.

PTurk. *Kp- 1 to press together 2 scissors 3 tongs 4 to cut (with

scissors) (1 2 3 ): Karakh. qftu (MK) 2; Tur.
kpt (dial.) 2, k(r)p- 4; Az. Grp- 4; Turkm. Gp- 1; MTurk. qpt 2
(Houts., Ettuhf.); Krm. qpt 2; KBalk. qpt 2; Khak. xpt 2, xpla- 4; Shr.
qpt 2, qpla- 4; Oyr. qpta 2, qpn- 1; Chuv. xpk 3; Yak. kptj 2, kbt-,
kbj- 1; Dolg. kptj- 2.
VEWT 234, EDT 582, 6, 221-222, 224, Stachowski 168.
KW 180, 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfers doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot
be separated from each other. It is interesting also to mention the forms
meaning to wink ( < *press eyelids together) among the reflexes of
PT *Kp- (usually confused with *Kp- spark) and the TM derivative
*kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- flat). Cf. also *kapV.
-kra ( ~ k-) opposite, enemy: Mong. *kar-; Turk. *Kar-; Jpn. *kt-.
PMong. *kar- 1 foreign, alien 2 to be related to, connected with (1
, 2 , ):
WMong. qari 1, qari-la- 2 (L 937, 939); Kh. xa 1, xarilca- 2; Bur. xari 1,
xarilsa- 2; Kalm. x 1; Ord. xari 1, xarilin, xarilan mutually.
KW 171. Cf. also MMong. qaru-, qara-, Kalm. ar- to meet (KW 169).

648

*kara - *kara

PTurk. *Kar- 1 opposite 2 be opposite, meet 3 bandit (1 2 3 ): OTurk. qar (OUygh.) 1; qaraq
(OUygh.) 3; Karakh. qaru (MK, KB), qar (KB) 1, qaraq (KB) 3, qaraqla(MK) to rob; Turkm. Gar- 2; Garaq 3; MTurk. qaraq (Pav. C., Abush.)
3; Uzb. qrqi 3; Tat. qaraq 3; Bashk. qaraq 3; Kirgh. qaraq 3; KKalp.
qaraq 3; Kum. qaraq 3; Nogh. qaraq 3; Chuv. xir- 2; xorax 3; Yak. xar,
xr 1 (.); xar-da retaliation; xars- to fight (with each other); Dolg.
kar-da retaliation, kars- to fight.
VEWT 235, 5, 294-295, 326-327, . XVI, 219-220, 2, 365-366, Stachowski 139, 140. Chuv. xir- may actually reflect a different root (see *ger-), or a contamination. Turk. qar > Mong. qarsi (Clark 1980, 41). Cf. also *Karma robbery.

PJpn. *kt- enemy, opposite (, ): MJpn. ktkj; Tok.

katak; Kyo. ktk; Kag. katak.
JLTT 443.
276, . 89. Cf. *kro. In PTM cf. perhaps
*(x)ara- to meet, oppose (an animal during hunting) ( 1, 53) - a
root that should be kept distinct from *aa- to meet. In this case the
reconstruction *kra should be preferred for PA.
-kara ( ~ -u) to look, observe: Tung. *kara-; Mong. *kara-; Turk. *Karak;
Kor. *krm-.
PTung. *kara- 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch (1 , 2
): Evk. karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- to envy; Evn. qars- 1
(Arm.), qarq- to wait; Man. qarma- 1 (perhaps also ara-, 1, 380);
SMan. qarm- (797) 1; Ul. qarGa-- 2; Ork. qarGa- 2; Nan. qarGa-- 2;
1, 381-382. The Evk. form kar(a)ma- is cited from Lee 1958 (quoting Shirokogoroff 1944 which was unavailable to us).

PMong. *kara- 1 to look 2 patrol, watch (1 2 , ): MMong. qara- 1, qaraul (SH) 2, qara- (MA, HYt) 1; WMong. qara1, qaraul 2 (L 932, 933); Kh. xara- 1, xarl 2; Bur. xara- 1; Kalm. xar- 1;
Ord. xara- 1; Mog. qara- 1 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xarla- 1 (. .
174), xarl 2; S.-Yugh. arl 2, armul sight; Mongr. xarla- (SM 164),
xar- 1; xarmul sight.
KW 169, MGCD 329, 331, 334. Mong. > Chag. etc. qara-, qarawul (see TMN 1, 401,
1997, 208; a backloan from Turkic is probably ZM qarawol (8-6a) vanguard),
5, 288-289, 290-291.

PTurk. *Karak 1 eye-ball 2 eye 3 a gentle address (my dear) (1

2 3 ): OTurk. qaraq 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. qaraq 2 (MK, KB); Tur. kz karas 1, Osm. (XV) qaraq 2; Az. gz
Garas 1; Turkm. Garaq 1; MTurk. qaraq (Pav. C., . ., Sangl.) 1,
(Abush.) 2; Uzb. qriq 1; Uygh. qar(i)uq 1; Kirgh. qaraq 3, dial. qareq 1,
2; Kaz. qaraq 3, qaraq 1; KKalp. qaraq 3, qaraq 1; Nogh. qaraq 1; Khak.

*kra(ma) - *kare

649

xarax 2, dial. xara 1; Shr. qaraq 2; Oyr. qaraq 1, 2; Tv. qaraq 2; Tof. qaraq
2; Chuv. ko xori 1; Yak. xarax 2; Dolg. karak 2.
VEWT 235-236, TMN 3, 434-436, EDT 652, . VII, 36, 5, 295-296,
210, Stachowski 138. Deriving *Karak from *Kara black (see also TMN 1, 401) is highly
dubious both for semantic and morphological reasons; forms like Tur. gz karas result
from secondary reanalysis. Cf. also the forms *Kara-la- to stare (Az. qarala-, Uygh.
qarala-, see 5, 289), *Karaj- to watch, preserve (Yak. xaraj-, Dolg. karaj-; Yak. xars
care, wariness, Dolg. karst- to care, beware, see Stachowski 138, 140) - which, in contrast to qara- look ( < Mong.) are unlikely to be borrowed.

PKor. *krm- 1 to keep, preserve 2 to wash the dead, bury (1 2 , ): MKor. krm- 1, 2; Mod.
kam-hu- to hide.
Nam 22, KED 50.
KW 169, VEWT 235 (the TM forms in 1,380 - Man. qara-, qarun etc. - are obviously borrowed from Mongolian, see Doerfer MT 51,
138, Rozycki 135), Lee 1958, 114, 287.
-kra(ma) thin stick, rod: Tung. *kar-; Turk. *Karmak; Jpn. *krim; Kor.
*krm.
PTung. *kar- rod, thin branch (, ): Evk. kar, kari, kar.
1, 379. Cf. perhaps also Orok qarmalma childrens sledge (?).
PTurk. *Karmak 1 fishing rod 2 hook (1 2 ): Karakh.
qarmaq (KB) 1,2; Tur. karmuk 2, dial. garma 1; Az. GarmaG 1,2; Turkm.
Garmaq 1,2; MTurk. qarmaq (IM, MA) 1, 2; Uzb. qrmq 2; Uygh.
qa(r)maq 1,2; Tat. qarmaq 1,2; Bashk. qarmaq 1,2; Kirgh. qarmaq 1,2; Kaz.
qarmaq 1,2; KKalp. qarmaq 1,2; Nogh. qarmaq 1,2; Khak. xarmax 1,2; Shr.
qarbaq 1,2; Oyr. qarmaq 1,2; Tv. dial. qarmaq 1,2.
VEWT 238, 5, 309-310 (usually considered to be derived from *Karba-, but
this is phonetically dubious).

PJpn. *krim axle, metal tube for axle (, ): OJpn. karimo;

MJpn. km.
JLTT 436.
PKor. *krm axle, metal tube for axle (, ): MKor. krm.
Nam 19.
The root is not widely represented, but seems reliable; the meaning axle in Kor.-Jpn. has developed < thin stick.
-kare bow, to shoot from a bow: Tung. *kar-; Mong. *karbu-; Turk. *Kr
/ *kiri.
PTung. *kar- 1 to kill 2 to fight (1 2 ): Evk. kare- 1;
Ork. karamai- 2.
1, 380, 381.
PMong. *karbu- to shoot from a bow ( ): MMong.
qarbu (HY 39, SH), qarbu- (MA); WMong. qarbu- (L 936); Kh. xarva-; Bur.
xarba-; Kalm. xarw-; Ord. xarwa-, xarwu-; Mog. qarbuxi gun (Weiers);

650

*karmo - *kr(mV)

Dag. xarba-, xarma- (. . 174); harebe- (MD 157); Bao. ur-;

S.-Yugh. arwu-; Mongr. xarmu- (SM 164).
KW 177, MGCD 331. Mong. qarbu- > Evk. garpa-, garp- etc. ( 1, 142).
PTurk. *Kr / *kiri bow string (): OTurk. kiri (OUygh.);
Karakh. kiri (MK); Tur. kiri; Az. kiri; Turkm. kiri; MTurk. kiri (Pav.
C., IM, AH, Qutb.); Krm. kiri; Tat. kere; Bashk. kere; Kirgh. kiri; Kum.
kiri; Nogh. kiris; Khak. krs, xrs; Shr. kiri; Oyr. kiri; Tv. kiri; Chuv.
xirl; Yak. kiris, krs.
5, 71-72, 578.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *kra.
-karmo a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *karmu- / *karbu-; Turk. *Kordaj ( <
*Korm-daj ?); Jpn. *kmmi (~-ia); Kor. *krmjk.
PTung. *karmu- / *karbu- 1 a k. of swallow 2 a k. of duck (1 2 -): Evk. karbuk 2; Nan. qarmor 1.
1, 379. Cf. also *kompar heron ( < *karmor?), see 1, 413.
PTurk. *Kordaj ( < *Korm-daj ?) pelican; swan (; ):
Karakh. qordaj (MK); Uygh. qodaj swan; Khak. xord heron; Oyr. qordoj heron.
VEWT 282, EDT 649, 173, 6, 79. Cf. also Shor qoromuq
(). Turk. > Mong. qorda (KW 187).

PJpn. *kmmi (~-ia) gull (): OJpn. kamame; MJpn. kmm;

Tok. kmome; Kyo. kmm; Kag. kamom.
JLTT 436.
PKor. *krmjk gull (): MKor. krmjk, krmjki; Mod.
kalmgi.
Nam 20, KED 45.
Martin 232-233, 173. Cf. perhaps MMong. qarauna (HY
15) a k. of bird. The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. Like many bird names, an expressive and rather unreliable
root.
-kr(mV) ( ~ k-) a k. of weed, cockle: Tung. *kara ( ~ *x-); Mong.
*karau, *karbaur; Turk. *KAramuk; Jpn. *krms; Kor. *kr.
PTung. *kara ( ~ *x-) a k. of weed ( , ): Man.
ara.
1, 379.
PMong. *karau, *karbaur 1 darnel grass, smut 2 privet, a k. of
shrub or weed ( , Elymus) (1 , 2
( , Elymus)):
WMong. qaraw, (L 933) qarau 1, qarbaur 2; Kh. xar 1, xarvor 2; Bur.
xarbl, xarbr 2.
PTurk. *KAramuk cockle (): Karakh. qaramuq (MK); Tur.
dial. karamuk; MTurk. qaramuq (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qrmu; Uygh.

*krsi - *kru

651

qarimuq; Tat. qaramq (Sib.); Kirgh. qaramq; Kaz. qaramq; KKalp.

qaramq; Kum. qaramq.
5, 296-297.
PJpn. *krms Boehmeria frutescens, a k. of hemp ( ,
Boehmeria frutescens): MJpn. krms; Tok. karamushi.
JLTT 439. Analysed within Jpn. as kara China + musi ramie, which may be a folk
etymology.

PKor. *kr Setaria viridis; Lolium temulentum (Setaria viridis; Lolium temulentum): MKor. krs; Mod. karai.
Nam 11, KED 10.
Lee 1958, 112 (Tung.-Kor.). Turkic has *KAra- (not *Kora-), obviously influenced by *Kara- black. Cf. similar weed names: Turk.
*Kre sedge ( 5, 147-148), Mong. kresn, krmenli, krmeli id.
-krsi fox, marten: Tung. *karsi; Mong. *kirsa; Turk. *KArsak.
PTung. *karsi marten (): Man. arsa; Nan. qarsa; Ud. kah
(. 246).
1, 361.
PMong. *kirsa steppe fox ( ): MMong. kirsa (HY 10);
WMong. kirsa (L 472); Kh. ars; Kalm. kirs; Ord. girsa.
KW 232. Mong. > Kirgh. qrsa, Yak. krsa (VEWT 267), Evk., Evn., Man. kirsa steppe
fox ( 1, 399, Rozycki 140); but the TM names for marten are genuine, despite Doerfer MT 142.

PTurk. *KArsak steppe fox ( ): OTurk. qarsaq (OUygh.);

Karakh. qarsaq (MK); Turkm. Garsaq; MTurk. qarsaq (IM, Ettuhf.); Uzb.
qrsq; Tat. qarsaq; Bashk. qarhaq; Kirgh. qarsaq; Kaz. qarsaq; KKalp. qarsaq; Nogh. qarsaq.
5, 313, 161, TMN 3, 442.
1972, 129-130, 161. A Western isogloss.
-kru ( ~ k-) black: Mong. *kara; Turk. *Kara; Jpn. *kru-.
PMong. *kara black (): MMong. qara (HY 41, SH), qara (IM),
qra (MA); WMong. qara (L 931); Kh. xar; Bur. xara; Kalm. xar; Ord.
xara; Mog. qar; ZM qar (13-8); Dag. xara, xar (. . 174), hare (MD
157); Dong. qara; Bao. xera; S.-Yugh. xara; Mongr. xara (SM 158).
KW 168, MGCD 328. Mong. > Evk. kar, Man. qara etc. black (of horse) ( 1,
379, Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 101, 133); > MKor. kara (mr), see Lee 1958, 119).

PTurk. *Kara black (): OTurk. qara (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);

Karakh. qara (MK, KB); Tur. kara; Gag. qara; Az. Gara; Turkm. Gara; Sal.
Gara; Khal. qara; MTurk. qara (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH, . .); Uzb.
qr; Uygh. qara, dial. qare; Krm. qara; Tat. qara; Bashk. qara; Kirgh. qara;
Kaz. qara; KBalk. qara; KKalp. qara; Kum. qara; Nogh. qara; SUygh. Gara;
Khak. xara; Shr. qara; Oyr. qara; Tv. qara; Tof. qara; Chuv. xora; Yak. xara;
Dolg. kara.

652

*krV - *kasa

VEWT 235, TMN 3, 426-432, EDT 643-4, 5, 286-289, 299-100,

592-593, Stachowski 138, 2, 362.
PJpn. *kru- black (): OJpn. kurwo-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kur-;
Kyo. kr-; Kag. kur-.
JLTT 833.
EAS 107, 324, 1, 338, 54-55, 73,
103-104, 274. Despite TMN 3, 427, 1997, 134, there is no need
to regard the Mong. word as borrowed from Turkic (although it is not
excluded).
-krV a k. of bird: Tung. *kara-; Mong. *kar-; Turk. *K(i)ar-.
PTung. *kara- 1 woodcock 2 hazel grouse 3 wild birds (ducks,
geese) 4 jackdaw 5 a k. of bird 6 rook 7 black heron 8 cormorant (1
2 3 (, ) 4 5 6 7 8 ): Evk. kara 1, karak 2; Neg. karax 3;
Man. qaraki 6, qarala 7, qarasu 8; Ork. qar 4; Nan. qarqaj 5.
1, 379.
PMong. *kar- 1 grey crane 2 swallow (1 2 ): MMong. xarijaa (HY 14) 2; WMong. qarkira 1 (L 940), qarijaai 2 (L
938); Kh. xarcaj 2; Bur. xarsgaj 2; xarxali (
); Kalm. xard 2 (); Ord. xar 2; Dong. qarana 2;
Mongr. xara(n)iG (SM 159), xarabaG 2, xaraniG 2.
PTurk. *K(i)ar- 1 heron, crane 2 swallow, swift (1 , 2
): OTurk. qarla (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. qarla, qarla (MK) 2;
Tur. karkara 1, krlan, krlk 2; Az. GaranGu, Garalo 2; Turkm.
Garqara (dial.) 1, Garlav 2; MTurk. qarluwa, qarlua (Sangl., Pav. C.,
MA), qarlaa (Houts.), qarlawu (AH); Uzb. qrqr 1, qldir 2; Uygh.
qaqira 1, qala (dial.) 2; Tat. qarla 2; Bashk. qarlas (dial.) 2; Kirgh.
qarqra 1, qarda 2; Kaz. qarqra 1, qarla 2; KBalk. qarla 2; KKalp.
qarla 2; Kum. qarlaa, qarla 2; Nogh. qarla 2; Khak. xarlaas,
xarlas (dial.) 2; Shr. qarl 2; Oyr. qarlaa, qarla 2; Yak. xaraa 2.
EDT 657, 5, 306-309; 175-176.
A Western isogloss. See 175, Pelliot HMP 573 (Doerfer
TMN 3, 499: unsicher). Like many bird names, the root is expressive
and probably onomatopoetic in origin.
-kasa to prohibit, be in ones way: Tung. *kas-; Mong. *kasi-; Jpn.
*kasi-m-; Kor. *ksr-.
PTung. *kas- 1 to reproach 2 to look down on (1 2 ): Evn. qas- 1; Man. qasana- 2.
1, 382.
PMong. *kasi- to have a bitter experience, become frustrated (
, ): WMong. qasira- (L 942); Kh. xair,

*kaserV - *ku(kV)

653

xara-; Bur. xaar , ; aar-

; Ord. Gaara-; S.-Yugh. Gaar-.
MGCD 334.
PJpn. *kasi-m- annoying, noisy (, ): OJpn.
kasi-ma-si; MJpn. kasi-ma-si, kasi-ga-ma-si; Tok. kashimashi-.
JLTT 831.
PKor. *ksr- to oppose, defy (, ):
MKor. ksr-; Mod. ksr-.
Liu 42, KED 85.
Cf. *kesa, *gaso.
-kaserV ( ~ k-) young cow, heifer: Mong. *kasirag; Turk. *Ksr.
PMong. *kasirag a 3-year-old cow, heifer ( , ): WMong. qasira (L 942); Bur. xaarag , , xaarag bxaldaj .
Mong. > Khak. xazra etc.; cf. also (from xarag?) Kaz. qaar, Chag. qaara, see
5, 343; Russ. dial. kaark and similar forms, see 275, 276.

PTurk. *Ksr 1 barren (cow) 2 barren mare (1 () 2

): Karakh. qsr 1, qsraq 2 (MK); Tur. ksr 1, ksrak 2; Gag.
qsr 1, qsraq 2; Az. Gsr 1, GsraG 2; Turkm. Gsr 1, Gsraq 2; Khal. qsr
1; MTurk. qsr (Pav. C.) 1, qsraq 2 (Houts., Ettuhf.); Uzb. qisir 1; Uygh.
qisir 1; Krm. qsr 1, qsraq 2; Tat. qsr 1; Bashk. qr 1, qraq (dial.) 2;
Kirgh. qsr 1, qsraq 2; Kaz. qsr 1, qsraq 2; KBalk. qsr 1; KKalp. qsr 1,
qsraq 2; Kum. qsr 1; Nogh. qsr 1; SUygh. qsraq 2; Khak. xzr 1,
xzrax 2; Shr. qzr 1; Oyr. qzr 1; Tv. qzr 1, qzraq 2; Chuv. xzr 1,
ksre 2; Yak. ktar- , ; Dolg. ktarak barren.
EDT 668-669, VEWT 267, 268, 6, 249-251, Stachowski 170. Turk. > Kalm. ksr,
KW 234 (but Doerfer TMN 3, 476 objects, saying that Kalm. is a dialektische Variante
von ksr < ke-ser); > Mong. qusura / kisura barren (cow) > Man. kisari.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss., with many later interlingual loans.

-ku(kV) to tickle: Tung. *kaaka-; Mong. *giige; Turk. *Kk, *gi-;
Jpn. *ks(n)kr-.
PTung. *kaaka- 1 to tickle 2 to become scabby 3 scabs (1
2 3 , ): Evk. kaaka- 1; Neg. kaaxa- 1; Man.
qasana-, qasqana- 2, qasqa(n) 3.
1, 382, 385.
PMong. *giige tickle (, ): WMong. giige, geige;
geigele-, geigene-, giigene- (L 381); Kh. giig; Bur. geegendehe(n); Kalm.
gine-.
KW 135.
PTurk. *Kk, *gi- 1 itching, tickling 2 to tickle (1 , 2
): Karakh. kii-, q-la- (v.) (MK); Tur. giik- 2, giik, gk 1;

654

*kat[a] - *kte

Turkm. gi 1, Gq 1, ge- 2; MTurk. giik 1 (Pav. C.); Krm. kii- 2; Tat.

kee- (dial.) 2; KBalk. kiw 1; Tv. kii- 2; Tof. kii- 2; Chuv. k 1.
VEWT 260, 269, 3, 42-43, 6, 186-187, TMN 3, 567, EDT 591, 695. The back row
variant is interacting with PT *K- to scrape, itch q. v. sub *k.

PJpn. *ks(n)kr- to tickle (): Tok. ksugur-; Kyo.

ksgr-; Kag. kusugr-.
JLTT 717.
3, 43. Some irregularities are due to expressivity.
-kat[a] ( ~ -t-) to mix, join: Tung. *kata-; Mong. *kudku-; Turk. *Kat-;
Jpn. *kata-.
PTung. *kata- 1 to tie hard 2 band 3 friend (1
2 , 3 ): Evn. qataq 3; Neg. kataa- 1, katxa 3; Man. ata
2; Ul. qatara- 1; Ork. qatara- 1; Nan. qatara- to grasp ones hair.
1, 384.
PMong. *kudku- to mix (): WMong. qudqu- (L 981); Kh.
xutga-; Bur. xudxa-; Kalm. xutx- (); Ord. Gudxu-; Dag. korku-;
Dong. quduu-; Bao. doG-; S.-Yugh. qudG-; Mongr. GusGu- (SM 128).
MGCD 394. Mong. > Evk. kutku- etc., see Doerfer MT 111.
PTurk. *Kat- to mix, add, tie to (, ): OTurk.
qat- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qat- (MK, KB); Tur. kat-; Az. Gat-; Turkm.
Gat-; MTurk. qat- (Sangl., MA, Pav. C., Qutb.); Uygh. qat-; Tat. qat-;
Bashk. qat-; Kirgh. qat-; Kaz. qat-; KBalk. qat-; KKalp. qat-; Kum. qat-;
Nogh. qat-; Khak. xat-; Shr. qat-; Oyr. qat-; Tv. qat-; Tof. qat-; Chuv.
xod mixture; Yak. xat- (but ktar- to mix); Dolg. kat-.
EDT 594-595, VEWT 241, 5, 336, 337-338, Stachowski 141, 2, 373374.

PJpn. *kata- to mix, join, unite (, ): OJpn. kata-;

MJpn. kata-.
JLTT 706.
The Mong. vocalism is not quite clear.
-kte to knock (of hooves), trot: Tung. *kata- / *kete-; Mong. *katari-;
Turk. *Ktr-; Kor. *kth-.
PTung. *kata- / *kete- to knock (with hooves), sound of knocking
( (), ): Neg. keter-keter; Man.
kete-qata; Ul. ketes; Ork. qatam, qatar, qatari; Nan. keter-keter.
1, 384, 456. Other expressive variants are: Man. kitir seme quick (of horse
trot) ( 1, 400), *kute- ( 1, 440).

PMong. *katari- to trot (, ): WMong. qatari- (L

945); Kh. xatira-; Bur. xatar ; Kalm. xatr- (); Ord. Gatari-,
Gatira-; Dag. katr- (. . 148: katara-), katere (MD 182).
MGCD 336. Mong. > Manchu katara- to trot (see Rozycki 135).

*kb(rV) - *ki

655

PTurk. *Ktr- to walk, go round (, ): Tur.

kdr- (dial.); Turkm. Gdr- (dial.); Uzb. qidir-; Krm. qdr-; Tat. qdr(dial.); Bashk. qr-; Kirgh. qdr-; qd ( .);
Kaz. qdr-; KBalk. qdr-; KKalp. qdr-; Kum. qdr-; Nogh. qdr-; Yak.
ktgras , , ( ), .
6, 185.
PKor. *kth- to stumble (): MKor. kth-.
Nam 36.
An expressive root, but seems to be common Altaic.
-kb(rV) field, steppe: Tung. *keber-; Mong. *keere; Jpn. *kp.
PTung. *keber- plain, steppe, meadow (, , ): Evk.
kewer, kewe-kte; Evn. kr-ke; Sol. xeber.
1, 443.
PMong. *keere steppe, desert (, ): MMong. keer (SH,
HY 4), keher desert (IM); WMong. keere (L 443); Kh. xr; Bur. xre
steppe; taiga; Kalm. kr (); Ord. kre; Dag. xr, kr (. . 149);
hre (MD 159); S.-Yugh. kre.
TMN 1, 484, MGCD 337.
PJpn. *kp valley between mountains ( ): OJpn.
kapji; MJpn. kf.
JLTT 433.
EAS 89, Poppe 48, 14, 68. Despite Poppe 1972, 97, TMN
1, 485, Doerfer MT 94, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-ki night, evening: Mong. *kei-; Turk. *g (-e); Jpn. *kis.
PMong. *kei- day before yesterday (): Dag. keig udur
(. . 150), keihe (MD 182).
PTurk. *g (-e) 1 long time 2 late 3 be late 4 night 5 evening 6 yesterday (1 2 3 4 5 6 ):
OTurk. ke 1, 2, ke- 3, kee 4, 5 (OUygh.); Karakh. ke 1, 2 (KB, MK), ke3 (MK), ke 4, 5 (KB, MK); Tur. ge 2, gee 4; Gag. ge 4; Az. ge 4;
Turkm. g 2, ge 4; Sal. gi 4; Khal. ke 4; MTurk. gee 4 (Pav.C.);
Uzb. kea 4, 6; Uygh. k 5; Krm. gee 4; Tat. ki 5, ki 5, 6; Bashk. kis 5,
kis 5, 6; Kirgh. ke 2, ke 4, 5; Kaz. ke 2, 5, ke 5, 6; KBalk. ke 5, kee;
KKalp. ke 2, 5; Kum. gee 4; Nogh. ke 2, 5; SUygh. kie 4 (Mal.); Khak.
ki 6; Shr. keik 5 (.); Oyr. ke 2, 5, kee 6; Tv. ke 5; Tof. kee 5;
Chuv. ka 5; Yak. kiehe 5; Dolg. kiehe 5.
VEWT 245, EDT 692-3, 694-5, 3, 40-41, 50-51, 82, Stachowski 147.
PJpn. *ki(n)s last night ( ): OJpn. kjiso; MJpn. kiso.
JLTT 452. OJ also has kjinopu yesterday (modern kin), which may be a contraction
< *kis-n-pu (with a not quite clear -pu: is it = *pi day?).

See 82: rather dubious, because of very scanty attestation

in Mongolian.

656

*k - *kejbe

-k slanting, oblique: Tung. *keeri-; Mong. *kee; Turk. *Ka-; Jpn.

*knta; Kor. *kjh.
PTung. *keeri- to turn, change sides (()): Ul. keeri-mbui-; Nan. keeri-.
1, 456.
PMong. *kee 1 slope 2 to be slanting, oblique, steep (1 ,
2 , , ): WMong. ke 1 (L 440: kee 2); Kh. xec 1; Bur.
xes- 2; Kalm. kec 1 (); Dag. kei edge, bank, shore (MD 182);
Dong. qea shore (. .).
PTurk. *Ka- slanting (): Tur. kak; Tat. qaaj- (Sib.); Khak.
xa-, xasxax bent backward; Shr. qazr- to bend; Tv. xaj-tr; Chuv.
xo- to bend.
VEWT 217, . XVI 242-246.
PJpn. *knta angle, corner (): MJpn. kd; Tok. kdo; Kyo. kd;
Kag. kad.
JLTT 432.
PKor. *kjh side (): MKor. kjh; Mod. kjt [kjth].
Nam 44, KED 128.
Cf. *ka, *ka (the three roots are sometimes difficult to distinguish). The medial -j- in Kor. is not quite clear.
-k side: Jpn. *kt; Kor. *kh.
PJpn. *kt side, direction; form, shape (, ;
, ): OJpn. kata; MJpn. kt; Tok. kat; Kyo. kt; Kag. kta.
JLTT 442.
PKor. *kh outer appearance, exterior ( , ):
MKor. kh; Mod. kuk, kt [kth].
Nam 40, KED 87, 104.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss. See Martin 241, 297 (with some
confusion of Kor. *kh exterior and *k- near; end, limit, see under
*ka, *koa). The root seems very similar to both *ka and *ka, but
in fact cannot be reduced to either of them. It is not even excluded that
the root does not exist at all: Kor. kh exterior side may be just a variant of kh skin (see under *ku), while Jpn. kt may go back to PA
*kada side, to turn (q.v.).
-kejbe to lie: Tung. *kebi-; Mong. *keb-; Jpn. *kj-; Kor. *kbr-.
PTung. *kebi- to bow down, lie low (, ):
Man. keb, keo (seme); Ul. kebile-.
1, 442.
PMong. *keb- 1 to lie 2 to bow down (1 2 , ): MMong. kibt-, kbt- (MA), kebte-, kebde-, gebte- (SH) 1;
WMong. kebte- 1 (L 439), kebiji- 2; Kh. xevt- 2, xevij- 2; Bur. xebte-; Kalm.
kept-; Ord. gebte-; Mog. teft-; KT tebt (11-1a); Dag. kert-, kerte- 1 (.

*kjna - *keju

657

. 150), kerete- 1 (MD 183); Dong. kiie-; Mongr. kid- (SM 200) to lie
(of animals).
KW 226, MGCD 339.
PJpn. *kj- to lie (): OJpn. koju-.
JLTT 711.
PKor. *kbr- to bow down, be sloping, decline ():
MKor. kr-; Mod. kiul-.
Nam 79, KED 272.
294, Ozawa 203-204, SKE 114.
-kjna ( ~ g-) crab; tick: Turk. *gne; Jpn. *kn; Kor. *ki.
PTurk. *gne tick, name of different parasites (, . ): Tur. gene, kene; Az. gn; Turkm. gn; Uzb. kana; Kaz.
ken; KKalp. kene.
VEWT 251, TMN 3, 615-616, 5, 63-64, 183. Voiced *g- and front row
vocalism speaks against the theory of Turk. being < Pers. kana (although some forms like
Khalaj kana and Turkm. dial. kn may have been influenced by the Persian word - which
itself has so far no Iranian etymology and must be regarded as a Turkic loanword).

PJpn. *kn crab (): OJpn. kani; MJpn. kn; Tok. kni; Kyo. kn;
Kag. kni.
JLTT 437.
PKor. *ki crab (): MKor. ki; Mod. k.
Liu 51, KED 106.
Martin 229, Miller 1980, 161-162, 1985a, 81, 1986, 48, 183.
Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for loss of resonant in
Korean.
-keju ( ~ k-) to boil: Mong. *kajira-; Turk. *Kjn-; Kor. *k-.
PMong. *kajira- to burn, roast (): WMong. qajira-, qaari- (L
907); Kh. xajr-; Bur. xajra-; Kalm. xr-; Dag. xaira- (. . 172), xri(. . 174); S.-Yugh. qjru- to boil .
KW 180. Mong. > Man. ari- etc. ( 1, 463, Doerfer MT 142).
PTurk. *Kjn- to boil (Intr.) (): OTurk. qajn- (OUygh.);
Karakh. qajna- (MK, KB); Tur. kajna-; Gag. qajna-; Az. Gajna-; Turkm.
Gajna-; MTurk. qajna- (Qutb., IM); Uzb. qjn-; Uygh. qajna-; Tat. qajna-;
Bashk. qajna-; Kirgh. qajna-; Kaz. qajna-; KKalp. qajna-; Nogh. qajna-;
Khak. xajna-; Oyr. qajna-; Tv. xajn-; Yak. kj- (k-); Dolg. kjnar-,
kjnar- (trans.).
VEWT 222, 5, 203-205, Stachowski 168, 171.
PKor. *k- to boil (): MKor. k-; Mod. k-.
Nam 48, KED 137.
A possible derivative is PA *keju-(ga) kettle: PT *Kgan (
5, 186-188 - a contraction < *Kaj-rgan ?); Mong. kaji-sun ( < *kajir-sun);
PTM *kejren ( 1, 444); see KW 169; 5, 188. In that case PA *kshould be reconstructed.

*kju - *kela

658

-kju to pass beyond: Tung. *kj-; Turk. *Kej-; Jpn. *kaja-.

PTung. *kj- 1 to go astray 2 to become wild (of a reindeer) (1 , 2 ( )): Evk. kj1; Evn. kjun- 1; Neg. kej- 2.
1,444.
PTurk. *Kej- to go away (): Chuv. kaj-.
Attested only in Chuvash; PT antiquity is dubious.
PJpn. *kaja- to pass over, transgress (, ):
OJpn. kwoja-; MJpn. kja-; Tok. ke-; Kyo. k-; Kag. ko-.
JLTT 710.
The Jpn. form goes back to *keju-(ga)-. The Turkic parallel raises
doubts: the isolated Chuv. form may stem from Mari kaj- to go ( < FU
*kwe, UEW 654), as suggested in VEWT 221.
-kekV breast, chest, ribs: Tung. *ke-tire; Mong. *kegir-; Turk.
*gEgrek.
PTung. *ke-tire 1 breast, chest 2 side (of body) (1 2 ):
Evk. ketire 1; Evn. kntre 1; Nan. ketere 1; Ud. kete 2.
1, 451.
PMong. *kegir- chest (): WMong. kegirdeg; Kh. xenxerceg,
xenxreg; Kalm. kegrtg, kekrdg; Dag. kenger (. . 149).
KW 226. Mong. > Man. kegeri, Sol. xeer (see Doerfer MT 138); Kirgh. keirdek.
PTurk. *gEgrek lower soft ribs ( ): Tur. gerek;
Turkm. gejrek.
3, 14, 307, 276.
307, 232, 276. A Western isogloss.
-kekV palate, throat: Tung. *kexere; Mong. *kek-; Turk. *gekir-dek.
PTung. *kexere hard palate ( ): Ul. kekere, kexere, xexere;
Nan. xexere; Orch. kexe; Ud. ke (. 253).
1, 445.
PMong. *kek- 1 throat cavity 2 upper part of body, thorax (1 2 ): WMong. kekdeg 2 (L 446:
kekdeg, kekreg), kkege 1; Kh. xexdeg 2, xx 1; Ord. gedek 2.
PTurk. *gekir-dek throat, trachea, cartilage (, , ):
Tur. gegirtlek (dial.); Turkm. kekirdek; MTurk. kekirtek (MA); Uzb. kekirdak; Uygh. keki(r)dk; Tat. kikertk (); Bashk. kigerlk (dial.); Kirgh.
kekirtek; KKalp. kegirdek; Nogh. kekirdevik; Chuv. kagr.
VEWT 248, 5, 26, 232. In many languages the word was influenced
by the verb *gkir- to belch.

A Western isogloss.
-kela ( ~ k-, -o) to rise, jump up, soar: Mong. *kali-; Turk. *Kl()-.
PMong. *kali- to fly, soar (): WMong. qali- (L 919); Kh. xali-;
Bur. xali-; Kalm. x-; Ord. xali-.

*kele - *kelta(rV)

659

KW 176.
PTurk. *Kl()- 1 to rise 2 jump up (1 2 ): OTurk. qal- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qal- (MK, KB) 2; Tur. kalk()- 2,
kal-dr- (caus.); Az. Galx- 1, Gal-dr- (caus.); Turkm. Galk- 1, Gal-dr(caus.); MTurk. qalq- (Pav. C., .) 1, (Houts., IM) 2, qal-dur- (caus.)
(Pav. C.); Uzb. qalq- 1, qalqi- 1, 2; Tat. qalq- 1,2; Bashk. qalq- 1; Kirgh.
qalq- 1; Kaz. qalq- 1; KKalp. qalq- 1; Kum. qalq- 1; Nogh. qalq- 1; Khak.
xal- 1,2 (dial. Sag.); Oyr. qal- 1,2; Tv. xal- 1,2; Yak. klj- 1,2.
VEWT 226, 5, 224-226.
KW 163, 176, 177, 1, 335. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; but a suffixed form *kel-ka- may be discoverable in OJ kaker- to fly, soar (see
Miller-Street 1975, 73-75, Street 1985, 641).
-kele ( ~ -i, -o) daughter-in-law, bride: Tung. *keli; Turk. *glin.
PTung. *keli 1 relative-in-law 2 girl, sister (1 , - 2
, ): Evk. keli(n) 1, kiliwl 2; Evn. keli 1; Neg. keli 1, kelewl
2; Man. keli 1; Ul. keli(n) 1; Ork. keli(n) 1; Nan. keli 1; Orch. keli 1.
1, 393, 446.
PTurk. *glin bride, daughter-in-law (, ): OTurk.
keli-n (Orkh., Coll.), kelin (OUygh.); Karakh. kelin (MK, KB); Tur. gelin; Gag. gelin; Az. glin; Turkm. gelin; Sal. kein, kiin (); Khal. klin
(glin < Az.); MTurk. kelin (Sangl., Pav. C., . .); Uzb. kelin; Uygh.
kelin; Krm. kelin; Tat. kilen; Bashk. kilen; Kirgh. kelin; Kaz. kelin; KBalk.
kelin; KKalp. kelin; Kum. gelin; Nogh. kelin; SUygh. kelin (Malov); Khak.
kiln; Shr. kelin; Oyr. kelin; Tv. kelin; Tof. helin, henni-; Chuv. kin, kiln-;
Yak. kijt (*plur.).
VEWT 248, EDT 719, 3, 16-18, 302.
1, 296, Rsnen 1955, 18:3, 9. A well known Turk.-Tung.
isogloss. Despite Doerfer TMN 3, 667 (Tung.-Turk.: ...der Vergleich
zweifelhaft bleibt; Turk. *gelin < *gel- come - ethnologisch sehr
berzeugende Etymologie...), the relation between PT *gl- to come
and *glin daughter-in-law is purely folk-etymological.
-kelta(rV) variegated, spotted: Tung. *kelder; Mong. *kaltar; Turk.
*Kartal.
PTung. *kelder 1 variegated, spotted 2 mole (1 , 2 ): Evn. keldr 2; Neg. keldejin 1; Ul. kelderu(n) 1;
Ork. kelderu 1; Orch. kegdi 1; Ud. kedei 1.
1, 446.
PMong. *kaltar variegated, dirty, brown (of horse) (, , ( )): WMong. qaltar (XTTT); Kh. xaltar; Bur.
xaltar; Kalm. xaltr (); Ord. Galtar; Mog. ? kala spotted (Weiers);
Dag. kaltr (. . 148).

660

*ko - *ko

Mong. > Manchu. qaltara a brown horse with white around the mouth and eyes
(see Rozycki 131).
PTurk. *Kartal variegated (sheep) ( ()): Karakh. qartal
qoj (MK).
EDT 648-649.
A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps OJ kata-na- dirty (if not = kitanaid.). Turkic reflects a metathesized form (*Kartal < *Kaltar).
-ko to scrape, rub: Tung. *keli-; Mong. *kala-; Turk. *K-; Jpn.
*ks-r-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *keli- 1 knife, blade 2 to cut, cut out (1 , 2 , ): Evk. keli 1; Evn. klre 1; Ork. keli- 2; Nan. keli- 2; Ud.
keli- 2.
1, 446.
PMong. *kala- 1 to flay, tear off 2 to be flayed (1 , 2 ( )): MMong. qalaruqsan nuqai
(MA 289); WMong. qalala- 1, qalcara- 2 (L 918: qalar-); Kh. xalcla- 1, xalcra- 2; Bur. xalsar- 2; Kalm. xalcr- 2.
KW 163.
PTurk. *K- to scrape (, ): Karakh. qa- (MK);
Tur. ka-; Az. Ga-; Turkm. Gaa-; MTurk. qa- (Abush., MA); Uzb.
qai-; Tat. qa-; Bashk. qa-; Kirgh. qa-; Kaz. qas-; KKalp. qas-; Nogh.
qas-; Chuv. x-; Yak. khj-.
VEWT 240, 5, 348, 98. Turkic is a probable source of MMong qaiur
scraper (cf. Chag. qaau etc., see 1997, 135).

PJpn. *ks-r- to scrape (, ): MJpn. ks-r-; Tok.

kasr-u; Kyo. ksr-; Kag. kasr-.
JLTT 705.
PKor. *kr- to rub, polish (, ): MKor. kr-; Mod.
kl-.
Nam 20, KED 43-44.
1984, 81-82, 75, . 89-90.
-ko bald, bald spot: Mong. *kala-; Turk. *KA()ga; Jpn. *ksr; Kor.
*kr(h).
PMong. *kala- bald, having a white blaze ( ( ),
( )): MMong. qalan, qalaai (MA); WMong.
qala(n), qali(n), qalaai (L 918, 922-923); Kh. xalan, xalcgaj; Bur. xalzan,
xalsagai; Kalm. xalc haarlos, grasslos; Ord. xalan; Dag. xalin;
S.-Yugh. GalaGar.
KW 163, MGCD 319. The forms with -l- are a result of contamination with *kalato rub, flay, tear off (v. sub *ko); but neither can be borrowed from Turkic, despite
1997, 135. Mong. > Chag. qalaj; Manchu qala etc. (see 1, 366, Rozycki
130) > MKor. kanj mr (Lee 1964, 190).

*kma - *kma

661

PTurk. *KA()ga white spot, white blaze ( , ):

Karakh. qaa (MK); Tur. kaka; Az. GaGa; Turkm. dial. GaGa; MTurk.
qaqa (AH, MA); Uzb. qq; Uygh. qaqa; Tat. qaqa; Bashk. qaqa; Kirgh.
qaqa, qaqa; Kaz. qasqa; KBalk. qaxa; KKalp. qasqa; Nogh. qasqa; Khak.
xasxa; Shr. qaqa.
VEWT 241, 5, 350-351. Cf. also the probable deriving stem in Tuva xa
worked thin leather, Tof. xa naked, napless (skin) (. 186).

PJpn. *ksr head (): OJpn. kasira; MJpn. ksr, ksr; Tok.
kashir; Kyo. kshr; Kag. kashir.
JLTT 441 (head; chief). The word means head (also head part, chief part) in
most modern and Middle Japanese sources (explicitly so in Wamysh); KKJ (p. 232) also
lists the meaning hair of head (attested in Tosa Nikki), obviously secondary, with a
rather natural semantic transition. IKJ (p. 297) glosses the word as denoting the whole
head including the hair and face, as opposed to kaube ( = kami-be) denoting only the top
of the head and to atama fontanelle. The only clear OJ (Manysh 4346) example
(kasira kakinade...) may be well translated (and usually is translated) as stroking the
head. Therefore the idea (see Vovin 2000) that the original meaning of kasira was hair of
head (the meaning that was always expressed in Japanese as kami) is most certainly
wrong - just as his attempt to link it with the rather obscure Old Korean (MC
m-tej-xik-) hair of head. The latter should be probably read as [mri-ak-si], where
mri- is head, while -ak-si may stand for kark-[si] - with kark- being identical to MKor.
krki mane, modern mri-kharak hair of head. Despite the uncertainty of Old Korean
readings in general and of -si in Old Korean -ak-si, it seems much more reasonable to
link the Old Korean and later Korean sources than to invent a new Old Korean word *kasi
hair and compare it with a wrongly interpreted Old Japanese word.

PKor. *kr(h) brain, marrow (): MKor. kor, kr-h; Mod. kol.
Nam 51, KED 156. The meaning head in modern dialects proves that the original
meaning was brain, head (in literary Korean the word usually means marrow while
brain is expressed as mri-k:ol, lit. head brain). The meaning marrow may have been
additionally induced by the analogy with kol-su (MKor. kor-sju) bone marrow, borrowed
from MC kot-sjw; but Kor. *kor itself has of course nothing to do with MC kot bone.

KW 163, Poppe 17 (Doerfer TMN 3, 479: aus phonetischen

Grnden unsicher). The meaning head in Kor.-Jpn. (whence brain
in Kor.) is secondary, with a universally usual semantic shift ( < bald
spot; cf. Slavic *gol bare, naked and *golva head etc.; see 1,
429). -h in MKor. may either reflect the variation of the reflexes of
*-- (it is interesting to note also MKor. krhj young skin of a plant,
which may actually reflect the same root), or a compound with -hi
stuff, thing. Cf. also *keo to scrape, rub: the two roots tend to be
confused with each other.
-kma ( ~ k-, g-) stove, cauldron: Turk. *Kemeke; Jpn. *km; Kor.
*km.
PTurk. *Kemeke stove, stove hole (, ):
Kirgh. kemege; Khak. kimege; Shr. kebege; Oyr. kemege; Chuv. kmaga.
VEWT 250, 5, 35-36, 94, 359.

662

*kma - *kema

PJpn. *km stove (, ): OJpn. kama, kama-dwo; MJpn. km;

Tok. kma, kamado; Kyo. km; Kag. kma.
JLTT 435.
PKor. *km cauldron (): MKor. km; Mod. kama.
Nam 4, KED 14.
SKE 90.
-kma (~ -o) to gnaw, bite: Tung. *kem-ki-; Mong. *kemeli-; Turk.
*gEmr-; Jpn. *km-.
PTung. *kem-ki- to bite (of a dog, goose) (, ):
Man. kemki-.
1, 448. Attested only in Manchu, but probably archaic (cf. the external evidence).

PMong. *kemeli-, *kemi- 1 to gnaw 2 to bite (1 2 ):

MMong. kemile- 1 (MA); WMong. kemeli-, kemele- (L 451), kemile- 1;
kemki- 2 (DO 413); Kh. ximle-, xemle- 1; Bur. ximel- 1; Kalm. keml- 1; Ord.
kemele- 1, kemel- 2; Dag. keme- (. . 149) 1 (MGCD ke-, kemi-);
Bao. kamel- 2; S.-Yugh. kemle- 1 (MGCD kelme-); Mongr. xamla- 1.
KW 225, MGCD 348, 350. Cf. also kemki- to grind, to bite.
PTurk. *gEmr- to gnaw (, ): Karakh. kemr- (MK);
Tur. gemir-, kemir-; Gag. kemir-; Az. gmir-; Turkm. gemir-; MTurk.
kmr- (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. kemir-; Uygh. kemi(r)-; Krm. kemir-; Tat.
kimer-; Bashk. kimer-; Kirgh. kemir-; Kaz. kemir-; KBalk. kemir-; KKalp.
kemir-; Kum. gemir-; Nogh. kemir-; Khak. kimr-; Oyr. kemir-; Tv. xemir-;
Tof. xemir-; Yak. kmr spongy bone.
VEWT 251, EDT 723, 3, 18-19, 262.
PJpn. *km- to bite (): OJpn. kam-; MJpn. km-; Tok. km-;
Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 703.
KW 225, 112, 274, 262. Borrowing in Mong.
from Turk. is impossible (despite 1997, 126); the Manchu form,
however, may be < Mong. (see Rozycki 137).
-kema shoulderblade: Tung. *kende; Mong. *kemde-; Turk. *[k]Ebe.
PTung. *kende shoulderblade (): Evk. kendek; Evn. kndt;
Neg. kendexe; Ork. kende.
1, 448.
PMong. *kemde- bone in horses foot ( ): Kalm.
kemdgn.
KW 224.
PTurk. *[k]Ebe shoulderblade (): Tur. kebze shoulderblade, augury; Gag. kebze; Az. gbz handle; Turkm. kebze; MTurk.
kebze shoulder (Sangl.); Tat. kws tree stem; Bashk. kw body;
Kaz. kebze, kwz (R); KKalp. kebze breast.

*kemV - *ke(n)da

663

VEWT 245, EDT 905, 242-243. The quality of the initial velar is not quite
clear: the Az. form perhaps preserves an archaism, while other Oghuz forms may be
kypchakisms; otherwise its Altaic connections become more dubious. KKalp. kepe
shoulderblade quoted in VEWT means in reality a small shovel (Russ. ), from
Pers. kapa = Osm. kepe ein grosser Lffel (VEWT 254).
306, 243. A Western isogloss.
-kemV a k. of fruit with seeds inside: Tung. *kemu-kte; Mong. *kemeke;
Kor. *km.
PTung. *kemu-kte 1 rowan (berry) 2 a k. of berry, shamrock (1 () 2 , ): Evk. kempi 1 (Sakh.); Orch. kmukte 2.
1, 448.
PMong. *kemeke small pumpkin, cucumber, gourd ( , , ): WMong. kemeke (L 451); Kh. xemx.
PKor. *km persimmon (): MKor. km; Mod. km.
Liu 29, KED 49.
One is also tempted to compare PJ *kk persimmon ( < *kem-ka),
but the word can be alternatively compared with TM *gaka-kta cranberry ( 1, 136). Cf. also other similar plant names: *komga, *gau,
*kma.
-knda a k. of ungulate animal: Tung. *knde; Mong. *kandagaj; Turk.
*KAt.
PTung. *knde harnessed deer ( ): Evn. knde; Man.
ani-la- to gather in herds (of deer in summer).
1, 448, 461.
PMong. *kandagaj elk (): MMong. qandaqai (SH); WMong.
qandaai (L 927); Kh. xandgai; Bur. xandagai; Kalm. xand (); Dag.
xandag (. . 173); S.-Yugh. andaan.
MGCD 325. Mong. > Evk. kanda etc., see 1, 372, TMN 1, 420, Rozycki 132; >
Russ. Siber. kandagj, see 255.

PTurk. *KAt (?) a fabulous animal, unicorn ( ,

): OTurk. qat (OUygh.: Chin.-Uygh. Dict.); MTurk. (Xwar.) qat
(Oghuz-nama).
VEWT 241, TMN 4, 393, EDT 593. Somewhat dubious: the word may represent a
rendering of Sanskr. khaga rhinoceros (through Tokharian?); cf. OUygh. ktki id..

A Western isogloss; not quite reliable because of poor attestation

(and possible borrowed nature?) in Turkic and TM. Cf. OJ. kd-mono
animal (?).
-ke(n)da ( ~ -o) a k. of coniferous tree: Tung. *kende-; Turk. *Kd.
PTung. *kende- a k. of tree ( ): Nan. kendele(n), kendel(n)
(.) thuja; Orch. kndl name of a tree; Ud. kendele red tree (.
254).

*kenta - *ka

664

1, 449.
PTurk. *Kd pine tree (): Khak. xara-xaz; Tv. xad; Tof. xad;
Chuv. xr; Yak. ktan juniper.
5, 291-292, . 179. Most languages reflect the compound
*Kara-kd (borrowed in Mong. as qaraai larch).

A not quite certain Turk.-Tung. isogloss; Helimski 1995 supposed

a loan in Turk. < Sam. *kat.
-kenta threshold, gate: Tung. *kende-; Jpn. *kntu.
PTung. *kende- 1 threshold 2 to hinder, obstruct (1 2 , ): Neg. kende 1; Ul. kenderxi(n) 1, keni- 2; Nan.
kenderx 1, kni- 2; Orch. kenderku, kenderxi 1, kndi- 2; Ud. kondopti 1
(. 250).
1, 448.
PJpn. *kntu gate (): OJpn. kadwo; MJpn. kd; Tok. kdo;
Kyo. kd; Kag. kad.
JLTT 431. The Kyoto and Kagoshima accent is quite irregular - obviously, due to a
merger with *knta corner.

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-kn late: Mong. *kene; Turk. *gEn; Jpn. *kns.
PMong. *kene late, aftermath; late-grown crop, late-born child
( , ): WMong. kene (L 454); Kh.
xen; Bur. xenze; Kalm. kenz (); Ord. keni late-born (about the
second lamb or yeanling of the same year), kenile- agneler deux fois
par an; Mongr. kinle- agneler deux fois par an (SM 204).
Mong. > Chag. kene etc. (see 3, 20-21); Evk. kene etc., see TMN 1, 488, Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki 138.

PTurk. *gEn young, child (, ): OTurk. ken

(OUygh.); Karakh. ken (MK, KB); Tur. gen/-; Gag. gen/-; Az. gn;
Krm. gen.
EDT 727, 3, 20-21, VEWT 252 (not < Pers., despite Rsnen; see TMN 1, 488).
PJpn. *kns last year; last night ( ; ):
OJpn. kozo; MJpn. kz.
JLTT 460.
Ramstedt 1951, 66. Despite TMN 1, 488, Clark 1980, 43 hardly borrowed in Mong. from Turk. (the semantics is too different for a borro wing).
-ka front leg, armpit, angle: Tung. *kee- / *kue-; Mong. *ka(i); Turk.
*Kjnat; Jpn. *kanai.
PTung. *kee- / *kue- 1 shin 2 stockings (1 , 2 ): Evk. keete, kuetu 2; Evn. kee 2, knen 1.
1, 420, 449.

*ku - *ku

665

PMong. *ka(i) front legs ( ): MMong. qa, qaji(n) (SH);

WMong. qa, qaa (L 895: qa the part of the foreleg of an animal between
the shoulder and the knee); Kh. xaa; Bur. xa; Kalm. x.
KW 166.
PTurk. *Kjnat 1 wing 2 fin (1 2 ): OTurk. qanat
(OUygh.- YB) 1; Karakh. qanat (MK, KB) 1; Tur. kanat 1, 2; Gag. qanat 1;
Az. Ganad, gnd (dial.) 1; Turkm. Gnat 1; Sal. qanat (Kakuk,);
MTurk. qanat (Abush., MA) 1; Uzb. qant 1; Uygh. qanat 1; Krm. qanat 1,
2; Tat. qanat 1; Bashk. qanat 1; Kirgh. qanat 1; Kaz. qanat 1; KBalk. qanat
1, 2; KKalp. qanat 1; Kum. qanat 1; Nogh. qanat 1; SUygh. qejnat 1; Khak.
xanat 1, 2; Shr. qanat 1; Oyr. qanat 1, 2, qanar 2; Chuv. onat 1, 2; Yak.
knat, kat 1; Dolg. knat 1.
VEWT 230, TMN 3, 518, EDT 635, 5, 252-253, 2, 137,
149-150, Stachowski 168. Initial - in Chuv. is unclear (effect of *-j-?).

PJpn. *kanai rule, gusset (, ): MJpn. kane;

Tok. kane.
H 1, 304; 312-313; VEWT 230, 149-150. Cf. also
Kalm. xan (KW 165, 289); but due to restricted distribution in Mong. this form should be rather considered a
Turkism (see 1997, 133).
-ku distress, envy: Tung. *ke-; Mong. *ken- / *kin-; Turk. *k- ( ~
-j-); Jpn. *kuna-.
PTung. *ke- 1 be superstitious 2 to praise, flatter 3 to speak, tell 4
to curse, rebuke 5 to doubt, suspect (1 2 3 , 4 5 , ): Evk. ke- 2;
Evn. kew- 1; Neg. ke- 2; Man. xendu- 3, kenexune- 5; Jurch. xen-du-ru
(467) 3; Ork. ken- 3, kene- 2; Ud. keni- 4; Sol. xn- 2.
1, 448, 449-450.
PMong. *ken- / *kin- 1 psychosis, distress 2 to grudge, envy (1 , 2 ): MMong. kinetu
(MA); WMong. kenege 1 (L 453), kinu- 2 (L 470); Kh. xen 1, ana- 2; Bur.
xen ; Ord. ken maladie chronique; Mongr. ini, ini
colre (SM 451).
Mong. kinu- > Man. kinu- id. (see Rozycki 140).
PTurk. *k- ( ~ -j-) 1 to suffer, grieve 2 to regret 3 to envy 4 to be
angry 5 to offend 6 grief, sorrow (1 , 2 3 4 5 6 ): Karakh. kj- ~ kj-: kli
kjp with pain in ones heart (MK), kj- 4 (KB); Az. gjn- 2; Turkm.
kj- 1; Khal. (jirek) kien- 1; Uzb. kuj-, kujin- 1; Uygh. kj-, kjn- 1; Tat.
kj-, kjen- 1; Bashk. kj- 1, kjns 6; Kirgh. kj-, kjn- 1; Kaz. kj-,
kjin- 1; KBalk. kj-, kjn- 1, kjk envious; KKalp. kj-, kjin- 1; Kum.

666

*ki - *keV

gj- 1; Nogh. kj-, kjn- 1; Khak. kj- 3; Oyr. kj-dr- 5, kjn- 3; Chuv.
kv- 3.
EDT 726. In all languages the root is completely homonymous with the reflexes of
*k- to burn (v. sub *ke), which throws doubts on its etymological independence.

PJpn. *kuna- madness, psychosis (, ): OJpn.

kuna-tabure; kata-kuna stupid, obstinate.
JLTT 443.
In Turkic one would expect *ge-; the root, however, has since the
oldest texts almost completely merged with PT *k- to burn, so as to
become almost indistinguishable from the latter. See also notes to
*gno.
-ki hollow, empty: Tung. *ke-; Mong. *ke-, *k-; Turk. *gei; Kor.
*k-.
PTung. *ke- 1 emptiness 2 to empty 3 hole, ice-hole 4 emptied (1
2 3 , 4 ): Evk.
keku-tk 1, kere 3, kegur 4; Evn. kk- 2, kgule 3; Ud. keku 1 (.
254).
1, 450-451.
PMong. *ke-, *k- 1 to be empty, hollow, sunken 2 hole, hollow
(1 , , 2 , ): WMong. kekeji(L 454), kkeji- (L 489) 1, kndei (L 487) 2; Kh. xenxij-, xnxij- 1, xndj 2;
Bur. xnxi hollow under ice; Kalm. knd 2 (); Ord. k- , xox-;
Dag. kund 2 (. . 150); Mongr. keg (SM 196), ko 1.
MGCD 374. Mong. > Kirgh. kdj etc. (see 5, 106-107); > Dolg. kekej-; Yak.,
Dolg. kdj (see Stachowski 145, 156).

PTurk. *gei nasal cavity ( ): Tur. geniz; Az. gniz,

gnzik; Turkm. gez-ew nasal; Kirgh. keiler; Yak. keer bridge of
nose.
5, 27, 216.
PKor. *k- nest (): MKor. ks nest, k- to nest; Mod. kit
(kis).
Nam 83, KED 282.
5, 107 (Mong.-Tung.). In Mong. the root has several expressive variants (cf. also PA *kea). In Kor. an early palatalization occurred (*-i- > --). See also notes to PA *kmV wide.
-keV to bite, gnaw: Tung. *kei-; Turk. *KEdi-.
PTung. *kei- to bite, gnaw (, ): Evk. kei-; Neg. ki-;
Nan. kene-.
1, 450.
PTurk. *KEdi- to gnaw (): Karakh. kedi- (KB); Khak.
kene- (R. Sag.); Shr. kedi-.

*kpu - *kpV

667

VEWT 253 (all forms found only in Radlovs dictionary: R 2, 1071, 1072).
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-kpu to chew: Tung. *keb-; Mong. *kebi-; Turk. *gb-; Jpn. *kp-.
PTung. *keb- 1 to gnaw, bite (with front teeth) 2 to pierce through 3
a big arrow (1 , ( ) 2 3
, ): Evk. kewde- 2; Evn. kwri1; Man. kejfule- 2, kejfu 3.
1, 442.
PMong. *kebi- to chew (): MMong. kebi- (MA); WMong. kebi(L 439); Kh. xeve- (Gomb.); Bur. xibe- ( ); Kalm. kew-; Ord. kewe-; S.-Yugh. kew-; Mongr. kji- (SM 199),
(MGCD k-).
KW 229, MGCD 348.
PTurk. *gb- to chew (): Karakh. kev- (MK); Tur. gev-; Gag.
geve-; Az. gj cud; Turkm. gv- cud; Sal. k-; Khal. kvi cud;
MTurk. kevi cud (MA, Pav. C.); Uzb. kawa-; Uygh. kji-; Krm.
kve-n-; Tat. k-; Bashk. kj cud; Kirgh. kj---; Kaz. kjis cud;
KKalp. gjse-; Kum. gje-; Nogh. kjze-; Khak. kipse-n-; Shr. kepe-n-;
Oyr. kepe-; Tv. kege-n-; Tof. kege-; Chuv. kavle-; Yak. keb-.
VEWT 244, EDT 687, 3, 5-7.
PJpn. *kp- to eat (): OJpn. kup-; MJpn. kf-; Tok. k-; Kyo. k-;
Kag. k-.
JLTT 718.
KW 229, Poppe 20, 46, 1, 293, 15, 69, 109, 279,
Ozawa 208-209, 14, 227. Correspondences are regular
except for low tone in Jpn. (high tone would be expected).
-kpV upper part of body (trunk): Tung. *keb-te; Mong. *keberdeg;
Turk. *gebde.
PTung. *keb-te 1 belt 2 to bulge (of belly) (1 , 2
): Evk. kebder- 2; Man. xebtexe 1; Jurch. xebu-de (227) 1.
1, 387-8, 442.
PMong. *keberdeg body (rump, breast and belly) (, (, )): WMong. keberdeg; Kalm. kewrdg; Ord. kemerdek
thorax, chest.
KW 229.
PTurk. *gebde upper part of body ( ): OTurk.
kvd (OUygh.); Tur. gvde; Az. gvd; Turkm. gvde, gvre; Uzb. gavda;
Krm. gvde; Tat. gwd (dial.); Kirgh. kd, kdn; Kaz. kewde; KKalp.
gewde, kewde; Nogh. kewde; Chuv. xevte, xvt power.
EDT 688, VEWT 259, 3, 52-53, 297, 2, 339-340, 5, 267.

668

*kp - *kpV

5, 267. A Western isogloss. The root is sometimes

difficult to distinguish from *kpV belly and *keba corpse, due to
natural contaminations.
-kp face, shape: Tung. *kepe; Mong. *kee; Turk. *gp; Jpn. *kpa.
PTung. *kepe 1 jaw 2 gills 3 boards (on boats front) (1 2
3 ( )): Evk. kewe 1; Evn. kew 1; Ul.
kepi(n) 2, 3; Ork. kepi 3; Nan. kep 2, 3.
1, 442-443, 451. Despite Poppe 1974, 132, Evk. kewe has nothing to do with
Mong. kbege edge.

PMong. *kee ornament, form, example (, , ): WMong. kege(n) (L 442); Kh. x; Bur. x; Kalm. k.
KW 230. Mong. > Tat. kij, Turk. kja etc. (VEWT 247).
PTurk. *gp form, example, image (, , ): OTurk. kep ( ~ -i-) (OUygh.); Karakh. keb ( ~ -i-) (MK); Turkm. gp;
MTurk. kp (AH); Kirgh. kep; KKalp. kep; Kum. kep; Nogh. kep; SUygh.
kep; Khak. kip; Shr. kp; Oyr. kep; Tv. xep; Chuv. kap; Yak. kiep.
EDT 686, VEWT 253, 5, 44-45 ( > Mong. keb, see 1997, 127). Bulg. >
Old Slav. kap. Turk. > Hung. kp image, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *kpa face (): OJpn. kap(w)o; MJpn. kf; Tok. ko; Kyo.
k; Kag. ko.
JLTT 438.
A good common Altaic root; the original meaning is face or
jaws, with a more abstract meaning shape developed in the Western
area (a very usual semantic development).
-kpV belly: Tung. *kepel-; Mong. *keweli; Turk. *gp-.
PTung. *kepel- belly, stomach (, ): Evn. kbl, kbl;
Man. xefeli, xefali; SMan. kevl, xevl stomach, belly; bosom (87);
Jurch. xefuli (508).
1, 387-388.
PMong. *keweli belly; pregnancy (; ): MMong.
keeli (HY 47, SH), khl (IM), kili (MA); WMong. kegel, kebel (L 438, 442:
kegeli, kebeli); Kh. xl, arch. xevel; Bur. xli; Kalm. kl, kewl; Ord. kl foetus; Dag. kli (. . 149, MD 182); Dong. kieli; Bao. kele; Mongr. kle
(SM 198).
KW 230, MGCD 337.
PTurk. *gp- 1 to swell, swollen (of belly) 2 to become pregnant,
pregnant 3 to be arrogant, inflated (1 ( ) 2 , 3 , ): Tur. gebe 2; Gag. gebe 2;
Az. gbiz constipation; Turkm. gbe 1; MTurk. gebe 2 (Pav. C.); Tat.
kpr-, kprj- 3; Bashk. kpj- 1, kprj- 3; Kirgh. kebee, keber 1; Kaz. kebee 1; KKalp. kep-, gebee 1; Tv. xever- 1; Chuv. kabar insatiable, gluttonous; Yak. kiebir- 3.

*kra - *kra

669

3, 36. The root is partially confused (and contaminated) with *gebre- to die,
corpse (v. sub *kpi).
205. Despite Doerfer MT 93, Rozycki 104 the TM
forms cannot easily be explained as mongolisms (except Sol. kli). The
root is homonymous (except for the final vowel which is in this case
unknown) with *kpa shape, and one wonders if it is in fact not the
same root, but semantically influenced by another similar one, PA
*kepV upper part of body.
-kra belly; body, ribs: Tung. *kerimuk; Turk. *Krn; Jpn. *kr-(n)t;
Kor. *kari.
PTung. *keri-muk intestine, part of stomach (,
): Evk. kerimek; Evn. kormk.
1, 453.
PTurk. *Krn belly (): OTurk. qarn (OUygh.); Karakh. qarn
(MK, KB); Tur. karn; Gag. qarn; Az. Garn; Turkm. Garn; Sal. qarn-ta
a relative (); Khal. qrn; MTurk. qarn (Sangl., Houts., AH, MA,
IM); Uzb. qrin; Uygh. qerin; Krm. qarn; Tat. qarn; Bashk. qarn; Kirgh.
qarn; Kaz. qarn; KBalk. qarn; KKalp. qarn; Kum. qarn; Nogh. qarn;
SUygh. qarn; Khak. xarn; Shr. qarn; Oyr. qarn; Tv. xrn; Tof. xrn;
Chuv. xrm; Yak. xarn rumen; belly.
VEWT 238, EDT 661, 5, 321-322, 277.
PJpn. *kr(n)t body (): Tok. krada; Kyo. krd; Kag. karda.
JLTT 438. The meaning body is attested late, but there are some attestations of
kara stem, stalk ( = body) already in Manysh, apparently different from kara shell.

PKor. *kari rib(s) (, ): MKor. kari-spj; Mod. kalbi.

Nam 3, KED 46.
281, 5, 277. Ramstedt (SKE 89) compares
the Kor. form with Mong. qarbi etc. (see *kme), but this seems improper (the modern form kalbi goes back to MKor. kari-spj). The Japanese form is somewhat insecure due to its late attestation and unclear
suffix. In Mong cf. perhaps kerse brisket.
-kra ( ~ --) to bind, wind around: Tung. *kerge- (*kergi-); Mong. *kere-;
Jpn. *krm-.
PTung. *kerge- (*kergi-) 1 circle, ring 2 to bind into bunches 3 to
reel 4 bunch (1 , 2 ( ) 3 4
, ): Neg. kejgeli 1; Man. xergi-, xeri- 3; Ul. kergi 4, kergin- 2;
Ork. kejgeli 1; Nan. kergi 4; Orch. kee- 3.
1, 444. The Manchu form obviously belongs here and has nothing to do with
Evk. herke- and MMong. hergi- (q. v. sub *perkV), despite Rozycki 105.

PMong. *kere- to bind, join, unite (, ):

WMong. kere-; Kh. xere-; Bur. xere-; Kalm. ker-; Ord. kere-, ker.
KW 227.

*krdu - *kro

670

PJpn. *krm- to wind around, to cling to (, ):

OJpn. karamar-; MJpn. krm-; Tok. karm-; Kyo. krm-; Kag. karm-.
JLTT 704. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular (possibly under literary influence).
EAS 107, KW 227, SKE 104, Poppe 79-80.
-krdu ( ~ k-) a k. of bird of prey: Mong. *kair; Turk. *Krt-; Jpn. *kt.
PMong. *kair vulture (, ): MMong. qair mythical
bird (MA 406); WMong. qair (L 949); Kh. xair.
Mong. > Kirgh. qar etc., see 5, 183-184.
PTurk. *Krt- falcon, hawk (, ): Tur. kartal; Turkm. dial.
Gartal; MTurk. qartal (Houts., AH, Sangl.); Kirgh. qarta; Kum. qartaq;
Khak. xarta; Shr. qartaa; Tv. xarta; Yak. krt, krdaj; Dolg. krt.
VEWT 239, 5, 316-318, 169, Stachowski 172. Turk. *Kartgaj >
MMong. qarigaj (SH qariqai), WMong. qariai (see TMN 1, 404), whence again late
MTurk. qaraj (see TMN 1, 404-405, 1997, 208). Loans from Mong. are Man.
qarin kite and MKor. kariki yellow falcon (see Lee 1958, 119, 1964, 191).

PJpn. *kt falcon (): OJpn. kuti; MJpn. kt.

JLTT 467, Miller 1979.
KW 170, 169.
-kergV ( ~ *k-) paunch: Mong. *kerken-; Turk. *Kergk.
PMong. *kerken- paunch (of ruminating animals) (
( )): WMong. kerkeneg (); Kh. xerxneg; Bur.
xerxinseg.
PTurk. *Kergk paunch ( ): Karakh. kergk (MK); Tv.
kergijek.
EDT 742, . 203.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss (with assimilation in Mong. *kerken- <
*kergen-, cf. similarly in *krgo); cf. perhaps also Evk. (Tokk.) ker membrane ( 1, 452).
-kro back, to return: Mong. *kari-; Turk. *gEr; Jpn. *ktpa-.
PMong. *kari- 1 to come back, return; to answer 2 answer; return (1
; 2 ; ): MMong. qri- (IM),
qari- (HY 34, 40, SH) 1, arin 2; WMong. qari- (L 937) 1; Kh. xa- 1; Bur.
xari- 1, xa 2; Kalm. x- () 1; Ord. xari- retourner, mourir; Mog.
qari- (Ramstedt 1906) 1; Dag. hari- (MD 157), xari- 1; xar (. . 174)
2; Dong. qari- 1; Bao. r- 1; S.-Yugh. ar- 1; aru 2; Mongr. xari rponse, vengeance (SM 162), xari- (SM 162), xar- 1; xar 2.
TMN 1, 380, MGCD 332, 333. Mong. > Manchu qaru reward, revenge, recompence,
retribution etc. (see Rozycki 134).

PTurk. *gEr back (, ): OTurk. ker (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. ker (MK); Tur. geri; Gag. gri; Az. geri; MTurk. ker (MA); Tat.
kire; Kirgh. keri; Kaz. keri; KBalk. kire; KKalp. keri; Kum. geri; Nogh. keri.
3, 27. Turk. > MMong. geru (SH) back side.

*kro - *kru

671

PJpn. *ktpa- to answer (): OJpn. kotapa-; MJpn. ktfa-;

Tok. kote-, kota-; Kyo. kt-; Kag. kt-.
JLTT 713 (treating the verb as a historical compound of kt + apa-, which is hardly
plausible). The forms reveal some variation between *ktpa- and *ktpa-.

Cf. perhaps Nan. kerxe hump ( < back).

-kro to fight, kill: Tung. *kere-, *kerbe-; Mong. *kere-; Turk. *gEr-;
Jpn. *kr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kere-, *kerbe- 1 kill 2 to fine 3 to slander 4 to revenge (1
2 3 4 ): Evk. kerbe- 1, kerem- 3,
keremu bi- 4; Man. keru-le- 2, keru-n fine.
1, 381, 452, 453, 454.
PMong. *kere- 1 to quarrel, to fight 2 to be angry (1 ,
2 ): MMong. kere- (SH), kirldu- (MA), keurde- (IM) 1;
WMong. kere-, kereld- (L 457) 1, keree- 2; Kh. xerelde- 1; Bur. xerelde- 1;
Kalm. kerld- 1; Ord. kerelde-; Mog. kerlda-; ZM kerldu- (17-3b); Dag.
xerld-; S.-Yugh. kerlde- 1; Mongr. krdi- 1 (SM 198), (MGCD kreld-),
kr quarrel (SM 199).
KW 227, MGCD 344, 345.
PTurk. *gEr- to quarrel, fight, wrestle (, , ): OTurk. keri- (OUygh.); Karakh. keri- (MK), kre- (MK, KB);
Tur. gre-; Gag. gre-; Az. gl-; Turkm. gre-; MTurk. kre- (MA),
gre- (Sangl.); Uzb. kura-; Uygh. kr-; Krm. kre-; Tat. kr-; Bashk.
kr-; Kirgh. keri-, kr-; Kaz. keris-, kres-; KBalk. kre-; KKalp.
keris-, gres-; Kum. kre- (dial.); Nogh. kres-; Khak. kres-; Shr. kre-;
Oyr. keri-, kre-; Tv. xres-; Tof. xire-, xre- ; xire- to start a fight;
Chuv. kre-; Yak. kres wrestling.
EDT 747-748, 3, 79-81, 5, 50-51, 1, 280. The peculiar variation of
keri- and kre- in old sources allows perhaps to reconstruct the original shape *ger-.

PJpn. *kr- 1 to kill 2 to curse (1 2 ): OJpn. koros- 1,

kor- 2; MJpn. krs- 1; Tok. kros- 1; Kyo. krs- 1; Kag. kors- 1.
JLTT 713.
PKor. *kr- to curse, deprecate (, ): MKor. kr-;
Mod. kul- (arch.).
Nam 62, KED 217. Cf. also MKor. krp- to be rude, coarse (Nam 51), modern kol
anger (KED 156).

EAS 146, KW 227, Poppe 18, 79, Murayama 1962, 110. Cf. *kra.
-kru ( ~ *k-) old, worn out: Mong. *kari-, *kar-si-; Turk. *Kr; Jpn.
*kt-.
PMong. *kari-, *kar-si- to weaken, become old (, ):
WMong. qari- (XTTT); Kh. xari-, xari-; Bur. xarai-; Kalm. x- ().
PTurk. *Kr 1 old 2 old woman or man 3 to become old (1
2 , 3 ): OTurk. qar 1, qar- 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.

*keru(V) - *ksa

672

qar (MK, KB) 1, qar- (MK, KB) 3; Tur. kar, kart 1; Gag. qar 1,2 (also
woman); Az. Gar, Gart 2,1; Turkm. Garr 1, Garra- 3; MTurk. qar (MA,
Abush.) 1, qar- (MA, Abush.) 3; Uzb. qari 1, qari- 3; Uygh. qeri 1,2, qeri3; Tat. qar, qart 1; Bashk. qar, qart 1; Kirgh. qar, qart 1, qar- 3, qart 3;
Kaz. qar ~ qri, qart 1; KKalp. qar, arr 1; Kum. qart 1; Nogh. qart 1;
Khak. kir 1, kir- 3; Shr. qar 1, qar- 3; Oyr. qar 1, qar- 3; Tv. qr- 3; Tof.
qr- 3; Yak. krj- 3; Dolg. krj- 3.
EDT 644, TMN 3, 440, 5, 311-312, 314-316, 84-85, Stachowski 169,
170.

PJpn. *kt- to be tired, worn out (, ): Tok.

kutabir-; Kyo. ktbr-; Kag. ktbr-.
JLTT 717. Cf. also redupl. kuta-kuta (ni) tired, worn out (adv.); with a different
(emphatic?) accent: MJ kutabari a person who is too old (sl.), mod. Tokyo kutabr- to live
too long (sl.), Kyoto ktbr-, Kagoshima kutabr- id.

Cf. also Turk. *Kurt-ga old woman (see 6, 168-169).

-keru(V) a k. of predator: Tung. *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?); Mong. *kereldg;
Turk. *KAr-; Jpn. *kunturi; Kor. *kar-.
PTung. *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?) wolverine (): Evk. keltefk;
Evn. kltekken; Neg. keltelkn.
1, 447.
PMong. *kereldg animal resembling the bear but smaller (, , ): WMong. kereldg ();
Kh. xereldeg (Gomb.).
PTurk. *KAr- wolf (): Tur. kakr, dial. kar a bear; Uzb.
dial. qqir, dial. qriqul; Krm. qaqr; Kirgh. qarqr; Kaz. qasqr; KKalp.
qasqr; Nogh. qarsqr, qasqr; Chuv. kakr < Qypch..
160., 5, 352.
PJpn. *kunturi wolverine (): Tok. kuzuri (orth. kuduri).
PKor. *kr- tiger (): MKor. kar-wm, kar-pm; Mod. kalbm.
HMCH 185, Nam 19, KED 46. A compound with *pm tiger, leopard (v. sub
*puma).

The root must have denoted some big predator, probably the
wolverine. Cf. also MMong. (HY 10) qarxulax small tiger.
-ksa to suffer: Tung. *kes-; Mong. *kesee-; Turk. *kes-; Jpn. *ksk-;
Kor. *kjs-.
PTung. *kes- 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture,
lacerate 5 sad (1 2 3 , 4
5 ): Evk. kes- 1; Neg. kese- 2; Man. kesemburu 3; Jurch.
ke-si-ge-bulu (368) 5; Ul. keseuu- 4; Nan. kes-li- 2.
1, 454-455.

*ksu - *kesV

673

PMong. *kesee- to punish, correct (, ):

MMong. kesee- (SH); WMong. kesee- (L 459); Kh. xes-; Bur. xeh-;
Kalm. kes- be punished.
KW 228.
PTurk. *kes- 1 ban, prohibition 2 to punish, accuse, fine 3 tired,
smashed 4 to scoff 5 guilt, flaw 6 to appoint 7 obstinate 8 to speak
roughly, be in ones way, hinder 9 to be hungry, in distress (1 2
, , 3 , 4
5 , 6 , 7 8 , , 9 ,
): OTurk. kesetk 1 (OUygh., Chin.-Uygh. Voc. - R); Tur. kes- 2,
kesik 3, kesin- 4; Az. ksir 5; Turkm. kesgitle- 6, kesir 7, kes- 2; Uygh. ks- 2,
kesir 5; Tat. kist- 2; Bashk. kit- to warn; Kirgh. kes- 2, kesir 5; Kaz.
kes- 2, keser contemptuous, 5; Tv. keze- to be punished, scared; Chuv.
kas- 8, kazl- 9; Yak. kes forbidden, keset- to punish, give a lesson.
VEWT 258.
PJpn. *ksk- to be exhausted, wasted (, ):
OJpn. kasika-; MJpn. ksk-; Tok. kajike-.
JLTT 707.
PKor. *kjs- to suffer, undergo, experience (, ): MKor. kjs-; Mod. kjk:-.
Nam 44, KED 114.
KW 228, Poppe 18, 65. Cf. *kasa. The Turkic form points rather to *k-; if
the TM forms are borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer MT 69), we
should rather reconstruct PA *kesa.
-ksu thing, sort, order: Tung. *kese; Mong. *ks-ng; Jpn. *ks; Kor.
*ks / *ks.
PTung. *kese word, order (, ): Man. xese; SMan. xes
edict (1351); Ork. kese; Ud. kehie.
1, 483 (Man. > Sol., Neg., Oroch, Nan. xese; Dag. xes, . . 175).
PMong. *ks-ng list, chart, column (of a register) (, , ): WMong. ksng (L 508); Kh. xsneg; Bur. xsneg line,
column; S.-Yugh. ksng.
MGCD 403.
PJpn. *ks sort, kind (, ): OJpn. kusa; MJpn. ks.
JLTT 465.
PKor. *ks / *ks thing (): MKor. ks / ks; Mod. kt [ks].
Nam 24, 39, KED 103.
Mong. *ksng < *kes- (with secondary vowel assimilation).
-kesV (~ k-, -i-) luck, joy: Mong. *kesig; Kor. *ks-.
PMong. *kesig 1 luck, prosperity, grace 2part of the sacrificed meat
(1 , , 2 -

674

*kta - *kt

, ): MMong. keig (SH) 2; WMong. kesig

(L 460); Kh. xiig; Bur. xeeg; Kalm. kig; Dag. kei (. . 150);
Mongr. kg 1, 2 (SM 199).
KW 233, MGCD 346. Doerfer (TMN 1, 469) gives the meaning as Teil, Anteil,
Glck, Schicksalslos and regards the word as borrowed < Turk. *kesik (should be rather
*kesek) piece. The sources available to us, however, only give the meaning luck, grace
(see L 460, KW 233 etc.) which is absent in Turkic. Therefore the word is hardly borrowed
< Turkic.

PKor. *ks- to rejoice (): MKor. ks-; Mod. kip:-.

Nam 83, KED 267.
SKE 113, Poppe 65. A Mong.-Kor. isogloss; the TM forms (see
1, 455) probably < Mong., see Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 139.
-kta ( ~ -t-, -o, -u) mule, barren: Tung. *ketem; Mong. *kai-; Turk.
*KAtr.
PTung. *ketem barren (of a female deer) ( (
)): Evk. ketem; Evn. ketm; Neg. ketem.
1, 456.
PMong. *kai- a k. of mule ( ): MMong. qai-dut (pl. <
*qait) (SH), qair (LH).
PTurk. *KAtr mule (): Karakh. qatr (MK, KB); Tur. katr; Az.
Gatr; Turkm. Gatr; MTurk. qatr (AH, Houts., IM); KBalk. qadr; Nogh.
qatr.
VEWT 242, 5, 339-340, TMN 3, No 1395. The Turkic form may well be borrowed < Iran., cf. Saka khaara- mule. Here -- points to *rd, cf. Sogd. rtrk < *xarataraka
mule (for a quite similar compound cf. Pers. astar mule < *assa-tara horse from one
side(Bailey 70). Doerfer is concerned about lack of length in Turkic, but length is likewise lacking in Saka and other Iranian forms. The only phonetic difficulty is the Turkic
reflex -t-, because Saka in the Saka-Uygh. glossary (14th c.) renders Turkic -r-. In one
obvious Saka loan the Saka -- is indeed rendered as -r-: cm stadium (Av. artu-) >
OT (Hap. by MK) urm a shot with a light far-flying arrow. However, if mule is borrowed, it is hardly a Xinjiang loanword but rather a Common Turkic, and perhaps from
another Iranian language (Sogdian?).

A Western isogloss. Mong. > Chag. kair mule etc. (see VEWT
217). The Mong. form itself may have been borrowed from Turk. (see
1997, 137), but may as well be genuine. The Tung. parallel
makes the theory of Turk. < Iran. (Sogd. rtrk, see TMN 3, 393 with
literature) rather improbable.
-kt much, many, excessively: Tung. *kete, *kter; Mong. *ket; Jpn.
*kt; Kor. *ktk-.
PTung. *kete, *kter 1 big 2 many 3 elder 4 almost (1 2
3 4 ): Evk. kter 1, kete 2; Evn. kter 1; Neg. ktej 1;
Ul. ketele 4; Ork. ketette 4; Nan. kte 3, ketle 4; Orch. kte 1, kete 4; Ud. kete
more (. 213), ketige 4.

*kt - *ki

675

1, 455-456. The form kte(re) (with a long vowel) observed in some languages
may have been influenced by *kdara big (cf. e. g. Orok kdara); the relationship between
*kete and *kda(ra) is somewhat obscure.
PMong. *ket too much, excessively ( , ): WMong. ket (L 460); Kh. xet; Bur. xete; Kalm. ketrk; Ord. get,
getr.
KW 228.
PJpn. *kt moreover, additionally ( , , ): OJpn. katu; MJpn. katu; Tok. ktsu; Kyo. kts; Kag.
ktsu.
JLTT 444. Probably *kt (Kyoto 2, Kagoshima A), but the Tokyo accent is irregular.
PKor. *ktk- full (): MKor. ktk- / ktik-; Mod. kadk-,
kat:k-.
Nam 9, KED 9.
EAS 47, KW 228, SKE 84, Poppe 18, 50, Miller 1985a, 81. Despite
Doerfer MT 64, the TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong.
-kt (~k-, g-, -o-) similar: Jpn. *kt; Kor. *kth-.
PJpn. *kt resemblance, similarly (, (.) ,
): OJpn. koto; MJpn. -gtku; Tok. -gotoku.
PKor. *kth- to be similar, resemble ( ): MKor. kth-,
kt-; Mod. kat- [kath-].
Nam 20, 28, KED 64.
SKE 99, Martin 241. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.
-ki ( ~ *ki) to do, to make: Mong. *ki-; Turk. *Kl-; Jpn. *k-tk-.
PMong. *ki- to do, to make (): MMong. ki- (SH, HYt), ke(LH), ki- (MA); WMong. ki- (L 462); Kh. xij-; Bur. xe-; Kalm. ke- ();
Ord. k-; Mog. ki- (Weiers); Dag. x-, k- (. . 150), k-, - (MD 183,
216); Dong. kie-; Bao. ke- (. .), gi-; S.-Yugh. g-; Mongr. gi- (SM
135), g-.
MGCD 348. Mong. > Evk. ke- id.
PTurk. *Kl- to do, to make (): OTurk. ql- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ql- (MK); Tur. kl-; Az. Gl-; Turkm. ql-; MTurk. ql- (Pav. C.,
MA); Uzb. qil-; Uygh. qil-; Krm. ql-; Tat. ql-; Bashk. ql-; Kirgh. ql-; Kaz.
ql-; KBalk. ql-; KKalp. ql-; Kum. ql-; Nogh. ql-; Khak. xl-; Shr. ql-;
Oyr. ql-; Tv. ql-; Chuv. -xl ; Yak. kn-; Dolg. gn-.
EDT 616, VEWT 263, 6, 205-206, Stachowski 88. Turk. *Kl-n deed > Mong.
kiline sin (see Clark 1980, 43).

PJpn. *k-tk- to build (): OJpn. kjiduk-; MJpn. ktk-; Tok.

kizk-; Kyo. kzk-; Kag. kzk-.
JLTT 710. The accent in Kyoto and Kagoshima is somewhat aberrant, but old
sources and Tokyo point to *k-.

676

*kba - *kj

KW 223, 260, Poppe 19, 1, 309. One of the

common Altaic monosyllabic verbal stems. In view of the external evidence, -l- in PT is to be regarded as a historical suffix.
-kba ( ~ -p-) a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *kib; Turk. *Kbak / *Kabak; Jpn.
*kpi ( ~ -ia).
PTung. *kib birch bark (): Evk. kiwe, kiw, kwe; Evn. kwe.
1, 390. Cf. also Nan. dial. koer ash tree ( 1, 420).
PTurk. *Kbak / *Kabak white poplar, willow ( , ):
Tur. kavak; Gag. qavaq; Az. GovaG; MTurk. qawaq (Houts.); Uygh. qapaq
(Jarr.); Tat. quvaq; Bashk. qwaq; Oyr. qq, dial. qabaq; Tv. xk; Tof. xk;
Chuv. va.
VEWT 215, 5, 170-171, TMN 3, 534-535. The variant *Kabak is probably secondary, due to vowel assimilation; qapaq in Uygh. is also secondary - a contamination
with *Kap- cover.

PJpn. *kpi ( ~ -ia) a k. of cypress or Thuja (

): OJpn. kap(j)e; MJpn. kf.
JLTT 432.
The reflexes point to a tree with distinct bright bark, probably
birch (cf. also PU *kojwV birch compared in 330, 1,
300).
-kj a k. of grass: Tung. *kijo-kta; Mong. *kija-; Turk. *Kj(g)ak; Jpn.
*kj; Kor. *kjm.
PTung. *kijo-kta brier ( ( )): Evn. kkto
unripe berry; Man. n name of an edible plant; Ul. qojoqto; Ork.
qjoqto; Nan. qoqto; Orch. kijokto; Ud. kkto, kiokto (. 251).
1, 387.
PMong. *kija- young fresh grass on river banks (
): WMong. kijaa; Kalm. kz; Dag. n
(. . 148).
KW 222.
PTurk. *Kj(g)ak sedge (): Tur. kjak (dial.) marsh; Az. gijax
(dial.) grass name; Turkm. Gjaq ; Khal. qijq soft
plants as animal food; MTurk. qija (Pav. C.) cut dried grass; Uzb.
qijq; Uygh. qijaq grass; Krm. qjaq bulb; Tat. qjaq leaves of cereals;
Bashk. qjaq leaves of cereals; dial. qjaq id., ; Kirgh. qjaq
, qjaq sedge; Kaz. qjaq grass name; KKalp. qjaq reed
leaves; Kum. qjaq; Nogh. qjaq; Khak. xjanax; Oyr. qjaq; Chuv. xja
(: xjax).
VEWT 262, 6, 201-202. Turk. > Mong. kijag id. (Kalm. kg, KW 222, Khalkha
xiag, Bur. g, Ord. kg, cf. TMN 3, 566). Cf. also Karakh. (MK) qajauq a fragrant mountain grass.

*kijmV - *kk

677

PJpn. *kj Miscanthus sinensis (): OJpn. kaja; MJpn. kj;

Tok. kya; Kyo. ky; Kag. kay.
JLTT 446. All forms point to *kj except Kyoto which is aberrant.
PKor. *kjm a k. of jujube, lotus persimmon ( , ): MKor. kjm; Mod. kojom.
HMCH 173, Liu 66, KED 147.
The root denotes some wild-growing grass with sharp edges or
thorns. In Kor. there probably occurred a secondary vowel assimilation
(*kj- would be expected). Some interaction with *kja nut was possible, especially in the Kor.-Jap. area.
-kijmV vapour, steam; anger: Tung. *kmu-; Mong. *kimura-; Turk.
*Kjm-; Kor. *km.
PTung. *kmu- 1 to be inimical 2 enmity (1 2 , ): Man. kimu-le- 1, kimun 2; Nan. kmu-l- 1, kmur 2.
1, 394. Man. > Dag. kimun (. . 150).
PMong. *kimura- to be in disorder, conflict ( ,
): WMong. kimura- (L 468); Kh. amra-; Bur. ximar-; Kalm.
kimr-; Ord. kimara-; S.-Yugh. xemral chaos.
KW 231, MGCD 353.
PTurk. *Kjm- to move (): Karakh. qmt- (MK); Tur.
kmlda-; Az. Gmldan-; Turkm. Gmlda-; Uzb. qim-; Uygh. qimil movement; Bashk. qjmlda- ; Kirgh. qjml movement; Kaz.
qjml movement; KBalk. qmlda-; Khak. xjmra-; Oyr. qjmqta-.
VEWT 262.
PKor. *km steam, vapour, breath, smell (, , ):
MKor. km; Mod. km.
Liu 118, KED 281.
KW 231, SKE 112, 1, 394. Cf. similar semantic development
in *bo q.v.
-kk to bite; rub, scrape: Tung. *kik-; Mong. *kege-; Turk. *Kik-; Jpn.
*kkm-.
PTung. *kik- 1 to bite 2 to cut oneself (by rubbing at a rope) 3 to become torn (of a rope, chain) (1 2 ( ) 3 ( , )): Evk. kik- 1; Evn. qq- 1 ( 1980,
183); Neg. kik- 1; Nan. kikia- 2 (.), kikp- 3 (.).
1,391-392. The dialectal Evk. variant kk- is expressive, but by no means <
Mong. kiqa- irritate, intimidate, as suggested in Poppe 1972, 103.

PMong. *kege- to scrape off, to incise (, ):

WMong. kege-, (L 444:) kege-le-; Kh. xegi-, xegle-; Ord. kegil-.
PTurk. *Kik- to rub, grind (at each other) (, (
)): Karakh. kik- to sharpen and whet a knife, kikr- whet a
knife (MK); Yak. kikir- to rub with a noise.

678

*kmo - *kp

VEWT 270, EDT 710, 714.

PJpn. *kkm- to take into mouth ( , ):
MJpn. kkm-; Tok. kukum-.
JLTT 715.
A derivative *kk-V is probably observable in Karakh. kikr- =
PM *kege-.
-kmo to arrange, intend: Tung. *kim-; Mong. *kima-; Turk. *Km-; Jpn.
*km-.
PTung. *kim- 1 to prepare, arrange 2 to check, investigate, to concentrate on (1 , 2 , ):
Evn. qm- 1; Man. kimi- 2; SMan. kimi- (1852) 2.
1, 394.
PMong. *kima- 1 to arrange 2 intention, effort, care (1 ,
2 , , ): WMong. kimaa 2,
kimaada- 1 (L 467); Kh. amga- 1; Bur. amga- 1; Kalm. kim: 2; Dag.
kimi- to control, check ( < Man.).
KW 231, MGCD 353.
PTurk. *Km- 1 to wish, intend 2 to persuade (1 , 2 ): MTurk. qmsa-n- 1; Tat. qmn- (Sib.) 1; KBalk.
qmtm ; Oyr. qm- 2, qmzn- 1; Chuv. xmlen- , ; Yak. kmrd-, kumrd- ,
, kumsugur- .
VEWT 263.
PJpn. *km- to decide, arrange (, ): MJpn. kimar-; Tok. kmar-, kme-; Kyo. kmr-, km-; Kag. kimr-, kim-.
JLTT 708.
KW 231.
-kp bran, millet: Tung. *kipe; Mong. *kibag; Turk. *kpek; Jpn.
*kmp.
PTung. *kipe a k. of wild millet ( ()): Man. xife.
1, 467.
PMong. *kibag small pieces of food, rot ( , ):
Bur. xibag; Mongr. kajaG son des crales, robe ou corce des fves,
pois (SM 197).
PTurk. *kpek bran (): Karakh. kepek (MK); Tur. kepek; Gag.
kepek; Az. kpk; Turkm. kepek; MTurk. kebek (IM); Uzb. kepk; Uygh.
kepk; Tat. kibk; Bashk. kbk; Kirgh. kebek; Kaz. kebek; KKalp. kepek, kebek; Kum. gebek; Nogh. kebek; Khak. kibk; Tv. xevek; Chuv. kibek, kimk
(dial.).
EDT 688; 5, 47.
PJpn. *kmp millet (): OJpn. kjimji; MJpn. kb; Tok. kbi; Kyo.
kb; Kag. kib.

*kp - *kro

679

JLTT 450.
One of several similar PA roots (see *kpa, *kepa, *kbu, *gbo).
-kp ( ~ -e, -o) attentive, strict: Tung. *kib-a-; Mong. *kib(i)-si-; Jpn.
*kmp-si-.
PTung. *kib-a- prudence, moderation (, ): Man. xiba-n.
1, 465. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *kib(i)- / *kebi- 1 to be attentive, cautious 2 council, deliberation (1 , 2 ): WMong.
kibsi-, kibisi- 1, kebei (L 438) 2; Kh. xevej 2; Kalm. kiw- 1, kew- 2.
KW 233.
PJpn. *kmp-si- strict, solemn (, , ): MJpn. kb-si; Tok. kibish-; Kyo. kbsh-; Kag. kibshi-.
JLTT 831. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
A common derivative *kp-V is reflected in all branches.
-kro to cut, mince: Tung. *kire-; Mong. *kira-; Turk. *Kr-; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *kire- 1 to mince 2 to be broken off, break off 3 to gnaw (1
, 2 , 3 ):
Evk. kirge- 3; Evn. qrG- 3; Ul. kirki-u- 3, kiri front tooth; Ork. keren- 1,
kir- ; Nan. qarqal-, kerkieli- 3, kerm- 2;
1, 398, 453, 454. Cf. also Evk. kiramk, krke fish-fork, kirur scraper possibly
derived from the same root.

PMong. *kiru- to mince, cut small (, ):

MMong. keru in small pieces (SH); WMong. kira-, kiru- (L 473); Kh.
ar-; Bur. kirma-; Kalm. kur-; Dag. kerei- (MD 182); Mongr. Cf. iri- avoir la taille affaisse, se pelotonner (SM 457).
KW 244. Cf. also WMong. kirbe-, Kalm. kirw- to cut off (KW 233).
PTurk. *Kr- 1 to break, demolish 2 small 3 to scrape, shave (1 , 2 3 , ): Karakh. qr- 3 to
scrape; to tear out; Tur. kr- 1; Gag. qr- 1; Az. Gr- 1; Turkm. Gr- 1, 3;
Sal. qr- 3; Khal. qr- 1; MTurk. qr- 1, 3 (Pav. C.), 1, to cut off (.
.); Uzb. qir- 3; Uygh. qi(r)- 3; Krm. qr- 1, 3; Tat. qr- 3; Bashk. qr- 1, 3;
Kirgh. qr- 3; Kaz. qr- 3; KBalk. qr-; KKalp. qr- 3; Kum. qr- 1, 3; Nogh.
qr- 3; SUygh. qr- 3; Khak. xr- 3, to cut; Shr. qr-; Oyr. qr- 3; Tv. qr- 3;
Tof. qr- 3; Chuv. xr- 1; Yak. krj- to shear, cut; kra 2; Dolg. krj- to
shear, cut; kra 2.
VEWT 265; EDT 643; TMN 3, 567, 382, 6, 227-229, Stachowski 168,
170. The Yak. form kra small is a rather transparent semantical derivative, although it is
not usually listed among the reflexes of PT *Kr-.

PJpn. *kr- to cut (): OJpn. kjir-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kr-; Kyo. kr-;
Kag. kr-.
JLTT 709.

*kirsi - *kso

680

KW 244, Menges 1982.

-kirsi ( ~ k-) a k. of big wild animal: Mong. *kirs; Jpn. *kisa.
PMong. *kirs rhinoceros (): MMong. kers (HY 9); WMong.
kiris, kers (L 472); Kh. xirs.
Clark 1980, 39 considers to be < Turkic, but what is the source?
PJpn. *kisa elephant (): OJpn. k(j)isa; MJpn. ks, kz.
JLTT 451.
An interesting Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-krsu a k. of vessel, receptacle: Turk. *g; Kor. *krs.
PTurk. *g 1 a k. of box 2 to hide 3 mystery (1 2 3 ): Karakh. kiz 1, kizle- 2 (MK); Tur. gizle- 2, giz 3; Az. gizl2; Turkm. gzle- 2; Yak. kist- 2; Dolg. kist- 2.
EDT 756, 760, VEWT 273, 3, 43, Stachowski 149.
PKor. *krs vessel (): MKor. krs; Mod. krt [krs].
Liu 98, KED 236.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. also Nan. kiriske (?) ( 1,
398).
-ka a k. of bird of prey: Tung. *kran; Turk. *K-, *Krguj.
PTung. *kran a k. of eagle, falcon ( , ): Evk. kran;
Ud. ki - (. 246).
1, 397.
PTurk. *K-, *Krguj, *Kragan 1 hawk, falcon 2 faultless (of a bird
of prey) (1 , 2 , (
)): Karakh. qruj 1 (MK); Tur. kraj, kr 1, kuran (dial.) hawk,
krkaw (dial., R.) a k. of hawk; Az. Gr 1; Turkm. Gr 1; MTurk. qiru
(Pav. C.), qr (Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. qirij 1, qirnqara -;
Uygh. uruj, qaraj 1 (dial.); Krm. qrj, qrqn, qrxn 1; Tat. qrj 1
(dial.); Bashk. qjr (dial.) 1; Kirgh. qrn, qran 1, 2, qrj, qjr 1,
qrjek young hawk; Kaz. qran 2, qrj 1; KKalp. qran 2, qrj 1; Kum.
qrj 1; Khak. xza 1, xrjax young hawk; Chuv. xrxi 1, xrn kite;
Yak. krbj , -, (?).
VEWT 266, 269, EDT 654-655, 6, 231, 232-235. Turk. *Krguj falcon > Mong.
kirui, see 1997, 139.

EAS 113, 6, 231. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

-kso to press, squeeze, rub: Tung. *kis-k-; Mong. *kisa-; Turk. *Ks-; Jpn.
*ksnk-; Kor. *ks-.
PTung. *kis-k- 1 to touch, stroke, sharpen (a knife) 2 tongs, vice (1
, , () 2 , ): Evk. kiski 2, Man.
xisa- 1 ; Nan. kiskie, (On.) kiski 2.
1, 399, 466. The Evk. and Nan. forms are considered to be borrowed < Russ.
, but the Man. form is no doubt genuine.

*kiso - *ktu

681

PMong. *kisa- to contract, shorten; to hamper, impede (,

, ): WMong. kis(a)- (L 473: kisa-); Kh. as-; Bur.
aha- to be greedy; Kalm. kis-.
KW 233.
PTurk. *Ks- 1 short 2 narrow 3 to squeeze (1 2 3
): OTurk. qsa (Orkh.) 1; Karakh. qs- 3 (MK, KB), qs 2
(MK), qsqa 1 (KB), qsa 1 (MK); Tur. ksa 1, ks- 3; Gag. qsa 1; Az. Gsa 1;
Turkm. GsGa 1, Gs- 3; Sal. qsGa 1; MTurk. qsqa 1 (Abush.), qs- (MA);
Uzb. qisqa 1; Uygh. qisqa 1; Krm. qsqa 1; Tat. qsqa 1, qs- 3; Bashk. qsqa
1; Kirgh. qsqa 1; Kaz. qsqa 1; KBalk. qsxa 1; KKalp. qsqa 1; Nogh. qsqa
1; SUygh. GsGa, qsGa 1; Khak. xsxa 1, xs- 3; Oyr. qsqa 1; Tv. qsqa 1,
qs- 4, qz 2; Tof. qsqa 1, qs- 4; Chuv. xzk 2, xs- 4; Yak. khaj- 3;
Dolg. khalga straits, sorrow ( = Yak. khalga).
PT *Ks-ga short is derived from PT *Ks- to press, squeeze. See VEWT 267, EDT
665-7, 6, 251-253, Stachowski 167.

PJpn. *ksnk- to scrape, plane (, ): MJpn. kosoga-;

Tok. ksoge-; Kyo. ksg-; Kag. kosog-.
PKor. *ks- 1 to press 2 with force, strongly 3 to stop, put an end to
smth. (1 , 2 , 3 ): MKor.
ks-nr- 1, ks- 3, ks 2; Mod. khi-, k:hi- 3 ( < *ks-hi-).
Nam 75, KED 241. High tone recorded in the adverb is not quite clear (perhaps expressive; one cannot exclude, however, that it is original, being replaced in the verbal
stem by the productive low tone).

Poppe 19, 65, 116, VEWT 267, KW 233 (without the Korean parallel), 285. The original meaning may be reconstructed as
press, scrape off by pressing (whence sharpen and other meanings).
Tone correspondences seem to be regular, but cf. notes on the Korean
tone above.
-kiso (~ *kose, k-, g-) certainly, verily: Jpn. *ks; Kor. *ks.
PJpn. *ks indeed, verily (emph. particle) (, (. )): OJpn. koso; MJpn. koso; Tok. koso.
PKor. *ks certainly, without fail (, ): MKor. ks.
Nam 74.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.
-ktu ( ~ k-) to wait, take time: Mong. *kiie-; Jpn. *ktr(n)k- ( ~
-ua-); Kor. *ktr-.
PMong. *kiie- to try, be diligent, polite ( , , ): MMong. kiee- (HY), kiie-, kiije- (SH);
WMong. kiige- (L 463: kiije-); Kh. xi-; Bur. xe-; Ord. ge-; Dag. ki(MD 183, . . 150: ki-); kil careful, prudent; S.-Yugh. k-;
kl careful, prudent.

*kV - *k

682

MGCD 345, 351. Mong. > Evk. kie- etc.; Oyr. kie-, Yak., Dolg. kiej- etc., see TMN 1,
487, Doerfer MT 80, Rozycki 139, Ka. MEJ 38, Stachowski 147.
PJpn. *ktr(n)k- ( ~ -ua-) to relax, feel at ease ():
MJpn. ktrg-; Tok. kutsurg-; Kyo. ktsrg-; Kag. ktsrg-.
JLTT 718. Tokyo and Kagoshima have irregular accent pointing to a variant
*ktr(n)k-.

PKor. *ktr- to wait (): MKor. ktr-; Mod. kidari-.

Nam 78, KED 262. Cf. also kth- to remain.
Cf. *kdi, *gode (with possible contaminations).
-kV (?) to lose, disappear: Tung. *ki-; Jpn. *kj-.
PTung. *ki- to lose (): Nan. ko-.
1, 391.
PJpn. *kj- to disappear, be extinguished (, ):
OJpn. kjija-, ka-; MJpn. kj-; Tok. ke-; Kyo. k-; Kag. ki-.
JLTT 708.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; rather dubious because of scarce attestation
in TM.
-k hole; mouth: Tung. *kui-n; Mong. *kair; Turk. *Kir; Jpn.
*kt.
PTung. *kui-n 1 well 2 dimples (1 2 ( )):
Man. uin 1; SMan. qoin 1 (547); Jurch. xui 1(56); Nan. qo 2; o 1 ( <
Man.).
1, 419, 475.
PMong. *kair cheek (): MMong. qaar (HY 45, SH), qar (IM),
qaar (LH) ; WMong. qair, qaar (L 901); Kh. xacr, xacar; Bur. xasar;
Kalm. xar; Ord. Gaar; Dag. xair (. . 175), (MGCD, . .
148) kair; kaire (MD 181); Dong. qa, qa; Mongr. xaar (SM 148),
xaar.
KW 173, MGCD 336.
PTurk. *Kir 1 trachea 2 cartilage (1 2 ): Tat. kerk a
small hair on the back of a baby (?); Kirgh. keir cartilage of the shoulderblade bone; Khak. kir 2; Shr. keirtke 2; Oyr. kedir 1; Tof. keir 2,
keir bs 1.
VEWT 246. Length is indicated by voicing in Tof. and lack of pharyngealization.
PJpn. *kt mouth (): OJpn. kuti; MJpn. kt; Tok. kchi; Kyo.
kch; Kag. kchi ( = kT).
JLTT 467.
111. For Jpn. cf. also Koguryo /xue/ mouth. The root
must have basically meant mouth or throat cavity (whence mouth,
cheek (originally probably inner side of cheek) and trachea), with a
secondary development > cavity in general > well in TM.

*kadi - *kdu

683

-kadi to put on, wear: Mong. *ked- / *kei-; Turk. *ged-; Jpn. *k-.
PMong. *ked- / *kedi- 1 to wear a garment 2 saddle cloth (1 2 ): WMong. kedr- 1 (L 442), keim 2 (L 462); Kh.
xeim 2; Bur. xeder- 1; Kalm. kdr- 1, kem 2; Ord. kedr- 1.
KW 236. Mong. > Chag. keim etc. ( 5, 18-19; see 1997, 205,
546). Mong. keim itself may be an old Turkic loanword, see TMN 1, 462.

PTurk. *ged- to put on (): OTurk. ked- (OUygh.); Karakh.

ke- (MK); Tur. gij-; Gag. g-; Az. gej-; Turkm. gej-; Sal. kij-; Khal. kd-;
MTurk. kej- (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. kij-; Uygh. kej-, kij-; Krm. kij-; Tat. kij-;
Bashk. kj-; Kirgh. kij-; Kaz. kj-; KKalp. kij-; Kum. gij-; Nogh. kij-;
SUygh. kez-; Khak. kis-; Shr. kes-; Oyr. kij-; Tv. ket-; Yak. ket-; Dolg. ket-.
EDT 700, VEWT 246, 3, 12-13, 472-473, Stachowski 146.
PJpn. *k- to put on, wear (, ()): OJpn. ki-;
MJpn. kj-; Tok. k-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 709.
KW 236, Poppe 19, Ozawa 197-199, JOAL 72, 73, 136,
72. A possible TM match is Man. adu = Jurch. ha-du clothes < *xadu
( 1, 6); this would make us reconstruct *kajdi and suppose a secondary (assimilatory) voicing in Turk. *ged- < *ked-.
-kdi seam, to sew, lace: Tung. *kiade-le-; Mong. *kai; Turk. *K(i)ad-;
Kor. *kjd-.
PTung. *kiade-le- to lace, befringe (, ): Evk.
kel-.
1, 443. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *kai seam, facing; to face (, ; ): WMong.
qai, qai- (L 948); Kh. xa; Bur. xaa .
Cf. also WMong. qada, Khalkha xadag folded silk cloth.
PTurk. *K(i)ad- 1 to sew, sew together 2 leather belt (1 , 2 ): Karakh. qau- 1, qa 2 (MK); Tur. kaji 2; Gag.
qaj 2; Az. Gaj 2; Turkm. Gaja- 1, Gaj 2; Sal. qaj 2; MTurk. qaj 2
(Pav. C.); Uzb. qaj 2 (dial.); Krm. qaj 2; Tat. qaj- 1, qaj 2; Bashk. qaj> Chuv. xaj- 1, qaj 2; Kirgh. qaj- 1, qaj 2; Kaz. qaj- 1, qajs 2; KBalk.
qaj 2; KKalp. qaj- 1, qajs 2; Kum. qaj- 1, qaj 2; Nogh. qaj- 1, qajs 2;
Khak. xs 2; Oyr. qaj 2; Yak. xats 2.
VEWT 219, TMN 3, 408, EDT 596, 607, 5, 199, 218, 386.
PKor. *kjd- to weave, plait (, ): MKor. kjt- (-r-);
Mod. kjt- (-r-).
Liu 56, KED 115.
1, 443.
-kdu ( ~ k-) relative: Mong. *kadum; Turk. *Kdn; Kor. *kjri.
PMong. *kadum relative by marriage (): MMong.
qadum (MA), qadom (IM), qadm (LH); WMong. qadum (L 903); Kh.

684

*kgru - *kgru

xadam; Bur. xadam; Kalm. xadm; Ord. xadam; Dag. xadam (. . 172);
Dong. Gadun; S.-Yugh. Gadm; Mongr. Gadim (SM 116).
KW 158, MGCD 314. Mong. > Evk. kadum, see Poppe 1966, 195, Doerfer MT 125.
PTurk. *Kdn relative-in-law (): OTurk. qadn (Yenis.,
OUygh.); Karakh. qan (MK, KB), qadn (KB), qajn (IM); Tur. kajn; Az.
Gajn; Turkm. Gjn; MTurk. qajn (Pav. C., MA, Houts.); Uzb. qjin;
Uygh. qejin; Tat. qajn; Bashk. qajn; Kirgh. qajn; Kaz. qajn; Kum. qajn;
Nogh. qajn; Khak. xazn/ xast; Shr. qazn; Oyr. qajn; Tv. qat; Tof. xatt;
Chuv. xo.
VEWT 218, 5, 215-216, 309, 2, 358.
PKor. *kjri relatives (): MKor. kjri; Mod. kjre.
Nam 41, KED 111.
KW 158, Poppe 52. Despite TMN 3, 579, 1997, 132 Mong.
is hardly < Turk. Cf. also Evn. kde friend ( 1, 443). The Kor. word
is compared alternatively (JLTT 438) with OJ kara clan, family, but the
latter seems to have a better match in TM *kal-, see *kala.
-kgru to bake, boil: Tung. *kurgi-; Mong. *kaur-; Turk. *KAgur-; Jpn.
*kr-d; Kor. *krh-.
PTung. *kurgi- to burn, catch fire (, ): Evk. kurgi-;
Neg. kurgi-sin-; Man. ur-e-; Ul. kuri-; Sol. xudi-.
1, 435.
PMong. *kaur- to roast, bake, fry (, ): MMong. qawur(MA) 1; WMong. qa()uru-, (L 910:) qaur-, qauur-, quur-; Kh. xr-;
Bur. xra-; Kalm. xr-; Ord. xr-; Mog. ZM qouro (14-6b) to boil, roast;
Dong. kuru-; Mongr. kurgu- (SM 216).
KW 201, 204. Southern forms seem to reflect front vocalism.
PTurk. *KAgur- to roast, fry (): Karakh. qaur-, qour-, qovur(MK); Tur. kavur-; Gag. qaur-; Az. Govur-; Turkm. Govur-, Gavr- (-);
MTurk. qavur- (Houts., Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qwur-, dial. qur-; Uygh.
qoru-; Krm. qavur-; Tat. quwr-; Bashk. quwr-, dial. qwr-; Kirgh. kr(u)-;
Kaz. quwr-; KKalp. quwr-; Nogh. quwr-; Khak. xr-; Shr. qr-; Oyr. kr-;
Tv. xr-.
VEWT 220, 5, 175-177.
PJpn. *kr-d kitchen (): OJpn. kurija; MJpn. krj; Tok.
krija; Kyo. krj; Kag. kurij.
JLTT 464. The accent in Tokyo and Kyoto is irregular (pointing to *kr-d), but Kagoshima together with RJ point to original low tone.

PKor. *krh- to boil (()): MKor. krh-; Mod. k:r(h)-.

Nam 74, KED 250.
Mong. may be < Turk. (see TMN 3, 542, 1997, 132), but
may well be genuine, see KW 202, 206, Poppe 48. Ko-

*kjo - *kj

685

rean has the typical verbal low tone. The specific medial cluster explains somewhat irregular vowel behaviour in Kor.
-kjo strong odour, smoke: Tung. *koja; Mong. *kej; Turk. *KAjr; Jpn.
*kiN-pri.
PTung. *koja secretion of a musk deer ( ): Ul. qoja;
Nan. qoja.
1, 404.
PMong. *kej 1 air, atmosphere 2 wind (1 , 2 ): MMong. ke (=ki HY 1), kei (SH), k (IM), kji (MA) 1; WMong. kei
(L 444) 1; Kh. xij 1; Bur. x 1; Kalm. k 1; Ord. k; Mog. kei 1,2; ZM kei 1,2
(19-4a); Dag. xein, kein, kn 2 (. . 149), hejn 2, hejse- to blow (MD
159), hij 1 (MD 162); Dong. kei 1, 2; Bao. ki 2; S.-Yugh. k 1; Mongr. k
(SM 199) 1, 2.
KW 233-234, MGCD 347. Mong. > Evk. kei etc., see Doerfer MT 102.
PTurk. *KAjr castoreum, the odorous secretion of the beaver (, ): OTurk. qajr (OUygh.); Karakh. qunduz qajr (MK); MTurk. qajr (Sangl.); Tat. Sib. qajr; Khak. xajr; Shr.
qajr.
VEWT 222, EDT 678-679.
PJpn. *kiN-pri ( ~ *ki-) smoke (): OJpn. k(j)eburi; MJpn. kbri; Tok. kmuri; Kyo. kmr; Kag. kemi.
JLTT 448. Historically a compound with *pur- to wave (or *pur- to snow, rain);
the Ryukyu variant *kaiNpusi may reflect a different suffixation (or the influence of *musto boil, steam). Simple *kai is also attested in OJ as ke vapour, breath; the word is traditionally regarded as borrowed < MChin. khj id., but the vocalism is somewhat strange
(one would rather expect OJ ki - which, as a matter of fact, is also attested and is the normal Goon / Kanon reading of the character ).

109, 277, . 103 (see also *gbe, *kaju, with

a possibility of contaminations). Note that both in MMong. and OJ the
root is sometimes treated as borrowed from MChin. khj (see, e.g.,
Rozycki 139) - which is not totally excluded, but somewhat dubious
(very early attestation both in Mongolian and Japanese texts, and unexplained vocalism).
-kj wind, air: Tung. *kuje; Mong. *kuj; Turk. *KAj; Jpn. *kj-r-; Kor.
*kr-.
PTung. *kuje whirlwind, snow storm (, ): Neg. kuje;
Orch. kue, kuwe; Ud. kue (. 253).
1, 425.
PMong. *kuj whirlwind (): WMong. qui (L 982); Kh. xuj; Bur.
xuj; Kalm. x (); Ord. xuj; S.-Yugh. ui.
MGCD 386. Mong. > Chag. qujun, Oyr. qujun etc. (see 43-44, 6,
117-118).

686

*kaka - *km

PTurk. *KAj 1 shaman spirit 2 throat singing (1 2

): SUygh. qaj 1; Khak. xaj 2; Shr. qajla- 2; Oyr. qajla- 2;
Chuv. > Mari xoj Gesprch.
VEWT 221. If the original meaning is air movement (cf. the external evidence), cf.
also Chuv. k strong odour.

PJpn. *kj-r- to smoke, fume (()): MJpn. kj-r-; Tok.

kuyr-; Kyo. kyr-; Kag. kyr-.
PKor. *kr- be smelly, stinking (, ): MKor. kr-;
Mod. kori-, kuri-.
Liu 83, KED 200.
Cf. *kjo: the two roots seem to be distinct, but certainly contaminations were possible. Kor. *kuri- < *kuju-ri-, cf. the Jpn. form.
-kaka ( ~ -k-) shell: Tung. *kiaK-ta / -ikta; Jpn. *kk.
PTung. *kiaK-ta / -ikta 1 skin 2 shell (1 2 ): Evk.
kkikta 1; Man. qaiqari 2; Ul. qaqta 2; Nan. qta 2; Orch. kiakta 2; Ud.
kkta (/kxta) (. 246).
1, 386-387.
PJpn. *kk shell, oyster (, ): OJpn. kakji; MJpn.
kk; Tok. kki; Kyo. kk; Kag. kak.
JLTT 434.
293. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; seems quite reliable (linking
the Jpn. form with Kor. kur by Martin 238 should be rejected).
-k[a]ma a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *k[ia]m-; Mong. *kemerleg; Jpn.
*kmu; Kor. *kmt.
PTung. *k[ia]m- diver (): Evn. kmila / kiamila; Ork. qojomo
a k. of duck.
1, 388, 404. Cf. also Man. xumudu / xumtu bustard ( 1, 447). The vocalic
reconstruction is not quite clear.

PMong. *kemerleg a k. of pheasant-like bird ( ,

): WMong. kemerlig (MXTTT); Kh. xemerleg.
PJpn. *kmu duck (): OJpn. kamwo; MJpn. km; Tok. kmo;
Kyo. km; Kag. kam.
JLTT 436.
PKor. *kmt cormorant (): MKor. kmt; Mod. kamaui.
Nam 4 (HMCH 184), KED 15.
Despite some problems with vocalism, the root seems reliable.
-km ghost, spirit: Tung. *kum-; Mong. *keme-; Turk. *Kiam; Jpn.
*km-i.
PTung. *kum- evil spirit ( ): Nan. kumtu (Bik.); qmio (On.)
helping spirit, human-shaped figurine of a god.
1, 431. Attested only in Nanai (with a not quite clear vowel variation in dialects, but having probable external parallels.

*kampa - *kampa

687

PMong. *keme- 1 to divine on bones 2 to speak, explain (arch.) (1

2 , ): WMong. keme- 1,2 (L 450);
Kh. xem- 2; Kalm. kem:- 1.
KW 224.
PTurk. *Kiam 1 shaman 2 to shamanize, come into movement (1
2 , ): OTurk. qam 1, qamla- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. qam (MK, KB) 1; Tur. kam 1; MTurk. qam 1 (AH, IM,
Pav. C.), qamla- 2 (Sangl.); Krm. qam 1; Tat. qam 1 (Sib.); Khak. xam 1,
xamna- 2; Shr. qam 1; Oyr. qam 1, qamda- 2; Tv. xam 1; Tof. xam 1; Chuv.
jom, jum 1; Yak. xam-n- (xam-s-) 2; Dolg. kamn- 2.
VEWT 228, TMN 3, 402-406, 5, 240-241, 348-349, 1, 486, Stachowski 136.

PJpn. *km-i god, spirit (, ): OJpn. kami; MJpn. km; Tok.

kam; Kyo. kmi; Kag. km.
JLTT 435. OJ kamu- in compounds (kamu-nusi etc.).
. 192 (Turk.-Mong.). Cf. perhaps also MKor. -km in
nm-km master, Lord (if -km is not borrowed < Jpn. kimi, see under
*kio).
-kampa top, top of head: Tung. *kiama / *kiapa; Turk. *k(i)amak /
*k(i)apak; Jpn. *km(p)-; Kor. *km.
PTung. *kiama / *kiapa 1 temple 2 face (1 2 ): Evk. kwa
2; Ork. qmi 1; Nan. qf (Bik.) 1; Ud. kemikta 1.
1, 386.
PTurk. *K(i)amak / *K(i)apak 1 forehead 2 front part 3 eyelid 4 eyebrow (1 2 3 4 ): Karakh. qapaq 3 (MK);
Tur. kabak bald, dial. kabag 1, 2, face, skull; Az. GabaG 2, (poet.)
face; Turkm. GbaG 3; MTurk. qabaq 1, 2 (Sangl., . .); Uzb. qvq
3; Uygh. dial. qawaq 3; Tat. kz qaba 3, dial. taw qaba mountain
slope; Bashk. qabaq 3, precipice; Kirgh. qabaq 3, pitfall; Kaz. qabaq 3,
place under the forehead; edge of shore; KKalp. qabaq 3, cleft; Kum.
gz qaba 3; Nogh. qabaq 3; SUygh. qavaq nose bridge (); Khak.
xamax 1; Shr. qamaq, qabaq 1; Oyr. qamaq, qabaq 4, dial. 1; Tv. xavaq 1; Tof.
qabaq 4.
VEWT 228, 5, 161, 199-200. An extremely complicated case: forms
meaning eyelid are traditionally analysed as derived from *Kap- to cover - but the
Turkm., Uzb. and Uygh. forms clearly contradict such a derivation by displaying unmistakable vowel length. A trace of the original meaning forehead, eyebrow (later shifted to
eyelid) in the Kypchak languages (not distinguishing vowel length) may be found in
expressions meaning to frown (ones forehead, eyebrows): Kirgh. qabaq tj-, brk-, Kaz.,
KKalp. qabaq tj-. The form *Kpak may have been additionally influenced by PT *Kp
sack; to surround (v. sub *k[]p), *Kp(ak) caul, hymen (v. sub *kpa). The variation of
*-m- and -p- (cf. the archaic Siberian reflexes with -m-) is parallelled by a similar variation in TM and Japanese and may reflect an original cluster, but may have been an innovation due to the contaminations with *Kap- and *Kp.

688

*km - *knt

PJpn. *km(p)- 1 top 2 head (1 , 2 ): OJpn.

kamji 1; MJpn. km 1, kabu(ri) 2; Tok. kmi 1, kburi, kburi 2; Kyo. km
1, kbr 2; Kag. kam 1, kabur 2.
JLTT 431, 435.
PKor. *km crown of head ( ): MKor. km; Mod.
kama.
Liu 20, HMCH 51, KED 14.
PKE 68 (Kor.-Turk., without Japanese parallels), 279,
200. Tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular.
The variation between *-m- and *-p- in most subgroups reflects the PA
cluster *-mp-, possibly with later interdialectal loans.
-km beaver; bear: Tung. *kuma; Turk. *Kma; Jpn. *km; Kor.
*km.
PTung. *kuma seal (, ): Evk. kuma; Evn. qma; Neg.
koma.
1, 430.
PTurk. *Kma 1 beaver 2 otter (1 2 ): Uygh. qama 2; Tat.
qama 2; Bashk. qama 2; KKalp. qama 2; Khak. xam-nos, xam at (.) 1;
Shr. qamna() 2; Oyr. qamdu 2; Chuv. xma beaver, marten.
5, 242, 162, . 145. Also PT *Kam-tu beaver, otter
(VEWT 228, 162) (*Kam-tu may be a compound < *Kama+*ut otter q.v. sub
*du; Leksika ibid., however, suggests rather *Kam-lu, with a diminutive *-lu. There is
also a variant *Kun-tu (with *Kunu wolverine? - see, however, TMN 3, 524, with a suggestion of Turk. < Pers.).

PJpn. *km bear (): OJpn. kuma; Tok. kum; Kyo. km;
Kag. kum.
JLTT 463.
PKor. *km bear (): MKor. km; Mod. km.
Nam 51, KED 161.
EAS 155, SKE 122-123, 9, Martin 225, 162.
-knt a k. of vessel: Tung. *kondi; Mong. *kundaga; Turk. *Kendk
(*Kentk); Jpn. *knt.
PTung. *kondi scoop, box (, , ): Neg. konaxan;
Ul. konoko; Ork. ondoqqo ; Nan. kuni, kunu; Orch. kndi; Ud.
koni.
1, 409, 412, 470.
PMong. *kundaga a small vessel ( ): WMong.
qundaa(n) (L 986); Kh. xundaga; Bur. xundaga; Ord. xundaGa.
Mong. > Man. xuntaxa (see Rozycki 112).
PTurk. *Kendk (*Kentk) 1 large earthenware jar for storing flour
2 bin, crib for flour, grain (1 2
, , ): Karakh. kendk (MK - Ganch.) 1; Az.
kndi 2; Khal. kndi basket; MTurk. kndk jug (Sangl.); Uzb. kandik 2;

*k[a]e - *kp

689

Kirgh. kendik room for grain, fuel (may be < Pers.); Chuv. kandi round
wooden bowl.
EDT 729. Clauson regards the word as an unequivocal iranism. The Iranian forms
are: Pekhl. kndwg ( > Armen. kandouk), Pers. kand, kandk big earthenware vessel for
storing grain, Osset. xaendyg pail for pickled cheese. Persian is the source of Syr. kndwk-,
Arab. kand big vessel for grain. Also related is Sak. khadrakya (*xandra-) a vessel
(possibly, some basket-work, see Bailey 71, . 4, 173). Abayev derives the above forms
from Iran. *kan- to dig - which is not quite plausible (in a participle we would expect the
zero grade vocalism; unclear is the labial vowel in the suffix; semantics raises doubts). On
the other hand, all the above Iranian forms can be well explained as Turkisms, including
the Saka form - with the suffix -rak (a wellknown suffix for receptacles, see Bang 1918).
External parallels provide the final support for such a decision. Middle Greek knd
potrion may be < Bulg., cf. the Chuv. semantics (see sub ; cf. also other
European words possibly having the same source).

PJpn. *knt pipe (): OJpn. kuda; MJpn. kd; Tok. kda; Kyo.
kd; Kag. kud.
JLTT 461.
The root appears well reconstructable for PA, with a common derivative *knt-kV (PT *Kendk = PM *kundaga = PTM *kondi-k-n.
-k[a]e a k. of board: Tung. *kile; Mong. *kaga; Turk. *K(i)a.
PTung. *kile skis (-): Evk. kil; Evn. kna; Neg.
kine; Ul. kugilte; Ork. kugilte; Nan. kugilte; Orch. kiile; Ud. kigile.
1, 396. Evk. > Dolg. kile (see Stachowski 148).
PMong. *kaga a k. of board, cross-bar ( , ):
WMong. qaa; Kh. xaga; Kalm. xag.
KW 166. Mong > Kaz. qaa etc., VEWT 232.
PTurk. *K(i)a 1 vehicle, cart 2 skis, sleigh (1 2 , ): OTurk. qal (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qal (MK) 1; Tur. kan, dial.
kann, kangll 1; Sal. al 1; MTurk. qal (Sangl., Houts., AH) 1; Khak.
xa 1; Shr. qana 2; Tv. xk 2; Tof. qaha 2 ( 91).
TMN 3, 531, EDT 638, 5, 259-260, 533.
A Western isogloss. Despite vocalic irregularity, the TM forms are
hard to separate from Turko-Mongolian.
-kp depth; edge: Tung. *kiabu-; Mong. *kb-; Jpn. *kp; Kor. *kph-.
PTung. *kiabu- bottom of boat ( ): Ul. kwu(n); Nan. ki;
Orch. ku.
1, 390.
PMong. *kb- 1 depth 2 edge, side (1 2 , ):
WMong. kb 1 (L 475), kbege(n), kbge (L 476) 2; Kh. xv 1, xvge, xv
2; Bur. xb 2; Kalm. kw 2; Ord. kw 2; Dag. kuw, kug 2 (. .
150); Mongr. koG (SM 212) 1.
KW 242. Mong. > Evk. kuw, Man. kubu-, kubuxen ( 1, 423, Poppe 1966, 192,
Doerfer MT 132), Turk. kbe etc. (VEWT 285, 5, 80-81).

690

*kapa - *kp

PJpn. *kp edge, side (, ): OJpn. kjipa; MJpn. kf; Tok. kiw;
Kyo. kw; Kag. kiw.
JLTT 452.
PKor. *kph- deep (): MKor. kph-; Mod. kip- [kiph-].
Nam 80, KED 283.
Martin 230. Korean has a verbal low tone and a secondary monophthongization (*-j- > -i-). In Mong. one has to assume labial assimilation *kb- < *keb-.
-kapa turtle, crayfish: Tung. *kiakp- / *kiapk-; Mong. *kab-; Jpn. *kap/ *kam-; Kor. *kpp.
PTung. *kiakp- / *kiapk- 1 crayfish 2 tick (1 2 ): Ork.
qqpar 1; Orch. kpi 2; Ud. kfi 2 (. 247), kefi 2.
1, 388.
PMong. *kab- 1 crayfish 2 turtle (1 2 ): WMong. qabi 1
(L 896); Kh. xav 1; Bur. xabxaj 1; Kalm. xawxnt 2 (); Dag. xabil 2
(. . 172).
Dag. > Sol. xabil id.
PJpn. *kap- / *kam- 1 turtle 2 frog (1 2 ): OJpn.
kame 1, kapjeru, kapadu 2; MJpn. km 1, kaferu, kafadu 2; Tok. kme 1,
keru, kwazu 2; Kyo. km 1, kr, kwz 2; Kag. kam 1, kaer, kawzu
2.
JLTT 432, 435, 446. Original accent is not quite clear.
PKor. *kpp turtle (): MKor. kpp; Mod. kbuk.
Nam 32, KED 85.
Martin 244 (Kor.-Jpn.). PJ *kama- presupposes a nasal suffix
(*kapa-nV). A very similar fish name is found in TM (Oroch kiampai
, Nan. qfu (), see 1, 397); cf. also a
quite isolated Turkm. kepir carp (if not from Pers. kopur, see 5,
47). Whether these forms reflect the same root is yet to be determined.
-kp ( ~ k-, -e-u, -a-u) hoof, heel: Mong. *kajir-; Jpn. *kupi-(mpi)su;
Kor. *kp.
PMong. *kajir- to hit with a hoof ( ): MMong. qaji(SH) to tread; WMong. qajir- (L 913: qaira-); Kh. xajr-; Bur. xajra-; Kalm.
xr-; Ord. xr-.
KW 180.
PJpn. *kupi-(mpi)su heel (): OJpn. kupjipjisu; MJpn. kbs,
kfs; Tok. kbisu, kbisu; Kyo. kbs; Kag. kubsu.
JLTT 461. Original accent is not quite clear: Kyoto points rather to LLL, Tokyo and
Kagoshima - to HHH, while RJ has an exceptional type HHL: this is all probably due to
the elision of a medial syllable.

PKor. *kp hoof (): MKor. kp; Mod. kup.

Liu 90, KED 220.

*kro - *kru

691

Whitman 1985, 182, 226 (Kor.-Jpn.). Cf. Chag. (VEWT 281) kopuk
eine vorteilhafte (stehende) Stellung des Knchels beim Spiel. In TM
cf. *kkn hoof ( 1, 405-406) - perhaps < *kpn, cf. Evk. Tott.
kopan.
-kro crow, raven: Tung. *kori; Mong. *kerije; Turk. *KArga; Jpn.
*kara-su; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kori a mythical bird (mediator) ( ()): Ork. qor; Nan. qor; Orch. kri.
1,415.
PMong. *kerije crow, raven (()): MMong. kiri (MA), keree
(SH); WMong. kerije(n) (L 458); Kh. xer(n); Bur. xir, xe; Kalm. ker;
Ord. ker; Dag. xer (. . 175); S.-Yugh. kr; Mongr. kr (SM 198).
KW 226, MGCD 343. Mong. > Evk. ker etc., see TMN 1, 464, Doerfer MT 96, Rozycki 138.

PTurk. *KArga crow (): OTurk. qara (OUygh.); Karakh.

qara (MK, KB); Tur. kara; Az. Gara; Turkm. GarGa; MTurk. qara
(Houts., AH, IM, Qutb., Pav. C.), qarqa (MA); Uzb. qr; Uygh. qa(r)a;
Tat. qara; Bashk. qara; Kirgh. qara; Kaz. qara; KBalk. qara; KKalp.
qara, ara; Kum. qara; Nogh. qara; Khak. xara; Shr. qara; Oyr. qara;
Tv. qran; Tof. qaran.
VEWT 237, TMN 3, 384, 5, 303-304, 171. Turk. > Mong. qara ( 1997, 134).

PJpn. *kara-su crow (): OJpn. karasu; MJpn. krsu; Tok.

krasu; Kyo. krs; Kag. karsu.
JLTT 439. Accent relations are quite unclear.
PKor. *kr- crow, jackdaw (, ): MKor. kr-kmki; Mod.
kalgamagwi.
Nam 20, KED 42.
8, 171. In Turk. cf. also *Kugun raven (see TMN
3, 468-469, 6, 107-108).
-kru need, necessity: Tung. *kor-pi-; Mong. *kara; Turk. *grge-; Kor.
*kari- (?).
PTung. *kor-pi- to be, make in time (, ): Neg.
kotp-; Ul. qorp-; Ork. qlp-; Nan. qorp-.
1, 419.
PMong. *kara 1 envy 2 in need, jobless 3 miserly (1 2 , 3 ): WMong. qara 1, qarau, qaram 3 (L
934, 935); Kh. xar 1, xar, xaram 3; Bur. xara 1; Kalm. xar 2, xarm compassion; miserliness, xar jealous; miserly; careful (); Ord.
xarami 3; Dag. xarmai(n) 3 (. . 174), hareme 3 (MD 157).
PTurk. *grge- 1 to need 2 necessity, necessary 3 to stay away, dare
not (1 2 , 3 -

692

*kta - *ktu

): OTurk. kerge- 1 (OUygh.), kergek 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. kerge1, kerek 2 (MK, KB); Tur. gerek 2; Az. grk 2; Turkm. gerek 2; Khal. kerek
2; MTurk. krek 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. kerak 2; Uygh. kerk 2; Krm. kerek 2; Tat.
kirk 2; Bashk. krk 2; Kirgh. kerek 2; Kaz. kerek 2; KBalk. kerek 2; KKalp.
kerek 2; Kum. gerek 2; Nogh. kerek 2; SUygh. kerek 2; Khak. kirek 2; Shr.
kerek 2; Oyr. kerek 2; Tv. xerek 2; Tof. xerek 2; Chuv. kir-l 2; Yak. kerej- 3,
kerex 2; Dolg. kerek 2.
VEWT 256, EDT 742, 743, 3, 25-26, Stachowski 145. Turk. > Mong. kereg (see
1997, 127).

PKor. *kari- miserly (): MKor. karin-umni (a comp. with

umni pocket); Mod. karin-srp-, karin-umni.
Liu 20, KED 14 (Martins derivation < kanrin < Chin. seems dubious).
Cf. also *kru heavy, difficult.
-kta salmon, a k. of fish: Tung. *kiata; Mong. *kadara; Turk. *K(i)atr( ~-d-); Jpn. *kt-.
PTung. *kiata 1 salmon 2 dead fish (after releasing roe) 3 to weaken
(1 2 ( ) 3 ): Evk. kta
1; Evn. qta 1; Neg. kta 1; Man. ata 1, atu- 3; Ul. kta 2; Ork. qta 2;
Nan. qta- 3; Orch. kiata 2, kiata- 3.
1, 389. TM > WMong. kete, Kalm. ket (KW 228); Russ. .
PMong. *kadara 1 grayling 2 ruff (1 2 ): MMong.
qadara k. of fish (SH); WMong. qadara 2, (L 903) qadara 1; Kh. xadar 1,
xadra 2; Bur. xadaran 1; Kalm. xadrn ().
Mong. > Evk. kadara etc. (not vice versa, despite Doerfer MT 103).
PTurk. *K(i)atr- ( ~-d-) 1 grayling 2 sturgeon (1 2 ):
Tv. qadr 1; Yak. xats 2.
VEWT 219.
PJpn. *kt- 1 tuna fish 2 to become hungry (1 2 ):
MJpn. ktw 1, katuwa- 2; Tok. ktsuo 1, katsu- 2; Kyo. kts 1, kts2; Kag. katso 1, kts-.
JLTT 444. Historically a compound with *(d)ibua fish. Despite the difference in accent, the verbal stem seems to belong here etymologically: cf. the verbal meaning to
weaken, die (after releasing roe) in most TM languages.

An interesting root, demonstrating the acquaintance of the speakers with the way of life of the salmon (weakening and dying after releasing roe). Note a common derivative *kta-rV in the
Turko-Mongolian area.
-ktu sharp tool; notch: Tung. *kota; Mong. *godoli; Turk. *gt-.
PTung. *kota 1 knife 2 knife on a shaft (1 2 (
)): Evk. koto 2; Evn. qotqn 1; Neg. koto 1; Nan. qoto 1; Sol. koto 1.
1, 418. Doerfer (TMN 1, 486) tries to derive TM *kota from Mong. *kituga (v.
sub *kte), but this is probably a different root.

*k[t] - *kaurV

693

PMong. *godoli a k. of arrow ( ): MMong. qodoli (SH);

WMong. odoli (L 358: oduli horn-tipped arrow); Kh. godil; Bur. godli
c ; Kalm. odli;
Ord. Godoli.
KW 149, TMN 1, 425. Mong. > MKor. kotor (see Lee 1964, 192).
PTurk. *gt- to indent, notch, crack ( , ):
Karakh. ked- (OKypch., AH); Tur. get-; Turkm. gt-; Khal. ktk indent;
MTurk. ket- (MA); Uzb. ketk (n.); Tat. kit-; Bashk. kit-; Kirgh. ket-; Kaz.
ketik (n.); KKalp. ketik (n.); Nogh. ketik (n.); Chuv. kat-.
VEWT 259, 3, 30-31, 5, 65-66, EDT 700-701.
A Western isogloss. In Mong. one has to suppose assimilation:
godoli < *kodoli. Cf. *kte.
-k[t] stern, steering oar: Tung. *kude; Mong. *kitge; Turk. *KAdk;
Jpn. *knt.
PTung. *kude 1 stern 2 steering oar (1 , 2
): Man. xude 1, 2; Nan. kude 2; Ud. kude ( ) (. 252).
1, 424.
PMong. *kitge stern, steering oar (, ):
WMong. kiteg (L 474 kitge); Kh. xiteg.
PTurk. *KAdk wooden trough ( ):
Karakh. qaq (MK: Argu).
EDT 597. The form, although isolated, is clearly different from *K(i)aj-guk (v. sub
*gj), attested both in Old Turkic and modern languages.

PJpn. *knt steering wheel, steering oar (, ):

OJpn. kadi; MJpn. kd; Tok. kji; Kyo. kj; Kag. kji.
JLTT 447. Regular except for the Tokyo accent (*kaj would be expected).
Reasons for voicing in TM and Turkic are not clear (assimilative
development in a suffixed form *kt-gV?; note that in PTM we can
also reconstruct *kudege - the -ge would have been lost in all languages
where the root is attested).
-kaurV sand, steppe, earth: Tung. *kuur-; Mong. *kuir; Turk. *Kjr.
PTung. *kuur- to cover, bury (with soil) ( ()):
Neg. kuuj-.
1,424 (an isolated Negidal form, but with probable external parallels).
PMong. *kuir salty earth (): MMong. qr (IM); WMong.
quir (L 994); Kh. xuir; Bur. xuar; Kalm. xur; Ord. xuir, Guir; Dag.
xoir (. . 176; MGCD xoir); S.-Yugh. uir; Mongr. xoir soude
(SM 170).
KW 195, MGCD 385. Mong. > Man. xuiri (see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 112 - but
not Evk. kudu).

694

*koi - *kd[o]

PTurk. *Kjr 1 salt steppe 2 sandbank 3 gravel 4 sand (1

2 3 4 ): Karakh. qajr 1, 4 (MK Oghuz);
Tur. kajr 2; Turkm. dial. Gajr 3, 4; MTurk. (OKypch.) qajr (Houts. 94,
AH 74); Uzb. dial. qjir 3; Kaz. qajr 2; KKalp. qajr 2; Kum. qajr 3;
Nogh. qajr 4; Tv. xajr 1; Chuv. xjr 4; Yak. xajr ts 3.
VEWT 221-222, EDT 678, 5, 206, 217, 97. Turk. > WMong. qajir,
Kalm. xr (KW 180).

VEWT 222 (Turk.-Mong.), 287, 97. A Western

isogloss.
-koi ( ~ -e, *kao) nasty: Tung. *kus-; Mong. *kee; Turk. *KA-;
Kor. *k-.
PTung. *kus- hate, uneasiness (, , ):
Man. kuu-n.
1, 441. Cf. perhaps Nan. kusi- to drive away, frighten off (cattle).
PMong. *kee difficult, unpleasant (, ):
MMong. ku stupid (IM), keeu(n), keau hard; stupid (SH), keceou
verstockt (HYt); WMong. keeg, (L 440:) keeg; Kh. xec; Bur. xes;
Kalm. kec; Ord. ge; Dag. ke (. . 150).
KW 229, TMN 1, 462. Mong. > Manchu keu fierce, cruel etc. (see Rozycki 135).
PTurk. *KA- 1 panic and disorder 2 crazy 3 (to act) inimically, cattily 4 annoyance 5 joke 6 to mock (1 2
3 () , 4 5 6 ):
Karakh. qa 1 (MK); Tur. kak 2; Khak. xaa- 3, xaa 4; Shr. qaa 5;
Oyr. qaa 3 (adj.); Tv. qrt- 6.
VEWT 217, EDT 593. MKs gloss is analysed as a reciprocal derivative < *KA- to
flee, but this is obviously a folk etymology.

PKor. *k- nasty (, ): MKor. k-; Mod. kut[ku-].

Nam 64, KED 223.
Mong. kee- and some Turkic forms (e.g. Khak. xaa-) reflect a
common derivative *koi-gV.
-kd[o] to go, walk: Tung. *kiad-; Mong. *kdel-; Jpn. *kjup-; Kor.
*kd-.
PTung. *kiad- mountain pass ( ): Evk. kdris.
1, 386. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *kdel- 1 to move 2 to work (1 2 ):
MMong. kotli servant (IM), kudl- (MA), kodol-, godol- (SH, HYt);
WMong. kdel- 1, 2; Kh. xdl- 1, 2; Bur. xdel- 1, 2; Kalm. kdl- 1, 2; Ord.
kdl- 1, 2; Mog. ktl work; Dag. xudele- 1 (. . 179), hudele-,
hudule- (MD 165); Dong. goielu- 1, 2; Bao. gudel-, gudal- 1; S.-Yugh.
gdl-; Mongr. gudoli- (SM 139) 1.
KW 235, MGCD 404.

*kjbu - *kolo

695

PJpn. *kjup- to walk, go back and forth (): OJpn. kajwop-;

MJpn. kjf-; Tok. kyo-; Kyo. ky-; Kag. kay-.
JLTT 707.
PKor. *kd- walk (): MKor. kt- (kr-); Mod. kt- (kr-).
Nam 32, 37, KED 95.
Martin 245, 15, 16, 71, 103, 279 (but the Turkic parallel
has to be attributed to a different root, see *gti). In TM one would
rather expect *kid- - but the PTM reconstruction is dubious anyway
(based only on one dialectal Evk. form).
-kjbu pale: Tung. *kiaba-; Mong. *kubakaj; Turk. *Kuba / *Koba; Jpn.
*k-i.
PTung. *kiaba- pale (): Evk. kwama; Evn. kmak; Neg.
km-d, kr; Ul. qm-; Ork. qmo-tto-; Nan. qa-ga, qa-m; Orch. km; Ud.
kel-kel.
1, 386.
PMong. *kubakaj pale, withered (, ): MMong.
qubi yellow (horse) (SH); WMong. qubaqai (L 976); Kh. xuvxai; Bur.
xubxaj; Kalm. xxn; Ord. xuwax.
KW 192. Mong. > Oyr. qubaai.
PTurk. *Kuba / *Koba pale yellow, pale grey (, ): Karakh. quba (MK); Uzb. quw; Tat. quwa, qw (dial.); Kirgh. q;
Kaz. quw; KKalp. quw; Kum. quw; Nogh. quw; SUygh. qo; Khak. x; Oyr.
q, q; Tv. xuwa.
VEWT 295, EDT 581, 6, 94-96, 98-99. Turk. > Mong. quba, quwa (KW 191,
1997, 142; Mong. quba, however, also means amber and may be borrowed also
from Chin. hu-po, see L 976, Rozycki 111) > Man. quwa.

PJpn. *k-i yellow (): OJpn. ki; MJpn. k; Tok. k-iro-; Kyo.
kro-; Kag. kre.
JLTT 449. The root *k- is proved by compounds like OJ ku-gane yellow metal,
gold.

210. *-jb- is reconstructed to account for Mong. -brather than *--. Note, however, that modern Turkic and Mongolian
forms interact actively: some Turkic forms may be backloans from
Mong. quwa (which itself is probably a Turkism, see above).
-kolo ( ~ k-, --, -u-) long; far: Mong. *kolo; Kor. *kr-.
PMong. *kolo far (): MMong. kolo (HY 52), qolo (SH), qula
(IM), qul (MA); WMong. qolo, (L 956) qola; Kh. xol; Bur. xolo; Kalm. xol;
Ord. xolo; Mog. qol; ZM qol (6-8a); Dag. xolo, xol (. . 177), hole
(MD 163); Dong. Golo; Bao. xolo, (MGCD) Golo; S.-Yugh. xolo; Mongr.
xolo, Golo tres, fort (SM 170), xulo (SM 180).
KW 182, MGCD 361.

696

*koa - *ke

PKor. *kr- 1 long 2 to prolong (1 2 ): MKor.

kr- 2; Mod. kl- 1, kir- 2.
Nam 81, KED 264, 279
295. A Mong.-Kor. isogloss. The Mong. form cannot be
compared with TM *gora far (despite Poppe 18).
-koa to steal, deceive: Tung. *kola; Mong. *kula-gai; Turk. *K(i)a-; Jpn.
*kasu-m-.
PTung. *kola 1 cunning 2 deceit 3 to deceive 4 catching thieves (1
2 3 4 ): Evk.
kolo 1; Man. olo 2, olto- 3, ua-i 4; SMan. hol lie, falsehood (1308).
1, 407, 476.
PMong. *kula-gai 1 robber, thief 2 to steal (1 , 2
): MMong. qulasun (HY 32), qulaqai (SH, HYt) 1, qola- (IM) 2,
qulaq- (MA) 2; WMong. qulaai 1 (L 983); Kh. xulgai 1; Bur. xulgaj 1;
Kalm. xulx, xulx 1; Ord. xulaG; Mog. qulai; ZM qolaaj (11-1b); Dag.
xualag 1; hualehe 1 (MD 165); Dong. GuGi 1 (MGCD: Gulai, Gui),
Gula- 2; Bao. Golai 1; S.-Yugh. ulaGai 1; Mongr. xorGw 1 (SM 172), xulaGa- voler (SM 180), (MGCD xulGai).
MGCD 388. Cf. also WMong. quldu, Kalm. xuld cunning (KW 196); on some
other derivatives and probable loanwords in Turkic see 6, 131. Mong. > Man. xulxa
etc., see Doerfer MT 82, Rozycki 112.

PTurk. *K(i)a- 1 lazy, vile (in addressing a slave) 2 lazy, stubborn (1

, ( ) 2 , ):
Karakh. qaa (MK) 1; MTurk. qaa (Pav. C.); Uzb. qaa poor, beggar; Uygh. qaaq 1, 2, qaa 2; Bashk. dial. qaaq 1, 2, dial. qaan 2;
Kirgh. qaa 2; KKalp. qasa 2; Oyr. qaa 2; Chuv. xli ,
, xlin , , , .
EDT 673, 5, 348-350. Turk. > WMong. qaa slow, lazy (Clark 1980, 42);
some of the modern Turkic forms may be borrowed back from Mong. (as certainly is
Chuv. xaan).

PJpn. *kasu-m- to steal, rob (, ): OJpn. kasum-, kasume-; MJpn. ks-ma-, kz-f-.
JLTT 705. Accentuation is not quite clear (variants kzf- and ks-ma- in RJ).
Illich-Svitych 1, 329 lists MKor. kul- to lie, but this is
probably = MKor. kr- to blow, due to a character misidentification by
Lee Kee-mun (1958, 112).
-ke quiver, ornaments for quiver: Tung. *kulmaki; Mong. *kul-da-;
Turk. *Ke; Jpn. *knsr.
PTung. *kulmaki vessel for spoons, knives etc. made of birch bark
( , ..): Neg. kulumux; Ul. kolomo, kulumu; Ork. xulmew, xulmeu; Nan. kurm, xurmu; Orch. kolomon,
kulumun.

*komga - *konu

697

1, 429. Contaminated with *kormaki, see sub *kra(mV).

PMong. *kul-da- 1 to glue (strips of birch bark on a bow) 2 thin
strips of bone, horn or wood with which furniture, etc. is decorated (1
( ) 2 , ..): WMong. qulda- 1,
qulda-sun 2 (L 984); Kh. xulda- 1, xulds 2; Bur. xuldha(n) coffin made of
birch-bark or felt (?).
PTurk. *Ke quiver (): OTurk. ke (OUygh., Yenis.); Karakh.
ke (MK); MTurk. ke (Qutb., MA, IM); Krm. ke, kes; Kirgh. ke (R); Tv.
xe (Todzh., . 188); Tof. xe 1; Yak. kesex (.).
VEWT 258, EDT 752, MNT 1697, 5, 60-61 (see ibid. the literature on the history of arms).

PJpn. *knsr chape, stripes and ornaments for quivers, furniture

etc. ( , ,
..): MJpn. kzr; Tok. kojiri.
JLTT 460.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term (although Mong. -uhere is not quite regular; one would expect -i-/-e- or --).
-komga a k. of grass: Tung. *kumga; Mong. *kamkag, *kamgaul; Turk.
*KAmgak.
PTung. *kumga a k. of grass ( ): Evn. qommma name of a
plant with edible root; Ork. qma a k. of grass plant.
1, 408, 430.
PMong. *kamkag, *kamgaul a k. of grass, Salsula ( , Salsula): MMong. qamqaulsun ein Kraut, Unkraut (SH), kamqaul tumble-weed (HY 7); WMong. qamqa (L 926), qamqaul; Kh. xamxag , , xamxl tumble-weed; Bur. xamxl
tumble-weed; Kalm. xamxg, xamxl; Ord. xamxaq, xamxli; Dong.
xanxou; Mongr. xaGu (SM 157), xnGul.
KW 164, MGCD 324.
PTurk. *KAmgak saltwort, Salsula (, , Salsula):
OTurk. qamaq (OUygh.); Karakh. qamaq (MK); Turkm. Gamaq; MTurk.
qamaq (Qutb., Pav.C), qamqaq (Houts.); Uzb. qmq; Uygh. qamaq;
Bashk. qamaq; Kirgh. qamaq; Kaz. qabaq; KKalp. qabaq; Kum. qammaq; Nogh. qambaq.
EDT 627, VEWT 229, 5, 244-245.
A Western isogloss. The root tends to contaminate with *kema q.v.
(and cf. also *kemV, *gau, *gokV). The Mong. form may be < Turk. (cf.
1997, 198), but may as well be genuine.
-konu ( ~ k-) dandruff, mould: Mong. *kine; Turk. *Koak.
PMong. *kine mould (): WMong. kine (); Kh. xine.
PTurk. *Koak dandruff (): Tur. konak; Turkm. Goaq.

*koo - *kopu

698

VEWT 280.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-koo ( ~ k-) a k. of weed: Mong. *kene; Turk. *Konak; Jpn. *kmi;
Kor. *km.
PMong. *kene a creeping weed ( ): WMong.
kgene (XTTT); Kh. xn.
PTurk. *Konak 1 millet 2 Timothy grass (1 2 ,
): OTurk. qonaq 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qonaq 1
(MK); Sal. qonax; MTurk. qonaq 1 (AH, MA), qona 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb.
qnq 1; Uygh. qonaq 1; KKalp. qonaq; Nogh. qonaqaj 1; Tv. xonaq 2.
EDT 637, 458-459, 6, 57. OT qojaq is a ghost-word. Turk. > WMong.
qona, qonu millet.

PJpn. *kmi rice (): OJpn. kome; MJpn. kome; Tok. kom; Kyo.
km; Kag. kom.
JLTT 455.
PKor. *k- 1 weed 2 to be overrun with weeds (1 2
): MKor. km 1, k- 2; Mod. kim 1, kit- [kis-] 2.
Nam 79, 83, KED 273, 283.
The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. Note,
however, that the reconstruction of low tone in PJ in this case is based
only on the Kagoshima form (MJ accentuation is unattested, while
Kyoto and Tokyo may point both to *LL and to *HL). Therefore a reconstruction *kmi for PJ is not completely excluded. Medial -n- in
Turkic is not quite clear (-- would be expected); still the relation of the
Turkic form remains probable. See also Robbeets 2000, 109.
-kopu a k. of vessel: Tung. *kiaba-; Mong. *kob-; Turk. *Kobga.
PTung. *kiaba- 1 bladder of kaluga fish used for storing oil 2 bobber
(1 , 2 ):
Evk. kewilde 2; Evn. qold 2; Ul. qr 1; Ork. qwr 1; Nan. qawara 1.
1, 390, 442.
PMong. *kob- 1 groove 2 pit, channel 3 ventricle of the heart 4 gutter, trough (1 2 , 3 4 ):
WMong. qobil 1, qobudal 2,3, qobul 4 (L 949, 950); Kh. xovil 1, xovdol 2, 3,
xovol 4; Bur. xob 1, 4, xobol 1, 2, 4 xobdol 3; Kalm. xowdl 3 ().
PTurk. *Kobga pail, bucket (): OTurk. qova (OUygh.);
Karakh. qova (MK Oghuz); Tur. kova, koa; Az. Gova; Turkm. Gova;
MTurk. qova (AH), qopqa (Pav. C., . ., Abush.); Uzb. qawa
(dial.); Krm. qova, qopqa; Kaz. qawa; KKalp. qawa, awa; Nogh. qawa;
Tv. xuva.
EDT 583-584, 6, 12-13. Turk. > Mong. qobua bucket, trough.
A Western isogloss. Cf. also *kobu, *gupu (with possible contaminations).

*kp - *krtme

699

-kp a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *kiab-; Jpn. *kpn.

PTung. *kiab- sea gull ( ): Ul. qwara; Ork. qwu.
1, 386.
PJpn. *kpn a k. of water bird ( , Rallus
aquaticus indicus): OJpn. kupjina; MJpn. kfn; Tok. kuina.
JLTT 462.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. It is worth noting Yak. kuba swan - usually
derived from PT *Kugu, but with a quite inexplicable -b-; it is, in fact,
possible that some other Turkic forms - cf. Turkm. Guv, Nogh. quv etc.
also go back to PT *Kub(a) - naturally confused in most modern languages with the reflexed of *Kugu (see under *kgu).
-kr[i] to roll, churn: Tung. *kur-; Mong. *kor- / *kr-; Turk. *Kir-; Jpn.
*kurum-.
PTung. *kur- 1 churn-staff 2 to wrinkle, shrink 3 to roll, rotate 4 to
wrap round, tie round (1 2 , 3 ,
4 , ): Evk. kur- 4; Evn. koroldwna 1, qor2; Man. orgi-, urgi- 3.
1, 416, 417, 435, 471. Man. urgiku whirlpool > Dag. xurgi id. (. . 180).
PMong. *kor- / *kr- 1 to roll, rotate 2 to bend, become twisted 3 to
wrinkle, become curved 4 to whirl (of water, wind) (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
( , )): MMong. korbe- (SH) 1, kurbe- to wallow
(MA); WMong. krbl-, krbge- 1 (L 490: krbe-, krb-, krbi-), qorbaji-,
qorbuji- 2 (L 988: qorbuji-, qurbuji-), qoraji- 3 (L 965), qorula- 4; Kh. xorvoj- 3, xrv- to turn over, to upset; xorlo circle-shaped object; Bur.
xorogor wrinkled, creasy, xril- 4; Kalm. xorw crooked (); Dag.
kurbi-, xurbi-, xurbu- (. . 180); S.-Yugh. krw-; korlo wheel;
Mongr. xurb-; korlo, gulr wheel.
MGCD 375, 399. Mong. > Evk. kurbu- etc., see Doerfer MT 61, Rozycki 146.
PTurk. *Kir- to mix (): Karakh. qar- (MK Oghuz); Tur.
kar-; Turkm. Gr-; MTurk. qar- (Abush.); Uzb. qr-; KKalp. qar-; Chuv.
jor-, jur-.
5, 285, EDT 642-643, . IV, 351-352, 2, 490-491.
PJpn. *kurum- to wrap (): MJpn. kurume-; Tok. kurm-;
Kyo. krm-; Kag. kurm-.
JLTT 717. Accent unclear.
EAS 147, Poppe 107, Ozawa 204. An expressive root with not
quite secure vocalic correspondences. Cf. also notes to *klo.
-krtme pear, fruit: Mong. *kedemen; Turk. *gErtme; Jpn.
*k(n)tmn.
PMong. *kedemen pear (): WMong. kedemen; Kh. xedmen;
Kalm. kedmn.

700

*kru - *kosa

KW 222.
PTurk. *gErtme pear (): Tur. germeik cornus sanguinea;
MTurk. kertme , (OKypch.: AH, Houts., CCum.), kirni
quince; Krm. gertme; KBalk. kertme; Kum. gertme; Nogh. kertpe.
VEWT 257. Perhaps < *grt-me, cf. the attested OT (MK-Osm., see EDT 738) krt
mountain tree for making bows, Pyrus; (AH) krt quince.

PJpn. *k(n)tmn fruit (, ): OJpn. kudam(w)ono; MJpn.

kdmn; Tok. kudmono; Kyo. kdmn; Kag. kudamon.
JLTT 461.
KW 222. Cf. Nan. kutumiekte currant, gooseberry.
-kru rank, position, measure: Tung. *kiaru; Mong. *kiri; Turk. *Kur;
Jpn. *kr; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kiaru gauge, mould (for net meshes) ( (
)): Ul. qrl; Nan. qrol; Orch. kro.
1, 389.
PMong. *kiri measure, degree (, ): WMong. kiri, kire (L
472); Kh. xir; Bur. xire; Kalm. kir (); Ord. kere, keri.
Mong. > Oyr. kr, Evk. kire etc. (KW 232).
PTurk. *Kur 1 rank, stage, row 2 similar, equal 3 one of a pair, odd 4
time (1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , ): OTurk. qur 1, 4 (OUygh.); Karakh. qur 1, 4 (MK);
Tur. kor 1, kur 1, 4 (dial.); Turkm. Gor layer; MTurk. qur 4 (AH, Pav.
C.); Uzb. qur 4 (dial.); Uygh. qur line (dial.); Tat. qor 4; Bashk. qor 4,
(dial.) row of coins; Kirgh. qur 4; SUygh. qor 4; Chuv. xrax 2,3; Yak.
kurduk 2.
EDT 642, 6, 73, 151-152, VEWT 301-302 (to be distinguished from *Kur belt).
(ibid.) distinguishes between *Kor layer, row and *Kur time - but the roots, even
if distinguished originally, became quite confused already in Old Turkic. Turk. > Hung.
kor age, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *kr 1 place, position 2 to compare (1 , 2

): OJpn. kura, kura-wi 1, kuraba- 2; MJpn. kura, kr-w 1,
krba- 2; Tok. krai 1, krabe- 2; Kyo. kr 1, krb- 2; Kag. kuri 1, kurab- 2.
JLTT 464, 716.
PKor. *kr- to be equal, similar ( , ): MKor.
kr-; Mod. kor-.
Nam 46, KED 140.
Martin 228.
-kosa to enclose, enclosure: Tung. *kosi-; Mong. *kasi-; Turk. *Kas.
PTung. *kosi- 1 to enclose 2 enclosure 3 to graze (1 2
3 ): Evn. ks- 1, ksti 2, ksi- 3.
1, 420. Attested only in Evn., but having plausible Turkic and Mongolian
parallels.

*kt - *kuu

701

PMong. *kasi- 1 to enclose 2 fence, enclosure (1 2 , ): WMong. qasi- 1 (L 941), qasia (L 942: qasia,
qasija(n)) 2; Kh. xai- 1, xa 2; Bur. xa 2; Kalm. xa 2 (); Ord. Gai1, Ga 2; Dag. xai- 1, xai 2 (. . 175), kui- 1, ku 2 (. .
152); S.-Yugh. qu 2.
MGCD 334. Mong. > Kirgh. qa etc., see 5, 346; > Man. asan fence (Rozycki 103).

PTurk. *Kas enclosure (, ): Karakh. qas

(MK); Tur. qasu (dial.); Tv. qazanaq shed, kennel; Chuv. xo space,
surroundings
EDT 666, 5, 346-347.
A Western isogloss.
-kt to singe, heat: Tung. *koto-ran-; Mong. *kete; Turk. *Kat-; Jpn.
*kti ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *koto-ran- to singe, burn (, ): Evk. kotoron-m (.).
PMong. *kete (fire) steel (): MMong. kete (SH), kete (MA);
WMong. kete (L 460); Kh. xet; Bur. xete; Kalm. ket; Ord. gete; S.-Yugh.
kede; Mongr. kide (SM 200), kde.
KW 228, MGCD 346.
PTurk. *Kat- 1 to heat (oven) 2 (fire) steel 3 to bake (1 2
3 ): Kirgh. qatr- 3; Chuv. xot- 1; Yak. xatat 2.
. XVI, 256, 5, 335 (connected with *kat- dry, but in fact a different root
because of the Chuvash form). However, if Mari olta heat is from Bulg., the original
form could be *Kal-t- and should be removed from the etymology (cf. 2, 372).

PJpn. *kti ( ~ -ua-) an instrument (iron, soldering-iron) (, ): MJpn. kt; Tok. kte; Kyo. kt; Kag. kot.
Accent in Tokyo and Kyoto points rather to *kti, but RJ and Kagoshima reflect
low tone.

A common derivative *kt-rV is reflected in Kirgh. qat-r- = Evk.

koto-ro-n-.
-kuu to cry, cough: Tung. *kusi-; Mong. *kua-; Turk. *K-gr-; Jpn.
*kusam-; Kor. *kh-m.
PTung. *kusi- noise (): Evk. kusln; Evn. qsln; Man. quwas
(?); Nan. osor-osor; ; (On.) kusi- to drive away by shouting.
1, 439.
PMong. *kua- to bark (): MMong. xuam (HY 16), qua- (SH),
qua- (MA); WMong. qua-, qui- (L 979); Kh. xuc-; Bur. xusa-; Kalm.
xuc-; Ord. Gua-; Mog. qua-; Dag. koi- (. . 150, MD 183);
Dong. qua-; Bao. xea- (MGCD a-); S.-Yugh. qua-; Mongr. xua- (SM
174), xua-.
KW 200, MGCD 394.

702

*k - *kdi

PTurk. *K-gr- to shout, cry (): Az. GGr-; Uygh. qiqir-;

Tat. qqr-; Bashk. qsqr-; Kirgh. qqr-; KBalk. qr-; Kum. qr-; Khak.
xsxr-; Shr. qr-; Oyr. qr-; Tv. qqr-; Yak. kskj- to whistle.
VEWT 261. Turk. > WMong. qaskira-, Kalm. xkr- (KW 178).
PJpn. *kusam- sneeze (): MJpn. kusame; Tok. kushmi; Kyo.
kshm; Kag. kushmi.
Accent reconstruction is unclear. Cf. also OJ kutut- to snore.
PKor. *kh- 1 cough 2 to sneeze (1 2 ): MKor.
kh-m 1; Mod. kihim 1, kihi- 2.
Nam 79, KED 275.
An onomatopoeic root, but seems to be well reconstructable for
PA.
-k to slander, swear: Tung. *koi-; Mong. *koi; Turk. *K-; Jpn.
*knt-k-; Kor. *kh-.
PTung. *koi- 1 to chant, praise 2 to deceive, lie 3 to harm (of an evil
ghost), to interrupt (1 , 2 , 3
( ), ): Evk. koi-na- 1, kout- 2;
Man. oo- 2; Nan. qoa-l- 3.
1, 419, 420.
PMong. *koi- nickname, slander (, , ): WMong. qoi (L 951); Kh. xo; Kalm. xo-l- to slander; Ord. Goi
detractor; reprimand, chicane.
KW 191.
PTurk. *K- to criticize, malice (, ):
Karakh. qur- (MK); Turkm. Gt reproach; Tat. q- (R.); Kirgh.
qn-; Khak. xsxar- to reproach, blame, xr- to tease smb.; Tv. qrto tease, ridicule; Yak. khr-.
EDT 59.
PJpn. *knt-k- to lure, convince; to complain (, ; ): MJpn. kudok-; Tok. kudk-; Kyo. kdk-; Kag. kdk-.
JLTT 715.
PKor. *kh- to swear (): MKor. k-; Mod. k:uit- [--].
Nam 61, KED 207.
The tone in Jpn. is irregular; the form should be perhaps separated and compared with Mong. qai- to hate, blame, tease (L 948),
allowing to reconstruct a separate PA root *kadu ( ~ k-, -e-).
-kdi to attend, be respectful: Tung. *kidu-; Turk. *gd-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *kidu- 1 to respect 2 to think, remember (1 , 2 , ): Man. kidu- 2; SMan. kidu- to have affection for (1870); Nan. kidu- 1.
1, 391. Cf. also Man. kedere- to guard (1, 443) > Dag. kedereg police (.
. 148).

*kudu - *kudu

703

PTurk. *gd- 1 to wait 2 to attend 3 to respect 4 to graze (1 2

3 4 ): OTurk. kd- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh.
k- 1, 3 (MK, KB); Tur. gt/d- 4; Gag. gt- 4; Az. gt/d-; MTurk. kt- to
lead cattle away from pasture (Pav. C., Sangl.); Uzb. kut- 1, 2; Uygh.
kt- 1; Krm. kt- 4; Tat. kt- 1, 4; Bashk. kt- 1, 4; Kirgh. kj- 1, kt- 1, 2;
Kaz. kt- 2; KBalk. kt- 4; KKalp. kj-, kt- 1, 2; Kum. kt- ;
Khak. kzet- 4; Oyr. kj- 1, kt- 2, 4; Yak. kt- 1; Dolg. kt- 1.
EDT 701, VEWT 306, 312, 3, 107-108 (the variant *gt- is morphologically
secondary, actually = *gd-t-). The proposed derivation (see 108) from *g- (*k-),
attested only in the OUygh. doublet k- kze- protect and keep (see EDT 686) is far
from certain (the meaning of k- here is not quite clear; kze- is probably < *g- see, eye
= Yak., Dolg. kht- wait; Khak. kzet- above can reflect both *-- and *-d-).

PKor. *kr- to praise (): MKor. kr-; Mod. kiri-.

Nam 78, KED 265.
Cf. *kitu, *gode (with possible contaminations).
-kudu shore, border: Tung. *kud; Mong. *kiaar ( < *kii-ar); Turk.
*Kdg; Jpn. *kui ( ~ --).
PTung. *kud 1 shore, land 2 to land (1 , 2 ): Evk. kud 1; Man. kude- 2.
1, 424.
PMong. *kiaar border (): MMong. kiaar (HY 50), kiiar
(SH), qit pl. (MA 221); WMong. kiaar (L 474); Kh. agr ( <
WMong.); Bur. xizr; Kalm. kizr, kizr; Ord. kiagr ( < Kh. or WMong.);
Mog. qi (Weiers); Dag. kir (. . 150); Dong. Ga;
Mongr. gir (SM 136), gr.
KW 233, MGCD 351.
PTurk. *Kd- 1 edge, border, seashore, frontier 2 margin, edging (1
, , 2 , ): OTurk. qd (OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. q (MK) 1; Tur. kj, kj 1; Kirgh. qj 2; Kaz. qjw 2; KKalp.
qjw 2; Kum. qjw 2; Nogh. qjuw 2; SUygh. qz 1; Shr. qj 2; Oyr. quju
1; Tv. qd 1, 2; Chuv. xr 1; Yak. kt 1, 2.
EDT 598, VEWT 261, 94, 6, 196-197, 203. The root is also attested in
verbal function (*Kd- to border, hem), see 6, 196.

PJpn. *kui ( ~ --) fortress (, ): OJpn. ki.

JLTT 449.
EAS 46, KW 233, 171, 318, Poppe 19, 94.
Cf. perhaps MKor. kth edge. The Jpn. form must have originally
meant border fortification, fortress; there is hardly any reason to regard it as borrowed from Old Paekche, despite Miller 1979).

*kujilV - *kuma

704

-kujilV a k. of bird: Tung. *kilu-; Mong. *kojil-; Jpn. *kiari ( ~ *kairi);

Kor. *kirjk ( ~ *krjk).
PTung. *kilu- 1 grey goose 2 heron 3 gull 4 swan (1 () 2 3 4 ): Evk. kuluk 3; Evn. kiarqa name of a
bird, klar 3; Man. kilaun 2; Ul. qlala 1; Nan. kulikte 4; Ud. kilai 3
(. 248).
1, 392-393, 429.
PMong. *kojil- wild turkey ( ( )): WMong.
qojilu (MXTTT); Kh. xojlog.
PJpn. *kiari ( ~ *kairi) a k. of marsh bird (plover) (
, (Microsarcops cinereus Blyth.)): OJpn.
k(j)eri; MJpn. keri; Tok. keri.
Attested already in Manysh (Eastern songs), but absent from JB.
PKor. *kirjk ( ~ *krjk) goose (): MKor. kirjk, krjk, krki,
krk; Mod. kirgi.
Nam 66, 67, 76, Liu 96, 97, 109, 113, KED 264. The variant kirjk is attested later
than krjki, but accounts well for the modern form with -i- (regularly < -i-). The most
plausible PK reconstruction appears to be *kirk (although *krjk is also not excluded).

Poppe 1950, 575, Lee 1958, 114. In the Kor.-Jpn. area some confusion of this root with PA *gjrV wild goose was possible.
-kli a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *kilde; Jpn. *kr; Kor. *koro-.
PTung. *kilde- lime tree (): Evk. kilden; Ul. kilde(n); Nan. kild;
Orch. kigde.
1, 393.
PJpn. *kr Paulownia tomenfosa ( ): OJpn.
k(j)iri; MJpn. kr; Tok. kri; Kyo. kr; Kag. kri.
JLTT 451.
PKor. *koro- a k. of maple ( ): Mod. koroswe-namu.
An Eastern isogloss.
-kuma ( ~ -o-, -o) a blood-sucking insect: Tung. *kme ( ~ -i-); Turk.
*Kumuj; Kor. *kmr.
PTung. *kme ( ~ -i-) 1 flea 2 gnat, mosquito (1 2 , ): Evk. kimje 2; Evn. kime 1.
1, 394.
PTurk. *Kumuj a louse or tick full of blood ( , ): Karakh. qumuj (MK).
EDT 629. An expressive variant may be represented in OT (MK) kmie gnat (EDT
722).

PKor. *kmr leech (): MKor. kmr; Mod. kmri.

Liu 41, KED 84.
Cf. *kumi, *kajamV.

*kumo - *kne

705

-kumo sand, dust: Tung. *kime ( ~ --); Mong. *kumaki; Turk. *Kum.
PTung. *kme 1 shore, sand beach 2 hill, elevation 3 wild pigs lair
(1 , 2 , 3 ):
Evn. kimewun 1; Nan. kumien 2 (.), (Bik.) kumi 3 (); Orch. kma 1.
1, 394-395.
PMong. *kumaki earth; sand grains (, , ):
MMong. qumaqi (Hp), qumaki (HY 3), qomaq (Lig. VMI), qomaqi (MA);
WMong. quma, qumaki (L 985); Kh. xumag, xumxi; Bur. xumxi; Kalm.
xumg (); Ord. xumui(n), xumii(n); Mongr. xumoG poussire,
pierres etc. mles aux grains quon vient de battre (SM 182).
Mong. > Nan. gumux dust.
PTurk. *Kum sand (): OTurk. qum (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
qum (MK); Tur. kum; Gag. qum; Az. Gum; Turkm. Gum; Sal. Gum;
MTurk. qum (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qum; Uygh. qum; Krm. qum; Tat. qom;
Bashk. qom; Kirgh. qum; Kaz. qum; KBalk. qum; KKalp. qum; Nogh. qum;
SUygh. qum, qom; Khak. xum; Shr. qum; Oyr. qum; Tv. qum; Tof. xum;
Chuv. xm; Yak. kumax; Dolg. kumak.
VEWT 299, EDT 625, 102, 6, 133-134, Stachowski 160. Turk. >
WMong. qum, Kalm. xum sand (KW 196; TMN 3, 508), Hung. homok (Gombocz 1912).

Poppe 68. A Western isogloss. Mong. cannot be explained as a

Turk. loanword, despite TMN 3, 508-509, 1997, 143 (conversely, late Turkic forms like Oyr., Kaz. qumaq etc. are evidently <
Mong.).
-kne person; people, country: Tung. *kn-; Mong. *kn, *-m-; Turk.
*Kn; Jpn. *kn.
PTung. *kn- 1 relative, kinsman 2 name of a Manchu clan 3 name
of the Evens in Yakutia (1 , 2 3 ): Evn. qgalaq 3; Man.
unixin 1, xunun 2.
1, 395, 477.
PMong. *kn, *-m- person (): MMong. guun (HY 27,
SH), komon, kumnt (IM), kuw(u)n (MA); WMong. kmn (L 501); Kh.
xn (pl. xms), xmn ( < WMong.); Bur. xn; Kalm. kn, kmn; Ord.
kn, kmn (<lit.); Mog. ZM ku (10-7a), kut ibid.; Dag. xuar (. .
178), huare (MD 165); Dong. kun; Bao. ku; S.-Yugh. kn; Mongr. kun
(SM 211).
KW 246, 249, MGCD 398.
PTurk. *Kn people (): OTurk. elgn (OUygh.); Karakh. el kn
(KB); Tur. elgn (Osm. XIV c.); MTurk. el wa kn (Sangl.), elgn (Pav.
C.), elgn (Oghuz-nama), elgn goverment, realm (Ettuhf.).
VEWT 309, TMN 3,656-7, 317, EDT 121-122, 725-726 (with doubts).

706

*kpu - *kp

PJpn. *kn country (): OJpn. kuni; MJpn. kn; Tok. kni;
Kyo. kn; Kag. kni.
JLTT 463.
KW 249, VEWT 309 (Turk.-Mong.), 294, TMN 3, 656-657
(with criticism). The Mong. form is somewhat difficult: one has to suppose original *knn with velar ( > *kn > *kn) and labial ( >
*kmn) assimilations.
-kpu silk, mulberry: Tung. *kupen; Mong. *kib; Turk. *Kp; Jpn.
*kp; Kor. *kp.
PTung. *kupe(n) threads (): Neg. xupen; Ul. xupe(n); Ork.
kupe(n); Nan. kup; Orch. xupe.
1, 478.
PMong. *kib silk (): MMong. kip (HY boiled silk cloth 23,
SH), kib (IM) lining; WMong. kib, kijib (L 465); Kh. xiv; Bur. xib; Kalm.
kib, kiw; Ord. keb bad quality silk.
KW 233.
PTurk. *Kp fabric (): Bashk. qptr (
); Kirgh. qpq kerchief, sash; KBalk. qppa skein, clew; Khak. xp
lining, covering; Yak. kbas .
VEWT 265.
PJpn. *kp mulberry tree (, ): OJpn. kupa; MJpn.
kufa; Tok. kwa; Kyo. kw; Kag. kuw.
JLTT 468.
PKor. *kp silk (): MKor. kp; Mod. kp.
Nam 82, KED 282.
SKE 113. Cf. also Mong. kb cotton ( > Oyr. kb, Tuva xve,
Khak. kb etc., see 5, 108-109 (with some confusion of this root
and Turk. *kpe cloth < *kope q.v. and Turk. *kp- swell, foam < *kopi
q.v.); > Man. kubun id., see Doerfer MT 102). In fact, it would be tempting to consider Mong. *kib as a Turkic loanword (despite the fact that
the Turk. *Kp is not widely spread and late attested, it cannot be <
Mong.), because Mong. -i- is not quite regular here, while kb is a
perfect phonetic match.
-kp thought, attention: Tung. *kob-ta; Mong. *kuji-; Turk. *Kp-;
Jpn. *kp-.
PTung. *kob-ta esteem (, ): Man. qobto.
1, 402. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels; cf.
also Man. oan skilled, dexterous ( 1, 472).

PMong. *kuji- crafty, artful (, ): WMong. quji-ur,

quji-qur (L 982); Kh. xujgr.
PTurk. *Kp- 1 sense, invention, cleverness 2 to invent, think of (1
, , 2 ): Kirgh. qba experi-

*kure - *kurumV

707

enced person; Khak. xb-; Oyr. qb-; Chuv. xbl dexterous; Yak.
kp dexterously.
VEWT 260.
PJpn. *kp-tata- to plan, project (, ):
MJpn. kf-tata-; Tok. kuwa-dte-; Kyo. kw-dt-; Kag. kw-dt-.
JLTT 718. Hardly unitable with OJ kupatata- to stand on tiptoe.
KW 233.
-kure woodcock, woodpecker: Tung. *krekte; Mong. *kur; Turk.
*Krtk.
PTung. *krekte woodpecker (): Evk. kirekte; Neg. kijekte;
Man. kurexu; Ul. kurekte; Ork. kurekte; Nan. kurekte; Orch. kijoki; Ud. kxi
(. 248), kiexi.
1, 399.
PMong. *kur woodcock, black grouse (, ): WMong.
qur, qoru (L 968, 987); Kh. xur; Bur. xura; Kalm. xor , xur
().
Mong. > Kirgh. qur etc., see 6, 155-156.
PTurk. *Krtk 1 woodcock 2 turkey 3 black-cock (1 2
3 ): Tat. krk 2; Bashk. krk 2; Kirgh. krp 2; Kaz.
krke-tawq 2; Khak. krk, dial. krtk black-cock, krles (Sag.)
grouse; Shr. krtk 3; Oyr. krtk 3, krte 1; Tv. krt 3; Tof. hrt 3;
Chuv. krka 2; Yak. krx young spring duck, already able to fly.
VEWT 311, 1, 258.
A Western isogloss.
-kurumV to wink: Tung. *korim- / *kirim-; Turk. *kirm- / *Krm-.
PTung. *korim- / *kirim- 1 to wink 2 eyelash 3 inner side of eyelid
(1 2 3 ): Evk. korimi- 1, kirimkn 2; Evn. qorm- 1, kirimki 2; Neg. kmk 2; Ork. qolpqta 3; Sol. xurmult(e) 2.
1, 398, 415, 2, 352.
PTurk. *kirpik eyelash (): OTurk. kirpik (OUygh.); Karakh.
kirpik (MK); Tur. kirpik; Gag. kirpik; Az. kirpik; Turkm. kirpik; Khal. kirpik; MTurk. kirpik (Sangl., Pav. C.), kirpk (MA); Uzb. kiprik; Uygh.
ki(r)pik; Krm. kirpik; Tat. kerfek; Bashk. kerpek; Kirgh. kirpik; Kaz. krpk;
KKalp. kirpik; Kum. kirpik; Nogh. kirpik; SUygh. kirmik; Khak. krbk;
Oyr. kirbik; Tv. kirbik; Chuv. xrbx, xrbk, (dial.) xrbu; Yak. kirbj,
kirb edge.
VEWT 272, EDT 737-738, 5, 74-75, 2, 333-334, 213. Cf. also
the verb *Krm- / *Krp- to wink ( 6, 221). The front row variant here is probably
secondary.

708

*ku - *kta

A Turk.-TM isogloss; cf. *kumi. Doerfer (MT 240) tries to refute the
comparison (by deriving the Turk. forms from kirpi hedgehog and
the TM forms from kiri- to glitter) - quite unconvincingly.
-ku a k. of vehicle: Tung. *kur-; Mong. *kr-dn; Turk. *Kak,
*Kagu; Jpn. *krm.
PTung. *kur- 1 humming-top 2 screw 3 spool (1 , 2
3 ( )): Evk. kur, kuriwuk 2; Evn. kruken 1; Nan. kurke
(On.) 3.
1, 438; 2, 352.
PMong. *kr-dn wheel (): MMong. gurdun (HY 17),
gurdu(n) (SH); WMong. krd(n) (L 504); Kh. xrd(en) prayer wheel;
Bur. xrde prayer wheel, xrg ,
; Kalm. krd
(); Ord. krd; Dag. kurde (. . 151), kuredu, kurese (MD 185).
Mong. > Manchu kurdun a Buddhist cycle, samsara (see Rozycki 147).
PTurk. *Kak, *Kagu sledge (): Tur. kzak; Az. xizk; MTurk.
qzaq (AH); Uygh. quzuq bed; Tat. qzaw ; Bashk. qu
.
VEWT 269.
PJpn. *krm vehicle, carriage (): OJpn. kuruma; MJpn.
krm; Tok. kruma; Kyo. krm; Kag. kurma.
JLTT 465.
Judging from the Turkic evidence, the vehicle in question could
have been not a wheeled one, but some kind of sleigh or sledge; however, this may be also a secondary development in Turkic (all other
languages point rather to some wheeled carriage or just wheel). Among
common derivatives one can mention PT *Kak = Evn. kruke-n.
-kta ( ~ -t-) insufficiency, debt: Tung. *kta; Turk. *Kt; Jpn. *kta-.
PTung. *kta 1 debt 2 miserly, greedy (1 2 , ):
Evk. kta 1; Evn. qt 1; Ul. qota 2; Ork. qta 2; Nan. qota 2.
1, 417, 439.
PTurk. *Kt not enough, insufficient (, ):
Tur. kt; ktlk Ungengendheit, Hungersnot; Az. Gt; Turkm. Gt;
MTurk. qt (AH, IM); Uygh. qitiir miserly; Krm. qt; Bashk. qtlq
hunger (dial.); Kirgh. qdq dwarf, qtj- secretive, qtraj- lean and
small; Kaz. qtqtan- to be offended; KBalk. qt; KKalp. qt; Kum. qt;
Nogh. qt; Shr. qtj miserly; Tv. qd oppressed; Chuv. xdx compulsion.
VEWT 268, 6, 252.
PJpn. *kta- beggar, beggary (, ): OJpn.
kata-no-wi; MJpn. kata-wi, kata-no-wi (RJ ktfi, ktaf).
JLTT 443.

*kt - *kobe

709

The basic meaning of the root may be formulated as having not

enough, insufficience - whence debt, miser, beggar etc. A Mongolian match is perhaps *kudal lie, liar ( < beggar?).
-kt a k. of fox: Tung. *kitiri; Mong. *kderi; Jpn. *ktni.
PTung. *kitiri a k. of fox (-): Neg. ktj; Ork. kitiri;
Nan. kiiri (On.); Orch. kiti.
1, 400.
PMong. *kderi musk-deer, a k. of rat (, ):
WMong. kderi (L 497); Kh. xder; Bur. xderi; Kalm. kdr; Ord. kder
porte-musc.
KW 244. Mong. > Kirgh. kdr.
PJpn. *ktni fox (): OJpn. kjitune; MJpn. ktn; Tok. ktsune;
Kyo. ktsn; Kag. kitsun.
JLTT 452.
The Mong. form could be alternatively compared with Turk.
*Kodan hare ( 6, 29-30).
-ko ( ~ *k-) this: Mong. *k; Turk. *K; Jpn. *k-; Kor. *k.
PMong. *k deictic particle ( ): MMong. -gu
(SH); WMong. ene k exactly this, tere k exactly that; Kh. x; Ord. k
a particle; Dag. ke, k (. . 148).
PTurk. *K this (): Sal. ku; SUygh. gu, go; Chuv. ko, kv.
1, 300-302, 32-34. Cf. the OT (Orkh., OUygh., MK) emphatic
nominal suffix -oq.

PJpn. *k- 1 this 2 that (1 2 ): OJpn. ko- 1; MJpn. k- 1; ka- 2;

Tok. kre 1; k-re he; Kyo. kr 1; k-r he; Kag. ki 1.
JLTT 430, 452. High tone in Tokyo k-re is not clear (the stem *ka- appears to be a
merger of *k- and *-).

PKor. *k this, that (, ): MKor. k (k-i); Mod. k.

Nam 76, KED 231.
EAS 46, Martin 244, 56, 49, 277. The root behaves like
*ke (with a second front vowel).
-kobe ( ~ -i) cloth, clothing: Tung. *kuberi; Mong. *kuba-; Turk. *Kb
/ *Kebi.
PTung. *kuberi fur hood; collar ( (); ):
Man. uberi.
1, 473.
PMong. *kuba- clothing, dress (): MMong. qubasu (HYt),
quba (IM), qubasun (SH); WMong. qubasu(n) (L 976); Kh. xuvcas; Bur.
xubsaha(n); Kalm. xopc, xupc; Ord. Gubasu, Gubas; Dag. kuailahe a
cloth wrapper, a furoshiki (MD 184); S.-Yugh. abis.
KW 186, 197, MGCD 384, TMN 1, 385-386.

710

*kbe - *kb

PTurk. *Kb / *Kebi carpet, rug (): Karakh. keviz (MK);

Tur. kjz (dial.); MTurk. kebiz (MA), kwz (Xwar.), kwz (CCum.),
kevz (AH); Uzb. kigiz; Uygh. kebz, kvz; Bashk. kj; Kirgh. kebez;
KBalk. kjz OL; Kum. gujuz (dial.); Nogh. kjiz; Khak. kibs; Shr. kemis;
Oyr. kebis; Tv. xevis; Chuv. (Bulg.) > ORuss. kovr carpet.
EDT 692, 5, 83. Turk. > Mong. kebis ( > Man. kebisu etc., see 1, 444), see
Clark 1980, 39., Cf. Khalkha xiv gauze, crpe, xv cotton. 5, 13.

A Western isogloss; see under *k[]p about possible mergers.

-kbe ( ~ k-, -p-, -p-) to freeze: Mong. *kbsi-; Jpn. *kpr-.
PMong. *kbsi- to freeze (): MMong. kbi- (SH).
PJpn. *kpr- to freeze (): OJpn. kop(w)or-; MJpn. kfr-;
Tok. kr-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 712.
Ozawa 84. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note Evk.
dial. kiwim fine snow ( < Mong.?).
-kb hollow, cavity: Tung. *kobi / kebi(e); Mong. *kou-su; Turk.
*Kobuk; Jpn. *kmpu; Kor. *kr- (?).
PTung. *kobi / kebi(e) 1 hole, hollow 2 cavity (1 , 2 , ): Evn. qobmia 1, kwe, kewue 2; Man. qobi
1.
1, 402, 442. The Manchu form is regarded by Rozycki 141 as borrowed <
Mong. qobil groove (q.v. sub *kopu), which is hardly the case.

PMong. *kou-su empty, hollow (, ): MMong.

qoo-sun (SH, HYt); WMong. qousun (L 953); Kh. xson; Bur. xho(n);
Kalm. xsn; Ord. xson; Mog. qosun; Dag. xson (. . 178), hson
(MD 164); Dong. qosun; Bao. xoso; S.-Yugh. sn; Mongr. xn (SM
169), (MGCD xsn).
KW 191, 192-193, MGCD 355. Mong. > Evk. khon, see Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *Kobu-k empty, hollow (, ): OTurk. qov
(OUygh.); Karakh. qov, qovuq (MK); Tur. kovuk, gavk (dial.); Turkm.
Govaq, Govuq, Goval, Govuz; MTurk. qovuq (AH); Uygh. quaq (dial.);
Khak. xax.
VEWT 273, TMN 3, 415, 6, 5-6.
PJpn. *kmpu 1 cavity 2 to be concave, hollow (1 , 3 , ): OJpn. kub(w)o 1, kub(w)o-m- 2; MJpn.
kb 1, kbm- 2; Tok. kubo 1, kbo-m- 2; Kyo. kbm- 2; Kag. kubm- 2.
JLTT 461, 714.
PKor. *kr- (?) to become hollow ( , ):
Mod. kl-.
SKE 122.

*k - *koV

711

SKE 122. Cf. *gupu. The Kor. form *kr- presupposes *kobVr-; however, it is only found in SKE and may be in fact = *krh- be hungry,
empty (see *ga).
-k to nomadize, transport: Tung. *kui- ( ~ --); Mong. *kske; Turk.
*g-; Jpn. *ks.
PTung. *kui- ( ~ --) 1 to come 2 to wander (1 2 ): Evk. kui- 1, kiur- ( < *kuir- ?) 2.
1, 401, 441. Attested only in Evk.; see below on a possibility of borrowing <
Yakut.

PMong. *kske transportation, mount, cart (, , ): WMong. kske, ksge (L 493); Kh. xsg.
PTurk. *g- 1 to migrate, nomadize 2 nomadizing (1 ,
2 ): Karakh. k- 1 (MK, KB), k 2 (KB); Tur. g- 1,
g 2; Gag. g- 1, g luggage; Az. k- 1, k 2; Turkm. g- 1, g 2;
Khal. ke- 1; MTurk. k- 1, k 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. k- 1, k 2; Uygh. k- 1,
k 2; Krm. k- 1; Tat. k- 1, k 2; Bashk. ks , ks- 1; Kirgh. k1, k 2; Kaz. k- 1, k 2; KBalk. k- 1; KKalp. k- 1, k 2; Kum. g- 1;
Nogh. k- 1, k 2; SUygh. k- 1; Khak. ks- 1; Shr. k- 1, k 2; Oyr.
k- 1; Tv. k- 1, k 2; Tof. k- 1, k 2; Chuv. ko- 1; Yak. ks- 1, ks 2;
Dolg. ks- 1, ks 2.
EDT 693, 694, 489, 3, 88-90, TMN 3, 622, Stachowski 158, 1,
315.

PJpn. *ks palanquin (): OJpn. kosi; MJpn. ks; Tok. kshi;
Kyo. ksh; Kag. kshi.
JLTT 458. Accent in Tokyo and Kyoto is quite irregular.
Poppe 63, KW 241, 377; 490; TMN 3, 633
(...nicht hinreichend gesichert). Despite 1997, 127, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk. (see also Clark 1980, 56); -s- instead of the expected -- in Mong. is due to a position within the cluster (kske = kke).
-- (or *--) in Evk. is, however, more difficult to account for (*-s- would
be expected normally), which means that the Evk. words may actually
be borrowed < Yakut.
-koV ( ~ k-, --) ram: Mong. *kua; Turk. *Ko.
PMong. *kua ram (): MMong. xua (HY 12), qa lamb (IM),
qua (MA); WMong. qua (); Kh. xuc; Bur. xusa; Kalm. xuc
(); Ord. Gua; Dag. ko; Dong. qua; S.-Yugh. qua; Mongr. xua (SM
174), xua.
MGCD 394. Mong. > Evk. kua etc., see Doerfer MT 100; Bur. > Russ. Siber. xucn,
see 338-339.

PTurk. *Ko ram (): OTurk. qoqar, qouar (OUygh.); Karakh.

qoar (MK); Tur. ko, kokar; Gag. qo; Az. Go; Turkm. Go, GoGar; Sal.
qoqor, qoqur; Khal. Go; MTurk. qo, qoqar (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb.

712

*kogu - *kk

(dial.), qqar; Uygh. qoqa(r), qoqa(r); Krm. qo, qoqar, qoxar; Tat. quqar (dial.); Bashk. quqar; Kirgh. qoqor; Kaz. qoqar; KBalk. qocxar;
KKalp. o, qoqar; Kum. qoqar; Nogh. qoqar; SUygh. quar; Oyr. qoqor; Tv. qoqar.
432, TMN 3, 539, 540-541, EDT 592, 6, 87-88. Turk. > Hung. kos, see
Gombocz 1912; Russ. dial. kokr, kok, see 308, 309.

Poppe 62. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss, but hardly borrowed, despite

TMN 3, 540, 1997, 139.
-kogu ( ~ -o, -a) pipe, chimney: Tung. *kula-n; Mong. *koul-aj; Turk.
*Kogu.
PTung. *kula-n pipe, chimney (, ): Neg. kolan; Man.
ulan; SMan. hulan (475); Ul. qla(n); Nan. qol; Orch. kula(n); Ud.
kula(n); Sol. kulan.
1, 428. Cf. also Nan. dial. kulekte, keulekte throat, Man. olin inner side of
cheek. TM > Dag. xolil (. . 177), xuala (. . 178).

PMong. *koul-aj throat; pipe (; ): MMong. qoolai (HY

46, SH), ql (IM), qulaj (MA), qla (LH); WMong. qoulaj (L 952); Kh.
xloj; Bur. xloj; Kalm. xl, xl; Ord. xl; Mog. qli (Ramstedt 1906);
ZM qolei (2-5b); Dag. x (. . 177; MGCD x), hle (MD 163);
Dong. Golei; S.-Yugh. olo; Mongr. xlo (SM 170).
KW 192, MGCD 355. Mong. > Evk. klai etc., see Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki 142.
PTurk. *Kogu gutter, cavity, hollow (, , ):
Karakh. qou (MK); Tur. kovu; Az. Gou; MTurk. qou (Pav. C.); Uzb.
qavu, qva, quwu (dial.); Krm. qowu, quwu; Tat. quw; Bashk. qw;
Kaz. quws; KKalp. quws; Kum. quwu; Nogh. quws; Khak. xs; Chuv.
xvl; Yak. kuohx.
The Chuv. form may rather belong to PTurk. *Kob-. See VEWT 275, EDT 613,
6, 18-20, Stachowski 161 (the two roots interact actively).

365, Poppe 77 (Turk.-Mong.), 46. A Western

isogloss.
-kk to be deficient, damaged: Tung. *kuKe-; Mong. *koki-; Turk.
*Kk-; Jpn. *kk-.
PTung. *kuKe- 1 to perish 2 dying (1 2 ):
Evk. kukel 2; Evn. kke- 1; Man. guku- 1; SMan. guku- to fall, to be destroyed (1063).
1, 169, 427.
PMong. *koki- 1 to be damaged 2 damage (1 2
): WMong. qoki- 1 (L 956: qoki 2); Kh. xo 2; Bur. xoxi 2; Kalm. xo1; Ord. Goiro- to be absolutely destroyed; Dag. kokire- (MD 183)
kokir-; S.-Yugh. kr-.
KW 182, MGCD 369. Mong. > Man. kokira-, see Doerfer MT 138.

*kk - *kk

713

PTurk. *Kk- 1 to decrease, diminish 2 deficient, empty (1 2 , ): OTurk. qoq- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh.
qoq- 1, qoquz 2 (MK); Tur. kokuz 2; Turkm. Govuz 2; Tat. quz 2 (dial.);
Khak. xox- 1; Oyr. qoq- 1.
EDT 609, 614, 6, 35-36.
PJpn. *kk- to be deficient ( ): OJpn. kaka- to
be deficient; to be damaged; MJpn. kk-; Tok. kke-; Kyo. kk-; Kag.
kak-.
JLTT 702.
KW 182.
-kk breast, to suck; heart: Tung. *xuku-n / *kuku-n; Mong. *kkn;
Turk. *gk; Jpn. *kkr; Kor. *koki-.
PTung. *xuku-n / *kuku-n breast (fem.) ( (.)): Evk. ukun;
Evn. kn; Neg. xn / kn; Man. oxo, oGo armpit; SMan. oh armpit(67); Ul. kue(n), kuku(n); Ork. q(n), q(n); Nan. k(n); Orch. oko(n);
Ud. koso (. 251); Sol. ux milk.
Formally derived from TM *xuku- to suck (breast), see 2, 254-255.
PMong. *kkn breast (fem.), nipple ( (), ):
MMong. kokan (SH), keuke (IM), kukn (MA); WMong. kk(n), kke(n) (L
482, 483); Kh. xx; Bur. xxe(n); Kalm. kkn; Ord. g; Mog. kk; ZM
kuk (2-8a); Dong. gogo; Bao. kugo; S.-Yugh. hgn; Mongr. kugo (SM 208).
KW 237, MGCD 403. Mong. > Manchu (sp.) xuxu (see TMN 1, 481), probably also
Jurch. xuxun (541).

PTurk. *gk (/*gg), *Kkrek 1 breast 2 middle of the back 3

reason, sense, emotion 4 female breast (1 2 ,
3 ): OTurk. kgz 1, 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. kgz 1
(MK); Tur. gs 1, kkrek 1 (dial.); Gag. gs 1; Az. kks, kks 1; Turkm.
gvs 1, kkrek 1; Sal. gfrix 4?; MTurk. kgs, kgs (Sangl.), kks (MA)
1, kkrek (Abush., . .) 1; Uzb. kks 1, 3, kkrk 1, 4; Uygh. kks 1,
kkrk 1; Krm. kkis 1, kkrk 1; Tat. kgs 1 (dial., ), kkrk 1, 4;
Bashk. kkrk 1; Kirgh. kkrk 1; Kaz. kkirek 1; KBalk. kkrek 1; KKalp.
kkirek 1; Kum. kkrek 1; Nogh. kkirek 1; SUygh. kks, gs 1; Khak.
kgis 1; Shr. kgs 1; Oyr. kgs 1, 3; Chuv. kgr 1; Yak. ks 2; Dolg.
kks back.
EDT 714, VEWT 288, 3, 54-55, 5, 136-137, 272-274, Stachowski 155.
The Oghuz forms with k- (Turkm. kkrek, Tur. dial. kkrek) may be < Kypchak, cf. -instead of -- in Turkm.

PJpn. *kkr heart (): OJpn. kokoro; MJpn. kkr; Tok.

kokro; Kyo. kkr; Kag. kokor.
JLTT 454. Accent is not quite clear: all dialects and RJ point probably to a low tone
on first syllable (except Tokyo: the origin of type 2 in trisyllables is obscure); Kagoshima
can reflect any structure with this characteristics; Kyoto points rather to *kkr, as opposed to the attested kkr.

714

*kke - *kk

PKor. *koki- heart of wood, pith, core (): MKor.

kokija; Mod. kogi.
Nam 45, KED 134.
Poppe 108, 1972a, 78-84, 1984, 106-107,
Martin 248, Murayama 1962, 111, 15, 32, 280, JOAL 147, 13, 272-273, TMN 1, 482 (Elementarverwandtschaft?),
Doerfer MT 142. Mongolian and TM have a parallel verbal stem to
suck (breast), thus the probable semantic development here is to suck
(breast) > (female) breast > breast (in general) > heart.
-kke ( ~ -i) blue, green: Tung. *kuKu; Mong. *kke; Turk. *gk.
PTung. *kuKu blue (, ): Evk. kuku, kuku-in; Man.
kuku; Orch. kuaga.
1, 421, 426.
PMong. *kke blue, green (, ): MMong. koko (HY 41,
SH), keuke (IM), kuk (MA); WMong. kke (L 482); Kh. xx; Bur. xxe;
Kalm. kk; Ord. g; Mog. kk; ZM kuk (13-7); Dag. kuke (. .
151, MD 185); Dong. kugie; Bao. koge, (MGCD) kugo; S.-Yugh. hg;
Mongr. kugo (SM 209).
KW 236, MGCD 378.
PTurk. *gk 1 blue 2 green (macro-blue according to Wierzbicka)
(1 2 ): OTurk. kk 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. kk 1 (MK,
KB), 2 (KB); Tur. gk 1; Gag. gk 1; Az. gj 1; Turkm. gk 1, 2; Sal. Gux 1;
Khal. kek 2; MTurk. kk 1 (MA); Uzb. kk 1, 2; Uygh. kk 1, 2; Krm. kk 1;
Tat. kk 1; Bashk. kk 1; Kirgh. kk 1; Kaz. kk 1; KBalk. kk 1; KKalp. kk
1; Kum. gk 1; Nogh. kk 1; SUygh. kk 1, 2; Khak. kk 1; Shr. kk 1, 2;
Oyr. kk 1, 2; Tv. kk 1; Tof. kk 1; Chuv. kvak 1; Yak. kx 1, 2; Dolg.
kk 1.
VEWT 287, TMN 3, 640-642, EDT 708-9, 3, 66-68, 60, 604, Stachowski 165. In most languages the root also means sky. Turk. > Hung. kk blue, see
Gombocz 1912.

EAS 154, VEWT 287, KW 236, 168, 324, Poppe 56,

288. A Western isogloss. Despite 1997, 128, Doerfer
TMN 3, 641-642, MT 99 and Rozycki 145 there is no need to assume
Mong. < Turk. or TM < Mong. (although it cannot be excluded). Derived are probably bird names: Turk. *gkerin dove, *gkel he-duck,
*kukk jay, Mong. *kgregene dove (see 175; Mong. is
hardly borrowed < Turk., despite Clark 1980, 44).
-kk rubbish, dirt: Tung. *kuk-pun; Mong. *kokir; Turk. *Kok; Jpn.
*kk- ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *kuk-pun rubbish, dirt (, ): Man. xukun; Ul.
kukpu(n); Nan. kukp.
1, 426.

*kl - *kl

715

PMong. *kokir filth, rubbish; dry dung (; , ):

MMong. qokir (SH, ); WMong. qokir (L 956); Kh. xoxir; Bur. xoxir.
PTurk. *Kok dust, ashes (, ): OTurk. qo (OUygh.);
Karakh. qo (MK); MTurk. qo (AH, Pav. C.); Krm. qoq; Kirgh. qoq;
Nogh. qoq; Khak. xox; Oyr. qoq; Tv. xoq; Yak. xooso.
EDT 609, VEWT 275, 276, 368. Turk. > Mong. qo, Kalm. xog dregs, dirt
(KW 181, 1997, 165).

PJpn. *kk- ( ~ -ua-) to urinate, excrete; to stink (, ; ): MJpn. kk-; Tok. kok-.
JLTT 712.
An expressive root. Cf. also Turk. *Kg dung (VEWT 261), *Kaka
id. (EDT 610).
-kl to be afraid, distressed: Tung. *kul-; Mong. *kuli-; Turk. *Kl-;
Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *kul- 1 to be frightened 2 stupid 3 stiff, silent, sullen (1 ( ) 2 , 3 , , ): Evk. kululi 3; Evn. qldam- 2, qla 3; Neg. kolo-kolo 3;
Man. quli- 1; Ul. qol-qol 3; Nan. qol-qol 3.
1, 428, 429.
PMong. *kuli- to be shy, timid (, ): WMong. qulij(MXTTT); Kh. xulij-.
PTurk. *Kl- 1 to be shy, afraid, sullen 2 to be jealous 3 jealousy (1
, , 2 3 ): Shr. kln
3; Oyr. kler-, Tel. klne- 2; Tv. xl-ze- 1; Chuv. kle-, kle- 2.
VEWT 289. 122-123 confuses the root with *gni (q. v. sub *kune); so does
1, 321.

PJpn. *kr- ( ~ -u) to be disappointed, distressed (-, ): OJpn. koru-; MJpn. krs- (caus.); Tok. kor-;
Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 712.
One of the many common Altaic verbs of emotion.
-kl ( ~ k-) time: Mong. *kli-; Turk. *Kolu; Jpn. *kr.
PMong. *kli- to wait (): MMong. gulie (HY 34, SH),
k[u]liimu- waiting (IM); WMong. klie-, kli-e- (L 499, 500); Kh.
xl-, xlce-; Bur. x-; Kalm. kl- (); Ord. kl-; Dag. kul- (.
. 151: ku-), kule- (MD 185).
MGCD 398.
PTurk. *Kolu 1 period of time 2 originally (1 2
): OTurk. qolu 1 (OUygh.); Kirgh. qolu 2.
EDT 617, 69-70, Clark 1977, 148-149.
PJpn. *kr time, period of time (, ): OJpn. koro; MJpn.
koro; Tok. kor, kro; Kyo. kr; Kag. kro.

716

*kli - *koi
JLTT 458. The Tokyo variant kro is unclear.
69-70.

-kli ( ~ -e) to harness: Mong. *kl-; Turk. *gl-.

PMong. *kl- to harness (): MMong. kol-, kolde- (SH);
WMong. kl-le- (L 485); Kh. xll-; Kalm. kll-; Ord. kl-.
KW 288.
PTurk. *gl- 1 to harness 2 harnessed animal (1 2 ): OTurk. kl- 1 (OUygh. - YB), klk 2(Orkh., OUygh.), a
vehicle (OUygh.); Karakh. klk 2 (MK); Tur. glk 2; Turkm. glk
(dial.) vehicle; gle 2; MTurk. klk 2 (Sangl.); Kirgh. klk 2; Kaz. klik
2; KKalp. klik 2; Nogh. klik 2; Khak. kl- 1, klg Nom. Act.; Oyr. klk 2
(possibly < Mong.); Tv. xl, xlge 2 (the latter is rather < Mong.); Tof.
hlle- 1; Chuv. kl- 1; Yak. kl-j- 1, kl, klg 2 (the latter may be <
Mong.).; Dolg. klj- 1.
VEWT 288, EDT 715, 717, 3, 69-70, 1, 320-321, Stachowski 155 (following Ka. MEJ 18 and deriving Yak., Dolg. < Mong.).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Contaminations with several other roots

were possible: cf. *gldi, *kuli, *kia. Cf. 1997, 128 (Turk. >
Mong.).
-kbkV ( ~ -o-) hub, wheel hub: Tung. *kulbuka; Mong. *kolkibi;
Turk. *Ko-luk; Jpn. *kski.
PTung. *kulbuka hub (): Evk. kulbuk (dial.).
1, 428.
PMong. *kolkibi 1 hub, bearing 2 cross-bow (1 2 ): WMong. qolkibi (L 960: qolqubi, qolqubi numu); Kh. xolxiw,
xolxow 1; xolxov-num 2.
PTurk. *Ko-luk 1 iron arrow-head 2 arrow with iron head (1 2 ):
Khak. xosta 1, 2; Yak. kustuk 2.
VEWT 283. Turk. > Mansi kulx. A Siberian word; but deriving it from *Ku bird
is hardly possible, despite Stachowski 162.

PJpn. *kski hub ( ): OJpn. kosikji; MJpn. kski; Tok.

kshiki.
JLTT 458.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term.
-koi ( ~ k-, --, -e) to freeze: Mong. *kl-de-; Turk. *K-.
PMong. *kl-de- to freeze (): WMong. klde-, kld- (L
485); Kh. xld-; Bur. xlde-; Kalm. kld-; Ord. kld-; Dag. kude- (.
. 151: kulde-, 179: xulde-), hulede- (MD 166), xude-, xuldu-; Dong.
guanie-; Bao. gond-; S.-Yugh. kld-.
KW 288, MGCD 373.

*ki(kV) - *kme

717

PTurk. *K- to freeze (): Tat. kek-; Bashk. kek-; Kaz.

k-; Tv. k-; Tof. k-; Yak. khj-.
VEWT 294, 5, 127.
1, 305. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The root should be distinguished from *koli- shadow, cloud (although contaminations are possible).
-ki(kV) ( ~ g-, -e) young of animals: Mong. *glige; Turk. *kek.
PMong. *glige pup, young dog or cat (,
): WMong. glge, glige (L 386); Kh. glg; Bur. glge(n);
Kalm. glg; Ord. glg; Dag. gulug, gulg (. . 133); S.-Yugh.
glg; Mongr. gorgo (SM 143), gulgo.
KW 137, MGCD 300.
PTurk. *kek young of camel (): Tur. kek, gek
(dial.), glk cub; Az. kk; Turkm. kek; MTurk. kek (AH); Uzb.
kek (dial.); Bashk. klkj calf; KKalp. kek (dial.); Kum. kilj (dial.)
cub; Chuv. > Hung. klyk, see Gombocz 1912.
5, 126-127.
KW 137, Poppe 25, 78. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. PT has a quite irregular *k-, probably due to contamination with *kik small, young of
animals q. v.
-kme ( ~-o) mat, carpet: Tung. *kuma-ln; Mong. *km; Turk. *Km;
Jpn. *km.
PTung. *kuma-ln a small carpet (made of skins) ( (
)): Evk. kumaln; Evn. qmnan; Neg. komalan; Ork. qmala(n);
Orch. kumala.
1, 430. Evk. > Dolg. kumaln (Stachowski 160).
PMong. *km rawhide, depilated skin ( ):
WMong. km; Kh. xm; Bur. xm; Kalm. km; Ord. km.
KW 239.
PTurk. *Km camels pack-saddle ( ):
Karakh. qom (MK); Turkm. Gm; MTurk. qom (MA); Uzb. qm; Bashk.
qum; Kirgh. qom; Kaz. qom; KKalp. qom; Oyr. qom; Tv. qom; Tof. xom.
VEWT 278, 541, 6, 55, Clark 1977, 149. Turk. > WMong. qom (KW
184, 1997, 139), whence Evk. km, Man. qomo (see 1, 408, Doerfer MT 61).

PJpn. *km straw matting ( , ): OJpn.

komo; MJpn. km; Tok. kmo; Kyo. km; Kag. kmo.
JLTT 456.
In the Western area the root denotes basically a carpet or covering
(>saddle) made of skins; since in Japanese it is a straw matting, it is not
quite clear what sort of mat was denoted by it in PA.

718

*kmpo - *pme.

-kmpo fist, wrist: Tung. *komba-; Mong. *kombo-; Turk. *Kop-; Jpn.
*kmpusi.
PTung. *komba- wrist, hand, spoke-bone (, , ): Neg. kombox; Ork. qom; Nan. qombo; Ud. komugu (. 249).
1, 408.
PMong. *kombo- round (esp. of hooves) ( (.
)): WMong. qombuji- (MXTTT); Kh. xomboj-; Bur. xombi-, xomiflat (of hooves); Ord. xomb- avoir une grosse panse et un petite ouverture (vase).
L 960 regards WMong. qombuur as a variant of qomuur curled, shrivelled, but
the Khalkha dictionary strictly distinguishes them.

PTurk. *Kop- 1 fist 2 wrist (1 2 ): Kirgh. qobuq arthritis of metacarpus; Oyr. qoboq 2; Tv. qowades 1, Krg. qofade ( < *Kop-ad).
194 (though hardly a loanword).
PJpn. *kmpusi fist (): MJpn. kbs; Tok. kbushi, kbushi; Kyo.
kbsh; Kag. kobshi.
JLTT 453. RJ, Tokyo and Kyoto point to a low tone on the first syllable (although
the rest of the word reveals accent variation); only Kagoshima is quite aberrant.

A common derivative *kmpo-kV is reflected in PT *Kopa-k = PTM

*komba-k.
-kmpi neck, part of breast: Tung. *kumpe(ke); Mong. *kmrge; Turk.
*gml-drk; Jpn. *kmp.
PTung. *kumpe(ke) breast ornaments ( ):
Neg. kumpken; Ul. kumpe(n); Orch. kumpe.
1, 431.
PMong. *kmrge breast ornament of horse ( ): Kalm. kmrg.
KW 239.
PTurk. *gml-drk breast strap ( ): Karakh.
kmldrk (MK); Tur. gmldrk; Turkm. gmldrk; MTurk.
kmldrk (Pav. C.); Tat. kmltk (); Bashk. kmldrk; Kirgh.
kmldrk; Tof. hmndrk.
VEWT 289, EDT 723, 3, 71-72, 552-553. Turk. > Mong. kmldrge
( 1977, 128). Forms like Uygh. mldrk, Bashk. melderek (see 1, 530, 553) may be derived from the same stem, under an influence of *mgen upper part
of breast q.v. sub *emo; a separate etymology see, however, under *pme.

PJpn. *kmp neck (): OJpn. kubji; MJpn. kb; Tok. kbi; Kyo.
kb; Kag. kbi ( = kT).
JLTT 461.
Cf. also Mong. *kemej which can go back to *kme-ej, cf. potential Turkic loanwords like Chag. kmekej, Yak. kmgj etc., see VEWT
289. Such a metathesis, however, is rather uncommon (as well as the
rendering of Mong. -- by Turkic -k-), and there are obvious loanwords

*kmtV - *ki

719

from the same Mongolian source: Yak., Dolg. kmej throat (see Ka.
MEJ 88, Stachowski 165). It may well be that the above Turkic words
are genuine after all, going back to *gm-kej (derived from the same
root as *gml-drk), while Mong. kemej has a quite different origin
(e.g. PA *ke middle, heart q.v.).
-kmtV box, frame: Tung. *komta-n; Turk. *Komta; Jpn. *kmt.
PTung. *komta-n cover, box (, ): Neg. komtaxan; Ul.
qmta(n); Nan. qomt; Orch. kumta(n).
1, 409.
PTurk. *Komta box (): Tat. qumta; Bashk. qumta; Khak. xomd;
Oyr. qomda; Tv. xomdu.
VEWT 279, 6, 6. Relation to Mong. qobdu is hardly possible.
PJpn. *kmt door frame ( ): Tok. kmachi; Kyo.
kmch; Kag. kamchi.
JLTT 431. In OJ kamati is attested only in the meaning cheek-bone(s), while RJ has
kfti id. This is possibly a specialization of the meaning frame, door-frame, additionally
(in MJ) influenced by kf face.

A reconstruction *kmVtV ( ~ -t-) is also not excluded (and perhaps would account better for the PJ form).
-kna(-kV) clothes: Tung. *kuge; Mong. *kunar; Jpn. *knk-.
PTung. *kuge clothes (): Evk. kugu; Evn. kgeke; Neg.
kege; Nan. kugu.
1, 433.
PMong. *kunar clothes (): MMong. qunar (SH); WMong.
qunar, qunir (L 986); Kh. xunar; Bur. xunar; Kalm. xunr (); Ord.
xunar; Dag. xonor (. . 177).
PJpn. *knk- 1 crown 2 to put on (upper clothes) 3 to incur, sustain
(1 , 2 ( ) 3 ):
OJpn. kage 1, kagapur- 2, 3; MJpn. kabur-, kaubur- 2, 3; Tok. kabr- 2,
kmr- 3; Kyo. kbr- 2, kmr- 3; Kag. kbr- 2, kmr- 3.
JLTT 700, 712. Modern kmur- < kaum(b)ur- < kankapur- ( = OJ kagapur- with reduction of the middle syllable); the variant kabur- is a result of contamination with *km(p)head (v. sub *kampa).

PTM and Japanese reflect a common derivative *kna-kV.

-ki ( ~ -e) leather, cloth: Mong. *kn-ile; Turk. *gn; Kor. *km.
PMong. *kn-ile blanket (): MMong. konile (HY 23),
koanile (SH), knle (LH); WMong. knile (MXTTT); Kh. xnil; Bur.
xnel; Kalm. knl (); Ord. knil (. ); Mog. knil
(Ramstedt 1906); Dong. guanulie (. .); Mongr. gwnilen (SM
138).
PTurk. *gn tanned skin, leather ( , ): OTurk.
kn (OUygh.); Karakh. kn (MK); Tur. gn; Az. gn; Turkm. gn; MTurk.

720

*ka - *ka

gn (Sangl.), kn (Nahc., Pav. C.); Uzb. kn; Uygh. kn; Krm. gn; Tat.
kn; Bashk. kn; Kirgh. kn; KBalk. gn; KKalp. kn; Kum. gn; Nogh.
kn; Oyr. kn.
VEWT 290-291, EDT 724, 3, 72-73, 384, 476-477. Cf. also *gnk an
ornament on shirt ( 5, 106).

PKor. *km material, cloth (, ): MKor. km;

Mod. km.
Nam 13, KED 49.
-- in MKor. is probably a result of assimilation ( < *km). Vovin
1993 compares MKor. km material, cloth with Jpn. *kn, on which
see rather *kjn; see also Robbeets 2000, 109.
-ka brown, black: Tung. *kona-; Mong. *ko-; Turk. *Kour; Jpn.
*knk-i; Kor. *knrh.
PTung. *kona- black (): Evk. kono-mo,-rin; Evn. q-;
Neg. konojn; Sol. xonor.
1, 413. Evk. > Dolg. konomo (see Stachowski 152).
PMong. *ko- light brown (): MMong. qoqor
(SH); WMong. qour (L 962); Kh. xongor; Bur. xongor; Kalm. xogr;
Ord. xoGor; Dag. xongr, kongor (. . 150), kongore (MD 183);
S.-Yugh. oGor; Mongr. xoxo (SM 172) de couleur rose, (MGCD
GoGor).
KW 185, MGCD 364. Mong. > Evk. kogr, Man. qoGoro (morin) > Kor. kogol (mal)
(see Lee 1958, 119, Rozycki 143).

PTurk. *Kour red-brown, dark brown (-, ): Karakh. qour (MK); Tur. kogur , gour (dial.); Gag.
qomur; Az. Gonur; Turkm. Gour; MTurk. qour (IM), qour (Pav. C.);
Uzb. qir; Tat. qor; Bashk. qur; Kirgh. qour; Kaz. qor; KBalk.
qour; KKalp. qor; Kum. qour; Nogh. qor; SUygh. qor; Khak. xr;
Oyr. qor; Tv. xr; Chuv. xmr; Yak. qoor.
VEWT 280-1, TMN 3, 525, EDT 639, 6, 62-65.
PJpn. *knk-i shadow; reflection (; ): OJpn. kage;
MJpn. kg; Tok. kge; Kyo. kg; Kag. kag.
JLTT 432.
PKor. *knrh shadow (): MKor. knr (knrh-); Mod. knl.
Nam 9, KED 232.
Poppe 72, KW 185, VEWT 281, Whitman 1985, 183, 199, 222, 290, 12, Robbeets 2000, 109. The Mongolian form qour
might as well be a Turkism, cf. TMN 3, 525-526, 1997, 139-140
(note that qon-dun, qo-du < Chinese). The TM forms, despite Doerfer
MT 37, cannot be regarded as mongolisms. In Kor. cf. also kr mirror (probably a derivative from the same root; semantically cf. Jpn.
kaga-mi id. - mirror < shadow). Note that *knrh reflects a suffixed

*ka - *ke

721

form *ko(a)-rV with assimilation > *konrV, while *knk-i reflects another suffixed form *ko(V)-kV ( = Mong. *kogu-r).
-ka bell: Tung. *k-; Mong. *koku; Turk. *Kora-; Jpn. *kn-i.
PTung. *k- 1 ringing sound (expr.) 2 bell (1
(.) 2 ): Evk. kkte 2; Evn. qat 2; Neg. kor, kor
1; Man. qogir 1; Ul. qoGoqto 2; Ork. qoGoqto 2; Nan. qoGqto 2; Orch.
kookto 2; Sol. xott 2.
1, 410.
PMong. *koku bell (): WMong. qoqu (L 963); Kh.
xonx; Bur. xonxo; Kalm. xox (); Ord. xoxo; Dag. kungarta, (.
. 178), kuangarete (MD 184), xuangarta; Dong. GoGon; Bao. GoGa;
S.-Yugh. oGo; Mongr. xoGor.
MGCD 365.
PTurk. *Kora- 1 to ring, toll 2 bell (1 , 2 ()): Karakh. qoraq, qorau 2; Tur. korak (dial.) 2; Az. Gmrow
2; Sal. koor 2; MTurk. qumrawu 2 (AH); Uzb. qraw 2; Uygh. qoraq,
qoiraq (dial.) 2; Tat. qraw 2; Bashk. quraw 2 (dial.); Kirgh. qour
2; Kaz. qoraw 2; KKalp. qoraw 2; Kum. qouraw 2; Nogh. qoraw 2;
Khak. xora- 1, xoro 2; Shr. qora- 1, qor 2; Oyr. qoro- 1, qor 2; Tv.
qoura- 1.
VEWT 280, TMN 3, 526, EDT 640, 6, 60-61.
PJpn. *kn-i bell (): OJpn. kane; MJpn. kn; Tok. kne; Kyo.
kn; Kag. kne.
JLTT 437.
KW 186, 1, 410. In Jpn. the word is homonymous with
*kn-i metal, which is probably secondary (but may explain the irregular tone).
-ke to tear out, uproot: Tung. *ko-; Turk. *Kour-; Jpn. *knsu-; Kor.
*k-.
PTung. *ko- to tear out, uproot (, ): Evk.
kodot-; Evn. qonaq-, qonal-.
1, 410, 412 (the root should be distinguished from *koda- break, crosswise q.
v. sub *kti).

PTurk. *Kour- to tear out, uproot (, ): Karakh.

qour- (MK); MTurk. qoar- (Abush., . .); Tv. xuna-; Yak. xoun-,
xonor-; Dolg. koor-.
VEWT 281, EDT 640, 6, 65, Stachowski 152.
PJpn. *knsu- to uproot ( ( )): OJpn. kozu-.
JLTT 714.
PKor. *k- 1 to pull, drag 2 to draw 3 stroke, drawn line (1 ,
2 3 , ): MKor. k- 2, k-,

722

*kogV - *kopV

k-, sk- 1 (with sk- representing expressive gemination), ks ( = *k)

3; Mod. k:l- 1, kt- [ks-] 2.
Nam 69, 75, KED 247, 257.
Whitman 1985, Robbeets 2000, 102. The Jpn. form is historically a
compound with *s(u)- to make, do. In Kor. a palatalization *ke >
*ke occurred.
-kogV deaf: Tung. *koga; Mong. *kogor.
PTung. *koga deaf (): Neg. kogo; Ul. qoGo; Ork. qoGo;
Nan. qoGo; Orch. kogo; Sol. xog.
1, 471. TM > Dag. xong, kong (. . 177).
PMong. *kogor naive, guileless (): WMong. qoor
(L 962: qour); Kh. xogor; Bur. xongor; Ord. xoGor.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-kti ( ~ -e, *kutu) to break, break in halves: Tung. *koda-; Mong.
*knde-le; Jpn. *kntk-.
PTung. *koda- 1 crosswise 2 to break, snap, be broken 3 half (of an
object) (1 2 () 3 ()): Evk. kodor
1, kodorgo- 2; Evn. qods 1, qodq- 2; Orch. kondo 3; Ud. kandugu 3.
1, 412.
PMong. *knde-le crosswise (): MMong. kondolen (HY 53);
WMong. kndelen, kndlen (L 488); Kh. xndl; Bur. xndelen; Kalm.
kndln; Ord. kndln; Dag. hundulen (MD 166), xundul; Bao. guandla;
S.-Yugh. kndln; Mongr. kwndilen (SM 206), kundlen.
KW 289, MGCD 374. Mong. > Chag. kndln etc., see TMN 1, 483, 1997,
205.

PJpn. *kntk- to break (): OJpn. kudak-; MJpn. kdk-; Tok.

kudk-; Kyo. kdk-; Kag. kdk-.
JLTT 715.
Poppe 84 (Tung.-Mong.; Doerfer TMN 1, 483 criticizes Poppes
TM reconstruction *kndes - which is justified, but does not abolish the
parallel).
-kopV to plane, whet: Tung. *kuba-; Mong. *kobiki; Turk. *Kobu,
*Kobua-.
PTung. *kuba- to plane, scrape (, ): Evk. kuwa-;
Evn. qwn scraper, drawing-knife; Neg. koa-, kowa-; Man. quwa-fia-;
Ork. qwa, qwaq plough; Nan. qoatamsa chip, splinter; Orch. koa-,
kua-, kuwa-; Ud. kua-.
1, 421.
PMong. *kobiki a k. of chisel with a grooved blade (
): WMong. qobki (L 949: qobiki); Kh. xovxi; Bur.
xobxol- to plane, scrape off.

*kp - *kpi

723

WMong. qobqul- to tear away ( > Evk. kopko-, Man. qobqolo- etc., see 1, 414,
Doerfer MT 91, Rozycki 141).
PTurk. *Kobu, *Kobua- 1 sharpened (arrow) 2 to sharpen, plane (1
() 2 , ): OTurk. qovua- (OUygh.) 2;
Karakh. qova- (MK) 2; Tur. (Osmanli) qovu, qou (XVI c.) 1.
EDT 613-614.
A Western isogloss.
-kp to bend; elevation, convexity: Tung. *kupe-; Mong. *kb- / *kb-;
Turk. *gpe(ne); Jpn. *kmpu; Kor. *kp-, *kp-.
PTung. *kupe- 1 to swell up 2 hill, mound 3 convex (1 ,
2 , 3 ): Evk. kepe- 1, kupike, kuwudek 2;
Neg. kupe- 1; Ul. kubdu 2; Nan. kubd 2, kupul-kupul 3.
1, 422, 434, 452. The root actively contaminates with *kepu- to drift, float on
the surface (v. sub *kupe).

PMong. *kb- / *kb- 1 to bend, incline 2 arch, convex, convexity 3

to swell 4 mountain ridge 5 bow-string (1 , 2 , , 3 4 5 ):
MMong. k[o]bi 5 (IM), kubi, kubin (MA 219); WMong. kbre-, kber1, kbgr, kbgr 2, kbkeji- 3, kbi 4 (L 475, 476, 477); Kh. xvre- 1,
xvxij- 3, xv 4, 5; Bur. xbe 4, 5; Kalm. kwk- 3, kw 4, 5 (); Dag.
kubei 5 (MD 184).
PTurk. *gpe(ne) haystack ( ): Tur. geben; Tat. kbe; Bashk.
kb; Kum. keben; Tv. xpn; Chuv. koba.
5, 15, 80, 1, 308-309. Turk. > Hung. kepe sheaf, see Gombocz 1912.
PJpn. *kmpu lump, hump (, ): Tok. kob; Kyo. kb;
Kag. kbu.
JLTT 453. PJpn. accent is unclear.
PKor. *kp-, *kup- to be bent ( ): MKor. kp-, kup-;
Mod. kop-, kup-.
Nam 52, 63, KED 163, 220.
Cf. *gpe, *kpe (in Mong. and TM also a partial contamination
with *kupe light, float). See also notes to *keporV curved bone.
-kpi ( ~ -e) navel: Mong. *kj; Turk. *gpek; Kor. *kop.
PMong. *kj navel (): MMong. k (IM), qui (SH); WMong. ki,
(L 498:) ki; Kh. xj umbilical cord; Bur. xj; Kalm. k; Ord. k umbilical cord.
KW 234. Cf. also Bur. xberge umbilical cord.
PTurk. *gpek navel (): Karakh. kbek (IM); Tur. gbek; Gag.
gbek; Az. gbk; Turkm. gbek; MTurk. kbek (Sangl.); Krm. kbek; Tat.
kbk (dial.); Chuv. kvaba.
VEWT 285, EDT 688, 3, 52, 1, 247. Cf. also probably from the same
root: Chuv. kpa vagina, Tat. kp pipe-like stalk.

724

*kpV - *kre

PKor. *kop navel (): MKor. pi-s-kop; Mod. pk:op.

Nam 253, KED 743.
MKor. pi-s-kop has also a variant pi-s-pok - which must be secondary in the light of external evidence.
-kpV all: Tung. *kupukte; Mong. *kow; Turk. *Kop.
PTung. *kupu- 1 all 2 whole (1 2 ): Evk. kkte 1; Neg.
kepukte 1; Ul. kupte 2; Ork. kupukte 2; Nan. kupukte 2; Ud. kufula, kufule 2;
Sol. xokkoi 2.
1, 426 (some forms listed should be qualified as mongolisms).
PMong. *kow all (): WMong. qou; Kh. x; Bur. x; Kalm. x;
Dag. x, xua (. . 176); Mongr. x-la, x-lo (SM 180).
KW 191. Mong. > Sal. k all, various.
PTurk. *Kop all (): OTurk. qop (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qop
(MK).
VEWT 281, EDT 579.
KW 191, 255, 15, 27, 289, 12. A
Western isogloss (possible Kor.-Jpn. reflexes see under *kpi).
-kre to freeze: Tung. *kuri-; Mong. *kr; Turk. *Krt; Jpn. *kr-.
PTung. *kuri- 1 to freeze (of ice on window) 2 snow drift (1 ( ) 2 , ): Evk. kurr- 1; Evn. kurilke
2.
1, 436-437.
PMong. *kr 1 dense, thick snow 2 to freeze (1 2
, ): MMong. kor-be iced, cold (HY 6); WMong. kr
1, kr- 2 (L 490); Kh. xr 1, xr- 2; Bur. xr 1, xre- 2; Kalm. kr 1, kr- 2
(); Ord. kr- 2; S.-Yugh. kr 1, kr-, krg- 2; Mongr. kori- se geler
(SM 215), kor 1.
MGCD 375, 376.
PTurk. *Krt snow drift, deep snow (, ):
OTurk. krtk (OUygh.); Tur. krt (dial.), grtk; Uygh. krt; Tat. krt;
Bashk. krt; Kirgh. krtk; Kaz. krt, krtk; KBalk. krt; Kum. krt;
Nogh. krtk; Khak. krtk; Shr. krt; Oyr. krtk, krt; Tv. xrtk; Chuv.
krt (Anatri); Yak. krk.
EDT 739, 5, 149-150.
PJpn. *kr- to freeze (, ): OJpn. kor-; MJpn. kr-;
Tok. kr-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kr-.
JLTT 713. Accent in Tokyo and Kyoto is irregular (pointing to a variant *kr-).
VEWT 311, KW 240.

*krke - *kru

725

-krke a k. of vessel: Tung. *kurke; Mong. *korgu; Turk. *Krke; Kor.

*kk.
PTung. *kurke vessel made of birch bark ( ): Evk.
kurken ; Ul. kurke; Ork. kurke; Nan. kurke; Orch.
kukke; Ud. kuku (. 252).
1, 426, 437.
PMong. *korgu a k. of vessel ( ): WMong. qoru (L 965);
Kh. xorgo; Dag. xorgo (. . 177).
PTurk. *Krke wooden dish, bowl ( , ):
Karakh. krge (MK); MTurk. krge (Abush.), krege (Sangl.); Krm. krege;
Oyr. krg ein grosses Birkenrindengefss; Chuv. korga scoop.
EDT 742, VEWT 311, 1, 372.
PKor. *kk vessel, dipper, a measure of weight (, , ): MKor. kk; Mod. kugi.
Liu 82, HMCH 243, KED 196.
A good common Altaic root, denoting some kind of big vessel
(used as a measure of weight in the Eastern area).
-koru a k. of big fish: Tung. *koru; Mong. *korbu; Turk. *Kor(t)-; Jpn.
*kntr; Kor. *kri.
PTung. *koru pike (): Evn. krike, kurike a k. of fish ( ); Neg. kojn; Man. xoro; Ul. qor.
1, 404, 420. Manchu has also a front-row variant kure tench (also kure, kurin
a k. of sea fish), see 1, 438 (cf. also Ul., Nan. kuere , 1, 445); the
Manchu word was borrowed > WMong. kre, Kalm. kr tench (see Doerfer MT 144).

PMong. *korbu beluga, white fish (, ): WMong.

qorbu (L 965); Kh. xorov; Kalm. xorw ().
Cf. also WMong. qarba a k. of fresh-water fish (or is it < carp?).
PTurk. *Kor(t)- 1 burbot 2 pike 3 huso, beluga (1 2 3
): Tat. () qurt 1, qurtan 2; Kaz. qortpa 3; Nogh. qortpa 3;
Khak. xort 1 (Sag.); Shr. qortu 1; Oyr. qortu 1; Chuv. ? krt, kr ruff
( = Mari kr, krkke trout).
1, 260. For Chuv. krt cf. also Tat. qrt (the direction of borrowing is
unclear).

PJpn. *kntr whale (): OJpn. kudira; MJpn. kdr; Tok. kjira;
Kyo. kjr; Kag. kujir.
JLTT 468. The Kyoto accent is aberrant.
PKor. *kri whale (): MKor. kri; Mod. kor.
Liu 63, KED 138.
Accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular.
-kru ( ~ --) nut: Tung. *kuri; Jpn. *kr-i; Kor. *kri.
PTung. *kuri cone, nut (, ): Man. uri fir cone; Jurch.
xuri (127) fir cone; Nan. kori-i water nut, kore-kta pine cone.
1, 416, 417, 478.

726

*ksV - *ke

PJpn. *kr-i chestnut (): OJpn. kuri; MJpn. kr; Tok. kur;
Kyo. kr; Kag. kur.
JLTT 464. For *-u cf. OJ kuru-su chestnut grove.
PKor. *kri wild walnut ( ): MKor. kri; Mod.
kar.
Nam 11, KED 11.
11, Whitman 1985, 193, 231, Menges 1984, 274 -275. Basically
an Eastern isogloss: the Turkic forms of the type koz are most probably
borrowed from Iranian. There are also forms reflecting *koak (VEWT
285), but they may also reflect a contamination of the root *Ko (or the
borrowed koz) with the genuine root *kusk (e.g. Tuva kusuk), see
*kuu.
-ksV ( ~ -u-) chain, ring: Tung. *kosa; Jpn. *ksr; Kor. *ksr.
PTung. *kosa 1 stone ring 2 ring, pectoral (1 2
, ): Ul. qoso(n) 2; Ork. qoso 1; Orch. koso 1.
1, 417.
PJpn. *ksr chain (): OJpn. kusari; kusar- to be linked,
chained together; MJpn. ksr; Tok. ksari; Kyo. ksr; Kag. kusri.
JLTT 466. Modern dialects point rather to *ksr.
PKor. *ksr pearl(s) (): MKor. ksr; Mod. kusul.
Liu 84, KED 204.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. Old Koguryo *kos gem, jewel (see Miller
1979, 10).
-ke edge, protrusion: Tung. *koa; Mong. *kosiu; Turk. *Ksri; Jpn.
*kis ( ~ -i-); Kor. *ksrk.
PTung. *koa river bend, cape, angle ( , , ):
Evk. koo; Evn. qo; Neg. koo; Man. oo; Ul. o; Orch. komdi
curved; Ud. koso(n).
1, 419. A complicated case: Manchu has also qoo (borrowed from some Amur
language?).

PMong. *kosiu protrusion, beak (, ): MMong. xoiun

(HY 15), qoiun (SH); WMong. qosiu(n), qusiu(n) (L 970); Kh. xo;
Bur. xun; Kalm. xon, xun; Ord. Gu; Mog. ZM qoun (8-5b);
Dong. quun; Mongr. Go (SM 126).
KW 190, TMN 1, 406-407.
PTurk. *Ksri 1 sides of the chest 2 wind-screen, bill (1
2 ): Karakh. ksri 1 (MK); Chuv. kzr-uk 2.
Chuv. > Russ. (on the possible Turkic origin of the Russian word see 2). See EDT 751.

PJpn. *kis ( ~ -i-) bank, shore (, ): OJpn. kisi; MJpn. ks;

Tok. kish; Kyo. ksh; Kag. kish.
JLTT 451. Kyoto has an irregular accent (*ksh would be expected).

*k - *kte

727

PKor. *ksrk protrusion, edge of roof (, ):

MKor. ksrk; Mod. kisk [kislk].
Nam 79, KED 269.
SKE 113-114, EAS 102. The Kor.-Jpn. forms are not quite regular:
in Kor. one would rather expect *ksrk (so probably we are dealing
with a metathesis); the diphthong -ui- in Japanese (as in the few other
similar cases) has a not quite clear origin. It may well be that the Jpn.
form is related to *kui fortress < *border, see *kudu - although the
suffixation is peculiar.
-k lever: Tung. *kui-pun ( ~ --); Mong. *ksi-; Turk. *kse-; Jpn.
*ksp; Kor. *kosak.
PTung. *kui-pun ( ~ --) pole, lever (, ): Ul. kuspu(n);
Nan. kuip.
1, 439.
PMong. *ksi- 1 to prop, move with a lever 2 lever (1 ,
2 ): WMong. ksi- 1, ksir 2 (L 492); Kh. xi1, xr 2; Bur. xe- 1, xrge 2; Kalm. kr 2 (); Ord. g- 1,
grge 2.
PTurk. *kse- 1 to stir with a poker 2 poker (1 2 ): Az. ksv 2; Turkm. kse- 1, kesevi 2; MTurk. kse- (AH)
1, kseg (IM) 2; Uygh. ksj 2; Tat. kisw (dial.) 2; Bashk. kew, kw,
kk 2; Kirgh. ks- 1, ks 2; Kaz. kse- 1, ksew 2; KBalk. ksew 2;
KKalp. kse- 1, ksew 2; Kum. ksew 2; Nogh. kse- 1; Khak. kzes 2; Oyr.
kz 2; Tv. kze- 1; Chuv. ksek lever, stick.
5, 119-121. The regular reflex would be expected as *gse-; the shape kse- is
probably due to the influence of *k glowing coals (cf. in MK: kze- to stir with a
poker).

PJpn. *ksp wedge, brace, clinch (, , ): MJpn.

ksf, ksb; Tok. ksabi; Kyo. ksb; Kag. kusab.
JLTT 465. The word has a rare accent structure HLL.
PKor. *kosak a piece of wood reinforcing a dovetail joint ( ): Mod. kosak.
KED 144.
The root (as a verb) meant basically to use a prop or lever,
whence an instrumental noun *k-pV (TM *kui-pu-n, PJ *ks-p, possibly also Mong. ksi--r).
-kte hole: Tung. *kota-; Mong. *kota-gar; Turk. *gt; Kor. *kt.
PTung. *kota- 1 concave, cavity 2 to bend upwards (1 , , 2 ): Evk. koto-kon 1; Evn. qotaa 1; Man.
otoro- 2; Ul. qotom- 2; Nan. qotajg 2.
1, 418.

728

*kti - *kti

PMong. *kota-gar hollow (n.) (, ): WMong. qota-ar

(L 972: qotuur); Kh. xotgor; Bur. xotogor; Kalm. xotr, xotxr; Ord. GotoGor.
KW 190.
PTurk. *gt anus, buttocks (, ): Karakh. kt (MK);
Tur. gt; Gag. gt; MTurk. kt (MA, Pav. C.), MKypch. kt (CCum., Ettuhf.); Uzb. ket; Krm. kt; Kirgh. kt; Chuv. kot.
VEWT 294, EDT 700, 3, 84-85, TMN 3, 618, 50, 281, 1, 316. Cf. also *gtk tailless.

PKor. *kt hole, pit (, ): MKor. kt; Mod. kut, kudi.

Nam 62, KED 197, 216.
281. Derived are Turk. *gten(e) stomach ( 3, 85),
Mong. *kotua- id. ( > Evk. koto etc., see Doerfer MT 103-104); cf. also
TM *kuta id. ( 1, 418, 439), see Doerfer ibid.
-kti to lift, raise: Tung. *kutu-; Mong. *kt-; Turk. *gt-; Jpn. *kutu-.
PTung. *kutu- 1 to drag 2 mountaineering 3 to raise, lift (1 ,
2 ( ) 3 ): Evn. kt, kte 2; Man.
xete- 3; Nan. kutu- 1; Orch. kotolo sleigh.
1, 418, 421, 483. Man. > Ul., Nan. xete- raise, lift.
PMong. *kt- 1 to lead 2 hill 3 to be high, lift the breast (1 2
3 , ): MMong. kotol- 1 (HY 39, SH);
WMong. ktle- (L 493: ktl-, ktel-) 1, ktl 2 (L 493: ktl, ktel), kteji3; Kh. xtl- 1, xtl 2; Bur. xtel- 1, xtel 2; Kalm. ktl- 1, ktl 2, kt- 3;
Ord. gtl- 1, gtl 2; Dag. kutl- 1 (. . 152: kutule-), kutel- (MD
185); Bao. kutel- 1 (. .); S.-Yugh. ktl- 1; Mongr. kudor (SM 206), 2
(MGCD kudol), kudoli- (SM 206), kudol- 1.
KW 242, MGCD 378. TMN 1, 323. Kalm. ktr- to lift may be borrowed < Turk.
Mong. > Man. kutule- (see Doerfer MT 118, Rozycki 147; but Nan. kutu- can hardly be
explained as a loan).

PTurk. *gt- to rise, raise (()): OTurk. ktr- (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. ktr- (MK, KB); Tur. gtr-; Gag. gtr-; Az. gt-;
Turkm. gter-; Khal. ketr-, ketir-; MTurk. kter- (Abush., MA); Uzb.
ktar-; Uygh. ktr-; Krm. kter-; Tat. ktr-; Bashk. ktr-; Kirgh. ktr-;
Kaz. kter-; KBalk. ktr-; Kum. gter-; Nogh. kter-; SUygh. kter(); Khak. kdr-; Shr. kdr-; Oyr. kdr-; Tv. kdr-; Tof. ktr-;
Yak. kt-; ktr bird; Dolg. kt- to fly; run.
VEWT 294, EDT 706, 3, 86-88, Stachowski 158. Cf. also Karakh. ktki hill,
kt the roof of a house (MK, EDT 701).

PJpn. *kutu- to turn upside down ( (

)): OJpn. kutu-kapjer-; MJpn. kt-kafer-; Tok. kutsuge-; Kyo.
ktsg-; Kag. ktsg-.

*ktV - *kb

729

JLTT 718. The PJ accent is not clear. Cf. also OJ katug- to carry on the shoulders
(perhaps < kutug- under the influence of kata shoulder, kataga- carry on the shoulder).
EAS 147, KW 242, TMN 1, 459.
-ktV ( ~ k-, -u-) village, locality: Mong. *koto; Turk. *Kutu; Kor. *kt.
PMong. *koto 1 town, group of huts 2 family, home (1 , 2 , ): MMong. qutan hurdle (MA), qoton (SH, HYt);
WMong. qota(n), qotu(n) (L 972) 1; Kh. xot 1; Bur. xoto(n) 1; Kalm. xotn,
xot 1; Ord. Goto 1, cote; Dag. xoton, koton 1 (. . 178); Dong. ?
kide 2; Bao. kute, kete 2; S.-Yugh. oto 1; Mongr. kudu (SM 206) 2.
KW 190, MGCD 368. Mong. > Kirgh., Chag. qotan; Evk. koton etc. (Doerfer MT 81,
Rozycki 109).

PTurk. *Kutu group of people ( ): Karakh. qutu (KB).

EDT 596.
PKor. *kt place, locality (, ): MKor. kt; Mod. kot
[kos].
Nam 50, KED 164.
EAS 154, SKE 127.
-kb to wish, hope, like: Tung. *kub- / *keb-; Mong. *kw-, *kw-,
*ke-r; Turk. *gb-; Jpn. *kump- ( ~ --).
PTung. *kub- / *keb- 1 friendly, lovingly 2 bride (1 , 2 ): Evk. kuwer 2; Man. keb, keo 1; Nan. kewli 1.
1, 423, 443.
PMong. *kw-, *kw-, *ke-r 1 joy, happiness 2 wish 3 proud 4
percent, profit 5 to become excited, boast (1 , 2 3 4 , 5 , ):
WMong. kwr, kger 1, kger(e)-, kgeri- 5 (L 479); Kh. xr 1, x 4, xr- 5;
Bur. xr babbler, gabby; merry, xrx boastful; Kalm. k 2, kr 3;
Ord. kr- sexalter.
KW 243, 249.
PTurk. *gb- 1 to be proud, arrogant, enjoy self-respect 2 to hope 3
proud (1 , 2 3 ): OTurk.
kvez 3, kven- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. kvez 3, kven- 1 (MK); Tur. gven1, 2; Az. gvn- 1,2; Turkm. gvne- to approve; MTurk. kven- 1
(Sangl.); Bashk. kj 3; Nogh. kjez 3.
VEWT 306, EDT 690, 3, 91-92.
PJpn. *kump- ( ~ --) to flatter (): OJpn. kwobu-; MJpn.
kb-; Tok. kbi-; Kyo. kb-; Kag. kob-.
JLTT 710.
KW 243, 212, EAS 113, Poppe 48, 82. Despite TMN
1, 486, Mong. is not < Turk.

730

*kubirgV - *ki

-kubirgV ( ~ k-) drum: Mong. *kerge / *krge; Turk. *Kbrg.

PMong. *kerge / *krge drum (): MMong. keurge,
kourge (SH), korge (HY 19); WMong. kgerge, kgrge (L 480); Kh. xrg.
Mong. > Chag. kewrge, see TMN 1, 473-475.
PTurk. *Kbrg drum (): OTurk. kbrg (OUygh.); Karakh.
kvrg (MK); Tur. kewrg (Osm.); MTurk. (Xwar.) kwr (Qutb), kvrg
(IM).
EDT 690-691.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss - but despite TMN 1, 473-475, hardly borrowed in Turk. from Mongolian.
-kb ( ~ -o-, -p-) pole, shaft: Tung. *kobil; Turk. *Kubak ( ~ -p-); Jpn.
*kp.
PTung. *kobil mast (): Ul. qowl; Nan. qojol; Orch. kwi.
1, 403.
PTurk. *Kubak ( ~ -p-) arrow shaft ( ): Tat. qubaq
(Sib.); Shr. qubu pole.
VEWT 295.
PJpn. *kp pole, post (, ): OJpn. kupji; MJpn. kf; Tok.
ki; Kyo. k; Kag. ku.
JLTT 462. Some accent irregularities are due to contraction.
The root is not widely spread, but seems to be reliable.
-ki power: Tung. *kus-; Mong. *ki-n; Turk. *g; Kor. *kk.
PTung. *kus- 1 to fight 2 fight 3 strength, power (1 , 2 , 3 ): Evk. kus- 1, kusn 2; Evn. kusi- 1, kusin 2; Neg.
kus- 1, kusun 3; Man. xusun 3; SMan. husun 3 (171); Jurch. xiu-sun (513)
3; Ul. kusu(n) 3; Ork. kusu(n) 3; Nan. kus 3; Ud. kuhi 3; Sol. xusui
strong, powerful.
1, 438-439.
PMong. *ki-n power, strength (): MMong. koer- (IM), kuin
old age (MA), guu(n) strength (SH, HYt); WMong. ki, (L 496:)
k(n); Kh. x; Bur. xe(n); Kalm. kn; Ord. gi(n); Dag. kui (.
. 152, MD 184); Dong. kuie; S.-Yugh. kun; Mongr. kui (SM 207).
KW 249, MGCD 403.
PTurk. *g power (): OTurk. k (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. k
(MK, KB); Tur. g; Gag. g; Az. g; Turkm. g; Khal. ki; MTurk.
k (Sangl., Pav. C., MA); Uzb. ku; Uygh. k; Krm. k; Tat. k; Bashk.
ks; Kirgh. k; Kaz. k; KBalk. k; KKalp. k; Kum. g; Nogh. k;
SUygh. ku; Khak. ks; Shr. k; Oyr. k; Tv. k; Tof. k; Yak. ks;
Dolg. ks.
VEWT 306, EDT 693, 3, 96-98, Stachowski 166.
PKor. *kk 1 extreme, very powerful 2 at most (1 ,
2 ): MKor. kk-h- 1; Mod. koak 2.

*ki - *kd

731

Nam 48, KED 148.

EAS 96, KW 249, 165, Poppe 63, 112, 16.
High tone in Kor. is not clear. Despite TMN 3, 627, 1997, 128,
Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turkic; TM cannot be borrowed from
Mong., despite Rozycki 113. In (p. 77) the root was compared
with PJ *ksV- to contest. The latter, however, has better Tungus parallels: TM *gali- to contest ( 1, 138), see *gai.
-ki ( ~ k-, g-, --, -o, -u) to hold in arms: Turk. *K-; Kor. *k-.
PTurk. *K- to embrace (): OTurk. qu- (Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. qu- (MK); Tur. ku-, ko-; Az. Gu-; Turkm. Gu-; MTurk. qu(Pav. C.); Uzb. qu-; Krm. qu-; Tat. qo-; Kirgh. qu-; Kaz. qu-; KKalp.
qu-; Yak. ks-; Dolg. ks-.
EDT 590, VEWT 295-296, 6, 105-106, Stachowski 163. Shortening in Turkm. is
unclear (length in Yak. and voicing -- > -- in Tur., Az. point to *--).

PKor. *k- to hold in two arms ( ): MKor.

k-.
HMCH 342, Nam 54.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.
-kd to be submerged; to pour out: Tung. *kodori-; Turk. *Kud-; Jpn.
*kntk-.
PTung. *kodori- 1 to scoop 2 scoop (made of birch bark) (1
2 ()): Ul. qodrp(n) 2; Nan. qodori- 1 (On.), qodorqo,
qodorp 2.
1, 403.

PTurk. *Kud- 1 to pour out (water) 2 to pour 3 well (1 2 3 ): OTurk. qud- 1 (OUigh.), qudu 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.
quj- 1 (MK), quu 3 (MK, QB); Tur. kuju 3, quj 3 (dial.); Gag. quju 3; Az.
Guju 3; Turkm. Guj- 1, 2, Guj 3; MTurk. quj- 1 (Sangl.), quj 3 (Pav.C.);
Uzb. quj- 1; Uygh. quj- 1; Krm. quj- 1, quju 3; Tat. qoj- 1, 2, qoj 3; Bashk.
qoj- 1, 2, qoj 3 (dial.); Kirgh. quj- 1, 2; Kaz. quj- 1, 2, quj 3 (dial.); KBalk.
quj- 1, 2, quju 3; KKalp. quj- 1, 2, quj 3; Kum. quj- 1 quju 3; Nogh. quj- 1,
2, quj 3; SUygh. quz- 1; Khak. xus- 1, 2 (dial.); Shr. quspaq
(?); Tv. qut- 1; Tof. qut-/d- 1; Chuv. xv- 1, 2; Yak. kut- 1, 2.
VEWT 296, EDT 596, 598, 2000, 109-111, 119-120, . 102, 2, 379. The root contained undoubtedly *-d-, but variants with *-j- are attested unusually early. Turk. > MMong. uduh (SH), WMong. qudu (whence backwards > Turkm.
Guduk, Uygh. quduq, Khak. xutux etc.), see EDT ibid., KW 194, 1997, 143, TMN
1, 395-396, Stachowski 162.

PJpn. *kntk- to dive (, ): OJpn. kaduk-; MJpn.

kdk-; Tok. kazk-; Kyo. kzk-.
JLTT 707.
Evk. kudu, kuduk saline; spring with salted water; well, spring is
semantically distant from the other TM forms and very probably bor-

*kude - *kugi

732

rowed from Mong. (however not from Mong. quir, despite Doerfer MT
104, but rather from qudu well - itself borrowed from Turkic, see
above). One can mention Mong. kdese- to swim (of a snake), but both
the vocalism and the meaning seem to be somewhat aberrant.
-kude relative-in-law: Mong. *kuda; Turk. *gde-.
PMong. *kuda relative-in-law (, ): MMong. guda
match-maker, parent-in-law (HY 32), quda (SH); WMong. quda (L 979);
Kh. xud; Bur. xuda , xudag c; Kalm. xud; Ord. xuda; Dag.
xodugu, (. . 176) xodog, (. . 178) xuada; Dong. Gudai;
S.-Yugh. Gud; Mongr. Guda (SM 123), Gud.
MGCD 384. Mong. > Chag. quda etc. (see TMN 1, 424, 310, 6,
102-103), Chuv. xda (Rna-Tas 1973-1974), Man. xuda etc., see KW 194, 1997,
208, Doerfer MT 81-82.

PTurk. *gde- 1 son-in-law 2 guest (1 2 ): OTurk. kdeg

1, kden 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. kdeg 1, kden 2 (MK, KB); Tur. gveji 1;
Gag. gv 1; Az. gijev 1; Turkm. gijev 1; Sal. kui 1 (); Khal. kideji 1;
MTurk. kjew 1 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. kujw 1; Uygh. kjoul 1
(*kj-oul); Krm. gijav 1; Tat. kijw 1; Bashk. kejw 1; Kirgh. kj 1; Kaz.
kjew 1; KBalk. kijew 1; KKalp. kjew 1; Kum. gijev 1; Nogh. kijew 1;
SUygh. kuze 1; Khak. kz 1; Shr. kze 1; Oyr. kj 1; Tv. kd 1; Tof.
hd 1; Chuv. kr 1; Yak. kt 1; Dolg. kt 1.
EDT 703, 704-705, 3, 43-45, 297-298, Stachowski 166. Turk. > Mong.
kdeg; Yak. > Evk. kut.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-kugi ( ~ -k-, -e) quilted clothes, trousers: Tung. *kuku; Mong. *kg-d;
Kor. *koi ( ~ *koi).
PTung. *kuku 1 sleeping-bag 2 clothes with quilted sleeves (1
2 ): Evk. kuku 1, 2;
Evn. q 1, 2.
1, 427.
PMong. *kg-d thick quilted trousers, wadded trousers (
): WMong. kgd (L 497); Kh. xgd.
Mong. > Man. xukdu, xuktu quilted coat, Nan. xuktu id. etc. (see 1, 476).
PKor. *koi ( ~ *koi) dressing for the lower part of body (
): MKor. koi, kooi; Mod. koi.
Nam 15, 48, KED 148. Martin treats the word as a loanword < MC kh trousers +
j clothes; however, the word means both trousers and skirt in MKor.; the compound
is not found in Chinese proper; and the MKor phonology cannot be explained < Chinese.
Modern koi (orth. koi) may be a secondary modification under Chinese influence.

Although not very widely represented, the root appears to be

Common Altaic.

*kg - *kja

733

-kg swan: Tung. *kku; Turk. *Kugu; Jpn. *kkp; Kor. *khi.
PTung. *kku (/*xku) swan (): Evk. k-si; Evn. -s; Neg.
xk-si; Ul. kuku; Ork. kuku / kukku; Nan. kuku; Orch. kku; Ud. kxi.
1, 426-427; 2, 336.
PTurk. *Kugu swan (): OTurk. quu (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh.
quu (MK); Tur. kou, kuu; Az. Gu, Guu; Turkm. Guv; MTurk. quu
(Ettuhf.), qu (Pav. C., AH); Uzb. quw; Uygh. quw; Krm. quu, qou, quw;
Tat. q, qu (.); Sib. qu polar duck; Kirgh. q; Kaz. quw; KBalk.
quw; KKalp. quw; Kum. quw, q; Nogh. quw; Khak. x; Shr. q; Oyr. q;
Tv. q; Yak. kuba; Dolg. kuba.
VEWT 275, EDT 609, TMN 3, 533-534, 171, 6, 101, Stachowski 159.
Turk. > Kalm. o, o (Heer)schnepfe, see KW 149. On Yak. kuba see a special note
under PA *kpu.

PJpn. *kkp swan (): OJpn. kukupji; MJpn. kkf; Tok.

kugui (arch.).
JLTT 462.
PKor. *khi heron (): MKor. khi.
Nam 49.
9, 172, Whitman 1985, 183, 222. Kor. has an irregular low tone. The root is onomatopeic and the medial consonant behaves irregularly in TM (various assimilations are attested). In Turkic
the root could additionally contaminate with *kpu q.v. The Altaic antiquity is, however, beyond doubt.
-kja a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *kuju-; Mong. *kajil-; Kor. *kj, kij.
PTung. *kuju- 1 goose 2 young of birds 3 duck (1 2 3
): Evk. kujuk 1; Evn. kujuken 2; Neg. kujuxn 3; Man. ojo 2; Jurch.
xojxolo (184); Ork. kujumu ; Orch. kuja ; Sol.
xujx 2.
1, 424, 425.
PMong. *kajil- 1 sea gull 2 lark (1 2 ):
MMong. qajiruqana (SH) Weissfedervogel (e. Drosselart).; WMong.
qajilaan 1 (MXTTT); Kh. xajlgana 1; Bur. xajlgana 1, xajrgana 1,2.
Cf. also WMong. qui (L 982) a k. of duck with variegated spots; a grey bird with a
long tail resembling a magpie.

PKor. *kj, kij domestic goose ( ): MKor. kj,

kij; Mod. kwi.
Nam 35, KED 87.
Turk. *Kjg- a k. of bird (VEWT 261) may be possibly related, but
merged with *Kj- to cry (ibid.).
-kja a k. of nut: Tung. *kuju-kta; Jpn. *kaja; Kor. *kim.
PTung. *kuju-kta 1 nut 2 blue-berry (1 2 ): Evn. kujkit
2; Nan. qojaqta 1; Orch. kuikta 1; Ud. kuikta 1 (. 252).

734

*kujV - *kk

1, 425.
PJpn. *kaja Torreya nucifera ( ): OJpn.
kaja; MJpn. kaja; Tok. kaya.
JLTT 446. PJ accent is unclear.
PKor. *kim prickly grass; nutwood ( ; ):
MKor. kim, kaiam; Mod. kam.
Nam 28, 29, KED 72.
An Eastern isogloss; see also notes to *kj.
-kujV ( ~ k-, g-) thick, saturated: Turk. *Koju-g; Jpn. *ku-; Kor. *k-r-.
PTurk. *Koju-g thick, saturated (, ): OTurk. qoju
(OUygh.); Karakh. qoju (MK); Tur. koju; Gag. qoju; Turkm. Goj; Uzb.
qujuq; Uygh. qojuq; Krm. qoju, quju; Tat. quj; Bashk. quj; Kirgh. quj;
Kaz. qoju; Nogh. qoj; Khak. xoj; Shr. qoj; Oyr. qoju; Tv. xoju; Tof.
xou; Yak. xoj; Dolg. koj.
EDT 676, TMN 3, 562, 6, 32-33, Stachowski 150. The deriving stem *Koj(u)to become viscous, thick is attested in Oyr. qoj-, KKalp. qoj-, Khak. xoj-, Tuva xoju- (see
ibid.). The reconstruction *Ko- is proposed in VEWT 276, but is based only on the not
quite reliable Tofalar nasalization; the Yakut and OT evidence does not support it.

PJpn. *ku- thick, saturated (): OJpn. kwo-; MJpn. k-; Tok.
k-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 832.
PKor. *k-r- to be thick, fertile, rich ( , ):
MKor. kr-; Mod. kl-.
Liu 47, KED 97.
The second vowel and tone are hard to establish because of contraction in Jpn. and Kor.
-kukata ( ~ -k-) carpal joint: Tung. *koKalta; Mong. *kagda; Jpn.
*kakat.
PTung. *koKalta mittens (): Evk. kokollo; Evn. qqtn;
Neg. koxolo; Ul. qlto; Nan. qlto; Orch. kkto; Ud. kolo (. 250).
1, 405.
PMong. *kagda carpal joint (of animals) ( ()): WMong. qada (L 908); Kh. xagd; Bur. xagd.
PJpn. *kakat heel (): Tok. kkato; Kyo. kkt; Kag. kakat.
JLTT 433. Original accent is not quite clear.
The meaning in Mongolian is probably original here; in Japanese
one has to suppose a shift carpal joint of feet > heel; in TM - > covering for the carpal joint (wrist) = mittens.
-kk meat: Tung. *kuKu-; Jpn. *kuaku-mi; Kor. *kk.
PTung. *kuKu- 1 to mince (meat) 2 minced meat 3 fat, inner fat (1
() 2 3 , ): Evk. kukur1, kukur 2; Evn. kuk- 1; Orch. kukene 3.

*klme - *klV

735

1, 427.
PJpn. *kuaku-mi meat (with bumps, warts) ( ( , )): OJpn. kwokumji.
PKor. *kk fish, meat (, ): MKor. kk; Mod. kogi.
Nam 45, KED 135.
296. An Eastern isogloss; but cf. perhaps Mongor xuGo
ventre, entrailles.
-klme a k. of ungulate: Tung. *ku(l)ma-; Mong. *kulan; Turk. *Kulum;
Jpn. *kuma.
PTung. *ku(l)ma- maral, Siberian stag (): Evk. kumaka, kumaran; Neg. komaxa; Nan. qomaqa; Orch. kumaka; Sol. xmx.
1, 430. Medial -l- is not reflected (it is best preserved in Manchu which has
lost the root); but cf. also Evk. kulkua, kulen a k. of deer (perhaps < *kulm-en, -kua
with loss of -m-, but preservation of -l-).

PMong. *kulan ass (): MMong. qulan (SH), qulan (MA);

WMong. qulan, klen (L 984); Kh. xulan; Bur. xulan; Kalm. xul, xuln;
Ord. xulan.
Mong. > Turk. qulan (see 6, 127-128, Doerfer TMN 3, 557); > Manchu qulan
(see Rozycki 148).

PTurk. *Kulum foal (): OTurk. qulun (Yen.); Karakh. qulun (MK); Tur. kulun; Az. Gulun; Turkm. Gulun; MTurk. qulun, qulum
(Pav. C.); Uzb. qulun (dial.); Uygh. qulun (dial.); Tat. qoln; Bashk. qolon;
Kirgh. qulun; Kaz. quln; KKalp. quln; Nogh. quln; SUygh. qulun, qulum, qulm, qolun; Khak. xulun; Oyr. qulun; Tv. qulun; Chuv. xm; Yak.
kulun.
EDT 622, TMN 3, 506-507, 6, 132-133.
PJpn. *kuma foal, colt (, ): OJpn. kwoma; MJpn.
km; Tok. kma, kom; Kyo. km; Kag. kma.
JLTT 455. The accent is somewhat unclear (Kyoto is quite aberrant, but Tokyo and
Kagoshima may still point to a high tone on the first syllable). The word is usually
treated as kwo child + uma horse, but the order of the components is quite unusual.

Turkic and TM reflect a common derivative *kmle-V.

-klV servant, slave: Tung. *klu-me ( < *kle-me ?); Turk. *Kul.
PTung. *klu-me servant (): Evk. klme; Evn. klme; Ork. kele.
1, 447.
PTurk. *Kul slave, servant (, ): OTurk. qul (Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. qul (MK); Tur. kul; Az. Gul; Turkm. Gul; MTurk. qul (Pav. C.);
Uzb. qul; Uygh. qul; Krm. qul; Tat. qol; Bashk. qol; Kirgh. qul; Kaz. qul;
KBalk. qul; KKalp. qul; Kum. qul; Nogh. qul; SUygh. qul; Khak. xul; Shr.
qul; Oyr. qul; Tv. qul; Yak. kulut; Dolg. kulut.
VEWT 297, TMN 3, 503-505, EDT 615, 318, 6, 120-121, Stachowski
160.

*kulV - *kuV

736

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. also Kalm. keln, WMong. kele slave (if
not == tongue).
-kulV ( ~ -o-, --) snake, worm: Tung. *kul-n; Kor. *krj.
PTung. *kul-n 1 worm 2 snake (1 2 ): Evk. kulikn 1, kuln 2; Evn. qln mosquito; Neg. kolixn 1; Ul. qla(n) 1; Ork. qola 1;
Nan. qol 1; Orch. kul 1, 2; Ud. kuliga 1, 2; Sol. xoex 1, xo 2.
1, 428. Evk. > Dolg. kulikan (Stachowski 160).
PKor. *krj adder, viper (): MKor. krj; Mod. kuri.
Nam 58, KED 199.
SKE 132, 293. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; further Nostratic
parallels see in 1, 308.
-kapV oak, oak-tree: Tung. *kolopo-kta; Jpn. *ksp; Kor. *krp.
PTung. *kolopo-kta a k. of tree ( ): Orch. kolobokto,
kopolokto ritual fir-tree; Ud. kofolokto a k. of tree.
1, 407-408.
PJpn. *ksp oak-tree (Quercus dentata thunb.) ( ): OJpn.
kasipa; MJpn. ksp; Tok. kshiwa; Kyo. kshw; Kag. kashwa.
JLTT 441. The word has a rare accent type HHL.
PKor. *krp oak-tree (): MKor. krp; Mod. karam-namu.
Nam 3, Liu 19.
Martin 237. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *kolV.
-kuV ( ~ -o-) enclosure: Tung. *kuli-, *kuli-ti-; Turk. *Ko.
PTung. *kuli-, *kuli-ti- 1 to fence, shut off 2 threshold 3 partition,
screen 4 lobby (1 , 2 3 , 4 ): Evk. kultir 2; Evn. ql- 1; Neg. kultik 3;
Jurch. xu-li 4 (205); Orch. kukti- 1.
1, 428-9.
PTurk. *Ko hut, hovel, camp(ing) (, , ):
Karakh. qo family (Tfs.); Turkm. Go; MTurk. qo camp, camping
(Pav. C.), house, dwelling (Sngl.); Tat. qu; Bashk. qw; Kaz. qos;
KKalp. qos; Nogh. qos; Balk. qo; Kum. qo; Tv. qo caravan; Chuv. x,
xu, xu; Yak. xos room.
VEWT 283, EDT 670, 491-492, 6, 90-94, 2, 375-376. Turk. >
WMong. qos, Kalm. xo (KW 189), WMong. qosi-li (Clark 1980, 42). The root is confused
with *Ko pair, but should be probably distinguished. Tat. and Bashk. obviously reflect a
contamination with *Kogu empty space, hollow. A loanword from Tokh. kokye hut
(which itself is < Iranian, see Adams) had been suggested - which, however, cannot explain the absence of -k- in the Turkic form.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

*kma - *kmi

737

-kma a musical instrument: Tung. *kumu-n; Turk. *Komu; Kor.

*kmnk.
PTung. *kumu-n music (): Man. kumun; SMan. kumun
(1382).
1, 431. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable parallels in Turk. and
Kor.

PTurk. *Komu musical instrument ( ):

Kirgh. qomuz; Kum. qomuz; SUygh. qous, qos; Khak. xoms; Oyr.
qomus; Tv. xomus; Yak. qomus, qams.
VEWT 281, 6, 69-71.
PKor. *kmnk a Korean harp of seven strings ( ): MKor. kmnk; Mod. kmungo.
Nam 32, KED 84.
SKE 106. Cf. *kupro - the two roots are to be distinguished.
-kumba(ka) a k. of vessel: Tung. *kmba; Mong. *kombuga; Turk.
*Kumgan; Jpn. *km.
PTung. *kmba scoop, ladle (, ): Evk. kmba; Evn.
kmee; Neg. kombo; Ul. qombo; Ork. qombo; Nan. qombo.
1, 408, 420.
PMong. *kombuga sack (): WMong. qombua (); Kh.
xombogo; Bur. xombogo.
PTurk. *Kumgan kettle, jug (, ): Karakh. quman
(MK); Tur. kuman (dial.); Az. Guman; Turkm. Gumn (dial.); MTurk.
quman (Pav. C.); Uzb. qumn; Uygh. quman; Krm. quman, quman;
Tat. qoman; Bashk. qoman; Kirgh. quman; Kaz. quman; KBalk. quman;
KKalp. quman; Kum. qumman; Nogh. quman.
EDT 627, VEWT 300, 6, 136-137 ( > Mong. qumaan, see 1997, 143).
PJpn. *km kettle (): MJpn. kama; Tok. kma; Kyo. km;
Kag. kma.
JLTT 435.
Either length in TM or tone in Jpn. is irregular.
-kmi ( ~ -o-) hollow, cavity, inner angle: Tung. *kum-; Mong. *kmg;
Jpn. *kma; Kor. *km-k.
PTung. *kum- 1 edge 2 hollow, cavity 3 precipice (1 , 2 , 3 ): Evk. kumdika 1, kuma 2; Evn. kumtutti 3; Man.
kumdu 2.
1, 430, 431, 450. Despite Rozycki 146, Man. kumdu cannot be explained as a
loan < Mong. kdei (q. v. sub *ki).

PMong. *kmg edge, overhang (of a mountain), shelter (, ): WMong. kmg (L 487); Bur. xmeg canyon, ravine; hollow;
Kalm. kmg.

738

*kumi - *kumi

PJpn. *kma inner angle, cavity ( , ):

OJpn. kuma; MJpn. km; Tok. kum; Kyo. kma.
JLTT 463. Kagoshima has irregular accent: km (which would point to *km) - but
the other dialects, together with the RJ form km / km point uniformly to a high tone
in the first syllable.

PKor. *km- cavity, hole (, ): MKor. kmk, km

(kmk-); Mod. kum.
Nam 59, 63, KED 201.
Lee 1958, 114, Martin 233.
-kumi ( ~ -o-, -e) eyebrows, hair on temples: Tung. *kum-; Mong.
*km-; Kor. *kmt.
PTung. *kum- eyelid (): Evn. kmdemke; Neg. kembukte; Ul.
kumte, kumbikte; Nan. kumukte; Ud. kempukte, kemukte (. 254).
1, 430, 447.
PMong. *km- eyebrow (): MMong. kumusk (MA 250);
WMong. kmske (L 487: kmsge); Kh. xmsg; Bur. xmedxe; Kalm.
kmsk; Ord. kms; Mongr. komosgo (SM 213), kumosgo.
KW 239, MGCD 374. Mong. > Yak. kmske etc. (see 5, 103).
PKor. *kmt hair on temples ( ): MKor. kmt,
kumis; Mod. kwimit [kuimith].
Nam 59, 65, KED 228. Both variants with -t and -s are early attested and it is hard to
decide which one is original (because of the early confusion of -t and -s). The MKor. variant kui-mit(h), whence modern kwimit, is obviously a result of reinterpreting the word as
*kui-mith roots of the ears.

Poppe 19, 68, 5, 214 (but the Turkic parallels

should probably be separated: cf. *kuru(mV)). Despite Doerfer MT 80,
TM forms cannot be < Mong.
-kumi ( ~ -o-,-u-) a k. of insect: Tung. *kumke; Mong. *kmrege; Turk.
*Kumr-; Jpn. *kmu; Kor. *kmi.
PTung. *kumke louse (): Evk. kumke; kumikn insect; Evn.
kumke; kumnilen name of a beetle; Neg. kumke; Man. xelmeku, xelmexen
spider; Nan. kuke (dial.); Orch. kume; Ud. kumuge; Sol. xuk; xumxe
ant.
1, 430, 431, 481. -l- in Manchu is probably secondary (tabooistic contamination with xelme shadow).

PMong. *kmrege a k. of insect ( (- , ,

)): WMong. kmrege (); Kh. xmrg.
PTurk. *Kumr- ant (): OTurk. qumursa (OUygh.); Tur.
komursa (dial.); Turkm. Gumursa; Sal. qumusqa, qomusqn; Khal.
Gumur; MTurk. qumursxa (Pav. C.), qumursua (AH); Uzb. qumursqa; Krm. qumurstqa, qumurstqu; Tat. qrmsqa; Bashk. qmrqa; Kirgh.
qumursqa; Kaz. qumrsqa; KBalk. qumursxa, qumursqa, qumurxa; Kum.

*kmu - *kune

739

xomursa; Nogh. qumrsqa; Khak. xumusxa, xmsxa; Shr. qmrta,

qumsta; Oyr. qomursqa; Tv. qmsqajaq; Yak. kmrdaas.
EDT 628, VEWT 300, 183-184, 6, 140-141.
PJpn. *kmu spider (): OJpn. kum(w)o; MJpn. km; Tok. kmo;
Kyo. km; Kag. kum.
JLTT 463.
PKor. *kmi spider (): MKor. kmi; Mod. kmi.
Nam 32, KED 84.
SKE 105, Lee 1958, 119, Martin 242, 1, 309, 290,
9, 184. An expressive root: cf. *kuma, *kajamV.
-kmu to wrap up, cover: Tung. *kum-; Mong. *kumi-; Turk. *Kum- /
*Km-; Jpn. *km-; Kor. *km-.
PTung. *kum- 1 to cover oneself, cover up 2 to embrace (1 , () 2 ): Evk. kumu- 1, kuml- 2; Evn. kumle- 1,
kemnu- 2; Neg. kumul- 1, komn- 2; Ul. kumul- 1; Ork. kumele- 1; Nan.
kumuligu- 1; Orch. kumul- 1; Sol. xumel- 2.
1, 430, 431.
PMong. *kumi- to wrap up, roll up, collect (, ): WMong. qumi- (L 985), qumbi-; Kh. xumi-; Bur. xumi-; Kalm.
xm-, xm-, xu-; Ord. xumi-; Dag. komo- (. . 150); Mongr.
xumbu- envelopper, couvrir (SM 182).
KW 193, 197, 202, MGCD 389, TMN 1, 416.
PTurk. *Kum- / *Km- to wrap, tuck (, ):
Uzb. qimti-; Tat. qmt-; Bashk. qmt-; Kirgh. qmt-; Kaz. qmt-, qmta-;
KKalp. qmt-, qmta-; Nogh. qmt-; Oyr. qm-; Tv. qumza package; Yak.
kumuj-.
VEWT 301, 6, 221-223.
PJpn. *km- to plait, intertwine, combine (, ): OJpn.
kum-; MJpn. km-; Tok. km-; Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 716.
PKor. *km- to wind around (, ): MKor. km-;
Mod. km-.
Liu 29, KED 50.
Martin 246 (Kor.-Jpn.). Korean has a usual low verbal tone, but
the -a-vowel is quite irregular . Perhaps one should think of an early
merger in Kor. with the root *kma to connect (q.v.).
-kune ( ~ g-) one of several wives: Turk. *gni; Jpn. *kuanami.
PTurk. *gni 1 co-wife 2 envy, jealousy 3 jealous, envious person 4
to be jealous, envy (1 2 , 3
, 4 , ): OTurk. kni (OUygh.)
2; Karakh. kni (MK) 1; Tur. gn, gn 1, 2; Az. gn 1; Turkm. gni 1;
MTurk. kni (MA, Pav. C.) 1, 2; Uzb. kunda 1, kuni 3; Uygh. knd 1,

740

*kunu - *k

kn-l- 4, kn-i 3; Krm. knde 1, kn-le-, kn-le-, kn-le- 4; Tat. knd

1, kn-e 3, kene (dial.) 2; Bashk. knd 1, kn-l- 4, kn-s 3; Kirgh. kn,
knd 1, kn-l- to be jealous (of women); Kaz. kndes 1, kn-de- 4;
KKalp. kndes 1, kn-le- 4; Kum. gn- 3; Nogh. kndes 1, kn-le- 4;
SUygh. kun bol- 4 (); Khak. kn-ne- 4, kni 3; Oyr. kn 2; Tv.
xn-ne- 4; Yak. kn 2.
VEWT 307, 309, EDT 727, 3, 104-105, 76, 1, 269. Cf. perhaps
also Yak. kit, Dolg. kint sister-in-law (?).

PJpn. *kuanami first wife (in polygamy) ( ( )): OJpn. kwonamji; MJpn. knm.
JLTT 456.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Evn. qa witch ( 1, 411).
-kunu ( ~ *k-) to fold, twist: Mong. *kuni-; Turk. *Kun-da-; Jpn.
*knir-.
PMong. *kuni- to fold, plait (, ): WMong.
quni-, qunija- (L 986); Kh. xuni-; Bur. xuni-; Mongr. xun pli, ride,
sillon (SM 182).
PTurk. *Kun-da- 1 to swaddle 2 swaddlingclothes (1 2 ): Tur. kundak 2; Gag. qundaq 2; Az. GundaG 2; Turkm. Gunda- 1,
Gundaq 2; MTurk. qondaq 2 (R.); Uzb. qndq 2; Uygh. qondaq 2; Krm.
qndaq 2; Tat. qontq 2 (dial.); Kirgh. qundaq 2; Kaz. qundaq 2; KKalp.
qundaq 2; Kum. qunnaq 2; Nogh. qundaq 2; Oyr. qndaq 2.
VEWT 301, 6, 144-146.
PJpn. *knir- to twist (, ): MJpn. kuner-; Tok.
kunr-; Kyo. knr-; Kag. knr-.
JLTT 716.
A good Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. parallel.
-k ( ~ k-) skin, leather: Mong. *kujag; Turk. *Kuak; Jpn. *km.
PMong. *kujag armour (): MMong. qujax (HY 19, SH), qjq
(IM), qojq (LH); WMong. quja (L 983); Kh. xujag; Bur. xujag; Kalm.
xujg; Ord. xujaG; S.-Yugh. ujaG; Mongr. xojaG (SM 173), xujaG.
KW 195, MGCD 387.
PTurk. *Kuak 1 armour 2 skin (1 2 ): Karakh. qujaq
1, qujqa 2 (MK); MTurk. qujaq 1 (Pav. C.); Tat. qojqa 2; Bashk. qojqa 2;
Kirgh. qjaq 1, qujqa 2; Kaz. qujqa 2; KKalp. qujqa 2; Nogh. qujqa 2; Khak.
xujax 1, xuja 2; Oyr. qujaq 1, qujqa 2; Tv. qujaq 1, quja 2; Tof. quaq 1;
Yak. kuax 1, kuaxa 2.
EDT 676, VEWT 301, 576, 6, 111, 113, Stachowski 161. Turk. >
Mong. qujiqa skin from the head (whence Evk. kuika etc., see Doerfer MT 132; Dolg. kujka
head skin, see Stachowski 160).

PJpn. *km paper (): OJpn. kam(j)i; MJpn. km; Tok. kam;
Kyo. km; Kag. kmi.

*ke - *ke

741

JLTT 435.
Mong. may be < Turk., but may as well be genuine.
-ke moth, worm: Tung. *ku-kta; Turk. *ge / *gua; Jpn. *k; Kor.
*ki.
PTung. *ku-kta 1 larva of a gad-fly 2 butterfly (1 2
): Evk. kujkta, dial. kuukta 1; Evn. kjit 1; Neg. kujikte 1; Ul.
koai 2; Ork. kikte 1; Orch. ki(ka(n)) 2; Ud. koaa 2 (. 249).
1, 410, 424. Evk. > Dolg. knkte, kkte (Stachowski 165).
PTurk. *ge / *gua moth (): Karakh. kj (MK); Tur. gve;
Az. gv; Turkm. gje; Uzb. kuja; Tat. kj; Bashk. kj; Kaz. kje; KBalk.
kje; KKalp. kje; Nogh. kje; Khak. k; Shr. quja Kellerwurm; Oyr.
kje, quja; Chuv. kve; Yak. kr, kjr.
VEWT 297, 3, 94, 186. Kirgh. kb is rather < Mong. kibe id.
PJpn. *k mosquito (): OJpn. ka; MJpn. ka; Tok. k; Kyo. k;
Kag. k.
JLTT 430.
PKor. *ki 1 earth-worm 2 intestinal worm, ascarid (1
2 ): MKor. ki 1; Mod. kwi 2.
Nam 34, KED 87.
Rsnen 1955, 18:3, 19 (Turk.-Tung.), 1, 298-299,
186, Robbeets 2000, 108; TMN 3, 660 (...der ev. Vergleich zweifelhaft...). The Japanese form goes back to a suffixed *kue-gV (cf. the TM
and Kor. forms); the vowel, however, is quite irregular - which may be
due to contraction (cf. a very similar case in PJ *ka day < PA *gju).
-ke (*kje) heart, middle: Tung. *ku-; Turk. *gj-il; Kor.
*kn-ti.
PTung. *ku- 1 to beat (of heart) 2 heart 3 aorta, vein (1 (
) 2 3 ): Evn. ku- 1, kukis 2, kewue
(Ol.) 3; Man. kuxen 3.
1, 427, 433, 442.
PTurk. *gj-il heart, mood (, ): OTurk. kl (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. kl (MK, KB); Tur. gn-l; gjn, gjn (dial.); Gag.
gn; Az. knl; Turkm. gvn, k-l (arch. - borrowed from Trki); Sal.
gjy; Khal. kil; MTurk. kl (Sangl., MA); Uzb. kil; Uygh. kl;
Krm. knl, kln; Tat. kl; Bashk. kl; Kirgh. kl; Kaz. kil;
KBalk. kl; KKalp. kil, kewil; Kum. gl; Nogh. kil; SUygh. kl;
Khak. kl, kn-; Shr. kn-; Oyr. kn; Tof. xl; Chuv. kml; Yak.
kl will, freedom; Dolg. kl permission.
VEWT 291, EDT 731, 3, 75-77, 274, Stachowski 156. Almost all languages reflect a suffixed form (a substantivized adjective in -il, see Gabain AG 75). Khak.,
Shor reflect a nominalized attributive form of kl.

PKor. *kn-ti middle (): MKor. kn-ti; Mod. kaun-de.

*ki - *kutV

742

Nam 7, KED 22.

On a possible Mongolian reflex see under *kmpi.
-ki child: Tung. *ku; Mong. *kw, *kw-n, *kewken; Turk. *g;
Jpn. *ka.
PTung. *ku 1 childhood 2 child 3 new-born child (1 2 3 ): Evk. ku, kua 1, kukn 2; Evn. qa 2;
Neg. koaxn 2; Nan. qoar b 3; Sol. kuaxa 2.
1, 433.
PMong. *kw, *kw-n, *kewken child, son (, ):
MMong. koun (HY 29, SH), ku (HY 30), kou (SH), keun (IM), kuwn
(MA); WMong. k, kbekn, keken (L 461: keken, kegken); Kh. x,
xvgn son, x-xen daughter, girl; Bur. xbn son, xge(n) child;
daughter,; Kalm. kwn son, kkn girl; Ord. k son, ken; Mog.
kn; ZM koun (9-8b) son, kouklq (10-5b) youth; Dag. keuku son
(MGCD, . . 149 keku), keku (MD 182); Dong. kvan, kwon son;
Bao. k (MGCD ku); S.-Yugh. kken; Mongr. k, k son (SM 205),
kugen (SM 208) child.
KW 242, MGCD 395, TMN 1, 455. Cf. also WMong. ki, Kalm. k tribe, kin ( >
Turk. kj, see KW 234, VEWT 286).

PTurk. *g female slave (): OTurk. k (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. k (MK, Tefs., IM); Turkm. g a Turkmani born from a Persian woman (.); MTurk. k (MA), (MKypch.) k (CCum.); Uzb.
gu voiceless female slave; Kirgh. k; Kaz. k; KKalp. k; SUygh.
k (); Chuv. xr-m.
VEWT 309, EDT 726, 5, 142, 317. The Uzb. meaning was influenced
by Persian gung deaf-and-dumb.

PJpn. *ka child (): OJpn. kwo; MJpn. k; Tok. k; Kyo. k;

Kag. k.
JLTT 452.
KW 242, 82, 7. The Jpn. form goes back to
*ku(i)-gV.
-kutV ( ~ -o-) rump, anus: Tung. *kudu-; Mong. *kodu-, *koi-;
Turk. *Ko; Kor. *kutu-.
PTung. *kudu- 1 rump 2 cunnus (1 , 2 cunnus): Evk.
kunuk, kuduki 1; Evn. qoa 2.
1, 410, 432.
PMong. *kodu-, *koi- 1 rump, buttocks 2 anus 3 posterior (1
, 2 anus 3 ): MMong. qonijasun [P]; WMong.
qodulai 1 (L 962: qondulai), qonijasu 3 (L 963: qousu junction of two
thighs, crotch); Kh. xondloi 1; Bur. xondoloj 1, xonzhon 2, 3; Kalm.
xondsn the joint between the legs; Ord. xondol 1; Mongr. Gonos,
Gwnas le derrire (homme, animaux) (SM 123).

*kupe - *kp

743

KW 185. Mong. > Man. onsun, xonisun.

PTurk. *Ko 1 thick part of the thigh; muscles 2 behind, buttocks (1
; , 2 ): Karakh. qo (MK) 1;
Uygh. qo 2; Kirgh. qo 1, 2; Kaz. qo 1, 2; KKalp. qo 1; SUygh. qor,
qoqr 2; Tv. qo animal body; Yak. ku 1.
VEWT 280, Clark 1977, 149, 6, 58-59. Turk. > Mong. Khalkha xongo, Kalm.
xo (although -o in the Khalkha form is suspicious and perhaps reflects a genuinely cognate PM *kogo).

PKor. *kutu- rump, buttocks (, ): MKor. kutui;

Mod. kudui.
Nam 91, KED 222.
EAS 141, Poppe 18.
-kupe light (of weight), floating on the surface: Tung. *kepu- ~ *kopu-;
Mong. *kb-; Kor. *kpi-.
PTung. *kepu- ~ *kopu- to float on the surface ( ): Evk. kepke-met-; Evn. kewu-met-; kebdui- to swim (of sea animals); Neg. kopon- ~ kepen-; kebgexit- to produce bubbles (of fish); Ul.
kopto-; Ork. kuptu-du-; Nan. qopto-l, kepte (adv.); Orch. kopo fish-hook;
Ud. kopol-.
1, 442, 451-452. Cf. also Evk. keptul, kepeme soft, fluffy; TM *kebkV (*kepkV?)
free, empty ( 1, 386).

PMong. *kb- to drift on the surface ( ):

WMong. kb-, kbb- (L 475); Kh. xv-; Bur. xbe-, xbxelze-; Kalm. kw-;
Ord. kw-.
KW 242.
PKor. *kpi- light (of weight) ( ( )): MKor. kpi-jp-;
Mod. kabjp-.
Nam 5, KED 17.
In Kor. cf. also MKor. kpro- to winnow. The root tends to contaminate with *kopi foam and *gebo empty, light q.v. See SKE 82,
Poppe 43.
-kp ( ~ k-) a musical instrument: Mong. *kuur; Turk. *Kopu; Jpn.
*kt.
PMong. *kuur a musical (string) instrument (
() ): MMong. quur (SH); WMong. quur (L 982);
Kh. xr; Bur. xr; Kalm. xr; Ord. xr; Dag. kr; S.-Yugh. r.
KW 201, MGCD 380, TMN 1, 443. Mong. > Evk. kr etc., see TMN 1, 444-445, Doerfer MT 61.

PTurk. *Kopu a k. of musical (string) instrument ( () ): OTurk. qopuz (OUygh.); Karakh.

qopuz (MK); Tur. kopuz; Turkm. Gopuz; MTurk. qopuz (. .), qobuz
(AH); Uzb. qbiz; Uygh. qowuz; Krm. qobuz; Tat. qubz; Bashk. qub;

744

*kp - *kra(mV)

Kirgh. qobuz; Kaz. qobz; KBalk. qobuz; KKalp. qobz; Nogh. qobz; Shr.
qobus; Tof. xobus.
VEWT 281, EDT 588, TMN 3, 535-537, 614, 69-71.
PJpn. *kt a k. of musical (string) instrument (
() ): OJpn. koto; MJpn. kt; Tok. kto; Kyo. kt;
Kag. kot.
JLTT 459. Accent in Kyoto is irregular.
211, Poppe 18, 48, 82. The root cannot be united
with *kma for phonetical reasons, although in modern languages their
reflexes tend to merge. Despite Doerfers doubts (TMN 1, 445: Urverwandtschaft ist sehr unwahrscheinlich), it is probably archaic; loan
from Turk. into Mong. (TMN ibid., 1997, 139) is quite improbable. Jpn. has -t- (instead of the expected -r-) probably because of a special cluster development.
-kp ( ~ k-, -o-) part: Mong. *kubi; Jpn. *kmp-r-.
PMong. *kubi 1 part, deal 2 to divide (1 , 2 ,
): MMong. qubi (SH,MA) 1, qubijaxda- 2 (HYt), qbi (IM);
WMong. qubi 1 (L 976), qubija- 2 (L 977); Kh. xu 1; Bur. xubi 1; Kalm.
xuw- 2, xv 1 (); Ord. xuwi 1; Dag. xo 1, (. . 176) xobi 1;
Dong. Gua- 2; Bao. ua- (. .), Gua- 2; S.-Yugh. uw 1; Mongr.
xuGw- (SM 176), xuGua- 2.
MGCD 382. Mong. > Evk. kuwi, kowi; Tuva x (see TMN 1, 422).
PJpn. *kmp-r- to distribute (): OJpn. kubar-; MJpn.
kfr-; Tok. kubr-; Kyo. kbr-; Kag. kbr-.
JLTT 714.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. also OT () qob (USp.) belongings,
inheritance, which Doerfer (TMN 1, 423) considers to be the source of
the Mong. word, but which in fact hardly exists (the attestation is
rather scarce and dubious, see EDT 581).
-kra(mV) sheath, basket: Tung. *kor-, *kormaki; Mong. *kor, *korum-;
Turk. *Kurman, *Kurug-luk; Jpn. *ktma.
PTung. *kor-, *kormaki 1 sheath 2 dish made of birch bark (1 2 ): Evk. kor 2; Man. omon 1; Ul. qma 1; Ork.
qolmoj 1; Nan. qorm 1; Orch. kommoi 1; Ud. komigi 1.
1, 409, 414. Despite Doerfer MT 239, Evk. kor is hardly < Mong. (because of a
significant semantic difference).

PMong. *kor, *korum- quiver (): MMong. qor (SH), qor (MA),
qur, qrm (IM); WMong. qor (L 965), qorumsaa (L 969); Kh. xor,
xoromsogo; Bur. xormogo quiver, xormongo ; Kalm. xormsx;
xor small bag; Ord. xur.
KW 186, 188, TMN 1, 427-428. Mong. > Kirgh. qoramsa etc. (see 6, 78).

*kure - *kuri

745

PTurk. *Kurman, *Kurug-luk bow-case, quiver ( ,

): Karakh. qurman, quruluq (MK); Tur. koruluk; MTurk. qurman
(Ettuhf.); Uzb. qurma wooden vessel; Khak. xurlux; Oyr. qurluq.
EDT 657, 660 (hardly from Pers. qurbn, but rather vice versa), 6, 163, 164.
PJpn. *ktma bamboo basket ( ): OJpn. katama;
MJpn. ktm, ktm; Tok. katami.
JLTT 443.
KW 186. Cf. MKor. krm- (Whitman klm-, SKE kam-) to hide, put
away? Cf. also *kure basket - with a possibility of contaminations in
Mong.
-kure to run, quick: Tung. *kora-; Mong. *kur(u)-; Turk. *Kre-; Kor.
*krk-.
PTung. *kora- to drive away (): Evn. koro-.
1, 416. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *kur(u)- 1 rapid, quick 2 moment, short time 3 to hurry (1
2 , 3 ): MMong. qurdi haste
(IM), kordun Lufer (LH); WMong. qurdun 1 (L 989), qurum 2 (L 991),
quruji- 3; Kh. xurdan 1, xuram 2; Bur. xurda(n) 1; Kalm. xurdn; Ord. xurdun 1; Mog. qurdun 1 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xordun 1, (. . 177),
horedun 1 (MD 164), xordon 1; Dong. Guin, Gudun 1; Bao. Gordo 1;
S.-Yugh. Gurdu 1; Mongr. Gurdun (SM 127), Gurdn 1.
KW 198, MGCD 390. Mong. > Man. xurdun etc., see Doerfer MT 145, Rozycki 112.
PTurk. *Kre- to run away (): OTurk. kre- (OUygh.);
Karakh. kre- (MK, KB); Kirgh. krgt- , krgj , ; Yak. kr-; Dolg. kr-.
EDT 737, VEWT 310, 5, 146, Stachowski 166.
PKor. *krk- to run away, to escape (, ):
Mod. kk- [klk-].
SKE 115.
SKE 115. The Korean root is attested only there, thus not very reliable (and the vocalic reflex is dubious).
-kuri wattle, fence, enclosure, building: Tung. *kori; Mong. *krijen;
Turk. *Kur-; Jpn. *kuru-wa.
PTung. *kori 1 frame, blockhouse 2 cage 3 shed (1 2 3
): Neg. koj 1; Man. orin 2,3; Ul. qor 1,2; Ork. qor 1; Nan. qor 1;
Orch. koi 1; Ud. koai- (. 249), kua- to make a blockhouse.
1, 415. The listed forms cannot be regarded as mongolisms, despite Doerfer
MT 77 (although forms like Evk. korigan are certainly < Mong., see Poppe 1966, 191).

PMong. *krijen enclosure ( , , ):

MMong. gurijen (HY 4) fenced well, gureen (SH); WMong. krijen (L
506); Kh. xrn; Bur. x glass rim, xl- to fence, enclose, xn

746

*kro(mV) - *kro(mV)

monastery; Kalm. kr (); Ord. kr; Dag. xor; Dong. Goron;

S.-Yugh. krleg; Mongr. kura.
MGCD 400. Mong. can hardly be the source of MTurk. qurqan, despite
1997, 206; Mong. > Evk. kur etc.; Chag. kren, see TMN 1, 479, Doerfer MT 24, Rozycki
147; Yak., Dolg. kr, see Ka. MEJ 33, Stachowski 166). On Mong. > Russ. kur see 328.

PTurk. *Kur- to erect (a building), to establish (, ): OTurk. qur- (OUygh.); Karakh. qur- (MK); Tur. kur-; Gag. qur-;
Az. Gur-; Turkm. Gur-; MTurk. qur- (AH, Houts.); Uzb. qur-; Uygh.
qu(r)-; Krm. qur-; Tat. qor-; Bashk. qor-; Kirgh. qur-; Kaz. qur-; KBalk.
qur-; KKalp. qur-; Kum. qur-; Nogh. qur-.
VEWT 302, EDT 643, 6, 156-157. There is also a derivative *Kur-gan (see e.g.
TMN 3, 542-543), which is sometimes hard to distinguish from *Kr-kan (see *Kr-).

PJpn. *kuru-wa fortress embankment; quarter ( ;

): MJpn. kuru-wa; Tok. kruwa; Kyo. krw; Kag. kuruw.
The accent is unclear: either *krw or *krw.
KW 187, SKE 125, Poppe 88, TMN 1, 434. The root is actively co ntaminating with *kra q.v.
-kro(mV) a k. of clothes: Tung. *kurumV; Mong. *kormaj; Turk. *Kur;
Jpn. *krm; Kor. *korm.
PTung. *kurumV a k. of upper clothes ( ): Evk.
kurmu, dial. kumma fur stockings; womens upper garment; Evn.
kumms hat, cap; Man. kurume; Nan. kurme.
See 1, 174, 431, 437. The Evk. form gurum reflects a secondary merger with
*gur- to unfasten; Mong. krme upper coat is most probably borrowed from Manchu
(despite Doerfer MT 144, proposing an opposite direction), just like Kor. khurim id. (see
Lee 1958, 119).

PMong. *kormaj lap, skirt (, ): MMong. qormai (HY 22,

SH), qorm (IM), qurmi (MA 303); WMong. qormai, qormui (L 967); Kh.
xormoj; Bur. xormoj; Kalm. xorm, xorm; Ord. xorm; Dag. xuarm(),
xuaram (. . 178), huareme (MD 165); S.-Yugh. orm; Mongr.
xorm (SM 173), (MGCD xurm).
KW 188, MGCD 366. Mong. > Evk. korm, see Doerfer MT 94.
PTurk. *Kur belt (): OTurk. qur (OUygh.); Karakh. qur (MK);
Tur. kur; MTurk. qur (Pav. C., Abush.), qor (AH); Uygh. qor (dial.); Tat.
qur; Kirgh. qur; Kaz. qur; KKalp. qur; SUygh. qur, qor; Khak. xur; Oyr.
qur; Tv. qur; Yak. kur; Dolg. kur.
VEWT 301-302, EDT 642, 6, 150-152, Stachowski 162. Cf. also *krm- to bind
(Sib.-Tat. krm, Oyr. krm-k, Bashk. krim , see VEWT 311,
499 - if not < Mong. grmel, see under *gui ).

PJpn. *krm clothes (): OJpn. koromo; MJpn. krm; Tok.

kromo; Kyo. krm; Kag. kormo.
JLTT 458.

*krV - *ke

747

PKor. *korom clothes string, lace (): MKor. korom; Mod.

korm.
Liu 63, KED 140.
Poppe 1950, 576. A common Altaic cultural term.
-krV to cut out, sharp: Tung. *kri-; Mong. *kura; Turk. *Kur.
PTung. *kri- 1 to delve, carve out, pick out 2 to wound accidentally (1 , , 2 (), ): Man. qori- 1; Nan. krxi- 2 (On.).
1, 415.
PMong. *kura sharp (): MMong. qura (HY 54, SH), qurato sharpen (IM); WMong. qura (L 988); Kh. xurc; Bur. xursa; Kalm.
xurc (); Ord. Gura; Dag. xorin (. . 178), korein (MD 184);
S.-Yugh. qura; Mongr. xua (SM 174), xuad.
MGCD 391.
PTurk. *Kur sharp, hard (of steel) (, ( )):
Karakh. qur (MK); MTurk. qur (Houts.); Uzb. qur; Uygh. quju; Krm.
qur; Tat. qor; Bashk. qoros; Kirgh. qur; Kaz. qur; KBalk. qur; Kum.
qur; Nogh. qur; Oyr. qur; Chuv. xor steel.
VEWT 303, EDT 647, 6, 170-171, 2, 367.
KW 199. A Western isogloss. Doerfer (TMN 3, 441) (and Clark
1980, 43) regard Mong. as borrowed from Turk. (saying that the original meaning in Turkic is steel - which is not the case, see EDT 647). On
a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k[u]ri.
-ke ( ~ -i) autumn; rain, storm: Tung. *kure-; Mong. *kura; Turk. *g.
PTung. *kure- storm, whirlwind (, ): Evk.
kur-ge-kn; Evn. qrg, kur; Ul. kre(n); Nan. kre (On.).
1, 435, 436. Length in Ul. and Nan. is compensatory ( the forms are contracted
< *kure-ge-).

PMong. *kura rain (): MMong. qura (HY 2, SH), qora (IM),
qura (MA), qora (LH); WMong. qura (L 987); Kh. xur; Bur. xura; Kalm.
xur; Ord. xura; Dag. xuar (. . 178); Dong. Gura; Bao. Gura, Gora;
S.-Yugh. xura; Mongr. xur (SM 184).
KW 197, MGCD 390. Also means last year. [Ramstedt compares Kirgh. quralai
Regenzeit].

PTurk. *g autumn (): OTurk. kz (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.

kz (MK); Tur. gz; Gag. gz; Az. gz-m autumn wool; Turkm. gz;
MTurk. gz (Sangl.); Uzb. kuz; Uygh. kz; Krm. kz; Tat. kz; Bashk. k;
Kirgh. kz; Kaz. kz; KBalk. kz; KKalp. kz; Kum. gz; Nogh. kz;
SUygh. kuz; Khak. ks; Shr. ks; Oyr. ks; Tv. ks; Tof. ks; Chuv. kr;
Yak. khn; Dolg. khn.
VEWT 312, EDT 757, TMN 4,10, 3, 94-95, 75, Stachowski 164.

748

*kusu - *kuu

294 (although Jpn. *kti is probably to be separated, see

*kdo), 75. A Western isogloss. The comparison seems quite
plausible, although it seems not to have been proposed earlier. The Korean form, compared in SKE 118 with Turk. *g (kru 2-d harvest in
one year) is late attested and probably = kru, MKor. krh stubble.
-kusu ( ~ k-, -o-) a k. of grass: Mong. *kosi-; Jpn. *ks; Kor. *ksr.
PMong. *kosi- clover (): WMong. qosijaur (MXTTT); Kh.
gerijn xoingor (), xongor (, ).
PJpn. *ks grass (): OJpn. kusa; MJpn. ks; Tok. kus; Kyo.
ks; Kag. kus.
JLTT 465.
PKor. *ksr fern, bracken (): MKor. ksr; Mod. kosari.
Liu 65, KED 144.
Accent correspondence is irregular. Cf. also OJ ksri medicine.
Cf. perhaps also Chuv. ku(r)anak ( < *ksinek) agrimony, bur.
-ki ( ~ -o-) to rot: Tung. *kuu; Jpn. *ks-; Kor. *ks-.
PTung. *kuu 1 touchwood 2 dandruff, soot (1 , 2
, , ): Evk. kuu 1; Evn. ku 1; Neg. kutin 1 [ =
kuin]; Man. osori, usuri 2; Nan. kui (On.) uneven surface of birchbark.
1, 441, 479.
PJpn. *ks- foul, stinking ( , ): OJpn.
kusa-; MJpn. ks-; Tok. kus-; Kyo. ks-; Kag. kus-.
JLTT 833. Cf. also, as a noun, PJ *ks eczema (JLTT 465).
PKor. *ks- odorous (): MKor. ks-; Mod. kusu-ha-.
Nam 60, KED 204.
An Eastern isogloss; but cf. also WMong. ksr-sn (Kalm. ksrsn)
dung = OJ ksw id.; WMong. kusam sediment in a pot after boiling
milk (MGCD 392); Yak. kuha-an, Dolg. kuha-gan bad (Stachowski
159). Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.
-kuu nut: Tung. *koikta; Mong. *kusiga; Turk. *Kusk; Jpn. *kusi.
PTung. *koi-kta 1 nut 2 peach (1 2 ): Evk. koikta; Man.
usia 1; Jurch. xu-u 1 (129), xu-ur 2 (106); Ul. qaaqta 1; Nan. qooa 1;
Orch. kookto a k. of bush.
1, 419; 2, 291. Manchu usia may be < Mong.; but cf. also usiri m a k. of
chestnut-like tree, asuran tree bark, bark of wild peach tree ( 385, 1, 464).

PMong. *kusiga walnut ( ): WMong. qusia(n) (L 991);

Kh. xuga; Ord. GuiGa.
Cf. also Kh. xoid a k. of nut (MXTTT).
PTurk. *Kusk nut (): Karakh. qusq pine kernel (ML); Khak.
xuzux; Oyr. qusuq; Tv. qusuq; Tof. quzuq.

*kuV - *kuti

749

EDT 667, TMN 3, 475, 6, 23-24.

PJpn. *kusi a k. of nut ( ): OJpn. kusi.
17, 14, 6, 23-24 (with some confusion of
this root and *kusa q.v.
-kuV intestine: Tung. *kui ( ~ --); Mong. *kos, *koskinag.
PTung. *kui ( ~ --) 1 sausage (made of bears intestine fat) 2 large
intestine (1 ( ) 2
): Evk. kui 1; Nan. qo 2.
1, 441.
PMong. *kos, *koskinag rectum, large intestine, colon, anus ( , , , anus):
WMong. qos, qosgina (L 971: qokina); Kh. xos, xonogo, xoginog; Bur.
xoxonog; Kalm. xong (); Ord. Goi, GoinoG.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-kt fortune: Tung. *kutu-ri; Mong. *kutug; Turk. *Kut; Jpn. *kntu.
PTung. *kutu-ri luck, fortune (, ): Man. uturi; Jurch.
xu-tur.
1, 440. The Manchu-Jurchen word cannot easily be explained as a mongolism,
despite Doerfer MT 136. Man. > Dag. xotor (. . 178).

PMong. *kutug good fortune, majesty (, , ):

MMong. qutux (SH, HY), qudux (SH); WMong. qutu (L 992); Kh. xutag;
Bur. xutagta a Buddhist rank; Kalm. xutg; Ord. GutuG.
KW 200. Mong. > Evk. kutu ( 1, 440, Doerfer MT 136).
PTurk. *Kut luck, good fortune (, ): OTurk.
qut (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. qut (MK); Tur. kut; Turkm. Gut; MTurk.
qut (AH); Uzb. qut; Krm. qut; Tat. qot; Bashk. qot; Kirgh. qut; Kaz. qut;
KKalp. qut; Nogh. qut; Khak. xut; Oyr. qut; Tv. qut; Chuv. xt; Yak. kut;
Dolg. kut.
VEWT 305, EDT 594, 6, 175-177, Stachowski 162.
PJpn. *kntu ability, talent (, ): OJpn. kad(w)o;
MJpn. kd.
JLTT 432 (treated together with corner).
EAS 142, Poppe 18, 50. Mong. is not < Turk., despite TMN 3, 553,
1997, 143.
-kuti ( ~ -t-) bog, marsh: Tung. *kuta; Turk. *Kte(re); Jpn. *kutai.
PTung. *kuta bog, marsh (): Evk. kuta; Evn. kuta; Neg. kota;
Jurch. xoto-o-n pond (34).
1, 439.
PTurk. *Kte(re) bog, marsh (): Tat. kter, kt (dial.); Bashk.
kter (dial.); Khak. kdre; Oyr. kdre.
5, 154-155.
PJpn. *kutai bog, marsh (): MJpn. kute.

750

*ki - *ki

The root is not very widely spread, but seems both phonetically
and semantically plausible.
-ki ( ~ *ke) neck, collar: Tung. *kuu- / *kui-; Mong. *kn;
Kor. *k.
PTung. *kuu- / *kui- 1 neck 2 to bow ones head (1 2 , , ): Neg. kuit-/- 2; Man.
xuu- 2; Ork. qo 1; Nan. kuu- 2.
1, 403, 424.
PMong. *kn neck (): MMong. kuuun (HY 46), guuun
(SH), koeon (IM), kuun (MA); WMong. kgn, kg (L 510); Kh.
x; Bur. xz(n); Kalm. kzn; Ord. k(n); Mog. kn; ZM koun
(2-7a); Dag. ku, xu (. . 151, 179), hu (MD 166); Dong.
Guun; Bao. guu; S.-Yugh. gun; Mongr. gui (SM 140).
KW 249, MGCD 397.
PKor. *k 1 collar 2 feather, feathers, plumes 3 diaper(s), swaddling
clothes (1 2 , 3 ): MKor. ks 3, ki 1;
Mod. kit [kis] 1, 2, kigwi 3.
Nam 82, 83, KED 274, 282.
294. In Kor. one has to assume a secondary fronting ki
< *k; otherwise the correspondences are regular.

K
-kbo to deceive: Tung. *xab-; Mong. *kaur-; Turk. *Kob-; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *xab- 1 to go mad 2 evil spirit 3 endearment 4 to grizzle (1
2 3 , 4 ,
, ): Man. abian 3; Ul. an, abdar 2,
an- 1; Ork. a-s ; Nan. a dizziness, oan- 4.
1, 457, 467.
PMong. *kaur- to deceive (): WMong. qaur- (L 910);
Kh. xra-; Bur. xra-; Kalm. xr-; Ord. xr-.
KW 201. Mong. qaurmai deceiver, liar > Manchu qarmai dishonest (see Rozycki 134).

PTurk. *Kob- 1 to slander 2 conjuration, exorcism (1 2 ): OTurk. qovla- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qovuz, qovu 2 (MK); Tur.
kovu, kov (dial.) slander; MTurk. qov slander (AH); Yak. xobul- 1.
6, 17-18, EDT 584, Clark 1977, 147. Turk. > WMong. qob gossip (KW 181),
whence again Oyr. qop etc. (VEWT 281). Despite EDT 584, hardly connected with *Kobto chase (v. sub *gb).

PKor. *k- lie, deceit (, ): MKor. k-s (s = shape,

appearance); Mod. kit, kit [-s].
Nam 36, KED 88.
The vowel *-- in Kor. must be due to contraction.
-ku to run, drive: Tung. *xasa-; Mong. *kour-; Turk. *KA-.
PTung. *xasa- to pursue, drive (, ): Evk. asa-; Evn.
as-saw-; Neg. asa-; Man. asaa fasaa in a hurry; Ul. asa-; Ork. asa-;
Nan. asa-s-; Orch. asa-; Ud. aha-; Sol. asa-.
1, 54.
PMong. *kour- to stay behind (, ):
MMong. qoor-, qooda- (SH), qar- (Lig.VMI), quar- (MA); WMong.
qour- (L 951); Kh. xocro-; Bur. xosor- to disappear, vanish; die; Kalm.
xocr-; Ord. Goiro-; Mog. qoaru- (Ramstedt 1906).
KW 190-191.
PTurk. *KA- to run away, flee (): OTurk. qa- (Orkh., Yen.);
Karakh. qa- (MK, KB); Tur. ka-; Gag. qa-; Az. Ga-; Turkm. Ga-;
MTurk. qa- (Houts., AH, IM, MA); Uzb. q-; Uygh. qa-; Krm. qa-; Tat.

752

*kae - *kada

qa-; Bashk. qas-; Kirgh. qa-; Kaz. qa-; KBalk. qa-; KKalp. qa-; Kum.
qa-; Nogh. qa-; Khak. xas-; Shr. qa-; Oyr. qa-; Tv. qa-.
VEWT 217, 5, 340-342.
16; 1984, 88-89. A Western isogloss.
-kae kind, sort: Tung. *xain; Jpn. *kt; Kor. *k.
PTung. *xain 1 kind, sort, variety 2 various (1 ,
2 ): Man. ain 1; SMan. hain 1 (2558); Jurch. ha-e-jin
thing; Ul. a(n) 1; Ork. at(n) 2; Nan. a 2.
1, 465. The word is borrowed (from Manchu or Nanai) > Sol. xa, Neg. xan,
Oroch xai, Ud. xasi.

PJpn. *kt thing, affair (): OJpn. koto; MJpn. kt; Tok. kot;
Kyo. kt; Kag. kot.
JLTT 459.
PKor. *k kind, sort, variety (, ): MKor. k;
Mod. kai.
Nam 8, KED 26.
SKE 101, Lee 1958, 112. An Eastern isogloss. The Jpn. *kt seems a
good match, but within Japanese it is rather hard to separate from the
homonymous *kt word, speech (see *gre(pV)). This is probably a
secondary merger, but responsible for the irregular accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn.
-kV a k. of vessel: Tung. *xau-kan; Turk. *Ka.
PTung. *xau-kan kettle (): Man. auan, anuan; Ul.
aoa(n); Ork. aa(n); Nan. ao; Orch. xaua(n).
1, 464-465.
PTurk. *Ka earthenware vessel, cup ( , ):
Karakh. qaa (MK); Tur. kap-kaak; Az. Gab-GaaG; Turkm. Gp-GaG;
Uygh. qaa; Yak. xhax big leather-bag, big leather-sack.
VEWT 217 (hardly < Pers.), EDT 590, 5, 342-343.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-kada side, to turn: Tung. *xadaga-; Mong. *kadawra-; Turk. *KAdr-.
PTung. *xadaga- to turn back, move back (, ): Evk. ada-; Evn. ada-; Neg. adan-; Ul. adan-; Nan. adn-.
1, 13-14. TM > Dag. adg- (. . 118).
PMong. *kadawra- to deviate, move to the side (, ): WMong. qadaura- (); Kh. xadra-; Bur.
xadra-.
PTurk. *KAdr- to twist, turn, bend (, , ): OTurk. qadar- (OUygh.); Karakh. qar- (MK), qadr- (MK, KB);
Tur. dial. gajr-; Gag. qajr-; Az. Gajr-; Turkm. Gajr-; MTurk. qajr- (Pav.
C.); Uzb. qjir-; Uygh. qari-, qajr-; Krm. qajr-; Tat. qajr-; Bashk. qajr-;

*kd(-rV) - *kd[]

753

Kirgh. qajr-; Kaz. qajr-; KKalp. qajr-; Nogh. qajr-; Khak. xazr-; Oyr.
qajr-; Chuv. xajr- < Tat..
EDT 604, 5, 195-197.
1984, 80-81. A Western isogloss. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *ka.
-kd(-rV) to scrape off, scraper, tool for processing skins: Tung.
*xargan; Mong. *kederge; Turk. *KEdir-; Jpn. *kintr-.
PTung. *xargan chock (for processing fish skins) ( ( )): Nan. aG (Kur-Urm.); Orch.
xaiga(n).
1, 458.
PMong. *kederge 1 scraper 2 device for processing skins (1
2 ): WMong. kederge(n) (L 441); Kh.
xedreg 1; Bur. xederge 2; Kalm. kedern 2 ().
Mong. > Evk. keder etc. ( 1, 443), see Doerfer MT 24, Rozycki 104, whence Yak.
kederen, Dolg. gedere, kedere (see Ka. TJ 265, Stachowski 85).

PTurk. *KEdir- 1 to skin (a sheep) 2 to scrape on a washboard

(while washing) (1 () 2
): Karakh. keir- 1, ker-il- (pass.), ker-i- (coop.),
ker-im skinned meat (MK); Tv. kidire- 2.
EDT 705. Yak. kedern scraper is rather < Mong., see 380.
PJpn. *kintr- to scrape off (): OJpn. kedur-; MJpn.
kdr-; Tok. kezur-.
JLTT 708.
PTM *xargan < *xadVrgan with a regular loss of -d- before -r-.
Diphthong in Jpn. is not clear (*kntr- would be normally expected).
-kd[] to be worn out, destroyed: Tung. *xad-; Mong. *kidu-; Turk.
*KAdu-; Jpn. *knt-ra-.
PTung. *xad- to be worn out, become thin, fragile (,
, ): Evk. ad- to diminish; Evn. ad-;
Ork. xad-.
1, 16.
PMong. *kidu- to slaughter, destroy (, ):
MMong. kidu- (SH); WMong. kidu- (L 464); Kh. ada-; Ord. xudu-.
PTurk. *KAdu- 1 to stick in 2 sting 3 to sew (1 2 3
, , ): Karakh. qau- (MK) 3;
Turkm. Gaja- 3; Tat. qaj- 3, Sib. qajal- to be piqued; Bashk. qaj- 3, qajaw
2; Kirgh. qaj- 1; Kaz. qaj- 3; KKalp. qaj- 3; Kum. qaj- 3; Nogh. qaj- 3;
Khak. xaza- 1.
EDT 596, 5, 180-181. The root should be distinguished from *Kta- to stick
in, nail (v. sub *kjta).

754

*ka(j) - *ka(j)

PJpn. *knt-ra- to be destroyed, break down (, ): OJpn. kudu-ra-; MJpn. kd-ra-; Tok. kuzur-; Kyo. kzr-; Kag.
kzr-.
JLTT 718.
The root is rather difficult to distinguish from *ket[o] q.v.; contaminations may explain partial vocalic irregularities. Mong. *kidu- is
usually compared with Turk. *Kd- to destroy (thus KW 244, VEWT
261, TMN 1, 487-488), but this form probably does not exist: in OT (8th
c.) there is a dubious Hap. leg. qdmaz did not spare (?), but all other
sources (starting with MK) have only *Kj- and its reflexes (see EDT
595) - which is quite a different root, see *gijo.
-ka(j) who, interrogative pronoun: Tung. *xia (*xai); Mong. *ken, *ka-;
Turk. *kem, *Ka-; Jpn. *ka; Kor. *ka.
PTung. *xia (*xai) 1 what 2 who (1 2 ): Evk. kn 1, 2; Evn.
q 1; Neg. xun, kun 1, 2; wa 1; Man. ai / ja 1, 2; SMan. ai 1 (2896); Ul.
aj 1; Ork. xai 1; Nan. a 1; Sol. 1.
1, 4-5, 286-288.
PMong. *ken, *ka- who (): MMong. ken (SH), kn (IM), kin (MA);
qaa (SH) where; WMong. ken (L 453); Kh. xen; Bur. xen; Kalm. ken;
Ord. ken; Mog. ken; ZM kijn (27-5a); Dag. ken, xen (. . 149); x(. . 173), h- where, hen (MD 153, 154, 160); Dong. kien; qa-; Bao.
ka; ha-; S.-Yugh. ken; x-, xa-; Mongr. ken (SM 195).
KW 225, MGCD 310, 342.
PTurk. *kem, *Ka- 1 who 2 which (1 2 ): OTurk. kem (OT,
OUygh.) 1, qaju (OT, OUygh.), qanu (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. kem~kim (MK,
KB) qaju (MK, KB) 2; Tur. kim 1; Gag. kim 1; Az. kim 1; Turkm. kim 1, qaj
2; Sal. km 1; MTurk. kim (Abush., IM) 1; Uzb. kim 1, qaj 2; Uygh. kim,
kem (dial.) 1, qaj 2; Krm. km 1; Tat. kem 1, qaj 2; Bashk. kem 1, qaj (dial.)
2; Kirgh. kim 1, qaj 2; Kaz. kim 1, qaj 2; KBalk. kim 1; KKalp. kim 1; Nogh.
kim 1; SUygh. km 1; Khak. kem 1; Oyr. kem 1, qaj 2; Tv. qm 1, qaj 2; Tof.
qum 1, qai 2; Chuv. kam 1; Yak. kim 1, xaja 2; Dolg. kim 1, kaja 2.
VEWT 271, EDT 720-721, 5, 67-68, 191-192, Stachowski 134, 147.
PJpn. *ka interrogative particle ( ): OJpn.
-ka; MJpn. -ka; Tok. -ka.
PKor. *ka, *ko interrogative particle ( ):
MKor. -ka, -k; Mod. -ka, -ga, -ko, -go.
Nam 45, KED 2, 133.
EAS 46, 47, 140, KW 225, 1984, 75-76, 41-42,
285. The TM form, despite Doerfer MT 27, Rozycki 222 has nothing to
do with Mong. *ja- q.v.

*kka - *kakto

755

-kka to break, tear off: Tung. *xak-; Mong. *kaka- / *kaga-; Turk.
*KAk-; Jpn. *kk-.
PTung. *xaK- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate (1 , 2 , ): Neg. ak- / kak- 1; Ul. aqpa-l- 2; Ork.
aqpa- 2; Nan. Ga- 1, aqp- 2; Ud. akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2.
1, 25, 363.
PMong. *kaka- / *kaga- to break, tear off (, , ): MMong. qaqal- (SH), qaqaa- to divide (HY 34), qaal- (IM);
WMong. qaqa- (L 906: qaal-, qaala-); Kh. xaga-; Bur. xaxa-; Kalm. xal(); Ord. xaGal-; Mog. qakara- (Weiers); Dag. xagal- (. . 172),
hagere-, hagare-, hagel- (MD 155); Dong. GaGaa- to part (. .);
Mongr. xaGali-; xaGar- 1 fendre, briser, casser, morceler; se fendre, se
fler 1 (SM 150).
PTurk. *KAk- to hit, knock, tear (, , ): Karakh. qaq(MK); Tur. kak-; Gag. qaq-; Az. Gax-; Turkm. qaq-, qaql-; MTurk. qaq(Houts., AH, Qutb, MA); Uzb. qq-; Uygh. qaq-; Krm. qaq-; Tat. qaq-;
Bashk. qaq-; Kirgh. qaq-; Kaz. qaq-; KBalk. qaq-; KKalp. qaq-; Kum. qaq-;
Nogh. qaq-; Khak. xax-; Oyr. qaq-; Tv. qaq-; Tof. qaq-; Dolg. kakrj- break
into small pieces.
VEWT 223, 5, 221-222, Stachowski 135.
PJpn. *kk- to break off (): OJpn. kak(a)-; MJpn. kk-;
Tok. kk-; Kyo. kk-; Kag. kk-.
JLTT 702. The Kyoto accent is irregular.
A possible derivative is PA *kakto castrated animal q.v.
-kakto a large domestic animal: Tung. *xakta-; Turk. *Kotu; Jpn.
*ktp.
PTung. *xakta- 1 to castrate (a deer) 2 castrated deer (1 () 2 ): Evk. akta- 1, aktak 2; Evn. t- 1,
ata 2; Neg. aktaw 2; Ork. aqta 2; Nan. aqta- 1, aqtaqto 2; Sol. attamal
testiculi.
1, 26. Initial x- in Southern TM proves firmly (despite Doerfer MT 17) that the
root is not borrowed < Mong. ata castrated horse (although some forms - namely, Sol.
akta, Nan., Man. aqta morin castrated horse - certainly are, and should be kept apart from
the reflexes of PTM *xakta-).

PTurk. *Kotu yak (): Karakh. qotuz (MK); Tur. xotoz; Az. Gotaz;
Turkm. Gotaz; MTurk. qotas (Pav. C.), qutuz (AH); Uzb. qtas; Uygh.
qotaz; Krm. qutas; Tat. qutaz (dial.); Kirgh. qotos.
EDT 608, 6, 81-82.
PJpn. *ktp large and sturdy ox ( ): OJpn. kotopji;
MJpn. ktp.
JLTT 459.

756

*kk - *kala

If the original meaning is a castrated animal (as in TM), the stem

may be a derivative of PA *kka to break, tear off q.v.
-kk doll: Tung. *xaku-kan (/*k-); Turk. *KAgur; Jpn. *knk-t; Kor.
*ko.
PTung. *xaku-kan (/*k-) doll (): Ul. aqa(n); Ork. oqo(n);
Nan. aqo; Orch. xaku.
1, 459. Cf. also *kakura-kta decorative bells ( 1, 375).
PTurk. *KAgur doll (): Karakh. qouruq (MK); Tur. dial. kurak; Turkm. Guraq; MTurk. qawuraq (. ., Pav. C.), qavur (R);
Uzb. qirq; Uygh. qo(r)aq, dial. qouraq; Tat. quraq; Bashk. qursaq;
Kirgh. qraq; Kaz. quwraq; KKalp. quwraq; Kum. quraq; Nogh.
quwraq.
VEWT 220, EDT 587, 606, 6, 161-163. Modern reflexes point quite clearly to
*-g- (less probably - *-b-), so the attested form with -- must be a phonetic aberration.
Interference with OT qoduz femme sole (suggested in Tekin 1969 and ibid.) is not
excluded, but cf. also the notes below.

PJpn. *knk-t a k. of doll ( ): MJpn. kgt; Tok.

kugutsu.
JLTT 462. In OJ kugutu is attested with the meaning satchel worn at the belt; JB
derives it from kugu a k. of grass and suggests that dolls were carried in such satchels.
Even if it they were, it is highly probable that the name of the satchel is derived from
doll, and not vice versa; the connection with kugu-grass is highly dubious.

PKor. *ko doll, mask, comedian (, , ): MKor.

koti; Mod. kwd.
Liu 79, KED 184.
15. Cf. Khalkha xxeldej doll (a contamination with xxe-n
child, girl). One should also mention WMong. qoduu-in clown;
mask: this may be a metathesis < *kogu-du- ( = PJ *knkt) and the
form may actually shed light on the mysterious Karakh. qouruk (quite
probably < *kog-du-ru-k = WMong. qoduu-in).
-kala ( ~ -u) wait, be late: Tung. *xal-; Mong. *kala; Turk. *Kal-.
PTung. *xal- to wait (): Evk. al--; Evn. ala-; Neg. al-;
Man. aa-; SMan. iali- (1439, 3034); Ul. xala--; Ork. xal--; Nan. xala-i-;
Orch. al-i-; Ud. ala-si-; Sol. al-.
1, 29-30.
PMong. *kala 1 bitter life experience 2 to decease (rev.) (1 , 2 (.)): WMong. qala 1, qali- 2 (L
916, 917); Kh. xal 1, xali- 2; Bur. xala; Kalm. xal (); Ord. xala rude or
cruel treatment.
PTurk. *Kal- 1 old man 2 to be tired 3 to be ~ years old (1 2
3 ): OTurk. qal- (Orkh., YB) 3; Karakh. qal (MK)

*kale - *kalVbV

757

1; MTurk. qal- to come to an end (CCum.); Oyr. qala- 2; Chuv. xoll-en

slowly.
VEWT 224. EDT 615-616. Chuv. xullen is derived (by Tekin 1975, 281) from PT
*K(i)aa (v. sub *koa), but it rather belongs here.

A Western isogloss.
-kale snow, snow-flakes: Tung. *xalu-; Mong. *kilaa; Turk. *Kla-gu.
PTung. *xalu- snow (falling in flakes) ( ( )): Evk. alunti; Neg. altam; Ork. alqta.
1, 34.
PMong. *kilaa fine snow falling in the sunlight ( , ): WMong. kilaa (XTTT); Kh. al.
PTurk. *Kla-gu 1 snow-flakes in windless weather 2 hoar-frost 3
first snow (1 , 2 , 3 ): Bashk. qlaw 2; Kirgh. qlamq 3; Kaz. qlaw 1;
Kum. qlaw 2.
6, 207.
A Western isogloss.
-kalo girth, tug: Tung. *xala-; Turk. *Kola; Kor. *kora.
PTung. *xala- tug, belt (, ): Evk. ala; Evn. al; Neg. ala,
alan; Ul. ala; Ork. al; Nan. ala; Orch. ala; Ud. ala.
1, 28-29. 80 proposes: Evk. > Khant. lak > Russ. dial. alk, lak > Yak.
lk, Ket alk, Yukagh. aik; cf. also Nivkh halk id. This would make the etymology of Ket
alk presented in 1995, 181 ( = PNC *hwlkw chariot) obsolete.

PTurk. *Kola saddlegirth (): Karakh. qolan (MK); Tur. kolan; Gag. qolan; Turkm. Gola; MTurk. qolan, qola (Pav. C.), qulan (AH);
Khak. xola; Shr. qola; Oyr. qolo; Tv. xolaq; Yak. xolun.
VEWT 277, 549-550, EDT 622, 6, 47-49.
PKor. *kora fetters, handcuffs (, , ): Mod.
kora.
KED 138.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term. PT and Korean reflect the common derivative *kalo-V.
-kalVbV wild garlic, leek: Mong. *kalijar; Turk. *KAlba.
PMong. *kalijar wild garlic, leek (): MMong. qalijarsun
(SH); WMong. qalijar (L 920); Kh. xaliar; Bur. xar; Mongr. xarir (SM
163).
PTurk. *KAlba wild garlic, leek (): OTurk. ? qalma a k. of
food (Rach.); Khak. xalba; Shr. qalba; Oyr. qalma; Tv. xlba.
VEWT 227. Cf. an OT (MK) Hapax keleb a tender plant which grows in the Turks'
summer pastures and fattens livestock quickly (EDT 716), keleb-le- to be covered by this
plant (of a mountain), for which cf. also Sak. kalarb a k. of plant, whose root is used in
medicine (Bailey 35). See also - 1982, 77, comparing the Sak. form
with Pers., Tadzh. kalam cabbage (> Turkm. kelem) - these all may be variously trans-

758

*ki - *kmo

formed substratum loanwords, cf. also Greek kramb cabbage, radish, rutabaga - according to Frisk possibly < Pelasg.

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. perhaps some other plant names:

Oyr., Tuva klb ; perhaps TM *xul- > Evk. uli
, xulet . .
-ki napless skin, membrane: Tung. *xalukta; Mong. *kali-sun; Turk.
*ke.
PTung. *xalu-kta 1 membrane, dandruff 2 birch bark (1 ,
2 ): Evk. alukta 1; Evn. alt 1; Neg. alta 1; Man. aluwa
1, alan 2; Ork. alqta 1; Nan. aloqta 1; Orch. alukta 1; Ud. alu, alukta 1.
1, 33-34.
PMong. *kali-sun 1 skin, shell 2 thin skin on penis (1 , 2 ): MMong. qalisu 1 (SH); WMong.
qalisu(n) 1 (L 920), qaldaan 2 (L 919: qaldaa penis); Kh. xas 1; Bur.
xaha(n) 1; Kalm. xsn 1, xaldn 2; Ord. xalisu 1; Dag. xalis 1, (.
. 173) xalise; halise thin skin, dandruff, hajlese, hajse (MD 155, 156);
S.-Yugh. alsn 1; Mongr. xali (SM 151), xals 1.
KW 162, MGCD 320. Cf. also *kalim, Kalm. xm bark, skin (KW 176).
PTurk. *ke 1 skin 2 gall between camels front legs (1 2 ): Turkm. keik 2; Tv.
ke 1.
60-61 (joining this root with ke quiver is hardly possible).
1984, 82. A Western isogloss.
-ko reed, a k. of grass: Tung. *xal-; Mong. *kal-; Turk. *KAak; Kor.
*kr.
PTung. *xal- bog, swamp (, ):
Evk. alkta ( ), ( ); Man. ali; Ork.
l; Nan. al.
1, 32, 461.
PMong. *kal- reed; feather-grass (; ): WMong.
qaltali (MXTTT); Kh. xaltal 1, ; Bur. xalaxan.
PTurk. *KAak bulrush, reedmace (, ): Karakh. qaaq
(MK); Kirgh. qaaq (VEWT), qaeq aftergrass.
VEWT 240.
PKor. *kr reed (): MKor. kr; Mod. kal.
Nam 20, KED 42.
EAS 110.
-kmo to help, easy: Mong. *kim-da; Turk. *kmek; Jpn. *kmp-; Kor.
*km-b-.
PMong. *kim-da easy, simple, cheap (, , ):
WMong. kimda (L 468); Kh. amd; Bur. ximda; Kalm. kimd (); Dag.
kiand (. . 148: anda), kainde, kiande (MD 181); S.-Yugh. kmdo.

*kamo - *kno

759

MGCD 352.
PTurk. *kmek help (): Tur. kmek; Az. kmk; Turkm.
kmek; Khal. kmk, kemk; MTurk. kmek (Pav. C.); Uzb. kmk; Uygh.
kmk; Tat. kmk collective, many people; Bashk. kmk collective,
many people; Kirgh. kmk; Kum. kmek; Nogh. kmek; Yak. km; Dolg.
km.
5, 98-99, Stachowski 156.
PJpn. *kmp- to take care of, be concerned with ( ):
OJpn. kamap-; MJpn. kmf-; Tok. kam-; Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 703.
PKor. *km-b- to be thankful, appreciate ( , ): MKor. kmp- (kmw-); Mod. komap- (komaw-).
Nam 47, KED 141.
Turk. *kmek instead of the expected *komak under the influence of
the borrowed mk help (see *umu).
-kamo dung, faeces: Tung. *[x]am-; Mong. *komu-; Turk. *Kom-.
PTung. *[x]am- 1 faeces, dung 2 to defecate 3 snuff, thief (in a pipe)
(1 , , 2 3 ( )):
Evk. am-n 1, am-n- 2; Evn. am 3; Neg. amn 1, amt- 2; Man. amu 1,
amu-ta- 2; SMan. ham (100) 1, hamt- (101) 2; Ul. am 1, am- 2; Ork.
am(n) 1, am- 2; Nan. am 1, am-- 2; Orch. am 1; Ud. amu- 1, amukta2; Sol. am 1.
1, 40. No doubt a common TM root, although phonology is extremely peculiar. Initial *x- is indicated here by Manchu - (which is a facultative reflex of PTM *x-,
more often disappearing in Manchu) and supported by external evidence. If this is the
case, the Southern forms (Nanai, Orok and Ulcha) are to be explained as Northern (but
not Manchu!) loanwords.

PMong. *komu- horse dung ( ): MMong. qomaul (SH,

); WMong. qomuul, qomul (L 961); Kh. xoml; Kalm. xoml.
KW 184.
PTurk. *Kom- 1 horse dung 2 sheep dung balls 3 round, spheroid (1
2 3 , ): Karakh. qomuq 1 (MK); MTurk. qumal 3, qumala 2; Kaz. qumalaq
2.
EDT 627, VEWT 299. Cf. also Chag. qombul round knob (VEWT 279; the isolated
Kalm. qumbaji-, qumbiji- sich zusammenballen, see KW 196) may have a Turkic origin).

A Western isogloss. PM *komu-gal < *kamu-gal, with a frequent

rounding before -u- in a polysyllabic form.
-kno match, other side: Tung. *xn-gi-; Mong. *kani; Turk. *Kon-; Jpn.
*knp-.
PTung. *xn-gi- other, other side (, ): Evn.
l; Neg. a-l; Ul. aG-la; Ork. an; Nan. aGa.
1, 46.

760

*kaa - *kpa

PMong. *kani friend, mate (, , ): MMong. qanilqato compare (SH); WMong. qani (L 930); Kh. xa; Bur. xani; Kalm. xai,
x; Ord. xani; Dag. xa, xani (. . 173); Mongr. xani famille de
la femme (SM 157).
KW 165, 177, MGCD 327. Mong. > Evk. kani etc. ( 1, 372, Doerfer MT 132,
Rozycki 133), Shor qanai etc. (VEWT 230).

PTurk. *Kon- 1 neighbour 2 friend, guest (1 2 , ):

OTurk. qon 1, qonaq 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. qon, qon neighbour,
qonuq guest (MK); Tur. komu 1; Gag. qomu 1; Az. Gonu 1; Turkm.
Go 1, Gonaq 2; MTurk. qon (AH), qon (MA) 1; Uzb. qni, qni 1;
Uygh. qona, xona 1; Krm. qon 1; Kirgh. qou 1; KBalk. qonu 1;
KKalp. qos 1; Kum. xonu 1; Nogh. qos 1; Khak. xonx 1; Chuv.
xna.
VEWT 279, EDT 637, 640, 6, 56, 66-68. The word is considered to be derived
from *Kon- to spend a night ( > Mong. qonu- id., KW 185; see 1997, 139, TMN 1,
420, 3, 530, 6, 55-56, EDT 632, Stachowski 152). However, further derivation of
*Kon- from *Ko- to put (see TMN ibid.) seems highly improbable. External evidence
speaks rather in favour of the original meaning guest, to visit (as a guest) ( < *friend,
match), whence to spend a night, visit, stay ( = Russ. ).

PJpn. *knp- to match (, ): OJpn. kanap-; MJpn. knf-; Tok. kan-; Kyo. kn-; Kag. kan-.
JLTT 703. All forms point to *kn-p- except Kagoshima ( < *kn-p-).
Cf. *kna.
-kaa hair, long hair: Tung. *(x)aul; Mong. *kogurag; Jpn. *km;
Kor. *k.
PTung. *(x)aul deer skin (with fading hair) ( ( )): Evk. aul.
1, 46. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *kogurag cluster, bunch (, ): WMong.
qoura (L 962); Kh. xongorcog; Kalm. xorc (); Mongr.
xoGooG gousse, silique, alveole (dabeille) (SM 171).
Cf. qoura s long hair, mane.
PJpn. *km hair (): OJpn. kamji; MJpn. km; Tok. kam; Kyo.
km; Kag. kam.
JLTT 435.
PKor. *k moustache, beard (, ): MKor. ku, ks.
HMCH 205, Nam 35.
Irregular low tone in MKor. (possibly due to contraction). Mong.
*kogurag is a result of frequent labial attraction ( < *kagurag).
-kpa to buy, pay back: Tung. *xab-; Jpn. *kp-; Kor. *kph-.
PTung. *xab- 1 to buy 2 to complain, start a lawsuit (1 2
, ): Man. aba- 2; Ul.
aps- 2; Ork. aw- 1, aps- 2; Nan. aps- 2.

*kpe - *kpra

761

1, 457, 459, 467.

PJpn. *kp- buy, (ex)change (): OJpn. kap-; MJpn. kf-; Tok.
k-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 706. Cf. also *kp-, *kpr- change.
PKor. *kph- to compensate, pay back (, ): MKor. kph-.
HMCH 333.
Martin 227. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *kpu.
-kpe strong, power; to swell: Tung. *xabu-l-; Mong. *kab-; Jpn. *kp-.
PTung. *xabu-l- to swell (): Evk. awul-; Evn. awl-; Neg.
awl-; Man. ajbi-; Ul. al-; Ork. awl-; Nan. aolo-; Ud. auli-.
1,9. Cf. also Evk. kawirga ( ) ( 1, 358).
PMong. *kab- 1 swelling 2 to swell 3 power (1 2 , 3 ): MMong. qabu 3 (SH), qabar- 2 (MA); WMong.
qabu 1 (L 895:) qaba, qabaa, qabau), qabad- 2 (L 900: qabud), qaba 3
(L 900: qabu, qaba); Kh. xavan 1, xavda- 2, xav 3; Bur. xaba 1, xabda- 2;
Kalm. xaw 1 xawd- 2; Ord. xawana- 2; Mog. ZM qbt (5-6b) 1; Dag.
habede- (MD 154), xawda- (. . 172), xa- 2, xaudal 1; Dong. qajatu2; Bao. it- 2; S.-Yugh. abdar 1, auda- 2; Mongr. xdi-, xawudi- 1 (SM
165, 166), (MGCD xaid-).
KW 158, TMN 1, 379-380, MGCD 312, 313.
PJpn. *kp- hard, strong (, ): OJpn. kopa-; MJpn.
kf-; Tok. kow-; Kyo. kw-; Kag. kow-.
JLTT 833.
KW 158, 1984, 79-80. The meaning swell is probably
secondary, under the influence of *gpe q.v. (in Mong. possibly also
under the influence of Turk. *Kp- < *gpe); cf. also *kope.
-kpra to scrape, rasp, plane: Tung. *xarpu- / *xarpi-; Mong. *kawra-;
Turk. *K(i)arba-.
PTung. *xarpu- / *xarpi- 1 to rasp, plane 2 plane, knife (1 2
( )): Neg. atpgda 2; Ork. alpn- 1; Nan. arp- 1;
Orch. appili 2; Ud. afili 2.
1, 59.
PMong. *kawra- file (): MMong. qra (IM), qurai (MA
313); WMong. qaurai (L 946), qaurai (DO 371); Kh. xraj; Bur. xraj;
Kalm. xr; Ord. xr; Dag. xaur-dgu, (. . 175) xaura; S.-Yugh.
r; Mongr. xr- se peler, scorcher (SM 184).
KW 204, MGCD 380. Mong. > Man. uwara (Rozycki 114).
PTurk. *K(i)arba- 1 to grope (for smth.) 2 to grasp (with hands or
teeth) 3 to swim (grope through water with hands and feet) 4 to rake
up (1 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ): OTurk. qarva- (OUygh.)

*kpri - *kapV

762

1; Karakh. qarva- (MK) 1; Tur. kavra- 2; Turkm. Gabra- 2; MTurk. qarba(Qutb); Khak. xarba- 2; Shr. qarba- 2; Oyr. qarba- 2; Tv. qarban- 3; Yak.
xarb- 2,3,4; Dolg. karb- to row, swim.
EDT 646, VEWT 243, 5, 302-303, 103 (with a wrong attribution of
Tuva xr-). Despite Ka. MEJ 42, Stachowski 139, forms like Yak. xarb- are hardly borrowed < Mong. qarma- (on which see under *kaa).

Poppe 17, 82. A Western isogloss.

-kpri fan, bellows: Tung. *xarpu-; Mong. *kerge; Turk. *kr-; Kor.
*kr-.
PTung. *xarpu- 1 to sweep 2 fan 3 broom (1 , 2
, 3 ): Evk. arpul- 1, arpuk 2; Evn. arpak 2; Neg. atp1, atpx 2; Man. arfuqu 2; Ul. arp- 1, arp 3; Ork. arpr- 1, arp 3;
Nan. apol- 1, apol 3; Orch. appu- 1, appu(i) 3; Ud. akpu- 1, akpuku 2, 3;
Sol. arpuku 2.
1, 52.
PMong. *kerge bellows (): MMong. kuurge, grege (SH),
keokeor , keurge (IM); WMong.
kegrge, kgerge (L 480); Kh. xrg; Bur. xrge; Kalm. krg; Dag. huruhe
(MD 167), xrug.
KW 243, MGCD 369. Mong. > Evk. kurge etc. ( 1, 435-436), see Doerfer MT 18,
Rozycki 110.

PTurk. *kr- 1 to use bellows 2 bellows (1 2

): Karakh. krk (MK) 2; Tur. kr- 1, krk 2; Gag. krk 2; Az.
krk 2; Turkm. krik 2; MTurk. grk (IM), krk (MA, Pav. C.) 2; Uzb.
klik (dial.) 2; Tat. krek 2; Bashk. krek 2; Kirgh. krk 2; Kaz. krk 2;
KKalp. krk 2; Kum. krk 2; Nogh. krk 2; Khak. krk 2; Oyr. krk 2;
Tv. xrk 2; Yak. krt 2.
VEWT 293, 5, 118, 414-415.
PKor. *kr- to blow (): MKor. kr-.
Nam 62.
EAS 147, KW 243, Poppe 110 (but Kor. kurk small sack is derived < kur- roll, wrap and does not belong here). Despite
1977, 128, the Mong. form is hard to explain as a Turkic loanword. Irregular labialization in Turk. is probably caused by the simplification
of the cluster with labial -b-.
-kapV to bring close, rub against: Tung. *xab-; Mong. *kabi; Turk.
*Kab-.
PTung. *xab- to rub, wipe off (): Evk. aw-; Evn. aw-; Neg.
aw-; Ul. w-; Ork. aw-; Nan. ao-; Orch. au-; Ud. au-.
1, 7.

*kp - *kp

763

PMong. *kabi 1 close to, near 2 to touch, whet (1 2 ,

): WMong. qabi 1, qabira- 2 (L 897, 898); Kh. xa 1, xavira- 2; Bur.
xabr, xabada 1; Kalm. xw 1, xwr- 2; Ord. xaw, xaw.
KW 178, 179.
PTurk. *Kab- 1 to unite, bring together 2 be brought together (1
, 2 ): OTurk. qavr- 1 (OUygh.), qav2 (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. qavur- 1 (MK, KB), qav- 2 (MK); Tur. kavu2; Gag. qau- 2; Az. Govu- 2; Turkm. Govur- 1, Govu- 2; MTurk. qavu2 (Qutb, . .); Uzb. qwu- 2; Uygh. dial. qavu- 2; Krm. qavu- 2;
Tat. qaw- 2; Bashk. qaw- 2; Kirgh. q- 2; Kaz. qaws- 2; KKalp. qaws2; Nogh. qaw- 2; SUygh. qaws- 2; Oyr. qabr- 1; Tv. xavr- 1; Tof. xabr1; Chuv. > Danube Bulg. koubraton collector, unifier (of lands).
VEWT 216, EDT 585, 588, 6, 14-16. OT also has quvra- come together, assemble, with a rather strange vocalism (see EDT 586 - but modern forms like qura- are
not related, being borrowed from Mong. qura-, qurija-).

KW 178, 179, 1984, 77-78. A Western isogloss.

-kp a k. of vessel, box: Tung. *xapsa; Mong. *kaurag, *kajirag;
Turk. *Kaprak, *Kapsak; Jpn. *kp.
PTung. *xapsa 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat (1 , 2
3 -): Evk. awsa 1, 2; Evn. aws 2; Neg. awfsak 1; Man.
absa 1, 3; Nan. xapsio (On.) 1; Ork. apsaw 2.
1, 9. Man. > Nan. aps, Oroch absa. The Orok form quite clearly shows PTM
*x-, so it is hardly probable that Mong. absa coffin is borrowed from < Manchu) - despite
the widespread idea of TM < Mong. and Mong. < Turk. (see, e.g., Clark 1977, 148, Sinor
1995).

PMong. *kaurag, *kajirag small box, chest ( ):

WMong. qaura, qajira (L 914); Kh. xrcag, xaircag; Bur. xrcag coffin; Kalm. xrc grosser Kasten; Ord. xraG; Dong. xa; S.-Yugh.
airaG; Mongr. x.
MGCD 317. Mong. > Oyr. qajiraq etc., see 5, 277-278.
PTurk. *Kaprak, *Kapsak 1 box, coffin 2 basket (1 , 2
): Karakh. qapraq 1,2 (MK); Tur. koburuk, dial. kapurak 1,
dial. kabzak, kabsak 2; Turkm. Gapraq 1; MTurk. qabraq (IM), qaburuq
(AH); Chuv. > Hung. kopors 1 (see Gombocz 1912).
EDT 587, 5, 276-278. Tekin (1979, 127) cites Uygh. qapz coffin, but we were
unable to find the word either in Old or Mod. Uyghur. Perhaps he meant Karakh. xafs
small box (MK, see EDT 587). Brockelmann derived the word from Lat. capsa through
Syr. qafs, but a loan in Turkic < Syr. is not quite probable, and the word might well be
genuine. But modern forms: Tur. dial. kapsa box, chest, (CCum.) qapsa box, coffin may
well be < Syr. (cf. 5, 277).

PJpn. *kp scoop, ladle, spoon (, ): OJpn. kapji; MJpn.

kf.
JLTT 433 (unjustly united with kapji egg, shell).

764

*kp - *kpa

206, Tekin 1979, 127. Despite a widespread point of

view (see e.g. 5, 277), Mong. can hardly be < Turk. The root (especially in the Turk.-Mong. area) is liable to mergers with *kubu coffin and *kpa barrier q.v.
-kp bark, skin: Tung. *xabda(-nsa); Mong. *kawda-; Turk. *Kpuk;
Jpn. *kapa; Kor. *kph- / *kph-.
PTung. *xabda(-nsa) leaf (): Evk. abdanna; Evn. ebdnr; Neg.
abdana; Man. abdaxa / afaxa; SMan. afh (2137); Jurch. ha-[bxa] (119); Ul.
abdata; Ork. xamdata; Nan. abdata (Nkh.), aftaca (Bik.); Orch. abdasa;
Ud. abdeh.
1, 5. Man. > Dag. abug, abuk sheet (of paper) (. . 118).
PMong. *kawda- 1 bark 2 page (1 2 ): WMong. qaudasu, qaudasu(n) 2 (L 909); Kh. xdas 2; Bur. xdaha(n) 2; Kalm. xdsn
1; Ord. xdasu 2.
KW 201. Although later contaminations were possible, Mong. *kawda- can not be
explained as borrowed from Turk. qaad paper ( < Arab.), despite 1997, 126.
Mong. > Man. xouan etc., see Doerfer MT 142.

PTurk. *Kpuk 1 bark (n.) 2 shell (1 2 ): Karakh. qabq

(Tefs.) 1, 2; Tur. kabuk 1, 2; Gag. qap, qab 1, 2 external cover, covering;
Az. GabG 1, 2; Turkm. GbG 1, 2; MTurk. qapuq 1 (MA, AH); Uzb. qbiq
1, 2; Uygh. qobuq (R, o-t) 1, 2; Krm. qabux 1, 2; Tat. qabq 1, 2; Bashk. qabq
1, 2; Kirgh. qabq 1, 2; Kaz. qabq 1, 2; KBalk. qabuq 1, 2; KKalp. qabq 1, 2;
Kum. qabuq 1, 2; Nogh. qabq 1, 2; Khak. xabx (Kach.) 1, 2; Shr. qabq 2;
Oyr. qabq 1, 2; Tv. xavq 2; Chuv. xob 1, 2.
VEWT 234, TMN 3, 368-9, 5, 168, 107, 2, 358.
PJpn. *kapa skin, leather; bark (; ): OJpn. kapa; MJpn. kf;
Tok. kaw; Kyo. kw skin, kw leather; Kag. kaw.
JLTT 445. The tone opposition in Kyoto points to PJ *kp skin vs. *kp or *kp
leather (the RJ and Tokyo accentuation pointing to *kp, but Kyoto - to *kp).

PKor. *kph- / *kph- 1 bark 2 skin (1 2 ): MKor. kphr,

kphr, kpir 1, 2; Mod. k:pil 1, k:aphl, k:phl, k:ptegi 2.
Nam 8, 38, KED 29, 89, 103.
Martin 225, KW 201, 255, 15, 38-39, 67,
92, 274, 107. Regular except for tone variation in Japanese,
possibly due to interaction of several similar PA roots (see *gbo, *kepa,
*kbu, *kpi).
-kpa ( ~ -i, -u) bladder, film: Tung. *xap-; Mong. *kabiak; Turk. *Kp;
Kor. *kapo.
PTung. *xap- fish bladder ( ): Evk. kapata; Neg. p;
Ul. pa.
1, 11, 376. K- in Evk. is probably due to a contamination with *kepu- (v. sub
*kupe).

*kp - *kp

765

PMong. *kabiak groin (): WMong. qabia (L 897); Kh. xacag.

PTurk. *Kp 1 caul 2 virgins hymen 3 scrotum 4 bladder 5 afterbirth (1 2 3 4 5
): Karakh. qap (MK) 1, qapaq (MK) 2; Tat. qapq 3, 4; Shr. qabaq
1; Oyr. qapq 3; Tv. xapq 3; Chuv. kpek 5.
EDT 578, 583; 5, 266-267 (the root should be probably distinguished from the
homonymous *Kp sack, cover q. v. sub *k[]p).

PKor. *kapo fish bladder, (KED) sausage stuffed in a fish bladder

( ): Mod. kabo.
KED 18.
One of several similar roots, actively interacting with each other see notes to *k[]pa to cover. Mong. *kabi-ak groin is a result of secondary semantic development, probably < *scrotum or hymen (cf.
the meanings in Turkic).
-kp barrier: Tung. *xapki-; Mong. *kaa-; Turk. *Kap-; Jpn. *kupai.
PTung. *xapki- to block, partition (, , ): Neg. apk; Ul. aqpal; Ork. aqp ~ apq; Nan.
aqp-; Ud. afikta.
1, 47.
PMong. *kaa- to hinder, close (): MMong. qaa- (HY 17,
SH); WMong. qaa- (L 905); Kh. x-; Bur. x-; Kalm. x- (); Ord. x-;
Dag. x- (. . 172), h- (MD 153); Dong. qa-; Bao. x-; Mongr. x(SM 145).
MGCD 310, 311. Mong. > Evk. k- etc. ; Mong. qaala door (MMong. xaalqa, HY
16) > Tuva xla etc., see TMN 1, 442, Doerfer MT 60-61; Rozycki 131.

PTurk. *Kap- 1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close (1 2 , 3 ): OTurk. qapa, qap (Orkh., OUygh.) 2, qap
(Orkh.) 2, qapaq (OUygh.) 1, qap- 3; Karakh. qapu (MK, KB), qapaq
(MK) 1, qapu (MK) 2; Tur. kapak 1, kap 2, kapa- 3, kap- 3; Az. GapaG 1,
Gap 2, Gapa- 3; Turkm. Gapaq 1, Gap 2, dial. Gap- 3; Sal. qvu 2 ();
MTurk. qaba (Qutb.) 1, qapu (Houts., Pav. C.) 2, qabu (Qutb.) 2; Uzb.
qpqq 1, qpq 2, qpl- 3; Uygh. qap(q)aq 1, dial. qobu 2, qapla- 3; Krm.
qabaq 2; Tat. dial. qapqaq 1, qapqa 2, qapla- 3; Bashk. qapqa 2, qapla- 3;
Kirgh. qapqaq 1, qapqa 2; Kaz. qaqpaq 1, qap 2, qaqpa 2; KKalp. qaqpaq 1,
qap 2, qaqpa 2; Kum. qapu 2, qabaq 2; Nogh. qapaq 1, qap 2, qap(l)a- 3;
Khak. xaxpax 1; Shr. qabaq 1; Oyr. qaqpaq 1; Tv. qaqpaq 1; Chuv. xob 1,
xop(la)- 3; Yak. xappax 1; Dolg. kappakt- to cover.
VEWT 203, TMN 3, 369, 5, 160, 263-264, 274-275, 510, 2,
358-359, Stachowski 138 (there is also a variant *Kp- - due to merger with another root
*Kp-, v. sub *k[]p; the meaning cover here is probably secondary). Turk. > Mong.
qabqa cover (whence Evk. kapkak, see Doerfer MT 125), qabqa gate, see TMN 3, 371, 415,
Hung. kapu gate, see Gombocz 1912.

766

*kapu - *kapV

PJpn. *kupai fence to keep away animals (, - ): OJpn. kupe.

EAS 89-90, 208, 1, 337, 1984, 85.
Mong. qaa- is not < Turk., despite 1997, 133. See also notes to
PA *kbo.
-kapu a stinging insect: Tung. *xapina(bu); Mong. *kubilagana; Turk.
*KApu (?).
PTung. *xapina(bu) wasp, bee (, ): Ul. apuna; Ork.
apnaw(n); Orch. xapinu; Ud. afunau (. 209).
1, 462. Cf. also Evk. awawa butterfly ( 1, 8).
PMong. *kubilagana female tick ( ): WMong.
qubilaana (L 978: cattle tick); Kh. xuval, xuvalgana, xuvilgana; Bur.
xubalza tick; Ord. xuwilaGana.
PTurk. *KApu (?) bumble-bee (): OTurk. qabu (OUygh. Suv.).
399.
1984, 85, 9. A Western isogloss.
-kapV to press, grasp: Tung. *xap-ki-; Mong. *kab-; Turk. *Kap-.
PTung. *xap-ki- to strangle, throttle (, ): Evk. apki-;
Evn. apq-; Neg. apk-; Ork. aqp-.
1, 47.
PMong. *kab- 1 to pinch, squeeze, grasp; hold 2 to join, press together 3 flat (1 , , 2 , 3
): MMong. qabi- 1, qabataxai (HY 53), qabtaqai 3 (SH), qabi- 1,
qbtaai 3 (MA 284, 285); WMong. qabi- (L 896); qabla- 1; qabsara- 2 (L
898: qabsu-, qabsur-, qabsura-); qabta- 3 (L 899); Kh. xavi-; xavsr- 2; xavt3; xavtgaj 3; Bur. xaba-; Kalm. xap-, xaw-; xawl- 1; Ord. Gabi- 1, gbtg 3, Gabt- be flat; Dag. kari- 1 (. . 148), xawi- 1 (. .
172); kabta 3 (. . 148), kabei- 1, kabeteaj 3 (MD 181); Mongr.
xam- sagacer (dents) (SM 153).
KW 167, 174. qabi- may be a merger of *kab- and *kajii (v. sub *kp). Mong. qabta> Evk. kapta- etc., see Doerfer MT 25-26; Mong. qabi- > Evk. kapi-, see ibid. 125; Mong.
qabiur tongs (despite 1997, 165, not < Turk.) > Evk. kapur, Man. qabixun, see
ibid. 127, Poppe 1966, 193, Rozycki 129; Mong. > Kirgh. qapaj, qapal etc., see 5,
273-274.

PTurk. *Kap- 1 to snatch, take 2 to bite (1 , 2 ):

OTurk. qap- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qap- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. kap- 1,2;
Gag. qap- 1,2; Az. Gap- 1,2; Turkm. Gap- 1,2; MTurk. qap- (AH, IM, Pav.
C., Qutb) 1; Uzb. qp- 1,2; Uygh. qap- 1,2; Tat. qap- 1,2; Bashk. qap- 1,2;
Kirgh. qap- 1,2; Kaz. qap- 1,2; KBalk. qab- 1,2; KKalp. qap- 1,2; Nogh. qap1,2; Khak. xap- 1,2; Oyr. qap- 1,2; Tof. qap- to grab with ones mouth;
bite (of fish); Chuv. xp- 1,2; Yak. xap- 1,2.

*kra - *kre

767

VEWT 233, EDT 580, 5, 264-265, TMN 3, 373-374.

KW 167, Poppe 43, 1, 315, 289 (but the Jpn. form
should be kept separate, see *kapa). A Western isogloss. The root is expressive and tends to contaminate with *kape to squeeze, pinch (q. v.),
as well as with *kp side (in Mong.: to grasp > press > flatten,
flat), but nevertheless reconstructable for PA (despite Doerfers doubts
in TMN 3, 374); borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite improbable, despite 1997, 133.
-kra tide, ebb-tide, flood: Tung. *xarba; Mong. *kargi-; Turk. *KAr-;
Jpn. *kt.
PTung. *xarba 1 shallow place, shoal 2 shallow 3 ebb, ebb-tide 4 to
become shallow (1 2 3 , 4 ): Evk.
arba 1,2; Evn. arbat 1; Neg. ajba- 4; Ul. alba 2; Nan. arba 1,2.
1, 49.
PMong. *kargi- overfall, waterfall (, ):
MMong. qarki Strom, Lauf des Flusses (SH); WMong. qargi rapids,
qargil shoal in a river (L 936); Kh. xargil; Bur. xarja; Kalm. xrg.
KW 177. Mong. > Evk. kargi, Man. argi etc. ( 1, 381, Doerfer MT 103, Rozycki
102); > Yak. xarg show place, Dolg. karg show (Stachowski 139).

PTurk. *KAr- 1 to overflow 2 moat, ditch (1

2 ): OTurk. qarm ~ qaram (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. qar- (MK) 1,
qarm (KB) 2; Tur. kar- (of water) to pile up behind an obstacle, dial.
karm 2; Az. Garm 2; Turkm. Garm 2; MTurk. qar- (IM) 1; Uzb. qrm
(dial.) 2; Uygh. qerim 2; KKalp. qarm 2; Shr. xaral; Oyr. qarant thawed
spot; Tv. xarla ice-hole.
EDT 643, 5, 320.
PJpn. *kt 1 tide, ebb-tide 2 beach, bay (1 2 , ):
OJpn. kata 1; MJpn. kt 1; Tok. kata 2.
JLTT 442.
1984, 86.
-kre edge: Tung. *xri-; Mong. *kira; Turk. *Kr.
PTung. *xri- border, hem (, ): Ul. ra; Nan. ri-,
ria.
1, 371.
PMong. *kira edge, ridge (, ): WMong. kira (L
470); Kh. ar; Bur. ara ; Kalm. kir; Ord. kir; Dag.
arGaG, (. . 150) kira mound; Mongr. ir bord, limite (SM
458).
KW 232, MGCD 354. Mong. > Evk. kira etc. ( 1, 397), see Doerfer MT 46.
PTurk. *Kr 1 isolated mountain 2 mountain top, mountain ridge 3
steppe, desert, level ground 4 edge (1 2 , , 3 , , -

768

*kru - *kaa

4 ): Karakh. qr 1 (MK, KB), rising ground (IM,14 c.); Tur. kr 3;

Gag. qr 3; Turkm. Gr 3; MTurk. qr (Sangl.), qir (Pav. C.) 2, 3; Uzb. qir 2,
3, 4; Uygh. qir 3, 4; Krm. qr 3; Tat. qr 3, 4; Bashk. qr 3, 4; Kirgh. qr 2, 3;
Kaz. qr 2, 4; KBalk. qr 3; KKalp. qr 2, 4; Kum. qr 3; Nogh. qr 3; Khak.
xr 2, roof; Shr. qr; Oyr. qr 2, 3, 4; Chuv. xir 3; Yak. krtas 2; krdal hill;
Dolg. krdal hill.
EDT 641, VEWT 265, 95-96, 6, 225, Stachowski 169. Derived is PT
*Kran edge, ridge ( 6, 226); but note that modern forms like Turkm. Gra, Tuva
qra etc. are borrowed < Mong. kira.

EAS 144, KW 232, Poppe 114, 12, 96, TMN 3, 568,

6, 226. A Western isogloss; in Turkic contaminating with the reflex of *giru q.v.
-kru a k. of cloth: Tung. *xara-musa; Mong. *kormu-sun; Turk. *KArs;
Kor. *kr.
PTung. *xara-musa thigh covers, stockings (, ):
Evk. aramus; Evn. armr; Neg. ajmos; Ork. amsa; Orch. am(u)su; Ud.
amuhi; Sol. aramu.
1, 48. Evk. > Russ. Siber. arams, aramz (pl.) ( 92).
PMong. *kormu-sun thin silk kerchief ( ):
WMong. qormusun; Kalm. xormsn.
KW 188.
PTurk. *KArs a k. of upper clothes ( ): Karakh.
qars (MK); MTurk. qars (Pav. C.); Uygh. bel-qrs, qol-qrs; Kirgh. qars;
Oyr. qaris a k. of textile (dial.).
5, 312.
PKor. *kr satin, ornamented silk (, ): MKor.
kr.
Nam 46.
In Mong. cf. also qorgaj brocade ( > Chag. qurgaj id.), which,
however, may be alternatively compared with PT *krk fur, fur coat
( 5, 148-149).
-kaa ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite: Tung. *xar-k-; Mong. *karu-; Turk.
*Ka-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *xar-k- 1 to bite 2 to sting (1 2 , ):
Evk. arki- 2; Evn. arq- 2; Neg. ajk- 2; Ul. ao- 1, 2; Ork. t-la- 2; Nan.
ajqo- 1, 2.
1, 51-52.
PMong. *karu-, *kar-ma- to rasp, plane; to rake up (, ; ): WMong. qaru-, qar-ma- (L 940); Kh. xara-; Bur. xarxa
mole; Kalm. xar-; Ord. xaru-, xarl plane.
KW 169.

*ksa - *ksi

769

PTurk. *Ka- 1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane (1 2 , 3 ): OTurk. qaz- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qaz- (KB),
qaz- (MK) 1; Tur. kaz- 1,2, kaz- 2, kaza 3; Gag. qaz- 1; Az. Gaz- 1,2,
Gaz- 1,2; Turkm. Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2; MTurk. qaz- (AH, Houts., MA, IM,
Pav. C.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. qaz- 1, qazi- 1; Uygh. qaz- 1; Tat. qaz- 1;
Bashk. qa- 1; Kirgh. qaz- 1; Kaz. qaz- 1; KKalp. qaz- 1; Kum. qaz- 1;
Nogh. qaz- 1; Khak. dial. xas- 1; Shr. qas- 1; Oyr. qas- 1; Tv. qas- 1; Chuv.
xr- 2; Yak. xas- 1,2; Dolg. kas- 1.
VEWT 243, 5, 185-186, 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -- is not quite
clear here.

PKor. *kr- to plough; to grind, plane (; , ):

MKor. kr-; Mod. kal-.
Liu 28, KED 43, 44.
EAS 46, 111, KW 169, 1984, 87. Cf. Old Koguryo *ka
plough (thus in Miller 1979, 13; Lee has *kal; the isolated Manchu
alan ploughshare may be < Kor.).
-ksa place between limbs: Tung. *xasa-k; Mong. *kasa; Turk. *Ksk;
Kor. *ksm.
PTung. *xasa-k wing (): Evk. asak; Evn. asq; Neg. asax;
Man. asa; SMan. ash wing, fin (2293); Ul. asal; Ork. asa; Nan.
asar; Orch. asi.
1, 54. TM > Dag. aik, aik (. . 122).
PMong. *kasa crotch ( ): WMong. qasa
(XTTT); Kh. xas; Bur. xah (Barg.-Bur., DO 296); Ord. Gasa.
PTurk. *Ksk groin (): OTurk. qas (OUygh.); Tur. kask; Az.
GasG; Turkm. Gsq; MTurk. qasq (IM, R - Vam.); Tat. qasq; Bashk.
qaq (dial.); Chuv. xza.
VEWT 239, EDT 666, 5, 331-332, . 179.
PKor. *ksm breast (): MKor. ksm; Mod. kasm.
Nam 5, KED 20.
Closed * in Turkic is not clear.
-ksi to cut; piece: Tung. *(x)asu-; Mong. *kasu-; Turk. *kes-; Jpn.
*kns; Kor. *ksk- / ksk-.
PTung. *(x)asu- 1 to chop, cut off 2 to bite (1 , 2
): Evk. asu- 2; Man. asia- 1.
1, 56.
PMong. *kasu- to cut off pieces, to adze, to diminish (,
, ): WMong. qasu- (L 942); Kh. xas-; Bur. xaha-;
Kalm. xas-; Ord. Gasu-.
KW 171. Mong. > Evk. kasi- ( 1, 382-383).
PTurk. *kes- to cut (): OTurk. kes- (Yenis.); Karakh. kes- (MK,
KB); Tur. kes-; Az. ks-; Turkm. kes-; Khal. ks-; MTurk. kes- (Abush.);

770

*ksi - *kb

Uzb. kes-; Uygh. kes-; Tat. kis-; Bashk. ki-; Kirgh. kes-; Kaz. kes-; KBalk.
kes-; Kum. kes-; Khak. kis-; Shr. kes-; Oyr. kes-; Tv. kes-; Chuv. kas-; Yak.
keh-.
VEWT 257, 5, 55-57, 58. Turk. *kesek > WMong. keseg piece, part (TMN 3,
596, Clark 1980, 39, 1997, 127).

PJpn. *kns scar (, ): OJpn. kjizu; MJpn. kz; Tok. kzu;

Kyo. kz; Kag. kz.
JLTT 452.
PKor. *ksk- / ksk- 1 to cut, trim 2 to break off (1 , 2 ): MKor. ksk- 1, ksk- 2; Mod. k:ak:- 1, k:k:- 2.
Nam 26, 27, 39, KED 35, 91.
SKE 103 (Turk.-Kor.; despite TMN 3, 596, Kor. ksk- is not a
teleologische Sternchenform). Cf. also Nan. (Bik.) kesi- to cut out with quite inexplicable k- (a borrowing?). Reasons for prenasalization
in Jpn. are unclear (perhaps a suffixed form like *ksi-gu-n is reflected).
-ksi leash, trap, net: Tung. *xasu-; Turk. *kes-.
PTung. *xasu- 1 net, trap 2 to fish (1 , 2 ):
Man. asu 1; SMan. as 1 (664); Ul. as- 2.
1, 464.
PTurk. *kes- 1 a k. of leash for domestic animals 2 chain, leash,
noose 3 sea knot (1 2 ,
, 3 ): Karakh. kesgk (MK) collar; Turkm.
kesmik 1; Kaz. keskek 1; Chuv. kasmk 2, kazak 3.
EDT 750, 5, 59. Deriving the root from kes- cut is dubious semantically.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-ksV thorn, thorny tree: Tung. *xas-kta; Kor. *ksi.
PTung. *xas-kta fir-tree (): Evk. askta; Evn. asta; Ul. asta; Ork.
asqta; Nan. askta; Orch. asikta; Ud. ahikta.
1, 56.
PKor. *ksi thorn (): MKor. ksi; Mod. kasi.
Nam 5, KED 21.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; cf. also Bur. xasuuri, xasuurgana,
xasuurha(n) fir-tree ( < TM?).
-kb corpse: Tung. *(x)eburen; Mong. *ker; Turk. *gEbre; Jpn.
*kmpni.
PTung. *(x)eburen corpse (): Man. ren, oren, eoren.
2, 289-290. Attested only in Manchu, but with probable external parallels.
PMong. *ker corpse, dead body; cemetery (; ):
WMong. ker (L 443); Kh. xr; Bur. xr; Kalm. kr, () kr; Ord. kr;
S.-Yugh. kr.
KW 250, MGCD 395.

*kb - *kd

771

PTurk. *gEbre 1 corpse 2 to die (of animals) (1 2 (

)): Karakh. kvre carrion (MK); Tur. geber-, (dial.) gevre- 2;
Gag. geber- 2; Az. gbr- 2; Turkm. gvre 1; Krm. geber- 2; Oyr. qavraj, (. 6, 19) (?).
VEWT 244, EDT 690, 3, 36. The root is confused here with *gp- to swell (of
belly), become pregnant (with which it indeed contaminates in Oghuz languages).

PJpn. *kmpni corpse (): OJpn. kabane; MJpn. kbn; Tok. kabane.
JLTT 431.
1984, 124. In Turkic the root is preserved basically in
Oghuz languages; it obviously obtained initial *g- (*k- would be normally expected) under the double influence of *gp- to swell (of belly)
and *gebre- fragile.
-kb river, bay: Tung. *xebe; Jpn. *kp; Kor. *ki ( < *kabi).
PTung. *xebe- 1 bay 2 lake (1 2 ): Evk. ewern 1; Neg.
ewejen 2; Ul. xewe(n) 2; Ork. xewere(n) 1; Nan. xew 1, 2; Orch. ewe 1; Ud.
ewe 1.
2, 436. Cf. also Ul. awa(n) bay ( 1, 457).
PJpn. *kp river (): OJpn. kapa; MJpn. kf; Tok. kaw; Kyo.
kw; Kag. kwa.
JLTT 445.
PKor. *ki ( < *kabi) inlet, estuary (, ): MKor. ki;
Mod. k.
Liu 33, KED 65.
Martin 250 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss. The irregular high
tone in MKor. may be due to contraction after the loss of *-b-. Cf. OT
(MK Ganaki) kevli the mouth of a canal (EDT 689).
-kd wind, fog: Tung. *xedn; Mong. *kde; Turk. *Kad; Jpn. *kti (~
-ua-).
PTung. *xed-n wind (): Evk. edin; Evn. edn; Neg. edin; Man.
edun; SMan. udun (2052); Jurch. hedu-un (5); Ul. xedu(n); Ork. xedu(n);
Nan. xedu(n); Orch. edi(n); Ud. edi(n); Sol. ed.
2, 438-439.
PMong. *kde fog, mist (): WMong. kde (L 497); Kh.
xden; Kalm. kd; Ord. kde, kdk.
KW 244.
PTurk. *Kad wind, whirlwind (, ): Karakh. qa (MK);
Tur. kaj rainy weather; Turkm. Gaj; MTurk. qaj (AH, Pav. C., Abush.);
Kirgh. qaj- to be frozen; Khak. xas; Tv. xat, xad- to be frozen; Tof. qat;
Yak. xat- to be cold in spring.
EDT 593, 5, 193-194, 46. Borrowing < Sam. *kacu whirlwind is
hardly credible, despite Helimski 1995.

772

*kegVnV - *kela

PJpn. *kti (~ -ua-) East wind ( ): OJpn. k(w)oti;

MJpn. koti; Tok. kochi (arch.).
JLTT 458.
289, 11.
-kegVnV nine: Tung. *xegn; Jpn. *kkn-.
PTung. *xegn nine (): Evk. jein; Evn. ujun; Neg. ijein; Man.
ujun; SMan. uin, ujun (2743); Ul. xuju(n); Ork. xuju(n); Nan. xuj; Orch.
xuju(n); Ud. jeji; Sol. jeg.
1, 352-353.
PJpn. *kkn- nine (): OJpn. kokono-; MJpn. kokono-; Tok.
kokno-; Kyo. kkn-; Kag. kkn-.
JLTT 454. Accent is unclear, just as in all other numerals.
Miller 1985, 143. An exact Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-kja ( ~ -o) to slide, swim: Tung. *xeje-; Mong. *kajiba-; Turk. *Kj-.
PTung. *xeje- 1 to sink 2 to float, flow (1 2 (
)): Evk. eje- 1; Evn. ejn- 2; Neg. ej-n- 2; Man. eje- 2; SMan. eito flow, to overflow (1807); Ul. xeje-n- 2; Ork. xeje-n- 2; Nan. xeje- 2;
Orch. eje- 2; Ud. eje- 2; Sol. eji- 2.
2, 440-442.
PMong. *kajiba- to swim (of birds, animals) ( ( ,
)): WMong. qajiba- (L 911); Kh. xajva-; Bur. xajba 2; xajbalza , ; Kalm. xw oar
().
PTurk. *Kj- 1 to slide 2 to swim 3 skis (1 2 3
): Tur. kaj-, dial. kajp- 1; Turkm. Gj- 1, 2; Kirgh. qajp- 1; SUygh.
qaj- 2; Oyr. qaj- 1; Tv. xaj- 1; Yak. xajhar 3; Dolg. kahar, khar, xhar 3.
VEWT 233, 5, 197-198, Stachowski 137 (nasalization in Dolg. is unclear).
A rather complicated Western isogloss. The TM form is compared
(in SKE 61-62, 297) with Kor. hi- swim; this seems now dubious because of the apparent lack of development PA *k- > Kor. *h-.
The Korean word should rather be considered as having lost the initial
vowel (*hi- < *uhi-) and be derived < PA *uku q.v. On the other hand,
Evk. kajama, Orok qajama bare (not fur-lined) skis are most probably
borrowed < Mong. qaiba a k. of oar (or perhaps from some unattested
Yakut form, cf. the meaning skis in Yak.?).
-kela ( ~ -o, -u) a k. of small animal: Tung. *xel-; Mong. *kaliun; Turk.
*Kele.
PTung. *xel- 1 bat 2 flying squirrel 3 swallow (1 2
- 3 ): Evk. elduk 1; Evn. elduki 2, 3; Ul. xele 1; Ork.
xelei 3; Nan. xelegdex, xeregdep 1; Orch. xelegduki 1; Ud. elugduge 1; Sol.
eligd 1.

*kl - *ke

773

2, 446.
PMong. *kaliun 1 otter, beaver 2 brown, yellowish-brown (1 , 2 , ): MMong. qaliun (HY 11), qaliun
(MA) 1, qaliun (SH) 2, kalbn 2 (Lig.VMI); WMong. qaliun (L 919) 1;
Kh. xan 1, 2; Bur. xan 1, 2; Kalm. xn 1, 2; Ord. xa 1, xa(n) 2;
Dag. xal, (. . 173) xal 1; kalr 2 (. . 148), hal (MD 156);
Mongr. xaliu.
KW 177, MGCD 320. Mong. (also with the derived meaning brown, yellowish-brown) > Man. kailun brown (horse), ailun otter etc., see TMN 1, 383, Doerfer MT
132, Rozycki 98, 130; > Kor. kariun (mr), see Lee 1958, 119.

PTurk. *Kele field mouse (-): Karakh. keleg

al-yarb (MK); Tur. kelen(g)i, geleni, dial. gelenki; Uygh. kele (IM);
Kirgh. kelemi, keler, keles.
VEWT 249, EDT 718, 5, 31, 181. The root is not widely attested (although mentioned by MK), and may become confused with the root for lizard; in Turkic
dialects folk-etymologically influenced by gelin bride (cf. also gelincek weasel, see
1979), which would explain voiced g- (irregular in the Altaic perspective).

A Western isogloss.
-kl mortar: Tung. *xeli; Turk. *kli; Jpn. *kni.
PTung. *xeli mortar (): Man. xeen; Ul. xei; Nan. xei ( >
Neg. xei).
1, 481.
PTurk. *kli mortar (): Tur. keli (dial.); MTurk. keli; Uzb. keli
(dial.); Krm. keli; Tat. kile; Bashk. kile; KBalk. keli; Kum. keli; Chuv. kil;
Yak. kel.
5, 33. Cf. also such forms as Chuv. kiep tamper, pestle and Bashk. ki(l)sap,
kilap id. Turk. > Hung. kly, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *kni pestle (): OJpn. kjine; MJpn. kine; Tok. kne; Kyo.
kn; Kag. kin.
JLTT 450. The OJ variant kji probably reflects an early contraction < *kl-gV.
A common Altaic cultural term; despite the rare cluster *-l- the
reconstruction appears reliable.
-ke belt, waist: Tung. *xelgee; Turk. *ke; Jpn. *ks.
PTung. *xelgee 1 waist 2 interval (1 , 2 ): Evk. ee 1; Evn. e 1, lg 2; Neg. ee 1; Ul. xegi 1; Ork.
egeje armpit.
2, 446, 458.
PTurk. *ke 1 belt 2 back, spine (1 , 2 , ):
OTurk. ke (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ke ~ ki (MK) 1; Kirgh. keene girdle;
Chuv. kaan 2.
VEWT 258, EDT 752, MNT 1697, 5, 60-61. Sak. ka- belt may be < Turkic
(Bailey 56 expresses doubts as to the phonetic regularity of its derivation from Proto-Iran.

774

*k - *kma

*kaa armpit). The vowel may have been long - to judge from Turkm. ken chain
(which reflects a hybrid form between *kie-n fetters, q. v. sub *ka, and *ke belt).

PJpn. *ks waist (): OJpn. kosi; MJpn. ks; Tok. kshi;
Kyo. ksh; Kag. kshi.
JLTT 458.
76, 289. Cf. also comments to *soga.
-k a small wild animal: Tung. *xeldegde ( -ge); Mong. *kerelegene;
Turk. *Kl; Jpn. *ks(m)p.
PTung. *xelde-gde ( -ge) a k. of fox (-): Neg.
xeldegde ( < South. Tung.); Ul. xeldegie(n); Ork. xeldegde, xeldekte; Nan.
xeldeg.
1, 481.
PMong. *kerelegene field mouse ( ): WMong.
kerelegene (L 457); Kh. xerelgene.
PTurk. *Kl 1 rat 2 mole (1 2 ): Tat. kl (dial.) 1;
Bashk. kl 1, 2; Khak. kzl 2; Oyr. kl 2.
5, 155. Turk. > Kalm. kl (KW 248).
PJpn. *ks(m)pu hedgehog (): MJpn. ksb.
JLTT 465.
In Turkic one has to suppose vowel assimilation (*Kl < *Kel),
and in Mong. - a regular r/l metathesis ( < *keler-egene). Cf. a number of
similar roots, with a possibility of contaminations: see *keru, *ka,
*kti, *kela.
-kma a k. of reed or leek: Tung. *xegukte; Mong. *kamgar; Turk.
*Kam; Jpn. *km.
PTung. *xegu-kte wild onion ( ): Evk. uukte, eukte;
Evn. eut; Neg. eukte; Man. uge, egule; Ul. xeikte; Nan. xeukte.
2, 280, 458.
PMong. *kamgar wild leek ( -): WMong. qamaar
(MXTTT); Kh. xamgar.
PTurk. *Kam reed (): OTurk. qamu, qam (OUygh.);
Karakh. qam (MK, IM); Tur. kam; Az. Gam; Turkm. Gam; MTurk.
qam (Qutb, MA); Uzb. qmi; Uygh. qomu; Tat. qam; Bashk. qam;
Kirgh. qam; Kaz. qams; KBalk. qami; KKalp. qams; Kum. qamu;
Nogh. qams; Khak. xams; Oyr. qam; Chuv. xml stalk of cereals;
Yak. xams, xomus.
5, 249-250, TMN 3, 517.
PJpn. *km reed (): OJpn. kama; MJpn. km; Tok. kama.
JLTT 431, 435 (there is also a variant *kmp, probably secondary).
Cf. *komga, *gau, *kemV.

*km - *kmV

775

-km sharp, sharp tool: Tung. *xemer; Jpn. *km.

PTung. *xemer 1 sharp 2 easy going (1 2 ,
): Evk. emer; Evn. emr; Neg. emejigdi; Ul. xomburu(n) 2; Ork.
xemberu 1,2; Nan. xember 2; Orch. xemberu 2; Ud. emei 1, 2.
2, 453.
PJpn. *km sickle (): OJpn. kama; MJpn. km; Tok. kma; Kyo.
km; Kag. kam.
JLTT 435.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-km intestines; liver: Tung. *xemu-gde; Mong. *kim; Jpn. *kmu.
PTung. *xemu-gde 1 belly 2 intestines (1 2 ):
Evk. emugde 2; Evn. emd 2; Neg. emugde 1; Ul. xemde 1; Ork. xemugde 2;
Nan. xemde 1; Ud. emugde 1.
2, 451.
PMong. *kim sausage, offal (, ): WMong. kima
(XTTT); Kh. xim; Bur. xemneg womb.
PJpn. *kmu liver (): OJpn. kjimwo; MJpn. km; Tok. kim;
Kyo. km; Kag. km.
JLTT 450. The Kagoshima tone is irregular.
111, 276.
-kmV wide: Tung. *xeme; Mong. *kem; Turk. *g.
PTung. *xeme wide (): Evk. eme; Evn. em; Neg. eme;
Ul. xem, xum all; Ork. xemge; Orch. emme; Ud. eme; Sol. emme.
2, 450-1.
PMong. *kem limits, measure (, ): MMong. kem (SH);
WMong. kem (L 450); Kh. xem; Bur. xem; Kalm. kem; Ord. kem; Dag. kem
(. . 149), heme (MD 160).
KW 224. Mong. > Oyr., Yak., Dolg. kem etc. (VEWT 250, Ka. VI 42, Stachowski 144),
Man. kemu(n) etc. (Doerfer MT 102, Rozycki 137).

PTurk. *g wide (): OTurk. ki (OUygh.); Karakh. ke

(MK); Tur. gen; Az. gen; Turkm. g; Khal. keg; MTurk. k (Sangl.,
Abush., . .), g (Sangl.); Uzb. ke; Uygh. k; Krm. ke, ken; Tat.
ki; Bashk. ki; Kirgh. ke; Kaz. ke; KBalk. ke; KKalp. ke; Kum. ge;
Nogh. ke; SUygh. ke; Shr. ke; Oyr. ke; Yak. kie; Dolg. kie.
EDT 724-725, VEWT 253, EDT 724-725, 3, 46-47, Stachowski 147.
1984, 125-126, 12. A Western isogloss. In PT *kwould be expected; initial voicing is probably due to the influence of
another Altaic root, *ki empty (PT *gei nasal cavity), cf. its reflexes in Mong. (kekeji- be wide and empty; 1997, 127 actually regards the latter as borrowed from Turkic - which is quite dubious; see TMN 3, 612-613).

776

*knVta - *k

-knVta wall, wall mat: Tung. *xondari; Mong. *kana(n); Turk.

*K(i)(j)nat.
PTung. *xondari wall mat ( ): Neg. xondoj ( <
South.), , onara-wu ; Ul. ondor; Ork. ondor; Nan.
ondor.
1, 470, 2, 18.
PMong. *kana(n) section of yurt lattice wall, wall ( , ): WMong. qana(n) (L 927); Kh. xana(n); Bur.
xana; Kalm. xan; Ord. xana.
KW 165. Mong. > Evk. kana etc., see Doerfer MT 77, Rozycki 101; > Khak. xana etc.,
see TMN 1, 416.

PTurk. *K(i)(j)nat flap (of door), wall (of yurt) ( (),

()): Tur. kanat; Az. Ganat; Turkm. Gnat (dial.); MTurk.
qanat (Pav. C.); Uzb. qnt; Kirgh. qanat; Kaz. qanat; KKalp. qanat; Khak.
xanat; Oyr. qanat; Chuv. onat , .
5, 252-253, 504, . XII, 246. The root should be kept distinct
from *Kjnat wing.

A Western isogloss. In Turkic the root has merged with *Kjnat

wing (see under *ka); this homonymy may have influenced Mong.,
where the stem qana(n) occasionally means wing, ; but
Mong. hardly < Turk., despite TMN 1, 416. In Mong. one has to suppose a reanalysis of *-t as a plural suffix.
-keo edge: Mong. *kajaa; Turk. *K; Kor. *k.
PMong. *kajaa edge (): WMong. qajaa (L 915); Kh. xaj; Bur.
xaj; Kalm. xaj; Ord. xaj lower part.
KW 161, TMN 1, 446.
PTurk. *K edge, hem (, ): OTurk. qaj (OUygh.)
cross-road; Karakh. qaj (MK) a place at an angle from the main
road; Bashk. qajma; Khak. xaj; Oyr. qajr steep, precipitous; Tv. xaj
located sideways; Chuv. xju; Yak. ka (.) road on the edge of a
precipice.
VEWT 221, 2, 338. Doubts about the OT word see in EDT 674, 676, Clark
1977, 146.

PKor. *k edge (): MKor. k; Mod. k.

Nam 28, KED 1.
A derivative of the same root may be Mong. kigan mountain
ridge.
-k light, thin: Tung. *xe-; Mong. *kgen; Turk. *Kee-; Jpn.
*km-; Kor. *knr-.
PTung. *xe- light (not heavy) ( ( )): Evk. e-mkn,
eum; Evn. ejim; Neg. eimkun; Man. eni-xun; Ul. xeu; Ork. xeu-mi;
Nan. xeu; Orch. xeimi; Ud. enimese (. 314); Sol. enikk.

*ko - *kea

777

2, 455-456.
PMong. *kgen light (not heavy) ( ( )): MMong.
kagan (HY 52), kogen (HYT), konkn (IM), kunkn (MA), kogele- to
lighten (SH); WMong. kgen (L 489); Kh. xgen; Bur. xngen; Kalm.
kgn, ggn; Ord. kgn; Dag. xungen (. . 179), hungen (MD
166), xungn; Dong. kongen, gongen; Bao. kuka; S.-Yugh. kgn;
Mongr. kogwn (SM 214), kugon.
KW 138, 246, MGCD 375.
PTurk. *Kee- easy, convenient; shallow (, ; ( )): Karakh. kees (MK); MTurk. kees, keez (Ali), keez
(Houts.); Chuv. kanas , ; Yak. kenen , , .
EDT 734.
PJpn. *km- small, thin (, ): MJpn. kmka-; Tok.
komak-i; Kyo. kmk-; Kag. komak-.
JLTT 455.
PKor. *knr- thin, fine (, ): MKor. knr-; Mod.
kanl-.
Nam 9, KED 5.
1, 350, 1984, 103. Mong. has secondary labialization (*kgen < *ke-gen); depalatalization in Kor. is not quite clear.
Otherwise correspondences are regular.
-ko a k. of blade: Tung. *xee; Mong. *kaji-; Jpn. *kn-i; Kor. *ki.
PTung. *xee dull side of blade ( ): Ul. xee.
1, 481.
PMong. *kaji- 1 to cut, hack 2 a k. of arrow 3 adze (1 ,
2 3 ): WMong. qaji- 1 (L 911), qaji-mur 2 (L
913); Bur. xaj- 1, xajl 3.
PJpn. *kn-i metal (): OJpn. kane; MJpn. kn; Tok. kne;
Kyo. kn; Kag. kne.
JLTT 437. Final -a- can be seen in compounds like OJ kana-jumji, kana-ja etc.
PKor. *ki scissors (): MKor. ki; Mod. kawi.
Nam 14, KED 23.
One should also note Mong. qajii scissors - possibly a contamination of this root with *kape q.v.
-kea spacious, free: Tung. *xe-; Mong. *kaka-.
PTung. *xe- 1 free 2 to walk out into open space (1 2
): Evk. e- 2; Ul. xegel(i) 1; Nan.
xegel 1; Ud. eei 1.
2, 457, 458.

778

*keV - *kp

PMong. *kaka- spacious, empty (, ): WMong.

qaqai (L 930); Kh. xanxaj; Bur. xanxaj- ; Kalm. xa big, giant
(); Ord. xax- to be tall, big.
Mong. > Man. xaga etc., see Doerfer MT 144)
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, perhaps an expressive variant of *ki
q. v.
-keV to be burnt: Tung. *xe(-gu-); Mong. *kesi-.
PTung. *xe(-gu-) to be burnt (, ): Evk.
egur-; Nan. xgi-.
2, 457.
PMong. *kesi- 1 to have a burnt taste or smell 2 smell of burning (1
, 2 ): WMong. kesi1, kesign 2; Kh. xeni- 1, xen 2; Bur. xn 2; Kalm. kn 2; Dag.
kunun 2 (. . 151).
KW 246. Mong. > Man. kuun.
1984, 110-111, 11, 286. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-kp husk, shell: Mong. *kebe; Turk. *keb-; Jpn. *kp.
PMong. *kebe husks, chaff (, ): WMong. kebe; Bur.
xebe; Kalm. kew; S.-Yugh. kw bran.
KW 229.
PTurk. *keb- 1 straw 2 brushwood 3 rot, dandruff 4 to hull (1 2 3 , 4 ): OTurk. kevk, kvk 1;
Karakh. kvi rotten heartwood (MK); Tur. kevik 1 (dial.) 1; Turkm.
kvze- 4; MTurk. kevk (AH) 1; Uzb. kz- (dial.) 4; Tat. kz- (dial.) 4;
Bashk. kewek 3, k(j)- 4; Chuv. kvajt 2.
EDT 688 (but not < Sogd.), 689. Cf. also *kbe- (*kebe-?) to hull, pound in a mortar
( 5, 81, 82).

PJpn. *kp 1 egg 2 shell (1 2 ): OJpn. kapjigwo 1,

kapji 1, 2; MJpn. kfg 1, kf 1, 2; Tok. ki 2; Kyo. k 2; Kag. ka 2.
JLTT 433. The Tokyo accent points to a variant *kp.
Turk. > WMong. kebeg, whence Mongor kawaG (TMN 3, 580, 1997, 127). One of several similar PA roots (see *kpa, *kbu, *kpi,
*gbo).
-kp ( ~ -b-) side: Tung. *xebu-, *xebte; Mong. *kabta-su; Turk.
*Kaptal; Jpn. *kp.
PTung. *xebu- 1 side 2 across, traverse, to the side (1 2 , ): Evk. ewunk 2; Evn. ewunki 2, ewutle 1; Neg. ewunki 2;
Jurch. xe-bew 2 (603); Ul. xeundi 2; Ork. xeundei 2; Nan. xeuni 2.
2, 435, 436.
PMong. *kabta-su side boards on saddle ( > folder) (
; ): MMong. qabtasu k. of board (MA 218, 295); WMong.

*kp - *kp

779

qabtasu (L 899); Kh. xavtas; Bur. xabtahan, xabtagaj; Kalm. xaptsn; Ord.
Gabtasu; Dag. xartas, kartas (. . 174) karetese (MD 181).
KW 167. Mong. > Orch. kaptasi, Man. abta etc. (see Rozycki 96).
PTurk. *Kaptal side (): Turkm. Gapdal; MTurk. qaptal (R - ShS,
Vam.); Uzb. qptl; Uygh. qaptal; Bashk. qaptal; Kirgh. qaptal; Kaz. qaptal;
KKalp. qaptal; Oyr. qaptal; Yak. xaptal.
5, 267-268.
PJpn. *kp side (): Tok. kwa; Kyo. kw; Kag. kwa.
JLTT 445.
KW 167. In Mong., due to secondary contaminations, the root is
somewhat hard to distinguish from *kapV press, grasp q.v.
-kp to change, price: Mong. *kubil-; Turk. *Kbi--; Jpn. *kupua-;
Kor. *kps.
PMong. *kubil- to change (): WMong. qubil- (L 977); Kh.
xuvila-; Bur. xubil-; Kalm. xwl- (); Ord. xuwil-; Dag. xobili- (.
. 176), hobili- (MD 162).
Mong. > Kirgh. qubul- etc. (see 6, 96-98); Yak., Dolg. kubuluj- (Ka. MEJ 104,
Stachowski 159); > Manchu kbuli- id. (see Rozycki 148).

PTurk. *Kbi-- 1 a gift of food to someone who comes to stack the

crop after the fields are clear 2 harvest tax in favour of the poor or the
clergy 3 debt (1 ,
, 2
3 ): Karakh. keve (MK;
spelled kfs) 1; Uzb. kapsan 2; Uygh. kpsn 2; Kirgh. kepsen, kesmen 1;
Kaz. kewsen 1; Chuv. kiven 3;
.. 89, EDT 585, 691, 1, 290-291. Turk. > Pers. kafsan harvest
tax for the clergy and administration; most modern forms may in fact have been borrowed back < Pers., but the Chuv. form can hardly be separated from the one attested in
MK. The theory of its being borrowed from Mong. klsn (see Rona-Tas 1988) can be
hardly justified. However, Hung. klczn, indeed, has most probably a Mong. source and
is not related to the words above.

PJpn. *kupua- profit (, ): OJpn. kup(w)o-sa.

PKor. *kps price (): MKor. kps; Mod. kap [kaps].
Nam 24, KED 57.
Cf. *kpa (with a possibility of mergers).
-kp to dry out, become fragile; to break: Tung. *xep-; Mong. *kew-;
Turk. *kep(i)-; Jpn. *kp-.
PTung. *xepe/u- to break, destroy (, ): Evk. ew-;
Man. efule-, efele-; SMan. efel (1660); Nan. xepu-li-.
2, 434.
PMong. *kew- to break, be fragile (, ,
): WMong. kere- (L 462), kel-; Kh. xre-; Bur. xrxej , ; Kalm. kl-; Ord. kregi- to become fragile.

780

*kp - *keporV

KW 249.
PTurk. *kep(i)- 1 to dry out 2 to extinguish, disappear (1 2
, ): Karakh. kepi- ( ~ kebi-) (MK) 1; Turkm. kep- 1;
Uzb. kp- 1, kbi- (dial.) 2; Tat. kip- 1; Bashk. kip- 1; Kirgh. kep- 1; Kaz.
kep- 1; KKalp. kep- 1; Kum. kep- 1, kebi- 2; Nogh. kep- 1; Tv. kep- 1; Yak.
kep- to pound, demolish; Dolg. kep- to push.
EDT 687, 5, 45-46, Stachowski 145 (but the Yak. and Dolg. forms hardly to
*gb- chew).

PJpn. *kp- to break (()): OJpn. k(w)op(w)or-, k(w)op(w)ot-;

MJpn. kfr-, kft-; Tok. kobot-, kowar-, kows-; Kyo. kwr-, kws-;
Kag. kwr-, kws-.
JLTT 710, 714.
Cf. *kpi (with possible contaminations).
-kp to become wet, sprinkle, overflow: Tung. *xep-; Mong. *kajila-;
Jpn. *kmpra-.
PTung. *xep- 1 to sprinkle 2 to get wet (1 2 ):
Evk. epe-, epti- 1; Evn. eb- 1,2, pte- 1; Neg. epti- 1; Man. ebe- 2; Ork.
xepii- 1.
2, 459-460.
PMong. *kajila- to melt (; ): WMong. kajil-; Kh. xajl-;
Bur. xajla-; Kalm. xl-; Ord. xl-; Dag. hajle- MD 155.
KW 179.
PJpn. *kmpra- to overflow (, ):
MJpn. kbra-; Tok. koborru; Kyo. kbr-; Kag. kbr-.
JLTT 711.
In Mong. secondary contaminations with *kajira- burn, roast
were possible.
-keporV curved bone: Tung. *xebti-; Mong. *kabir-; Turk. *KApur-;
Jpn. *km(p)r (~-ua-); Kor. *kpr.
PTung. *xebti- rib (): Evk. ewtil; Evn. ewutle; Neg. ewtile;
Man. ebi; SMan. efi (84); Ul. xeuntile, xeuptile; Ork. xewile; Nan. xeuile; Orch. eutile, eutule; Ud. euntile; Sol. tel.
2, 435. Should be distinguished from *xebte lung.
PMong. *kabir- rib (): MMong. qabusun chest (HY 47), gern
xabusun veranda, porch (HY 16), qabirxa (HY 47), qabirqa (SH), qabir
(MA); WMong. qabira(n), qabisu(n) (L 898); Kh. xavirga, xavis; Bur.
xabirga, xabha(n); Kalm. xwr, xawsn; Ord. xawirGa edge, bank, flank;
Mog. qobura; ZM qabora (3-2b) side, flank; Dag. xabirga (. .
172), haberihe (MD 154), xabirg; Dong. qaruGa (MGCD qarua); Bao.
alG; S.-Yugh. aruo; Mongr. xawu (SM 166), (MGCD xair).
MGCD 313, KW 178-179, TMN 1, 392.

*ker[o] - *kro

781

PTurk. *KApur- rib (): OTurk. qabar (Et-Tuhf); Tur. kabur

(dial.) a piece of tin or leather for fixing cracks; Turkm. GaprGa; Uzb.
qbz (dial.) armpit.
5, 275-276. (1997, 207) regards the word as a Mong. loanword,
which is hardly the case (although numerous forms like Chag. qabura etc. may indeed
have a Mong. origin, see TMN 1, 392).

PJpn. *km(p)r (~-ua-) calf (of leg) ( ()): MJpn. kmr,

kobura; Tok. kmura, kmura; Kyo. kmr; Kag. komra.
JLTT 456. Tonal correspondences are not quite clear.
PKor. *kpr elbow (): MKor. phr-kpr; Mod. phal-k:up.
Nam 462, KED 1736.
Turk. forms may be < Mong. Note that the TM forms have nothing
to do with Mong. eben breast bone, despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki
65. The word probably had the original meaning rib, preserved in
Western languages; the Korean and Japanese forms cannot be kept
apart, but they deserve special comment: in both languages the root
was naturally influenced by the reflexes of *kp bend (q.v.); the Japanese form is also aberrant accentologically, shows rather *-m- than *-p- and may in fact be a merger of the present root with PA *kome marrow.
-ker[o] frog, toad: Tung. *xerek; Turk. *Kr-bka / *Kur-; Kor.
*kro.
PTung. *xerek frog (): Evk. erek; Evn. eriki; Neg. ejex;
Man. erxe; Ul. xere, xereke; Ork. xere; Nan. xere; Orch. ki; Ud. xi.
2, 466-467.
PTurk. *Kr-bka / *Kur- 1 toad 2 frog (1 2 ): Karakh.
qur-baqa (MK) 1; Turkm. Gur-bGa 2; MTurk. qur-baa 1; Tat. qr-baqa 1;
Kirgh. qur-baqa 1; Kaz. qur-baqa 2.
180.
PKor. *kro snail (): MKor. kro.
Nam 51.
An expressive root with not quite regular correspondences.
-kro to shout, speak: Tung. *xr-; Mong. *kara/ija-; Turk. *Krga-; Jpn.
*ktr-.
PTung. *xr- to shout, call (, ): Evk. r-; Evn. ri-;
Neg. j-; Jurch. xeRse-be language (762); Ul. xr-si-; Nan. xr-si-; Sol.
r-.
2, 464.
PMong. *kara/ija- to curse (): WMong. qarija- (L 938), qaraa-;
Kh. xar-; Bur. xar-; Kalm. xar- (); Ord. xar-; Dag. xar-, kar(. . 174); har- (MD 156); Dong. qara-; Bao. ra-; Mongr. xar(SM 159).

782

*kerV - *k

MGCD 330.
PTurk. *Krga- to swear, curse (, ): OTurk.
qaran- (recipr.) (OUygh.); Karakh. qara-, qra- (MK, KB); Turkm.
GarGa-; MTurk. qara- (Qutb, Abush.); Uzb. qr-; Uygh. qa(r)a-; Tat.
qara-; Bashk. qara-; Kirgh. qara-; Kaz. qara-; KKalp. qara-; Kum.
qara-; Nogh. qara-; Khak. xara-; Oyr. qara-; Tv. qara-; Tof. qara-;
Chuv. xrrn (Adv.) angrily; Yak. kr-; Dolg. kr-.
EDT 655, VEWT 237, 5, 304-305, Stachowski 169.
PJpn. *ktr- to speak, tell (, ): OJpn. katar-;
MJpn. ktr-; Tok. ktar-; Kyo. ktr-; Kag. katr-.
JLTT 705.
201. Despite 1997, 134, the Mong. form is
hardly borrowed from Turkic. Jpn. has an irregular high tone. On a
possible Korean parallel see under *kli.
-kerV ( ~ --) to go round, walk round: Tung. *xer-; Mong. *kere-,
*ker-.
PTung. *xer- 1 around 2 to walk around, turn around (1 2
, ): Evk. erl 1; Evn. erl- 2; Neg. ejl- 2;
Ul. xereli- 2; Ork. xereli- 2, xere-li 1; Nan. xeri- 2.
2, 467.
PMong. *kere-, *ker- to roam, wander (): WMong. kere-,
ker- (L 458); Kh. xere-; Ord. kere-, ker-.
1984, 127-128. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-k bark: Tung. *xerekte; Mong. *kajir(a)-; Turk. *Ka, *Ka-d; Jpn.
*kr.
PTung. *xerekte skin (): Evk. erekte skin, bark; Evn. ert; Neg.
ejekte; Ul. xerekte; Ork. xerekte; Nan. xerekte; Orch. kte.
Formally - a derivative from PTM *xere- to skin (reflected in Ul. xere-); see 2,
467.

PMong. *kajir(a)- scales, hard bark (, ):

MMong. kairsun (HY 15); WMong. qajir(a)-su(n) (L 914); Kh. xajrs; Kalm.
xrsn; Ord. xrsu, xrsa.
KW 180.
PTurk. *Ka, *Ka-d 1 bark 2 scales 3 dandruff 4 to peel bark 5 to
husk nuts (1 2 3 4 5 ): OTurk. qadz 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qaz, qaz 1 (MK); Uzb. qazq 3;
Tat. qajr 1, dial. qajz 1; qajzla- 4; Bashk. qajr, dial. qaj; Kaz. qajzaq 3;
KKalp. qajzaq 3; Nogh. qajzaq 3; SUygh. qazdq 1; Khak. xastrx 1; Tv.
qazrq 2, qaz- 4; Tof. qas- 5; Chuv. xujr 1; Yak. qatrk 1; xast- to skin;
Dolg. kast- to skin.
VEWT 218, 243, EDT 608, 665, 5, 211-212, 328, 2, 352, 107.
The original form here is *Ka; a suffixed form was *Kad(), later simplified to *Kad.

*ko - *ksa

783

This can be clearly seen from forms like SUygh. and Khak. Another possible explanation
could be an early dissimilation (*Ka- > *Kad = *Ka, or already after the zetacism,
*Kazz > *Kaz). There is some confusion between *Ka and *Kas, *Kasuk in Old Turkic,
but MK definitely spells the word as qaz.

PJpn. *kr shell (): MJpn. kr; Tok. kar; Kyo. kr; Kag.
kra.
JLTT 438. The Kyoto accent is aberrant (*kr would be expected).
Miller 1975, 157-72, 1985, 151, 38, 80, 285, 107.
The Mong. word belongs here with high probability, although medial
-j- is not quite clear: the form is perhaps a dissimilation < *kari-ra- (a
similar process *-lVl- > -jVl- is widely spread).
-ko to remunerate, repay: Tung. *xeri-; Mong. *kerig; Turk. *Kagan-;
Jpn. *kt-pk-.
PTung. *xeri- 1 price 2 wake, ritual celebration (after death) 3 payment to a judge (1 , 2 ( ) 3 ): Evn. ri 1; Nan. xerg
2, xer (On.) 3.
1, 482, 2, 464.
PMong. *kerig miserly (): WMong. kerig, kireg, kirig (L 471);
Kh. xereg.
PTurk. *Kagan- to earn wages by labour, to gain profits by trade,
to strive for success (, , ): OTurk.
qazan- (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.); Karakh. qazan- (MK, KB); Tur. kazan-;
Gag. qazan-; Az. Gazan-; Turkm. Gazan-; MTurk. qazan- (Sangl., Houts.,
Ettuhf., IM, Pav. C., MA), Kypch. qazan- (CCum.); Uygh. qazan-; Tat.
qazan-; Bashk. qazan-; Kum. qazan-; Nogh. qazan-; Chuv. xrn ,
, ; Yak. xahn-.
5, 188-189.
PJpn. *kt-pk- to celebrate (, ): OJpn.
kotop(w)ok-; MJpn. kotofog-; Tok. kotohg-, kotobuk-; Kyo. kthg-; Kag.
kthg-.
JLTT 713.
Note a rare case of Jpn. -t- < *-- before --; this should be probably
explained by an early vowel assimilation: *ktpk- < *ktpk- (cf. also
another attested variant, *ktpk-).
-ksa ( ~ -o) spool, spool string: Tung. *xesi-; Turk. *K(i)as-; Jpn. *kasai.
PTung. *xesi-n string in net edge (, ):
Man. xeen edge (of net etc.); SMan. xen, xesn brim; strap (2606);
Ul. xesi(n); Nan. xes; Orch. xesi(n).
1, 483.
PTurk. *K(i)as- 1 to constrict, tighten 2 brace joining the wheel hoop
and its wooden part 3 block, tambour 4 iron hoop on a cask (1 -

784

*kta - *kta

, 2 , 3 , 4 ): Tur. kas- 1;
Az. GasnaG, GasaG 3; Turkm. Gas- 1, Gasaq 2; Uzb. qasn (dial.) 2;
Uygh. qasa- 1, qasqan hoop of a tambourine; Kirgh. qasas- 1, qasqan 4;
KKalp. qasnaq 2; Nogh. qasnaq 2; Khak. xas- (Sag., Koib.) to place the
halter on the saddle bow; Oyr. qasta- 1; Tv. qasta- 1.
5, 329-330.
PJpn. *kasai spool, tool for spinning, spool string (, , ): OJpn. kase, kasep(j)i;
MJpn. kase; Tok. kase.
JLTT 441.
Martin (JLTT 441) unites Jpn. kase spool and kase fetters, shackles; the two words, however, are clearly opposed in OJ and seem to
have quite different Altaic origin (on *ksi fetters see under PA *ka).
PJ *kasai spool surely cannot be separated from PT *K(i)as- hoop,
hoop brace; the attribution of PTM *xesi- is less secure: it can belong
here if we suppose a semantic development spool > spool string >
string in net.
-kta to overcome, contend: Tung. *xete-; Mong. *kadagala-; Turk.
*Katar-; Jpn. *kt-.
PTung. *xete- 1 to overcome, win 2 to be stubborn, contend 3 to fulfil, accomplish (1 , 2 , 3 , ): Evk. ete- 3; Evn. et- 1; Neg. etie- 2,
ete- 3; Man. ete- 1; SMan. et- to win (803); Jurch. hete-xe (794) 1; Ul.
xete- 1; Ork. xete- 1; Nan. xete- 1; Orch. ete- 1; Ud. ete- 1; Sol. ete- 1, 3.
2, 470. TM > Dag. ete- (. . 141).
PMong. *kadagala- to preserve, keep in confinement (, , ): WMong. qadaala- (L 902); Kh.
xadgala-; Bur. xadagal-; Kalm. xadl-; Ord. xadaGala-; Dag. xadagl-;
S.-Yugh. GadaGla-.
KW 158, MGCD 315.
PTurk. *Katar- 1 to turn (a horse) back, preventing it from going; to
turn (the enemy) back 2 to drive, pursue 3 to pasture 4 to keep watch 5
to wait (1 () ; 2
, 3 4 5 ): Karakh. qatar(MK) 1; Tur. katarla-, katala- (dial.) 2; Khak. xadar- 3,4,5; Shr. qadar- 3,4,5;
Oyr. qadar- 3,4,5; Tv. qadar- 3,4,5.
EDT 604, 5, 337.
PJpn. *kt- to win, overcome (): OJpn. kat-; MJpn. kt-;
Tok. kt-; Kyo. kt-; Kag. kt-.
JLTT 706.
Martin 1996, 75 (Jpn.-TM).

*ket[o] - *kt

785

-ket[o] to tear apart, rip: Tung. *xet-; Mong. *kadu-; Turk. *Kotar-.
PTung. *xet- to tear apart (): Evk. eti-; Evn. eted-; Ul.
xetu-li-; Ork. xet-; Nan. xetu-li-.
2, 469.
PMong. *kadu- 1 to sever ribs from the spine 2 to mow 3 to rip with
fangs (of a wild swine) 4 sickle, scythe 5 to cut (1
2 3 ( ) 4 ,
5 , ): MMong. qatuur (HY 19) 4, qataxasam (~ mixan)
(HY 24) the meat of the best taste; WMong. qadu- (L 903), qada- 2,
qadura- (L 903) 3; Kh. xada- 1,2, xadra- 3, xadr 4; Bur. xada- 2, xadar- 3,
xadr 4; Kalm. xad- 2, xadr 4 (); Ord. xadu- 2, xadr 4; Dag. xad- 2
(. . 172 xada-), xadr 4 (. . 172), hade- 2, hadure 4 (MD 154);
Dong. Gadu- 2, Gadu 4; Bao. Gad- 2, Gadr 4; S.-Yugh. Gad- 2, Gadr 4;
Mongr. Gadi- (SM 116), Gad- 2, Gadir (SM 116), Gadr 4, (?) xadiritrancher, couper la gorge (SM 147) ( = qadura-).
MGCD 315. Mong. > Evk. kadu- etc., see 1, 360-361, Poppe 1966, 193, 194, Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 97.

PTurk. *Kotar- 1 to tear out, uproot 2 to break 3 to move (1 ( ) 2 3 , ): Tat. qutar- (dial.)
3; Bashk. qutar- 2; Kirgh. qotor- 3; Khak. xodr- 1, 2; Oyr. qodor- 1.
VEWT 284, 6, 85-86.
An expressive Western isogloss; cf. *kad[u], with a possibility of
contaminations.
-kt hard: Tung. *(x)etu-; Mong. *kata-; Turk. *Kt; Jpn. *kt-; Kor.
*kt-.
PTung. *(x)etu- strong, hard (, ): Man. etu-xun; SMan.
etxun (2501).
2, 470 (the Manchu word is to be separated from *xete- to win, overcome).
Attested only in Manchu, but having reliable external parallels. Man. > Dag. etgun, etxun
(. . 140).

PMong. *kata- 1 hard 2 to become hard, dry up (1 2 , ): MMong. qatauu (HY 54), qatagin (SH), qatau (MA) 1,
qtmr dried (meat) (IM); WMong. qata- (L 943) 2, qatau 1; Kh. xat- 2,
xat 1; Bur. xat 1; Kalm. xat 1, xat- 2 (); Ord. Gat 1; Mog. xata 1
(Weiers); Dag. katn (. . 148: kat, kat, 174: xata-); katen, kat
(MD 182) 1; Dong. qdun, qtun 1; Bao. oto 1; S.-Yugh. Gad 1; Mongr.
xado (SM 147) 1, xad- (SM 146) 2.
TMN 1, 410, MGCD 336.
PTurk. *Kt hard (): OTurk. qat (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
qat (MK, KB, IM); Tur. kat (dial.); Az. Gat; Turkm. Gat, Gat; MTurk.
qat (MA); Uzb. qtiq; Uygh. qetiq; Tat. qat; Bashk. qat; Kirgh. qat;

*ka - *kb

786

Kaz. qatt; KKalp. qatt; Kum. qat; Nogh. qat; Khak. xat; Shr. qad;
Oyr. qat; Tv. qad; Chuv. xd; Yak. ktnax; Dolg. ktnak.
EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- to
dry up (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xat also probably has -t- under Mong.
influence.

PJpn. *kt- hard (): OJpn. kata-; MJpn. kt-; Tok. kta-;
Kyo. kt-; Kag. kta-.
JLTT 831.
PKor. *kt- hard (): MKor. kt-; Mod. kut-.
Liu 88, KED 216.
KW 172, 195, 318, SKE 132-133, Martin 233, TMN 1,
410, Lee 1958, 114, 70. Mong. is hardly < Turk. (despite 1997, 137); Mong. > Man. qata- etc., see Doerfer MT 19, Rozycki 103.
-ka ( ~ -o) to rip, tear apart: Tung. *xee-; Mong. *kaa-; Turk.
*Kajra-.
PTung. *xee- to rip, unrip (, ): Evk. ee-; Evn.
e-; Neg. ee-; Ul. xee-li-, xee-e-; Ork. xede-i-; Nan. xe- (intr.) (On.)
Orch. ee-ti-; Ud. ee-si-.
2, 439.
PMong. *kaa- to bite (): MMong. qaa- (SH); WMong. qaa(L 947); Kh. xaa-; Bur. xaza-; Kalm. xaz- (); Ord. xaa-; Dag. xai-;
Dong. qaa- (MGCD Gaa-); S.-Yugh. Gaa-; Mongr. Gaa- (SM 117).
MGCD 316, 350. Mong. > Kirgh. qaa- etc. ( 5, 183); > Manchu qaa- to break
with the teeth (Rozycki 130). Mong. qaaur tongs > Man. xaun weapon, see Doerfer
MT 144.

PTurk. *Kajra- 1 to whet, sharpen 2 to rub teeth (1 , 2 ): Tur. kajra- (dial.); Turkm. Gajra- 1; Uzb. qajra- 2;
Uygh. qjr- 2; Tat. qajra- 2; Bashk. qajra- 2; Kirgh. qajra- 2; Kaz. qajra- 2;
KKalp. qajra- 2; Nogh. qajra- 2; Khak. xajra- 1; Oyr. qaira- 2; Chuv. xjra2 (Anatri).
5, 205. The Turk. derivative *kajrak whetstone > Mong. qajira, see TMN 3,
568-569. Cf. also Kaz., Tat. qajau notch, Tur. qajaan whetstone (R 2, 90) and Yak. xajga,
xojguo notch; Yak. xaja, Dolg. kaja (to tear) apart, Yak. xajt- to break, tear apart, Dolg.
kajt- id., kajn- (itr.) (see Stachowski 133, 134, 135).

A Western isogloss.
-kb ash tree: Tung. *xiba-gda; Mong. *kjir-; Turk. *Kebr; Jpn.
*kpiru(n)tai.
PTung. *xiba-gda ash tree (): Neg. wagda; Man. ibadan; Ul.
swaGda; Nan. swaGda; Orch. iwagda; Ud. joda.
1, 295.
PMong. *kjir- ash-tree (): Kh. xjrs ().
PTurk. *Kebr ash tree (): Karakh. kevrik hornbeam (Vitex
agnus castus) (MK); Tur. kr, kvr (dial.); Az. gjr; Tat. qor-aa;

*kib - *kiV

787

Bashk. qoros-aas; KBalk. kr, Balk. kjr; Kum. gjr; Nogh. kjri;
Chuv. kavr, kavr > Hung. kris.
EDT 690, VEWT 245, 5, 152, 136, Blsing 2001. Volga-Turkic languages have a secondary vowel assimilation due to the compound with aa. Cf. also
Osset. krz() < Turk., see Abayev 1, 587-588; on Hung. kris < Turk. see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *kpiru(n)tai a k. of maple tree ( ): OJpn. kapjerude;

MJpn. kfd; Tok. kede; Kyo. kd; Kag. kade.
JLTT 432. Etymologized as frog hand, which is most probably a folk-etymology.
11. Vowels in Mong. and Turk. are not quite clear: probably
Mong. *kjir- < *kijr- and Turk. *Kebr < *Kibr (?).
-kib handle: Tung. *xb-; Mong. *kii-; Turk. *Kiben-te; Jpn. *kp.
PTung. *xb- handle (of axe), shaft (of arrow) ( (,
), (, )): Evn. iw-den; Ul. s; Ork. s; Nan. s;
Orch. ; Ud. (i) (. 236).
1, 295.
PMong. *kii- 1 handle of a bucket 2 violin (1 2 ): WMong. kikili ( = kigili) 2 (L 465); Kh. xijl 2; Bur. xiila 1.
PTurk. *Kiben-te shoulder yoke (): Tat. kjnt; Bashk.
kjnt; Kaz. kjete; Nogh. kjen; Chuv. kvende.
VEWT 306 (the word should be distinguished from *Kb- to pound q. v. sub
*gube).

PJpn. *kp hoe, mattock (): MJpn. kf; Tok. kwa; Kyo.
kw; Kag. kwa.
JLTT 468. Most dialects reflect *kp, but Kyoto points to a variant *kp.
Standard Jpn. accent does not correspond to PTM length; however, length here may be compensatory (cf. loss of *-b in most TM languages).
-kiV ( ~ --) small; young of animals: Mong. *kiig; Turk. *kik /-g.
PMong. *kiig puppy, young of dog (): MMong. gk (HY);
WMong. kiig; Kalm. kig; Dong. kiu; S.-Yugh. gig.
KW 233, MGCD 300. Evn. kkn, kuukn sm, little child ( 1, 421) should be
regarded as a loan < Mong.

PTurk. *kik /-g small, little (): OTurk. kiig (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. kig (MK); Tur. kk, kii (dial.); Gag. kk, kk;
Az. kiik; Turkm. kii; Sal. kii; MTurk. kiik (IM, AH, Abush., Pav. C.);
Uzb. kiik; Uygh. kiik; Krm. kiken; Tat. kee; Bashk. kese; Kirgh. ki;
Kaz. ki; KBalk. gie; KKalp. ki; Nogh. kikej; SUygh. ki; Khak.
kg; Oyr. ki; Chuv. kn; Yak. kuuguj; Dolg. kuuguj, kgj.
VEWT 269, EDT 696, 5, 75-77, Stachowski 159, 163. On Turk. > Hung. kis
small see Gombocz 1912.

KW 233, VEWT 269, 284. A Turkic-Mongolian isogloss;

loan is not excluded (see Clark 1980, 43, 1997, 164), thus the
PA antiquity is dubious (cf. also TMN 3, 628-631). The Turkic form may

788

*kju - *kla

actually be the same root as the somewhat later attested *gk puppy
(see 3, 92-93) - which may also be the source of MMong. gg;
in this case one should rather consider a possibility of comparing
Mong. giige, Khalkha giij bitch and Evk. guske wolf, gusketkn
wolfs cub ( 1, 175).
-kju to deviate, slant: Tung. *x(l)-; Mong. *kelbe-, *kilu-; Turk. *Kj-;
Jpn. *ks-.
PTung. *x(l)- to pass (, ): Evk. ilte(n)-;
Evn. ie-, iel-; Neg. ilten-; Ul. s-; Ork. s-; Nan. s-.
1, 310-311; 2, 73.
PMong. *kelbe-, *kilu- 1 to deviate 2 to be oblique, slanting (1 2 , ): MMong. kelberi- 2 (SH), kelberin slanting (HYt), qilir squint (MA); WMong. kelbere- (L 446: kelberi-) 1, kelbiji- (L 446: kelbeji-), kiluji- 2 (L 467: kiluji-, kilaji- to look ascance); Kh. xelbere- 1, xelbij- 2, alaj- to look ascance; Bur. xelb- 1 xilar
; Kalm. kelwr- 2, kul- 2; Ord. kelbeger inclined; Dag. kelbei- 2
(. . 149).
KW 224, 244, TMN 1, 472. Mong. > Man. kelfi- etc., see Doerfer MT 123, Rozycki
136-137. Mong. has also other derived forms-: kelteger, keltegei crooked, kelteji- to bow,
bend ( > Evk. kelteke, kelter etc., see Doerfer ibid.; > Yak., Dolg. keltegej, see Ka. MEJ 77,
Stachowski 144); kilar, kilaar squint-eyed (> Evk. kilar, see Doerfer ibid. 127).

PTurk. *Kj- to bow, bend (, ): Karakh. q- (MK)

to deviate; Tur. k-; Turkm. Gar-; Uygh. qijaj-; Bashk. qjanda-;
Kirgh. qjaj-; Kaz. qjsaqta-; KBalk. qjsaj- < Nogh.; Nogh. qjsaj-.
EDT 670, VEWT 268, TMN 3, 571-573.
PJpn. *ks- strange ( < deviating?) ( ( <
?)): OJpn. kusu-, kusi; MJpn. ks-.
JLTT 833.
KW 244, EAS 108, TMN 1, 472. The Jpn. form is phonetically a
good match; as for the meaning, one has to suppose a development
slanting, deviating > strange.
-kla hair: Tung. *xi-a- ( < *xil-a-); Mong. *kilga-su; Turk. *Kl(k);
Jpn. *ki; Kor. *kr(h)-.
PTung. *xi-a- hair, fur (, , ): Evk. inakta; Evn.
nt; Neg. nakta; Man. iGaa; Ul. sakta; Ork. snaqta; Nan. saqta;
Orch. iaqta; Ud. iakta; Sol. iakta.
1, 317.
PMong. *kilga-su horses hair, tail hair ( ,
): MMong. qilasu (MA), kilqasun (SH); WMong. kilasu(n) (L
466); Kh. algas; Bur. xilgha(n); Kalm. kilsn, kilsn; Ord. kilGasu(n);
Mog. qilasun; Dag. kilgs, kirgs (. . 150); Mongr. irG.
KW 231, MGCD 352. Mong. > Evk. kilgsun, see Doerfer MT 126.

*kile - *klo

789

PTurk. *Kl(k) hair (): OTurk. ql (OUygh.); Karakh. ql (MK,

KB); Tur. kl; Gag. ql; Az. Gl; Turkm. Gl; Khal. ql; MTurk. ql (IM);
Uzb. qil; Uygh. qil; Krm. ql; Tat. ql; Bashk. ql; Kirgh. ql; Kaz. ql;
KBalk. ql; KKalp. ql; Kum. ql; Nogh. ql; SUygh. ql; Khak. xl; Shr. ql
(R.); Oyr. ql; Tv. xl; Tof. xl; Chuv. xlx; Yak. kl; Dolg. kl sealine.
VEWT 262, TMN 3, 574-5, EDT 614, 196, 6, 204-205, Stachowski 168.
PJpn. *ki hair (): OJpn. ke; MJpn. k; Tok. k; Kyo. k; Kag. k.
JLTT 447.
PKor. *kr(h)- 1 hair 2 horses mane (1 2 ):
MKor. krki 2; Mod. mri-kharak, mri-khal 1, klgi 2.
Liu 28, HMCH 308, KED 43, 608.
KW 231, 172, Poppe 19, 1, 352, JOAL 71, 72,
Street 1985, 640, 29, 75, 87, 276, 4, . 69,
197. Borrowing in Mong. < Turk. is quite improbable, despite
1997, 137. Doerfer (TMN 3, 575) expresses doubts (...wohl
nicht angeht). Jpn. *k- reflects *kil(a)-gV (cf. the Turkic and Mong.
forms).
-kile a k. of fish or lizard: Tung. *xilkun; Mong. *kilim; Turk. *keler /
*kele / *kelte.
PTung. *xilkun summer salmon ( ()): Evk. ilkun; Neg.
lkn; Ul. sln; Nan. slk.
1, 309.
PMong. *kilim 1 sturgeon 2 salmon (1 2 ): WMong.
kilim (L 466: kilime); Kh. xilem; Bur. xilme.
PTurk. *keler / *kele / *kelte lizard (): Karakh. keler (MK);
Tur. keler (dial.), kelez (dial.), kelte-keler (dial.); Az. kelez, klz; MTurk.
keles (MA); Uzb. klti-klas, kls (dial.), klt (dial.); Uygh. kilr (dial.);
SUygh. kesilk; Khak. kilesk; Shr. kelesken; Oyr. keleski; Tv. xeleske; Chuv.
kalda.
5, 30-32, 34, 180-181; *kele > Mong. keles, see 1997, 126. Despite the Chuv. form cannot be borrowed from Tat; rather, vice versa, some
Volga-Qypchaq languages have borrowed the Bulg. word.

A Western isogloss. In Turkic we are dealing perhaps with a

merger of this root with a different one, reflected in Mong. glbrge
lizard (KW 138), Khalkha grbel (whence Yak. klgeri, krgeli). Cf. also
*kalu, *kula.
-klo stalk, stem: Tung. *xila-; Mong. *kil-gana; Turk. *Kl-ga-; Kor.
*krh.
PTung. *xila- to blossom, flower (, ): Evk. ila-, ilaa;
Neg. laa-, laa; Man. ila-, ila; SMan. ilh (2139); Jurch. hil-a (118);
Ul. sla-, sla; Ork. sla-, slla; Nan. sla-, slaqta; Orch. ilakta; Ud. ila-.

*ka - *ka

790

1, 304. TM > Dag. ilg (. . 146). Cf. also *xila-, *xil- bast, to peel off
bast.

PMong. *kil-gana meadowgrass (Stipa consanguinea) (, ): WMong. kilana, kilaana (L 465); Kh. algana; Bur. xilgana;
Kalm. kiln; Ord. kilaGana.
KW 231. Mong. > Manchu kilhana bramble-bush (Bidens bipinnata) (see Rozycki
139).

PTurk. *Kl-ga- beard (of grain), awn ( ()): Az. Gla

(dial.) third harvest on virgin soil; Bashk. qlan (dial.); Kirgh. qlqan;
Kaz. qlqan; KKalp. qlqan; Khak. xla; Oyr. qlan, qla; Tof. xlan;
Chuv. xx; Yak. kln.
VEWT 263, 127, 6, 208-209. The Kypchak names of meadowgrass
(Kirgh. qlqan etc., see ibid., 6, 208) are most probably borrowed from
Mongolian.

PKor. *krh stubble; stump (; ): MKor. kr (krh); Mod.

kru.
Nam 67, KED 235.
10. Cf. PJ *ki, OJ ki tree (if not < Austronesian), compared
with Kor. by Whitman 1985, 138-139, 226.
-ka fetters: Tung. *xil-; Mong. *kelber; Turk. *kie-; Jpn. *ksi; Kor.
*kr.
PTung. *xil- 1 loop for a billet on deers neck (to keep him from
straying) 2 fur collar 3 halter, headstall (1 (
) 2 , ( );
3 ): Evk. inman, inmar 3, ilt 1; Evn. nmr
3; Man. ilten 2; Ul. sini 2; Ork. sinni 2, slma 3; Orch. sili 2.
1, 310, 316, 2, 84.
PMong. *kelber chock, boot-tree (): WMong. kelbegr
(); Kh. xelbr; Bur. xelberi; Dag. kelbej-.
Mong. > Orok qalmri board. The word is formally derived from kelbe- to shape,
whence also kelberi (L 446) shape: external evidence, however, strongly suggests that
boot-tree must have been the original meaning, and shape is a secondary developed
abstract meaning.

PTurk. *kie- 1 to hobble, bound 2 fetters (1 2 ):

OTurk. kie- (OUygh.) 1, kien (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. kie- (MK, KB) 1,
kien (MK) 2; Tur. kean headstall, fetters; Turkm. ken chains;
MTurk. kien chain (Sangl., Houts.), Kypch. kien (CCum.) 2; Uygh.
kin 2; Tat. kit 3; Kirgh. kien 2; KBalk. kien 2.
VEWT 258, EDT 753. Some forms point to *k-, possibly under the influence of
*ke belt (v. sub *ke).

PJpn. *ksi fetters, shackles (, ): OJpn. kasi; MJpn.

kasi, kase; Tok. kse; Kyo. ks; Kag. kas.
JLTT 441. Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *ks(a) or *ks(a), but Kyoto points to
*ks(a) (the word is not attested in RJ).

*krgV - *kri

791

PKor. *kr fetters, cangue (, ): MKor. kr, kr; Mod.

khal.
Nam 19, HMCH 249, KED 1669. Modern initial kh- is not quite clear.
Cf. *koli, *gldi, *kuli ; on the Jpn. form see also under *ksa. The
Turkic vocalism is completely irregular: perhaps due to a cluster simplification or assimilation? In Mong. cf. also kelke- to bead, string, join
( > Yak., Dolg. kelgij-, see Ka. MEJ 51, Stachowski 143).
-krgV cutting tool: Tung. *xirege; Mong. *kire; Turk. *kerki; Jpn.
*kr.
PTung. *xirege file (): Evk. ire; Evn. irge; Neg. ~
ije; Ul. siru; Ork. sro; Nan. siru; Orch. jo; Ud. jue.
1, 328-329.
PMong. *kire 1 file, saw 2 awl (1 , 2 ):
MMong. kir 1, kir 2 (IM), kiru (MA) 1, kire 2, kirue (SH); WMong.
kirge 1 (L 473); Kh. xr 1; Bur. r 1; Kalm. kr 1; Ord. kr 1; Dag.
kir 1 (. . 150, MD 183); Dong. ireu 1; S.-Yugh. kr 1; Mongr.
ir (SM 458) 1.
KW 240, MGCD 376. Mong. > Oyr. kr etc. (VEWT 255).
PTurk. *kerki 1 adze, mattock 2 razor (1 , 2 ):
Karakh. kerki (MK) 1, kerej (MK) 2; Tur. kerki 1; Az. krki, kerki (dial.) 1;
Turkm. kerki 1; MTurk. kerki (IM, AH) 1; Uygh. kk, krke (dial.) 1;
Kirgh. kerki 1; Oyr. kerki 1; Tv. kerek adze; Chuv. kar chisel.
EDT 741, 5, 51-52 ( > Russ. ).
PJpn. *kr drill, awl (, ): OJpn. kjiri; MJpn. kr; Tok.
kri; Kyo. kr; Kag. kri.
JLTT 451. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
1984, 92, Ozawa 80-81. The stem may be connected to
PT *kert- ( 5, 54, Stachowski 145), Mong. *keri- to cut ( > Evk.
keri- etc., 1, 453, see Doerfer MT 110; the two words were compared in KW 228, Poppe 19, 51, 83, Menges 1982, and despite
1997, 127, Mong. keri- is hardly borrowed < Turk.): we may be dealing
with two derivatives (*kire-gV vs. *kire-tV). However, direct derivation
PT *kerki < *kert-ki is hardly plausible, despite Menges 1944; it rather
goes back to *kirge-ki.
-kri dirt, dirty: Tung. *(x)ir-; Mong. *kir; Turk. *kir; Jpn. *kt-n-.
PTung. *(x)ir- dandruff (): Evn. irit.
1, 327. Attested only in Evn., but with possible external parallels.
PMong. *kir dirt (): MMong. kr (IM), kir (MA); WMong. kir (L
385), kkir (DO 415); Kh. xir; Bur. xir(e); Kalm. kir; Dag. hire (MD 162).
KW 232. Mong. > Evk. kiri etc., see Doerfer MT 73.
PTurk. *kir dirt (): OTurk. kir (OUygh.); Karakh. kir (MK, KB);
Tur. kir; Gag. kir; Az. kir; Turkm. kir; MTurk. kir (Houts., Pav. C, AH);

792

*krka - *krka

Uzb. kir; Uygh. kir; Krm. kir; Tat. ker; Bashk. ker; Kirgh. kir; Kaz. kir;
KKalp. kir; Kum. kir; Nogh. kir; Khak. kr; Oyr. kir; Tv. xir; Chuv. kirk
dirt on body, dandruff; Yak. kir; Dolg. kir.
EDT 735, VEWT 271, 5, 69-70, Stachowski 148.
PJpn. *kt-n- dirty (): OJpn. kjita-na-; MJpn. kita-na-; Tok.
kitan-; Kyo. ktn-; Kag. kitan-.
JLTT 832.
KW 232, 73, Martin 230. Mong. may be < Turk. (cf.
1997, 127). Cf. also Turk. *Ke bottom thief ( 5, 20),
which Tekin (1979, 126) links with Mong. kerire mud, silt: both may
actually belong to the same Altaic root.
-krka to scrape, file: Tung. *xigdi-; Mong. *kirga-; Turk. *Krk-; Jpn.
*kk-; Kor. *krk- / *krk-.
PTung. *xigdi- to comb (, ): Evk. igdi-; Evn. d-;
Neg. gd-; Man. ii-; Jurch. hir-di-xun comb (549); Ul. sigdu-; Ork.
sigdi-; Nan. sigi-; Orch. igdi-; Sol. idda-.
1, 296-297.
PMong. *kirga- to shear, shave (, ): MMong. kirqa(SH), kora- (IM), qira- (MA); WMong. kira- (L 471); Kh. arga-; Bur.
xirga-; Kalm. kir-; Ord. kirGa-; Mog. qira- shave, scrape; KT qra(23-5b); Dong. Ga-; S.-Yugh. urGa-; Mongr. irG- (SM 457).
KW 232, MGCD 354. Mong. > Evk. kirga- etc., see Poppe 1972, 103, Doerfer MT 131,
Rozycki 106, 134.

PTurk. *Krk- to shear, scrape (, ): OTurk. qrq(OUygh.); Karakh. qrq- (MK); Tur. krk-; Gag. qrq-; Az. Grx-; Turkm.
Grq-; Khal. qrq-; MTurk. qrq- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. qirq-; Uygh. qi(r)q-;
Krm. qrq-; Tat. qrq-; Bashk. qrq-; Kirgh. qrq-; Kaz. qrq-; KKalp. qrq-;
Kum. qrq-; Nogh. qrq-; SUygh. qrq-; Khak. xrx-; Oyr. qrq-, qrq-; Tv.
qr-; Yak. krt-.
EDT 651, VEWT 266, 6, 236-237.
PJpn. *kk- to scratch, scrape (, ): OJpn. kak-;
MJpn. kk-; Tok. kk-; Kyo. kk-; Kag. kk-.
JLTT 702.
PKor. *krk- / *krk- to shear, scrape (, ): MKor. krk-,
krk-; Mod. kk- [klk-], kak- [kalk-].
Nam 22, 74, KED 48, 249.
KW 232, Poppe 20, 115, Martin 240, 1, 354. Mong. is hardly
borrowed from Turk., despite 1997, 139. The root tends to contaminate with *gro q.v. The vowel reflex in Korean is somewhat unclear (*kark- or *krk- would be expected), otherwise all evidence points
to *kirga. The relation of Manchu xergen line, scratch, notch is not
quite clear: the word is certainly borrowed (because of -rg-), but the

*krma - *kr

793

source is unknown; equally unclear is the isolated Manchu qarqascratch with chopsticks, scrape on the fiyoo instrument (compared
with Kor. by Lee 1958, 113); perhaps in both cases we are dealing with
loanwords Manchu < Kor.(?)
-krma ( ~ -u, -o) snow, hoar-frost: Tung. *xima-sa; Mong. *kirmag;
Turk. *Kr-.
PTung. *xima-sa snow (): Evk. imana; Evn. mnr; Neg. mana;
Man. nimagi; SMan. nima (2025); Jurch. hima-i (17); Ul. smana,
smata; Ork. smana, smata; Nan. smana, smata; Orch. imasa; Ud. imaha;
Sol. imanda.
See 1, 312-313 (all languages reflect also various verbs derived from the root
*xima-). Cf. also Evn. irpi ( < *xirpi) snow (folkl.) ( 1, 328).

PMong. *kirmag first snow ( ): WMong. kirma (L 470:

kirma, kirama); Kh. armag; Bur. armag, xirmag; Kalm. kirmg; Ord.
kirmaG petite neige qui parvient peine couvrir le sol; Dag.
kiarmsn.
KW 232, MGCD 354. Turk. *krpak is probably a different root, see under *kare.
PTurk. *Kr- 1 hoar-frost 2 thin snow (1 2 ):
OTurk. qrau 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qrau 1 (MK); Tur. krau 1; Gag. qr
1; Az. Grow 1; Turkm. Graw 1, Grpaq 2; Khal. qraw 1; MTurk. qraw
(. ., Abush.), qirau, qirau (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. qirw 1; Uygh. qija,
qira, qiro 1; Krm. qraw, qoruw 1; Tat. qraw 1, qrpaq 2; Bashk. qraw 1,
qrpaq 2; Kirgh. qr 1; Kaz. qraw 1, qrpaq 2; KBalk. qrau 1, qrpaq 2;
KKalp. qraw 1; Kum. qraw 1, qrpaq 2; Nogh. qraw 1, qrpaq 2; Khak. xro
1, xrbx 2; Shr. qr 1; Oyr. quru 1; Tv. xr 1; Chuv. xrbx 2; Yak. kra 1,
krpax, krpaj 2; Dolg. kra 1.
VEWT 265-266, 267, EDT 656, 6, 230-231, 241, Stachowski 169. Turk. >
MMong. (HY) kirau, WMong. kirau, Khalkha ar hoar-frost etc. (see Doerfer TMN 3,
569, 1997, 138, Clark 1977, 147, although the latters derivation of *kragu < *kr
grey is hardly acceptable). Cf. also PT *Kr-la the coldest time of winter (see 6,
237-238).

A Western isogloss. The etymology belongs to R. A. Miller (Miller

1985b) and O. Mudrak ( . 193) and presupposes a cluster
simplification in PTM: *xima- < *xirma( = Mong. kirma-G).
-kr saddle: Mong. *kira; Turk. *krtn; Jpn. *kr; Kor. *krm.
PMong. *kira rim of saddle bow ( ): WMong.
kira (L 470); Kh. ar.
Cf. IM kore (=kre) saddle bow; the word is also glossed as shovel which is a
reflex of the Turkic loanword kre; but the meaning saddle bow is quite peculiar and
may represent a different lexeme.

PTurk. *kr-tn pack saddle ( ): Tur. krtn; MTurk.

krtn (AH); Tat. kren (dial.).
VEWT 311, 540.

794

*kbu - *ko

PJpn. *kr saddle (): OJpn. kura; MJpn. kr; Tok. kur; Kyo.
kr; Kag. kur.
JLTT 464. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
PKor. *krm saddle (): MKor. krm; Mod. kilma.
Nam 78, Liu 113, KED 280.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term. In Turkic one has to
suppose secondary labialization (*krtn < *kirtn); otherwise correspondences are quite regular.
-kbu to peel, skin: Tung. *x(be); Mong. *kaul-; Turk. *K(i)ab; Kor.
*kj[b]- / *kib-.
PTung. *x(be) membrane scraper ( (
)): Evk. ; Evn. ; Neg. ; Ul. xe; Nan. xue; Ud. .
2, 242.
PMong. *kaul- to peel off, skin ( , ):
MMong. qaul- (SH); WMong. qaul- (L 909); Kh. xla-; Bur. xla-; Kalm.
xl- (); Ord. xl-; Dag. haule- (MD 158); Mongr. xli- peler,
corcher, corcer (SM 180).
Mong. > Man. qola-, qla- (Rozycki 142).
PTurk. *K(i)ab 1 peeled skin 2 to peel 3 dandruff (1 2 () 3 ): Tur. kav 1, kovak 1, kavla- 2; Az. GovaG
3; Turkm. Gov 1; MTurk. qav 1 (AH) , qavaq 3 (CCum.); Uygh. qavaq
shell (dial.); Tat. qawq 3; Bashk. qaw 1, qawaq 3; Khak. xx 3; Oyr. qoq
(.), qq (dial.) 3.
VEWT 214, EDT 578, 5, 160-161, 6, 7-8. This root should be distinguished
from *Kpuk bark (v. sub *kp), although they are partially confused in VEWT 234-5.
See also EDT 583.

PKor. *kj[b]- / *kib- 1 rice husks 2 bran (1 2 ): MKor. kj 1, kr 2; Mod. kj 1, kiul 2.

Liu 53, 114, KED 111, 272.
209. One of several similar PA roots (see *kpa,
*kepa, *kpi, *gbo).
-ko ends of bow, brace: Tung. *xusu- / *xuse-; Mong. *kiir; Turk.
*KAa-, *KAa-gu (?); Jpn. *kasunkapi; Kor. *ki.
PTung. *xusu- / *xuse- 1 cross-bow 2 weapon (for throwing) 3 snare
(1 2 ( : , ) 3 ): Evk.
us 2; Evn. us 2; Neg. use 2; Man. wesen 3; Ul. osol 2; Nan. osol 1;
Orch. usuli 2; Ud. wuhende- to throw (weapon).
2, 292.
PMong. *kiir ends of bow ( ): WMong. kiir (XTTT);
Kh. xiir; Ord. geir.
PTurk. *KAa-, *KAa-gu to chisel, chisel (, , ): Tat. qaau (Sib.); Bashk. qasau; Kaz. qaa-, qaau.

*kda - *kke

795

VEWT 217.
PJpn. *kasunkapi brace, latch (): OJpn. kasugapji; MJpn. kasugafi; Tok. kasugai.
JLTT 442.
PKor. *ki ends of bow ( ): MKor. ki; Mod. koa.
Nam 48, KED 148.
The Turkic match is dubious (scantily represented and semantically difficult); all other languages match each other rather well.
-kda itching, pungent: Tung. *xidar; Jpn. *kj-; Kor. *krb-.
PTung. *xidar bitter, acid, biting (, ): Evk. idari-pu;
Evn. drs; Neg. dasi; Man. idara- to feel chest pain; Ul. sdars; Ork.
sdrl; Nan. sdars.
1, 297.
PJpn. *kj- itching (, ): OJpn. kaju-; MJpn. kj-;
Tok. kay-; Kyo. ky-; Kag. kay-.
JLTT 831.
PKor. *krb- to itch (, ): MKor. krp-, krjap-, krjp(-w-); Mod. karjp- (-w-).
Liu 3, 4, KED 11
Martin 234 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Khalkha
xad(an) , , (if
not < Turk. *Kat- berry).
-kke ( ~ -k-, -a) dry: Tung. *(x)iga-; Mong. *kagda-; Turk. *KAk.
PTung. *(x)iga- 1 yellow 2 grey (1 2 ): Evk. iga-ma,
-rin 1; Evn. aqa 2.
1, 297.
PMong. *kag- 1 to become hard, dry 2 last years grass (1 ,
2 ): WMong. qada 2 (L 908); Kh.
xagd 2, xagsa- 1; Bur. xagda(n) 2, xagsa 1; Kalm. xas- 1, xad 2 ();
Mongr. xadar- tre en lambeaux, tre us (SM 147), xa- tre ou devenir sec, se desscher (SM 148).
Mong. > Man. xakda, xaksa- etc., see Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 99; > Yak. xagdarj-,
Dolg. kagdarj- to become yellow (of leaves) (Stachowski 132).

PTurk. *KAk dry (): Karakh. qaq (MK); Tur. dial. kak, kah; Az.
Gax; Turkm. qaq; MTurk. qaq (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. qq; Uygh. qaq; Tat.
qaq; Bashk. qaq; Kirgh. qaq; Kaz. qaq; KKalp. qaq; Kum. qaq; Nogh. qaq;
Oyr. qaq.
VEWT 223, 5, 218-220, EDT 608.
A Western isogloss. See KW 160, 176, Poppe 17, 58; TMN 3, 394
(weder beweisbar noch widerlegbar). Mong. is not from Turkic, despite 1997, 134.

796

*kla - *kli

-kla ( ~ --) hot, ashes: Tung. *xial-; Mong. *kala-.

PTung. *xial- 1 coal 2 black (1 2 ): Evk. lla 1; Evn. lr
1; Neg. la 1; Man. jain 2, jaa 1; SMan. jai 2 (2427); Jurch. hia-xa (66)
1; Ul. slta 1; Ork. slta 1; Nan. salta 1; Orch. (i)jakta 1; Ud. jalaha 1; Sol.
ilg, ili 1.
1, 289-290. Man. > Dag. jga coal (. . 146).
PMong. *kala- to heat (()): MMong. qalaun hot, warm
(HY 6, SH), qalan id. (IM), qalun (LH); WMong. qala- (L 916); Kh. xala-;
Bur. xal- 1 (xala- ) xal(n) 2; Kalm. xal-; Ord. xala-; Mog.
qaln warm (Weiers); Dag. xale- 1 (MD 155) xol-; xalla- 1, (. .
173) xala- 1, xaln 2; Dong. qalun warm; Bao. alG-, al-; olo
warm; S.-Yugh. al-dGa-, al-ra-; Mongr. xala- (SM 151); xalo (SM
152) warm, xarmaa- < WMong. qalamaa- ressentir une forte chaleur,
avoir la fivre (SM 164).
KW 162, MGCD 237, 318, 319. Mong. > Chag. qala-, Tel. qala- to make fire, kindle
(VEWT 224, 5, 228, 364); > Man. xala- etc. (Poppe 1966, 192, Doerfer MT
144).

SKE 162, 1, 333. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

-kli tongue: Tung. *xil; Mong. *kele-; Turk. *kele-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *xil tongue (): Evk. ini; Evn. ien; Neg. ii; Man.
ilegu; SMan. ile, ili; Jurch. hile-u (499); Ul. siu; Ork. sinu; Nan.
irmu, simu; Orch. ii; Ud. ii; Sol. ii.
1, 316-317.
PMong. *kele- 1 to say 2 tongue, language (1 , 2
): MMong. kele(n), (SH), kelen (HY 45) 2, kele- 1 (SH, HYt), kele(IM), kl-, kiln 1 (MA); WMong. kele- 1, kele 2 (L 447); Kh. xele- 1, xel 2;
Bur. xele- 1, xele(n) 2; Kalm. kel- 1, keln 2; Ord. kele- 1, kele 2; Mog. kel1, (Weiers), keln 2; ZM kel (2-4b) 2; Dag. xele- 1, xeli, xe 2 (. .
175), hele- 1, heli 2 (MD 159); Dong. kielie- 1, kielien 2; Bao. kele- 1, kela
(MGCD kala) 2; S.-Yugh. kelen 2; Mongr. kile- 1, kile 2 (SM 203).
KW 223, 224, MGCD 340. Mong. > Evk. kele etc., see Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki 104.
PTurk. *kele- 1 to speak 2 talk, conversation (1 2 ,
): OTurk. kele- 2; Tur. dial. kelei 2; MTurk. kelei 2 (Houts.),
kelee 2 (MA); Kirgh. kele-sz 2; Chuv. kala- 1.
VEWT 248, 5, 32-33, EDT 716 (Clauson considers the word to be a foreign
loan which is dubious, see Clark 1977, 136-138). It is also worth mentioning Tur. kelime,
Az. klm word, Turkm. keleme sacred words of Quran pronounced for protection usually regarded as Arabisms, but with some peculiarities (front vocalism, final -e) that
could actually indicate Turkic origin, with a secondary merger with the Arabic loan.

PKor. *kr- to say (a defective verb) ( (,

)): MKor. krti; Mod. kalodwe.
Nam 11, KED 12.

*kau - *kno

797

EAS 47, KW 223, 1, 346, TMN 1, 471-472 (altes indoeur.

Lw. - ?), 57-58, 292. Despite the latter source, Kor. hj
tongue is to be separated - see a discussion in Miller 1998, who has
(following Shiratori), instead compared Kor. kro- (but, quite unjustly,
separated PTM *xil). The Korean reflex remains, however, questionable, since the word can also - following Martin 1996, 75 - be compared
with Jpn. *ktr- tell, and thus derived from *kro q.v.
-kau ( ~ *koa) dirt, unpleasant odour: Tung. *xola-; Mong. *kulu-;
Turk. *KAan.
PTung. *xola- 1 dirt 2 to sully (1 2 ): Man. ojla- 2; Ul.
xolo- 2; Ork. oloqto 1; Nan. olo- 2.
1, 470.
PMong. *kulu- unpleasant odour from the armpits (
): MMong. qulanqsa (MA 301); WMong. qulu-su
(L 985); Kh. xulans; Kalm. xols; Ord. xulusu, xulusa.
KW 183. Mong. > Oyr. qolozo, Chag. qolansa, Yak. xoloso, Man. qolasu (see ibid.
and 1, 408, 6, 49-50, Rozycki 142).

PTurk. *KAan 1 urine 2 to urinate (of a horse) (1 2

( )): Karakh. qaan- 2; Tur. kaan 1, kaan- 2; Az. Gaan- 2;
MTurk. qan- (Houts.); Nogh. qasan- 2.
EDT 674, 5, 348.
A Western isogloss.
-kno blood; blood vessel: Tung. *xu-kta; Turk. *Kin.
PTung. *xu-kta blood vessel ( ): Evk. ukta;
Evn. t; Neg. ot, oikta; Ul. oGqta; Ork. mqta; Nan. ogqta;
Ud. umakta, umukta.
The original stem is preserved in Evk. dial. ui- to bleed, flow (of blood). See
2, 278.

PTurk. *Kin blood (): OTurk. qan (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.

qan (MK); Tur. kan; Gag. qan; Az. Gan; Turkm. Gn; Sal. Ga(:)n; Khal.
qn; MTurk. qan (MA, Pav. C.); Uzb. qn; Uygh. qan; Krm. qan; Tat. qan;
Bashk. qan; Kirgh. qan; Kaz. qan; KBalk. qan; KKalp. qan; Kum. qan;
Nogh. qan; SUygh. qan; Khak. xan; Shr. qan; Oyr. qan; Tv. xan; Tof. xan;
Chuv. jon; Yak. xn; Dolg. kn.
VEWT 230, TMN 3, 360-361, EDT 629-630, 5, 251, 349, 2,
486, Stachowski 142. Turk. > WMong. qana- to let bleed (KW 166, TMN 3, 361,
1997, 133).

281. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. The comparison seems

quite likely, although the nature of the medial nasal is not quite clear
(in TM one has perhaps to suppose a secondary assimilation to two
neighbouring velars, or else an original velar suffix *kn(i)-gV).

798

*kpa - *kr

-kpa a k. of young ungulate: Tung. *xiap-; Mong. *kab- / *kobu-;

Turk. *Kpan.
PTung. *xiap- 1 deer calf 2 deer herd (1 ( 1-2 ) 2
): Evk. vkn 1; Evn. vqan 1, vta 2; Neg. vkn 1; Ork.
spo, spa 1.
1, 288 (Orok javata < Evn.).
PMong. *kab- / *kobu- 1 wild camel 2 2-year-old boar 3 young animals born after the regular season (1 2 3 ): WMong. qobu-su(n) 2 (L 950),
qabig 3 (L 896); Kh. xavtgaj 1, xovs 2, xavig 3; Bur. xobho(n) dial. young
of wild swine; Kalm. xawtxa 1 ().
PTurk. *Kpan boar (): Tur. dial. kaban; Az. Gaban; Turkm.
Gaban; MTurk. qaban (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. qbn; Uygh. qavan; Tat.
qaban; Bashk. qaban; Kirgh. qaman; Kaz. qaban; KBalk. qaban; KKalp. qaban; Kum. qaban; Nogh. qaban; Oyr. qaman; Tv. xavan.
VEWT 216, 5, 164, 156.
156. A Western isogloss.
-kpe a k. of insect, butterfly: Mong. *kibe; Turk. *kepelek; Jpn.
*kprnk ( ~-ua-).
PMong. *kibe moth (): Kh. xiv; Bur. kiben.
PTurk. *kepelek butterfly (): Karakh. kepeli (MK), kebelek
(Tefs.), kelebek (IM); Tur. kelebek; kpelek, kepenek (dial.); Gag. kelebek; Az.
kpnk; Turkm. kebelek, kepelek (dial.); MTurk. kpelek (Abush.); Uzb.
kapalak; Uygh. kepilk; Krm. eelak; Tat. kblk; Bashk. kblk; Kirgh.
kplk; KBalk. gbelekke; KKalp. gbelek; Kum. gmelek; Nogh. kpelek;
Khak. xobanax, xubanax; Shr. xopax; Oyr. kblk; Tv. xovaan.
VEWT 291, EDT 689, 5, 13-15, 187.
PJpn.
*kprnk
(
~-ua-)
cricket
():
OJpn.
k(w)op(w)or(w)og(j)i; MJpn. kfrg; Tok. krogi; Kyo. krg; Kag. krog.
JLTT 457.
187. Cf. also names of bat: OJ kapapori, Evn. kw (
1, 386). An expressive and not quite regular root.
-kr elbow, shoulder bone, cubit: Tung. *(x)iar-n; Mong. *kari; Turk.
*K(i)ar; Jpn. *kr.
PTung. *(x)iar-n 1 shoulder bone 2 cubit, measure of length 3 ridge
of deers shoulder bone (1 2 , 3
): Evk. rn 1, 2; Evn. rn 3.
1, 291.
PMong. *kari 1 shoulder or hip bone 2 arm 3 cubit (1
2 3 ( )): MMong. qari (IM) 2,
(Lig. VMI) 3; WMong. qaritu 1 (XTTT); Kh. xat 1; Bur. xari, xarti, xata
1; Mog. qar, ZM qri 2.

*kra - *kre

799

The word is usually considered to be borrowed < Turk. *Kar (see e.g. 5, 283,
164), and the form attested in IM may probably be so; but the other forms may well
be genuine. Cf. also MMong. (MA) qars delet- to clap hands ( > Chag. qars).
PTurk. *K(i)ar span (): Karakh. qar (MK); Tur. kar; Gag.
qar; Az. Gar; Turkm. Gar; MTurk. qar (Pav. C., Houts., AH, IM),
Uzb. qri; Uygh. eri, dial. eri; Tat. qar; Bashk. qar; Kirgh. qar;
Kaz. qars; KBalk. qar; KKalp. qars; Kum. qar; Nogh. qars; Khak.
xars; Oyr. qar; Tv. qar; Tof. xar; Yak. xars.
5, 324-326, EDT 663. External evidence suggests that the original meaning
was elbow, cubit [in fact attested for qar in Chag. (Abushka), but some argue that this
is just a script error], with the opposition *K(i)ar large measure (cubit) : *K(i)ar small
measure (span). But the former completely merged later with the reflexes of *Kar arm
(v. sub *gr).

PJpn. *kr handle, counter for handles and long thin objects (, ):
OJpn. kara; MJpn. kr.
JLTT 438.
In Turkic the root is rather hard to distinguish from *Kar < *gara
arm, but the distinction still seems to be necessary. In *K(i)ar the expected long vowel (reconstructed because of *-ia- in TM after a fricative
and high tone in Jpn.) was shortened probably under the influence of
*Kar.
-kra ( ~ --) thin snow, hoar-frost: Mong. *karig; Turk. *Kir-.
PMong. *karig strong cold ( ): WMong. qari; Kalm.
xg.
KW 177. Cf. perhaps also WMong. qaraa, qarai, Khalkha xar , unfrozen
patch of water in a frozen river ( > Khak. xarali etc., see 5, 298).

PTurk. *Kir snow (): OTurk. qar (Orkh., Yenis., OUygh.);

Karakh. qar (MK, KB); Tur. kar; Gag. qr; Az. Gar; Turkm. Gr; MTurk.
qar (Sangl., Qutb., Houts.); Uzb. qr; Uygh. qar, qaa; Tat. qar; Bashk. qar;
Kirgh. qar; Kaz. qar; KBalk. qar; KKalp. qar; Kum. qar; Nogh. qar; Khak.
xar; Shr. qar; Oyr. qar; Tv. xar; Tof. xar; Chuv. jor; Yak. xr; Dolg. kr.
5, 284-285, EDT 641, VEWT 235, 350, 2, 490, 27,
Stachowski 142.

The root is not widely represented (a Turk.-Mong. isogloss), but it

seems reasonable to distinguish it from *krma q.v.
-kre a k. of insect: Tung. *xrkte; Mong. *krid; Turk. *K(i)arn-a;
Jpn. *kr(n)kri-su; Kor. *kr-kmi.
PTung. *xr-kte ant (): Evk. rikte; Evn. hrit; Neg. kte;
Man. jerxuwe; SMan. jur imah (2268); Ul. sinono; Ork. sirukte; Nan.
silukte (contaminated with *silV- ant); Orch. kte; Ud. ikte.
1, 327. Evk. > Dolg. hirikte (see Stachowski 105).

800

*kme - *kme

PMong. *krid moth larva ( ): WMong. krid (L 505);

Kh. xrd; Ord. krit; S.-Yugh. kureg.
MGCD 302.
PTurk. *K(i)arn-a 1 ant 2 tick (1 2 ): Karakh.
qarnaq (MK: Oghuz) 1; Tur. karna 1; Gag. qarm 1; Az. Gara 1;
Turkm. Garna 2; MTurk. qarna (Sangl., Qutb.), qarna (Houts.) 1;
Khak. xarx 2.
EDT 662, VEWT 238, 5, 323, 184. Turk. > Kalm. xaig (KW 173)
irgendeine Made in der Nase des Kamels (or is it rather < Turk. qatq?).

PJpn. *kr(n)kri-su grasshopper (): MJpn. kirigirisu; Tok.

kirigrisu; Kyo. krgrsu; Kag. kirigiris.
JLTT 451.
PKor. *kr-kmi a k. of spider ( ): MKor. kr-kmi; Mod.
kalgmi.
Nam 20, KED 43.
An expressive root, often reduplicated and with not quite regular
correspondences, esp. in the Kor.-Jpn. area. Cf. also *kro (with possible contaminations).
-kme fat: Tung. *xim-kse; Mong. *karbin; Turk. *Kia; Jpn.
*kuama; Kor. *krm.
PTung. *xim-kse fat (, , ): Evk. imkse; Evn. imrn,
imdn; Neg. imukse; Man. imegi; Jurch. ji-miu-u (526); Ul. simse; Ork.
simure; Nan. imukse; Orch. imukse; Ud. imoho; Sol. imuke, imue.
1, 313-314. Formally - derived from PTM *xim- to smear (with fat); to melt.
PMong. *karbin 1 inner fat 2 placenta (1 2 ): MMong. qarbi-su 2 (SH); WMong. qarbin 1; qarbi-su(n) 2 (L 935); Kh.
xarvin 1; Bur. dial. ar 1; Kalm. xrwn, rwn. 1; Ord. xarwi inner fat;
groin.
KW 178. Mong. > Yak. xarbhn, Dolg. karbuhun, see Ka. MEJ 82, Stachowski 139.
Bur. > Russ. Siber. arbin ( 94).

PTurk. *Kia inner fat ( ): Karakh. qaz (MK); Uzb.

qzi; Uygh. qezi; Tat. dial. qaz; Bashk. qa; Kirgh. qaz; Kaz. qaz; KKalp.
qaz; Nogh. qaz; Khak. xaz; Oyr. qaz; Tv. qaz; Tof. qaz; Chuv. jor-var
; Yak. qaha.
VEWT 243, 5, 189-190, . 193-194, TMN 3, 359, EDT 681, 2, 491.

PJpn. *kuama fat, greasy (): OJpn. kwoma.

PKor. *krm fat (): MKor. krm; Mod. kirm.
Nam 78, KED 265.
KW 178, Poppe 17, 96 (Turk.-Mong.; but it should be noted that
the TM forms (Evk. kalbi etc., see 1, 365) < Mong. (cf. Doerfer MT
100), while the Kor. kalbi rib does not belong here at all (see under
*kera), 296, 6, . 193. In OJ koma ( < *kma)

*kba(kV) - *kbarV

801

would be expected; the diphthong (OJ kwoma) is perhaps due to the

influence of the medial cluster.
-kba(kV) (~*kbu(kV)) bladder, scrotum: Tung. *xubgu; Mong.
*kuwkan; Turk. *KAbuk.
PTung. *xubgu vein, artery ( , ): Evk.
u; Evn. u; Neg. ubgu; Ork. obGol; Sol. g heart.
2, 243. The same word may be reflected in Ul. oal(), Nan. oal bobber =
Orok obGol (see 1, 442); semantically the word was probably influenced by a
merger with *kiaba- (v. sub *kopu).

PMong. *kuwka scrotum (): WMong. quwqa, -na, qauna

(L 910); Kh. xx, xxnag; Bur. xxanag; Kalm. ? xx thick skin ().
PTurk. *KAbuk bladder ( ): OTurk. qavuq
(OUygh.); Karakh. qavuq (MK); Tur. kavuk; Gag. qawuq; Az. GovuG;
Turkm. Govuq; MTurk. qavuq (AH, MA); Tat. quwq; Bashk. qwq; Kaz.
quwq; KBalk. quwuq; Nogh. quwq; Khak. xx; Shr. qq; Oyr. kk; Yak.
xabax.
5, 174, EDT 583.
Poppe 1974, 132 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss.
-kbarV ( ~ -u-) dry: Tung. *(x)ur-; Mong. *kawra-; Turk. *Kr-k,-gak;
Jpn. *kw(ra)-k-; Kor. *kobr-.
PTung. *(x)ur- to dry (meat) ( ()): Evk. urgan- 1; Man.
ua-laa jali dried meat.
2, 283. Man. ua- < *xurga- (but may also reflect another root: cf. Nan. uikte
dried meat?).

PMong. *kawra- dry (): WMong. qaurai, quurai (L 910),

qawraj (MXTTT); Kh. xraj; Bur. xraj; Kalm. xr; Ord. xr; Dag. xur
(MGCD xuare); S.-Yugh. xr- (MGCD a-); Mongr. x- devenir sec,
tarir (SM 168).
Cf. also *ku(w)ar- > *ku(w)a- in MMong. qoon dryness (); qusun, quasun (MA);
Dag. xua-, S.-Yugh. -, Dong. Go-, qosu-, Bao. o-. KW 204, 317, MGCD 335. Mong. > Tat.
qawrai etc. ( 5, 171-172).

PTurk. *Kr-k,-gak 1 dry 2 dry (crumbs, bread) (1 2 ): OTurk. qur- to dry (OUygh.); Karakh. quru, qur 1 (MK); Tur.
kuru 1; Gag. quru 1; Az. Guru 1; Turkm. Gr 1; Sal. Guru, Gur 1; Khal.
qurru- to dry; MTurk. qur- to dry (MA); Uzb. quruq 1; Uygh. quruq,
quraq 1; Krm. quru 1; Tat. qor 1; Bashk. qoro 1; Kirgh. quraq 1; Kaz.
quraq 1; KBalk. quru 1; KKalp. quraq 1; Kum. quru- to dry; Nogh.
qur, qurlaj 1; SUygh. quru, quruq 2; Khak. xuru 1; Shr. quru- to dry
(R.); Oyr. quru- to dry; Tv. qura 1; Tof. qura 1; Chuv. xrk 2;
Yak. kurnaq 1; Dolg. kurnak 1.
Derived from PT *Kr()- to dry up. See VEWT 302, 303; EDT 652-3, 646, 658,
6, 154-155, Stachowski 162, 163. Turk. qrut dry cheese > Mong. qurud > Manchu
kuru etc., see Doerfer MT 131; Turk. > Hung. kr dry stalk, see Gombocz 1912.

802

*kbe - *koge

PJpn. *kw(ra)-k- dry, to dry up (): OJpn. kawak-; MJpn.

kawak- (RJ kfk-); Tok. kawk-; Kyo. kwk-; Kag. krak-.
JLTT 706.
PKor. *kobr- be high, strong (of fire) ( , (
)): Mod. kwl-.
KED 183.
Ozawa 197, KW 204; 19, 50-51, 70, 102, 274; SKE 133,
1984. Here, as in some other cases, Turkic length apparently
goes back to a contraction.
-kbe touchwood, tree fungus: Tung. *xub(u)te; Mong. *kbd; Turk.
*Kiab; Jpn. *kua.
PTung. *xub(u)te 1 touchwood 2 rotten, to rot (1 , 2
, ): Evk. upte 2; Evn. ut- 2; Neg. ukte 1, ukte-; Man. ibte, ibete
1; Ul. xute 1; Ork. xte 1; Nan. xte 1; Orch. te 1; Ud. ute 1; Sol. telde 1.
2, 281.
PMong. *kb- moss (): WMong. kbd; (L 476) kbke; Kh. xvd;
Bur. xbxe(n).
Mong. > Yak. kppx, Dolg. kppk moss (Stachowski 156).
PTurk. *Kiab tree fungus; dry grass ( ; ):
OTurk. qavau (OUygh.); Karakh. qav (MK); Tur. kav; Az. Gow; Turkm.
Gov; MTurk. qov (Ettuhf.), qav (AH, Houts.); Uzb. qw; Tat. qaw, dial. qu;
Bashk. qw; Kirgh. q; Kaz. quw; Kum. quw; Nogh. quw; Khak. xabo; Shr.
qab; Oyr. q; Tv. xa; Chuv. Cf. jlege , j (..
); Yak. ka.
EDT 579, 584, TMN 3, 532-533, 5, 169-170, 6, 8-9.
PJpn. *kua mushroom (): Tok. kino-ko.
JLTT 450. The word is usually analysed as tree child; this is obviously a folk
etymology, in view of the external evidence.

PTM and PM reflect a common derivative *kbe-tV.

-koa ( ~ *kao) milt, roe: Tung. *xusakta; Jpn. *ka(n)su; Kor. *koi.
PTung. *xusa-kta milt, roe (): Evk. uhakta (dial.); Neg. sakta;
Man. usata; Ul. osaqta; Nan. osaqta; Ud. wahakta (. 218), wajakta.
2, 295.
PJpn. *ka(n)su dried herring roe ( ): Tok.
kazu-no-ko.
PKor. *koi milt, roe ( ): Mod. koi.
An Eastern isogloss (with a somewhat unexpected voicing in Jpn.
kazu-).
-koge poles in a frame: Tung. *xuge; Mong. *kee-sn; Turk. *kegej.
PTung. *xuge 1 frame, poles round the hearth 2 board on edge of
bed 3 first lower log in house, threshold (1 , 2
3 ( , ), ): Evk. ue 3;

*kjo - *kk

803

Evn. 1; Neg. ue 2; Ul. xue 2; Ork. xue, xuwe 1; Nan. xue 2; Ud. w, ue
(. 219), we, ue 1.
2, 247.
PMong. *kee-sn wheel spoke ( ): MMong. kekesun
(SH, HY 18); WMong. keges(n) (L 443); Kh. xs, xegs, xigs; Bur. xgaha(n), xgadaha(n); Kalm. ks (); Dag. hejgese (MD 159).
Mong. > Uygh. kgsn, ggsn.
PTurk. *kegej spoke ( ): Turkm. kegej, keje, kije (dial.);
MTurk. kegj (Vam.); Uzb. kegj; Uygh. gg; Tat. kigi; Kirgh. kegej
(dial.); Kaz. kegej; KBalk. kegej; KKalp. kegej; Kum. gegej; Nogh. kegej.
5, 17.
A Western isogloss. Despite Clauson 1965, 165, the Turkic word is
not easily explained as a borrowing < Mong.
-kjo cold: Tung. *xi-; Mong. *kji-ten; Turk. *Kuja; Jpn. *kju-;
Kor. *kjr.
PTung. *xi- 1 cold 2 to freeze (1 2 ): Evk.
iinipu 1; Evn. isi 1; Neg. iinigdi 1; Ul. sigun- 2; Ork. sig- 2;
Nan. sgu- 2; Orch. iei 1; Ud. iinihi 1; Sol. inigigdi.
1, 321.
PMong. *kji-ten cold (): MMong. kojiten (HY 5), kojiten
(SH), kuitn (MA); WMong. kiten (L 498: kiten, kitn); Kh. xjten;
Bur. xjten; Kalm. ktn; Ord. k, kt, kton, kjten; Dag. kuiten (.
.151, MD 185), xuiten (. . 151), kuitun; Dong. kuiien; Bao.
kita; S.-Yugh. kten; Mongr. kwden (SM 210), kuiden.
KW 234, MGCD 397.
PTurk. *Kuja rheumatism (): MTurk. quja (Babur);
Uzb. qujniq epilepsy; Uygh. quja (R); Kirgh. quja sciatica; KKalp.
quja; Khak. xuja scary (of a horse); Tv. quja.
TMN 3, 562. Turk. > Mong. quja, Khalkha xuja, Kalm. xujn, Bur. xuja rheumatism > Man. xujan ( 1, 475).

PJpn. *kju- to freeze (): OJpn. k(w)oju-.

JLTT 711.
PKor. *kjr winter (): MKor. kjr, kjr, kjr; Mod. kjul.
Nam 42, KED 112.
53-54, 290; Ozawa 82-84. The cluster *-j- explains the
somewhat irregular behaviour of --. The meaning rheumatism in
Turkic is a usual development < *cold.
-kk spine, skeleton: Tung. *xKeri; Mong. *kokima-; Jpn. *kakurai.
PTung. *xKeri 1 spine, spine marrow 2 bone (1 ,
2 ): Evk. kri 1; Evn. ikri 2; Neg. xej 2; Man. ikursun 1; Ul. sieri 1; Ork. sri 1; Orch. ikei 1; Ud. ixe , (-

804

*kome - *kme

);
(. 240).
1, 302.
PMong. *kokima- 1 skeleton 2 skull (1 2 ): MMong.
qokimai an epithet to teriun head (SH); WMong. qokima- (L 956: qokimai masks and costumes representing skeletons used in the cam
dance); Kh. xoximoj tolgoj 2, xoximoj jas 1; Bur. xoximoj 2 (Khorin), 1
(Tunk.); Kalm. xoman 2; Ord. Goim 2.
KW 182.
PJpn. *kakurai coccyx, buttocks (, ): OJpn. kakure.
Cf. also Tuva xokpa coccyx.
-kome marrow: Tung. *xum-n,-kin, *xum-nu; Mong. *kemi; Turk.
*kEmk.
PTung. *xum-n,-kin, *xum-nu 1 marrow 2 metatarsus (1
2 , ): Evk. umn, umkin 1; Evn. mn 1, nm 2;
Neg. oman 1, onm 2; Man. umGan, uman 1, umuxun 2; SMan. umha
(332) 1; Ul. xoma(n) / xma(n) 1; Ork. xma(n) 1, xmn 2; Nan. xom 1;
Orch. uma(n) 1, umnu 2; Ud. uma(n) 1; Sol. m 1.
2, 266-7, 274.
PMong. *kemi marrow, bone with marrow ( , ): WMong. kemi (L 451); Kh. xim; Kalm. kem; Ord. keme.
KW 224. Cf. also WMong. kemtege bones near the hoofs of a horse (L 452).
PTurk. *kEmk 1 bone 2 spongy bone 3 cartilage (1 2 3 ): Tur. kemik 1; Gag. kemik 1; MTurk. kemk (MA) 3,
kmk (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. kmik, gmik (dial.) 2; Krm. kemk 1; Tat. kimek 2;
Bashk. kimek 2; Kirgh. kemik 2; Kaz. kemik 2; KBalk. gemik 2; KKalp. kemik 2; Kum. gemik 3; Nogh. kemik 2; Oyr. kmik 3.
VEWT 251, EDT 722, 5, 36-38, 261-262. Turk. > Mong. kemik cartilage (see 1997, 126; but the derivation of the Turk. form from *gemr- to gnaw
(v. sub *kma) is a folk etymology, although some contaminations were possible: Yak.
kmr spongy bone semantically continues *kemk, but formally is derived from
*gemr-. MK has kemdi- to cut meat from the bones and kemdk bone with meat cut off forms that may be related both to *kemk and *gemr-.

The Turk.-Mong. comparison see in VEWT 251 (but Manchu kemin

is undoubtedly < Mong., see Rozycki 137). 281, 315,
262, 262. On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *kpoV.
-kme to throw (upside down): Tung. *xumu-; Mong. *kmeri-; Turk.
*Km-.
PTung. *xumu- upside down (, ): Evk. umusk;
Evn. umusk; Neg. umne-pk; Man. umusixun; Ul. xumesi; Ork. xumusei;
Nan. xumesi; Orch. umse-.
2, 272. Tungus forms with *k- (see 1, 431) may be borrowed from Mongolian (cf. Kalm. kmtr-) or influenced by Mongolian forms, see Doerfer MT 74.

*komo(lV) - *knt[a]

805

PMong. *kmeri- to fall, turn upside down (()

): WMong. kmeri-, kmri- (L 487); Kh. xmr-; Bur. xmeri-;
Kalm. kmr- (); Ord. kmr-; Dag. kumr-bi-, (. . 151) kumuri-; Dong. komoru-; S.-Yugh. kmr-; Mongr. komori- (SM 213),
kumor-.
MGCD 373. Mong. > Kirgh. kmr- etc. (see 5, 101-102).
PTurk. *Km- 1 to throw, strike down 2 to move, walk (1 2
, ): OTurk. qam- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. qam- to lower
(MK); MTurk. qam- to lower (MN); Chuv. xm- ,
; Yak. xmp- 2; Dolg. km- 2.
VEWT 228, EDT 625; Stachowski 142. The connection of OT qam- and Yak. qmp- is
rather problematic, but possible (we are not aware of other etymologies). For the Yak.
word cf. perhaps Bur. xamb packtrain, caravan.

KW 239, Poppe 19, 68; 1984, 109. A Western isogloss.

-komo(lV) a k. of fragrant and edible plant: Tung. *xime-kte; Mong.
*kmeli; Turk. *Kumlak; Jpn. *kamira.
PTung. *xime-kte bird-cherry (): Evk. inkte; Neg.
imemkn; Man. jege; Ul. siekte; Ork. siekte; Nan. sikte; Orch. imepe;
Ud. iofo; Sol. iekte.
1, 318.
PMong. *kmeli a k. of wild onion or garlic (
): WMong. kmeli (L 487); Kh. xml.
PTurk. *Kumlak hop (): Karakh. qumlaq (MK); Krm. qumlaq,
qumlax; Tat. qolmaq, dial. qomlaq, qomalaq; Kirgh. qulmaq; Kaz. qulmaq;
Nogh. qlmaq; Khak. xumnax; Shr. qmnaq; Oyr. qumdaq, qumanaq; Chuv.
xmla.
VEWT 299, EDT 628, 6, 138-139. Turk. > Hung. koml, see Gombocz 1912.
PJpn. *kamira a k. of garlic ( ): OJpn. kamjira.
The Turkic word is frequently regarded as a borrowing, either
from a Germanic source (EDT 628), or from an Iranian (Ossetic) source
(., ). The Iranian derivation of Osset. xumllg hop, however,
raises some phonetic and morphological problems; on the other hand,
there are no doubts that the Turkic (Bulgarian) word was borrowed
into Mari umla, Hung. koml and Slav. xmel (see 192,
ibid.). The ultimate Turkic source of other late European names of hop
is therefore also not excluded.
-knt[a] hemp: Tung. *xonta-kta; Turk. *kendir (*kentir); Jpn. *knt.
PTung. *xonta-kta hemp (): Evk. onokto; Man. unta; Ul.
ntaa; Nan. ontaxa; Orch. onokto.
1, 471, 2, 19. A culture term with many interdialectal loans: Ul. onoqto, Nan.
onoqto ( < Evk.); Neg. xontaxa, perhaps also Man. unta < South.-Tung.

806

*ka - *ka

PTurk. *kendir (kentir) hemp (): OTurk. kendir (OUygh.);

Tur. kendir; Az. kndir; Turkm. kendir; MTurk. kendir; Uzb. kendir; Uygh.
kndi(r); Tat. kinder; Bashk. kinder; Kirgh. kendir; Kaz. kendir; KBalk.
kendir; KKalp. kendir; Kum. kendir; Nogh. kendir; SUygh. kenir, kemer;
Khak. kindr; Shr. kndir; Oyr. kendir; Tv. xendir; Chuv. kandr.
EDT 729, VEWT 252, 5, 39-40, 127-128. Turk. > WMong. kendir
(TMN 3, 608, 1997, 127), WMong. kenir, Kalm. kenr (KW 226); > Hung. kender
(Gombocz 1912); > Russ. kendr ( 282).

PJpn. *knt paper tree, Broussonetia papyrifera ( ): OJpn. kadi; MJpn. kd; Tok. kaji no ki.
JLTT 447.
11. A cultural term; the vocalism is not quite certain.
-ka nose: Tung. *xoa-; Mong. *ka[m]ar; Turk. *K(i)a-(r)-; Jpn.
*kan-k-; Kor. *kh.
PTung. *xoa- 1 nose 2 front part (of boat) 3 nose bridge (1 2
() 3 ): Evk. ookto 1; Evn. ot 1; Neg. ookto 1;
Man. oqo 2; SMan. xoq 2 (1272); Ul. oqo 2; Nan. qotoro 1, ondaa
3, qo 2; Orch. xoko 2 (possibly < Manchu); Sol. onokto 1.
1, 413, 470; 2, 22. There is some variation of *x- and *k- (cf. the Nanai and
Manchu reflexes; cf. also Neg. kotopk. nose (of a deer, elk, bear); but it is hardly possible to separate these variants.

PMong. *ka[m]ar nose (): MMong. qabar (HY 45, SH), qabar
(MA), qabar (LH); WMong. qabar, qamar (L 895); Kh. xamar; Bur. xamar;
Kalm. xamr; Ord. xamar; Mog. qabar; ZM qabar (2-3b); Dag. xamar (.
. 173), hamere, hamare (MD 156); Dong. qava; Bao. xor; S.-Yugh.
xawar; Mongr. xawar (SM 165), xavar.
KW 164, MGCD 322. Mong. > Oyr. qamur. There are numerous indications that the
root was *ka- (*ka-bar > qabar / qamar). Cf. *ko-si- / *ka-si (WMong. qasiar, qosijar
beak, nose (KW 167, 186, MGCD 365, Mongr. xaar (157); > Uzb. qanar etc., see
5, 256-258); > Man. qasari / qasiri, haara (see Rozycki 102, 132) ); WMong. qaqul- /
qaul- to smell; MMong. (SH) qoiut reek, WMong. qusi- to reek, smell ( > Oyr.
qusu- etc., see KW 197, VEWT 280); WMong. qaurasun, Kalm. xrsn, xursn nose
gristle (KW 195, 201). .

PTurk. *K(i)a-(r)- 1 nose 2 to snuffle 3 beak, snout 4 parched nose

(phras.) 5 nose bridge (1 2 3 , 4
( ) 5 ): Karakh. qaraq palate (MK - ); Turkm.
Garavuq nasal cavity, Goursa- to reek; Bashk. qarq (dial.) hard
palate; Kirgh. qarq 4, qoursu- to reek; SUygh. qarq, qrq 1; Oyr.
qarq (Tel.) (R II, 82); qor 5 (R II 521), Tel. (.); Tv. xj 3, x nasal, qoza crook-nosed; Tof. xj 1, 3; Yak. xanaj- 2; xour, xar 5
(.).
The root is no doubt archaic, although not widely attested. On its modern reflexes
see VEWT 232, 215-216 (some of the listed forms are < Mong., but certainly not
all.), 6, 66.

*ki - *kro

807

PJpn. *kan-k- to smell (, ): OJpn. kag-; MJpn. kg-;

Tok. kg-; Kyo. kg-; Kag. kg-.
JLTT 701. Kyoto points to *kNk-, but other dialects and RJ - to *kNk-.
PKor. *kh nose (): MKor. k (kh-); Mod. kho.
Nam 45, KED 1673.
KW 186, 190, 251, Martin 242, Poppe 1974, 132,
43-44, 80, 286, Ozawa 191, 1984, 84, 4, 216.
-ki head of clan: Tung. *(x)u-; Turk. *K(i)a; Jpn. *km; Kor. *ki.
PTung. *(x)u- head (of kin, clan), chief ( (, ), ): Man. ugu, uGa; SMan. uan (1012).
2, 278. Attested only in Manchu, but having rather interesting external parallels.

PTurk. *K(i)a father (): OTurk. qa (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.);

Karakh. qada half-brother, son of the same father and a different
mother (MK), qasq ata step-father (MK).
VEWT 232, EDT 630, 635, 640, 5, 258.
PJpn. *km lord (, ): OJpn. kjimji; MJpn. km;
Tok. kmi; Kyo. km; Kag. kmi.
JLTT 450.
PKor. *ki office, officer (, ): MKor.
ki.
Nam 60.
An important common Altaic social term.
-kp soot, to catch fire: Tung. *xupu-ksa; Turk. *Kp-; Jpn.
*kmp-.
PTung. *xupu-ksa soot (): Evk. uwuksa; Ork. xumesike; Nan.
xufekse.
1, 477, 2, 243.
PTurk. *Kp- to catch fire (): Uzb. qpin-; Tat. qap-, qabn-;
Bashk. qabn-; Kaz. qabn-; Kum. qabun-; Nogh. qabn-, dial. qaml-; Khak.
xabl-; Shr. qamn-; Oyr. qamn-; Tv. qp-; Tof. qp-; Chuv. xp-.
5, 262.
PJpn. *kmp- to burn, set on fire, feed wood into fire (, , ): MJpn. kuba-; Tok. kbe-; Kyo. kb-;
Kag. kub-.
JLTT 714.
-kro worm; gad-fly: Tung. *xirga-; Mong. *koro-kai; Turk. *Krt.
PTung. *xirga- gad-fly (): Evk. irgakta; Evn. rgt; Neg. jgakta;
Man. ia; SMan. i (2262); Ul. saqta; Ork. sqta; Nan. sGaqta; Ud. iga.
1, 324-325. Evk. > Dolg. rgakta (Stachowski 261).

808

*ka - *ko

PMong. *koro-kai worm, insect (, ): MMong.

qoroxai (HY 12), qori (IM), qoraaj (MA); WMong. qoroqai (L 970: qoruqai); Kh. xorxoj; Bur. xorxoj; Kalm. xorx; Ord. xorox; Dag. xorg (.
. 177), xorog, xorugu, horehe (MD 164); Dong. Gui ; Bao. GorGei,
GorGi; S.-Yugh. xoroxGui; Mongr. xorGw (SM 173), xorGui, xurGoi.
KW 188, MGCD 302, 367. Cf. also Kalm. xor die Maden der Viehbremse (im Vieh)
(KW 187).

PTurk. *Krt worm (): OTurk. qurt (OUygh.); Karakh. qurt

(MK, KB); Tur. kurt; Gag. qurt; Az. Gurd; Turkm. Grt; MTurk. qurt
(Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qurt; Uygh. qurut; Krm. qurt; Tat. qort; Kirgh. qurt;
Kaz. qurt; KBalk. qurt; KKalp. qurt; Khak. xurt; Tv. qurt; Tof. qurt;
Chuv. xort; Yak. kuraa small parasites; Dolg. kuraga.
See VEWT 303-4 (although we prefer to separate *Krt worm and *Krt wolf),
EDT 648, 181, 6, 167-168, 2, 367-368, Stachowski 162.

KW 188, 54, 285, 8, 182. A Western isogloss; but cf. also *kre.
-ka a k. of tree with red berries or red bark: Tung. *(x)or-; Mong.
*karg-; Turk. *Kalgan / *Karlgan; Jpn. *ktr.
PTung. *(x)or- 1 red bilberry 2 black currant (1 2
): Evk. or 1; Evn. rbt 2.
2, 23.
PMong. *karg- 1 tree with dark reddish bark 2 a k. of shrub, viburnum 3 pine (1 - 2 , 3 ): WMong. qargil 1 (L 936); Bur. xarghan 2; Kalm. xar 3;
Ord. xargil Rhamnus erythroxylon.
PTurk. *Kalgan / *Karlgan currant (): Tat. qarlan;
Bashk. qarlan (dial.); Nogh. qarlan; Shr. qazran, qazr qat (.);
Oyr. qazlan; Tv. qazlan; Tof. qazlan; Chuv. xorlan.
5, 309-310, 2, 367.
PJpn. *ktr Cereidiphyllum japonicum ( ):
OJpn. katura; MJpn. ktr; Tok. ktsura; Kyo. ktsr; Kag. katsra.
JLTT 445.
Absence of diphthong in Turkic is strange.
-ko ( ~ -u) lamb, deer: Tung. *xir-; Mong. *kurigan; Turk. *Ko.
PTung. *xir- 1 wild deer 2 to rub horns 3 *newborn animal > new
(1 2 3 * >
): Evk. irki, ir 1, irkekn (dial.) 3; Evn. ire-, irk- 2; Neg. ijun 1,
iskekin 3; Man. iren 1, ie 3; SMan. i new (2544); Jurch. hi()e (85) 3;
Ul. suru(n) 1, sieu(n) 3; Ork. site- 2, site- 3; Nan. sir 1, iku(n) 3; Orch.
iju 1, ikken 3.

*ks - *ke

809

1, 327, 328. Evk. sir and Neg. xra ( 2, 96) must be loanwords from
Southern TM, where *x- > x- and s-; in any case, these forms have nothing to do with
Turk. *sgr cow (see s.v. *sku), despite Sinor 1962, 320.
PMong. *kurigan lamb (): MMong. quriqa(n) (SH), qurixan
(HY 11), qrian (LH); WMong. qurian (L 987: quraa(n), qura(n)); Kh.
xurgan; Bur. xuga(n); Kalm. xurn; Ord. xurGa; Mog. qran (Weiers);
Dong. quan (. .); Guan; Bao. GorGa; S.-Yugh. urGan; Mongr.
xorGa (SM 172), xuroG.
KW 198, MGCD 391. Mong. > Oyr. quraan etc. (TMN 1, 435), Evk. kurikan etc., see
ibid., Doerfer MT 131.

PTurk. *Ko lamb (): OTurk. qoz (quz) (OUygh.); Karakh.

qoz (quz) (MK); Tur. kuzu; Gag. quzu; Az. Guzu; Turkm. Guz; Sal. qza;
Khal. quz; MTurk. qoz (R.), qozu (Houts.); Uzb. qzi; Uygh. qoza; Krm.
qozu; Tat. quz (dial.); Kirgh. qozu; Kaz. qoz; KBalk. qozu; KKalp. qoz;
Kum. qozu (dial.); Nogh. qoz; SUygh. quz, qoz, qoza.
VEWT 285, EDT 681, 433, 6, 108-109.
EAS 46, 113, KW 198, 361, 1, 302,
1972, 118, 433. A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 1, 435, 3, 546,
1997, 142, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turkic.
-ks a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *xisi-; Mong. *kusu-; Jpn. *ks.
PTung. *xisi- 1 larch 2 cypress (1 2 ): Evk. ismama 1; Evn. s forest; Neg. s, sma 1; Man. isi 1; Jurch. hisi (105) 2;
Ul. sisi 1; Ork. ss 1; Nan. ss 1; Orch. isi 1; Ud. ihi 1.
1, 331.
PMong. *kusu- birch tree (): WMong. qusu(n) (L 991); Kh.
xusan; Bur. xuha(n); Kalm. xusm; S.-Yugh. us.
KW 199, MGCD 392.
PJpn. *ks Cinnamonum camphora Sieb. ( ):
OJpn. kusu; MJpn. ks(n ki); Tok. kus(no ki); Kyo. ks(n k); Kag.
ks(n k).
JLTT 466.
Phonetically the Mong., TM and Jpn. form are well compatible;
but it is always difficult to deal with Japanese botanical names because
of a drastic difference in nature environment between Japan and the
continent.
-ke to scrape, shave: Tung. *xui / *kui; Mong. *kisu-; Turk. *Kas;
Jpn. *ks / *ks-i.
PTung. *xui / *kui knife (): Evk. ui; Man. kui; Ul. kue(n);
Ork. kue(n); Ud. kusige; Sol. usx.
1, 441, 2, 296.

810

*kte - *ktekV

PMong. *kisu- to scrape, shave (, ): WMong. kisu-,

qusu- (L 992); Kh. xusa-; Bur. uha-; Kalm. xus- (); Mog. kila(Ramstedt 1906); Bao. as-; S.-Yugh. qs-; Mongr. ki- (SM 202), ks-.
MGCD 393. Mong. > Evk. kis- etc., see Doerfer MT 135.
PTurk. *Kas skin, shell, peel, bark (, , ): OTurk.
qasuq (OUygh.); Karakh. qas, qasuq (MK); Khal. qs.
EDT 665, 666, 5 328. The root should be distinguished from *Ka (v. sub
*k). Note that in Siberian languages the reflexes of * and *s coincide, so all the forms
attributed to *Ka can also reflect PT *Kas.

PJpn. *ks / *ks-i eczema (): MJpn. ks, ks.

JLTT 458, 465.
Cf. *kuu. For the Turkic word Helimski 1995 proposed a Sam.
etymology ( < PS *ksa bark), which cannot be excluded; in that case
the Turkic form should be removed from the comparison.
*kte a k. of knife or arrow: Tung. *(x)utu, -ke; Mong. *kituga; Turk.
*kt-men.
PTung. *(x)utu, -ke 1 knife on a shaft 2 a k. of arrow (1 ( ) 2 -): Evk. utu, utut 2, utkn 1; Evn.
tken 1.
2, 294.
PMong. *kituga knife (): MMong. kituqai (SH), k[i]ta (IM),
kda (Lig.VMI), kitua (MA); WMong. kitua, qutaa, qutua (L 474);
Kh. xutga; Bur. xutaga, (.) xotigo; Mog. qitqi (Ramstedt 1906); Dong.
qudoo; S.-Yugh. udaa; Mongr. idoGo (SM 445).
MGCD 393. Mong. > Man. kitukan scissors (see Rozycki 140).
PTurk. *kt-men hoe, mattock (): OTurk. ketmen (OUigh.);
Karakh. ketmen (MK); Tur. gedmen; Az. ktmn; Turkm. ktmen; MTurk.
ketmen (Sangl.); Uzb. ketmn; Uygh. ktmn; Bashk. ktmn; Kirgh. ketmen-; Chuv. katmak.
VEWT 259, 3, 30-31, 5, 65-66, EDT 704. Usually derived from *gt- to notch but the semantic shift is not quite satisfactory, and the Oghuz languages (except Turkish
with a secondary analogy) systematically distinguish *g- in notch and *k- in hoe.

A Western isogloss. In Turkic one would expect a closed *, but in

fact Chuv. katmak points to an open vowel. This may be due to a natural contamination of this root with the reflex of PA *ktu sharp tool,
notch q.v.
-ktekV a k. of stinging insect: Tung. *xkte; Mong. *kedgene; Turk.
*Ktku-; Kor. *kitk.
PTung. *xkte nit (): Evk. kte; Evn. t; Neg. kte; Ul. xuktu;
Ork. xuktu; Nan. xuktu; Ud. ukte.
See 2, 254.

*ka - *ka

811

PMong. *kedgene bumble-bee (): WMong. kedgene (L 441:

kedegene); Kh. xedgen; Bur. xedegen gad-fly; Kalm. kedgn; Ord.
getegene.
KW 222.
PTurk. *Ktku- a stinging insect ( ): Karakh.
qatqu (MK - Argu) a thing which stings like a scorpion; Chuv.
xt-kajk .
EDT 599, . Cf. also (MK) qou fly. The Chuvash word is analysed as
hard-bird or hard-animal, which is probably a folk-etymological reanalysis of *ktku-.

PKor. *kitk maggot, worm, grub (, ): MKor.

kitk; Mod. kudgi, kudegi.
Nam 65, KED 197.
Cf. also Kor. kaktagwi mosquito.
-ka side, direction: Tung. *xoa-n; Mong. *kaiwu; Turk. *KAj-; Jpn.
*kaj-r-; Kor. *k-.
PTung. *xoa- 1 edge, end 2 slanting, slant (1 , 2 ,
): Evk. oo 2; Evn. oan- 2; Neg. oo- 2; Man. uan 1; SMan.
uan 1 (2605); Ork. odo- 2; Nan. oa- 2.
2, 7, 250.
PMong. *kaiwu side, edge (, ): WMong. qaiu,
qaau, qaau (L 948); Kh. xa; Bur. xa; Kalm. xa; Ord. xa slope;
Dag. xa (. . 172).
KW 159. Cf. also *kai- to slant etc. (with a variant *gai-) (ibid.).
PTurk. *KAj- 1 to turn back 2 to show respect 3 to squint; to move
to smb.s side 4 to run towards 5 to go past, around (1 2
3 ; -. 4 5 , ): OTurk. qaj- (OUygh.) 2;
Karakh. qaj- (MK) 1, 2; Tur. kaj- 3; S.-Uygh. qajla- 4; Khak. xaj- 2; Oyr.
qaj- (R) 2; Tv. xaj- 5.
5 208-209, EDT 674. Stachowski 137 adds Yak. xas-, Dolg. kas- (to turn
and) look around, which would change the reconstruction to *KA-; however, there are
no other traces of a nasal in the root, and the comparison looks somewhat dubious.

PJpn. *kaj-r- to approach (): OJpn. kajor-; MJpn. kajor-.

JLTT 706.
PKor. *k- 1 near 2 end, limit (1 2 , , ):
MKor. kskp- (-w-) 1, ki 2; Mod. kak:ap- (-w-) 1, kaa 2.
Nam 16, 24, KED 3, 24.
1984, 96. Cf. *ka.

812

*kube - *kubu

-kube voice, sound: Tung. *x- (*xb-); Mong. *kw-; Turk. *k(b);
Jpn. *kwi; Kor. *kubi-.
PTung. *x- (*xb-) to sound (): Evk. -; Evn. -; Neg. -; Ul.
ujsi-; Ork. uji-; Nan. xuj-si-.
1, 293-294.
PMong. *kw- 1 to talk, converse 2 conversation (1 2
): WMong. k-ne- 1, kr 2 (L 509); Kh. xne- 1, xr 2; Kalm.
kr- 1.
KW 243.
PTurk. *k(b) 1 fame 2 wisdom 3 famous (1 2 ):
OTurk. k (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. k (MK, KB); Az. kj roar;
Turkm. kj 2; Kirgh. k sound, roar, klk 3; Kaz. klk 3; Khak. k-lk
2; Shr. kg (Radl.); Oyr. k roar, klk 3.
VEWT 306, 5, 128-129, 140-141, TMN 3, 653.
PJpn. *kw-i voice (): OJpn. kowe; MJpn. kw, kw; Tok. ke;
Kyo. k; Kag. ko.
JLTT 453. In compounds - kowa- (e.g. kowa-daka etc.).
PKor. *kubi-h- to celebrate, glorify (, ):
MKor. kui-h-.
Liu 85.
The Mong. form may belong here if it is different from *ker joy
< PA *kbe (q.v.); there probably occurred a secondary merger in some
Mong. dialects.
-kubu box, coffin: Tung. *xobu-r / *xebu-r; Mong. *kob-du, *kob-tu;
Jpn. *k(u)i; Kor. *kobVr.
PTung. *xobu-r / *xebu-r coffin (): Man. obo; SMan. hov (752);
Ul. xeuli; Nan. xeur, xewur; Ud. xau.
1, 464, 467. Preservation of *x- in Ud. may be explained as a loan from some
South.-Tung. source.

PMong. *kob-du, *kob-tu long and narrow box, quiver (

, ): MMong. qubdu (MA 299); WMong. qobdu (L
949), qobtu; Kh. xowd; Bur. xobto , ; Kalm. xowd ().
Mong. > Evk. kobdu etc., see Doerfer MT 111, Rozycki 141; Nogh. qobda etc., see
6, 6, Yak. xoppo, Dolg. kopko (Ka. MEJ 58, Stachowski 153).

PJpn. *k(u)i coffin (): OJpn. k(j)i; MJpn. ki.

JLTT 449.
PKor. *kobVr coffin, box (, ): MKor. kr.
Nam 51.
Lee 1958, 112 (TM - Kor.). A Turkic root *K(i)abur coffin may
have existed, too: cf. Kr. qaur, qour coffin (VEWT 274), as well as
the Russian loan from an Old Bulgarian source: (presupposing
*Kabu(r)-ak). But then in most languages it has merged either with
*Kaprak ( < PA *kpa vessel q.v.), or with a recent Arabic loanword

*ka - *k

813

(qabr grave, see VEWT 216 > Turk. qabr, Kum. qabr etc.), or with a
later Mong. loanword qobuur tube (about which see TMN 1, 628,
6, 71-72) .
-ka ( ~ -u) animals paw, skin from animals paw: Tung. *xsa; Turk.
*K.
PTung. *xsa 1 skin from deers feet 2 animals paw (1
2 ): Evk. sa 1; Evn. sl 1; Neg. sa 1; Man. ooxo
2; SMan. vaq, vasq, vaqu, vasqu 2 (2287); Ul. osol 1; Ork. oso 2;
Nan. s 2, sol 1.
2, 26.
PTurk. *K foot, shin (, ): Tur. k foot, shin; coccyx, behind; Gag. q; Az. G; Turkm. G (dial.); MTurk. q (AH); Shr. qs
; Chuv. x back, behind; Yak. ks berbkej ,
(?).
281, 6, 252-253.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss, but cf. the discussion under *ks; cf.
perhaps also Bur. xahan front and back parts of footwear; Dag. gor,
kooro, kuur boots (. . 132) (?).
-k to scrape; claw, sharp stick: Tung. *xos-kta; Mong. *kuil-; Turk.
*K-; Jpn. *ks; Kor. *ko.
PTung. *xos-kta 1 to scrape 2 claw, finger-nail (1 , 2 , ): Evk. os- 1, oskta 2; Evn. os- 1, ost 2; Neg. os- 1,
tta 2; Man. wasixa 2; SMan. wasqlm, wasqulu- to scratch, to claw
(1574); Ul. os- 1, osta 2; Ork. os- 1, osqta 2; Nan. osaqala- 1,
osaqta 2; Orch. xosi- 1; Ud. wahi- (. 218) 1, wai-li- 1, waikta, wahikta
2; Sol. o- 1, kta 2.
2, 26-27.
PMong. *kuil- to scrape with fingers ( ):
WMong. quil-; Kalm. xul-.
KW 200.
PTurk. *K- to scratch, scrape; to itch (, ; ): MTurk. q-; Uzb. qii-; Uygh. qii-; Tat. q-; Bashk. qs-; Kirgh.
q-; Kaz. q-; KKalp. q-; Nogh. q-; Khak. x-; Oyr. q-; Tv. kii-;
Chuv. k ; Yak. khj-; khax scraper; Dolg. khak scraper.
VEWT 260, 6, 186-187, Stachowski 167.
PJpn. *ks spit, skewer; comb (): OJpn. kusi; MJpn. ks; Tok.
kush; Kyo. ksh; Kag. kush.
JLTT 466.
PKor. *ko 1 spit, skewer; awl, gimlet 2 to stick in (1 ; 2
): MKor. ko 1, k- 2; Mod. kot [kos], k:oi 1, k:ot- [k:o-] 2.
Nam 54, KED 164, 174. The accent of the noun is unknown; the verbal stem has a
usual low tone.

814

*ki - *kdo(rgV)

1984, 99, Martin 241, Whit 1985, 135, 165, 223,

16, 77, 290.
-ki ( ~ --) a k. of cereal: Mong. *k-; Turk. *ke; Kor. *k.
PMong. *k- a leguminous plant ( ): WMong.
kigi (XTTT); Kh. xigi; Bur. xs , xsg .
Cf. also Bur. xsergenej ().
PTurk. *ke gruel (, ): Tur. ge, ge; Turkm. ke; Sal.
koa ; MTurk. ke (Pav. C.), OKypch. (Ettuhf.); Uzb. ga; Uygh.
koa; k (dial.); Krm. goa; Tat. kz; Kirgh. k, k; KKalp. ge;
Khak. ke; Oyr. k; Tv. ke.
VEWT 286, 5, 84-85. Cf. also Shor kerget , Khak. Sag. kzerget
id.

PKor. *k millet ( ): MKor. k; Mod.

kia.
Liu 115, KED 274.
Cf. also various plant names in Turkic: Oyr. kne ,
Turkm. gele , Kirgh. (South.) gml
; Kirgh. ket, Uygh. kt seedling; WMong.
gegeleegene, Khalkha glgene, Bur. gulzrgene
(whence Evk. gualigina etc., see 1, 176).
-kdo(rgV) tail: Tung. *xrg; Mong. *kudurga; Turk. *Kudruk; Kor.
*s-kr.
PTung. *xrg tail (): Evk. irgi; Evn. irg; Neg. i / idgi; Man.
unexen; SMan. unixn, unuun, iunuun (2291, 2607); Ul. xuu; Ork.
xudu; Nan. xuigu; Orch. iggi; Ud. igi; Sol. iggi, irgi.
1, 325.
PMong. *kudurga tail strap (): MMong. qudurqa (SH),
qudora (IM), qodora (LH); WMong. qudura(n) (L 980); Kh. xudraga;
Bur. xudarga; Kalm. xudr; Ord. xudurGa; Dag. xodurugu (. . 179:
xudurga); S.-Yugh. GudurGa; Mongr. GudarGa.
KW 195, MGCD 385. Mong. > Evk. kudurga, Man. qudarGan, see Doerfer MT 100,
Rozycki 148; > MKor. kotrki (Lee 1964, 191).

PTurk. *Kudruk tail (): OTurk. qudruq (OUygh.); Karakh.

quruq (MK); Tur. kujruk; Gag. qujruq; Az. GujruG; Turkm. Gujruq; Sal.
Guru; Khal. qurduq; MTurk. qujruq, qujru (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. qujruq;
Uygh. qujruq; Krm. qurjux; Tat. qojrq; Bashk. qojroq; Kirgh. qujruq; Kaz.
qujrq; KBalk. qujruq; KKalp. qujrq; Kum. qujruq; Nogh. qujrq; SUygh.
Guzuruq; Khak. xuzurux; Shr. quzuruq; Oyr. qujruq; Tv. quduruq; Tof.
quduruq; Chuv. xre; Yak. kuturuk; Dolg. kuturuk.
VEWT 296b, EDT 604, 145, 6, 114-117, Stachowski 163. Cf. also MK
quurun tail strap ( 553).

*kge - *kujk

815

PKor. *s-kr tail (): MKor. skr; Mod. k:ori.

Nam 50, KED 140.
322, Poppe 18, 52, 1984, 113, 1,
327-328, 53, 284, 9, 145. Mong. is hardly <
Turk. (although it is possible, see 1997, 142). In Korean we
have a case of *s-prefixation in body parts (see also under *operV,
*peje); note that MKor. ktrki tail strap < Mong. Cf. also Turk.
*Kuduskan tail strap ( 6, 182-183) = WMong. qudusqa (VEWT 297,
KW 195, 554); *Kudu-mu / -mak tail bone ( 6, 215-216).
-kge palate, jaw: Tung. *xkte; Mong. *kemej; Turk. *Kgme; Jpn.
*k()i; Kor. *khm.
PTung. *xkte tooth (): Evk. kte; Evn. t; Neg. kte; Man. weixe;
SMan. vx (32); Jurch. juj-xe (495); Nan. xukte(le); Ud. ikte; Oroch. ikte;
Sol. tte.
1, 300. Cf. also Evk. ken jaw, chin ( 1, 302). North. > Ul., Orok ikte.
PMong. *kemej 1 throat, pharynx 2 chest part of animal skin (1
, 2 ): WMong.
kgeme (L 479: kgemei, kmei) 1; Kh. xmij 1; Bur. xmej 2; Kalm. km 1
(); Ord. km 2.
Cf. also Khalkha xj crop, craw. Mong. > Kaz. kmekej etc.), see 5, 99-100.
PTurk. *Kgme gum (of tooth) (): Khak. kme; Shr. kgbe
(Mat.), kge (Kond.).
VEWT 290.
PJpn. *k()i fang (): OJpn. k(j)i; MJpn. k; Tok. k-ba; Kyo. k-b;
Kag. k-ba.
JLTT 449. The accent in Kyoto and Kagoshima is irregular; Tokyo and RJ point unambiguously to original low tone.

PKor. *khm jaw (): MKor. khm.

Nam 36.
290 (with a somewhat different grouping of etyma).
Korean has an irregular low tone.
-kujk root, stem: Tung. *xj(k)e; Turk. *kk; Jpn. *kki; Kor.
*kkr, kkr.
PTung. *xj(k)e horn (): Evk. ije; Evn. j; Neg. je; Man. weixe /
uixe; SMan. vx (32, 2279); Jurch. huje-xe (602); Ul. xuje; Ork. xuje; Nan.
xuje; Orch. ije; Ud. j; Sol. je.
1, 298-299.
PTurk. *kk root (): Karakh. kk (MK, KB); Tur. kk; Gag. kk;
Az. kk; Turkm. kk; MTurk. kk (AH, . ., Pav. C.); Krm. kk; Kaz.
kk; KKalp. kk; Tv. kk; Chuv. kk (Anatri).
VEWT 287, EDT 708, TMN 3, 598, 5, 91-92, 109.

816

*kjo - *kle

PJpn. *kk-i stem, stalk (, ): OJpn. kuki; MJpn. kuki;

Tok. kuk; Kyo. kk; Kag. kuk.
JLTT 462. The stem kuku- is found in some OJ compounds.
PKor. *kkr, kkr stalk (): MKor. kkr, kkr; Mod.
k:oki.
Nam 45, KED 154.
284, 109, Whitman 1985, 132, 222. Tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. The TM word belongs
here if one reconstructs the rare cluster *-jk- (reflected as -x- in Manchu
but as -0- in other languages).
-kjo cold wind, fog, North: Mong. *koji-; Turk. *Ku; Jpn. *ki-r.
PMong. *koji- North(wards), back(wards) (, , ): MMong. qojina (SH, HY 50), qjna following (IM); WMong.
qoji-na, qoji-si (L 954); Kh. xojno, xoj; Bur. xojno, xojo; Kalm. xn ()
after; Ord. xono back, West; Mog. qoina (Weiers); Dag. xuai-n (.
. 178 xuaina), huajne (MD 165); Dong. qui-na; Bao. ui-n; S.-Yugh.
i-ne; Mongr. xwno (SM 177), xwdi qui est derrire (SM 176), xui-no.
MGCD 359.
PTurk. *Ku Northern slope ( ): OTurk. quz (Yen.);
qur West (Orkh.),; Karakh. quz (MK); Tur. koz, guz (dial.), kuzej; Az.
Guzej; Turkm. Guzaj; MTurk. quz (AH, Pav. C.), quzaj (Pav.C.); Uygh.
quz; SUygh. qozan sunset (Mal.); Khak. xosxar Polar star; Oyr. qusqaj
(Tuba ).
VEWT 305, EDT 680, 6, 106-107.
PJpn. *ki-r ( ~ -i-) fog (): OJpn. kiri; MJpn. kr; Tok. kri;
Kyo. kr; Kag. kri.
JLTT 451.
45. The root contains a rare cluster *-j-. The Jpn. form can
belong here if *-ri is originally suffixed (which is in fact quite probable,
given the exceptional structure of the word with medial -ui- ~ -i-).
-kle to exchange, trade, hire: Tung. *xl-; Mong. *kl-s; Turk.
*kle.
PTung. *xl- 1 to lend 2 to change, exchange 3 to barter 4 to supply
5 to borrow (1 2 , 3 4
5 ): Evk. ildu- 1; Neg. ld- 1; Man. ulaa- 3;
SMan. hula- 2 (1425); Jurch. xu-la-gi (833) 2; Nan. olas- 2, (Bik. ols-);
Orch. igdu-mai- 4; Ud. idu- 5.
1, 308, 469.
PMong. *kl-s wages for hired work ( ):
MMong. kulesu, kulesun (MA 222); WMong. kls(n) (L 486); Kh. xls;
Bur. xlhe(n); Kalm. klsn (); Ord. kls(n).

*kli - *ka

817

PTurk. *kle 1 slave, servant 2 bastard 3 co-ruler, minister (1 ,

2 3 ): OTurk. kl (~ kl) an Old
Turkic title (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. kl ( ~ kl) 3 (MK); Tur. kle 1; Az.
kle 1; Turkm. kle 2; MTurk. kl 3; Khak. klmk people; Tv. xl guests
that have arrived.
VEWT 288.
A Western isogloss.
-kli to wind, plait: Tung. *xil(i)-; Mong. *kli-; Turk. *kl-, *klt-.
PTung. *xil(i)- to plait, braid (, ): Evk. ila-; Evn.
l-; Neg. la-; Ul. sl-; Ork. sl-; Nan. sl-; Orch. ilia-.
1, 311.
PMong. *kli- to bind (): MMong. kuli- (IM); WMong.
kli- (L 499); Kh. xle-; Bur. xli-; Kalm. k-; Ord. kli-; Mog. kli(Ramstedt 1906); S.-Yugh. kul-; Mongr. koli- (SM 212).
KW 245, MGCD 404.
PTurk. *kl- spool, skein, sheaf (, , ): Tur.
kle, dial. kltem; Turkm. kltem; MTurk. klte (AH, At-Tuhf., KW);
Krm. klte; Tat. klte; Bashk. klte; Kaz. klte; KKalp. klte; Kum. klte;
Nogh. klte; Chuv. klde (possibly < Tat.).
5, 139, 1, 272-273. Turk. > Kalm. klt- to bind, fasten (KW 245).
A Western isogloss. Cf. *koli, *gldi, *kia.
-ka sable, squirrel: Tung. *xulu-k; Mong. *kulgana; Turk. *k.
PTung. *xulu-k squirrel (): Evk. uluk; Evn. liki; Neg. lx;
Man. ulxu; Ul. xolo; Ork. xolo / xulu; Nan. xulu; Orch. oloki; Ud. oloxi; Sol.
uluxi.
2, 263-4.
PMong. *kulgana mouse (): MMong. quluqana (SH) xuluqana
(HY 11), qlna (IM); WMong. qulana (L 984: quluana); Kh. xulgana;
Bur. xulgana, xulgann; Kalm. xuln (); Ord. xuluGuna; S.-Yugh.
unaGlaG; Mongr. xanaGla (SM 155), xulGanaG.
MGCD 388; TMN 1, 440 (Mong. > Evk. kulugu, kuluguna).
PTurk. *k sable (): OTurk. ki (Orkh.); Karakh. ki (MK, KB);
MTurk. ki (MA, Pav. C., Sangl.); Uzb. ki; Tat. ke; Bashk. ke; Kirgh. ki;
Kaz. kis; Kum. ki; Nogh. kis, ki; Oyr. ki; Tv. ki; Chuv. k; Yak. ks;
Dolg. ks.
VEWT 272, TMN 3, 664-665, EDT 752, 1961, 143, 5, 77-78,
162-163, Stachowski 149 (one of the Turk.-Samoyed. contact words; because of the Tungus parallel, probably Turk. > Samoyed., despite Helimski 1995). The Chuvash form reveals irregular vocalism and may in fact reflect a merger with PT *Kl rat, mole (v. sub
*k). Turk. > Mong. er-kis male sable, ebsi-gis female sable (see Clark 1980, 43).

818

*kue - *knu

9, 163. A Western isogloss (cf. perhaps OJ kase

sea-urchin?). In Turkic one has to suppose a secondary fronting *k <
*k (a rather frequent phenomenon).
-kue person: Tung. *(x)ile ( ~ --); Mong. *kuluna; Turk. *kii.
PTung. *(x)ile ( ~ --) person (): Evk. ile.
1, 311.
PMong. *kuluna ancestor (): WMong. quluna (L 985); Kh.
xulanc; Bur. xulinsag, gulinsag - ; Kalm.
xulncg (); Ord. xulumi, xului trisaeul paternel.
PTurk. *kii person, people (, ): OTurk. kii (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. kii (MK, KB); Tur. kii; Gag. kii; Az. kii; Turkm. kii;
Sal. kii; MTurk. kii (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. kii; Uygh. kii; Krm. kii; Tat.
kee; Bashk. kee; Kirgh. kii; Kaz. kisi; KBalk. kii; KKalp. kisi; Kum. kii;
Nogh. kisi; SUygh. kisi; Khak. kz; Shr. kii; Oyr. kii; Tv. kii; Tof. kii;
Yak. kihi; Dolg. kihi.
VEWT 272, EDT 752-753, 5, 78-79, 325, Stachowski 147.
283. A Western isogloss. The comparison is quite acceptable, but its reliability is weakened by the isolated nature of the
Evenki form within TM. Cf., however, the ethnonym *kile Evenki
( 1, 393) (possibly borrowed in Evk. from a form like *xile or *xle)
and Evn. kla Yakut.
-knu navel: Tung. *xulu-; Mong. *kjil-s; Turk. *kn, *kn-dk.
PTung. *xulu- navel (): Evk. uur; Evn. in, i; Neg.
uo-n; Man. ulegu; SMan. uluu (94); Ul. xujmu; Ork. xnu; Nan. xujmu.
2, 266, 280. In Man. cf. also xum-sun navel ( 1, 447).
PMong. *kjil-s navel (): MMong. kojisun (HY 47, 15),
kuj-sun (MA); WMong. ki(l)s (L 498: kis(n), kils(n)); Kh. xjs; Bur.
xjhe(n); Kalm. ksn; Ord. ks, ks, kjs, ks, ks; Mog. ZM kosun (3-3b);
Dag. kuise (. . 151, MD 184); Dong. kuisun; Bao. kiso; S.-Yugh.
ksn; Mongr. kw; kwgi- 1 nombril, centre; couper le cordon ombicical lenfant 1 (SM 208).
KW 239, MGCD 397.
PTurk. *kn, *kn-dk 1 navel, navelstring, centre 2 navel of a
musk-deer, musk (1 , , 2 ,
): OTurk. kin , vagina; , kindik 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. kin (KB), kn (MK) 2; Tur. kindik, knk (dial.) 1; Turkm. kindik
(dial.) 1; Sal. kinix, kintix 1; Khal. kindik 1; MTurk. kindik (MA, Pav. C.)
1; Uzb. kindik, kindak 1; Uygh. kindik 1; Krm. kindik 1, belly; Tat. kendek
1; Bashk. kendek 1; Kirgh. kindik 1; Kaz. kindik 1; KBalk. kindik 1; KKalp.
kindik 1; Kum. gindik 1; Nogh. kindik 1; SUygh. kendek 1 (); Khak.

*kuml[e] - *kno

819

kn 1, kndk 1; Oyr. kindik 1, kin 2; Tv. xin 1, 2, xindik 1, 2; Tof. xin 1, 2;

Chuv. kndk (dial.); Yak. kn 1.
VEWT 271, EDT 725, 729, 5, 68-69, 279-280. Turk. > Mong. kindik
( 1997, 127).

KW 234, 6, 280. A Western isogloss, with a rather

complicated phonology. In Mong. *kjil-s ( < *klil- < *klin-) should be
distinguished from *kji < *kpe, although the reflexes have been significantly confused; PTM *xulu- either < *xulnu- through assimilation,
or else < *xulnu-gV- or *xulnu-V- (with a fused velar suffix). Finally, in
Turkic one has to suppose a (rather frequent) fronting *kn < *kn.
-kuml[e] nail, needle: Tung. *xlme; Mong. *kimul-su; Kor. *kom(h).
PTung. *xlme needle (): Evk. inme; Evn. inm; Neg. inme; Man.
ulme; SMan. un (266); Jurch. hiul-me (249); Ul. xulme(n); Ork. xulme;
Nan. xurme; Orch. imme; Ud. ime; Sol. imme.
1, 316.
PMong. *kimul-su claw, finger-nail (, ): MMong. kimusun (HY 46, SH), kimul (SH), qmrn (IM), qimusun (MA); WMong.
kimusu(n), qumusu(n) (L 469); Kh. xums(an); Bur. umha(n); Kalm.
xumsn; Ord. xumusu; Mog. qimsun; ZM qemsun (2-9a); Dag. kimi (.
. 150), kimei (MD 183); Dong. Gmusun (MGCD Gmusun); Bao.
Gomso; S.-Yugh. xmsn; Mongr. imu (SM 450), (MGCD imus).
KW 197, MGCD 389.
PKor. *kom(h) finger-nail (): Mod. son-khom (SKE 134).
A dialectal form.
In Mong. one has to suppose *kimul- < *kumil- (the form qumu(l)- is
actually attested in many dialects, and may be archaic).
-kno sleeve, elbow; top of boot: Tung. *xn-n; Mong. *kanu-;
Turk. *Kon.
PTung. *xn-n elbow (): Evk. n; Evn. ieen; Neg. n; Ul.
une(n); Ork. ite; Nan. xuj; Orch. o(n); Sol. n.
1, 336. TM > Dag. inn, jinn, n (. . 146). Loss of *x- in Ul. and Orok
is not quite clear: perhaps borrowing from some archaic South. Tung. dialect (before the
change * > ).

PMong. *kanu- sleeve (): MMong. kanun (HY 22), qanu(n)

(SH), qanu (IM), qann (Lig.VMI); WMong. qanu-n (L 927: qanui,
qanu, qamui); Kh. xancuj; Bur. xams; Kalm. xanc; Ord. xanu; Mog.
qami, qamu (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. kani (. . 148, MD 181), xani
(. . 148); Dong. Ganun; Bao. Gano; S.-Yugh. ann; Mongr.
xani, xani (SM 156), xami.
KW 175, MGCD 327.
PTurk. *Kon top(s) of boots (): Tur. kon; Gag. qon; Az.
Gun; Turkm. Gon; MTurk. qon (AH); Uzb. qn; Uygh. qona; Krm.

820

*kune - *knu

qon; Tat. qun; Kirgh. qon; Kaz. qon; KKalp. qon; Kum. xon; Nogh.
qon; SUygh. qa; Shr. qo; Oyr. qon, qon; Tv. xonu; Chuv. kona.
6, 58-59, 1, 308.
A Western isogloss. Except for Mong. -a- the correspondences are
regular; Mong. *kanu- probably < *kuna- (with vowel metathesis).
-kune heavy, load: Tung. *(x)n-; Mong. *knd.
PTung. *(x)n- to carry on the back ( ): Evk. in-;
Evn. inu-; Neg. inw- ; Man. unu-.
1, 315-316.
PMong. *kn- 1 heavy, difficult 2 respect, authority (1 2
, ): MMong. kundu (HY 52, SH), kundule- to
respect (HYt), kondu (IM), kndu 1; WMong. knd 1,2 (L 501, 502); Kh.
xnd 1,2; Bur. xnde 1; Kalm. knd 1,2; Ord. knd 1,2; Mog. knd 1;
ZM kondu (18-3b); Dag. xundu, kundu (. . 151), hunde 1, hunduleto respect (MD 166); Dong. gundu; Bao. kunt, kunt; S.-Yugh. kund;
Mongr. kundun (SM 212).
KW 246, MGCD 398. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. knd (Stachowski 164); > Manchu kundu
respect, honor, Evk. kundu (Rozycki 146).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-knu to long for, covet (sexually): Tung. *(x)on-; Mong. *kina-; Turk.
*Kn-; Jpn. *kunank-.
PTung. *(x)on- 1 to search (for lost deer) 2 to wait 3 domestic reindeer trained for searching wild deer (1 ( )
2 3 -): Evk. on- 1, ondgdo 3; Evn. nmt- 2, ond1, ondad 3; Neg. ondogdo 3.
2, 19. Cf. perhaps also Manchu ondo- to caper; to rape ( > Dag. ond-, see .
. 159); Nan. onol- to mock ( 1, 470) - which would confirm the reconstruction
of *x- and fit the original meaning to covet (sexually). Evk. ondogdo > Dolg. onddo (see
Stachowski 193).

PMong. *kina- to investigate, observe, trace (, , ): WMong. kina- (L 469); Kh. ana-; Bur. xina-; Ord. kina-;
Dag. kinima careful, cautious.
MGCD 353.
PTurk. *Kn- 1 to long for, covet, to be obsessed with 2 to long
(sexually) 3 coire (1 , 2 () 3
coire): OTurk. qn- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qn- 1 (MK); Tur. kn- 1, 2;
Kirgh. qnq- 1; Khak. xn-, xnx- 1, 2; Shr. qn- 1; Oyr. qn-, qnq- 1;
Chuv. xnx- 1; Yak. kn- 3.
VEWT 264, EDT 632, 6, 632.
PJpn. *kunank- coire, have sexual intercourse (coire, ): OJpn. kunagap(j)i (n.); MJpn. kunag-.
KW 231 (Turk.-Mong.). See also notes to *gno.

*ka - *k

821

-ka punishment: Tung. *xui-; Mong. *kne-; Turk. *Kjn; Jpn.

*kn-.
PTung. *xui- to envy, become sick of envy (, , ): Evk. uni-; Evn. -; Neg. ui-; Ul. xui-;
Nan. xui-; Ud. ui- to become sick.
2, 273-274.
PMong. *kne- to harm, torture (, ): WMong.
knge- (L 490); Kh. xn-; Bur. xnegl harm, damage.
PTurk. *Kjn 1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny
4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9
harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat (1 , ,
2 3 , 4 , 5
, 6 7 8 9 , 10
11 , 12 ): OTurk. qjn (acc.) (Orkh.), qjn,
qn (OUygh.) 1, qna- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. qn, qjn (KB) 1, qna- 2 (MK,
KB); Tur. kjn, kjn 3, kna- 4; Az. Gna- 4; Turkm. qn 5, qna- to make
difficult, torture; MTurk. qjn (Abush., . ., MA), qn (Pav. C.),
qna- 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. qijin 5, qijna- 6; Uygh. qijin 5, qijna- 6; Krm. qjn,
qejin 1, qjna- 6; Tat. qjn 5, qjna- to make difficult, hard; Bashk. qjn
1, qjna- 12; Kirgh. qjn 1, qjt- to make difficult, troublesome, qjna- 6;
Kaz. qjn 1, qjna- 6, qn-l- to be distressed; KBalk. qjn 1, qjna- 12;
KKalp. qjn 1, qjna- 6; Kum. qjn 1, qjna- 6; Nogh. qjn 1, qjna- 6;
SUygh. qn 1; Khak. xjx 7, xjal 9; Shr. qjal 9, 10, qjq-ta- 8, qjna 9
(*q-la); Oyr. qjn, qjna- 6, qjal 10, dial. (Tuba) qj- 6; Tv. xjna- 6;
Chuv. xn 1; Yak. kn-, kjax- 11, kj- to pain, ache; Dolg. kja- 11,
kj- to kill.
VEWT 264. EDT 631, 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Kjna- > MMong.
qina- to torture ( 1997, 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kjax- etc.) may result
from a reanalysis of the form *Kjn as *Kjn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. >
Hung. kn torture, suffering (Gombocz 1912).

PJpn. *kn- sad, sorrowful (, ): OJpn. kana-si;

MJpn. kn-si; Tok. knashi-; Kyo. knsh-; Kag. kanshi-.
JLTT 830.
Cf. *guna. and notes to *gno. Mong. *kne- has a usual regressive labialization ( < *kene- or *kine-).
-k thread, cloth: Mong. *keje; Turk. *kje-lek; Jpn. *kn; Kor.
*knh.
PMong. *keje edge of cloth (on both sides), selvage (,
( )): WMong. keje (L 445); Kh. xejen.
PTurk. *kje-lek shirt (): Karakh. klek (MK); Tur.
kjnk, dial. glek; Gag. glmk; Az. kjnek; Turkm. kjnek, dial. gmlek;
MTurk. klek (Sangl., MA, Pav. C., . .), kjnek (Pav. C.); Uzb.

822

*ku - *ku

kjnak, kjlak; Uygh. klk, knek; Krm. klmek; Tat. klmk; Bashk.
kldk; Kirgh. kjnek; KBalk. klek; KKalp. kjlek; Kum. glek; Nogh.
kjlek; Khak. kgenek; Shr. knek; Oyr. knek; Tv. xjle; Yak. knjgs
.
VEWT 290-291, EDT 732, 5, 89-90, 384, 476-477. Turk. > WMong.
kjileg, Kalm. klg (KW 234), MMong. klek (TMN 3, 615, 1997, 128).

PJpn. *kn silk; cloth, robe (; , ): OJpn. kjinu;

MJpn. kn; Tok. knu; Kyo. kn; Kag. kin.
JLTT 451.
PKor. *knh string, tassel (, , ): MKor. kn
(knh-); Mod. k:n.
Nam 80, KED 243.
In Mong. one would rather expect --; -e- is perhaps a result of assimilation. In Turko-Mongolian -- is possibly an original suffix (Turk.
*kje- < *k-e-); but a reconstruction like *k can also not be excluded.
-ku ( ~ -a) sheath, scabbard: Tung. *xuni-; Mong. *kuj; Turk. *Kn.
PTung. *xuni- 1 wooden quiver 2 a vessel made of birch bark (1
2 ): Evk. unikn 2; Nan. xoni
(.) 1.
2, 273.
PMong. *kuj sheath, scabbard (, ): MMong. quji (IM),
qj (LH), quj (MA); WMong. qui (L 982); Kh. xuj; Bur. xuj; Kalm. x;
Ord. xuj; S.-Yugh. ui; Mongr. xw (SM 176), xui (Huzu), (MGCD xui).
MGCD 386, KW 204.
PTurk. *Kn sheath, scabbard (, ): Karakh. qn (MK,
KB); Tur. kn; Gag. qn; Az. Gn; Turkm. Gn; MTurk. qn (Pav. C.); Uzb.
qin, (Khorazm dial.) qjn; Uygh. qin; Krm. qn; Tat. qn; Bashk. qn;
Kirgh. qn; Kaz. qn; KBalk. qn; KKalp. qn; Kum. qn; Nogh. qn; SUygh.
qn (); Khak. xn; Shr. qn; Oyr. qn; Tv. xn; Chuv. jn, dial. n;
Yak. kn.
VEWT 264, EDT 630-631, 79, 571, 6, 217-218.
174. A Western isogloss. See TMN 3, 577 (die
Aehnlichkeit der beiden Wrter drfte Zufall sein).
-ku to bend, bow: Tung. *xuke- / *kuke-; Mong. *kiji- / *keje-;
Turk. *K-; Jpn. *knkm-.
PTung. *xuke- / *kuke- to bow (, ): Evk.
uk-; Neg. keket-; Man. xegile-; SMan. xekil-, xikili- to kowtow
(1446); Jurch. ke-ke-le-mij (751); Ul. kekele-; Nan. kekele-; Ud. xeki-.
2, 278-279.
PMong. *kiji- / *keje- oblique, slanting (, ):
WMong. keje-ge (L 445), kiji-a; Kh. xejeg; xejede-, xejele- (v.); Kalm. kz.

*kuu - *kupe

823

KW 235. There also exists a synonymous WMong. variant geji-, geje- (Kh. geje-de-,
geje-le-, Kalm. g). Voiced *g- here is probably due to the influence of another synonymous root, *gek- (v. sub *gk).
PTurk. *K- bent, oblique (, ): OTurk. qr
(OUygh.); Karakh. qr (MK); Turkm. Gr; MTurk. qr (Ettuhf.);
Uzb. qiir; Uygh. qii(r); Krm. qr; Tat. qr; Bashk. qr (dial.);
Kirgh. qr; Kaz. qr; KBalk. qr; KKalp. qr; Kum. qr; Yak. knar
, .
VEWT 264-265, EDT 639, 6, 220-221. OT qraq curved dagger > WMong.
kiira, kigara (Kalm. kr, Khalkha agar).

PJpn. *knkm- be curved, bent ( , ):

MJpn. kugum-, kgmar-.
JLTT 715.
TM and Jpn. forms reflect a velar suffix (or partial reduplication).
One of several similar roots which are sometimes difficult to distinguish: cf. *gk, *gka, *kki.
-kuu worm, grub: Tung. *xuVl-; Mong. *kiur-; Jpn. *ku.
PTung. *xuVl- 1 worm 2 grub (1 2 ): Evk. uul 1;
Evn. ul 1, 2; Neg. uil 2; Man. uaxa / iaxa 1; SMan. imah, nimah 1
(2173); Jurch. wu-mia-xa (166) 1; Ork. xuguli 2; Nan. xuguli 2; Orch.
umuli 2; Ud. uulu 1.
2, 280. Cf. also PTM *(x)ua grub, larva ( 2, 276).
PMong. *kiur- nit (): WMong. kiursu, quur(a)su (L 464:
kiurasu(n), kiurusu(n)); Kh. xrs; Bur. rha(n); Kalm. gr(), xrsn,
rsn; Ord. Grsu; Dag. aur (. . 148); S.-Yugh. airsn; Mongr.
ir (SM 456), (MGCD rs).
KW 140, 202, MGCD 381. Mong. > Khak. kr etc. (VEWT 292).
PJpn. *ku silkworm ( ): OJpn. kwo; MJpn.
kf-k; Tok. ki-ko; Kyo. k-k; Kag. kai-k.
JLTT 433.
The Jpn. form goes back to *ku(u)-gV.
-kupe to sew: Mong. *kbe-; Turk. *kpi-.
PMong. *kbe- to oversew, tack, baste (,
): WMong. kbe- (L 476), kberi-de-; Kh. xvrd-; Kalm. kw-,
kwrd-.
KW 242. Mong. > Man. kubu-, see Rozycki 144.
PTurk. *kpi- to oversew, quilt ( , ): Karakh. kbi- (MK); Tur. gb-, gb , kp- (dial.);
Turkm. kpe-; MTurk. (Kypch.) kbV- (AH); Tat. kbe- (Sib.); Bashk.
kbe-; Oyr. kbr- (Tel.).
VEWT 306, 5, 111, EDT 687.

824

*kura - *kure

A Turko-Mong. isogloss. Not quite reliable, because Mong. may

be < Turkic (or else connected etymologically with kbe-ge edge).
-kura ( ~ -u) twenty: Tung. *xorin; Mong. *kori; Turk. *Krk.
PTung. *xorin twenty (): Evk. orin; Neg. ojn; Man. orin;
SMan. orin (2754); Jurch. horin (655); Ul. or(n); Ork. or(n); Nan. or;
Orch. oi; Ud. waji; Sol. or.
2, 24.
PMong. *kori twenty (): MMong. qorin (SH, HY 43), qurin
(IM), qrin (LH); WMong. qori(n) (L 966); Kh. xorin; Bur. xori(n); Kalm.
xrn; Ord. xori; Dag. xo, . . 178 xori(n); hori (MD 164); Dong.
qorun; Bao. oro; S.-Yugh. orn; Mongr. xorin, xorim (SM 173), xurn.
KW 193, MGCD 366.
PTurk. *Krk forty (): OTurk. qrq (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
qrq (MK); Tur. krk; Gag. qrq; Az. Grx; Turkm. qrq; Sal. qrx, qrx;
Khal. qrq; MTurk. qrq (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. qirq; Uygh. qi(r)q; Tat. qrq;
Bashk. qrq; Kirgh. qrq; Kaz. qrq; KBalk. qrq; KKalp. qrq; Kum. qrq;
Nogh. qrq; Khak. xrx; Shr. qrq; Oyr. qrq, qrq; Chuv. xrx.
EDT 651, VEWT 266, 573, 6, 235-236.
Because of the *x- reflex, hardly borrowed in TM from Mong. (despite Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 169). A Western isogloss: cf. OJ patati 20
< *katati under the influence of *puta- 2 (??).
-kure guest, neighbour: Tung. *(x)rem- ( ~ -i-); Mong. *kr-; Turk.
*Kir-de.
PTung. *(x)rem- ( ~ -i-) to visit, come as a guest ( , ): Evk. irem-; Neg. ijem-.
1, 329.
PMong. *kr- 1 son-in-law, bridegroom 2 brother-in-law (1
2 ): MMong. guregn (HY 29), gurigen, guregen (SH) 1, keurgen
(IM); WMong. krgen 1, kri deg 2 (L 505); Kh. xrge 1, xr deg 2; Bur.
xge(n) 1, xr d younger brother-in-law; Kalm. kr brother-in-law;
krgn 1; Ord. krgen 1 kri d frre pon de la femme; Dag. xurgun 1
(. . 180: xurgen, kurgen), huregen 1 (MD 167); Dong. kuan 1;
Bao. kurka 1; S.-Yugh. kuren 1, kure dn 2; Mongr. kurgn (SM 216) 1,
kurgn diu 2.
KW 246, 247, MGCD 399, 401. Despite 1997, 128 Mong. krgen cannot be <
Turk. *gdeg (v. sub *kude). Mong. > Evk. kurekn, kurien see TMN 1, 477, Doerfer MT
127.

PTurk. *Kir-de a neighbour who lives in the same house (,

): Karakh. kirde (MK).
EDT 739. The word is attested only in OT, but modern forms like Oyr. kr, Tat.
kri neighbour etc. ( 5, 118-119; > Mong. kri, see Clark 1980, 41) may actually
belong here, being transformed under the influence of kr- to see each other. Difficult

*kre - *krge

825

is Yak. kre, kr wifes younger sister: Poppe 1961, 138 regards it as genetically related
to the Mongolian forms, but one cannot exclude a secondary loan < Evk. kurien.

A Western isogloss.
-kre to reach, treat: Tung. *xr-; Mong. *kr-; Turk. *gr-; Jpn. *kr-;
Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *xr- to ripen (): Evk. ir-; Evn. ir-; Neg. ij-; Man.
ure-; SMan. ur-, uru- (391); Ul. xuru-; Ork. xuri-; Nan. xuru-.
1, 323.
PMong. *kr- 1 to reach 2 receive a gift or favour, be reached (1 2 , , ): MMong.
gur- 1 (SH, HYt), kor- 1 (IM); WMong. kr- 1 (L 503), krte- 2 (L 506); Kh.
xre-, xrte-; Bur. xre- 1, xrte- 2; Kalm. krt-; Ord. kr-; Mog. kur- 1
(Weiers); Dag. kuru-, (. . 151) kure-, kur- 1; kurte- 2 (. .
151), kure-, hure- 1 (MD 167, 185); Dong. kuru-; Bao. kur-; S.-Yugh. kur-;
Mongr. kuru- (SM 216), kur-.
KW 248, MGCD 401.
PTurk. *gr- to enter (): OTurk. kir- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. kir- (MK, KB); Tur. gir-; Gag. gir-; Az. gir-; Turkm. gr-; Sal. kir(); MTurk. kir- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. kir-; Uygh. kir-; Krm. kir-; Tat.
ker-; Bashk. ker-; Kirgh. kir-; Kaz. kir-; KBalk. kir-; KKalp. kir-; Kum. gir-;
Nogh. kir-; SUygh. ker-; Khak. kr-; Shr. kir-; Oyr. kir-; Tv. kir-; Tof. kir-;
Chuv. kr-; Yak. kr-; Dolg. kr-.
VEWT 271, EDT 735-736, 3, 47-48, Stachowski 149.
PJpn. *kr- to give (to the 1st p.) ( (1 .)): MJpn. kr-;
Tok. kre-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kur-.
JLTT 716.
PKor. *kr- to treat, concern (, ): Mod. kl-.
KED 217.
275, 1984, 122-123. An alternative (but more
dubious) etymology of the Kor. word see in PKE 95. Turkic demonstrates here the same irregular voicing as in *d < *te.
-krge ( ~ -o) to feed, eat: Tung. *xrgi-; Mong. *korgan; Turk.
*KUr(g)-; Jpn. *kr-p-.
PTung. *xrgi- 1 to raise, feed 2 food, food supply (1 , 2 , ): Evk. irg- 1, irgise 2; Evn. irg- 1, iss
2; Neg. iggi- 1, isse 2; Man. ui- 1; SMan. ui- 1 (2338); Ul. xujse 2; Ork.
xujse 2; Nan. xujgie- 1, xujgese 2; Orch. iggi- 1, iggixe 2; Ud. igisi- 1; Sol.
iggi-, irgi- 1.
1, 325-326.
PMong. *korgan melted fat, oil ( , ): Bur. xorgotoj (adj.); Kalm. xorn ().
PTurk. *KUr(g)- food (, ): Chuv. xor.

826

*krpe - *kru

. XVI, 226-227. Isolated in Chuvash, but having probable external parallels.

PJpn. *kr-p- to consume, eat (, ): OJpn. kura-p-;
MJpn. krf-; Tok. kra-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kur-.
JLTT 716.
The TM and Japanese evidence is rather in favour of the original
verbal nature of the root, with the meaning fat food, fat secondarily
developed in Mong. (as well as in TM).
-krpe young (animal, fish): Tung. *xrbe; Mong. *krbe; Turk.
*krpe.
PTung. *xrbe spawn, to spawn (, ): Evk. irbe;
Ul. xulbi-; Nan. xurbe-.
1, 324. Evk. > Dolg. rba (Stachowski 261).
PMong. *krbe new-born lamb ( ): Bur.
xrbe; Ord. krw young child or animal; Dag. kurub (. . 151).
MGCD 391.
PTurk. *krpe 1 new-born 2 new-born lamb (1 2
): Karakh. krpe (MK) 1; Tur. krpe 1, 2; Gag.
krp 1; Az. krp 1; Turkm. krpe 1; Khal. kurpe, kirp; Uzb. krp 1;
Uygh. k(r)p 1, 2; Bashk. krp 1; Kirgh. krp 1, 2; KBalk. krpe 2;
KKalp. krpe 1; Kum. krpe 1; Nogh. krpe 2.
VEWT 293, TMN 3, 637, 5, 116-118, 391.
A Western isogloss (but Mong. may be < Turkic).
-kru heavy; hard, difficult: Tung. *xur-ge; Turk. *Kr-; Jpn. *kr-s-;
Kor. *kor- / *koro-.
PTung. *xurge heavy (): Evk. urge; Evn. urg; Neg. ujgegdi;
Man. uen; SMan. uin (2848); Jurch. hu()e (395); Ul. xueuli; Ork. xud;
Nan. xuige; Orch. ugge; Ud. ugehi; Sol. uggerdi.
2, 283-284.
PTurk. *Kr- 1 pest, epidemic 2 mischief 3 archenemy (1 , 2 3 ): Karakh. qr (ja) 3; Tur. kran 1;
Turkm. Gr (duman) 3; MTurk. qiran 2; Yak. kr (stx) 3.
VEWT 265, 6, 224. Cf. also PT *Kurul- to have cramps (VEWT 304).
PJpn. *kr-s- hard, difficult, agonizing (, , ): OJpn. kuru-si-; MJpn. kr-si-; Tok. kurush-; Kyo. krsh-;
Kag. kurush-.
JLTT 833.
PKor. *kor- / *koro- 1 suffering 2 to suffer, be troublesome, hard,
painful (1 , 2 , , ):
MKor. koro-om 1, koroi- 2; Mod. kwerop- (kwerow-) 2, kwero-um 1.
Nam 46, KED 189.
80, 292.

*kr - *kru(mV)

827

-kr bark, shell: Tung. *xura-kta; Mong. *kr-s; Turk. *Krt; Jpn.
*kr; Kor. *kr.
PTung. *xura-kta 1 bark 2 outer skin (1 2 , ):
Evn. rt 1; Man. uria 2; Ul. xraqta 1; Ork. raqta 1; Nan. oraqta 1;
Ud. wakta 1.
2, 282. Cf. also Evn. ra- to cover with bark, Orok rala- to peel bark.
PMong. *kr-s bark, upper stratum (, ):
MMong. korisu (SH); WMong. krs(n), krdes(n) (L 491); Kh. xrs;
Bur. xhe(n); Kalm. krsn; Ord. krs (krs); Dag. kurbus fur, leather
(. . 151).
KW 240.
PTurk. *Krt 1 surface 2 bark, upper layer (1 2 ,
): OTurk. qrt 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qrt 1 (MK); Tur.
krt (dial.) 2; MTurk. qrt (Houts.) 2; Tat. qrt 2; Bashk. qrt 2;
Kirgh. qrt 2; Kaz. qrts 2; KKalp. qrts 2; Kum. qrt 2; Nogh. qrts 2;
Oyr. qrt 1; Tv. qrt 2.
VEWT 267, EDT 649, 391-392, 6, 241-242. Cf. also forms reflecting
*Kr: Yak. krs thin layer under skin, Tur. kr wrinkled, Az. Gr wrinkle (see
6, 242), as well as *Kra() scab (see ibid., 244-245).

PJpn. *kr a k. of mollusc (and its shell) ( ( )): MJpn. fm-gr; Tok. ham-guri; Kyo. hm-gr; Kag.
hama-gur.
JLTT 397. A compound with *pama beach.
PKor. *kr shell, oyster (): MKor. kr; Mod. kul.
Nam 62, KED 216.
38, 293.
-kru(mV) ashes, soot: Tung. *xurum-sa; Mong. *kirbu-su; Turk.
*Kurum ( < *Krum); Kor. *kur.
PTung. *xurum-sa 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes (1 2 ): Evk. urum 1; Evn. rmr 1; Neg. ojoma 1; Ul. oromsa
1; Ork. oropsa 1; Nan. oromsa 1, 2; Ud. u 1.
2, 288.
PMong. *kirbu-su burned smell ( ): WMong.
kirbu-su(n) (L 471); Kh. arvas; Bur. orboho(n); Ord. xurwus, xurwusu.
PTurk. *Kurum soot (, ): Karakh. qurun (MK); Tur. kurum; Gag. qurum; Az. Gurum; Turkm. Gurum; Khal. Gurun; MTurk. qurum (AH); Uzb. qurum; Uygh. qurum (dial.); Krm. qurum; Tat. qorm;
Bashk. qorom; Kirgh. qurum; Kaz. qurm; KBalk. qurum; KKalp. qurm;
Kum. qurum; Nogh. qurm; SUygh. qorm, qurn; Khak. xurun; Oyr. qurun; Chuv. xrm (Anatri); Yak. kurunuk.
206, 371-372, EDT 661, 6, 169-170. Turk. > Hung. korom soot, see
Gombocz 1912.

PKor. *kur soot (, ): Mod. kul.

828

*kua - *ku
KED 216.
Note a common derivative *kuru-mV(-sV) in several languages.

-kua ( ~ -u) to covet: Tung. *xur-; Mong. *kuria-; Turk. *K.

PTung. *xur- 1 to copulate (of deer) 2 to be jealous (1
( ) 2 ): Evk. orgol- 2; ur-n rival (in love); Evn. rl2; Neg. ojal- 2; Ul. orals- 2; Ork. ral- 2, or- 1; Nan. orals- 2; Orch.
xor one of two wives.
1, 471; 2, 285.
PMong. *kuria- to covet (, ): WMong. quria(L 989); Kh. xuca-; Bur. xurisal lust; Kalm. xc-; Ord. xurailicoter.
KW 193.
PTurk. *K 1 expensive, miserly 2 to wish, envy, be miserly (1 , 2 , , ): Karakh. qz 1 (MK);
MTurk. qz 1 (Ettuhf., AH); Uzb. qizan- 2; Uygh. qizan- 2; Krm. qzan2; Tat. qzan- 2; Bashk. qzan- 2; Kirgh. qzan- 2; Kaz. qzan- 2; KKalp.
qzan- 2; Kum. qzan- 2; Nogh. qzan- 2; Oyr. qsqan- 2; Chuv. xren2; Yak. ksan- , .
VEWT 269, EDT 680, 339, 6, 248-249. The root is also attested as krs
in Tur. dialects, and as qrzan- in Tuva The verbal form *K-gan- is sometimes attested as
qsan- due to a contamination with *Ks-ga- short, narrow (v. sub *kso).

3, 131-134 (Mong.-Tung.). A Western isogloss.

-ku red, reddish; brown, dark: Tung. *xuri-; Mong. *kre- (*kri-);
Turk. *K-; Jpn. *kr-; Kor. *kr.
PTung. *xuri- grey (): Evk. uri-m; Neg. jn; Ul. oj-p(n);
Nan. -g, (On.) xrbor.
2, 285 (this root should be kept distinct from the form kuri, attested in some
languages and borrowed from Mong.).

PMong. *kre- (*kri) (dark) brown (, ):

WMong. kre, krin, kren (L 505); Kh. xren; Bur. xri(n); Kalm. kr;
Ord. kri, kre; Dag. kurel (. . 151), (MGCD) xrin; S.-Yugh.
kure; Mongr. kur tachet peau raye (SM 216).
KW 248, MGCD 401, TMN 1, 463. Mong. > Evk. kurin, Man. kuri etc. (see Doerfer
MT 80, Rozycki 147) > Kor. kur (mal), see Lee 1958, 119; > Oyr. kre etc. (VEWT 310,
5, 146-147).

PTurk. *K- red (): OTurk. qzl (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.

qzl (MK, KB); Tur. kzl; Gag. qzl; Az. Gzl; Turkm. Gzl; Sal. Gzil;
Khal. qzl; MTurk. qzl (MA); Uzb. qizil; Uygh. qizil; Krm. qzl; Tat.
qzl; Bashk. ql; Kirgh. qzl; Kaz. qzl; KBalk. qzl; KKalp. qzl; Kum.
qzl; Nogh. qzl; SUygh. qizil; Khak. xzl; Shr. qzl; Oyr. qzl; Tv. qzl;
Tof. qzl; Chuv. xrl; Yak. khl; Dolg. khl.
PT *K-l red is derived from *K- to redden; glow (Turkm. Gz-, Tur. kz- etc.),
where length is witnessed by Yak. ks-. One has to assume shortening in polysyllabic

*ks - *kse

829

derivatives (besides *Kl also *K-k-, *Kl-ar-), with secondary analogical shortening in
Turkm. Gz-; see VEWT 269, EDT 681, 683-4, TMN 3, 469, 602-603, 6,
187-189, 194-196, Stachowski 167. Cf. also *Kr grey (VEWT 265, TMN 3, 567, 6,
229-230).

PJpn. *kr- dark (): OJpn. kura-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kra-;
Kyo. kr-; Kag. kra-.
JLTT 833.
PKor. *kr copper (): MKor. kr; Mod. kuri.
Liu 83, KED 200.
See a detailed account in Miller-Street 1975, 116ff (with literature),
283, 12. Unlike Miller-Street, we leave aside the name
of the ferret (linking instead Turk. *k-l red and TM *xuri-), as well
as PJ *kru black (having a different accent). It is interesting to note
metal names derived from this root: Turk. *Kl gold (see
403-404) = Mong. krel bronze = Kor. kr copper. PT *Kr grey could
be perhaps compared separately with PM *kiraa dusk before dawn,
cf. 338.
-ks bad behaviour: Mong. *kosi; Turk. *ks-; Jpn. *ksi.
PMong. *kosi mockery, joke (, ): WMong. qosi,
qou (L 971, 972); Kh. xoin; Bur. xoon; Ord. Goo.
PTurk. *ks- to be angry, offended (, ):
Karakh. ks- (MK); Tur. ks-; Gag. ks-; Az. ks-; MTurk. ks- (IM, AH,
Pav. C.); Kum. ks-.
5, 152-153.
PJpn. *ksi bad habit ( ): MJpn. kuse; Tok. kus;
Kyo. ks; Kag. kse.
JLTT 466.
A nice Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. semantic and phonetic match.
-kse to wish: Tung. *xse; Mong. *kse-; Turk. *kse-; Jpn. *ks-.
PTung. *xse 1 hunter 2 man 3 male 4 to be anxious, worry about
smth. (1 2 , 3 4 , ): Evk. isegdin 1, iiganil- (V-L) 4; Evn. isede 2; Neg. isegdin 1;
Ul. xuse(gdi) 2; Ork. xusenne 2; Nan. xuse 3; Sol. iig- 4.
1, 332, 336.
PMong. *kse- to wish (): MMong. guse- (SH), kuse- (MA);
WMong. kse- (L 508); Kh. xs-; Bur. xhe-; Kalm. ks-; Ord. gse-; Dag.
kuse-, kese- (. . 151); Bao. kuse-.
KW 248.
PTurk. *kse- to wish, want, will (, ): Karakh. kse(MK, KB); Turkm. kse-; MTurk. kse- (AH, Qutb.); Uygh. kus-; Tat.
ks-; Bashk. kh-; Kirgh. ks-; KKalp. kse-; Nogh. kse-; Tv. kze-.
VEWT 311-312, 5, 135. Tuva forms reflect a short *--.

830

*kso - *kbni

PJpn. *ks- to wish (volitive verb form) ( ( )): OJpn. -kos-.

362 (Turk.-Mong.); Ozawa 207-208 (Mong.-Jpn.).
Mong. may be < Turkic.
-kso to vomit: Tung. *xse-; Turk. *Kus-.
PTung. *xse- to vomit (, ): Evk. ise-; Evn. is-; Neg.
ise-; Ul. xuse-; Ork. xuse-; Nan. xuse-; Orch. ise-; Sol. iir-.
1, 332.
PTurk. *Kus- to vomit (, ): OTurk. qus- (OUygh.);
Karakh. qus- (MK); Tur. kus-; Gag. qus-; Az. Gus-; Turkm. Gus-; Khal.
qus-; MTurk. qus- (Pav. C.); Uzb. qus-; Uygh. qus-; Krm. qus-; Tat. qos-;
Bashk. qo-; Kirgh. qus-; Kaz. qus-; KKalp. qus-; Kum. qus-; Nogh. qus-;
SUygh. qus-; Khak. xus-; Oyr. qus-; Tv. qus-; Chuv. xs-; Yak. xotuo (n.).
VEWT 304, EDT 666, 6, 174-175.
1984, 124. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Turk. > Kalm. xus- to
belch, retch (KW 199).
-kbni armpit: Tung. *xoban; Mong. *ko-; Turk. *Kjn; Jpn. *kpn.
PTung. *xoban armpit (): Evk. oon, owo; Evn. on,
own; Neg. oon; Man. obia jali meat from the region of shoulderblades; Ul. awa(n); Ork. awan; Nan. awan; Sol. owon.
2, 4, 6.
PMong. *ko- hollow, cavity (, ): WMong. qour, qoil
(L 962), qogil; Kh. xonxor, xongil; Bur. xon ; Kalm. xgl
(); Ord. xoxor; Mongr. GoGuloG petit vase rond, gobelet (SM
122).
PTurk. *Kjn armpit, bosom (, ): OTurk. qojn
(Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. qoj (MK); Tur. kojn; Gag. qojnu; Az. Gojun;
Turkm. Gojun; Khal. qn; MTurk. qojn (AH); Uzb. qjn; Uygh. qojn;
Krm. qojun, qojn; Tat. qujn; Bashk. qujn; Kirgh. qojn; Kaz. qojn; KBalk.
qojn; KKalp. qojn; Kum. qojn; Nogh. qojn; SUygh. qoin; Khak. xojn;
Shr. qojn; Oyr. qojn; Tv. xoj; Chuv. xv, x, dial. xm; Yak. xj (xo-);
Dolg. konnok.
VEWT 280, EDT 631, 243-244, 6, 26-27, Stachowski 152.
PJpn. *kpn arm ( ( )): OJpn. kapjina; MJpn.
kfn; Tok. kina, kina; Kyo. kin; Kag. kain.
JLTT 433. The Kyoto accent is irregular.
1, 345, 316, 244. Mong. < *kow- <
*koban-gV; a secondary contamination with *k- (s.v. *ki).

*kda - *kjli

831

-kda ( ~ -u) to finish, abandon: Tung. *xod-; Turk. *Kod-.

PTung. *xod- to end, finish (): Evk. od-; Evn. od-; Man. wai-;
SMan. va-, vai- (1759); Ul. od-; Ork. o-; Nan. oi-; Orch. odi-; Ud.
wadi-.
2, 6.
PTurk. *Kod- to put, leave, abandon (, , ):
OTurk. qod- (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. qo- (MK); Tur. koj-; Gag. qoj-; Az.
Goj-; Turkm. Goj-; MTurk. qoj- (AH, Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. qj-; Uygh.
qoj-; Krm. qoj-; Tat. quj-; Bashk. quj-; Kirgh. qoj-; Kaz. qoj-; KBalk. qoj-;
KKalp. qoj-; Kum. qoj-; Nogh. qoj-; SUygh. quz-; Oyr. qoj-; Chuv. xor-.
VEWT 274, EDT 595-596, 6, 27-28, 2, 361. The original meaning (observable in most ancient occurrences, see EDT 595) must have been to put aside, leave,
abandon; the meaning put appears somewhat later and is probably due to a merger
with *Ko- to put (v. sub *ga), not attested before the XIVth century.

2, 6. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-kjli limb, extremity: Tung. *xolda-n; Mong. *kl; Turk. *Kol; Jpn.
*kuru-(n)-pusi; Kor. *ki-mr.
PTung. *xolda-n 1 side 2 thigh (1 , 2 ): Evk. oldn
1, 2; Evn. oldn 1; Neg. oldon 1; Ul. oldo(n) 1; Ork. oldo(n) 1; Nan. old
1; Orch. ogdo(n) 1; Ud. ogdo(n) 1; Sol. old 1.
2, 13. TM > Dag. oldn (. . 159).
PMong. *kl foot (): MMong. kol (HY 47, SH, IM, LH), kul
(MA); WMong. kl (L 483-484); Kh. xl; Bur. xl; Kalm. kl; Ord. kl;
Mog. kl; ZM kol (4-3a); Dag. kuli (. . 150, MD 185); Dong. kuan
(MGCD kon); Bao. kul (MGCD kuol); S.-Yugh. kl; Mongr. kor (SM 214),
(MGCD kol).
KW 237, MGCD 372.
PTurk. *Kol 1 arm 2 hand (1 ( ) 2
()): OTurk. qol 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qol 1 (MK, KB); Tur. kol 1; Gag.
qol 1; Az. Gol 1; Turkm. Gol 1; Sal. qol 1; Khal. qol 1; MTurk. qol 1, 2
(Abush., Sangl., MA, . .); Uzb. ql 1, 2; Uygh. qol 1, 2; Krm. qol 1,
2; Tat. qul 1, 2; Bashk. qul 1, 2; Kirgh. qol 1, 2; Kaz. qol 1; KBalk. qol 1, 2;
KKalp. qol 1, 2; Kum. qol 1, 2; Nogh. qol 1, 2; SUygh. qol 1; Khak. xol 1, 2;
Shr. qol 1, 2; Oyr. qol 1, 2; Tv. xol 1, 2; Tof. qol 1; Chuv. xol shoulder;
Yak. xol 1; Dolg. kol shoulder.
VEWT 276, EDT 614-5, TMN 3, 556, 146-153, 2, 353,
244-245, 6, 37-43, Stachowski 150.

PJpn. *kuru-(n)-pusi ankle (): Tok. kurbushi; Kyo.

krbsh; Kag. kurubush.
JLTT 465. The PJ accent is not clear.
PKor. *ki-mr ankle (*leg-head) (): MKor. ki-mr.
Nam 65.

832

*kk - *kk

See 286, 1984, 96-97, 316, 243,

245. The comparison is quite reliable phonetically; *-jl- has to be assumed to account for the development in Kor. ( > -i-). The semantic side
(arm/leg/thigh) can be explained if we suppose that the word originally designated a part of the animal body (front or hind leg together
with the thigh). Cf. also *xl-kse sleeve (probably an original derivation, although the length is not clear), *xul-si shank, shin, PT
*Koltuk armpit ( 243, TMN 3, 557-558, 6, 52-54). It is
interesting to speculate on the subject of the identity Kor. *ki-mr =
Jpn. kuru-(n)pusi. In Kor. -mr is certainly to be analysed as head
(*leg-head); the Jpn. form in this case may reflect a dissimilation <
*kuru-n-musi, where *musi could be the remnant of PA *mu head
(q.v.). The same element in fact may be also present in Jpn.
*tu(m)pu-(n)pusi ankle, knee and *kmpusi (if, with haplology <
*kmpu-(n)pusi) fist. One has, of course, to reckon with the possibility
of having here rather PJ *pusi joint ( < PA *bi q.v.), which would explain the constant emergence of a stop in Jpn.; but the Jpn.-Kor. match
(*ki-mr = kuru(n)pusi) seems to be not accidental.
-kk plenty: Tung. *xugdi; Mong. *kog-si-; Turk. *kk; Jpn. *kk-ta-;
Kor. *kh-.
PTung. *xugdi 1 wide 2 capacious (1 2 , ): Ul. xugdi 1; Ork. xugi 1; Nan. xugi 1,2.
1, 474-475.
PMong. *kog-si- to become rich, wealthy (): WMong. qosi(L 952); Kh. xogi-; Bur. xogol property, xogol- to become rich; Ord.
xoGi-, GoGi-.
PTurk. *kk healthy, big, thick (, , ):
Tur. kk (dial.); Az. kk; Khal. kk; MTurk. kk.
5, 93. Turkic > Khalkha xx massive (of muscles, flesh etc.)
PJpn. *kk-ta- plenty, much (, ): OJpn. kokoda;
MJpn. kkta.
PKor. *kh- big (): MKor. kh-; Mod. kh-.
Nam 455, KED 1679. The Kirim transcription MC [xk-kn] may represent either *hk- (as believed by Lee 1991, Ramsey 1993 and Vovin 2000) or *hk- = *kh- < *kh-,
keeping in mind the general uncertainty of Kirim transcriptions.

The meaning big in Korean certainly derives from *plentiful.

The match between Kor. kh- and Jpn. *kk- appears quite satisfactory,
despite the attempt of Vovin (2000) to link Kor. *hk- with PJ *sknfew: it is hardly possible to analyse the Jpn. word as
*big-does-not-exist, since all the existing compounds of this type are
noun+-na, not adjective+-na, and anyway it is hardly possible to

*kk - *kk

833

separate PJ *skn- few (adj.) and *ska-(si) few (noun, adverb),

see *sk.
-kk to bind, wrap: Tung. *xuku-; Mong. *kugu-s-; Turk. *kk; Jpn.
*kkr-.
PTung. *xuku- to wrap (): Evk. ukul-; Evn. uk-; Neg.
uxil-; Man. uxu-; Jurch. hu-xun-mij am-si-da-lar to contain (764); Ul.
xuku-; Ork. xukuliti-; Nan. xuku-; Sol. uxul-.
2, 256.
PMong. *kugu-s- to fold (): WMong. quuski-, quusla(L 982); Kh. xugasla-; Kalm. xusl- (); Ord. xuGusla-.
PTurk. *kk 1 seam 2 thin straps for sewing 3 to sew, lace 4 to tack 5
tack, basting 6 needlework 7 to fasten (1 2
3 , , 4 , 5
6 7 , ): OTurk. kk
(OUygh.) 1; Tur. kkle- 3; Az. kk 1; Turkm. kk 5, 2; MTurk. kk (Sangl.,
Abush.) 1; Uzb. kk 5; Uygh. kk 5, kkl- 4; Tat. kkl- 4; Kirgh. kk 2,
kkt- 3; KBalk. kkle- 4; KKalp. kk 2, kkle- 4; Kum. kkle- 4; Nogh. kkle4; Khak. kkte- 4; Oyr. kk 6, kkt- 4; Tv. kk (Todzh.) 1, kkte- 3; Chuv.
kgr- 7.
VEWT 287, EDT 708, 91. Following EDT (and despite VEWT and ) we
prefer to separate this root from *kk hinge, peg, tether (v. sub *kk).

PJpn. *kkr- to bind, tie (, ): OJpn. kukur-;

MJpn. kkr-; Tok. kkur-; Kyo. kkr-; Kag. kukr-.
JLTT 715.
The original meaning should be reconstructed as bind, wrap or
fasten, with the meaning lace, sew secondarily developed within
Turkic. Note the morphological match between PTM *xuku-l- and PJ
*kk-r- < *kk-lV.
-kk hinge, hook: Tung. *kkta; Mong. *kgene; Turk. *kk, *kken;
Jpn. *kunki.
PTung. *kkta rowlock (): Evk. kkta; Evn. kukte.
1, 426.
PMong. *kgene a string with a loop for binding animals (
): WMong. kgene, kgne (L
479); Kh. xgn; Ord. kgn.
PTurk. *kk, *kken 1 hinge, nail, peg, clasp 2 tether (1 ,
, 2 ): Karakh. kk belt for fixing
the saddle, kgen rope for tethering calves, foals during milking (MK);
Tur. kk peg of a musical instrument, (dial.) kken 2; Turkm. kken 2;
MTurk. kk nail (R, Bud. - Babur.); Uzb. kukan 2; Tat. kgn 1; Bashk.
kgn 1; Kirgh. kgn 2; Kaz. kgen 2; KKalp. gwen 2; SUygh. kken 2

834

*kla - *kli

(); Chuv. kgan loop, (alk) kk prop of the door hinge; Yak.
kgn 2 (.).
VEWT 287, EDT 712, 5, 91, 93-94.
PJpn. *kunki nail, peg, hook (, , ): OJpn.
kug(j)i; MJpn. kg, kg; Tok. kgi; Kyo. kg; Kag. kgi.
JLTT 462. Accent not quite clear: RJ lists both variants with high and low tone.
Initial *k- in PTM is probably due to assimilation (*kkta < *kkta).
Mong. may be < Kypch. One of several similar roots: cf. *gka, *ku,
*gka.
-kla ( ~ -u-, -o-) to dry, get stale: Tung. *xolga; Jpn. *kr-; Kor. *korh-.
PTung. *xolga 1 to dry 2 dry (1 2 ): Evk. olgo- 1, olgokin 2; Evn. olg- 1, olgqn 2; Neg. olgo- 1, olgokin 2; Man. olGo- 1,
olon 2; SMan. olh-, olhu-1 (1814), olh 2 (1815); Ul. xolo(n) 2; Ork.
xoldoxo 2; Nan. olGo- 1, olGoqto / 2; Orch. oggipta 1; Ud. ogo- 1, ogou
2 (. 274); Sol. olgo- 1.
2, 12-13.
PJpn. *kr- to dry out; to become ripe (; ):
OJpn. kara-; MJpn. kr-; Tok. kre-; Kyo. kr-; Kag. kar-.
JLTT 704.
PKor. *korh- to get stale, rot (, , ):
Mod. kol- [kolh-].
KED 160.
290, SKE 121-122. An Eastern isogloss.
-kli lake, basin: Tung. *xule-; Mong. *kjil-s; Turk. *[k]l; Kor.
*krm.
PTung. *xule- 1 canal, ditch, duct 2 whirlpool 3 pool (1 , , 2 ): Evn. l, ulgin 3; Man. ule-n 1; Ork. xulu-pti 2;
Nan. xuler pit in river bottom (On.); Orch. le 1; Ud. le 1.
1, 477; 2, 257, 264.
PMong. *kjil-s island in a river, shallow place in a river ( , ): WMong. kjil-s (L 498: not distinguished
from kji(l)-s navel); Kh. xjls.
PTurk. *[k]l lake (): OTurk. kl (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. kl
(MK, KB); Tur. gl; Gag. gl; Az. kl; Turkm. kl; MTurk. kl (IM, Pav.
C.); Uzb. kl; Uygh. kl; Tat. kl; Bashk. kl; Kirgh. kl; Kaz. kl; KBalk.
kl; KKalp. kl; Kum. kl; Nogh. kl; Khak. kl; Oyr. kl; Tv. xl; Chuv.
kl (NW), kl; Yak. kl; Dolg. kl.
See VEWT 288, 3, 69, 5, 95-96, 91, Stachowski 165.
PKor. *krm lake, big river (, ): MKor. krm.
Nam 11.
1, 306. The Turk. root may also be of a Persian origin (see
TMN 3, 645-646). Mong. *kjil- < *kli-l- (with regular dissimilation).

*klke - *klmV

835

Kor. *krm < *krm (with vowel assimilation); cf. also Old Koguryo
*kl river (see Miller 1979, 8).
-klke to row, boat: Tung. *xulki-; Mong. *klge; Jpn. *knk-.
PTung. *xulki- 1 to mix, stir 2 support for feet in a boat (1 2 ( )): Evk. ulk- 1, ulki 2; Evn.
lq- 1; Neg. ulki 2; Man. urki 2; Ork. xuli 2; Orch. ukki 2; Ud. uki 2.
2, 261. The original meaning is easily reconstructable as to row ( > to stir);
rowing device.

PMong. *klge- ship, means of transportation (, ):

MMong. kolge vehicle (SH), kolgen (HYt); WMong. klge(n) (L 485); Kh.
xlg; Bur. xlgen ongoso ferry-boat; xleg courser, trotter, horse;
Kalm. klgn (); Ord. klg(n).
Mong. > Man. kuluk enduring horse (see Rozycki 145).
PJpn. *knk- to row (): OJpn. kog-; MJpn. kg-; Tok. kg-; Kyo.
kg-; Kag. kg-.
JLTT 711.
The root is possibly derived: without the suffix cf. Mong. qoli- to
stir. It is interesting to note Nivkh halq boat (possibly borrowed in TM
as *xaliku, see 1, 460, 461).
-klmV shadow, cloud: Tung. *KVlm-; Turk. *kl-; Jpn. *kmua-N;
Kor. *krm.
PTung. *KVlm- shadow (): Man. xelme; SMan. xelmn (2047).
1, 481. Attested only in Manchu (thus the reconstruction is not quite secure),
but having probable external parallels.

PTurk. *kl- 1 shadow 2 to shadow (1 2 , ): OTurk. kl- (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. klik (MK) 1; Tur. glge, klge
(dial.); Gag. glge 1; Az. klg 1; Turkm. klge 1; MTurk. klege (Abush.);
Uzb. klk, klk 1; Uygh. klg, klig 1; Tat. klg 1; Bashk. klg
1; Kirgh. klk 1; KKalp. kleke 1; Nogh. kletke 1; Khak. kle- 2, klek 1;
Oyr. kl- 2, kl 2; Tv. xlege 1; Tof. xlege 1; Yak. klk 1; Dolg. klk
1.
VEWT 288-289, 294, EDT 716-718, 5, 96-97, 128, Stachowski 164. Should be
distinguished from *K- to screen (v. sub *ga).

PJpn. *kmua cloud (): OJpn. kumwo; MJpn. km; Tok.

kmo; Kyo. km; Kag. kum.
JLTT 463. Tokyo points to a variant *kmu-N, Kyoto and RJ - to *kmu-N.
PKor. *krm cloud (): MKor. krm; Mod. kurm.
Nam 59, KED 199.
Martin 228, 98, 274. One should also note MKor. kmto become dim, hide (of moon etc.), possibly < *krm- = OJ kumor- id.
Cf. also notes to *ga.

836

*kolV - *kba

-kolV (~ -u-, --) oak-tree: Tung. *xola-; Kor. *kur.

PTung. *xola- oak (): Nan. xorokola; Orch. olok; Ud. olok.
. 2, 16.
PKor. *kur oak-tree, acorn (, ): MKor. kur-pam acorn;
Mod. kul (kul-pm acorn).
Liu 89, KED 216.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Cf. *kapV.
-kba couple, to couple, combine: Tung. *xulb-; Mong. *kolbu-; Turk.
*Ko; Jpn. *ks; Kor. *krb-.
PTung. *xulb- to bind, to arrange (, , ): Evk. ulbu-; Evn. ulb-; Neg. ulbul- to move in a
tandem; Ork. ulbumi in a tandem; Nan. xuelbi-; Orch. ubbuna-.
2, 258.
PMong. *kolbu- to couple, bind together (, ):
MMong. qulba- (MA), qolbaara- (SH); WMong. qolbu- (L 957); Kh. xolbo-;
Bur. xolbo-; Kalm. xolw-; Ord. xolbo-; Dag. xolbo- (. . 177), xolbu-;
holebe- (MD 163); S.-Yugh. xolbo-; Mongr. xul- (SM 181).
KW 184, MGCD 361. Mong. > Evk. kolbo- etc., see Doerfer MT 61, Rozycki 107; >
Yak. xolb-, Dolg. kolb- (Ka. MEJ 17, Stachowski 150).

PTurk. *Ko 1 pair, couple, one of a couple 2 to join, unite (1 ,

2 ()): OTurk. qo- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. qo 1,
qo- 2 (MK); Tur. ko- 2; Gag. qo- 2; Az. Go- 2; Turkm. Go a couple of
oxen, Go- to add; Sal. qo 1, qo- 2; MTurk. qo 1, qo- 2 (AH, Pav. C.);
Uzb. q 1, q- 2; Uygh. qo 1, qo- 2; Krm. qo 1, qo- 2; Tat. qu 1, qu- 2;
Bashk. qw 1, qu- 2; Kirgh. qo 1, qo- 2; Kaz. qos 1, qos- 2; KBalk. qo- 2;
KKalp. qos 1, qos- 2; Kum. qo- 2; Nogh. qos 1, qos- 2; SUygh. qos 1; Khak.
xos 1, xos- 2; Oyr. qo- 2; Tv. qo- 2; Tof. qo- 2; Chuv. xo- 2; Yak. xos
double; again, xohuj- 2, xohn poem; Dolg. kohn poem.
VEWT 283; EDT 670, 611, 6, 90-94, 2, 375, Stachowski 150.
Turk. > MMong. (HY) qoi, WMong. qos, Kalm. xo pair (KW 189, TMN 3, 364, Clark
1980, 41, 42, 1997, 142).

PJpn. *ks 1 size, layer 2 to heap up, pile up (1 , 2 , ): OJpn. kasana- 2; MJpn. ks 1, ksna- 2; Tok.
ksane- 2; Kyo. ksn- 2; Kag. kasan- 2.
JLTT 441, 704.
PKor. *krb- 1 twins 2 to compete, match, compare, line together 3
to form a couple (1 2 , , 3 ): MKor. kr-k 1, kr- 3, krp[krw-] 2; Mod. karogi (arch.) 1, kap- [kalp-] (arch.), karu- 2.
Nam 21, 23, KED 12, 48.
EAS 109, KW 184, Street 1980, 287. Mong. is not < Turk., despite
1997, 142, but the Turk. and Mong. forms are certainly related,
despite TMN 3, 364.

*kmi - *kmp[e]

837

-kmi to dig: Tung. *xumu-; Turk. *gm-.

PTung. *xumu- to dig, bury (, ): Neg. umu-; Man.
umbu-; SMan. umu- to burry, to fill (1747); Ul. xumu-; Ork. xumu-; Nan.
xumu-; Orch. umu-.
2, 268-269.
PTurk. *gm- to bury (, ): OTurk. km(OUygh.); Karakh. km- (MK, KB); Tur. gm-; Gag. gm-; Turkm. gm-;
Sal. km- (); MTurk. km- (MA), gm- (Sangl.); Uzb. km-; Uygh.
km-; Krm. km-; Tat. km-; Bashk. km-; Kirgh. km-; Kaz. km-; KBalk.
km-; KKalp. km-; Kum. gm-; Nogh. km-; SUygh. km-; Khak. km-;
Shr. km-; Oyr. km-; Tv. xm-; Tof. xm-; Yak. km-; Dolg. km-.
VEWT 289, EDT 721, 3, 70-71, Stachowski 155.
1984, 108-109. A Turko-TM isogloss. The TM form
points quite explicitly to *k-; reasons for voicing in PT are not clear:
perhaps a merger with PA *gmo to fill in (q.v.), which otherwise has
no Turkic reflex.
-k[]mo to soak: Tung. *xum-; Turk. *Km; Jpn. *kuam-; Kor. *km- /
*km-.
PTung. *xum- 1 to soak 2 to besmear (face) (1 2
()): Evk. um- 1; Evn. umi- 1; Man. umara- 2.
2, 267.
PTurk. *Km wave (): Karakh. qom (MK); Turkm. Gm;
MTurk. qum (Houts., AH); Oyr. qom; Chuv. xom.
EDT 625, 6, 54, 2, 356-357.
PJpn. *kuam- to soak (, ): OJpn. kwom-.
JLTT 712.
PKor. *km- / *km- to bathe, wash (, ): MKor. km-;
Mod. km-.
Nam 23, KED 50.
The root seems reliable, despite some irregularities in vocalism.
-kmp[e] fungus: Tung. *xum(p)-; Turk. *kmbe, *kmbe-lek; Jpn.
*kmp(u); Kor. *kmphi-.
PTung. *xum(p)- 1 to soften 2 smth. rotten 3 softened birch bark 4
rotten birch (1 (, ) 2 , 3
() 4 ()): Evk. umdu- 1, ubgu 4; Neg. umdus-umdus 2; Nan. omdo (Naikh.) 3.
2, 267.
PTurk. *kmbe, -lek mushroom (): Tur. gmelek (dial.); Az.
gblk; Turkm. kmelek; Tat. gmb; Bashk. gmb; Chuv. kmba.
5, 101 (Chuv. is hardly < Old Russian, which already had guba, not goba).
PJpn. *kmp(u) mould (): Tok. kbi; Kyo. kb; Kag. kbi.
JLTT 431.

838

*kmu - *ki

PKor. *kmph- 1 mould 2 to become mouldy (1 2 ): MKor. kmphi- 2; Mod. km, kmpha 1.
Nam 52, KED 161, 162.
Martin 236, 11. Vocalism is not quite certain.
-kmu offering, respect: Turk. *Kom-; Jpn. *kuma; Kor. *km.
PTurk. *Kom- 1 to long for 2 inheritance, legacy (1 , 2 ): OTurk. qumaru (OUygh.); Karakh. qom- 1
(MK), xumaru 2 (MK), qumaru 2 (KB); Khal. qumarq 2; MTurk. qumar 2
(AH); Bashk. qomartq 2; Kum. qumartq 2; Khak. xumartxa 2; Shr.
qumarq 2; Oyr. qumartqa 2.
EDT 626, 628, 347, Clark 1977, 149.
PJpn. *kuma offering to gods ( ): OJpn.
kuma.
PKor. *km 1 respect 2 to respect, pay respect (1 , 2 ): MKor. km 1, kmp- (-w-) 2; Mod. komap- (-w-) 2.
Liu 64, KED 141.
Whitman 1985, 191, 223.
-kmu ( ~ -o, -a) drought, hunger: Tung. *xom-; Mong. *komu-kai;
Turk. *Kom-; Kor. *kmr.
PTung. *xom- 1 hunger, hungry 2 drought 3 to be hungry (1 ,
2 , 3 ): Evk. om-kin 1; Evn. omt3; Neg. omxn 1; Man. omi-n 1, 2; Ul. om- 3; Nan. om 1, 2; Ud. omisi3.
2, 17.
PMong. *komu-kai gluttonous, greedy, hungry (, ): MMong. qomuai qurun index finger (MA); WMong. qomuqai (L
961); Kh. xomxoj; Bur. xomoxoj; Kalm. xomx, xumx eklig, vermodert,
verfault (KW 184, 197).
Mong. > Tat., Bashk. qomaaj id. Cf. also qomsa insufficient > Man. qomso (see
Rozycki 142). For the meaning in MMong. see Dybo 1995.

PTurk. *Kom- 1 become drowsy, dry 2 become lean 3 greedy (1 , , 2 , 3 ):

Tat. qomsz, dial. qomsq 3; Bashk. qomxo 3; Chuv. xml- 1; Yak.
xomuj- 2.
6, 147-148.
PKor. *kmr drought (): MKor. kmr; Mod. kamul.
Nam 13, KED 17.
1984, 97; 6, 147-148.
-ki ladle: Tung. *xua-; Mong. *kunija; Turk. *kjnek; Jpn. *km-;
Kor. *k.
PTung. *xua- 1 ladle 2 thimble 3 finger 4 wooden bucket (1
2 3 4 ): Evk. uaptun 2, uakptun

*koi - *kpe

839

3; Evn. an 2, iqn 3; Neg. onkn 1, oaxn 3; Man. xuo 4; SMan.

xuni wooden pail (580); Ul. oa(n) 1; Ork. a 1; Nan. o 1; Orch.
ua 1, uaka(n) 3; Ud. ua 3, uaptin 2 (. 302); Sol. nax 1, 3.
1, 478, 2, 276-277.
PMong. *kunija dish made of birch ( ): WMong.
qunija(n) (L 986); Kh. xu.
PTurk. *kjnek bucket, vessel (, ): Karakh. knek (MK,
KB); Tur. knek, Osm. kjnk; Turkm. knek; Uygh. knk; Tat. knk
(dial.); Bashk. knk; Kirgh. knk; Kaz. knek; Nogh. knek; Khak. knek;
Shr. knek; Oyr. knk; Tv. xnek.
5, 104-105, VEWT 290 ( > Mong. kng, further > TM: Sol. xon, Evk. k,
see 1, 412, 478). Turk. > Russ. Siber. kunk, see 324

PJpn. *km- to scoop (): OJpn. kum-; MJpn. km-; Tok. km-;
Kyo. km-; Kag. km-.
JLTT 716.
PKor. *k manger, trough (): MKor. k, kj; Mod.
kuju.
Nam 60, KED 206.
Vovin 1993, 257, Robbeets 2000, 109-110, 122. Cf. also Mong. konak
gutter, Kor. kongi tall jar.
-koi ( ~ -e) dirt: Tung. *xoi-; Turk. *k.
PTung. *xoi- sand, dirt (, ): Evn. o; Ork. xooqto;
Orch. ookto; Ud. ookto.
2, 20.
PTurk. *k 1 excrements, faeces 2 hard soil, swamp (1 , 2 , ): Karakh. kz (MK) 1; Tur. kn, kn
(dial.) 1; Uzb. g 1; Bashk. k 1; Kirgh. k 1; Kaz. k 1; KKalp. k 1;
Oyr. k 2.
EDT 735, 5, 103.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. TM *xoi- perhaps with secondary palatalization < *xoi- (cf. the Orok form xoo-kto). Cf. perhaps Jpn. kunuga
land (?if different from *kuni country).
-kpe ( ~ -i) film, covering: Tung. *xup-; Mong. *ke; Turk. *kpe;
Kor. *kp.
PTung. *xup- film on fish eggs ( ): Nan. xuperemse.
1, 478. Attested only in Nan., but having rather probable external parallels.
PMong. *ke coat of mail, armour (, ): MMong.
khe (MA); WMong. ke (L 478); Kh. x; Kalm. k.
KW 243. Despite TMN 1, 483-484, Mong. is hardly borrowed < Turk.
PTurk. *kpe 1 coat of mail 2 ring of mail 3 earring 4 overcoat 5 saddle-pad for a camel 6 film of egg, exuviae 7 a k. of cloth or carpet (1

840

*kp - *kp

2 3 4 , 5
6 , 7 ):
Karakh. kpe 1, 2, 3, kpik (MK) 4, kpk (MK) 5, kpsn mattress
(MK); Tur. kpe 3, kepeneg, kpenek 4, kpen 7; MTurk. kpen (kpen) 5;
Tat. kpm mattress; Bashk. kpm mattress; Kirgh. kp
; Kaz. kpik pillow; Khak. kbn mattress; Chuv.
kbe 6.
EDT 687, 688, 689, 5, 48-49, 108 (Tur. kpen being attributed here to a quite
different root, see under *kp- to swell, foam), 114-115, 129-130, TMN 3, 581-583. The
above forms are hard to separate, and Doerfers point of view that kpenek is secondarily
< kepenek is probably faulty (even though kpenek is attested later: kpen is certainly attested earlier, and an assimilative delabialization *kpenek > kepenek seems quite plausible). The Chuvash form shows that the original meaning of the root must have been
transparent covering, film, whence coat of mail etc. Turk. > Mong. kebeneg saddle-cloth, shirt, Hung. kpnyeg raincoat (Gombocz 1912).

PKor. *kp fat, slime (, ): MKor. kp; Mod. kop a mucous

discharge.
Liu 72, KED 162.
212.
-kp be complete, all: Tung. *xup-; Mong. *kb-in; Turk. *kp; Jpn.
*kp-pa-; Kor. *kp-.
PTung. *xup- 1 all 2 to gather (1 , 2 ()): Evk. upkat 1, upr- 2; Neg. opkal 1; Ul. pala- 2; Ork. upala- 2; Nan. opala- 2;
Orch. upala- 2; Ud. ufal, ufalahi 1.
See 2, 281; 1, 478. Cf. also Nan. op, Ul. opa(n), Orok pa(n) group, company - which may be a merger of the original root with a Manchu loan (cf. Manchu ufan
company, companionship < Chin. huobn).

PMong. *kb-in whole, all (, , ): MMong. gubin

(SH); WMong. kbi(n) (L 475); Kh. xvin; Ord. gbin.
PTurk. *kp many (): OTurk. kp (OUygh.); Karakh. kp (MK,
KB); Tur. kp; Turkm. kp; Sal. kp; MTurk. kp (Pav. C., MA, Abush.);
Uzb. kp; Uygh. kp; Tat. kp; Bashk. kp; Kirgh. kp; Kaz. kp; KBalk.
kp; KKalp. kp; Kum. kp; Nogh. kp; Khak. kp; Shr. kp; Oyr. kp; Tv.
kp, xj ( < *kpej); Tof. kp.
VEWT 291, EDT 686-687, 5, 107-108.
PJpn. *kp-pa- add (): OJpn. kupapa-; MJpn. kff-; Tok.
kwae-, kuwa-; Kyo. kw-; Kag. kuwa-.
JLTT 718. Tone reconstruction is controversial: RJ and the Tokyo variant kuwae-r
point to *kp-, but all other evidence is in favour of *kp-.

PKor. *kp- to double, increase twofold (, () ): MKor. kp-; Mod. kop-ha-.

Nam 52, KED 164.
323, 285, Whitman 223. Cf. *kopV: the
Kor.-Jpn. reflexes may in fact reflect both roots.

*kpi - *kpra

841

-kpi ( ~ -e) foam: Tung. *xapu- ~ *xopu-; Mong. *ke-; Turk. *kp-;
Kor. *kphm.
PTung. *xapu- ~ *xopu- foam (): Man. ofon ~ afun; Ud. afuti.
1, 59.
PMong. *ke- to foam, swell up (, ): MMong.
kh- (IM), ku- (MA); WMong. kgege-, kge-, kgere- (L 478); Kh. x-;
Bur. x-; Kalm. k-; Ord. k- to swell (for example about horses nostrils); Dag. xu- (. . 179), xure-; xus foam (. . 179: xus,
kus), hu- (MD 166); Dong. kue- (MGCD ko-); S.-Yugh. or-, kre-;
kwg foam; Mongr. k- (SM 204); kr (SM 205), krs foam.
KW 243, MGCD 369, 370. Cf. also WMong. kbkeji-, Kalm. kpk- to swell (KW
240). Mong. > Man. ku- to swell ( 1, 422, Rozycki 145), Evk. ksun foam ( 1,
417, Doerfer MT 94).

PTurk. *kp- 1 to swell 2 foam (1 2 ): OTurk. kpik,

kpk (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. kpr- (MK) 1, kpk (MK) 2; Tur. kpk 2;
Az. kp- 1; Turkm. kpik 2; MTurk. kp- (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. kp- (dial.) 1;
Uygh. kp- 1; Tat. kp- 1; Bashk. kp- 1; Kirgh. kp- 1; Kaz. kbk 2;
KBalk. kp- 1; Kum. gp- 1; Nogh. kp- 1; Khak. kp- 1; Oyr. kp- 1; Tv.
kvk 2; Tof. kpk 2; Chuv. kbk 2; Yak. kp- 1; Dolg. kbj- pop
up, float on the surface.
EDT 689, 691, VEWT 291, 5, 108-111, Stachowski 154.
PKor. *kphm foam (): MKor. kphm; Mod. kphum.
Liu 45, HMCH 161, KED 90.
EAS 90, 213, AKE 10, KW 243, Poppe 19, 47, Lee
1958, 112, 1, 364, Ozawa 199-200. Mong. cannot be explained as
borrowed < Turk., despite TMN 3, 617, 1997, 128. The root
tends to contaminate with *kupe light q.v.
-kpra rift (in a river), bridge: Tung. *xupuru; Mong. *krge; Turk.
*kpr, -g; Jpn. *kpr.
PTung. *xupuru 1 rift (in river) 2 bridge (1 ( ) 2 ):
Evk. ran 1; Jurch. hufuru 2 (Doerfer MT 136); Nan. xurfu 1.
1, 479, 2, 23.
PMong. *krge bridge (): MMong. keurge (HY 17), kelge,
keurge (IM); WMong. kgrge, kegrge, kgrge (L 480); Kh. xrg; Bur.
xrge; Ord. krg; Dag. huruhe (MD 167); Mongr. krgo (SM 205).
Cf. also a suffixless form, but with irregular (assimilatory?) initial voicing: WMong.
gwr ( < *kr?), Khalkha gr bridge. Mong. > Sol. xrg (see Doerfer MT 136).

PTurk. *kpr, -g bridge (): OTurk. kprg; Karakh. kprg

(MK); Tur. krp, kpr; Gag. kpr; Az. krp; Turkm. kpri; MTurk.
kpri (IM, AH), kprk (Abush., MA); Uzb. kprik; Uygh. kprk, kvrk;
Tat. kper, kpre; Kirgh. kpr; Kaz. kpr, kpre (dial.); Tv. kvrg;
Tof. kprig; Yak. krbe, krge.
VEWT 292, 5, 112-114.

842

*kra - *kra

PJpn. *kpr shallow, sandy place in a river or on its bank (, ): OJpn. kapara; MJpn.
kafara; Tok. kwara; Kyo. kwr; Kag. kawra.
JLTT 446. The word is usually treated as *kp river + *pr plain, but the elision
is strange and the accent does not fit. This is most probably a folk-etymology due to secondary phonetic coincidence.

213, Poppe 127. Despite TMN 3, 586, 1997,

128, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk. Also, despite MT 136,
Jurch. hufuru cannot be a Mong. loanword. In Jpn. we would rather
expect *kupara; the -a- vocalism is either a result of later assimilation (in
a long word), or an influence of *kp river (different etymologically,
see *kba).
-kra ( ~ -o, -u) to protect, guard: Tung. *xur-; Mong. *kori-; Turk.
*Kr-; Kor. *kr-.
PTung. *xur- to save, be saved, recover ((), ): Evk. ur-; Evn. r-; Neg. ojaj-; Ul. ora-; Ork. ra-; Nan. ora-;
Orch. uwa-, uja-; Ud. wajagi- (. 217), uja-; Sol. rg-.
2, 282.
PMong. *kori- 1 to forbid 2 to fence, shield 3 block, fort, shelf 4 enclosure, fence, yard (1 2 3 , 4 , , ): MMong. quri- (MA) 2, qorijan (HY 17) bailey, court, qorqa, qorijaan, qurua (SH) 3, qorn (IM),
qran (MA); WMong. qori- 1 (L 966), qorija, qorua, qoria 3, 4 (L 967);
Kh. xori- 1, xor 3; Bur. xori- 1, xo(n) 3; Kalm. x- 1, xor 4; Ord. xori- 2,
xor, xorGo 4; Dag. xori- 1,2, xo 4 (. . 177), ho 4, hori- 2 (MD
164); Dong. qoro 4 (MGCD Goruan); S.-Yugh. orl- 1, 2; Mongr. xori(SM 183) 1.
KW 187, 193, MGCD 366. Mong. > Chag. qorija etc. (see 525, 6, 75); >
Man. xori- (see Rozycki 109).

PTurk. *Kr- to fence, protect (, ): OTurk.

qor- (Yen.); Karakh. qor- (MK); Tur. koru-; Gag. qoru-; Az. Goru-;
Turkm. Gr-, Gra-; MTurk. qoru- (Ettuhf., . .); Uzb. qri-; Uygh.
qoru-; Krm. qoru-, qor-; Kirgh. qoru-; KBalk. qoru-; KKalp. qor-; Kum.
qoru-; Nogh. qor-; Tv. xoru-.
VEWT 282, EDT 645-646, 486-487, 575, 6, 76-78. Cf. also the derivative *Kr-kan, sometimes confused with *Kur-gan (see under *Kur-). One should also note
PT *Kurtgar- to rescue, *Kurtul- be rescued (see EDT 649, 650, 6, 177-179), which
may be a contraction < *Kru-t-gar-, *Kru-t-ul-.

PKor. *kr- to cover, to shield (, ): MKor.

kr-; Mod. kari-.
Nam 12, KED 13.

*kori - *koru

843

EAS 47, 107, 141, KW 193, SKE 98, 575. Doerfer (TMN 3,
450) and (1997, 141) consider Mong. to be borrowed from
Turkic, which cannot be excluded.
-kori hill; embankment, boundary: Tung. *xur; Mong. *kri; Turk.
*Korum; Jpn. *kra (~ -ru); Kor. *kr.
PTung. *xur mountain (): Evk. ure; Evn. ureken; Neg. uj;
Man. wexe stone; SMan. vex stone, rock(2110); Jurch. h(i)ur-xe (52)
stone; Ul. xure(n); Ork. xure; Nan. xure(n); Orch. uwe, ue; Ud. w
(. 219), we, ue; Sol. ure.
2, 289.
PMong. *kri 1 precipice 2 rock, stone (1 2 ): MMong.
kuri (IM, MA, Lig. VMI) 2; WMong. kri 1 (MXTTT); Kh. xr 1; Mog.
ZM, KT kuri 2.
PTurk. *Korum rock, cliff, heap of stones (, ):
Karakh. qorum (MK, KB); Uygh. qoram; Kirgh. qorum; Khak. xorm; Shr.
qorum; Oyr. qorum; Tv. xorum.
EDT 660, VEWT 283, 99.
PJpn. *kra (~ -ru) dike, boundary (, ): OJpn. kur(w)o
(in kur(w)o-tuka embankment on boundary); MJpn. kr; Tok. kro;
Kyo. kr.
The Kyoto accent is irregular: all other evidence points either to *kra or to *kru.
PKor. *kr embankment, boundary, furrow (, , ): MKor. kr; Mod. kl, kora.
Liu 63, HMCH 163, KED 138, 156.
291. The comparison seems satisfactory (the Jpn.-Kor.
link see in Kanezawa 47); an alternative Austronesian etymology of the
Jpn. word, however, can be found in Kawamoto 1977, 33. Cf. also
Mong. krmen basalt.
-koru short; diminish, grow less: Tung. *xurum-; Mong. *koru-; Turk.
*Kor(a)-; Kor. *korh-.
PTung. *xurum- short (): Evk. urumkn; Evn. urumkun;
Neg. ujumkn; Ul. xurmi; Ork. xurdumi; Nan. xurm; Orch. mi; Ud.
umasa (. 302); Sol. urk.
2, 287-288.
PMong. *koru- to diminish (, ): MMong.
qoro-, qorua- (SH); WMong. qoru- (L 968); Kh. xoro-; Bur. xoro-; Kalm.
xor-; Ord. xoro-.
KW 188.
PTurk. *Kor(a)- 1 to diminish , decrease 2 harm, loss (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. qora- 1, qor 2 (OUygh.); Karakh.
qora- 1, qor 2 (MK); Kirgh. qoro- 1; KBalk. qora- 1; Khak. xora- 1; Oyr. qor
2, qoro- 1; Tv. xor 2; Chuv. xor insult, offence, grief; Yak. qor 2, qoron- 1.

844

*krV - *ki

EDT 641-642, 645-646, 6, 73-74, 2, 369. On a possible Mong. loanword (qowr loss, damage) see under *kbro; modern Siberian nouns may be actually
backloans from Mong.
PKor. *korh- to suffer loss ( ): Mod. kol- [kolh-].
KED 160. The root should be probably distinguished from kol(h)- to get stale, rot
(although they tend to contaminate).

SKE 122, KW 188, 1, 367, 292, 13; further

Nostratic parallels see in 1, 367-368. The Korean reflex is somewhat dubious here, because the root may be the same as korh- < *ga
q.v. (possibly a secondary merger). Cf. also Kalm. xor- to be afraid,
shy, PT *Kor-(u)k- to be afraid ( 6, 79-80), possibly derived from
*koru grow less, be damaged - but also possibly a different root.
-krV ( ~ --) dung, excrements: Tung. *xri-kta; Mong. *korgul; Kor.
*krm.
PTung. *xri-kta excrements (of deer) ( ()): Evk. rikta;
Evn. rt; Ork. xorqta.
2, 23-24.
PMong. *korgul excrements (of sheep, camels) ( (, )): MMong. qorgosun (SH); WMong. qorul, qoral, qorusun (L
965); Kh. xorgol; Bur. xorgl, xorgho(n), xorgdoho(n); Kalm. xorsn
(); Ord. xorGol; Bao. gugu; S.-Yugh. orgol; Mongr. xorG (SM
172), xurGs.
MGCD 365.
PKor. *krm dung (, ): Mod. krm.
KED 82 (derivation from kl- fertile is irregular and probably folk-etymological).
2, 24.
-ki ( ~ -e) to entangle, fetter: Tung. *xu- ( ~ --); Mong. *ksi-; Turk.
*ks-.
PTung. *xu- ( ~ --) to twist, roll, entangle (, ):
Evk. u-; Evn. -; Neg. o-; Ul. oa-; Ork. t-; Nan. o-; Ud. usi-.
2, 296.
PMong. *ksi- to overcast (in sewing) ( , ): MMong. kuige curtain (Lig.VMI), kege (MA);
WMong. ksi- (L 492); Kh. xi-; Bur. xi-; Kalm. k- (); Ord. g-;
Dag. kuulue-.
MGCD 377.
PTurk. *ks- 1 to hobble, fetter 2 fetters (1 , 2 ): Karakh. ksr- 1, ksrk 2 (MK); Tur. kste- (dial.) 1, kstek 2; Gag.
kstek 2; Turkm. kssek 2; Tv. kste- 1, ksteg 2.
5, 121-122.
A Western isogloss.

*kub - *kV

845

-kub ( ~ -p-) joy, joke: Tung. *xeb- / *kup- / *xup-; Turk. *Kb (*Kub);
Jpn. *kapaju-.
PTung. *xeb- / *kup- / *xup- 1 to play 2 jolly, merry 3 to pity 4 to
humiliate (1 2 , 3 4 ): Evk.
ew- 1, ewln- 3; Evn. ewi- 1, ewe 2; Neg. ew- 1; Man. efi-, ee- 1; SMan. ifi1 (1357); Ul. xupi- / kupi- 1; Ork. xupi- 1; Nan. xupi- / kupi- 1, xeuln- 4;
Orch. ew-; Sol. ug-.
1, 483, 2, 434-435, 436. Cf. also Evn. bgo good, nice ( 1, 294).
PTurk. *Kb 1 luck, happiness 2 to be happy, enjoy (1 2
, , ): OTurk.
qv 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. qv 1 (MK); Tur. kwan- 2, kv 1 (dial.); Turkm.
Guwan- 2; MTurk. quvan- 2 (. .); Uzb. quvn- 2; Krm. quvan- 2;
Tat. quan- 2; Bashk. qwan- 2; Kirgh. quban- 2; Kaz. quvan- 2; KBalk. quvan- 2; KKalp. quvan- 2; Kum. quvan- 2; Nogh. quvan- 2; SUygh. qo 1;
Chuv. xvan- (dial.).
VEWT 268, EDT 579, 6, 99-101, Clark 1977, 146.
PJpn. *kapaju- lovely (): MJpn. kafaju-; Tok. kawa-; Kyo.
kw-; Kag. kawi-.
JLTT 831. Original accent unclear.
The TM form has a rather peculiar variation of laryngeal features
here; the original form must have been *xub-.
-kube ( ~ -p-) a k. of fish: Tung. *xuja ( < *xubi-ja?); Mong. *kobku; Jpn.
*kup(u).
PTung. *xuja a k. of fish ( ): Ork. ojodo , ojo
; Nan. oja sheat-fish; Orch. ojo ; Ud. ojo .
1, 445, 2, 251 (here also confused with PTM *uja carp; the Manchu form in
fact can reflect both *xoja and *uja). TM > Nivkh xoj, whence possibly Russ. Siber. goj , see 167.

PMong. *kobku loach (fish) (, ): WMong. qobqu (L 950);

Kh. xovx.
PJpn. *kup(u) black carp ( ): OJpn. kwop(j)i; MJpn.
kf; Tok. ki; Kyo. k; Kag. ko.
JLTT 454.
One of many common Altaic fish names; the precise sort of the
fish denoted by the root is not quite clear.
-kV a k. of star: Tung. *xsi-kta; Turk. *Kuk.
PTung. *xsi-kta star (): Evk. skta; Evn. sqat; Neg. sikta;
Man. usixa; SMan. uih (2037); Jurch. hosi-xa (12); Ul. xosta; Ork.
wasqta; Nan. xosaqta (.); Orch. xosakta; Ud. waikta, wahikta; Sol.
ikta.
2, 27.

846

*kude - *kd

PTurk. *Kuk constellation of Cancer ( ): Karakh.

quq (KB).
EDT 591.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. For Nostratic parallels (Ural. *kVnV, PIE
*ghweisdh- star) see Sinor 1973, 392-393 (but Mong. hodun should of
course be kept apart), 1965, 263.
-kude affair, trade: Tung. *xuda; Mong. *kuda-ldu-; Turk. *kd-.
PTung. *xuda 1 to buy, hire 2 to lend 3 trade 4 to trade, barter (1 , 2 3 4 ): Evk. udi- 2;
Man. uda- 1; SMan. uda- (1409); Jurch. xu-da-sia-maj (418) 4; Ul. da 3;
Nan. uda 3.
2, 248, 1, 467-468 (with many interdialectal borrowings). Man. > Dag. xud,
xuda- (. . 179).

PMong. *kuda-ldu- to barter, trade (): MMong. xudalidu

(HY 40), xuduli merchant (HY 30), ql- (IM), qdld- (LH); WMong.
qudaldu- (L 980); Kh. xudalda-; Bur. xudalda-; Kalm. xuld-; Ord. xudaldu-;
Dong. Gudandu-; Bao. dand-; S.-Yugh. Gudld-; Mongr. drdi- (SM 44),
dld-.
KW 196, MGCD 385.
PTurk. *kd- affair (): OTurk. i kdk (OUygh.); Karakh. i
kk (KB); Chuv. kr- to hire, be hired.
EDT 702.
A Western isogloss; the Turkic reflex is very scantily attested.
-kd a k. of skin working instrument; worked skin: Tung. *xudek;
Mong. *kd-s; Turk. *kidi; Jpn. *ktpk.
PTung. *xude-k board for cutting skins; a stick for sewing (
; ): Evk. udek;
Evn. udeki; Neg. udexi; Ul. xude; Ork. xude(n); Nan. xud; Orch. udeki;
Ud. udexi (. 300).
2, 249.
PMong. *kd-s worked sheep skin ( ):
WMong. kds(n) (L 478); Kh. xds; Bur. xdehe(n) sheepskin, unworked leather; Ord. kds.
PTurk. *kidi felt (): OTurk. kidiz (OUygh.); Karakh. kiiz
(MK, KB); Tur. kijiz, kejiz (dial.); Turkm. kz; MTurk. kijiz (IM, Abush.,
Qutb., Houts.); Uzb. kigiz; Uygh. kigiz; Tat. kijez; Bashk. keje; Kirgh.
kijiz; Kaz. kijiz; KBalk. kijiz; KKalp. kijiz, kijgiz (dial.); Kum. kijiz; Nogh.
kijiz; Khak. ks; Oyr. kijis; Tv. kidis.
VEWT 270, TMN 3, 661-662, 5, 66-67, 392. Turk. > MMong. kijiz
( 1997, 127).

PJpn. *ktpk a k. of loom ( ): OJpn. kutupjikji; MJpn. ktfk.

*kjlu - *kk

847

JLTT 468 (but the connection with kutu shoe is probably folk-etymological).
In Turkic *kidi < *kdi (with secondary vowel assimilation); otherwise correspondences are regular.
-kjlu ( ~ -o) ear; to hear: Tung. *xl-; Mong. *kul-ki; Turk. *Kul-kak;
Jpn. *k-k-; Kor. *ki.
PTung. *xl- to sound, resound ( ( , )): Evk.
l-ta-; Evn. l-d-; Neg. ol-bn-; Ul. xol-d-; Ork. xl-bn-; Nan. xl--.
2,263.
PMong. *kulki ear-wax; middle ear ( ; ):
WMong. qulki (L 984), quluu; Kh. xulxi, xulga; Bur. xulxa, xolxi; Kalm.
xulx, xux; Ord. xuluGu(n); Dag. xogi (. . 177; MGCD kolig);
Mongr. xoGo (SM 171).
KW 196, MGCD 389.
PTurk. *Kul-kak ear (): OTurk. qulqaq (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
qulaq, qulqaq, qulxaq (MK), qulaq, qulaq (KB); Tur. kulak; Gag. qulaq; Az.
GulaG; Turkm. Gulaq; Sal. Gula; Khal. qulaq; MTurk. qulaq (MA), qula
(Sangl.); Uzb. qulq; Uygh. qulaq; Krm. qulax; Tat. qolaq; Bashk. qolaq;
Kirgh. qulaq; Kaz. qulaq; KBalk. qulaq; KKalp. qulaq; Kum. qulaq; Nogh.
qulaq; SUygh. qulaq; Khak. xulax; Shr. qulaq; Oyr. qulaq; Tv. qulaq; Tof.
qulaq; Chuv. xla; Yak. kulgk; Dolg. kulgk.
VEWT 298, EDT 620, 204-205, 6, 124-127, Stachowski 160.
PJpn. *k-k- hear (): OJpn. kjik-; MJpn. kk-; Tok. kk-; Kyo.
kk-; Kag. kk-.
JLTT 708.
PKor. *ki ear (): MKor. ki; Mod. kwi.
Nam 64, KED 226.
AKE 11, EAS 142, KW 196, Poppe 18, 75, 52-53, 276, 14, 205. The Mong. form can hardly be explained as a Turk.
loanword (despite 1997, 143; Doerfer in TMN 4, 296 writes:
...unsicher). Cf. Ordos xulugu the ear of animal, Khalkha xulgav
eared cap. The Jpn. form has an irregular high tone (Turk., Tung. and
Kor. pointing unanimously to * ); this, as well as the vowel -i- is probably due to a contraction. Medial *-jl- has to be reconstructed to account
for -i- in Korean.
-kk to peel: Tung. *xuK-; Turk. *Kogu (?-k-); Jpn. *kuk-.
PTung. *xuK- 1 to peel (bark, rind) 2 peels, rind (1 () 2
, ): Evk. uk- 1; Evn. q- 1; Neg. okl- 1; Ul. oGdqta 2;
Orch. uki- 1; Ud. ukki- 1.
2, 253.
PTurk. *Kogu leather, hide (, ): OTurk. qou; Karakh.
qou (MK).
EDT 613.

848

*kla - *kul(g)o

PJpn. *kuk- to flail, flay ( , ): OJpn.

kwok-; MJpn. kk-; Tok. kk-, kg-; Kyo. kk-, kg-; Kag. kk-, kg-.
JLTT 712.
The Tung.-Jpn. match seems to be satisfactory, but the Turkic parallel is not quite certain: in PT one would rather expect *Koku with
voiceless -k-, but available attestations seem to point rather to *-g-.
-kla a k. of big fish: Tung. *xol-sa; Mong. *kalimu; Jpn. *kra-.
PTung. *xol-sa 1 fish 2 boiled fish (1 2 ): Evk.
ollo 1; Evn. olr 1; Neg. olo 1; Ul. xolto(n) 2; Ork. xolto 2; Nan. xolto 2;
Orch. okto 2; Ud. oloho 2.
2, 14.
PMong. *kalimu whale (): WMong. qalimu (L 920); Kh. xalim;
Bur. xalim; Kalm. xalim ().
PJpn. *kra- plaice (): MJpn. krf; Tok. krei; Kyo. kr;
Kag. kare.
JLTT 440. The PJ accent is not quite clear (but the first syllable should undoubtedly
be reconstructed with low tone).

Doerfer MT 91 and Rozycki 130 consider Mong. to be borrowed <

TM (Evk. kalim etc., see 1, 366-367); however, the direction of borrowing was probably reverse. This is one of several similar fish names,
sometimes difficult to distinguish - see *kalu, *kile.
-kul(g)o reed, rush: Tung. *xulgu-; Mong. *kulu-su; Turk. *Kulga; Kor.
*kr.
PTung. *xulgu- reed (): Evk. ulgukta; Neg. ojgokto; Man.
ulu; SMan. olh (2157); Ul. olGaqta; Ork. xldqta; Nan. olGoqta;
Orch. ugukta.
2, 258-259.
PMong. *kulu-su reed, rush (, ): MMong. gulusun
(HY 6), qalsun (IM), qulusun (MA); WMong. qulusu(n) (L 985); Kh. xuls;
Bur. xulha(n); Kalm. xulsn; Ord. xulus, xulusu(n); Dag. kolso, xolso (.
. 177), kolese (MD 183); Dong. Gulusun; Bao. Golso; S.-Yugh.
ulusn; Mongr. xulu (SM 182), (MGCD xuls).
KW 196, MGCD 388. Mong. > Oyr. quluzun.
PTurk. *Kulga 1 sprout 2 long branch, shoot (1 2
, ): Tat. qola 2; Khak. xula 1; Oyr. qula 1; Chuv. xol 2.
VEWT 298, . XVI, 149.
PKor. *kr reed, rush (, ): MKor. kr; Mod. kol-phul.
Nam 51, KED 160.
KW 196, SKE 121, 1984, 114-115, 10, Rozycki 217.
Cf. also Old Silla *ko reed, see Miller 1979, 23.

*kli - *kli

849

-kli yellow, brown, grey: Mong. *kjilen; Turk. *Kula.

PMong. *kjilen grey, bluish (, ): WMong.
kilen (L 498); Bur. xjlen.
Cf. also Khalkha xlegin white horse with black spots.
PTurk. *Kula light yellow, brown (, ): OTurk. qula
(OUygh.); Karakh. qula (MK); Tur. kula; Gag. qula; Turkm. qula; MTurk.
qula (AH, Houts.); Uzb. qula; Uygh. qula; Tat. qola; Bashk. qola; Kirgh.
qula; Kaz. qula; KKalp. qula; Kum. qula; Nogh. qula; SUygh. qula; Khak.
xula; Oyr. qula; Tv. qula; Chuv. xla.
EDT 617, VEWT 298, 6, 121-122.
A Turko-Mong. isogloss. Mong. *kjile- regularly < *kli-le- with
l-dissimilation. Turk. > Mong. qula (see TMN 3, 507, KW 195); Mong. >
Evk. kula, Man. qulan, see Doerfer MT 100 > Kor. kora (mal) (see Lee
1958, 119).
-kuli ( ~ -e) to heat, burn: Tung. *xuld; Mong. *kli-; Turk. *kl-.
PTung. *xuld 1 warm 2 to heat 3 flame (1 2 3
): Evk. uldi 3; Man. wene- 2; SMan. venexun, venxun agreeably warm (2058); Ul. xuldu 1, xuld- 2; Ork. xuldu 1; Nan. xuldi 1; Ud.
ugdi- 2.
2, 260; 1, 132 (where the Manchu word is erroneously regarded as < Chin.).
PMong. *kli- to heat, warm (, ): MMong. kuli(MA 222); WMong. kli-, kl- (L 484); Kh. xl-; Bur. xle-; Kalm.
kl- (); Ord. gl-; Dag. kul- (. . 151); Mongr. kurgu- rtir, griller, tuver (SM 216).
Cf. also Bur. xlere place of fire; WMong. kl-re- to sweat, kl(r)-s(n), Mongr.
konor sweat, perspiration ( > Dolg. klhn, see Stachowski 155).

PTurk. *kl ashes (, ): OTurk. kl (OUygh.); Karakh. kl

(MK); Tur. kl; Gag. kl; Az. kl; Turkm. kl; Sal. kl; Khal. kl; MTurk.
kl; Uzb. kul; Uygh. kl; Krm. kul; Tat. kl; Bashk. kl; Kirgh. kl; Kaz.
kl; KBalk. kl; KKalp. kl; Kum. kl; Nogh. kl; SUygh. kl; Khak. kl;
Shr. kl; Oyr. kl; Tv. xl; Tof. xl; Chuv. kl; Yak. kl; Dolg. kl.
VEWT 307, EDT 715, 5, 137-138, 367-368, Stachowski 164.
281. A Western isogloss: we prefer now to separate
MKor. krm = TM *xurum- etc., see *ke.
-kli ( ~ -o-, --) to dig, cave: Tung. *xul-; Mong. *kle-mi; Kor.
*krh.
PTung. *xul- to dig (): Evk. ul-; Evn. ul-; Neg. ul-; Man.
uldefun wooden shovel; Ul. xule-; Ork. xule-; Nan. xule-; Ud. ule-.
2, 265.
PMong. *kle-mi cave, basement (, ): WMong. klemi (L 499); Kh. xlem.

850

*klo - *klo

PKor. *krh tunnel, cave, hole (, , ): MKor.

krh; Mod. kur.
Nam 63, KED 199.
On a possible Jpn. reflex see under *k[]ri.
-klo to roll, turn: Tung. *xol- / *xul-; Mong. *kol-ki-; Turk. *Kul-; Jpn.
*kr-mp-; Kor. *kbr-.
PTung. *xol- / *xul- 1 dance, move in dancing 2 climb down, out
(from a vehicle, boat) 3 bend (of a river) 4 to walk around, turn round
(1 , 2 ( ),
( ) 3 () 4 , ): Evk. olo-nm- 1,
uli-sin 3; Evn. lna 3; Neg. ol-sn- 4; Ul. olon- 2, l- 4; Ork. lon- 2,
l- 4; Nan. xulun- 2, xl- 4; Orch. xolon-o- 2 ( < Orok.), uli- 4; Ud. xoli- 4
( < Nan.).
1, 470; 2, 16, 261.
PMong. *kol-ki- to be restless, go round and round (,
): WMong. qolkida- (L 959); Kh. xolxi-; Bur. xolxi shaky,
wobbly; Kalm. xogd-; Ord. Golido-.
KW 182.
PTurk. *Kul- 1 to roll (down), fall 2 round (1 , 2
): Sal. gullx 2; MTurk. qula- 1 (.); Uzb. qul- 1; Uygh. qula-,
ula- 1; Bashk. qola- 1; Kirgh. qula- 1; Kaz. qula- 1; KKalp. qula- 1; SUygh.
qula-, Gol- 1; Oyr. qula- 1.
VEWT 298, 6, 122.
PJpn. *kr-mp- roll (): MJpn. korob-; Tok. krob-; Kyo.
krb-; Kag. korb-.
JLTT 713.
PKor. *kubr- roll (): MKor. kr-, kur-; Mod. kl-, kur-.
Nam 60, KED 199, 217.
288, 1, 327 (with literature; Illich-Svitych also
compares Mong. qoli- to mix, but does not list the Turkic and Japanese
forms). Cf. also Mong. klbe- to lie on one side (KW 238), qolbir- to slip
sidewards. The attribution of some forms is problematic: Turk. *Kulmay reflect a partial contamination with PA *gldo to stretch (q.v.).;
the Jpn. and Kor. forms, due to the merger of *r and *l, can actually also
reflect PA *kr[i] q.v.; in Jpn. cf. also koro round log, korog- to roll,
rotate. Note that the MKor. form with -w-, -- makes the affiliation of
the Korean root questionable - unless it is a dissimilative development
< *kurb-r-, in which case it would be a morphological structure
*klo-bV- = PJ *krmp-, Mong. klbe-, qolbir-.

*ka - *ka

851

-ka bark, scales; scab: Tung. *xolda-ksa; Mong. *kolta-su, *koli-; Turk.
*Ku; Jpn. *ks.
PTung. *xolda-ksa 1 bark 2 board 3 coffin (1 2 3 ):
Evk. oldaksa, uldaksa 1, 2; Evn. olds 3; Neg. oldokso 3; Ul. oldoqso 2; Ork.
oldoqso 3.
2, 13, 244 (with a confusion of *xolda-ks bark; board and *ugda-boat).
PMong. *kolta-su, *koli- 1 tree bark 2 scales (1 2
): WMong. qoltusu(n), qoltasu(n) 1 (L 960), qolisu(n) 2 (L 959); Kh.
xoltos 1, xolis 2; Bur. xoltohon 1; Kalm. xoltxsn 1; Dag. koldon cedar
(. . 150) (?).
KW 182, 183. Cf. also qol-tul- to skin, separate skin, split (whence Evk. kolto- etc.,
see Doerfer MT 69), qolu-, qolu-, qolua- to erase (skin), make a sore, qoluana rubbed
off spot on skin (KW 182, 183, L 958). The name of cedar is borrowed in TM (Man. xoldon etc.).

PTurk. *Ku a hairless spot (on horses skin) ( (

)): Tur. ku.
VEWT 305.
PJpn. *ks scab (, ): OJpn. kasa; MJpn. ks; Tok. ksa;
Kyo. ks; Kag. ksa.
JLTT 441.
KW 182, Miller 1970, 129, 293. Illich-Svitych (
1,301, with Uralic parallels) compares Man. qola-, Evk. kl- to skin,
but these are mongolisms (see 1,407); *xolda-ksa is a better
match for the Mong. form.
-ka (~-o,-u) a k. of big bird: Tung. *xl; Mong. *kuladu; Turk. *Ku.
PTung. *xl raven, crow (, ): Evk. l; Evn. olna; Neg.
l.; Nan. ol.; Orch. oli; Ud. wali; Sol. o, ol.
2, 13. TM > Dag. o (. . 159). Shortness in Nan. is irregular (probably
dissimilative, before the next long vowel).

PMong. *kuladu duck-hawk ( , ): MMong. quladu

(SH); WMong. quladu (L 984: qulatu); Kh. xult; Bur. xulda; Kalm. xuld;
Ord. xuladu.
KW 195-196. Mong. > Shor qulad etc. (see VEWT 298, 6, 128-129).
PTurk. *Ku 1 bird 2 duck (1 2 ): OTurk. qu 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. qu 1 (MK, KB); Tur. ku 1; Gag. qu 1; Az. Gu 1; Turkm. Gu 1;
Sal. Gu 1; Khal. qu, Gu (< Az.) sparrow; MTurk. qu 1 (Sangl.);
moth (Abush.); Uzb. qu 1; Uygh. qu 1; Krm. qu 1; Tat. qo 1; Bashk.
qo 1; Kirgh. qu 1; Kaz. qus 1; KBalk. qu 1; KKalp. qus 1; Kum. qu 1;
Nogh. qus 1; SUygh. Gus 1; Khak. xus 1; Shr. qu 1; hen; Oyr. qu 1; Tv.
qu 1; Tof. qu 1; Yak. kus 2; Dolg. kus 2.
VEWT 305, TMN 3, 547-548; EDT 670; 6, 180-182, 168, Stachowski
162. Chuv. xlat hawk < Mong.

*kume - *kumV

852

281, 9, 168. A Western isogloss. The

Turk. form can also be compared with PTM *kila- a k. of aquatic bird
or *kulV- id.
-kume ( ~ -u-) black; coal: Turk. *kmr; Kor. *km-.
PTurk. *kmr coal (): OTurk. kmr (OUygh.); Karakh. kmr
(MK, KB); Tur. kmr; Gag. kmr; Az. kmr; Turkm. kmr; MTurk.
kmr (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH), kimr (Abush.); Uzb. kmir; Uygh.
km(r); Tat. kmer; Bashk. kmer; Kirgh. kmr; Kaz. kmr; KBalk.
kmr; KKalp. kmr; Kum. kmr; Nogh. kmr; Khak. kmr; Oyr.
kmr; Tv. xmr; Chuv. kmrk; Yak. kmr; Dolg. kmr.
VEWT 289 (relating the stem to km- to bury, dig seems rather dubious), 5,
102-103, 365, Stachowski 156.

PKor. *km- black (): MKor. km-, km-; Mod. km-, k:m-,
km-, k:m-.
Liu 48, HMCH 278, KED 101. Modern length and gemination are obviously late
and expressive.

295. A Turk.-Kor. isogloss (cf. also Old Koguryo *kmul

black, see Miller 1979, 8; perhaps also Manchu umara- to sully,
1, 477). The comparison seems quite possible, although the scarcity of
reflexes prevents a secure reconstruction of vocalism.
-kumi ( ~ -e) tent, temporary dwelling: Tung. *xoma-; Mong. *kmrge;
Turk. *kme.
PTung. *xoma- tent, summer-house (, ):
Neg. omxn; Ul. omra(n); Nan. omar.
2, 17.
PMong. *kmrge storehouse (): MMong. kumurki box
(MA 141); WMong. kmrge (L 487); Kh. xmrg; Kalm. kmrg ();
Mongr. komorgo (SM 213), komurgo.
Should be historically distinguished from gmrge (although the two forms have
almost merged in Mong.).

PTurk. *kme dug-out, hut (, ): Tur. kmld.

VEWT 308. An exclusively Osman word; Cf. perhaps Karakh. (MK) kmi name of
a town on the Uyghur border (?).

A Western isogloss.
-kumV ( ~-o-) weak, lean: Tung. *xum-; Mong. *komur, *komsa.
PTung. *xum- lean, weak (, ): Evk. umdn; Evn.
mnak; Ul. omdo(n), md(n); Ork. mana; Nan. xumdu; Orch.
umana; Sol. min-.
2, 267.
PMong. *komur, *komsa scarce, rare, weak (, ):
MMong. qor qomsa (SH); WMong. qomur, qobur, qomsa (L 950, 960); Kh.
xomor, xowor, xoms; Bur. xomor; Ord. xomso, xowor.

*ke - *ki

853

Mong. > Man. komso, see Doerfer MT 118.

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-ke to burn, get burnt: Mong. *ke; Turk. *k-; Jpn. *kunkra-;
Kor. *kr-.
PMong. *ke soot (): MMong. kje (MA); WMong. ke; Kh.
x; Bur. x; Kalm. k; Ord. k; Dag. xu (. . 179), hu (MD 165);
Dong. gu-mi; S.-Yugh. k; Mongr. k (SM 204).
KW 243, MGCD 369. Cf. also WMong. kjre-, Kalm. kjr- to sweat. Hardly <
Turkic, despite 1997, 196. Mong. > Man. ku id. (see Rozycki 144).

PTurk. *k- 1 to burn (itr.) 2 to burn (tr.) 3 to kindle 4 to get burnt

5 soot 6 strong smell of burnt 7 unpleasant smell (1 2 3 4 5 6 7
): OTurk. kj- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. kn- (Argu MK), kj- 1 (MK,
KB); Tur. (dial.) kj-, kj- 1; kje 5; Turkm. kj- 1, kj (dial.) 5; Khal. kien1; MTurk. kj- 1 (Abush., MA, . ., Pav. C.); Uzb. kuj- 1, kuja 5;
Uygh. kj-, kj- 1, kjdr- 2; Tat. kj- 1; Bashk. kj- 1; Kirgh. kj- 1, k 5;
Kaz. kj- 1, kje 5; KBalk. kj- 1; KKalp. kj- 1, kje 5; Kum. gj- 1; Nogh.
kj- 1, kje 5; Khak. kj- 1, kje 5; Shr. kj- 1; Oyr. kj- 1, k 5; Tv. x 5;
Tof. x 5; Chuv. k, kv 6 (.), kek 7; kvajt 5.
VEWT 309, EDT 726, 730, 5, 88-89, 133, 362, . 75. The
Az. form is somewhat dubious, both semantically (itch) and phonetically (irregular
voiced g-). See also *k- to grieve, suffer.

PJpn. *kunkra- to be burnt ( , , ): OJpn. kwogara-; MJpn. kgra-; Tok. kogar-; Kyo. kgr-; Kag.
kogar-.
JLTT 711. Kagoshima points to high tone, but other dialects rather to a low one.
PKor. *kr- 1 soot 2 to be covered with soot (1 2 ): MKor. krm 1; Mod. krm 1, kl- 2.
Nam 69, KED 240.
The Jpn. form reflects a suffixed *ke-KV-.
-ki ( ~ -e) knot, to tie knots: Tung. *x-; Mong. *kjir.
PTung. *x- 1 to bind (a pack, to a pack) 2 long wool (for binding,
felting) 3 silk string (for binding) 4 knot (on a thread) (1
(, ) 2 ( , etc.) 3 ( ) 4 ( )):
Evk. - 1; Evn. e- 1; Man. ue-le 2, ue-ri 3; Ork. xunikte 4.
1, 477, 2, 277.
PMong. *kjir knots of a bow-string ( ): MMong. ko
bow-string (HY 18); WMong. kir (L 498); Kh. xjde- to release the
bow-string; Mongr. kwri boutonnire (en cordonnet) (SM 208).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. In other languages cf. perhaps: OT
kndeg necklace (EDT 730).

854

*kugo - *krgo

-kugo (~-o-) to freeze, snow: Tung. *xu-da-; Mong. *kugar- /

*kger-; Jpn. *knk(r)-.
PTung. *xu-da- ice crust on snow (): Evk. unan; Evn. n.n;
Neg. nan; Man. undan; Nan. od; Ud. una; oo- to freeze.
2, 279. Cf. also Evn. r (), .
PMong. *kugar- / *kger- snow-drift (): WMong. quar
(XTTT); Kh. xugar; Bur. xgereg.
PJpn. *knk(r)- 1 to freeze 2 freezing (1 2 , ): OJpn. kogor- 1; MJpn. kogor- 1, kogo- 2; Tok. kogor-,
kgoe-, kogo- 1; Kyo. kg- 1; Kag. kg- 1.
JLTT 711. Tone reconstruction is not quite clear.
The Jpn. form may be alternatively compared with PTM *gekti- to
freeze ( 1, 178).
-kre basket: Tung. *xurid-; Turk. *Kri-; Jpn. *ku; Kor. *kr.
PTung. *xurid- a vessel for berries ( ): Evk. uridk;
Nan. orda.
1, 471, 2, 285.
PTurk. *Kri- 1 a measure of capacity 2 a k. of basket for vegetables
(1 2 ): OTurk. kri 1 (OUygh.)
peck (2 and 1/2 bushels); Karakh. krin 2 (MK); Uygh. kr 1; SUygh.
kr (10,35 l) 1.
EDT 737, 746.
PJpn. *ku basket (): OJpn. kwo; MJpn. k.
JLTT 453.
PKor. *kr basket (): MKor. kr; Mod. kori.
Liu 64, KED 140.
Whitman 1985, 148. The Jpn. form is derived from a suffixed
*kr(e)-gV. Cf. *kra(mV).
-krgo ( ~ -u) intestine, belly: Tung. *xurke-; Mong. *kurkag; Turk.
*Kurg-sak; Kor. *kri.
PTung. *xurke- belly (of fish) ( ()): Evn. kenre; Neg.
ujkene; Ul. xue(n); Nan. xujke; Orch. ukkese; Ud. ukihe.
2, 29-30.
PMong. *kurkag belly (of cattle) ( ()): WMong.
qurqa; Kh. xurxag; Kalm. xurxg, xorxg.
KW 188, 198.
PTurk. *Kurg-sak belly, stomach (, ): Karakh.
qurusaq (MK); Tur. kursak; Gag. qursaq; Az. GursaG; Turkm. GursaG
breast; Sal. usa; MTurk. qursaq (Pav. C., . .); Uzb. qursq;
Uygh. qosaq; Krm. qorsaq; Tat. qorsaq; Bashk. qorhaq; Kirgh. qursaq; Kaz.
qursaq; KKalp. qursaq; Kum. qursaq; Nogh. qursaq; SUygh. qursqaq; Khak.
xursax; Shr. qursaq; Oyr. qursaq; Yak. kurtax.

*k[]ri - *k[]ri

855

EDT 657, VEWT 303, 277, 6, 164-166. Cf. also Yak., Dolg. kurgum
lower part of belly (Stachowski 162 gives a rather improbable etymology).
PKor. *kri inner part of body, inner part of chest (,
): MKor. kri.
Nam 58. It is not quite clear whether the word is the same as modern kure, h-guri
waist (KED 199) - which seems to have a different origin, see under *kabo.

KW 188, 278. The medial cluster behaves not quite regularly because of assimilation (in Mong., where *kurkag < *kurgag, and in
TM, where *xurke < *xurge).
-k[]ri to rake up: Tung. *xeri- / *xeru-; Mong. *kura-, *kurija-; Turk.
*kre-; Jpn. *kur-.
PTung. *xeri- / *xeru- 1 to rake up 2 to sweep (1 2 ): Evk. eru- 1; Evn. er- 1; Neg. ej- 1; Man. eri- 2; Ul. xeru- 1; Ork. xeri1; Nan. xeti- 1 (*xer-i-); Orch. ei- 1; Ud. eju, ejeu shovel; Sol. er
shovel.
2, 462. Despite Doerfer MT 21 the word has nothing to do with Mong. er- to
dig (see under *poe).

PMong. *kura-, *kurija- to gather, collect (): MMong. xurija- (HY 40); WMong. qura-, qurija- (L 987, 989); Kh. xura-, xur-; Bur.
xu-; Kalm. xur-, xur- (C); Ord. xura-; Dag. xori- (. . 178),
xor- (. . 177: xo-), hore-, hur (MD 164, 167); Dong. Gura-; Bao.
Gorud-; S.-Yugh. ur-; Mongr. xur- (SM 183).
KW 197, 198, MGCD 390. Mong. > Kirgh. qura- etc., see 6, 157-158.
PTurk. *kre- 1 to rake 2 spade, shovel (1 2 ):
Karakh. kri- (MK) 1, krgk (MK) 2; Tur. kr- 1, krek 2; Gag. kr- 1,
krek 2; Az. kr-, kr- 1, krk 2; Turkm. krek 2; Khal. krgk 2;
MTurk. kre- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. kur- 1; Uygh. kr- 1, kurk 2; Tat. kr1, krk 2; Bashk. kr- 1, krk 2; Kirgh. kr- 1, krk 2; Kaz. kre- 1,
krek 2; KBalk. kre- 1; KKalp. grek 2; Kum. kre- 1, krek 2; Nogh. kre1, krek 2; Khak. kre- 1; Oyr. kre- 1, krek 2; Tv. xrek, krjek (Todzh.);
Tof. xrek; Chuv. kree 2; Yak. krt- 1; Dolg. krt- 1.
VEWT 310, 5, 150-152, Stachowski 166. Turk. *kre-ek > MMong. krek,
WMong. kre, see 1997, 129 (borrowed back > Yak. krex, Dolg. krek, see
Stachowski ibid.).

PJpn. *kur- to delve (): MJpn. kur-; Tok. kur-.

EAS 97, KW 248, Poppe 79, 1984, 121-122. The etymology seems quite probable, although the TM vocalism is not clear (a result of some contamination?). For Jpn., however, cf. alternatively PA
*krV to cut out or PA *kuli dig q.v.

856

*k[]a - *kue

-k[]a pole; finger, toe: Tung. *xur; Mong. *kuruu, *-gu; Turk.
*K[a]guk; Kor. *krk.
PTung. *xur 1 hoof 2 handful (1 2 , ):
Evk. urn 1, ur 2; Ul. r 2; Ork. r 1, r 2; Nan. r 1, oro 2;
Orch. -ki 1; Ud. 1, 2.
2, 287, 288.
PMong. *kuruu, *-gu finger, toe (): MMong. quruun (HY 46,
SH), qoran (IM), qurun (MA); WMong. quruu(n) (L 991); Kh. xur; Bur.
xurga(n); Kalm. xurn; Ord. xur; Mog. qurn; ZM qorun (2-9b); Dag.
xor (. . 178), hor (MD 164); Dong. Gurun; Bao. xur (MGCD
Gor); S.-Yugh. urn; Mongr. xuri (SM 185).
KW 198, MGCD 392.
PTurk. *K[a]guk pole, peg (, ): OTurk. qazuq
(OUygh.); Karakh. qazuq (MK); Tur. kazk; Gag. qazq; Az. gazx (dial.);
Turkm. GazG; MTurk. qazuq (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. qziq; Uygh. qozuq; Krm. qazq; Tat. qazq; Bashk. qaa- to stick into, qaaq, qaq nail;
Kaz. qazq; KBalk. qazq; KKalp. qazq; Kum. qazq; Nogh. qazq; SUygh.
quzuq; Oyr. qazq; Chuv. *karuH > Hung. kar (see Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 2, 387)..
EDT 682 (derivation from *Ka- dig is highly dubious, although the vocalism
could have been influenced by the verbal root), VEWT 243, 5, 190-191. Because of
its consonant the Bashk. form belongs rather here than to PT *Kta- (v. sub *kjta).

PKor. *krk finger; pole (; ): MKor. sons-krk finger,

krk pole; Mod. son-karak, karak.
Liu 19, KED 10.
EAS 88, 113, 1984, 118, 316-317. The Turkic vowel
is not quite clear: cf. the variant *Kuguk; perhaps the forms reveal a
variation *Kugak / *Kaguk in early Turkic.
-kue ( ~ -i) a k. of fur animal: Tung. *xur-; Mong. *krene; Turk.
*Ken.
PTung. *xur- 1 bear 2 gopher 3 bears flesh (as food) 4 young tarbagan (1 2 3 ( ) 4 (
5 )): Evk. urike 2, urka- 3; Evn. rka- 3, urgee 4; Neg. ujguli 1; Ul.
xuuli 1; Nan. xujgulu 1; Orch. ugguli 1, urike fox-seal.
2, 251, 284, 285, 286. For the forms meaning gopher, seal cf., however, some
Turkic Siberian forms: Khak. rke, Yak. rg, Tuva rge (VEWT 374-375) - which may be
borrowed from Tungus, but may also constitute a separate root (note that Turk. > Hung.
rge gopher, see Gombocz 1912, Russ. Siber. jerkeka, see 202).

PMong. *krene ferret, weasel (, ): WMong. krene (L

504); Kh. xrne; Bur. xneri (with a metathesis); Kalm. krn; Ord. krene
Mustela putorius.
KW 248. Mong. > Man. kurene etc., see Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 147.

*kkV - *kusa

857

PTurk. *Ken ferret, weasel (, ): Karakh. kzen (MK) an

animal of the rat family used to hunt sparrows and jerboas; Turkm.
alagzen, dial. kzen; MTurk. kzen (Qutb), Kypch. kzen (CCum.); Uzb.
kuzn; Uygh. kzn; Tat. kzn; Bashk. kn; Kirgh. kzn; Kaz. kzen;
KKalp. gzen; Kum. sasq-gzen; Nogh. kzen; Khak. kzen; Oyr. kzen;
Tv. kzen.
VEWT 312, 5, 86, 163, EDT 761. Turk. > Hung. grny, see
MNyTESz 1, 1089.

163. A Western isogloss. Note also similar names for

squirrel in Mong. (kerem; borrowed in Evk. keremun etc., see Doerfer
MT 123) and Siberian Turkic languages (Khak. krk, Yak. krgs etc.,
borrowed in Kalm. krg, see KW 243, VEWT 293).
-kkV glowing coals: Tung. *xurk-; Turk. *k.
PTung. *xurk- 1 soot 2 sulphur (1 2 ): Man. xurku 2; Ul.
ori 1.
1, 471, 478.
PTurk. *k glowing coals ( ): Karakh. kz
(MK); Tur. kz, kz; Az. kz; Turkm. kz; MTurk. kz (AH, Qutb., Pav.
C.); Khak. ks; Tv. ks; Chuv. kvar.
5, 85-86, 365-366. There are also variants *K / *Kr (VEWT 285)
and the verb *kre- to glow.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. A Turk.-Mong. derivative of this root may

be the name of lead, PT *Korgu()in (see 407-408, 6,
172-174 ), Mong. qorali, qoroli. If this is the case, there is no need to
assume a borrowing either in Turk. < Mong. (despite ibid.), or
in Mong. < Turk. (despite TMN 3, 453, 1997, 141).
-kusa a k. of tree (cedar, oak): Tung. *xusikta; Mong. *kusi; Jpn. *kasi.
PTung. *xusi-kta 1 acorn 2 oak-tree 3 big nut (1 2 3
): Evk. usikta 2; Man. usia 3; Nan. osaqta 1; Ud. uhikta
1.
2, 291.
PMong. *kusi cedar, thuja (, ): WMong. qusi (L 991), qosi;
Kh. xu; Bur. xua; Kalm. xo; Ord. Gui.
KW 189.
PJpn. *kasi Quercus acuta Thunb. ( ): OJpn. kasi; MJpn. ks;
Tok. kshi; Kyo. ksh; Kag. kash.
JLTT 441. The accent is not quite clear: either *ks (cf. RJ) or *ks (suggested by the
Kyoto form).

1984, 118. Cf. *kuu. Cf. also Kor. kasi acorn (if not <
Jpn.).

858

*kutV - *ks

-kutV ( ~ -o-, -t-) to itch, scab: Tung. *xutu-; Turk. *Kotur.

PTung. *xutu- to itch (, ): Evk. utuni-; Evn. t-;
Neg. otoxon-; Ul. otrs-; Nan. otors-; Orch. xutunsi-; Ud. utunihi-.
2, 294-295.
PTurk. *Kotur scab, mange (): OTurk. qotur (OUygh.); Tur.
kotur (dial.); Az. Gotur; Turkm. Gotur; MTurk. qotur (Pav. C.); Uzb. qtir;
Uygh. qotu(r); Krm. qotur, qotr; Tat. qutr; Bashk. qutr; Kirgh. qotur;
Kaz. qotr; KKalp. qotr; Kum. qotur; Nogh. qotr; SUygh. qodur; Khak.
xodr; Oyr. qodur; Tv. qodur.
6, 86-87, EDT 604.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. See 1984, 99-100.
-kuV trace, to follow: Tung. *xua; Mong. *koi-.
PTung. *xua 1 trace, track 2 to trace, follow tracks (1 2 , ): Evk. ua 1, ua- 2; Evn. 1, - 2; Neg. oa 1;
Ul. xoa- 2; Nan. xoa- 2; Orch. ua- 2; Ud. ua- 2; Sol. i 1.
2, 249. TM > Dag. wi (. . 128).
PMong. *koi- 1 to stay behind, be late 2 late, afterwards (1 , 2 , ): MMong. qoida- 1, qoit 2 (SH);
WMong. qoi-, qoida- 1, qoid, qoim 2 (L 975); Kh. xoi-, xodo- 1, xoid,
xoim 2; Bur. xoomdo- 1, xoom 2; Kalm. xom (); Ord. xoim, xoit
2, xoimdo- 1.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-kuV part of stomach, bladder: Tung. *xuk; Mong. *kuirkaj.
PTung. *xuk 1 urinary bladder 2 anus (1 2
anus): Evk. uik 1; Evn. uik 1; Neg. uix 1; Ul. xuu 1; Ork. xudu() 1;
Nan. xu 1; Sol. uixi 2.
2, 250.
PMong. *kuirkaj thick part of stomach (
): WMong. quirqai (XTTT); Kh. xuirxaj.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-ks ( ~ k-, g-, --) hat, umbrella: Jpn. *ks; Kor. *ks.
PJpn. *ks umbrella (): OJpn. kasa; MJpn. ks; Tok. ksa;
Kyo. ks; Kag. kas.
JLTT 441.
PKor. *ks hat (): MKor. kt; Mod. kat [kas].
Nam 18, KED 57.
EAS 155. Cf. also MKor. ks-kr hat. Formally this Kor.-Jpn. isogloss may be derived from PA *ka skin from animals paw (if the
original meaning is postulated as skin covering?); however, until
some additional information is available, we prefer to keep these two
etyma apart.

L
-la- on this side, near: Tung. *la-kV, *la-; Mong. *naa-; Kor. *njk.
PTung. *la-kV, *la- near (, ): Ul. la; Ork. laqqa,
la; Nan. la; Orch. laki, la; Ud. a.
1, 488, 492.
PMong. *naa- on this side ( ): MMong. inaqi- (MA);
WMong. naa-ur, naa-si (L 557); Kh. n, jan; Bur. na, nna; Kalm.
n; Ord. nsi; Dag. ni toward here, hither (MD 194); S.-Yugh. nna,
naG; Mongr. naG (SM 255).
KW 272, MGCD 496.
PKor. *njk side (): MKor. njk; Mod. jk [njkh].
Nam 108, KED 338.
1, 488, 293. Originally a monosyllabic deictic root
with directive affixes.
-lbl moss, lichen: Tung. *llbi-kta / *lelu-kte; Mong. *lujilV; Jpn.
*nr.
PTung. *llbi-kta / *lelu-kte moss, lichen (, ): Evk.
llbikta, lelukte, albakta; Neg. llixe; Ul. lelikte; Orch. npka, nabuxa.
1, 489, 516.
PMong. *lujilV Siberian orach ( ): WMong. lujil
(); Kh. lujl; Ord. lli Kochia scoparia Schrad.
PJpn. *nr sea moss, sea weed ( , ): OJpn. nori; MJpn. nori; Tok. nor; Kyo. nr; Kag. nor.
JLTT 500.
The vocalism is somewhat shaky, like in many names of plants (in
this case, secondary labialization in Mong. may be due to the medial
cluster).
-lb more, better: Tung. *lab-du; Mong. *lab / *naj; Turk. *jaba; Jpn.
*np; Kor. *nboi.
PTung. *lab-du many, plenty (, ): Man. labdu; SMan.
lavdu, lavd (2852); Nan. labdo.
1, 485.
PMong. *lab / naj very, extreme; better, stronger; exactly (,
; , ; , ): MMong. nai (SH);

*lab - *lab

860

WMong. lab (L 513); nai; Kh. lav; dial. naj; Bur. lab; Kalm. law ();
Ord. lab; Dag. lab (. . 152); S.-Yugh. lab.
MGCD 470.
PTurk. *jaba very (): Khak. jaba; Tv. , ab-.
PJpn. *np better, more (, ): OJpn. nap(w)o; MJpn.
nf; Tok. no; Kyo. n; Kag. no.
JLTT 493. All evidence points to *np, except for Kagoshima (possibly under literary influence).

PKor. *nboi again; better (; ): MKor. noi.

Nam 93.
SKE 162, Martin 226, 68, Doerfer MT 144 (Mo < TM).
-lab / *leb rope, long hair, rags: Tung. *lab- / *leb-; Mong. *lab- /
*lob-; Turk. *job-la (*jabu-la); Jpn. *np-; Kor. *nh ( < *nVbVh).
PTung. *lab- / *leb- 1 antler 2 rags 3 to wear out, be worn (1 2 3 ): Evk. law 1, lewg- 3;
Evn. nwun 1, nebd- to tear out, wear out; Ul. lebeke, lebeli old cotton
cloth; Nan. leber 2.
1, 485, 518, 615. TM > Dag. law branch (. . 152).
PMong. *lab- / *lob- 1 rags 2 be ragged, worn out (1 2
, ): MMong. nabtasu, nabtasun 1 (MA
244, 313); WMong. nabtasu 1 (L 556), labtara- 2, lobsi, nobsi 1 (L 517, 587);
Kh. navtas, nov, lov 1, navtra-, lavtra- 2; Bur. nobo 1, nabtar- 2; Kalm.
now 1, lawtr- , (); Ord.
?labi- .
PTurk. *job-la (*jabu-la) fine goats hair ( ):
Karakh. jovla (MK).
EDT 870.
PJpn. *np- 1 to wind (a string) 2 string, rope (1 () 2 ): OJpn. napa 2; MJpn. nf- 1, nf 2; Tok. n- 1, naw 2; Kyo. n- 1,
nw 2; Kag. n- 1, naw 2.
JLTT 494, 733.
PKor. *nh string (, ): MKor. n (nh-); Mod. no.
Nam 110, KED 338.
Martin 240 (Jpn.-Kor.). An expressive root with some variation of
reflexes, but no doubt archaic. In Jpn. the root may have merged with
*po q.v.: this could be one of the reasons of the the accent discrepancy
between Kor. and Jpn. (otherwise explainable as a result of contraction
in Korean after the loss of *-b-).

*l - *ljpV

861

-l ( ~ *-) a k. of plant with drooping branches: Tung. *lasa-; Jpn. *ns;

Kor. *nhr.
PTung. *lasa- 1 drooping branches 2 young larch, birch (1 2 , ): Evk. ahamna, dial.
aamda 2; Man. lasari 1.
1, 494, 636.
PJpn. *ns pear (): OJpn. nasi; MJpn. ns; Tok. nash; Kyo.
nsh; Kag. nshi.
JLTT 494.
PKor. *nhr drooping branches ( , ): MKor.
nhr; Mod. nnhul.
Nam 104, KED 332.
An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Chuv. e willow (which can go
back to PT *jaa-).
-ljpV to glue, stick to: Tung. *labgn-, *lipa-; Mong. *nia-; Turk.
*jp--; Jpn. *nimp-r- (~-ia-).
PTung. *labgn-, *lipa- 1 to glue, stick 2 to smear, poach in mud (1
2 , ): Evk. labgn-, lamba- 1, lipa- 2;
Evn. labgan-, nabgan- 1; Neg. labgn- 1; Man. lifa- 2; Ul. lpa- 2; Ork.
lamba- 1; Nan. lpa- 2; Ud. lagbamu- 1.
1, 484-485, 490, 498-499. PTM *labgn- is probably a contraction < *lipagn-.
PMong. *nia- to glue, stick to (): MMong. nia- (SH);
WMong. nia-, naa- (L 556); Kh. n-; Bur. -; Kalm. n- (); Ord.
n-; Mog. nildu- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. ni-; Dong. niaa-; Mongr. ni(SM 269), n-.
MGCD 497.
PTurk. *jp-- to glue, stick to (, ):
OTurk. jap- (OUygh.); Karakh. japu-, jap- (MK); Tur. jap-; Gag.
jap-; Az. jap-; Turkm. jap-; Khal. japu-; MTurk. jap- (AH, Ettuhf.);
Uzb. jpi-; Uygh. jepi-, jopu-; Krm. jap-, japu-, jabu-; Tat. jab-;
Bashk. jbe-; Kirgh. ab-; Kaz. abs-; KBalk. ab-; KKalp. abs-; Kum.
jabu-, jab-; Nogh. jabs-; Tv. pn-; Chuv. b-; Yak. ssn- b - to
plaster, smear.
VEWT 187, 4, 132-133, EDT 880-881. The deriving stem *jp- is probably preserved in Karakh. (MK) jap- stick to, Az. jap- to model dung for drying and *jap-ma
modelled dung (see 4, 130, 133); thus the analysis of *jp-- as reciprocal from
*jap- make, create or cover (EDT ibid.) is certainly incorrect.

PJpn. *nimp-r- (~-ia-) to glue, stick to (, ): MJpn. nemar-; Tok. nebr-; Kyo. nbr-; Kag. nbr-.
JLTT 734.
209, 369, Poppe 39, 47, 74, 2, 19, Miller 1986,
203, 75, . 91. Cf. also OJpn. nb fish glue;
diphthong in Jpn. and vowel variation in Jpn. and TM probably indi-

862

*lako - *lak[a]

cates PA *-j-. Doerfer (TMN 4, 49) denies the Turk.-Mong. parallel - in a

hardly plausible way.
-lako a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *laKa-; Mong. *nger- ( ~ nigr-); Turk.
*jke.
PTung. *laKa- 1 elm 2 a k. of oak (1 2 ):
Evk. lakamawun 1; Man. laari 2.
1, 488.
PMong. *nger- ( ~ nigr-) a k. of alder ( ):
WMong. ngrs (L 597); Kh. ngers; Bur. nrgedehe(n), nrhe(n);
Mongr. nugu espce dherbe caprifoliace (SM 289).
PTurk. *jke lime-tree (): Tur. ge (DS); Az. k; Uzb. k;
Tat. jk, dial. k; Bashk. jke; Kaz. ke; KKalp. ke; Kum. jge;
Nogh. jke; Chuv. ga.
VEWT 207, 4, 32, 51, 128-129.
A Western isogloss. Turkic vocalism is not quite clear (*jaka would
be normally expected).
-lku ( ~ -k-) dirt, dregs: Tung. *lakti- / *legdi-; Mong. *lag; Jpn.
*nk-r-.
PTung. *lakti- / *legdi- 1 to be burnt (of food) 2 soot (1
( ) 2 , ): Evk. nakti-mu-, negdi- 1; Neg. nakt 2; Ud. lakti1.
1, 576.
PMong. *lag 1 mud, dirt, clay, sweepings 2 to become sticky, dirty
(1 , , 2 , ): MMong. nag
menegei turtle (HY); WMong. la 1, lada- 2 (L 514); Kh. lag 1, lagda-,
lagalda- 2; Bur. lag 1; Ord. laG melekei turtle (dirt frog); S.-Yugh. lag
ir 1.
MGCD 471. Mong. > Nan. laG-, Oroch lagdi-, Ud. lagi- to become sticky ( 1,
486).

PJpn. *nk-r- to get muddy (, ): Tok.

nkar-; Kyo. nkr-; Kag. nukr-.
JLTT 738.
Cf. perhaps also Turk. *jak- to smear - usually confused with *jg
fat (see e.g. 4, 58), but having a different vowel and consonant.
-lak[a] a k. of bird: Tung. *lakun; Mong. *lag; Turk. *jakl-; Kor.
*nokoiri.
PTung. *lakun 1 hen 2 wild duck (1 2 ( )):
Neg. naxn 1; Man. luxu 2; Ul. nak(n) 1; Ork. naqq(n) 1; Orch. naku 1;
Ud. nau (. 266) 1.
1, 509, 579.

*laka - *laka

863

PMong. *lag-(turau) hazel-hen, grouse (, ):

MMong. lax (HY 15); WMong. nuturuu (L 594); Kh. nogtr; Mongr.
loGtor (SM 225).
Modern languages reflect a compound *lag-turau (with *turau raven, crow).
Mong. > Manchu nuturu sand grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) (see Rozycki 165).

PTurk. *jakl- a k. of small hawk ( ):

MTurk. jalabaj (Ettuhf.); Tat. jalbaj; Bashk. jalbaj; Kirgh. aalmaj;
Kaz. aaltaj; Khak. albaj; Oyr. jaalbaj siskin.
VEWT 186, 4, 10-11.
PKor. *nokoiri field lark ( ): MKor. nokoiri;
Mod. nogoiri (arch.).
Nam 110, KED 338.
The root probably denoted a small field bird (grouse or hazel-hen); the meaning hawk in the Turkic derivative is obviously <
the one hunting grouses. The reconstruction of Auslaut presents some
problems: the Kor. form presupposes something like *laku, in which
case we would expect *-x- in TM. One wonders if Kor. nokoiri is not in
fact one of Mongolian loanwords (since a hazel-hen, grouse or lark are
good prey for a falcon, it may have been borrowed together with other
falcon-hunt words); a form like *nugtr (cf. WMong. nuturuu) could
have been easily borrowed like *nugutiru > nokoiri. If this is the case,
the word will be a Western isogloss, with a most plausible reconstruction *laku.
-laka ( ~ -k-) a k. of big fish: Tung. *laka; Mong. *laka; Jpn. *nakatai.
PTung. *laka name of a fish, goby (. , ): Evk. laka;
Neg. laxana; Man. laqaan nisia, laqa nimaa; Ul. laqa; Ork. lqqa herring; Nan. lqa; Orch. laka; Ud. las (. 256).
1, 487, 488.
PMong. *laka sheat-fish (): WMong. laqa (L 515); Kh. lax.
PJpn. *nakatai a k. of fish, eel ( , ): OJpn. nakate.
See Doerfer MT 91 (regarding Mong. as borrowed < Tung.). Cf.
also a variant with *-o-: TM *lokija > Neg. loxon , Ud. x
, Man. oxo a k. of salmon, Orok loqqo , see 1,
501, 502; Mong. lioqo ein weigestreifter Seefisch - see Doerfer MT 144
(suggesting Mong. < TM). It may well be that the original shape should
be reconstructed as *luk()a > Mong. *laka, TM *lok(ij)a, Jpn. *nakatai with TM *laka being secondarily borrowed from Mong. Note that the
Mong. form is also borrowed in Turkic: Turkm. laGGa balq, Uzb. laqqa
baliq sheat-fish.

864

*lka - *lk

-lka ( ~ *-) a k. of plant with edible root: Tung. *lk-; Jpn. *nnkui;
Kor. *nk-.
PTung. *lk- a k. of plant (with flowers and edible root) ( ( )): Ork. lqa ; Nan. lqa ; Orch. nakki .
(, ,
); Ud. nakki . (
, ,
).
1, 487, 579.
PJpn. *nnkui 1 a k. of grass (pickerelweed, water mallow?) 2 a k. of
onion (1 ( ?) 2 ): OJpn. nagi 1; MJpn.
ng 1; Tok. ngi 2; Kyo. ng 2; Kag. neg 2.
JLTT 491, 495. Modern forms (attested since 18th c.) probably reflect a reinterpretation of the stem as a compound root + onion (*kui), which explains also some accent
irregularities.

PKor. *nk- roots and stalks (of water plants) (

( )): MKor. nks; Mod. ngp.
Nam 104, KED 329.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps also WMong. nagi water caltrop, water chestnut (L 564), although the medial cluster is unclear.
-lk to bend, hang, hanger: Tung. *laxu-; Mong. *naki-; Jpn. *nuki;
Kor. *nks.
PTung. *laxu- 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) 3 harpoon rudder 4 harpoon point (1 , 2 , ( ) 3 4 ): Evk. laku-a loop; Man. laa- 1, laaqu 2; SMan. aki- to hang, to
dangle (1646); Ul. la 3; Ork. l 4.
1, 488, 501-502. The root should be distinguished from *loka- (v. sub *luke).
PMong. *naki- to bend (, ): WMong. naki- (L 561);
Kh. naxij-; Bur. nax-; Kalm. nak-.
KW 270.
PJpn. *nuki cross-beam (, ): MJpn. nuki;
Tok. nuki.
Usually analysed as a deverbative from *nk- to pass through - but external evidence shows that this is rather a folk etymology.

PKor. *nks hook (): MKor. nks; Mod. nak:si.

Nam 94, KED 298.
The original meaning was probably hook or (bent) stick for hanging smth., which can well explain all the available reflexes. It is also
possible to reconstruct a derivative *lk-V smth. bent, curved reflected in MKor. nks ( < *nk-) and Evk. laku-a.

*ll - *lami

865

-ll sticky substance: Tung. *lala; Mong. *nila-; Turk. *jilik; Jpn. *nr.
PTung. *lala 1 gruel 2 (fish) slime (1 2 ( )): Evk.
nilli, alli, allikta 2; Neg. lala 1; Man. lala 1; SMan. lala 1 (357); Ul. lala
1; Ork. lala 1; Nan. lala 1; Orch. lala 1; Ud. lala 1.
Cf. also Nan. lala- to be smeared in blood. 1, 489, 593.
PMong. *nila- clingy, sticky substance; to smear, glue (,
; , ): MMong. nila- to plaster
(MA); WMong. nila-, nila- (L 583); Kh. ala-, alc-; Bur. nildaj- be
clingy, sticky; Kalm. nil-.
KW 276.
PTurk. *jilik marrow ( ): OTurk. jilik (OUygh.);
Karakh. jilik (MK); Tur. ilik; Az. ilik; Turkm. jilik; Sal. ileh (); MTurk.
jilik (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. ilik; Uygh. jilik; Krm. ilik; Tat. jelek, elek; Bashk.
jelek; Kirgh. ilik; KBalk. ilik; KKalp. ilik; Kum. jilik; Nogh. jilik; Oyr.
ilik; Tv. ilig; Yak. sil.
EDT 927, 928, VEWT 203, TMN 2, 214, 4, 265, 263. Turkm. and Uzb.
dialectal jlk marrow may reflect a contamination with *jlk / *juluk juice q.v. sub
*dilu.

PJpn. *nr rice starch; coagulated blood ( ; ): OJpn. nori; MJpn. nori; Tok. nor; Kyo. nr; Kag. nor.
JLTT 500.
264. A rather usual fronting in Turk.: *jilik < *jlk.
-lalV weak, exasperated: Tung. *lali-; Mong. *nal-, *nalk-; Turk. *jalk-.
PTung. *lali- be hungry, weak, exasperated ( , , ): Neg. lal-; Man. lala-; Ork. lall-; Nan. lal-; Orch. lali-;
Ud. lali-.
1, 489.
PMong. *nal-, *nalk- be faint, drowsy, weak ( ,
): WMong. nalqaji-; (L 561:) nalaji- be slow, sluggish; Kh.
nalxaj-, nalmi-gar; Bur. nalaj- 2.
PTurk. *jal-k- to suffer pain, be nauseated, hate ( ,
, ): Karakh. jalq- (MK); MTurk. jalq- (Pav. C.);
Yak. sal-t-.
EDT 924, VEWT 183, 4, 14-15. Note that modern Kypch. and Sib.-Tat. forms
meaning lazy, be lazy (jalq-, alq-) do not belong here but are rather borrowed < Mong.
alka- having a quite different origin (see under *eo). On the other hand, cf. the common
Turkic derivative *jal-ta-, perhaps reflected in the above Yak. form, as well as in Turkm.
jalta, Shor altak, Khak. alt lazy, Tur. jaltak bootlicker etc. (see 4, 101-102).

A Western isogloss.
-lami convenient, helpful: Tung. *nam; Mong. *limbaj; Turk. *jAmak.
PTung. *nam convenient, skilled (, ): Neg. nam; Ul.
nam; Ork. nam-nam; Nan. nam; Orch. nam.
1, 580.

866

*lmo - *lm

PMong. *limbaj accurate, strict (, ): WMong.

nimbai (L 584); Kh. ambaj; Mongr. lemben agile, facile manier (SM
223).
PTurk. *jAmak helper (): Tur. jamak; MTurk. jama (R).
VEWT 184.
A Western isogloss.
-lmo a k. of bag: Tung. *lam(b)a; Mong. *nambuga; Turk. *jmk; Kor.
*nmh.
PTung. *lam(b)a 1 saddlebag 2 bag 3 to saddle 4 saddle (1 2
, 3 4 ): Evk. lamba 1 (dial. nama), lamba- 3,
nme, nama 4; Evn. nam- 3; Neg. nama- 3, nme 4; Ork. nama-, namba- 3,
nme 4; Ud. lamba 2.
1, 490, 580-581. Words meaning saddle are somewhat divergent phonetically and may be actually borrowed from Mong. (cf. Mong. nemne- to cover with a
horse-cloth, see under PA *nema). Evk. nama > Dolg. nama (see Stachowski 184).

PMong. *nambuga a big leather bucket or sack (

): MMong. nambuqa (SH); WMong. nambaa, nambuqu
(); Kh. nambaga, nambux ().
PTurk. *jmk > *jnk pocket, sash, bag (, ,
): Karakh. januq (MK); Tur. jank; Turkm. jnq; Sal. jenux;
MTurk. januq (Houts., AH); Uzb. jniq; Uygh. januq; Krm. janq,
janx; Tat. janq; Bashk. jansq; Kum. janiq; Khak. nan, nandx; Oyr.
janq, anq; Tv. anq.
VEWT 185, EDT 945, 4, 118 (related to *jn side by folk-etymology). The old
form is preserved in Osm. jam raincoat etc. (VEWT 184, 4, 110; Turk. > Mong.
ami, ai).

PKor. *nmh small bag, pocket (, ): MKor.

nmh, nms.
Nam 92.
A derivative *lmo-V (or even *lmo-V-kV) can be reconstructed
on the basis of PT *jm-k and PK *nmh. There seems to have existed a similar root with a medial cluster *-mb- and meaning a k. of
vessel, reflected in Evk. lamban scoop, ladle and PJ *nampai, OJ nabe
vessel, pan (probably borrowed into Kor. nampi id.); a merger with
this root may explain occasional -b- in TM and -b- in Mongolian.
-lm ( ~ -a) sea, wave: Tung. *lmu; Mong. *namug; Jpn. *nm.
PTung. *lmu 1 sea 2 wave (1 2 ): Evk. lmu 1; Evn. nm,
lm 1; Neg. lm 1; Man. namu 1; Ul. nam 1; Ork. nam 1, lamu 2; Nan.
nam, lam 1; Orch. nmu 1; Ud. namu 1.
1, 490-491. Shortening in Nanai is not quite clear (for historical length cf. also
Yak., Dolg. lm < TM, see Stachowski 173).

*li - *lp

867

PMong. *namug marsh, swamp (): MMong. namurqan pool

(SH); WMong. namu, nama (L 563); Kh. namag; Bur. namag, namarga;
Kalm. namg (K).
Mong. > Evk. namargan ( 1, 581).
PJpn. *nm wave (): OJpn. namji; MJpn. nm; Tok. nam; Kyo.
nm; Kag. nam.
JLTT 492.
2, 30, Murayama 1962, 109 (Jpn.-TM). Cf. also Koguryo
*nuami pond, sea, see Lee 38, Menges 1984, 280-281.
-li dirt, slime: Tung. *laga; Mong. *laj; Jpn. *nnkr-.
PTung. *laga cloggy, slimy substance; clammy (,
; , ): Evn. naga; Neg. lagas; Ork. laGaq; Nan.
laaq; Orch. laga-; Ud. laga-laga.
1, 584.
PMong. *laj mud, dirt, silt (in a well or pond) (, (
)): WMong. lai (L 515); Kh. laj; Bur. laj.
Sukhebaatar suggests borrowing from Chin. li (meaning probably shallow
place) which seems not quite plausible semantically.

PJpn. *nnkr- be dreggy, muddy ( , ):

OJpn. nigor-; MJpn. ngr-; Tok. nigr-; Kyo. ngr-; Kag. ngr-.
JLTT 735.
PTM and PJ reflect a suffixed form *li-kV.
-lp flat, broad: Tung. *lapta-; Mong. *labta-; Turk. *jap-; Jpn. *np;
Kor. *np- / *np-.
PTung. *lapta- 1 flat, level 2 fish fins (1 , , 2
): Evk. napta- / lapta- 1; lp 2; Evn. napa, apa 2.
1, 494, 584.
PMong. *labta- to be flat, level, down ( , ,
): WMong. nabta- (L 555); Kh. navtgar; Bur. nabtar; Dag. lartagar
(. . 152).
PTurk. *jap- 1 to smooth, level 2 flat (1 , 2
): Karakh. japur- (MK) 1; Az. japG 2; MTurk. japalaq 2 (R.);
Uygh. japilaq 2; Krm. japalaq 2; Kirgh. apalaq 2; Kum. japalaq 2; Tv. pt
2.
4, 16-17, 130, EDT 879.
PJpn. *np yard (): OJpn. nipa; MJpn. nf; Tok. nwa; Kyo.
nw; Kag. nwa.
JLTT 498.
PKor. *np- / *np- level, wide (, ): MKor. np- /
np-; Mod. nap-ak.
Nam 99, 105, KED 311.

*lgu - *laV

868

SKE 160, Poppe 37, 1984, 8. Despite Doerfer MT 97,

hardly borrowed in TM < Mong. The root should be distinguished from
*lape leaf.
-lgu sloppy job: Tung. *larg; Mong. *nargi-; Turk. *j-; Jpn. *nk-r-;
Kor. *nrs.
PTung. *larg 1 diligent, pleasant 2 disorder, commotion (1 , 2 , ): Evk. larg 2; Man. largin
2; SMan. arixin troublesome, complicated (2003); Ul. larG 1, 2; Nan.
larg 2.
1, 494. Man. > Dag. largin disorder (. . 152).
PMong. *nargi- to carouse (, ): WMong. nargi- (L
565); Kh. nargi-; Bur. naja- rattle, din, make noise; nerj(n) noisy discussion, thunder; Ord. nargil- chirp, chirrup (of birds).
PTurk. *j- to miss, sin (, ): OTurk. jaz(OUygh.); Karakh. jaz- (MK); Tur. jazk (n.); Gag. jazq (n.); Az. jazG
(n.); Turkm. jz-, jzq (n.); MTurk. jaz- (Pav. C., AH); Uzb. jz-; Tat. jaz-;
Bashk. ja-; Kirgh. az-; Kaz. az-; KBalk. az-; KKalp. az-; Kum. jazq
(n.); Nogh. jazq (n.); Khak. as-; Oyr. jas-, as-; Tv. as-; Yak. ss-; Dolg.
hs-.
VEWT 193 (should be distinguished from *-), 4, 72-73, TMN 4, 162, EDT
983-984, Stachowski 121.

PJpn. *nk-r- to miss, misbehave, make a faux pas ( , ): MJpn. nk-r-; Tok. nkar-; Kyo. nkr-; Kag.
nukr-.
JLTT 738.
PKor. *nrs 1 fun 2 work (1 2 ): MKor. nrs 1; Mod.
nort [nors] 2.
Nam 111, KED 341.
Cf. also Mong. nerme to make worse. Reason for closed *-- in
Turkic is not quite clear.
-lt ( ~ -) wave, storm: Tung. *lta; Jpn. *nnt.
PTung. *lta 1 storm 2 wave (1 2 ): Ork. lta 1; Nan.
lta 2.
1, 495.
PJpn. *nnt open sea ( ): OJpn. nada; MJpn. nada;
Tok. nda; Kyo. nd; Kag. nda.
JLTT 490. Accent is not quite clear: most probably *n(n)t ( > Tok. nda, with a further accent borrowing in Kyoto and Kagoshima).

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-laV heavy, clumsy: Tung. *lau; Mong. *noo-.
PTung. *lau heavy, clumsy (, ): Man. lau.
1, 486-487.

*lebV - *ljk

869

PMong. *noo- to be heavy, clumsy ( , ):

WMong. nooora- (); Kh. no-ro-; Bur. nozog-.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Attested only in Manchu, and could be a
loanword from some Mong. dialect preserving *l-, thus rather uncertain.
-lebV ( ~ -p-) to eat greedily: Tung. *lebge-; Mong. *labsi-.
PTung. *lebge- to eat greedily ( ): Neg. lebge-; Ul. legbe-;
Nan. legbei-; Ud. legbe-.
1, 514.
PMong. *labsi- to eat greedily ( ): WMong. labsi- (L 513);
Kh. lawi-.
A Mong.-Tung. expressive isogloss. In PTM cf. also *labada- to
grasp with teeth, *lupku- to suck.
-lja to go out, break forth: Tung. *lj- (*l-); Mong. *nie-; Jpn. *n-r- /
*n-s-; Kor. *n-.
PTung. *lj- (*l-) to open (): Evk. n-; Neg. n-; Man. nej-;
SMan. li- (557, 1687); Ul. -; Ork. -; Nan. i-xeli-; Orch. -; Ud. gi-,
n-ntile-.
1, 588.
PMong. *nie- to open (): MMong. nie- (HY 17), nee(SH), ni- (MA); WMong. nege-, negege- (L 568); Kh. n-; Bur. n-; Kalm.
n-; Ord. n-; Dag. n- (. . 157, MD 196); Dong. nie-; Bao. n-;
S.-Yugh. n-; Mongr. n- (SM 272).
KW 275-276, MGCD 502.
PJpn. *n-r- / *n-s- 1 to be born, become 2 to bear, bring forth (1 , 2 , ): OJpn. nar- 1, nas- 2;
MJpn. nr- 1, ns- 2; Tok. nr- 1, ns- 2; Kyo. nr- 1, ns- 2; Kag. nr- 1,
ns- 2.
JLTT 733.
PKor. *n- to go out, break forth (, ): MKor.
n-; Mod. na-.
Nam 86, KED 286.
EAS 76, KW 276, 212, Poppe 39, Rozycki 162
(Mong.-Tung.), Martin 225-226. In MKor. cf. also nath- to become, appear - a derivative?
-ljk to intend, demand: Tung. *leKe-; Mong. *neke-; Jpn. *nink-p-;
Kor. *njk- / *nik-.
PTung. *leKe- 1 to be busy with smth. 2 to intend 3 to demand (1
-. 2 3 ): Evk. eke- 1, 2; Evn.
ek- 1, 2; Neg. exe- 1, 2; Man. lexe- 3; Nan. leksir- to come true (of a
premonition) (?); Orch. - 1; Ud. exe- 1, 2.

870

*llugV - *llugV

1, 515, 651-652. In Manchu cf. also the derivatives: lexe-me xexe prostitute,
whore, lexe-le (uj) illegitimate, born of a whore, whence WMong. nekelei, Kh. nexlij,
Kalm. nekl id. (see Rozycki 150).
PMong. *neke- 1 to pursue, follow 2 to demand (1 ,
, 2 ): MMong. neke- 1 (SH, HYt); WMong.
neke- (L 572); Kh. nexe- 1,2; Bur. nexe- 1,2; Kalm. nek- 1,2; Ord. nee- 2;
Dag. neg- (. . 157), nehe 1 (MD 196).
KW 274.
PJpn. *nink-p- to wish, demand (, ): OJpn.
negap-; MJpn. ngf-, ngf-; Tok. neg-; Kyo. ng-; Kag. ng-.
JLTT 734.
PKor. *njk- / *nik- to consider, regard (, ,
): MKor. nk-, njki-, niki-; Mod. jgi-.
Nam 103, 106, KED 1161. Cf. also nk-h-, mod. ngi-ha- (Nam 86, KED 316) to bet,
gamble.

KW 274, EAS 76, Poppe 39, 56, 78. Korean has a verbal low tone. The medial cluster with *-j- is in this case responsible for
some peculiar reflexes: diphthongs both in Jpn. and Kor. and the palatalized initial reflexes (*-?) in TM languages. Despite Doerfer MT 51,
TM cannot be borrowed from Mong, and - despite Rozycki 150 - Mong.
cannot be borrowed from TM. Doerfer (TMN 1, 531) argues fervently
against the Mong.-Kor. comparison (Ramstedt verstt hier gegen
seine eigenen Prinzipien. Man kann das kor. Wort [ngi-, njgi- in
Ramstedts transcription] natrlich nicht mit dem mo. vergleichen,
wenn man (cf. RAM 85!) ursprachlich -k- = mo. -k- = kor. -k-,-kh- ansetzt.), evidently unaware that modern Kor. -g- is a phonetic variant
of -k- in intervocalic position.
-llugV kerchief, pendant: Tung. *lelu(ke); Mong. *nolga; Turk. *jaglk;
Kor. *nrki.
PTung. *lelu(ke) 1 apron, corsage 2 gore, gusset (1 , 2 ( )): Evk. nel 1;
Evn. nel 1; Neg. leleke 1; Man. leli 2; Ul. lelue 1; Ork. nolu ~ nelu 1; Nan.
lel 1; Orch. leli 1; Ud. leli 1.
1, 619.
PMong. *nolga shamans adornment ( ):
WMong. nola (L 595: nulqa); Kh. nolgo.
PTurk. *jaglk kerchief (): Tur. jalk; Gag. jlq; Az. jajlG;
Turkm. jalq, dial. jlq; Uygh. jaliq; Krm. jalq; Tat. jawlq; Bashk.
jawlq; Kirgh. luq; Kaz. awlq; KKalp. awlq; Kum. jawluq; Nogh.
jawlq; Chuv. ulk.
4, 61 (with Turkm. jGlq), 27, . XII, 224, 2, 132-133.
Derivation from *jag fat (TMN 4, 179) seems quite improbable.

*lmo - *lemV

871

PKor. *nrki smth. worn on the belt (,

): MKor. nrki; Mod. norig.
Liu 156, KED 341.
In Kor. the word also means plaything, and is usually derived <
nr- to play; external evidence shows that the derivation is rather opposite (to play < to fondle with a pendant).
-lmo fresh, raw; vegetables: Mong. *lamaa; Turk. *jmi; Jpn. *nm;
Kor. *nmrh.
PMong. *lamaa leaf (of some plants) ( ( )): MMong. laba (IM) leaf; WMong. namaa (L 562), nami; Kh.
nam; Bur. nam; Kalm. nam (); Ord. nam; Mog. nm (Ramstedt
1906); Dag. lav petal.
The root should be distinguished from *labi (v. sub *lp[]). Mong. > Yak. lab
branch (possibly through Evk. law id., see Poppe 1961, 130, 1, 485), although
Kalm. nam may be a contamination of two roots.

PTurk. *jmi vegetable, fruit (, ): OTurk. jemi

(OUygh.); Karakh. jemi (MK); Tur. jemi; Az. jemi; Turkm. ijmi;
MTurk. jemi (Sangl.); Uygh. jemi; Tat. jime; Bashk. jeme; Kirgh. ime;
Kaz. ems; KBalk. emi; KKalp. emis; Khak. nims; Tv. emi nut kernel; Chuv. im.
EDT 938, VEWT 197. Turk. > MMong. (HY) emii (see Clark 1980, 42), Hung.
gymlcs (Gombocz 1912).

PJpn. *nm fresh, raw (, ): OJpn. nama; MJpn. nama;

Tok. nma; Kyo. nm; Kag. nam.
JLTT 491.
PKor. *nmrh vegetables, greens (, ): MKor. nmr
(nmrh-); Mod. namul.
Nam 92, KED 289.
Martin 232 (Kor.-Jpn.). The Turkic word is traditionally analysed
as food ( < *j- eat < PA * q.v.), but this may well be a reinterpretation.
-lemV meat, fat (of animals): Tung. *lemuk; Mong. *lami-; Turk. *jm-.
PTung. *lemuk fat (under the skin of animals) ( (
)): Evk. lemuk; Evn. nemk; Neg. lemux; Ul. nemu; Ork. nemu;
Ud. leme in pieces (of fat) (. 257).
1, 516-517.
PMong. *lami- meat on sheeps rump ( ):
WMong. namilqai (MXTTT); Kh. namilxaj; Mongr. lanin cuisse (SM
220).
PTurk. *jm- 1 groin 2 pubic hair (1 2 ): OTurk.
jamz (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. jamz (MK) 1, jamdu (MK) 2 (EDT: jemd);

*lea - *lp(-nV)

872

Tur. jamz (dial.) 1; Az. janbz side, hip; Turkm. jamz 1; MTurk. jambuz
1 (R.); Tat. jams (dial.) 1; KBalk. amz 1; Nogh. jamz 1; Yak. sms 1.
VEWT 184, EDT 935, 940, 4, 110-111. Turk. > MMong. (MA) amiz (
1997, 122).

A Western isogloss.
-lea to incline, sway, shake: Tung. *leg-; Mong. *naji-(gu)-; Turk.
*jA-ka-.
PTung. *leg- to bow, incline (, ): Evk.
ne-, nee-; Evn. ne-; Neg. nei-; Ork. lege-; Nan. lege- to pray; Ud.
nei a bent tree.
1, 623.
PMong. *naji- to shake, sway, hang over (, ,
): WMong. najiu-, najila- (L 558, 559); Kh. najga-; Bur.
najga-.
Mong. > Man. naju- id. (see Rozycki 161).
PTurk. *jAka- to shake, bring into motion ((),
): OTurk. jajqa-n- (OUygh.); Karakh. jajqa-l- (MK); Tur. jajka-; Turkm. jajqa-; MTurk. jajqa-l- (Sangl., Pav. C.); Uygh. (dial.) jajqa-;
Krm. jajqa-; Kirgh. ajqa-; Kaz. ajqal-; Nogh. jajqa-l-; Khak. ajxa-, dial.
najxal-; Oyr. ajqa-, dial. aja-; Tv. aja-; Tof. ajha- (. 77).
3, 58-59, 4, 77-78, EDT 981. PT *jaka- is usually treated as derived
from *jj- to shake, rinse (see e.g. 4, 75-76, EDT ibid.), but the latter does not seem
to show any traces of nasal and may be separately compared with Mong. aji-lu- to
rinse, aji-mu- to shake, stir, see KW 471.

EAS 75, 369, 3, 58-60. A Western isogloss.

Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is quite improbable, despite
1997, 121.
-lp(-nV) ( ~ -b-) swamp: Tung. *leb(n)-; Mong. *labku, *lobku; Jpn.
*nm; Kor. *np(h).
PTung. *leb(n)- 1 swamp, marsh 2 to poach (in a swamp) (1 , 2 ( )): Evk. lew 1, lew- 2; Evn. liwin 1; Neg.
lew 1, lew- 2; Man. lebegi 1; Ul. liwe- 2; Ork. lemu(ne) 1, lemu-, liwe- 2;
Nan. liwe- 2.
1, 514.
PMong. *labku, *lobku marshy ground (,
): WMong. labqu, labqan (L 514), lobqu (L 517); Kh. lavx, lovx; Kalm.
lowx ().
PJpn. *nm swamp, marsh (): OJpn. numa; MJpn. nm;
Tok. num; Kyo. nm; Kag. nma.
JLTT 502.
PKor. *np(h) swamp, marsh (): Mod. np [nph].
KED 376.

*lp - *lja

873

Martin 236, Whitman 1985, 25, 1, 514. Jpn. *nm < *nb-n,
with normal regressive dissimilation.
-lp ( ~ *-) to rise, high: Tung. *lep- / *lupu-; Jpn. *nmpr-; Kor.
*nph-.
PTung. *lep- / *lupu- 1 to raise hands 2 to jump out 3 to move out 4
to pull out (1 2 , 3 ,
4 ): Evk. lup- 3, luptu- 4; Neg. lepujiken- 2; Man.
lebkide- 1; Ul. lupurum 4; Nan. lopto- 4; Ud. lopto- 4.
1, 511-512, 514.
PJpn. *nmpr- to rise (): OJpn. nobor-; MJpn. nbr-;
Tok. nbor-; Kyo. nbr-; Kag. nobr-.
JLTT 736.
PKor. *nph- to be high, elevated ( , ):
MKor. nph-; Mod. nop- [noph-].
Nam 113, KED 352.
Martin 1996, 98. An Eastern isogloss.
-lg ( ~ *-) to weep, cry: Tung. *ligi-; Turk. *jg-(la-); Jpn. *nk-.
PTung. *ligi- to snore (): Evk. liir-; Evn. nr-; Neg. l-;
Ork. l-.
1, 497.
PTurk. *jg-(la-) to weep, cry (): OTurk. -la- (OUygh.);
Karakh. la-, jla- (MK), jla- (KB); Turkm. -la-; MTurk. jla(Sangl.); Uygh. ala-; Tat. jla-; Kaz. la-; KBalk. zla-; KKalp. la-; Kum.
jila-; SUygh. jila-; Khak. ; Shr. la-; Oyr. jla-.
VEWT 8, 1, 79-81.
PJpn. *nk- to weep, cry (): OJpn. nak-; MJpn. nk-; Tok.
nk-; Kyo. nk-; Kag. nk-.
JLTT 731.
Cf. Kor. nk:i-da to weep (with unclear vowel and gemination; see
Martin 242).
-lja sound, to sound: Tung. *leje- / *iaja- ( < *liaja-); Mong. *najita-;
Jpn. *ni.
PTung. *leje- / *iaja- ( < *liaja-) 1 to shamanize 2 to sing (without
rules and rhythm) (1 , 2 3 ( )): Evk.
jaja- 1; Evn. ja- 1; Neg. jaja- 1; Man. leje- 2; Ul. jaja- 1; Ork. jja- 1; Nan.
jaja- 1; Orch. jaja- 1; Ud. je- 1.
1, 338, 515.
PMong. *najita- to sneeze (): MMong. njta- (LH); WMong.
najita- (L 561); Kh. najta-; Bur. najt-; Kalm. ntx- (); Ord. nta-;
Dag. nait- (. . 156: nait-); Dong. naita-; Bao. nit-; S.-Yugh.
nait-; Mongr. nta- (SM 269), nait-.

*lmba - *lp[]

874

MGCD 498.
PJpn. *ni sound (): OJpn. ne; MJpn. ne; Tok. n; Kyo. n; Kag.
n.

JLTT 495. OJ na-r- to sound is probably derived from this root (and not related to
*nuru, despite Martin 241).
An onomatopoeic root; seems, however, be well enough reconstructable for PA.
-lmba ( ~ *-, -o) a k. of big fish: Tung. *liamba-; Jpn. *nm(n)t.
PTung. *liamba- 1 salmon 2 fish (1 2 ): Evk. lmba 1;
Man. nimaxa 2; SMan. nimh 2 (331, 2174); Jurch. limwa-xa (163) 2; Ul.
m 1; Ork. loma trout; Nan. maa 2, mo 1.
1, 496, 501.
PJpn. *nm(n)t sheat-fish (): MJpn. nmd; Tok. nmazu; Kyo.
nmz; Kag. namaz.
JLTT 492. The Tokyo accent is aberrant (pointing rather to LHH).
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Khak. nomza dace ( <
*jom-); Tat. jumba, umba burbot (VEWT 210).
-lp[] leaf: Mong. *labi; Turk. *japur-gak; Jpn. *npi; Kor. *nph.
PMong. *labi leaf (): MMong. nabuin (HY 7), nabin (MA),
nabn (Lig.VMI); WMong. nabi(n) (L 555); Kh. nav; Bur. naba; Kalm.
nap; Ord. nabi; Dag. lari (. . 152), larii (MD 185) 1; Dong.
lan; Bao. labo; S.-Yugh. abg; Mongr. la(b)i (SM 218), (MGCD
labi).
KW 272, MGCD 497. Mong. > Evk. napi, see Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *japur-gak leaf (): OTurk. japraq (OUygh.); Karakh.
japuraq (MK); Tur. japrak; Gag. japraq; Az. jarpaG; Turkm. japraq; Sal.
jrf; MTurk. japran (Abush.), j[a]praq (MA); Uzb. japrq; Uygh.
jopurmaq; Krm. japrax; Tat. jafraq; Bashk. japraq; Kirgh. albraq; Kaz.
apraq; KBalk. apraq; KKalp. apraq; Kum. japraq; Nogh. japraq; Oyr.
albraq; Tv. vree bark; Tof. pr bark; Yak. sebirdex; Dolg. hebirdek.
VEWT 188, EDT 879-80, 4, 130-132, 111-112, Stachowski 100. Clauson derives *japur-gak from *japur- to smoothe, level, which is an obvious contamination
- just as the contamination with *jalp- flat (v. sub *dlp) in some languages.

PJpn. *npi sprout (): OJpn. nape; MJpn. nf; Tok. ne; Kyo.
n; Kag. na.
JLTT 490. Both Tokyo and Kyoto point to a variant *npi (Kagoshima is ambiguous).

PKor. *nph leaf (): MKor. np (nph-); Mod. ip [iph].

Nam 126, KED 1370.
EAS 75, KW 272, 369, Poppe 37, 44, 19,
42, 282, 112. The Kor. vowel is probably secondary (pointing
to a variant *lpe).

*lapV - *lm

875

-lapV spleen: Tung. *lipe; Mong. *nialta; Turk. *japal.

PTung. *lip-e spleen (): Ork. lipe.
1, 499.
PMong. *nialta spleen (of animals) ( ()):
WMong. nialta (L 557: naalta); Kh. nlt; Bur. lta; Ord. nlta.
PTurk. *japal spleen (): Tv. avana, Todzh. (. , 194)
val; Tof. apal.
An isolated Sayan root.
A Western isogloss. Very scantily represented in Turkic and TM,
but probably archaic.
-lga green, dark: Tung. *og-; Mong. *nogoan; Turk. *jg; Jpn. *n;
Kor. *n-n-.
PTung. *og- 1 green 2 dark (1 2 ): Evk. lugdume 2;
Evn. nude, eee, evee 2; Man. owaan 1; SMan. uan, nian 1
(2421); Jurch. nio-gian (616) 1; Ul. ogo(n) 1; Ork. gdo 1; Nan.
no(n) 1.
See 1, 506, 650, 601-603 (some of the forms there are obviously < Mong., but
the ones listed above are hardly borrowed).

PMong. *nogoan green; vegetables (): MMong. noxoan

(HY 41), noqoan (SH), nuan (MA); WMong. noguan (L 588); Kh. nogn;
Bur. nogn; Kalm. non; Ord. noGn; Dag. nug (. . 158), nuguo;
nu(n) (MD 200); Dong. noGon, noon; Bao. noGo; S.-Yugh. non;
Mongr. noGn (SM 281), nuGn.
KW 278, MGCD 511.
PTurk. *jg brown (): OTurk. jaz (OUygh.); Karakh. jaz
(MK); Tur. jaz, jaz; Gag. jz; Turkm. jaz; MTurk. jaz (AH), jowuz
(Ettuhf.); Kum. jawuz; Chuv. r().
4, 64-65, EDT 909. Despite Poppe 61, 267 and Clauson (EDT
909) Mong. dajir brown - with which they would like to compare the Turkic form - does
not exist.

PJpn. *n greens, vegetables (, ): OJpn. na; Tok. n.

JLTT 490.
PKor. *n-n- light yellow (-): MKor. nn-.
Nam 110.
KW 278, 293, Poppe 38, Doerfer MT 56-57
(Tung.-Mong.). Kor. reflects a form with an -n-suffix and has a usual
verbal low tone.
-lm bow: Tung. *liam-; Mong. *lumu; Turk. *jm-; Jpn. *dm.
PTung. *liam- 1 bow 2 to shoot (1 2 ): Evk. nmk 1,
(Sym. arch.) lman loop of a bow string; Evn. nm bow-string, nemkn
shooting; Neg. nemku- 1; Ork. lajmat strap for tying together parts of
harpoon.

876

*l - *lbu

1, 496, 620-621.
PMong. *lumu bow (): MMong. numun (HY 18), numu (SH),
nomu (IM), nmu (MA); WMong. numu(n) (L 595); Kh. nom, num; Bur.
nomo; Kalm. numn, nomn; Ord. numu; Dag. nem (. . 157);
S.-Yugh. nmn; Mongr. lumu (SM 227) (MGCD numu).
KW 279, 281, MGCD 518.
PTurk. *jm- bow, arrow (, ): Chuv. mren, mrlen.
2, 108-109.
PJpn. *dm bow (): OJpn. jumji; MJpn. jm; Tok. yum; Kyo.
ym; Kag. ym.
JLTT 579.
The Jpn. word is hard to separate; initial d- is probably due to influence of *da arrow. If this is the case, one would be also tempted to
compare PTM *luk arrow and PJ *duki quiver - with exactly the same
Anlaut correlation.
-l a k. of insect: Tung. *lo-; Mong. *newne, *nene; Jpn. *nm ( ~
-ua-, -ui).
PTung. *lo- butterfly (): Ud. loto.
1, 504. Attested only in Ud., with possible external parallels.
PMong. *newne, *nene lady bug ( ): WMong.
nene (XTTT); Kh. nne.
PJpn. *nm ( ~ -ua-, -ui) flea (): Tok. nom; Kyo. nm; Kag.
nom.
JLTT 500.
The root is not well attested and somewhat insecure, denoting
some small insect (bug or butterfly). But the correspondences are regular and the match seems possible.
-lbu ( ~ -a-) resin, clay, dirt: Tung. *l; Mong. *luw-; Jpn. *n ( ~ *n-i).
PTung. *l 1 resin, gum 2 to fill holes, crevices with resin (1 ,
2 ): Evk. l 1, l- 2.
1, 506.
PMong. *luw- eye pus ( ): WMong. luuqa (L 518),
nuuqa; Kh. lx, nx; Bur. ntaj- ( ); Kalm. lox
(), nx; Ord. lxa, nxa; Dag. laug, (. . 152: lgo); Mongr.
nauxa, log.
KW 282, MGCD 473.
PJpn. *n ( ~ *n-i) earth, dirt; red clay (, ; ): OJpn. ni; MJpn. n; Tok. ni.
JLTT 496.
JOAL 102, 1981, 853 (attracting also OJ nr- to paint, which
seems less plausible because of tone incongruence with *n; on its etymology see *ne).

*lu[k]u - *lmo

877

-lu[k]u thick, dense: Tung. *lgdi, *luku(tu); Mong. *nigta / *lg / *lug;
Turk. *jigi / *jg.
PTung. *lgdi, *luku(tu) thick, dense (, ): Evk. lgdi,
luku; Evn. n, nqt; Neg. logd, loxo; Man. loqdi, luqdu, luku; SMan. luk
(2078); Ul. loGdo, lugdi, loko; Ork. lugi, lukku; Nan. loGd, lugi; Orch.
loko, luku; Ud. logbo-logbo, luktu.
1, 501, 508, 509, 609.
PMong. *nigta / *lg / *lug thick, dense (, ):
WMong. nita (L 578), lg (L 518), lu; Kh. agt, lg; Bur. nigta; Kalm.
nikt; Ord. nigta.
KW 276. Mong. > Tat. nq, Chuv. n (Rna-Tas 1973-1974).
PTurk. *jigi / *jg thick, dense (, ): OTurk. jigi
(OUygh.); Karakh. jigi (MK); Tur. j; Turkm. j; Kaz. iji; KKalp. iji;
Nogh. jj; Oyr. jik; Tv. q.
EDT 911, VEWT 202, 4, 272.
A Western isogloss. An expressive form with somewhat irregular
correspondences; however, despite Doerfer MT 51, TM cannot be explained as borrowed from Mong.
-lka ( ~ -u) seam, to stitch: Tung. *luK-; Mong. *log-si-; Turk. *jk.
PTung. *luK- 1 to sew in (ornaments) 2 to prick (1 ( ) 2 , ): Evk. luktu- 1; Man.
nuqa- 2.
1, 508, 608.
PMong. *log-si- to stitch, sew (, ): WMong. losi(L 517); Kh. logi-; Bur. logi-.
PTurk. *jk seam (): Tat. ek, dial. jek; Bashk. jek (dial.); Kirgh.
ik; Kaz. ik; KBalk. ik; KKalp. ik; Kum. jik; Khak. k; Oyr. jik, ik; Yak.
sk.
VEWT 195, 202, 4, 197-198, 257-258. The root should be distinguished from
*jib q.v. sub *zupi.

A Western isogloss.
-lmo ( ~ , -e) to swallow, drink: Tung. *lme-; Jpn. *nm-; Kor.
*nm-ku-.
PTung. *lme- to swallow (): Evk. nime-; Evn. im-;
Neg. nime-; Man. nugi-, nuge-; SMan. num, nuum (402); Ul.
lube-; Ork. numGe-; Nan. lube-,lumge-; Orch. imme-; Ud. nime-,
ime-; Sol. nie-.
1, 595.
PJpn. *nm- drink (): OJpn. nom-; MJpn. nm-; Tok. nm-; Kyo.
nm-; Kag. nm-.
JLTT 737.
PKor. *nm-ku- to swallow (): Mod. nmgu-.

*loko - *lge

878

SKE 164.
SKE 164, Poppe 74, Murayama 1962, 110, 19, 69,
105-106, 274. An Eastern isogloss.
-loko ( ~ -u-) a cutting instrument: Tung. *loxa; Jpn. *nk.
PTung. *loxa sword, sabre (, ): Evk. likuin, lukuiur; Neg.
loxon; Man. loo; SMan. loh (607, 812); Jurch. lo-xo; Ul. loo(n); Nan.
lo; Orch. loxo(n); Ud. l.
1, 509.
PJpn. *nk saw (): OJpn. nop(w)ogjiri; MJpn. nfgr; Tok.
nko, nokogri; Kyo. nk, nkgr; Kag. nok, nokogir.
JLTT 500. The OJ form with -p- is quite strange, perhaps a dialectal dissimilation ( <
nokogjiri); all modern forms quite uniformly have -k-.

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-l ( ~ -u-) chisel, drill: Tung. *luu; Jpn. *nmu ( ~ -i).
PTung. *luu drill (): Neg. loo; Ul. lu; Nan. luu; Orch.
loo, luu; Ud. loo.
1, 504.
PJpn. *nmu ( ~ -i) chisel, adze (): OJpn. nomi; MJpn. nm;
Tok. nmi; Kyo. nm; Kag. nom.
JLTT 500.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Mong. *dji-le- to shave
(WMong. dil-, L 279), which would make us reconstruct *oe.
-lopV nest (of rodents): Tung. *lopi(gi); Mong. *nowkai.
PTung. *lopi(gi) squirrel nest ( ): Evk. lopi (dial. lok);
Neg. lb; Ul. logb; Nan. lb; Ud. loi.
1, 505. Length in Nan. is compensatory.
PMong. *nowkai rodent nest ( ): WMong. nouqai
(XTTT); Kh. nxoj; Bur. nxoj.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-lge ( ~ -i) bridle: Tung. *luksi; Turk. *jgen.
PTung. *luksi traces, central belt in a yoke-team (,
( )): Evk. lukipka; Neg. nusku,
nuksi; Ul. nusku; Ork. nusku; Nan. luksur; Orch. nuksu; Ud. nuki.
1, 509.
PTurk. *jgen bridle (): Karakh. jgn (MK, IM); Tur. ojan;
Az. jjn; Turkm. jen, ujan; MTurk. ujan (Pav. C.); Uzb. jugan; Uygh.
jgn; Krm. ijgen, jgen; Tat. jgn; Bashk. jgn; Kirgh. gn; Kaz.
gen; KBalk. gen; KKalp. wen; Kum. jgen; Nogh. jwen; SUygh.
jun (); Khak. gen; Shr. gen; Oyr. jgen; Tv. en; Chuv.
jven; Yak. n.
VEWT 212, EDT 913, 1, 577, 77, 556.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

*lke - *luko

879

-lke to bow, bend: Tung. *loka-; Mong. *nugu-; Turk. *jkn-; Jpn.
*nk ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *loka- 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) (1 2 , ): Evk. loko- 1, loko-ptin 2; lokso, lekse knee;
Evn. noq- 1, noqm 2; Neg. loxo- 1, loxo-wun 2; Ul. l-, lqo- 1, lp 2; Ork.
l-, loqqo- 1, lno 2; Nan. l- 1, laqo 2; Orch. l- 1, lkoi, li 2; Ud. lo- 1
(. 256); Sol. loko-, loxo- 1.
1, 501-502, 515.
PMong. *nugu- to bend (): WMong. nuu-ra- (L 595); Kh.
nugara-, nugal-; Bur. nugar-, nugal- (caus.); Kalm. nur-, nul- to bend,
to separate bones at the joints (); Ord. nuGul-; Mongr. nugur-,
noGl-.
MGCD 517.
PTurk. *jkn- to bow (, ): OTurk. jkn(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jkn- (MK); Tur. jken-, jgn- (dial.);
MTurk. jkn- (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jukun-; Uygh. jkn-; Krm. jgn-,
jugun-; Tat. jgen-, jegen- (dial.); Bashk. jgn-; Kirgh. gn-; Kaz.
gin-; KKalp. gin-; Kum. jgn-; Yak. sgn- to go to the bridegrooms home.
EDT 913, 4, 264.
PJpn. *nk ( ~ -ua-) hanging edge of roof, eaves (, ): OJpn. n(w)ok(j)i; MJpn. nk; Tok. nki; Kyo. nk;
Kag. nk.
JLTT 500.
3, 64-65 (Turc-Mong). Cf. *laku.
-luko wild pig: Tung. *luke- / *lukte (*lekte); Mong. *nogtu-; Kor.
*nktai (?).
PTung. *luke- / *lukte (*lekte) 1 wild boar 2 1-year-old boar (1 2 ): Man. nuxen 2; Ul. nekte 1; Ork. ekte 1;
Nan. nekte (dial. likete) 1; Orch. nekte 1; Ud. nakta, nekte 1, nugese 2; Sol.
nuks 2.
1, 609, 617.
PMong. *nogtu- wild male boar ( ): WMong. notumal
(L 588); Kh. nogtmol; Kalm. noktmr.
KW 278.
PKor. *nktai wild boar, pig ( ): Mod. nkt.
SKE 169.
The Kor. match is glossed as wild boar by Ramstedt (in SKE),
but as jackal or Korean wolf in modern dictionaries - thus it may
be actually the same word as nkt < *l[]kV lynx; but the Mong.-TM
parallel is still valid.

880

*lku - *l[]k

-lku ( ~ *-, -o-, -k-) to take off (clothes): Tung. *luK-; Jpn. *nk-.
PTung. *luK- to take off (clothes) ( ()): Evk. luk-,
lukti-; Evn. nq-; Neg. lok-; Ud. lukta-; Sol. loko-.
1, 507.
PJpn. *nk- to take off clothes ( ): OJpn. nuk-, nukjit-; MJpn. ng-; Tok. ng-; Kyo. ng-; Kag. ng-.
JLTT 738.
Miller 1985b, 194. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-lk ( ~ -o-) to break through: Tung. *lokta-; Mong. *nke-; Jpn. *nk-.
PTung. *lokta- to pass through, break through ( , ): Neg. loktol-; Ul. luktu-lu-; Ork. lokto-;
Nan. luktu-; Orch. lokto(n)-; Ud. lotogo-.
1, 502-503.
PMong. *nke- 1 hole, 2 to make a hole in (1 , 2
): MMong. nukele- 2 (SH), nukn tomb (IM), noket holes
(LH), nken 1 (Lig.VMI); WMong. nke(n) 1, nkele- 2 (L 597); Kh.
nx(en) 1; Bur. nxe(n) 1; Kalm. nkn; Ord. n(n), ne(n) 1; Dag.
nugu 1 (. . 158); Dong. nokien 1; Bao. nku 1; S.-Yugh. ngn,
nuk 1; Mongr. nuko 1 (SM 282).
KW 282, MGCD 521, 615.
PJpn. *nk- to break through, pass through ( , ): OJpn. nuk-; MJpn. nk-; Tok. nk-; Kyo. nk-; Kag. nk-.
JLTT 738. Kagoshima has an irregular accent.
2, 28-29, 75.
-l[]k ( ~ -k-) lynx, wild cat: Tung. *luKV; Mong. *nogu-al; Jpn.
*nikua ( ~ *nikua); Kor. *nk-.
PTung. *luKV 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx (1 2 3 ): Evk. luku 1 (.); Man. luka 2; Orch. loke 1.
See 2,35.
PMong. *nogu-al young of lynx ( ): WMong.
noual (L 595: nuuul); Kh. nogl; Bur. nogl; Kalm. nol, nol .
KW 278.
PJpn. *nikua ( ~ *nikua) cat (): OJpn. nekwo; Tok. nko; Kyo.
nk; Kag. nek.
JLTT 495. Accent is not quite clear: probably a variation of *niku ( > Kyoto nk)
and *niku (Tokyo nko); Kagoshima supports low tone on the first syllable, but is irrelevant for the second one.

PKor. *nk- jackal, (KED) wolf (; ): Mod. nkt.

KED 367.
The Jpn. vocalism is aberrant; the diphthong may require a reconstruction like *ljkV. Cf. also notes to *luko.

*lumV - *lu

881

-lumV a k. of small wild animal: Tung. *nenme- ( ~ *l-); Mong. *lomun;

Turk. *jumra-.
PTung. *nenme- ( ~ l-) tarbagan (): Evk. nenmekin.
1, 622.
PMong. *lomun mole (): MMong. noman (HY 11); WMong. nomun (L 591); Kh. nomon, nomin; Kalm. soxr numn (); Ord. nomo,
numu, numn; Dong. manan (. .) ?; Mongr. lumn taupe (SM
227).
PTurk. *jumra- 1 gopher 2 ground-squirrel (1 2 ):
Turkm. jumran 1 (dial.); MTurk. jumran mole (AH); Uzb. jumrn 1;
Uygh. jumran 1; Tat. jomran 1; Bashk. jomran 1; KBalk. uburan 1; Oyr.
jmran, jbran 2.
VEWT 210, 4, 247-248, 165-166. Turk. > Mong. urum, urama,
Khalkha uram, urma, Dag. ombor, (Tod. 145) umbr (see MGCD 464, KW 481, TMN 4,
220), whence Man. umara etc., see Doerfer MT 102, Rozycki 127. Cf. also *jamlan / *jalman
(VEWT 183, 4, 97; > Mong. jalman). Turk. > Russ. dial. jevrn and similar forms, see
195, 199, 205.

A Western isogloss.
-la a k. of fur animal: Tung. *lo-sa; Mong. *nagaj; Jpn. *n-i; Kor.
*nr.
PTung. *lo-sa 1 lynx 2 male sable 3 sable (1 2 3
): Evk. nonno 1; Evn. nan (dimin.) small mouse; Man.
lugu, luga 2 ( 858); Orch. noso 3; Ud. nho 3.
1, 510, 605, 612.
PMong. *nagaj female tarbagan ( ): WMong. naai
(L 557: female marmot); Kh. nagaj.
PJpn. *n-i rat (as a cyclic sign) ( ( )):
OJpn. ne; MJpn. ne; Tok. n; Kyo. n; Kag. n.
JLTT 495. Derived is perhaps OJ nezumji rat (although folk-etymologically analysed as living in root(s).

PKor. *nr otter (): MKor. nr.

Nam 105.
See 165. Cf. *egV (in Kor. a partial contamination is
possible).
-lu ( ~ *-, -o-, -i) morning or evening dawn: Tung. *luur; Jpn. *nN- /
*niN- / *naN-; Kor. *nr.
PTung. *luur evening, dusk (, ): Evk. luur.
1, 511. Attested only in Evk., with possible parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *nN- / *niN- / *naN- rainbow (): OJpn. nizi, nuzi,
dial. n(w)ozi; MJpn. nz; Tok. nij; Kyo. nj; Kag. nji.
JLTT 498-499. The word raises many problems, due to irregular reshapings. Most
forms reflect *nVn-si, but there are some going back to *nVn-ki, like Akita nogi, Shuri ni

882

*lrkV - *lrkV

etc. (see ibid.), so we conclude that the original stem must have been *nuN-, with varying
suffixation.

PKor. *nr morning or evening dawn, red glow in the sky ( ): MKor. nr; Mod. nl.
Nam 111, KED 347.
An Eastern isogloss.
-lrkV ( ~ *-, -u-,-o-,-o-) to burn; warm: Tung. *lurgi-; Jpn. *nk-;
Kor. *nk- / *nuk-.
PTung. *lurgi- to burn (, ): Evk. lurgi-; Neg. lujg-;
Man. lur lur (descr.).
1, 512. TM > Dag. lurgi- (MGCD 121).
PJpn. *nk- warm (): MJpn. nukuto-, nuku- (Edo); Tok.
nuk-; Kyo. nku-; Kag. nuk.
JLTT 854.
PKor. *nk- 1 to melt, dissolve 2 to get warm (1 , 2 ): MKor. nk-; Mod. nok- 1, nuk- 2.
Nam 112, KED 344, 359.
Martin 245, 278. An Eastern isogloss. Korean has a secondary verbal low tone.


-b a k. of plant: Tung. *labikta / *lebukte; Mong. *debee; Turk.
*jaba; Jpn. *nimp.
PTung. *labi-kta / *lebu-kte 1 a k. of moss (cudbear) 2 lichen, moss
3 root of edible plant (1 2 3 ): Evk. lawikta 1, lewukte 2; Evn. nwt 1; Neg. lawkta 1; Ul.
lepu(n) 3; Ork. lawqta 1, lewikte 2; Orch. laukta 1; Ud. labuga 1, leukte 2.
1, 485, 514, 518. Evk. > Dolg. labkta, labukta (see Stachowski 172).
PMong. *debee meadow, pasture (, ): WMong. debege
(L 237); Kh. dev, deveg; Kalm. dew(n).
KW 90. Mong. > Man. debejen sedge.
PTurk. *jaba 2 wild onion 3 onion-like edible plant (1 2
, ): OTurk. java 2(?) (OUygh.);
Karakh. java (MK) al-urtt [Bib.-Kaz.: a reddish edible plant, Belot:
a medicinal grass, Lane: cynomorium]; a plant the juice of which is
used to colour noodles.; Tur. juwa 2; Turkm. juva 2; MTurk. jawa
OKypch (Houts.) 2, leek; Tat. juwa, Sib. juwa 2; Bashk. jwa 2; Kirgh.
ua 2; Kaz. uwa 2; KKalp. uwa 2; Nogh. juwa 2; Khak. ama mountain
garlic; Tv. t cudbear, lichen; Tof. t horse-tail.
EDT 871-872, 4, 240. The OUygh. word is attested in a Buddhist text describing blossoming spring plants: zlerdeki zeklerdeki java igidem the java and the crocuses
in valleys and ravines; so, despite Clauson 414, this is certainly not a mushroom; probably some onion-like plant ( ?).

PJpn. *nimp silken acacia, Albizzia Julibrissin Durazz. ( ): OJpn. nebu; MJpn. nbr-ki; Tok. nemu-no-ki.
JLTT 495.
Jpn. has one of the rare cases of the Inlaut -ai- (-ia-) diphthong.
Otherwise correspondences are regular, although the precise botanical
nature of the plant is not quite clear.
-k bad, evil: Tung. *lK-; Mong. *eke-j ( < *ike-j); Turk. *jek; Jpn.
*nk; Kor. *nk-.
PTung. *lK- 1 difficulty, distress 2 unsuccessful (in hunting) 3 disorder (1 2 ( ) 3 , ):
Evk. lkeptin 1; Man. laqu, laxu 2, laxin 3.

884

*akV - *akV

1, 488.
PMong. *eke-j mediocre, ordinary, worse (, ): WMong. ekei (L 1044); Kh. exij; Kalm. zek.
KW 472.
PTurk. *jek 1 demon, evil spirit 2 bad, evil 3 to hate, despise 4 to
scold (1 , 2 , 3 ,
4 ): OTurk. jek 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. jek 1 (MK);
Turkm. jekir- 3, jek (dial.) 2; MTurk. jek 1 (AH), 2 (Pav. C.), jigir- 3 (R.);
Uzb. ekir- 4; Uygh. jkl- 3, ekir- 4; Krm. jek 1, 2; Tat. ik 2, iker- 4;
Bashk. jek 2, jeker- 3; Kirgh. ek 2, ekte- 3, ekir- 4; Kaz. ek 2, ekir- 4;
KKalp. ek 2, ekir- 4; Kum. jekir- 3; Nogh. jekir- 3; Shr. ek 1; Oyr. jek, ek
1, 2, jikir- 3.
EDT 910, VEWT 194, 4, 170-171, 173-174. Loan from Prakr. yakkha (through
some unattested Sogdian intermediary) cannot be excluded, but also cannot be ascertained. Turk. > MMong. (MA) ikir- hate, abhor.

PJpn. *nk brazenly (, ): Tok. noko-noko.

PKor. *nk- brazen, shameless (): Mod. nk-sal.
KED 332.
Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). Turk. -e- instead of expected -- is probably
due to contamination with *gi q.v.
-akV ( ~ -e-) fur clothes: Tung. *leKu (/ *laKu); Mong. *daku; Turk.
*jaku.
PTung. *leKu (/ *laKu) 1 warm cotton trousers 2 deerskin footwear
3 slippers (1 2 3 ): Evk. leke-m, loko-m 2; Neg. loxom 2; Man. laqu 1; Ul. lmi 3;
Ork. lemi-le- to wear shoes; Nan. lmi 3; Ud. lexeme 3.
1, 488, 516.
PMong. *daku coat ( , ): MMong. daqu (SH);
WMong. daqu; Kh. dax; Bur. daxa; Kalm. dax; Ord. daxu; Dag. dagu;
Mongr. daxu, dxu habit court et sans manches port jadis par les
femmes monguor (SM 41).
KW 72, MGCD 205. Mong. > Evk. daku etc., see Poppe 1966, 195, TMN 4, 283-284,
Doerfer MT 37, Rozycki 53, 179).

PTurk. *jaku coat (, ): Karakh. jaqu (MK); Bashk. jaq;

Kirgh. aq (dial.); Kaz. aq (dial.); Oyr. jaqq, aqq, jaqa, aqa; Tv. a;
Yak. sanax.
4, 60-61, 476. The form jaqu is not really attested: it is a folk etymology related by MK. Turk. > Russ. jeg, see 195, 721.

A Western isogloss. Mong. cannot be < Turk., despite

1997, 121.

*po - *g

885

-po ( ~ -i) string, strap: Tung. *lpV-ki; Mong. *dee-s.

PTung. *lpV-ki tiers, straps (for skis) (, (
)): Ul. lx; Ork. lp; Nan. lp; Orch. lappi.
1, 494.
PMong. *dee-s rope (): MMong. deesun thread (HY 19),
disun (MA), dsn (Lig.VMI); WMong. deges(n) (L 244); Kh. ds(en);
Bur. dhe(n); Kalm. dsn; Ord. ds; Mog. deisn; Dag. ds (. .
136); Dong. iesun; Bao. deso; S.-Yugh. dsn; Mongr. ds (SM 53), drge
grosse corde faite de poils pour lier les animaux (SM 52).
KW 92, MGCD 208. Mong. > Evk. desun etc. (see Poppe 1966, 197, 1, 238).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *labV. Cf. perhaps Karakh. (MK) jabta cloth, handkerchief (merged with *jap- to cover).
-pV bifurcated pole: Tung. *lap-; Mong. *daaga(n); Turk. *jpa(k).
PTung. *lap- 1 to insert, press between branches 2 poles with bifurcation 3 vertical, sticking out 4 branch inserted between two branches
(a road sign) (1 , 2
3 , 4 , ( )): Evk. lapki-, lapku- 1, lapki, lapku 4; Evn.
npq- 1; Ul. lapam ; Ork. lapa(n) 2; Nan. lapa 3; Orch.
lapam 3.
1, 493.
PMong. *daaga(n) horizontal bar in a yurt (
): WMong. daaa (L 216); Kh. dga; Bur. dgan b carbine; Ord.
dGa.
PTurk. *jpa(k) 1 wooden fork 2 shovel (1 2 ): Tur. jaba 1, dial. 2; Gag. jaba 1; Az. jaba 1; Turkm. jbaq, jba 1; Sal.
jwa, jowa 1; MTurk. japa (Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. jwa (dial.) 1; Krm. aba 2; Tat.
jaba; Kaz. aba (dial.) 1; KKalp. aba 1.
VEWT 187, 4, 45. Not quite clear are fronted cognates: Yak. seb, Kumd. jep,
Tat., Bashk. jp fork, bifurcation.

A Western isogloss.
-g to hate, abhor: Tung. *lg-; Mong. *ig-; Turk. *jigren- ( ~ -e-); Jpn.
*nk-.
PTung. *lg- 1 to scold 2 to pacify, persuade (1 , 2
, ): Evk. l- 1; Evn. nji- 1; Neg. l- 1; Nan. li- 2.
1, 514-515.
PMong. *ig- to hate, abhor, be disgusted (, ): WMong. igsi-, igegr- (L 1052); Kh. ig-; Bur.
ege-; Kalm. ig- (); Ord. igi-.
Mong. > Tat. iksin- etc. ( 4, 171).
PTurk. *jigren- ( ~ -e-) to hate, abhor ( ):
Karakh. jigren- (MK); Tur. ijren-; Gag. ren-; Az. ijrn-; Turkm. jigren-;

886

*ekleKV - *mo

MTurk. jigren- (Ettuhf., AH); Uzb. jirgn-, irgen-; Krm. iren-; Tat. irn-;
Bashk. jern-; Kirgh. erin-, iren-, ijirken-; Kaz. ijren-; KKalp. ijren-,
ijirken-; Kum. irgen-; Nogh. jijren-; Yak. sirgen-.
EDT 914-915, 4, 200-201.
PJpn. *nk- hateful, hate (, ): OJpn. niku-,
niku-m-; MJpn. niku-, nk-m-; Tok. nik-, nik-m-; Kyo. nk-, nk-m-;
Kag. nik-, nkm-.
JLTT 837.
Ozawa 270-272, 4, 200-201. Cf. *ke.
-ekleKV a k. of aquatic bird: Tung. *leg(l)ek-; Mong. *deglej; Turk.
*[j]eglek.
PTung. *leg(l)ek- a k. of duck ( (-)): Evk.
leegdi, liglak, ilagli; Evn. llqa, dial. niglij goose.
1, 304, 498, 515, 589. Evk. > Dolg. lagl, see Stachowski 172.
PMong. *deglej heron (): WMong. deglei (L 213: degelei); Kh.
deglij; Bur. xxe degl; Kalm. degl; Ord. g degel.
KW 85.
PTurk. *[j]eglek stork (): Tur. leglek; Az. ljlk.
VEWT 316 (hardly from Arab.)
A Western isogloss; no doubt, onomatopoeic in origin, but interlanguage loans seem to be excluded in this case.
-lV to run, ride, hurry: Tung. *lelu-; Mong. *ilu-; Turk. *jl-.
PTung. *lelu- 1 to jump 2 to ride, trot (1 2 ): Evk.
lulune-, leln-, neln-, nelihu- 1; Evn. melu-met-, melui- 1 (with a peculiar dissimilation); Man. olxu- 2.
1, 509, 620, 643.
PMong. *ilu- to flee, run away (): WMong. ilu- (L 1055);
Kh. ulba-, ulda-; Kalm. zul- ().
PTurk. *jl- to ride, trot ( (), ): OTurk. jel(Orkh.); Karakh. jel- (MK, KB); Tur. jel-; Az. jel-li quickly; Turkm.
jel-me trot; MTurk. jel- (Pav. C., MA, Ettuhf.), jil- (AH); Uzb. jel-; Tat.
il-; Bashk. jel-; Kirgh. el-; Kaz. el-; KKalp. el-; Nogh. jeli-; Shr. el-;
Oyr. jl-, el-; Tv. el-; Yak. siel-.
EDT 918, VEWT 195, 4, 176-177.
A Western isogloss.
-mo to be lazy, negligent: Tung. *lemk-; Mong. *dm-; Jpn.
*nmka-.
PTung. *lemk- weak-charactered (,
): Evk. lemk.
1, 516. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *dm- 1 to be barely sufficient, live poorly 2 to be careless,
floppy (1 , 2 -

*egV - *epa

887

, -): WMong. dm- (L 267) 1; Kh. dm- 1, dmn- 2; Bur.

dme- 1; Kalm. demir- to become worse than smth..
KW 87.
PJpn. *nmka- to be lazy (): MJpn. namaka-; Tok. namak-;
Kyo. nmk-; Kag. namak-.
JLTT 731. Tone correspondence is not quite regular (low tone would be expected in
Kagoshima).

The TM and Jpn. forms point to a common derivative *mo-kV

(-kV).
-egV a k. of predator: Tung. *legur; Mong. *iger.
PTung. *legur 1 wolf 2 cat (1 2 ): Evk. er 1; Man.
ninuri 2; Ul. jegul 1; Nan. jegur 1; Orch. igu 1, ligapu wolverine;
Ud. eu 1.
1, 498, 639, 650, 598.
PMong. *iger bitch (): WMong. iger (); Kh. iger.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. also *la.
-epa ( ~ -o, -u) feather, down, wool: Tung. *lepu-; Mong. *daaki; Turk.
*jAp.
PTung. *lepu- 1 feather 2 down 3 bear 4 peltry (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. lepur 1; Evn. nebuli fluffy; Neg. lupulte 2; Man.
lefu 3; SMan. lef 3 (2203); Jurch. lefu (145) 3; Ul. nepulte 4; Ork. nepulte 4;
Nan. epulte 4; Orch. nepukte 4; Ud. lofoso 2.
1, 518, 625. Cf. also TM *epu- warm ( 1, 355) ( < soft?).
PMong. *daaki exuviation (of animals), tangled hair (
(), ): MMong. daqi (MA 139);
WMong. daaki (L 217), daki; Kh. d; Bur. dxi; Kalm. dkr-, dkr- to
become tangled (of wool); Ord. di; Mongr. dkir touffe de poils
enchevtrs (SM 41).
KW 81, 83.
PTurk. *jAp- a mass of hair or wool (,
): Karakh. jap, japut, japaqu (MK); Tur. japa; Gag. jap; Az. japaq, japa (dial.); Turkm. japaG; MTurk. japaq (Ettuhf.); Uzb. abiqa;
Krm. japaa; Tat. jabaa; Bashk. jaba; Kirgh. abaa; Kaz. aba; KBalk.
aba, zaba; KKalp. aba; Kum. jaba; Nogh. jaba.
EDT 870, 874-875, 4, 125-126. Turk. > Hung. gyapj (< *apau), see Gombocz
1912.

208. A Western isogloss. Possibly derived is the

Turk.-Mong. name for foal ( < down, hair fading): Turk. *japak
( 4, 159-160), Mong. daagan ( > Evk. daakan etc., see Doerfer MT
99), see KW 81, Poppe 47.

888

*ip - *mo(a)

-ip dark red, violet: Tung. *lipe-; Mong. *ibi; Turk. *(j)ip-; Jpn.
*numpa-.
PTung. *lipe- dark red (-): Evk. lipereme.
1, 500. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *ibi rust (): WMong. ibi, ebi, ibe (L 1048); Kh.
ev, iv; Bur. eve; Kalm. zew (); Ord. iwe, iwi; Dag. i (. .
143), ibi (MD 178); Mongr. w (SM 95), .
MGCD 439.
PTurk. *(j)ip- violet-coloured, purple (, ):
OTurk. jipin, jipgin; Karakh. jipkil (MK); Krm. ipkin; Tv. kpe; Chuv.
jpkn deep-coloured.
EDT 877, 874, 1, 197.
PJpn. *numpa- fruit of the higi plant (Belamcanda chinensis; dark
red, violet / black in colour) ( Belamcanda chinensis; -, / ): OJpn. nuba-tama; Tok.
ubatama.
JLTT 501.
An interesting common Altaic colour term.
-ki to run away: Tung. *luktu-; Mong. *igutu-; Jpn. *nnk-.
PTung. *luktin- to run some distance ( ( )): Evk. luktin-.
1, 508.
PMong. *igutu- to run away (): WMong. iutu- (L 1077:
utaa-, iutaa-); Kh. ugta-; Bur. zugada-.
PJpn. *nnk- to run away, escape (): OJpn. niga-; MJpn.
ng-; Tok. nig-; Kyo. nig-; Kag. nge-.
JLTT 735.
Ozawa 269. The voicing in Jpn. contradicts unaspirated *-k- in PA:
it may be secondary, under the influence of the synonymous
*nunk-ra- (see *nke).
-mo(a) name; spell, divination: Tung. *nim--; Mong. *dom,
*domag; Turk. *jom, *jom()ak; Jpn. *n(N); Kor. *nijaki.
PTung. *nim-- 1 to shamanize 2 fairy-tale (1 2 ):
Evk. nimn- 1, nimkn 2; Evn. mqan 2; Neg. amka- 1; Ul. man- 1,
ma(n) 2; Ork. nman- 1, nma 2; Nan. nm 2; Orch. ima 2; Ud.
nimaku 2 (. 266).
1, 594.
PMong. *dom, *domag 1 magic 2 legend (1 2 ,
): MMong. domoxi blabber, chatterer (SH); WMong. dom 1 (L
260), doma 2 (L 261: domu); Kh. dom, domog; Bur. dom; Kalm. dom; Ord.
dom 1; Dag. dom 1, domege 1 (MD 137); S.-Yugh. dom 1, domog 2.
KW 95, MGCD 224, 225.

*uga(rV) - *uga(rV)

889

PTurk. *jom, *jom()ak 1 tale, legend 2 luck, omen 3 word 4 riddle

(1 , 2 , 3 4 ): Tur. jom 2 (dial.); Turkm. jomaq joke; MTurk. jumaq 1 (Ettuhf.),
jom 2 (AH); Uzb. umbq 4; Krm. jomaq 1; Tat. omaq 4; Bashk. jomaq 4;
Kirgh. omoq 1; Kaz. umbaq 4; KBalk. omaq, zomaq 4; KKalp. mbaq 4;
Kum. jomaq 1; Nogh. jumaq 4; SUygh. lomaq 1; Khak. nmax 1, x 3; Shr.
nbaq 1; Yak. nomoq 1 (possibly < Mong.).
4, 220-221, VEWT 206,119 (one root in two different places). Despite late attestation the root is no doubt archaic (it must have originally pertained to a shamanistic
ritual).

PJpn. *n(N) name (): OJpn. na; MJpn. n; Tok. n(mae); Kyo. n;
Kag. n, name.
JLTT 490. RJ has n, but all modern dialects point unanimously to *n(N). Final -N
is indicated by Hateruma nN.

PKor. *nijaki tale, story (): MKor. nijaki; Mod. ijagi.

Nam 123, KED 1333.
69, 110, 276, EAS 51. The verbal correlate for *naN
name in PJ is *nm- to pray. The noun goes back to the suffixed form
*m(o)-a (note the recurring *--suffix in the reflexes: MKor. njk
also goes back to *na-ki < *nima-ki with early cluster simplification).
Despite 1997, 124-125, Mong. cannot be < Turk.
-uga(rV) to knead: Tung. *lug-; Mong. *iura-; Turk. *jugur- ( ~ --);
Jpn. *nir- ( ~ *nir-); Kor. *nhr-.
PTung. *lug- 1 to whip up, mix 2 gruel-like, watery (1 2
, ): Evk. lugdu- 1; Nan. lujr-lujr b 2.
1, 506, 507.
PMong. *iu-ra- to cling to, clutch, squeeze, knead (, , ): MMong. ura- (MA 234); WMong. iura- (L 1051); Kh.
ra-; Bur. zra-; Kalm. zr-; Ord. ra-; Dag. ura-; Dong. uwa-; Bao.
ira-; S.-Yugh. ra-; Mongr. ur- ptrir, mlanger avec de leau et
broyer (SM 96), ur-.
KW 482, MGCD 459.
PTurk. *jugur- ( ~ --) to knead (): OTurk. jour- (juur-)
(OUygh.); Karakh. juur- (MK); Tur. jour-; Gag. jur-; Az. jour-; Turkm.
jur-, juur-; Sal. juur-; Khal. jor-; MTurk. juur- (MA, Houts.),
jour- (AH); Uygh. juu(r)-, uu(r)-; Kirgh. r-; SUygh. juur-, jour-;
Khak. ura-; Shr. r-; Oyr. jura-, ura-; Chuv. r-.
VEWT 205, 4, 243-244, TMN 4, 173, EDT 906. Turk. > Hung. gyr- (Gombocz
1912, MNyTeSz 1, 1138).

PJpn. *nir- ( ~ *nir-) to tan, knead (, ): OJpn. ner-;

MJpn. nr-; Tok. nr-; Kyo. nr-; Kag. nr-.
JLTT 734.

*ul[o] - *p

890

PKor. *nhr- to gnaw, crunch (, ): MKor. nhr-;

Mod. nl-.
Nam 104, KED 332.
KW 482. Despite 1997, 196, Mong. is not < Turkic.
-ul[o] to ransom, ask: Tung. *l[i]l- ( ~ --); Mong. *doli-; Turk. *jul-; Jpn.
*nai ( ~ *nia).
PTung. *l[i]l- to ask (): Evk. lelol- (.).
1, 516.
PMong. *doli- to barter, ransom, exchange (, ,
): WMong. doli- (L 259); Kh. doli-; Bur. doli-; Kalm. do-.
KW 94. Mong. > Oyr. tol-n etc.
PTurk. *jul- 1 to ransom 2 ransom (1 2 ): OTurk.
julu 2; Karakh. jul- 1, julu 2; KBalk. uluv 2; Yak. sul 2.
VEWT 210. Turk. > Mong. oli- to ransom (KW 476; 1997, 164: MMong.
olia, WMong. oli < Turk. julu), whence Man. olian etc. (see 1, 263).

PJpn. *nai ( ~ *nia) price (): Tok. n; Kyo. n; Kag. n.

JLTT 495. Original tone is not quite clear (a rare case of monosyllabic circumflex in
Kyoto).

KW 94, Poppe 75, 346 (Turk. *jul- : Mong. *doli-). Despite

TMN 4, 315: das scheint lautlich nicht aufzugehen), the Turk.-Mong.
match is quite satisfactory. The TM and Jpn. parallels are, however,
somewhat problematic, because of scarce attestation in TM and phonetic contraction in Japanese (the form may go back to *ul(o)-gV, cf.
Turk. *julg).
-p to sew, pierce: Tung. *lup-; Mong. *eeg ( < *ieg); Turk. *jp /
*jip; Jpn. *np-; Kor. *nupi-.
PTung. *lup- 1 to prick 2 to pierce, pass through (1 2 , , ): Evk. lupa- 1, lup- 2; Evn. nbas
an- 1; Neg. lepu- 2; Ul. loqpa- 1; Ork. lqqa- 1; Nan. lopqa-, loqpa- 1.
1, 511, 512.
PMong. *eeg ( < *ieg) thin thread; skirting, border thread ( , ): WMong. eeg (L 1043); Kh. g; Kalm. zg.
KW 474. Mong. > Kaz. ijek etc. (see VEWT 195, 4, 27).
PTurk. *jp / *jip thread (): OTurk. jp (OUygh.); Karakh. jp
(MK); Tur. ip; Gag. jip; Az. ip; Turkm. jp; Sal. jip; Khal. jip; MTurk. jip
(AH, Ettuhf.), ip (Pav. C., AH); Uygh. jip; Krm. jip; Tat. ep; Bashk. jep;
Kirgh. ip; Kaz. ip; KBalk. ib, zip; KKalp. ip; Kum. jip; SUygh. jip, jep;
Khak. p; Shr. ip; Oyr. jip, ip; Chuv. ip; Yak. sip hook on a fishing
rod, sippe thread.
EDT 870, VEWT 204, 4, 268-269. Cf. also the derivative *jipek id. ( 4,
269-270).

*ogV - *i

891

PJpn. *np- to sew (): OJpn. nup-; MJpn. nf-; Tok. n-; Kyo.
n-; Kag. n-.
JLTT 739.
PKor. *nupi- to quilt (): MKor. nupi-; Mod. nubi-.
Liu 162, KED 358.
Martin 241 (Kor.-Jpn.), KW 474 (Turk.-Mong.).
-ogV to accuse, blame: Tung. *lo-si-; Mong. *dogud-; Turk. *jo.
PTung. *lo-si- to chatter, nag (, , ): Man. losi-, loqsi-; Nan. los-.
1, 504.
PMong. *dogud- to blame, rebuke (, ): MMong.
duqodun (HY 1) thunder, duno- to disturb, obstruct (IM); WMong.
doud- (L 261); Kh. dogodo-, dongoso-; Bur. dongodo-; Kalm. dongd-;
Ord. dongod-; Mongr. doGordi- (SM 61) 1.
KW 95.
PTurk. *jo 1 accusation 2 to accuse (1 2 ):
OTurk. joa- (OUygh.) 2, jour- (Orkh.) to embroil; Karakh. joa(MK) 2; Turkm. jo indisposition; Khak. o; Oyr. jo 1; Yak. so enforcement.
EDT 944, VEWT 206, 4, 223.
KW 95. A Western isogloss.
-re (?) a k. of deer: Tung. *lor- (?); Mong. *re; Jpn. *nr ~ *nuarua;
Kor. *nr.
PTung. *lor- 1 female musk deer 2 deer (3 y. old) (1 -
2 ): Evk. ars, ors, ers 1; Man. lor-bodo 2 (?).
1, 505, 635-636.
PMong. *re female roe, wild goat ( , ):
WMong. re (L 1085: r); Kh. r; Bur. zr; Kalm. zr ().
TMN 1, 300.
PJpn. *nr ~ *nuarua Manchu roe, Capreolus bedfordi Thomas.
( ): Tok. noro, noro-jika.
PKor. *nr a deer, a river-deer (, ): MKor. nr;
Mod. noru.
Nam 111, KED 341.
The root presents several problems: a) Mong. has - instead of an
expected d-; b) the TM forms are few and rather controversial (it is not
really clear whether the Manchu form is related to Evk.); c) the Jpn.
form is attested late. There may also have been some confusion with
the reflexes of *negre (female) deer q.v.
-i ( ~ -e) snow: Tung. *le; Kor. *nn.
PTung. *le wet snow ( ): Evk. le; Neg. lue.
1,510.

892

*i - *i

PKor. *nn snow (): MKor. nn; Mod. nun.

Nam 115, KED 360.
EAS 77, SKE 173, 3, 34-35, Menges 1984, 281, 19.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Depalatalization in Kor. is probably assimilative
(*n > *nn).

M
-ma a negative particle: Tung. *-me; Turk. *-ma-; Jpn. *-ma-; Kor. *m-t.
PTung. *-me a prohibitive particle ( ): Man.
ume; SMan. em dont (3005); Jurch. ume (472); Nan. em; Orch. em.
2, 272. Initial u- is probably an original verbal root (possibly PTM *- to
make; become).

PTurk. *-ma- not (): OTurk. -ma-; Karakh. -ma-; Tur. -ma-; Gag.
-ma-; Az. -ma-; Turkm. -ma-; Sal. -m-; Khal. -ma-; MTurk. -ma-; Uzb.
-ma-; Uygh. -ma-; Krm. -ma-; Tat. -ma-; Bashk. -ma-; Kirgh. -ma-; Kaz.
-ma-; KBalk. -ma-; KKalp. -ma-; Kum. -ma-; Nogh. -ma-; SUygh. -ma-;
Khak. -ma-; Shr. -ma-; Oyr. -ma-; Tv. -ma-; Tof. -ma-; Chuv. -ma-; Yak.
-ma-.
PJpn. *-ma- dubitative suffix ( ): OJpn. -ma-;
MJpn. -ma-; Tok. -ma-i.
PKor. *m-t impossible (adv.); bad, wicked ( (.);
): MKor. mt 1, mtr- 2; Mod. mt [ms], mil-.
Nam 215, 217, KED 635, 647.
2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or
the accusative particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This
may be explained by the fact that it was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to note Mong.
*bi, *bu neg. particle - which may be originally the same morpheme,
but functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV >
*bV.
-m[a]bi worm, insect: Tung. *ma[b]i-; Mong. *mee; Jpn. *ms.
PTung. *ma[b]i- 1 bread worm 2 scorpion 3 leech (1
2 3 ): Man. mobsexe 1; Nan. ma 3; Ud. masiku
2.
1, 532, 533, 541.
PMong. *mee tapeworm ( ): WMong. mee, meegei (); Kh. mec, mecgij; Kalm. meck ().
PJpn. *ms worm, insect (, ): OJpn. musi; MJpn.
ms; Tok. mshi; Kyo. msh; Kag. mshi.
JLTT 489.

894

*m - *maja

In Turkic cf. *bnek insect (Az. miek, Turkm. mek etc.) - if not,
as usually thought, a contraction < *bgen-ek (see under *bgi).
-m to fast, hunger: Tung. *mau-; Mong. *maag; Turk. *bAa-; Jpn.
*mtr-.
PTung. *mau- 1 to lose weight, grow thin 2 fast (1 , 2 ): Man. mau- 1, maixi 2; SMan. ma- (699, 700).
1, 533. Attested only in Manchu, but having rather probable external parallels.

PMong. *maag fast (): WMong. maa (L 519); Kh. macag; Bur.
masag; Kalm. macg (); Ord. maaG.
PTurk. *bAa- 1 to fast 2 fast (1 2 ): OTurk. baa- 1,
baaq 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. baaq 2 (MK).
EDT 293. Turk. baa-k fast > WMong. baag.
PJpn. *mtr- to worship (relig.) (, ):
OJpn. matur-; MJpn. mtr-; Tok. mtsur-; Kyo. mtsr-; Kag. matsr-.
JLTT 722.
Mong. maag cannot be < Turk., despite EDT 293, Clark 1980, 43; it
is also difficult to suppose Man. maixi (especially the verb mau-) <
Mong. maag. The root thus seems to be reconstructable for PA, with
the meaning approx. to fast, hunger with religious purposes.
-m target: Jpn. *mtua; Kor. *m-.
PJpn. *mtua target (, ): OJpn. matwo; MJpn. mto; Tok.
mto; Kyo. mt; Kag. mt.
JLTT 473.
PKor. *m- to meet, correspond, hit the target (, , ): MKor. m-; Mod. mat- [ma-].
Nam 206, KED 592-593.
Martin 229; it is not quite clear whether PJ *mat- wait belongs
here as well (or rather to *mude finally q.v.). A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; cf.
perhaps Mong. *mi edge (if not = *mi limb).
-maja to miss, fail, bad luck: Tung. *maja-; Mong. *mau; Turk. *bA-.
PTung. *maja- to fail, be unsuccessful, be spoiled ( ,
): Evk. maja-; Evn. maj-; Neg. maja-; Man. maja- disappear;
Ork. maja-; Nan. maj- (.), maa-; Orch. maj-maki- to lack, be absent;
Ud. maja-, majasi- (. 258).
1, 521.
PMong. *mau bad (): MMong. mauun (HY 55), mau(n)
(SH), mwu (IM), mu, mwu (MA); WMong. mau (L 520); Kh. m; Bur.
m; Kalm. m; Ord. m; Dag. m (. . 154); Dong. mau (MGCD
mou); Bao. mu (MGCD mo); S.-Yugh. m; Mongr. m (SM 243), (MGCD
mau).
KW 269, MGCD 493, TMN 1, 495-496.

*maji - *mj

895

PTurk. *bA- to fade away, disappear, weaken (, ): Karakh. maj- (MK); Tur. baj-l-; Gag. bajl-; Az. bajl-; Krm. bajl-;
Kirgh. baj-; Khak. majl-; Tv. bajla-.
2, 50, EDT 773, 7.
A Western isogloss. 3, 50-51; 13. PT *bA- regularly
< *mAj- (with nasalization not lost completely, but shifted to the *-j-).
-maji protecting spirit: Tung. *maji-n; Turk. *baj ( ~ -); Jpn. *mi.
PTung. *maji-n protecting spirit (-): Evk. majin;
Evn. majs; Neg. majn; Nan. majin.
1, 521.
PTurk. *baj (~-) 1 holy 2 God 3 true, reliable, honest (1 2
): Karakh. bajat 2 (MK - Argu, KB), bajq (MK Oghuz, IM) 3; Tur. bajat 2, bajq (dial.) 3; MTurk. bajat 2 (Abush., Sangl.); Kirgh. baj terek protection, advocacy; Oyr. baj-lu 1, maj- first part in a number of
theonyms, baj terek world tree; Yak. bajanaj name of a God.
EDT 385. See VEWT 56-57 (for derivatives), TMN 2, 379. The root should be probably distinguished from *bj rich (v. sub *bu). An unattested Tuva source > Russ. dial.
(Tuva) bajb spirit of hunting luck, see 109. Yak. > Russ. (Yak.) bajanaj, see 125-126.

PJpn. *mi protecting spirit (-): OJpn. mji.

JLTT 476.
3, 51. An interesting common Altaic religious term (although within Turkic it is rather hard to distinguish from *bj rich <
*bu q.v.).
-mj temple, forehead, ear: Mong. *malai; Turk. *beji; Jpn. *mm.
PMong. *malai forehead (): MMong. malai (HY 45, SH), man;
WMong. malai, manai (L 527); Kh. malai, magnaj; Bur. manlaj, magnaj;
Kalm. man; Ord. ml, man; Dag. mangil (. . 153); Dong.
manlu; S.-Yugh. mal; Mongr. mal (SM 232), manli.
KW 257, MGCD 475. Mong. > Chag. malai etc. (VEWT 327, TMN 1, 502,
1997, 206; Yak., Dolg. manaj, see Ka. MEJ 15, Stachowski 176).

PTurk. *beji brain (; ): OTurk. meji, mei

(OUygh.); Karakh. mei (MK, KB); Tur. bejin; Az. bejin; Turkm. bejni,
mejni; Khal. mein; MTurk. miji (MA), mejn (Sangl.); Uzb. mija; Uygh.
mi; Krm. miji; Tat. mi; Bashk. meje; Kirgh. m; Kaz. mj; KBalk. mije;
KKalp. mij; Kum. miji; Nogh. mj; Khak. m; Shr. m-s; Oyr. m; Tv. m;
Tof. m; Chuv. mim; Yak. mej; Dolg. me head.
VEWT 70, EDT 348-349, 2, 106-107, TMN 4, 35, 195, Stachowski 178.
Turk. > MMong. mije, miji ( 1997, 105).

PJpn. *mm ear (): OJpn. mjimji; MJpn. mm; Tok. mim; Kyo.
mm; Kag. mim ( = m).
JLTT 478. Cf. Yon. mmbr head.
195-196.

896

*mjV - *mak

-mjV go-between: Tung. *maa; Jpn. *mnik-; Kor. *mjnr.

PTung. *maa go-between, matchmaker (, ): Evk.
maa; Evn. mana; Neg. maga-n; Ul. maGa; Ork. maGa; Orch. maa;
Ud. maa.
1, 530.
PJpn. *mniak- to call, invite (): OJpn. manek-; MJpn.
mnk-, mnk-; Tok. mank-; Kyo. mnk-; Kag. mank-.
JLTT 720. The accent reveals some variations, but generally points to high tone on
the first syllable.

PKor. *mjnr daughter-in-law (, ): MKor. mjnr,

mjnri; Mod. mjnri.
Nam 213, KED 619.
An Eastern isogloss.
-majV fat: Tung. *maj; Mong. *majaa; Turk. *ba.
PTung. *maj 1 food rests 2 food store (1 2
, ): Evk. maj 1; Evn. mja 2.
1, 521.
PMong. *majaa butter churn (): WMong. majaa
(MXTTT); Kh. maj.
PTurk. *ba fat (): Turkm. maj; MTurk. maj (Pav. C.); Uzb. mj;
Uygh. maj; Krm. maj; Tat. maj; Bashk. maj; Kirgh. maj; Kaz. maj; KKalp.
maj; Kum. maj; Nogh. maj; Khak. sar-maj butter (Sag.); Oyr. maj; Yak.
as-maax (.).
VEWT 322, 453-454.
A Western isogloss. Turkic has a normal transfer of nasalization to
*-j-.
-mak to be deceived, perplexed: Tung. *maka-; Mong. *mek(e)-; Jpn.
*mnka-r-; Kor. *mk-.
PTung. *maka- 1 to become dizzy, muzzy 2 to be afraid 3 to hate (1
, 2 3 ): Man. maqa- 1; Ork.
maqqa 3; Nan. mq- to gaze at (.); Ud. maka 2.
1, 522, 565.
PMong. *mek(e)- 1 deceit, trickery 2 to be disturbed, perplexed 3
embarrassed (1 , 2 , 3 ): MMong. mekri, mekr 1 (MA 235, 327); WMong.
meke 1, megde- 2, mekei 3 (L 533); Kh. mex 1, megd- 2, mexij 3; Bur. mexe 1,
megde- 2; Kalm. mek 1; Ord. mee.
KW 260. Mong. > Evk. meke, see Doerfer MT 127; > Yak., Dolg. meke (Ka. VII 44,
Stachowski 178).

PJpn. *mnka-r- to deceive, lure (, ): MJpn.

moga-r-.

*ma[k]o - *male

897

PKor. *mk- to be deaf (, ): MKor. mk-; Mod.

mk-.
Liu 313, KED 610.
Cf. *mka.
-ma[k]o to wind, twist, bend: Tung. *makti-; Mong. *makiji-; Kor.
*mi-.
PTung. *makti- 1 to wind (ropes) 2 to wrap up (cloth) 3 to bend,
wrap (1 () 2 (),
3 , ): Neg. mak-nda- 1; Man. mai- 2; Ul.
maqt-la- 1, moqpl- 3; Ork. mqpri- 3; Nan. ma-ra- 1; Orch.
maki-nda- 1; Ud. maktigi a device for winding ropes.
1, 523, 544.
PMong. *makiji- to bend, curve (, ): WMong.
makiji-; Kh. maxij-; Kalm. mki-.
KW 258.
PKor. *mi- to bind, tie up (, ): MKor. mi-;
Mod. m-.
Nam 206, KED 598.
Cf. *mke. Loss of *-k- in Kor. is unclear.
-mla far, rare: Tung. *mali-; Jpn. *mr; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mali- 1 to be devoid of smth., to hunt without result 2 only,
exclusively 3 abstemious, sparing (1 -., 2 , 3 , ): Evk. mal- 1; Neg. malxan 2; Man. malun 3.
1, 524. Evk. > Yak. malj-, melij- (hardly vice versa, despite ibid.).
PJpn. *mr 1 stranger, guest 2 rare (1 , 2 ):
OJpn. mara-pjito 1, mare 2; MJpn. maraudo, mareudo 1, mr 2; Tok. mre
2; Kyo. mr 2; Kag. mre 2.
JLTT 472.
PKor. *mr- far (): MKor. mr-; Mod. ml-.
Nam 211, KED 613.
Whitman 1985, 128, 192, 238. An Eastern isogloss.
-male honey, plant oil: Tung. *mala; Mong. *milaa-; Turk. *bl.
PTung. *mala sesame oil, plant oil ( , ): Man. malaGu; Ul. mala (simseni); Nan. malengu (imekseni).
1, 523-524.
PMong. *milaa- to anoint, smear with oil ( ):
MMong. malija- to offer, malian service (SH); WMong. milaa- (L
538); Kh. al-; Bur. mila satiety, mil birthday; Kalm. mel-, mal-,
ma- to smear with oil (on occasion of birth etc.); Ord. mil-.
KW 255, 260, 262. A secondarily developed meaning is to treat, entertain (on some
occasion). Mong. > Oyr. malk-, Yak. mal-sn (VEWT 324).

898

*mli - *mli

PTurk. *bl honey (): Karakh. bal (MK Suvar, Kypchak, Oghuz);
Tur. bal; Gag. bal; Az. bal; Turkm. bal; Sal. pal; MTurk. bal (Sangl.); Uzb.
bl; Uygh. bal; Krm. bal; Tat. bal; Bashk. bal; Kirgh. bal; Kaz. bal; KBalk.
bal; KKalp. bal, pal; Kum. bal; Nogh. bal; Khak. pal; Shr. pal; Chuv. pl.
VEWT 59, EDT 330, 2, 47. Turk. > Mong. bal ( 1997, 103).
A Western isogloss; but cf. perhaps moro- in Jpn. moro-mi undistilled sake, soy sauce, moro-haku distilled sake.
-mli stick, cudgel: Tung. *mala; Mong. *milaa; Turk. *baltu; Kor. *mr.
PTung. *mala club, pestle (, , ): Man. mala;
Ud. mueu; Sol. mal.
See 1, 523.
PMong. *milaa whip (): MMong. minaa (HY 18, SH), mina
(MA); WMong. milaa (L 538), minaa, malija; Kh. malia, mal; Bur. min;
Kalm. ma; Ord. mil a strip for fixing a whip on its handle; Dag.
min, nim (. . 154), min (MD 191); Dong. mina; Bao. mela;
S.-Yugh. mun.
KW 254, MGCD 627. Khalkha alga is borrowed from WMong.
PTurk. *baltu axe (): OTurk. baltu (OUygh.); Karakh. baldu
(MK, KB); Tur. balta; Az. balta; Turkm. palta; MTurk. baltu (Abush.,
Sangl.); Uzb. blta; Krm. balta; Tat. balta; Bashk. balta; Kirgh. balta; Kaz.
balta; KBalk. balta; KKalp. balta; Kum. balta; Nogh. balta; Khak. palt;
malta (Sag.); Shr. malta; Oyr. malta; Tv. bald ( 112); Yak. balta,
baltsax arrow with blunt end.
VEWT 61, EDT 333, 397, 7. Modern forms with -a may in fact be
secondary loans from Mong., see TMN 1, 199-200. Yak. baltsax can be probably identified
with Turkm. balak, Tur. balak (sword)-hilt.

PKor. *mr post, pole (, ): MKor. mr; Mod. mal-t:uk.

Nam 200, KED 583.
Cf. also modern Kor. moru anvil, moru-h hammer (although
the vocalism is not quite clear < *maru?). Turk. *baltu axe > Mong. balta
(whence Evk. balta etc.), see Doerfer 1, 199, 1997, 104. Both Iranian and Akkadian origins of Turk. *baltu (see Poppe 1953, Menges
1953) seem improbable and its Altaic origin quite possible.
-mli disease, wound: Tung. *ml-; Mong. *milan; Turk. *bAlg.
PTung. *ml- 1 to die (of epidemic) 2 to destroy 3 bad omen 4 to
catch an epidemic disease (1 ( ) 2
3 4 ( )): Neg. malga 3;
Man. majla- 4; Ul. mal- 1, 2; Ork. mal- 2; Nan. ml- 1; Ud. magi- 2, maga- 1
(. 258).
1, 520, 524.
PMong. *milan plague (): WMong. milan (L 539); Kh. alan;
Bur. mila(n).

*mlte - *mltu

899

PTurk. *bAlg wounded (): OTurk. bal (OUygh.); Karakh.

bal (MK, KB); Khak. pal; Shr. pal; Oyr. balu; Tv. bal; Tof. bal.
VEWT 53, EDT 335, 2, 88-89. Turk. > Bur. bala bruise, injury.
A Western isogloss.
-mlte to bend, twist: Tung. *maltu-; Mong. *mltr- / *multur-; Jpn.
*mnt-.
PTung. *maltu- to bend (, ): Evk. maltu-; Evn.
malt-; Neg. malt-; Ork. mltma folding knife; Sol. malta-.
1, 524-525.
PMong. *mltre- / *multura- to twist, contort, disentangle (, ): MMong. mulitul (HY 40) to take off, move out;
WMong. mltre- / multura- (L 546, 551); Kh. mltr- / multr-; multla- to
take off, move out; Bur. mlterxej slippy, intangible; Kalm. mltr(); Dong. mutur-; Mongr. mutir- (SM 252), mutr-; mutili- (SM
252), mutl-.
MGCD 489, 494.
PJpn. *mnt- to twist, bend (, ): OJpn. m(w)odip-;
MJpn. mdr-; Tok. mojr-; Kyo. mjr-; Kag. mjr-.
JLTT 728. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
A derivative *mlte-rV is reflected in PM *mlt-r- / *multu-r- and
PJ *mnt-r-.
-mltu to dig, bury: Tung. *malta-; Mong. *malta-; Turk. *batar (?); Jpn.
*nt-m- ( < *mnt-m-); Kor. *mt-.
PTung. *malta- to dig (soil with a hoof) ( (, )): Evk. malta-; Man. matala-.
1, 524. Man. maltaku a tool used for scraping dirt or mud may be < Mong.
(see Rozycki 154).

PMong. *malta- to dig (): MMong. malta- (SH); WMong.

malta- (L 524); Kh. malta-; Bur. malta-; Kalm. malt-; Ord. malta-; Dag.
malta- (. . 153); Dong. manta-; Bao. mantal-; S.-Yugh. malta-;
Mongr. manta-, mnta- (SM 231).
KW 255, MGCD 478.
PTurk. *batar sickle (): Karakh. batar (MK).
EDT 378.
PJpn. *nt-m- ( < *m-) to dig, bury (, ): OJpn.
udu-m-; MJpn. d-m-; Tok. zume-; Kyo. zm-; Kag. uzum-.
JLTT 782. Accent in Kyoto is irregular.
PKor. *mt- to dig, bury (, ): MKor. mt-; Mod.
mut-.
Nam 223, KED 674.
Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 61, Rozycki 155 regard the TM form
as borrowed from Mong., which is not excluded (although dubious).

900

*ml - *me

The Karakh. word may belong here if its original meaning was digging
instrument ( > cutting instrument > sickle), but on the whole it is
rather dubious, because of the unique cluster -t- (violating Helimskis
rule). The Jpn. form reflects a frequent confusion between *mV- and *Vin front of the following nasal.
-ml room: Tung. *malu; Jpn. *mru; Kor. *maru.
PTung. *malu honourable space within the house (front corner) ( ( )): Evk. malu; Evn. mal; Neg.
mal; Ul. mal; Ork. mal; Nan. mal; Ud. mali, malu; Sol. mal.
1, 525.
PJpn. *mru room (): OJpn. murwo; MJpn. mr; Tok.
mur; Kyo. mr; Kag. mur.
JLTT 488. Accent in Kyoto is irregular.
PKor. *maru floor (): MKor. maru, maro; Mod. maru.
Liu 298, KED 561.
An Eastern isogloss. See SKE 139 (Kor.-Tung.), Martin 232
(Jpn.-Kor.).
-me wild cat: Tung. *mala-; Mong. *malur; Turk. *b(k); Jpn.
*mss(m)p.
PTung. *mala- wild cat; steppe hare ( ; ): Man. malaxi.
1, 523. Novikova ( 1972, 122) quotes Mong. maluqai (from , 1957, III, 4919) as the source of the Manchu word.

PMong. *malur wild cat ( ): WMong. malur (L 525); Kh.

malar.
PTurk. *b(k) cat (): Karakh. m (MK); Tur. pk (dial.),
pisi; Az. piik; Turkm. piik; Sal. miix; Khal. puuq; MTurk. piik, muuq
(Pav. C., Abush., MA); Uzb. muuk; Uygh. mk; Tat. pesi, dial. mq;
Bashk. bisj; Kirgh. mq; Kaz. msq; KKalp. pq; Kum. miik, biew;
Nogh. msq; SUygh. mi, miik; Oyr. mq.
VEWT 337, EDT 772, 7. Cf., however, OUygh. mq < Sogd. mwky id. Tur.
pisi, Tat. pesi are expressive calling forms, which may explain their irregularity (medial
-s-).

PJpn. *mss(m)p flying squirrel (-): OJpn. musasabji;

MJpn. mssbj; Tok. msasabi, mussabi; Kyo. mssb; Kag. musasbi.
JLTT 489.
In Jpn. -u- is irregular (*-- would be expected); this is probably a
distortion in a long word. Turkic, as in a number of other cases, preserves here some traces of nasalization.

*mana - *mndo

901

-mana many, big: Tung. *mani; Mong. *mandu- / *mantu-; Turk. *bn- ~
*bon-; Jpn. *manai-; Kor. *mn(h)-.
PTung. *mani crowd, flock, herd (, ): Evk. man; Neg. man;
Ul. mand; Ork. mand; Nan. mand; Orch. mai; Ud. mani.
1, 526.
PMong. *mandu- / *mantu- big, large (): MMong. manduto increase, develop (SH, HYt); WMong. mandu- (L 526) / mantu-; Kh.
mandgar, mantaj; Bur. mandagar, mantan, mantagar.
Cf. also MMong. mene very ( > Yak. mne very, see Ka. VII 44, Stachowski 178).
PTurk. *bn- ~ *bon- big, large (): Chuv. mn.
1, 349.
PJpn. *manai- many (, ): OJpn. mane-.
PKor. *mn(h)- many (): MKor. mn-h-; Mod. mn- [mnh-].
Nam 199, KED 578.
Ozawa 27-28 (Jap-Mong.); 348, Martin 249, 26,
276.
-mna (~-o) to learn, try: Tung. *man-d-; Jpn. *mn(m)p-.
PTung. *man-d- to try, strive (, ): Evk. mandw-; Evn. manru-; Ork. mand-.
1, 528.
PJpn. *mn(m)p- to learn (): OJpn. manab-; MJpn. mnb-;
Tok. mnabu; Kyo. mnb; Kag. manb-.
JLTT 720.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Not quite reliable, since the Jpn. word is
usually derived < *mna- imitating, similarity (v. sub *ma); but a
confusion of two originally different root was possible in Japanese.
-mnu ( ~ -a-) swaddling-clothes: Mong. *manuj; Jpn. *mt-k.
PMong. *manuj swaddling-clothes (): WMong. manui (L
525); Kh. mancuj; Bur. mans; Kalm. manc (); Ord. man.
PJpn. *mt-k swaddling-clothes (): MJpn. mt-k; Tok.
mtsuki; Kyo. mtsk; Kag. mutsuk.
JLTT 489. Accent in Kyoto is not quite regular (mtsk would be expected).
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. It is interesting to note PT *bek cradle perhaps < *benk, under the influence of *bele- to swaddle.
-mndo a k. of elk: Tung. *manda-ksa; Mong. *mani; Turk. *botu.
PTung. *manda-ksa elk (): Evk. mandaksa; Neg. mandaksa.
1, 527.
PMong. *mani male elk ( ): WMong. mani (XTTT);
Kh. man.
PTurk. *botu young of camel (): Karakh. botu (MK);
Tur. potak (dial.); Az. pota young of buffalo, bear; MTurk. bota child;

*mn[u] - *ma

902

young of animal (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bta; Uygh. bota; Krm. bota; Tat.
buta; Bashk. buta; Kirgh. boto; Kaz. bota; KKalp. bota; Nogh. bota.
EDT 299, 2, 198-200, 448 (with an error: the Az. form is listed as
Turkm.) ( > MMong. botoan, KW 53, TMN 2, 328-329, 1997, 109; Oyr. botn and
Tuva bodaan are probably backloans from Mong.).

A Western isogloss.
-mn[u] useless, insufficient: Tung. *mana-; Turk. *bn; Jpn. *mn-si-.
PTung. *mana- to be spent, exhausted, worn out ((), (), ()): Evk. mana-; Evn. man-; Neg.
mana-; Man. mana-; SMan. man- (276); Jurch. man-na-lar (839); Ul.
mana-; Ork. mana-; Nan. mana-; Orch. mana-.
1, 526-527. Cf. also a variant *mene few; in vain ( 1, 569).
PTurk. *bn defect (, ): Karakh. mun (KB), munabe defective; mun, mun-lu (IM); Kirgh. munu cripple; Oyr. dial.
m-da- become insufficient; Yak. mn- be insufficient.
3, 55, VEWT 344, 7. EDT 347 does not see back vowel forms in old
texts and relates all the forms to *bn defect q. v. sub *mne.

PJpn. *mn-si- empty, useless (, , ): OJpn. muna-si-; MJpn. mn-si-; Tok. mnashi-; Kyo. mnsh-;
Kag. munash-.
JLTT 835.
Cf. *mne, *mnu. Turkic *-- is irregular here (*bn would be expected).
-ma paw, hand: Tung. *maa; Turk. *b-.
PTung. *maa paw (of an animal) (): Evk. mana, maa; Evn.
mna; Neg. maa; Ul. maa, ma; Nan. mja; Orch. maka; Ud. mana.
1, 526. Length in Nan. is not quite clear (perhaps compensatory < *maj <
*maaka).

PTurk. *b- 1 sole (of foot) 2 footwear (1 () 2

( , )): Tur. maja fleshy part of the palm
(Vidin, Nmeth 1965), SDD); Az. dial. maja
(Nakhich.); Turkm. dial. mja (Tek.) aja ( 124), pajpaq (144) 2;
Uzb. pajpq 2, camels foot, dial. mjlk mitten ( 19); Tat.
majmaq stable, steadfast (of an animals paw, hoof), dial. pajpaq
() 2; Kirgh. bajmaq lower part of shank, bajpaq 2, majpq flat (of a
horses hoof, bears paw); Kaz. bajpaq 2; KKalp. bajpaq 2; Khak. majmax
2; Tv. majq 1.
VEWT 323. Cf. also Oyr. majrk etc. Forms with the meaning footwear are explained by Budagov as compounds with an iranism (paj - ba foot bandage), which does not seem convincing; we are dealing rather with a dialectal diffusion
of the derivative *b-mak. Cf. TMN 4, 275, 49, 110, 382, 458.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Kh. (daln) maj

.

*mau(kV) - *m[a]i

903

-mau(kV) a k. of fish: Tung. *mgu / *mama; Mong. *munig; Turk.

*baak-; Jpn. *mn(n)k; Kor. *mijk.
PTung. *mgu / *mama 1 Salmo Lenoc 2 trout 3 crucian 4 whitebaits (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. mjgu 1, majma /
manma 2; Evn. mnke 2; Neg. manma 2; Man. marma nisia 2; mogoun 3;
muku 4; Nan. menekse . ; Ud. mojou, mejeu 1 (. 261).
1, 521-522, 545, 548. TM > Mong. marma (see Doerfer MT 91); > Russ. mama
(see 371).

PMong. *munig bleak, ablet (): WMong. muni; Kh. munig;

Kalm. mg.
KW 269.
PTurk. *baak- white-fish (): Yak. maaas (.).
PJpn. *mn(n)k eel (): OJpn. munagji; MJpn. mng; Tok.
nagi; Kyo. ng; Kag. unag.
JLTT 562.
PKor. *mijk trout; (KED) catfish, wels, horned-pout ():
MKor. mijk; Mod. megi.
Nam 213, KED 616.
Cf. also Kalm. man(g) zasn Pltze; Kaulbarsch (KW 255, 256);
WMong. montuwqai, Khalkha montxoi a k. of fish, maj herring. Like
in many other fish names, there are phonetic problems, probably due
to interdialectal borrowing.
-maga (~-o) big, strong: Tung. *maga; Jpn. *manki-.
PTung. *maga strong, hard (, , ): Evk.
maa; Evn. ma; Neg. maga; Man. maGa, mege; Jurch. ma-ga (702);
Ul. maGa; Ork. maGa; Nan. maGa; Orch. maga, maasi; Ud. maga,
maahi; Sol. mand, mand very, heavily.
See 1, 529. TM > Dag. manga (. . 153).
PJpn. *manki- big ():
A Ryukyu root: Shuri mg-, Yonaguni m- etc.
113, 280. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss (within Jpn. preserved
only in the Ryukyu dialects, where it is the basic word for big). Cf.
perhaps Khak., Oyr. ma success, luck (if not < OUygh. (Suv.) maal <
Sanskr. magala). In TM a possible derivative is *ma(g) giant; evil
spirit ( 1, 530) - which brings us to Mong. magus id. (which, despite Doerfer MT 39, can hardly be the source of Tungus words).
-m[a]i cicada, a k. of insect: Tung. *mana-; Turk. *bA (~-s); Jpn.
*mmnsk; Kor. *mijm.
PTung. *mana- louse (): Evn. manan; Ork. malte- to bite
(of fleas, bedbugs).
1, 527, 531.

904

*mai - *mro

PTurk. *bA (~-s) gad-fly (): Khak. ms; Shr. ms; Oyr. paas
gad-fly (Leb.), mas locust (Oyr.); Tv. mas; Tof. ms.
VEWT 329, 327.
PJpn. *mmnsk Ledra auditura Walker (
()): Tok. mmizuku, mimzuku; Kyo. mmzk; Kag. mimizuk.
PKor. *mijm cicada (): MKor. mijm; Mod. mmi.
Nam 207, KED 599.
Some irregularities are due to the root semantics.
-mai ( ~ *mea) joy: Mong. *maa-; Turk. *bei.
PMong. *maa- 1 conceited 2 to smile, enjoy, feel joy (1 2 , , ): WMong. maad-,
maas- (); Kh. mdgar 1, ms- 2; Bur. mdagar 1; Kalm. msxlz2 (); ? mdr , .
PTurk. *bei joy, pleasure (, ): OTurk. bei,
mei; Karakh. mei (MK).
EDT 348, 195 (sub brain).
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-mra (~--) to refuse, quarrel: Tung. *mari-; Mong. *margu-; Jpn.
*mtup-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mari- 1 to quarrel 2 to refuse, resist 3 be stubborn (1 2 , 3 ): Man. mara2; Ul. morq 3; Nan. mara- 1,3; Orch. mari- 1; Ud. malea- 1.
1, 532.
PMong. *margu- to quarrel, resist, contest (, , ): WMong. maru- (L 529); Kh. marga-; Bur. marga-;
Kalm. mar-; Ord. marGui-; S.-Yugh. marGda quarrel; Mongr. marGndo quarrel.
KW 257, MGCD 481.
PJpn. *mtup- to hesitate (): OJpn. matwop-; MJpn.
mtf-; Tok. mad-; Kyo. md-; Kag. mad-.
JLTT 719. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular (probably under literary influence).
PKor. *mr- to refrain, shun, avoid ( ( .-.), , ): MKor. mr-; Mod. ml-.
Nam 200, KED 582.
SKE 138-139, PKE 103, Menges 1984, 277. Despite Doerfer MT 144,
hardly borrowed in TM < Mong. In Turk. the root has probably merged
with *bo- / *bu- damage, oppress (cf. also *burul- ~ *borul- to be angry, 2, 269). The Korean form may be alternatively compared
with Mong. mele- to refuse, refrain.
-mro sand, stony earth, marsh: Tung. *mar-; Mong. *mara-; Turk. *br;
Jpn. *mana-n-kua; Kor. *mri.
PTung. *mar- moor, marsh (, ): Evk. mar, mari-kta.

*mro - *mro

905

1, 531. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

PMong. *mara- salty earth (): WMong. mara, maraan; Kh.
mar; Bur. mar; Kalm. mar.
KW 257.
PTurk. *br 1 chalk 2 earth 3 clay (1 2 3 ): Tur. bor
2; Turkm. dial. br 1; MTurk. bor 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. br 1; Uygh. bo(r) 1;
Krm. bor 1; Tat. bur 1; Bashk. bur 1; Kirgh. bor 1; Kaz. bor 1; KKalp. bor,
por 1; Kum. bor 1; Nogh. bor 1; Khak. por 1; Tv. por 3; Tof. bor ;
Chuv. por 1; Yak. buor 2; Dolg. buor 2, 3.
VEWT 80, 2, 192-193, 100, 376, 1, 444, Stachowski 66-67.
Turk. > Kalm. bor, Bur. bor.

PJpn. *mana-n-kua sand (): OJpn. mana-gwo.

The world is attested already in Manysh, and its derivation < *ma-suna-gwo
(JLTT 473) seems hardly possible.

PKor. *mri sand (): MKor. mri; Mod. mor.

Nam 218, KED 629.
SKE 151 (Turk.-Kor.), 288. In MKor. cf. also a reduplicated form: mmr- rough, stony (ground). The Jpn. form must be
explained as a result of nasal assimilation (*mana- < *mara-n-); but cf. for
Jpn. *mana-n-kua alternatively Mong. *maka long sandy hill (MGCD
481).
-mro (~--) to roll, bend: Tung. *mari-; Mong. *marija-, mirija-; Jpn.
*mt(u)p-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mari- 1 to bend, curl 2 to turn, return (1 , 2
, ): Evk. mariw- 1; Evn. marl- 1; Man.
mari- 2; SMan. mari- (1178) 2.
1, 532.
PMong. *marija-, mirija- to creep (up), crawl, be in ambush (, ): WMong. marija-, miraa-, mirija- (L 529); Kh.
ar-; Bur. ma-; Kalm. mer-; Mongr. mara (SM 233).
KW 261.
PJpn. *mt(u)p- to roll up, wrap (, ):
OJpn. matup-; MJpn. mtf-; Tok. mat-; Kyo. mt-; Kag. mat-.
JLTT 721. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
PKor. *mr- to roll up, curl up (, ): MKor.
mr-; Mod. mal-.
Nam 202, KED 582.
The Mong. form is somewhat dubious semantically (creep up <
coil up?); otherwise the root seems quite reliable.

906

*maru - *msa

-maru ( ~ --) heap, crowd, many: Tung. *mar(b)u; Jpn. *mr, *mr;
Kor. *muri, *mr.
PTung. *mar(b)u 1 heap 2 flock, herd (1 2 , ): Evk.
murbu 1; Man. maru 2; Ul. mar(n) 2; Nan. mr 2.
1, 532, 558.
PJpn. *mr, *mr 1 all, every 2 crowd 3 mountain (, ):
OJpn. m(w)oro, m(w)orom(w)oro 1, mura 2, mure 3; MJpn. mrmr 1,
mr 2; Tok. mromoro 1, mre 2; Kyo. mrmr 1, mr 2; Kag.
moromro 1, mre 2.
JLTT 485, 488.
PKor. *muri, *mr 1 crowd, many 2 every (1 , 2
): MKor. mr 2; Mod. muri 1.
Nam 223, KED 657.
Martin 229, Whitman 1985, 127, 194, 239, SKE 153, 279.
An Eastern isogloss. In MKor. cf. also mrs all, in general. In Jpn. low
tone would be expected; high tone here was probably induced by the
similar *mr- to heap up (see under *malo), which also influenced the
vowel in *mr.
-msa more, stronger: Tung. *masi; Mong. *masi; Turk. *bAsa; Jpn.
*ms-.
PTung. *masi hard, strong, strongly (, , ):
Neg. mas; Man. masi-la- become stronger; Ul. mas; Ork. mas; Nan.
mas; Orch. mas; Ud. mahi.
1, 528.
PMong. *masi very, extremely (, ): MMong. mai
(SH, HYt); WMong. masi (L 530); Kh. ma; Bur. maa; Kalm. ma; Ord.
mai.
KW 257.
PTurk. *bAsa also, as well (, ): OTurk. basa right
after (OUygh.); Karakh. basa afterwards (MK); Turkm. basa; MTurk.
(MKypch.) basa (AH, Ad-Durr.); Uzb. base frequently, often; Kirgh.
basa; Kaz. basa (R); Khak. paza; Shr. paza; Oyr. baza; Tv. baza; Yak. bha in
the course of (?).
EDT 371 (but not from *bas- press!). Turk. > Mong. basa (Clark 1980, 39,
1997, 104).

PJpn. *ms- 1 to become bigger 2 more, again (1 2

, ): OJpn. mas- 1, masu(masu) 2; MJpn. ms- 1; Tok. ms- 1,
masmasu 2; Kyo. ms- 1, msms 2; Kag. ms- 1, masumsu 2.
JLTT 473, 721. Kyoto ms- is irregular.
EAS 79, KW 257. TM may be borrowed from Mong. (see Doerfer
MT 144).

*mbo - *meju

907

-mbo ( ~ -p-) to shamanize, dance: Tung. *mebu-; Jpn. *mp-.

PTung. *mebu- to shamanize, dance (, ): Ul.
mewu-; Ork. mewu-; Nan. meu-; Orch. mewu-; Ud. meu- (. 264).
1, 562.
PJpn. *mp- to dance (): OJpn. map-; MJpn. mf-; Tok.
m-; Kyo. m-; Kag. m-.
JLTT 722.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-ma monkey: Mong. *mein; Turk. *bin; Jpn. *masi.
PMong. *mein monkey (): MMong. sor-mi (IM);
WMong. mei(n) (L 531); Kh. me; Bur. mee(n); Kalm. sar-mn ();
Ord. mei(n) a cyclic sign; Mongr. mein (SM 237).
TMN 2, 383. Mong. > Nogh., Kaz., KKalp. mein, Kirgh., Oyr. mein. The Kalm. and
IM forms are a contamination with sarmagin (q. v. sub *sara).

PTurk. *bin monkey (): OTurk. bein (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. bein (MK); Turkm. bin; MTurk. bein (MA, Sangl.); SUygh.
piin; Chuv. (Bulg.) bexti (year of the) monkey.
VEWT 66, EDT 295-296, 2, 128-129, TMN 2, 382, 168. All IE sources
(EDT 295, TMN 2, 382-383), like Pers. bzna, proposed for this word are quite unclear
etymologically and probably borrowed themselves.

PJpn. *masi monkey (): OJpn. masi; MJpn. masi, masira.

JLTT 473.
Ozawa 98-99, 168. The Jpn. parallel shows that, despite
Clark 1980, 43, there is no need for assuming Mong. < Turk. (which is
difficult because of *m-, but still possible; the Mong. variant bein is
certainly < Turkic).
-meju to shake, sway: Tung. *mej-; Mong. *maji-; Turk. *ba-; Kor.
*mi- / *mi-.
PTung. *mej- to shake, sway (): Evk. mej-; Evn. mji-; Ud.
mejmeli- to descend on skis, sleigh (. 264).
1, 564.
PMong. *maji- to sway, walk swayingly (, ):
WMong. mai-mur- (L 523: maimari), mei-mere-; Kh. majmar-; Bur. majzagajr-; Kalm. mmr-, mmr-; Ord. mmar.
KW 259, 263.
PTurk. *ba- 1 to wave 2 to sway 3 club-footed 4 curved 5 to bend 6
to be bent, curved (1 2 3 , 4
5 6 , ): Karakh. maj-uq 3 (MK);
Turkm. majr- 5, majrq overstrained, maj-tq 3, majmq 4; MTurk. majruq 3, 4 (Abush., Pav.C); Uzb. majriq 3, dial. bajmaq 3 (Radl.); Uygh.
majmaq 3; Krm. maj- 6; Kirgh. majrj-, maj- 6, maj-tar- 5, majrq 3, majmaq 3; Kaz. majs- 6, majr- 5, majrq 3, majmaq 3; KKalp. majs- 6, majmaq

908

*mko - *mk

3; Kum. majr- to wrench, majaj- to mis-step, majmaq 3; Nogh. majs6, majr- 5; Shr. majrq 3, majrl- 6; Oyr. majrq 4, 3; Tv. maj-qaq 4,
majrq, maj-ta-q 3; Yak. bajt- 2, bajttan- 1 (. - without nasalization), dial. majax convolution.
See H 3, 45-46. Turk. *ba-guk > WMong. majia, Kalm. m (KW 259)
club-footed.

PKor. *mi- / *mi- to shake, sway (()): MKor. mi- /

mi-; Mod. mwi- (arch.).
Nam 224, KED 685.
See SKE 144, 1, 564, 3, 45-47, 12. Turkic has a
normal transfer of nasalization (*ba- < *maj-).
-mko to pull out: Tung. *meK(u)-; Jpn. *mk-; Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *meK(u)- 1 to pull out (meat from kettle) 2 to borrow 3 to
put aside 4 wooden dish (1 ( ) 2
3 4 ): Evk. meku- 3, mukikt- 2; Evn. mk- 1, mkehek 4; Ul. mukse 4; Nan. muksu 4; Orch. moko 4;
Ud. moxo 4.
1, 553, 565.
PJpn. *mk- to pull out (, ): MJpn. mk-; Tok.
mg-; Kyo. mg-; Kag. mg-.
JLTT 726. RJ and Tokyo point unambiguosly to low tone; accent in Kyoto and Kagoshima is most probably influenced by the Tokyo form.

PKor. *mi- to pull out, to weed (, ):

MKor. mi-; Mod. m-.
Nam 207, KED 598.
An Eastern isogloss.
-mk to be in a bad position: Tung. *meK-; Mong. *mak-; Jpn. *mk-;
Kor. *mk-.
PTung. *meK- to be beaten ( , ): Man.
mekere-.
1, 566.
PMong. *mak- 1 to walk with difficulty 2 to strive, be diligent (1 2 , ): WMong. maqara- 2
(); Kh. maxra- 2; Bur. maxa- 1.
PJpn. *mk- to lose (a game etc.) (): OJpn. maka-;
MJpn. mk-; Tok. mke-; Kyo. mk-; Kag. mak-.
JLTT 719.
PKor. *mk- to stop up, block, prevent (): MKor.
mk-; Mod. mak-.
Nam 198, KED 569.
Martin 226. Cf. *make.

*mk - *ml[]

909

-mk meat; part of body: Tung. *meKile; Mong. *mikan; Jpn.

*mkrua.
PTung. *meKile fat under birds skin ( ( )):
Neg. mexile.
1, 565. Attested only in Neg., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *mikan meat (): MMong. mixan (HY 24, 48), miqan
(SH), mixa (IM), miqan (MA); WMong. miqa(n) (L 540); Kh. max(an); Bur.
axa(n); Kalm. maxn; Ord. maxa(n); Mog. miqn; ZM miqn (4-1a); Dag.
aga, miag (. . 153), miahe, niahe (MD 191, 198); Dong. miGa,
mia; Bao. meGa; S.-Yugh. maxGan; Mongr. maxa (SM 230).
KW 254, MGCD 483.
PJpn. *mkrua body, dead body (, ): OJpn. mukur(w)o;
MJpn. mkro; Tok. mkuro, mukur; Kyo. mkr; Kag. mukur.
JLTT 488. The Tokyo variant mukur and Kagoshima mukur point to an accent
variant *mkru.

294.
-melo a k. of fish: Tung. *melu; Turk. *bl.
PTung. *melu plaice (): Orch. mlu; Ud. melu.
1, 567.
PTurk. *bl a k. of salmon (Salmo taimen) ( ): Tat. bil;
Oyr. bel; Tv. bel; Yak. bil.
179.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-mlu a k. of berry: Tung. *m[e]likte; Mong. *mojil-; Turk. *ble.
PTung. *m[e]li-kte rowan (): Evk. molikta; Ul. milekte; Ork.
milekte.
1, 536.
PMong. *mojil bird-cherry (): MMong. mojil-sun a k. of
fruit (SH); WMong. mojil, moji(l)-su (L 542); Kh. mojl; Bur. mojhon; Dag.
mojle (MD 191).
Mong. > Kypch. mojl (see 136).
PTurk. *ble rowan (): Turkm. mele; Tat. mile; Bashk.
mil; Oyr. pl; Chuv. pile.
VEWT 338.
11. A Western isogloss. Note traces of nasalization preserved in PT (one could reconstruct *benle or *belen). Mong *mojilregularly < *molil- ( = *bele).
-ml[] to become stale, overripe, wither: Tung. *mel-me- ?; Jpn. *mr-;
Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mel-me- to congeal (of blood) (, (
)): Man. melme-.
1, 567.

*mba - *mu

910

PJpn. *mr- to become stale; to be overboiled ( ; ): Tok. mur-; Kyo. mr-; Kag. mr-.
JLTT 729.
PKor. *mr- dry (): MKor. mr-; Mod. mar-.
Nam 195, KED 561.
Korean has a verbal low tone. Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; the
TM parallel is much more problematic (poorly attested and semantically distant).
-mba ( ~ -p-) to stir up: Tung. *melbi-; Jpn. *mns-(p)-.
PTung. *melbi- 1 to row 2 oar (1 2 ): Evk. melbike 2;
Neg. melbixen 2; Man. melbi- 1, melbiku 2; Ul. melbi- 1, melbike(n) 2; Ork.
melbi 2; Nan. melbi- 1, melbi 2; Orch. mebbu(ku) 2; Ud. megbu, mebu 2.
1, 566.
PJpn. *mns-(p)- to mix (): OJpn. mazipa-, maza-; MJpn.
mzfa-, maza-; Tok. maji-, maz-; Kyo. mj-, mz-; Kag. maji-, mz-.
JLTT 722.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Phonetically the match is precise; as for the
meaning, one has to suppose a rather frequent development *row >
stir up > mix.
-mu ( ~ -a) head: Tung. *meli-mu; Mong. *mala-, *mele-; Turk.
*ba; Kor. *mr.
PTung. *meli- 1 neck joint 2 back part of neck 3 sinciput 4 fish skeleton 5 skeleton (1 2 3 4 5 ): Evn. melimki 1; Neg. xej-melin 5; Ul. muge 3;
Ork. melimu 2; Nan. mulgikte 4; Orch. muggikta 5.
1, 302, 549, 550, 567.
PMong. *mal-a-, *mele-, *malaji- bald (): WMong. malan
(L 525), melen (L 535), malaji-; Kh. malan, melen; Bur. malzan, melzen,
maln, malaj- be bald; Kalm. malzn, mal-; Ord. malan; Dag. malin
(. . 153).
KW 254. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. maln (Ka. VII 43, Stachowski 175).
PTurk. *ba head (): OTurk. ba (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
ba (MK, KB); Tur. ba; Gag. ba; Az. ba; Turkm. ba; Sal. ba; Khal. ba;
MTurk. ba (Abush., MA); Uzb. b; Uygh. ba; Krm. ba; Tat. ba; Bashk.
ba; Kirgh. ba; Kaz. ba; KBalk. ba; KKalp. bas; Kum. ba; Nogh. bas;
SUygh. ba; Khak. pas; Shr. pa; Oyr. ba; Tv. ba; Tof. ba; Chuv. po;
Yak. bas; battaq hair of head; Dolg. bas; battak head of reindeer; reindeer skin.
VEWT 64, 2, 85-88, TMN 2, 250-253, EDT 375-6, 1, 452, . X, 15,
194, Stachowski 54, 55.

PKor. *mr head (): MKor. mr; Mod. mri.

Nam 210, KED 608.

*mmV - *mn

911

EAS 109, SKE 146, 31-32, 282, . 90, 194. Doerfers (TMN 2, 253) criticism is short (unklar). On possible
traces in Jpn. see under *kjli. An unsuccessful attempt of refuting the
etymology was undertaken by Vovin 2000, who argues that the attested Old Korean form is MC m-tej [ma-te]. However, it is most
probable that MC -t- was used here just to transcribe Korean -r- (since
Middle Chinese, as well known, lacked r-). Anyway, it is hardly possible to make any decisions on the basis of very inadequate and scanty
Kirim transcriptions.
-mmV female breast; foster-mother: Tung. *meme; Mong. *mm;
Turk. *mme (*bme).
PTung. *meme 1 breast (female), udder 2 foster-mother (1
(.), 2 ): Man. meme 2; Nan. meme (dial.) 1.
1, 567. An onomatopoetic root.
PMong. *mm female breast ( ): WMong. mm
(); Kh. mm, mm, mm.
PTurk. *mme (*bme) 1 breast (fem.) 2 nipple 3(poet.) breast (1
(.) 2 3 (.) 4 ): Tur. meme 1, Old Osm. memek (17th c.); Gag. mm 1; Az. mm 2; Turkm. mme 3; Khal. mmk;
Uygh. mm 1; Krm. mm 2; Tat. mmi, mmj 1; Bashk. mmj 1;
KKalp. mmm 1; Nogh. mmj 1; Yak. mm 4.
An onomatopoetic root. See VEWT 333, VII.
281. An obvious nursery Western isogloss, thus the
PA antiquity is dubious.
-mno ( ~ *mna, -n-) first of all: Jpn. *mnt; Kor. *mnj(i).
PJpn. *mnt first of all, soonest ( , ):
OJpn. madu; MJpn. md; Tok. mzu; Kyo. mz; Kag. mzu.
JLTT 474. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
PKor. *mnj(i) first of all (, ): MKor.
mnj(i); Mod. mn.
Nam 217, KED 612.
Martin 248. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.
-mn self, body: Tung. *mn; Mong. *mn; Turk. *bu(-n) (?); Jpn.
*mn; Kor. *mm.
PTung. *mn self, oneself (, ): Evk. mn; Evn. mn; Neg.
mn; Man. meni meni; SMan. meimeni every one, each one, individual
(2880); Ul. men, mene; Ork. mn; Nan. mene; Orch. mn; Ud. mene; Sol.
m.
1, 568.

912

*mnrV - *mnrV

PMong. *m-n he, same (, ): MMong. mun (SH, HYt);

WMong. mn (L 547); Kh. mn; Bur. mn; Kalm. mn (); Ord. mn;
Mog. mna (Weiers).
PTurk. *bu(-n) this (): OTurk. bu, bun- (Orkh.), bu, mun(OUygh.); Karakh. bu, mun- (MK); Tur. bu; Gag. bu; Az. bu; Turkm. bu;
Sal. bu, vu; Khal. bo; MTurk. bu, mun- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. bu; Uygh.
bu; Krm. bu, mu; Tat. bu; Bashk. b-l; Kirgh. bu(l); Kaz. bu-l; KBalk. bu;
KKalp. bu-l; Kum. bu; Nogh. bu; SUygh. bu; Khak. pu; Shr. pu; Oyr. bu;
Tv. bo; Tof. bo; Yak. bu; Dolg. bu (mun-).
VEWT 85, EDT 291-292, 2, 225-228, Stachowski 63.
PJpn. *mn thing, method, being (, , ): OJpn.
m(w)ono; MJpn. mn; Tok. mon; Kyo. mn; Kag. mon.
JLTT 485.
PKor. *mm body (): MKor. mm; Mod. mom.
Nam 218, KED 645.
The Turkic form may belong here if it represents a secondary development *bu(-n) this < *bun self; the vocalism, however, speaks
against the comparison (*b(-n) would be expected). The root reveals
contaminations with *mu whole q.v. Illich-Svitych ( 2, 70)
compares the Turk.-Mong. stem with PKartv. *m(a)-, PU *m / *m etc.
-mnrV garlic, onion: Tung. *megu-; Mong. *magir, *magina; Jpn.
*mr; Kor. *mnr.
PTung. *megu- a k. of plant ( , ): Orch. megulike ((- 206).
1, 569. Attested only in Oroch, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *magir, *magina wild onion, ramson ( , ): MMong. magir (HY 8), magirsu(n) (SH); WMong. magir (L
527), magina; Kh. mangir; Bur. mangir; Kalm. magrsn, mgrsn; Dag.
magrs, mangs; S.-Yugh. maGarsn.
KW 256, 258, MGCD 480. Mong. > Oyr. par.
PJpn. *mr Allium (): OJpn. mjira; Tok. nir, nra; Kyo. nr; Kag.
nir.
JLTT 498. The reason of *m- > n- in modern Japanese is not quite clear.
PKor. *mnr garlic (): MKor. mnr; Mod. manl.
Nam 192, KED 559.
SKE 140, Poppe 35, Lee 24, 26, 28. Low tone in Jpn. is probably
due to contraction. Cf. also Old Koguryo *mai garlic (thus in Miller
1979, 15; Lee reads *mail).

*me[o] - *ma

913

-me[o] dwelling place, village: Tung. *mne-; Mong. *maji-kan; Jpn.

*mr; Kor. *mrh.
PTung. *mne- 1 to settle down 2 settled down 3 to stay (1
2 3 ): Evk. mn- 1, mn 2; Evn. mene 2;
Neg. menee- 3; Ork. menei- 3; Ud. mene- 3.
1, 569.
PMong. *maji-kan tent (): WMong. majiqan (L 523); Kh. majxan; Bur. majxan; Kalm. mxan; Ord. mxun; Dag. maikan (. . 153,
MD 188).
KW 259, MGCD 477. Mong. > Man. majqan etc. (see 1, 520, Rozycki 153; despite Doerfer MT 80, hardly Mong. < Tung.).

PJpn. *mr village (): OJpn. mura; MJpn. mr; Tok. mur;
Kyo. mr; Kag. mra.
JLTT 488.
PKor. *mrh village, vicinity (, ): MKor.
mr (mrh-); Mod. mal.
Nam 196, KED 564.
The Kor.-Jpn. form is a derivative in *-rV (*-lV). The Tungus form
fits very well semantically, but raises some phonetic doubts: vowel
length and the quality of -n- (instead *--) do not correspond to other
languages. Cf. perhaps Turk. (Oyr.) man fence (VEWT 325). See Vovin
1993, 257.
-ma shape, face: Mong. *maji-kaj; Turk. *bEi; Jpn. *mna-i.
PMong. *maji-kaj skin covering the head of animals ( ): WMong. majiqai (L 523); Kh. majxaj (); Bur.
mxaj.
Mong. > Neg. mak, Nan. maq etc. ( 1, 522). One can also mention WMong.
maja, mai appearance, shape (Khalkha, Kalm. majag, Mongr. majaG (234), Dag. maigal,
majge-tej (MD 188, MGCD 477) - although the word is sometimes regarded (see Sukhebator) as borrowed < Tib. mayig, mayiga original.

PTurk. *bEi 1 face 2 be similar 3 open forestless place on a mountain slope (1 , , 2 3 ): OTurk. beiz (Orkh.), meiz (OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. meiz 1 (MK, KB); Tur. beniz 1, benze- 2; Gag. beniz 1, benze- 2;
Az. bniz 1, bnz- 2; Turkm. meiz 1, meze- 2; MTurk. beiz, meiz 1
(Sangl.); Uzb. miz cheek; Krm. bez 1, beze- 2; Kaz. meze- to consider useful; KKalp. megze- 2; Khak. ms 1 (. - Abak.); Oyr. ms 3;
Tv. ms 3; Tof. ms 3.
VEWT 70, EDT 352, 208, 7, 207. In Chuv. cf. either min face
colour (if not = min red spot on face, see 208) or *pa > Proto-Perm.*ba (- 37). Turk. > MMong. meiz comparison, metaphor ( 1997, 129).

PJpn. *mna-i imitating, similarity (, ): OJpn.

mane; MJpn. mane; Tok. mne; Kyo. mn; Kag. mne.

914

*ma - *mu
JLTT 471.
For the same semantic relationship cf. PA *mati.

-ma to run, trot: Tung. *me-; Mong. *mede-; Turk. *ba.

PTung. *me- 1 to hurry 2 to run around (of a dog) 3 to run (of cattle) (1 , 2 ( ) 3
( )): Evk. meniw-, meiw- 1; Evn. men-, menu- 1, munn- 2; Man.
mure-, mugire- 3.
1, 556-557, 569. Cf. also Evn. All. mad- to trot.
PMong. *mede- to hurry; to scurry (; ):
WMong. mede-, megde- (L 536); Kh. mede-, megde-; Bur. megde-; Kalm.
med-; Ord. mede-, megde-.
KW 261. Mong. mede- > Evk. mend-l- etc., see Doerfer MT 103.
PTurk. *ba 1 to trot, ride 2 trot (1 , 2 ):
OTurk. ma a step (OUygh.); Karakh. ma- (KB) 1; Tur. man- (dial.) 1;
MTurk. ma- (Sangl.) 1; Uygh. ma- 1; Kirgh. ma 2, ma- 1; Kaz. ma 2;
Nogh. ma 2; SUygh. ma 2, ma- 1; Khak. ma 2; Shr. ma 2; Oyr. ma
2; Tv. ma- 1; Tof. ma- 1; Yak. maj- 1.
EDT 766, 767, VEWT 326.
A Western isogloss.
-mee ( ~ -i, -a) mole, scar: Mong. *mege; Turk. *be; Kor. *m.
PMong. *mege birth-mark, mole (): MMong. mge (HY
48); menge (MA 239); WMong. mege (L 536); Kh. mege; Bur. menge;
Kalm. meg.
KW 261.
PTurk. *be mole on the face ( ): OTurk. me
(OUygh.); Karakh. me (MK); Tur. ben, benek; Gag. ben, benek; Az. bnk;
Turkm. me, menek; Sal. me; MTurk. me (Sangl.); Tat. bi; Bashk. mi;
Kirgh. me; Kaz. me; KKalp. me; Kum. mi; Nogh. me; Khak. mi;
Oyr. me; Tv. me; Chuv. mi (may be < Tat.); Yak. me; Dolg. me.
VEWT 70, 334, EDT 346, 208, Stachowski 178.
PKor. *m scar, bruise (, ): Mod. m.
KED 615.
KW 261. Despite TMN 1, 512, 1997, 129 Mong. is hardly <
Turkic (final vowel is unexplained).
-mu whole: Tung. *mede-; Mong. *men-d; Jpn. *m-i.
PTung. *mede- whole (): Neg. meden; Man. mede
; Ul. mede(n); Ork. mede(n); Nan. mend; Orch. mede.
1, 570.
PMong. *mend sane, healthy (, ): MMong. mend
normal (HYt); WMong. mend (L 535); Kh. mend; Bur. mende; Kalm.
mend; Ord. mnd; S.-Yugh. mnd.
KW 261, MGCD 484. Mong. > Evk. mendu, see Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT 127.

*mra - *msV

915

PJpn. *m-i 1 body 2 self 3 fruit (1 2 3 ): OJpn. mi 1, 2,

3; MJpn. m 1, 2, 3; Tok. m 1, 3, m-zukara 2; Kyo. m 1, 3; Kag. m 1, 3.
JLTT 476, 483.
KW 261, SKE 151, Martin 226, 69, 280. The Japanese
meaning was partially influenced by the root *mno q.v.
-mra a k. of berry: Tung. *m[e]rVV; Mong. *maril; Turk. *br-lgen;
Kor. *mri.
PTung. *m[e]rVV 1 rowan 2 cloudberry (1 2 ):
Evk. moroo 2; Nan. mrkule (. 263) 1.
1, 547.
PMong. *maril a k. of red round berry or fruit ( ): WMong. maril (XTTT); Kh. maril.
PTurk. *br-lgen a k. of berry ( ): Uygh. bl(r)gn; Tat.
brlegen; Bashk. brgn; Kirgh. bldrkn; Kaz. bldirgen; Nogh.
b/ldirgen; Chuv. perlexen.
VEWT 93, 139-140 (forms like Kaz. bldirgen may reflect the same stem:
*brl-degen). Cf. also Mong. forms: brelgene , brlgn which may
be of Turkic origin.

PKor. *mri grapes (): MKor. mri; Mod. mru.

Nam 212, KED 608.
2, 44, 11. Turk. *br-lgen < *ber-lgen with labial attraction.
-mru (~--) spot: Tung. *mer-; Mong. *merije- / *marija-; Jpn. *mr.
PTung. *mer- variegated (): Evk. mer-kte, mer-me; Evn.
mrg-ta; Man. mersen spot.
1, 571-572.
PMong. *merije- / *marija- spotted, variegated (, ): Kh. ern arn; Bur. en man; Ord. ern mern.
PJpn. *mr spot, spotted (, ): MJpn. mura; Tok.
mra; Kyo. mr; Kag. mra.
JLTT 488.
Poppe 35, 74. Turk. *bee to ornament ( 2,
105-106) would be a good match; but it may be in fact a crasis < *bede
(see *peda).
-msV wild apple, grape: Tung. *mes(k)u-; Kor. *ms.
PTung. *mes(k)u- grape (): Man. muu; Jurch. me-u (130);
Ork. muskeri name of a tree; Nan. muksulte; Ud. mesukte.
1, 572.
PKor. *ms wild apple; cherry ( ; ): MKor. ms.
Nam 212.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.

916

*mto - *mt

-mto to ask: Tung. *mete-; Mong. *mi-; Jpn. *mt-ma-; Kor. *md-.
PTung. *mete- to warn, let know (, ): Evk.
metew-; Evn. metu-; Neg. metew-; Ork. metteu-.
1, 572.
PMong. *mi-, *mt- to examine, investigate (, ): MMong. mogi- (SH); WMong. me- (L 544); Kh. mi-,
mc-; Bur. mxe-; Kalm. m-; Mongr. mutoG soupon, doute (SM
253).
KW 267, TMN 1, 502.
PJpn. *mt-ma- to ask, demand (, ): OJpn.
m(w)otoma-; MJpn. mtma-; Tok. motom-; Kyo. mtm-; Kag. mtm-.
JLTT 727.
PKor. *md- to ask (): MKor. mt- (-r-); Mod. mut- (-r-).
Nam 223, KED 675.
Should be kept distinct from *muti to know, believe (although
contaminations were possible).
-mti(-rkV) birds crop or navel; pudenda: Tung. *motoka; Turk.
*bteke; Jpn. *mitua; Kor. *mrtkn.
PTung. *motoka vulva (vulva): Evk. motoko; SMan. motqun genitalia of a nubile girl (122), motr childs vulva (123).
1, 547. ?? Cf. Evn. mereldiwke cerebellum.
PTurk. *bteke 1 birds crop, craw 2 kidneys of animals 3 vulva 4
birds stomach (1 2 3 vulva 4
): Karakh. btege 1 (OKypch., At-Tuhfat); Az. ptnk 4; Turkm.
peteke 1 (perhaps a back-borrowing < Mong.?); Tat. btk 1, bteg 3;
Bashk. btg 1; Kirgh. btg/k 4; Kaz. btk 2; KKalp. bteke 1, 2; Kum.
bteke 1; Nogh. bteke, btege 1; Chuv. pudege 1,2; Yak. btg 4.
EDT 304 (sub egg-plant), VEWT 84, . X, 44. Turk. > Mong. betege birds
crop.

PJpn. *mitua pudenda (): OJpn. mjitwo.

PKor. *mrtkn birds navel; (KED) the craw (crop) of a bird or insect ( ): MKor. mrtkn; Mod. mlt:guni.
Nam 212, KED 613.
The initial vowel correspondence is not quite clear (probably secondary labialization in PT).
-mt most: Mong. *-med; Jpn. *mt-m; Kor. *mt.
PMong. *-med the most, the eldest (, ): MMong.
dji-med (SH) the eldest of younger sisters; WMong. -mad, -med
(); Kh. -mad, -med.
Occurs in some compounds: aqa-mad the eldest (brother), egei-med elder
(woman), jeke-med the elder ones etc.

*mlte - *ma

917

PJpn. *mt-m the most (): OJpn. m(w)ot(w)om(w)o; MJpn.

mtm; Tok. mttomo; Kyo. mttm; Kag. mottmo.
Accent correspondences are rather uncertain; but the evidence is for the most part
in favour of high tone on the first syllable.

PKor. *mt the eldest (): MKor. mt; Mod. mat.

Nam 199, KED 578.
SKE 142, EAS 79, Martin 247. Cf. also similar forms (maybe specialized usages of the same root): MKor. mti / mti top, Jpn. maTemphatic prefix; Evk. mtlkn up to the top, moton even.
-mlte ( ~ -i) full, fill: Tung. *milte-; Mong. *melteji-; Jpn. *mt-.
PTung. *milte- full, whole (, ): Evn. miltr; Ork.
milte-milte.
1, 536-537.
PMong. *melteji- to fill, overflow (, ):
WMong. melteji- (L 535); Kh. meltij-; Bur. melt-; Kalm. melt- ().
PJpn. *mt- full, be filled (, ): OJpn. mjit-;
MJpn. mt-; Tok. mich-; Kyo. mch-; Kag. mch-.
JLTT 725.
KW 260, 111, 278. The root is very similar to *mlo full,
fill and may indeed be derived: *mol-ti. Such an explanation, however, would involve a metatony in Japanese and borrowing in TM
(milte- < Mong. melte-), so we prefer to separate the two roots for the
time being.
-mia ( ~ -o, -u) a k. of grass: Turk. *ban; Kor. *mnr.
PTurk. *ban a k. of grass (, ): Tur. bojan, mejan; Az.
bijan; Turkm. bujan; MTurk. bijan, CCum. bujan; Uzb. mija; Uygh. buja;
Tat. dial. mja; Kirgh. mja; Kaz. mja; KKalp. bojan; Kum. mija; Nogh.
mja; Chuv. mjan.
131. Turk. > Kalm. buj , Russ. Siber. bojal
125.

PKor. *mnr celery, parsley (, ): MKor.

mnr; Mod. minari.
Liu 345, KED 687.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.
-ma ( ~ -o, -u) large number, thousand: Mong. *migan; Turk. *b.
PMong. *migan thousand (): MMong. mingan (HY 43),
minqa(n) (SH), minn (IM); WMong. mia(n) (L 539); Kh. angan; Bur.
anga(n); Kalm. min (); Ord. miGa(n); Dag. miange(n) (MD 191);
Mongr. mixn (SM 238).
Mong. > Evk. migan etc., see Doerfer MT 77, Rozycki 158.
PTurk. *b thousand (): OTurk. b, bi (Orkh., OUygh.),
mi(OUygh.); Karakh. mi (MK, KB); Tur. bin; Gag. bin; Az. min; Turkm.

918

*m[]ro - *mae

m; Sal. mi; Khal. mi; MTurk. mi (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. mi; Uygh.
mi; Krm. min; Tat. me; Bashk. me; Kirgh. mi; Kaz. m; KBalk. mi;
KKalp. m; Kum. mi; Nogh. mi, m; SUygh. me; Khak. mu; Shr.
mu; Oyr. mu; Tv. mu; Chuv. pin; Yak. mu.
VEWT 76, MNT 4, 1742, EDT 347-347, 574. Cannot be < Chin. (see Clauson
1964, 24-25).

EAS 78, 324, Poppe 72. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss,

but the Mong. form can hardly be explained as borrowed from Turkic,
despite TMN 4, 33, 1997, 107. Cf. perhaps MKor. mn forty
< big number?
-m[]ro arrow: Tung. *m[i]rV; Mong. *merge-n; Turk. *bri.
PTung. *m[i]rV 1 arrow 2 cross-bow (1 2 ): Evn.
mr 1; Nan. moral 2.
1, 537.
PMong. *merge-n sharp-shooter ( ): MMong. mergan (HY 37, SH); WMong. mergen (L 537); Kh. mergen; Bur. merge(n);
Kalm. mergn; Ord. mergen; Dag. mergen (. . 154), meregen (MD
190); Dong. meren (. .); Mongr. mergen (SM 236), murgen.
KW 261-262, MGCD 485. A later semantic development is sharp-shooter >
skilled, wise, although Doerfer (TMN 1, 498) suggests rather skilled > skilled in shooting. If he is correct, the Mong. word should be removed from the Altaic etymology. In
any case, Mong. > Manchu mergen a very good hunter or fisherman; outstanding, wise,
worthy, skilled, Evk. mergen mind, reason etc. (see 1, 571, Doerfer MT 80, Rozycki
158),

PTurk. *bri head of an arrow ( ): Karakh. bri

end of shaft inserted into arrow head (MK); Yak. br-ges (dimin.) awl,
arrow with awl-like head; Dolg. brges ein Kampfpfeil mit pfriemfrmiger Spitze.
EDT 356, VEWT 71, Stachowski 69.
A Western isogloss. Vocalism is somewhat uncertain.
-mae to move, climb: Tung. *mii-; Mong. *maa-; Kor. *mh-.
PTung. *mii- to move, move back (, ;
): Evk. mii-; Evn. mt-/-; Nan. m-.
1, 539.
PMong. *maa- to climb up, hurry (; ):
WMong. maa- (L 519: mau-); Kh. maca-; Kalm. mac- (); Ord.
mau-.
PKor. *mh- to reach, come to (): MKor. mh-, mih-;
Mod. mihi-.
Liu 346, 348, KED 693.
One of common Altaic motion verbs.

*mga - *mk

919

-mga glory, praise: Tung. *m[ia]g-; Mong. *magta-; Turk. *bAgatur;

Jpn. *mw-s-; Kor. *mr.
PTung. *m[ia]g- 1 to shamanize 2 to be noisy, produce noise (1 2 ): Evk. migdi- 2; Orch. magui- 1.
1, 520, 535.
PMong. *magta- to praise, glorify (, ): MMong.
maxta- to laud, carol (HY 32), maqta- (MA); WMong. mata- (L 520);
Kh. magta-; Bur. magta-; Kalm. makt-; Ord. maGta-; Dag. maktl praise;
S.-Yugh. mada-; Mongr. madaG discours prononc la louange du
gendre le jour du mariage (SM 233), maxda-.
KW 254, MGCD 475, 476. Mong. > Manchu makta- etc. (see Rozycki 153).
PTurk. *bAgatur hero (): OTurk. baatur (Orkh., n. pr.);
Turkm. btr; MTurk. (Xwar.) bahatur, CCum. baatur; Kirgh. btr; Oyr.
btr; Tv. mdr; Yak. btr.
EDT 313, VEWT 55. Cf. the name of the Xiongnu shanyu, MC mw-ton (*mau-tur).
This Turkic word was borrowed into numerous surrounding languages (Iranian, Mongolian etc., see the literature in ). Modern forms like batr, batur are back-borrowings
from Mong.; forms of the type baxatir - back-borrowings from Persian.

PJpn. *mw-s- to speak (polite) ( (.)): OJpn. mawos-;

MJpn. maus-; Tok. ms-; Kyo. ms-; Kag. ms-.
JLTT 726.
PKor. *mr speech (): MKor. mr; Mod. ml.
Nam 200, KED 579.
Kor. *mr < *maga-r.
-mk illness, stomach sickness: Tung. *muxa-; Mong. *mekeji-; Turk.
*b(i)k; Jpn. *manka.
PTung. *muxa- 1 stomach disease 2 to be ill, sick (1 2 ): Evk. mukn 1; Ul. mko
( < *muka-ka); Ork. muxule- 2; Nan. muxu 1.
1, 552.
PMong. *mekeji- to suffer from hunger or stomach pains (
): WMong. mekeji-; Kh. mekij- (); Kalm. mek- ,
; Ord. me-.
KW 260.
PTurk. *b(i)k bad, evil (, , ): Oyr. baaj;
Tv. baq; Tof. baq; Yak. baaj fool, monster.
VEWT 57.
PJpn. *manka evil, bad luck (, ): OJpn. maga.
JLTT 470.
The TM-Mong. match suggests that the original meaning was
stomach sickness, with a later development into a more general sickness, disease and misfortune, bad (circumstabces) elsewhere.

920

*mko - *mk

-mko frog: Tung. *moKo(lV)-; Mong. *mekelej, *melekej; Turk.

*b(i)ka; Kor. *mkr.
PTung. *moKo(lV)- 1 bat 2 chipmunk (1 2 ): Evk. mokolo 1; Evn. mokotoj 2.
1, 544.
PMong. *mekelej, *melekej frog (): MMong. menekai (HY
12), minkj (MA), menk (Lig.VMI); WMong. melekei (L 534), menekei
(DO 461); Kh. melxij; Bur. melxej; Kalm. mekl; Ord. mele; Dag. meleg,
melek (. . 154), melehe (MD 190).
KW 260, MGCD 484.
PTurk. *b(i)ka frog (): OTurk. baqa (OUygh.); Karakh. baqa
(MK); Tur. b; Gag. qurb; Az. baa; Turkm. Gurba; Sal. paa; Khal.
bqa turtle; MTurk. baqa (AH, Ettuhf.), baqqa (MA); Uzb. baqa; Uygh.
baqa, paqa; Krm. baqa; Tat. baqa; Kirgh. baqa; Kaz. baqa; KBalk. maqa;
KKalp. baqa; Kum. baqa; Nogh. baqa; Khak. paa; Shr. paa; Oyr. baqa; Tv.
paa; Tof. baa; Yak. baa.
VEWT 58, EDT 311-312, 646-647, 2, 40-41, 6, 160-161 (see ibid. on the onomatopoeic nature of the component *Kur-) , 179-180. A more precise reconstruction would be perhaps *b(i)kka, with expressive gemination (suggested by non-voicing
in Kypchak). Turk. > Hung. bka, see Gombocz 1912.

PKor. *mkr frog, toad (, ): MKor. mkr.

Nam 209.
SKE 144, 180. An unmistakable match is PT *b(i)ka :
MKor. mkr. The Mong. forms may belong here if we assume the archaic nature of the Kalm. form (mekl), with innovations elsewhere. In
TM one has to suppose a secondary shift of meaning: toad > small
creature (bat, chipmunk).
-mk neck: Tung. *muKa; Turk. *bAkan; Jpn. *mk-; Kor. *mk.
PTung. *muKa skin from deers neck ( ): Evk.
muka.
1, 551. Attested only in Evk., but having possible Kor. and Jpn. parallels.
PTurk. *bAkan necklace, torque (): Karakh. baqan (MK).
EDT 316.
PJpn. *mk- to turn (ones head) towards, to face (
() -.): OJpn. muk-, mukap-; MJpn. muk-, mkf-; Tok. mk-,
mka-; Kyo. mk-, mk-; Kag. mk-, muk-.
JLTT 728.
PKor. *mk neck (): MKor. mk, mki; Mod. mok.
HMCH 199, Nam 214, KED 636.
SKE 150, Martin 233.

*maku - *malu

921

-maku fur: Tung. *muKa; Mong. *makalaj; Jpn. *muku.

PTung. *muKa fur clothes ( ): Evk. muk, mukuk;
Evn. mqa; Ud. moksuh shirt.
1, 551, 553. Evk. > Dolg. mkk (Stachowski 183); deriv. muk-lkan > Dolg.
muklkan (Stachowski 181).

PMong. *makalaj fur hat ( ): MMong. maqalai,

malaqaj (SH), maala (IM), maqalaj (MA); WMong. malaaj (MXTTT); Kh.
malgaj; Bur. malgaj; Kalm. maxl; Mog. malGi (Weiers); Dag. malgaj
(MD); Dong. maGala (Tod. Dong.); Mongr. marGa.
KW 254. Mong. > Man. maxala, see Doerfer MT 138, Rozycki 152-153.
PJpn. *muku thick, shaggy hair ( ): Tok. muku,
mkuge; Kyo. mkg; Kag. mukug.
JLTT 488. Tonal reconstruction is not quite clear.
-mali(-kV) bright, to shine: Tung. *mia(l)-; Mong. *mel-; Turk. *bAlk-;
Kor. *mrk-.
PTung. *mia(l)- 1 to glitter (of eyes) 2 to blind (eyes) 3 glittering,
bright 4 blinded, blind (1 ( ) 2 () 3 , 4 , ): Evk. milln- (. 252)
1, mlks 4; Nan. mar 3; Orch. mia-n- 2; Ud. mili- 2.
1, 534, 535.
PMong. *mel- bright, polished, shiny (, , ): WMong. meli-ji-, (L 534) melmeji-; Kh. melij-; Bur. melmen, melgen,
meliger, melij-; Ord. melme, melmeger.
PTurk. *bAlk- to shine, glitter (, ): Tur. balk- (dial.);
Turkm. balqlda-; MTurk. (MKypch., Xwar.) balq-(CCum., AH, Qutb);
Krm. balq-; Tat. balq-; Bashk. balq-; Kaz. balq-; KKalp. balq-; Kum.
balq-; Oyr. malql, mall bright, shining.
2, 56-57.
PKor. *mrk- clear, transparent (, ): MKor.
mrk-; Mod. mak- [malk-].
Nam 203, KED 587.
SKE 139.
-malu a k. of evergreen tree: Tung. *molari; Mong. *majila-su; Turk.
*bAla- (?); Jpn. *murua.
PTung. *molari cypress (): Man. molori.
1, 545. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *majila-su cypress (): WMong. majila-su (L 522);
Kh. majls.
Mong. > Manchu mailasun arbor vitae, cypress (see Rozycki 153).
PTurk. *bAla- (?) fir tree (): Bashk. balat (VEWT); Kirgh. balat
young fir tree; KBalk. balas (VEWT).

922

*m - *mni

VEWT 60 (the Bashk. and KBalk. forms are only found there, so the root is somewhat dubious).
PJpn. *murua juniper (): OJpn. murwo.
Mong. majila- < *mali-la.
-m to measure, measure: Tung. *miali-; Mong. *malu; Jpn. *ms;
Kor. *mr.
PTung. *miali- 1 to measure 2 a measure of weight 3 a measure for
powder (1 2 3 ): Man. ali- 1,
alin 2; Jurch. mia-lia-ha 2 (524); Nan. (On.) mialaqo 3.
1, 524.
PMong. *malu vessel, basket (for grain) (, ( )): WMong. malu (L 524); Kalm. mal.
KW 254.
PJpn. *ms a measure (for grain) ( ()): OJpn. masu;
MJpn. ms; Tok. mas; Kyo. ms; Kag. mas.
JLTT 473.
PKor. *mr a measure (18 kg) ( ): MKor. mr; Mod. mal.
Nam 200, KED 578.
SKE 138, Martin 236, Miller 1976, 350-351, 69. A completely regular match. It is interesting to note Karakh. (EDT 379) baan
a large fish weighing between 100 and 50 rals (MK), used as a simile
for the head-man of a tribe - although the word may, of course, be derived from ba head (as suggested in EDT) - and thus unrelated to the
present root.
-mni to be confused, hesitate: Tung. *mian-; Mong. *men-; Turk. *bn;
Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *mian- to be confused, wonder (, ,
): Evk. mmbe-; Evn. mn-; Ul. mn-; Nan. man-; Orch. mn-.
1, 567.
PMong. *men- to become dull, numb, stupid (, , ): WMong. mene-re- (L 536); Kh. menere-; Bur. mener-;
Kalm. menr-; Ord. menen stupid; Dag. mener- (. . 154).
KW 261. Mong. meneg > Yak., Dolg. menik (Stachowski 178); Mong. mene stupid >
Manchu menen paralysed, stupid (Rozycki 157).

PTurk. *bn 1 stupid, foolish 2 to go mad (1 2

): Karakh. mn- 2 (IM); Tur. bn 1, 2; Turkm. mn 1 (cf. also mn
timidity).
3, 53, 55. In 7 and VEWT 343-344 confused with other similar roots:
*bn defect, *bun- madness (q. v. sub *mne, *mnu) .

PKor. *mi- to be afraid, scared (): MKor. mi-, mijp(-w-); Mod. musp- (-w-).
Nam 228, KED 660.

*mr - *mat

923

Vocalism is not quite certain: in Turk. one has to suppose a secondary labialization: *bn < *bn; in Kor. - vowel assimilation in a long
wordform (*mi- < *mi-), as well as secondary palatalization *-n- >
*--.
-mr ( ~ --) male, mature: Tung. *miare-; Jpn. *mr.
PTung. *miare- to marry (, ): Evk. mir-;
Evn. miern-; Neg. mijn-; Ul. miren-; Ork. mren-; Nan. marin- (dial.).
1, 538-539.
PJpn. *mr penis (penis): OJpn. mara; MJpn. mr.
JLTT 472.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Note also several possible matches in Bur.:
morgo male bear, mur male, mature, mergeser 3 y.-old pig.
-ms a cutting or grinding tool: Tung. *msa; Mong. *mese; Jpn.
*ms-.
PTung. *msa 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4
thresher (1 2 3 4 ): Man. mose-la2, mose-la-qu 1; Ul. moso-lo-qu 1; Nan. mso (Bik., .) 1; mso-la- 3, msolaqo 4.
1, 547.
PMong. *mese sword, blade, axe (, , ): MMong.
mese (SH); WMong. mese (L 537); Kh. mes; Bur. mese < Khalkha ?; Kalm.
mes; Ord. mese.
KW 262, TMN 1, 499.
PJpn. *ms- 1 sword 2 timber axe (1 2 ): OJpn. masakari
2; MJpn. msf 1, mskr 2; Tok. masakari 2.
JLTT 472.
Cf. also Orok masri axe (probably < Jpn.).
-mat to bend: Tung. *mita-; Mong. *mata-; Jpn. *mtr-.
PTung. *mita- 1 to bend over 2 to go back (1 , 2 ): Man. mita- 1; Jurch. mi-ta-buje- 2 (539).
1, 539.
PMong. *mata- (/ *mita-) to bend, bow (, ()):
WMong. mata- (L 530), matari-, mitara- se courber (SM); Kh. mata-; Bur.
mata-; Kalm. mat-; Ord. mat-; Dag. mata- (. . 154: matn bent,
curved); Mongr. mtari petit pain enroul et cuit au bain-marie (SM
234).
KW 258, MGCD 482. Mong. > Evk., Man. mata- ( 1, 533), see Doerfer MT 61.
PJpn. *mtr- 1 to bend 2 to deviate (1 2 , ): OJpn. motor- 1; Tok. motr- 2; Kyo. mtr- 2; Kag. motr- 2.
JLTT 727. Accent is not quite clear.
Correspondences are regular, and the etymology seems quite reliable.

924

*mati - *mji

-mati head skin, face: Tung. *miata; Mong. *met; Turk. *bt.
PTung. *miata skin from animals head ( ): Evk. mta; Evn. mt; Neg. mta; Ul. mta; Ork. mta; Nan. mata;
Orch. miata; Ud. mta (. 260); Sol. ta face.
1, 535.
PMong. *met like, as, similar (, ): MMong. metu
(SH, HYt); WMong. met (L 538); Kh. met; Bur. mete; Kalm. met, mt;
Ord. mt; Mog. metu (Weiers); Dong. mutu; Bao. mtgo; Mongr. madu
(SM 229).
KW 262, MGCD 485.
PTurk. *bt 1 face 2 side, near (1 2 , ): OTurk.
bet 1 (OUygh.); Tur. bet-beniz face colour; Az. bt-bniz face colour;
MTurk. bet 1 (Sangl.); Uzb. bet 1, 2; Uygh. bt 1, 2; Krm. bet 1; Tat. bit 1,
2; Bashk. bit 1, 2; Kirgh. bet 1, 2; Kaz. bet 1, 2; KBalk. bet 1, 2; KKalp. bet
1, 2; Kum. bet 1, 2; Nogh. bet 1, 2; Oyr. bet 1; Tv. beti 2; Tof. bet 2; Chuv.
pat- 2 (pit 1 < Tat.); Yak. bet- 2.
VEWT 72, EDT 296, 2, 121-122, 207.
EAS 79, KW 262, 207-208. A Western isogloss. The Jpn.
cognates present problems. Ozawa 292-293 compares OJ mod(w)ok(j)i
resembling, similar, which is quite irregular vocalically. It is interesting to note Modern Jpn. mitai id. (used exactly in the same suffixed position and being phonetically quite a good match for Mong. met etc.,
but attested late and usually analysed (folk-etymologically?) as a desiderative form of mi- to see.
-moje to hate, dislike: Tung. *muj-; Mong. *mejee-; Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *muj- to treat badly, oppress (, ): Evk.
muj-; Evn. mje-.
1, 551.
PMong. *mejee- envious, conceited (, ):
Bur. mejn; Kalm. mejrkg (), mejr- (KW 260).
PKor. *mi- to dislike, hate ( , ): MKor. mui-,
mi-p- (-w-); Mod. mip- (-w-), miw-ha-.
Nam 224, 233, KED 699.
SKE 153, 1, 551.
-mji ( ~ -n-) to become overripe, rot: Tung. *mun-; Turk. *bAl; Jpn.
*mn-r-; Kor. *mi-b-.
PTung. *mun- 1 to rot (trans.), spoil 2 to rot (1 , 2
): Evk. mun- 1, munu- 2; Evn. mun- 2; Sol. mune- 2.
1, 557.
PTurk. *bAl overripe (): Karakh. majl, majl- to become overripe (MK).
EDT 772. Cf. also Oyr. mnk musty.

*mjo - *mk[]

925

PJpn. *mn-r- to ripen, become ripe (): OJpn. m(j)in(w)or-;

Tok. mnor-, minr-; Kyo. mnr-; Kag. minr-.
JLTT 724.
PKor. *mi-b- bitter, acid, to make acid (, , ): MKor. mip- (-w-); Mod. mp- (-w-).
Nam 208, KED 605.
Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for the secondary
palatalization in Turkic and for the -i-reflex in Korean.
-mjo to be mislead, mad: Tung. *mija-; Turk. *boj-; Jpn. *maju(a)-; Kor.
*m-hi-.
PTung. *mija- to go astray, be mislead (, ): Evk. mija-; Evn. mie-; Neg. m(j)-; Ul. mi-; Ork. m-.
1, 536.
PTurk. *boj- 1 to be dilatory and careless 2 to rage, rough-house 3
rampant 4 to rot, spoil (1 , 2 3 , 4 , , ): Karakh.
bojba- (MK) 1; Turkm. bojna- 2, bojnaq 3; Uzb. bj-la- 4; Krm. boj-n
fainted; Bashk. buj-la- 2; Kirgh. buj-da- to be confused; Tv. boj-la- 4.
EDT 385.
PJpn. *maju(a)- to go astray ( ): OJpn. maju-p- / majwo-p-; MJpn. majof-; Tok. may-; Kyo. my-; Kag. may-.
JLTT 722. Accent reconstruction is not clear: either *mja- (Kyoto-Kagoshima, with
deviation in Tokyo) or *mja- (Tokyo-Kyoto, with deviation in Kagoshima); the word is
unfortunately absent in RJ.

PKor. *m-h- to be mad ( ): MKor. m-h-; Mod. mihi-.

Liu 346, KED 693.
SKE 149.
-mk[] to bow: Tung. *miaxu-; Mong. *mekji-; Turk. *bok-; Jpn.
*mnk-.
PTung. *miaxu- to bow, kneel (, ):
Neg. mixeret-; Man. aqura-; SMan. jaqur-, jaquru- (1447); Jurch.
mia-ku-ru- (466); Ul. xoron-; Ork. moran-; Nan. moran-, maqora-;
Orch. mxurava-; Ud. mula-.
1, 536. Cf. also *mek- hump ( 1, 565-566).
PMong. *mekji- to bow (, ): WMong. mekji(L 574); Kh. mexij-, mxij-.
PTurk. *bok- to bend knees, bow, cross the legs ( ,
, ): Karakh. boq- (MK); Kaz. buq-; KKalp.
buq-; Oyr. b-; Yak. bokuj-.
EDT 311, VEWT 79.

926

*mle - *molko

PJpn. *mnk- to bow, bend (()): OJpn. maga-(r-); MJpn.

mg-(r-); Tok. mgar-, mge-; Kyo. mgr-, mg-; Kag. magr-, mag-.
JLTT 719.
1, 536. The parallel seems plausible, although in Jpn. one
would rather expect -u-.
-mle to present, gift: Tung. *mula-; Mong. *mele-; Turk. *blek; Jpn.
*mrp-, *mr-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mula- to pity (): Evk. muln-; Evn. mln-; Neg. moln-; Ul. munals-; Ork. mnl-; Nan. monals-; Orch. mualisi-; Ud.
muali-; Sol. mln-.
1, 554.
PMong. *mele- 1 a bet, wager 2 to bet (1 , 2
): MMong. mileldu- (- ) (MA); WMong.
melige 1, meli- 2 (MXTTT); Kh. mel 1, mele- 2; Bur. melze- refuse;
Kalm. melz 1 (); Ord. mell- faire concourir pour un prix.
Mong. > Manchu mele- etc. (see Rozycki 156).
PTurk. *blek gift (): OTurk. belek (OUygh.); Karakh. belek
(MK); Tur. belek (dial.); Khal. pelek; MTurk. belek (Sangl.); Uygh. blk
(dial.); Krm. belek ; Tat. blk; Bashk. blk; Kirgh. belek;
SUygh. pelek (); Oyr. belek; Tv. belek; Chuv. pil blessing; Yak. belex;
Dolg. belek.
VEWT 69, TMN 2, 413, EDT 338, 2, 112-113, 1997, 78-79,
348-349, Stachowski 57. In 160, 1, 431 the Chuv. form is regarded as a
variant of pexil blessing ( < Pers.), which is insecure phonetically. Derivation from
beleswaddle (Clark 1977, 132) is highly dubious. The labialized vowel in Bashk., Tat. is a
result of contamination with *blek part. Turk. > WMong. beleg, Kalm. belg (KW 41;
TMN ibid., 1997, 104), whence Evk. belek etc., see Doerfer MT 141 (but
127 regards Evk. belek as borrowed < Yak.).

PJpn. *mrp-, *mr- 1 to obtain, receive gifts 2 to guard, protect (1

, 2 ): OJpn. m(w)orap- to
expect, await, m(w)or- 2; MJpn. mrf- 1, mor- 2; Tok. mra- 1; Kyo.
mr- 1; Kag. mor- 1.
JLTT 727.
PKor. *mr- to pay, compensate (, ): MKor.
mr-, mr-; Mod. mul-, mulli-.
Liu 334, Nam 224, KED 677, 679.
The basic meaning of the root is to present (or obtain) a gift; a
metaphorical change present a gift > condescend > pity must have
occurred in TM.
-molko to creep, slide: Tung. *milk- / *mirk-; Mong. *mlki-; Jpn.
*mk-jp- (~-ua-).
PTung. *milk- / *mirk- to creep (): Evk. mirki-, dial. milki-;
Evn. mirk-; Neg. mxi-; Man. miu-, mii-; SMan. mui-, ui- (1236,

*mlo - *mde

927

2302); Ul. miu-; Ork. mitu-; Nan. miku-; Orch. mikki-; Ud. miki-; Sol.
milki-.
1, 537-538.
PMong. *mlki- to creep (): WMong. mlk- (L 546); Kh.
mlx-; Bur. mlxi-; Kalm. mlk-; Ord. ml-; Mog. ZM molku- (10-4b);
Dag. milku-, mulku- (. . 154); S.-Yugh. mlg-.
KW 265, MGCD 489.
PJpn. *mk-jp- (~-ua-) to creep (as snake) ( ( )):
OJpn. m(w)ok(w)oj(w)op- ( ~ -g-); MJpn. mokojof-.
Poppe 36.
-mlo full, to fill, thick: Tung. *mila-; Mong. *mel- / *ml-; Turk. *bol;
Jpn. *mr-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mila- wide open, broad ( ): Man. mila,
mila-un.
1, 536. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *mel- / *ml- 1 to be full, become full 2 quite, full (1
, 2 , ): WMong. melmeji- (L 534),
melmele- / mlmle- (L 535, 546) 1; Kh. melmij-, melmele- 1; Bur.
melmele- 1; Kalm. melm:- 1, mel 2; Ord. melirme- 1, mel, mel.
KW 260.
PTurk. *bol abundant, full (, ): Tur. bol; Turkm.
bol; Uzb. bl (Chag.), ml (Uzb.); Tat. mul; Kirgh. mol; Chuv. ple-mes;
pl-l stalwart.
2, 184-185.
PJpn. *mr- to fill, heap up (, ): OJpn.
m(w)or-; MJpn. mr-; Tok. mr-; Kyo. mr-; Kag. mr-.
JLTT 727.
PKor. *mr- tide (, ): MKor. mr-mr (mr water);
Mod. mlmul.
Nam 234, KED 697.
Note traces of nasalization in Turkic (should one reconstruct
*bonl?). Cf. also *mlte.
-mde hare: Tung. *mundu-kn; Mong. *mndele; Turk. *bA-; Jpn.
*mm-.
PTung. *mundu-kn hare (): Evk. mundukn; Evn. mnrqan;
Neg. monoxn.
1, 556.
PMong. *mndele young of a tarbagan ( ):
WMong. mndele (L 547: mndl); Kh. mndl.
Cf. also WMong. moltuin (L 542) rabbit.
PTurk. *bA- 1 hare 2 marmot (1 2 ): Tat. bajbaq 2;
Bashk. bajbaq 2; Oyr. majq 1; Chuv. molga/.

928

*m - *moe

7, under *majmak club-footed, 1970. The traditional etymology of

Chuv. ( 1, 362, 134-135) from an unattested Udm. *mu earth + lud ke
field hare is quite incredible: the Chuv. form is well explained < *ba-l-ka (a diminutive).
PJpn. *mm- flying squirrel (-): MJpn. mm; Tok. momonga.
JLTT 484.
The root (containing a rare cluster *-d-) must have denoted a
small wild animal, most probably a hare. It occurs with various suffixes; a common formation may be Chuv. mulga < *ba-l-(ka) = PM
*mnde-le < *mde-lV.
-m heart; breast: Tung. *miaam; Jpn. *mn-i; Kor. *mm.
PTung. *miaam heart (): Evk. mwan; Neg. mwan; Man.
aman; SMan. amn (86); Ul. mwa(n); Ork. mwa(n); Nan. mwa(n);
Orch. mwa(n); Ud. mewa(n-); Sol. , m.
1, 533-534. All languages except Manchu underwent an assimilative change
*miaam > *miawan; however, Manchu aman speaks strongly in favour of the original
palatal *, corresponding well to the external data.

PJpn. *mn-i breast (): OJpn. mune; MJpn. mn; Tok. mun;
Kyo. mn; Kag. mne.
JLTT 488. muna- in OJ compounds (muna-saka etc.).
PKor. *mm heart (): MKor. mm; Mod. mam.
Nam 196, KED 564.
An Eastern isogloss. See SKE 136, EAS 79, Whitman 1985, 202, 237,
48, 290, Robbeets 2000, 103. The MKor. variant njm- in
njm-th heart (which Lee 1958, 115 attempts to compare separately
with Manchu aman), is most probably just a contraction in a compound < *mm-th.
-moe red, blood-red: Tung. *musi; Mong. *min-i- / *men-te- (?); Jpn.
*mmi ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *musi 1 red (as blood) 2 clot of blood (1 (
) 2 ): Evk. muni 1; Evn. muns 2.
1, 556.
PMong. *min-i- / *men-te- to become red (): WMong.
mini-; Kh. minij-; Bur. ment-; Kalm. min-.
In KW 263: mint uln urlt mit hellroten Lippen. Ramstedt says *minta < Tib.
mendi < Sanskr. mendh Lawsonia alba; wird zum Rotfrben der Ngel verwendet; minis glossed (ibid.) as prahlerisch gekleidet sein.

PJpn. *mmi ( ~ -ua-) red cloth, red colour ( ,

): MJpn. momi; Tok. mmi; Kyo. mm; Kag. mmi.
JLTT 484. Tone reconstruction is not quite clear.
Since the Mong. reflex is somewhat dubious, basically a
Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

*more - *mre

929

-more to hurt, damage, wound: Tung. *mur-dul-; Mong. *mer; Turk.

*bert-; Jpn. *miar- ( ~ *mair-).
PTung. *mur-dul- 1 to slaughter (a deer) 2 to peel (bark) (1 () 2 ()): Evk. murdul- 1, murdune- 2.
1, 558. Attested only in Evk., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *mer 1 wound 2 (expr. for) a painful sensation 3 to gnaw at
smth. (1 2 (.) 3 -.): MMong. mer
(MNT, SH) 1; WMong. mer 2, mere- 3 (L 536); Kh. mer 2, mere- 3; Bur.
mere- 3; Kalm. mer 2, mer- 3.
KW 261, 262.
PTurk. *bert- to break, damage, wound (, , ):
OTurk. bert- (OUygh.); Karakh. bert- (MK); Tur. bert-; Gag. bert-; Az.
prt-; Turkm. berti-; Khal. prt-l- to throw; MTurk. bertik bone (in the
context: bone fracture) (Pav. C.); Tat. birt-; Bashk. birt-; Kirgh. bertik
contortion, bertin- = mertin- (refl.); Kaz. mertik contortion; KKalp.
mert-; Nogh. mertik contortion; Khak. pirtk mutilation; Shr. peret-;
Oyr. bert-in- (refl.); Tv. bertik mutilation; Chuv. part (imit.) crackling.
VEWT 71, EDT 358, 359, 2, 70-72. Turk. > Mong. berte-.
PJpn. *miar- ( ~ *mair-) to decrease, diminish, drain away (, ): MJpn. mer-; Tok. meri (n.).
JLTT 475, 723.
The Jpn. parallel is not quite certain, both semantically and phonetically; if it really belongs here it might demand a reconstruction
*mojre.
-mre ( ~ --) to long, show affection: Tung. *mur-; Mong. *mereji-; Jpn.
*mt-m-.
PTung. *mur- 1 spiritual power, luck 2 thought, mind, determination, resolution 3 love, affection 4 to think (1 , ,
2 , , 3 , 4 ): Evk.
mura 1; Man. muin 2, muilen 2, 3; muru shape, form; SMan. muin 2
(1998); muru pattern, outline (2343); Jurch. miuil[e]n-be (506) heart;
Ul. muru(n) 2, murui- 4; Ork. muru(n) 2, muruti- 4; Nan. mur 2, murui- 4; Orch. muii- 4.
1, 551, 558, 559.
PMong. *mereji- to strive, make an effort (): WMong.
mereji- (L 536); Kh. merij-.
PJpn. *mt-m- to be friendly, show affection ( , ): OJpn. mutub-; MJpn. mtm-, mtb-; Tok.
mtsum-; Kyo. mtsm-.
JLTT 729.
One of the common Altaic verbs of emotion.

930

*mri - *mot

-mri road, track; to follow: Mong. *mr; Turk. *bar-; Jpn. *mt; Kor.
*mr-.
PMong. *mr road, track (, ): MMong. mor (HY 4, SH),
mor (IM), mur (MA); WMong. mr (L 548); Kh. mr; Bur. mr; Kalm.
mr; Ord. mr; Mog. mr; KT mor (11-2b); Dag. mure (MD 192); Dong.
mo; Bao. mor; S.-Yugh. mr; Mongr. mr (SM 240), (MGCD mur).
KW 266, MGCD 491.
PTurk. *bar- 1 to walk, go (away) 2 to come, reach (1 , 2
, ): OTurk. bar- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. bar- 1
(MK); Tur. var- 2; Gag. var- 1, 2; Az. var- 2; Turkm. bar- 1; Sal. var-, br-,
pr- 1 (); Khal. var- 1; MTurk. bar- 1 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. br- 1, 2;
Uygh. ba(r)- 1; Krm. bar- 1; Tat. bar- 1; Bashk. bar- 1; Kirgh. bar- 1; Kaz.
bar- 1; KBalk. bar- 1; KKalp. bar- 1; Kum. bar- 1, 2; Nogh. bar- 1; SUygh.
par- 1; Khak. par- 1; Shr. par- 1; Oyr. bar- 1, 2; Tv. bar- 1; Tof. bar- 1;
Chuv. pr- 1; Yak. bar- 1; Dolg. bar- 1.
VEWT 62, 2, 64-65, EDT 354, Stachowski 52. Chuv. -- is unclear.
PJpn. *mt road (): OJpn. mjiti; MJpn. mt; Tok. mchi; Kyo.
mch; Kag. mti ( = mT).
JLTT 481.
PKor. *mr- to pursue, drive (, ): MKor. mr-;
Mod. mol-.
Liu 325, HMCH 307, KED 641.
89, 277.
-mti joint: Mong. *mi; Kor. *mti.
PMong. *mi body part, extremity ( , ):
MMong. mue (MA 405); WMong. mi (L 544: me, mi); Kh. m; Bur.
mse; Kalm. m; Ord. m; Dag. mui (. . 155), (MGCD) moii;
Mongr. muir.
KW 267, MGCD 492. Mong. > Kirgh. mu, Kaz. mue, Yak. ms etc. (see TMN 1,
505, 1997, 206).

PKor. *mti joint (of bamboo; of body) ( (); ): MKor. mti; Mod. madi.
Nam 195, KED 561.
A Mong.-Kor. isogloss.
-mot ( ~ -u-) land: Jpn. *mita ( ~ -u-); Kor. *mut.
PJpn. *mita ( ~ -u-) earth ():
JLTT 481. A Ryukyu isolate: cf. Nase m, Hateruma nt etc.
PKor. *mut dry land (): MKor. mut; Mod. mut [muth].
Nam 223, KED 685.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

*mdu - *mk[]

931

-mdu dragon: Tung. *muduri; Jpn. *mi ( ~ *mi); Kor. *mr.

PTung. *muduri dragon (): Man. muduri; SMan. muduri
(2276); Jurch. mudu-ur (135); Ul. muduli; Nan. muduri; Orch. muduri; Ud.
mudile (. 262); Sol. mudur.
1, 550. TM > Dag. mudur (. . 155).
PJpn. *mi ( ~ *mi) snake (6th Zodiac sign) ( (6 )): OJpn. mi; MJpn. mi; Tok. m; Kyo. m; Kag. m.
JLTT 476.
PKor. *mr dragon (): MKor. mr.
Nam 233.
Whitman 1985, 61, 239 (Kor.-Jpn.); see also the discussion in Miller
2000. An interesting Eastern isogloss.
-mjre shoulder: Tung. *mre; Mong. *mr; Jpn. *mt-; Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *mre shoulder (): Evk. mre; Evn. mr; Neg. mje;
Man. meiren; SMan. mirin (65); Ul. ujre; Ork. mujre; Nan. mejre; Orch.
mije; Sol. mri, mre.
1, 538.
PMong. *mr shoulder (): MMong. muru (SH), muro (HY 46),
murun (MA); WMong. mr(n) (L 549); Kh. mr; Bur. mr(e); Kalm. mrn
(); Ord. mr; Dag. muru, mur (. . 155), mure (MD 192);
S.-Yugh. mur, mr.
MGCD 491.
PJpn. *mt- to carry, hold (, ): OJpn. mot-; MJpn. mt-;
Tok. mt-; Kyo. mt-; Kag. mt-.
JLTT 728.
PKor. *mi- to carry on the shoulder ( ): MKor. mi-;
Mod. m-.
Nam 212, KED 616.
Poppe 35, 1, 538, SKE 145, 1972a, 91-92, 291, 308, Rozycki 156. The cluster *-jr- accounts for Kor. -i(but note that in TM it may be perhaps reconstructed directly: a reconstruction *mjre is also possible).
-mk[] a k. of hammer: Tung. *muka; Jpn. *mt; Kor. *mh.
PTung. *muka mallet (, ): Neg. mkoan; Man. muqan; SMan. muqan, muqsan club, stave (679); Ul. mka; Nan. moksato hit with a mallet; Orch. muaki; Ud. msi- to hit with a fist, mallet
(. 263); Sol. mx.
1, 553, 561.
PJpn. *mt whip (, ): OJpn. muti; MJpn. muti; Tok. mchi;
Kyo. mch; Kag. mchi.
JLTT 489. Kyoto and Kagoshima point to *mt, but the Tokyo accent is irregular.

932

*mko - *muktu

PKor. *mh wooden hammer, mallet ( , ): MKor. mh; Mod. mahi.

Liu 301, KED 567.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Turk. *bkak knife (if
re-analysed semantically on analogy with *b- cut). The vowel reflex
in Jpn. points to a variant *muko (or muku).
-mko snake: Tung. *mk; Mong. *mogaji; Turk. *bke; Jpn. *mktai
( ~ -tia); Kor. *mk-.
PTung. *mk snake (): Neg. mxi; Man. meixe; SMan. meix
(2271); Jurch. muj-xe (165); Ul. mui; Ork. mui / muji; Nan. mujki; Orch.
mki; Ud. miki.
1, 537-538.
PMong. *mogaj snake (): MMong. moxai (HY 12), moqai (SH),
ma (IM), muaj (MA); WMong. moai (L 541); Kh. mogoj; Bur. mogoj;
Kalm. mo, mo; Ord. moG; Mog. ma; ZM mj (21-7a); Dag. mogo,
mogu, mog (. . 154); Dong. moGi, moi; Bao. moGui; S.-Yugh.
moui, moGoi; Mongr. muGw (SM 244), moGui (Huzu).
KW 263, MGCD 487, TMN 1, 508-509.
PTurk. *bke a big snake ( ): Karakh. bke (MK).
180, EDT 324. Clauson doubts MKs derivation of bke warrior from big
snake (MK quotes a folk-tale about the snake with seven heads called bke, and says that
the warriors are called by it); but external evidence rather supports Kashgaris point of
view. If this is the case, MMong. bk warrior, wrestler (whence Evk. buku etc., see Doerfer MT 235) must be a Turkic loanword (see EDT ibid.).

PJpn. *mktai (~-tia) centipede (): MJpn. mkd; Tok.

mkade; Kyo. mkd; Kag. mukde.
JLTT 487. Accent is not quite clear: most dialects (including RJ) point to high tone
on the first two syllables, but Kyoto suggests rather *mkti.

PKor. *mk- a big black snake ( ): Mod.

mk-kuri, mk-kuri.
KED 609.
36, 293, 180. The Mong.-Tung. match is precise; other reflexes present bigger or lesser problems, possibly of tabooistic nature. PJ has irregular tone (but cf. the accentuation in Kyoto,
pointing to *mk-); in PT one would rather expect a back vowel; the
Kor. word is analysed as ink-snake (which is probably a
folk-etymology).
-muktu ( ~ -i) stump, horn foundation: Tung. *mugde-ke; Mong.
*mugi-; Kor. *mth.
PTung. *mugde-ke stump (): Evk. mugdekn; Evn. mudkn;
Neg. mugdixn; Man. mukdexen; Ul. mugdu(n); Ork. mgde(n); Nan.
mugdu, mugdek; Orch. mugde(n); Ud. mugdaa (. 262); Sol. mugdex.
1, 549-550.

*mui - *mi

933

PMong. *mugi- 1 short-necked and plump 2 hornless, hairless (1

2 , ): WMong.
muiar () 1; Kh. muggar 2; Ord. muGd 2.
PKor. *mth bottom, foundation (, ): MKor. mt, mth;
Mod. mit [mith].
Nam 234, 235, KED 699.
The old deriving stem is perhaps preserved in Mong. muqur,
moutur blunt, hornless, MMong. muular id., Khalkha moxo-, Kalm.
mux- to make blunt etc. (whence numerous TM forms, see 1,
552-553). Some of them (especially suffixless forms or forms with -l-,
like Evk. muku- to become blunt, Sol. mox blunt, Evn. muk- to chop
off) may actually be genuine, see Poppe 55. In Mong. cf. also the
fronted variant mk blunt (KW 265).
-mui ignorant: Tung. *mul-(di-); Mong. *mulgu-; Jpn. *misu-; Kor.
*mr-.
PTung. *mul-(di-) to be unable ( ): Evk. mulli-; Evn. mlrto doubt; Neg. mol-.
1, 555.
PMong. *mulgu- to act foolishly ( ): WMong.
mulu- (MXTTT); Kh. mulga-.
PJpn. *misu- annoying, bothersome (, ): OJpn. mjisu-.
PKor. *mr- to be unable, ignorant ( , ): MKor.
mr-; Mod. mor-.
Nam 215, KED 630.
Jpn. -s- (even in the absence of Turkic forms) points to PA *-here.
-mi ice, hail: Mong. *ml-s, *ml-dr; Turk. *b(n); Jpn. *mns-r-;
Kor. *mri.
PMong. *ml-s, *ml-dr 1 ice 2 hail (1 2 ): MMong. molsun (HY 1, SH), mulsun (MA), mundur (HY 2), mlsn (Lig.VMI);
WMong. ms(n), mls(n) (L 546, 550) 1, mndr 2; Kh. ms 1, mndr 2;
Bur. mhe(n); Kalm. msn; Ord. ms; Dag. meise, meis (. . 154) 1;
murtul 2 (. . 155), mejse 1 (MD 190), muretule 2 (MD 192); Dong.
mensun (MGCD mandu 2); Bao. menu (MGCD minu); S.-Yugh. msn;
Mongr. mor (SM 240), (MGCD mols).
KW 266, 267, MGCD 489, 492. Mong. *ml-dr is proved by the Dagur form, as well
as by Turkic loans: Chag. mldr, Uygh. mldr. See VEWT 341, 32.

PTurk. *b(n) ice (): Karakh. buz (MK, KB, IM); Tur. buz; Gag.
buz; Az. buz; Turkm. bz; Sal. muz; Khal. buzk; MTurk. buz, muz
(Abush., MA, Sangl.); Uzb. muz; Uygh. muz; Krm. buz; Tat. boz; Bashk.
bo; Kirgh. muz; Kaz. muz; KBalk. buz; KKalp. muz; Kum. buz; Nogh.

934

*mn - *mn

buz; SUygh. pz; Khak. pus; Shr. mus; Chuv. pr; Yak. ms, bs; Dolg.
bs.
VEWT 91, EDT 389, 2, 238-239, 17-18, TMN 2, 336, Stachowski 67.
PJpn. *mns-r- 1 to fall (of rain with snow) 2 wet snow, rain with
snow (1 ( ) 2 , ):
MJpn. mizora- 1; Tok. mzore 2; Kyo. mzr 2; Kag. mizre 2.
JLTT 482.
PKor. *mri hail (): MKor. mri; Mod. muri (dial.).
Nam 221, KED 658.
EAS 79, SKE 155, Poppe 35, 138. The Turkic form presents biggest
problems: it must be explained as a result of dissimilation and contraction - *b(n) (cf. obvious traces of nasalization in reflexes) < *b(V) <
*mi-V or even *mi-dVV (cf. Mong. *mldr, Evk. melder-); early
loss of *-i- would then also account for the back vowel reflex. All other
forms are more or less plausibly united under the protoform *mi.
-mn ( ~ -o-) a k. of skin or cloth: Tung. *mune-; Jpn. *mn.
PTung. *mune- 1 skin, fur (from deers feet) 2 to pad skis with skin,
fur 3 fur clothes (1 , ( ) 2
, 3 ): Evk. munekse 1; Evn. muns 1,
muni- 2, munek 3; Ul. munekse 1; Ork. muneske 1, munesi- 2; Nan. munekse
1.
1, 557.
PJpn. *mn straw coat ( , ): OJpn. mjino;
MJpn. mn; Tok. mno; Kyo. mn; Kag. mno.
JLTT 480. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps MMong. (HY) minda-sun,
WMong. mindasu(n), Khalkha andas floss-silk, silk thread.
-mn a k. of of badger: Tung. *m[n]ika; Mong. *mini; Jpn.
*mnsn.
PTung. *m[n]ika bear eating ants (-): Evk.
mdik; Neg. monoqo; Man. moian, moini; Ul. monoko(n); Nan. monoqo
Tibetan bear (On.).
1, 542.
PMong. *mini beaver (): WMong. mini, (L 539) mii(n); Kh.
min.
PJpn. *mnsn a k. of badger (badger-bear, anakuma badger)
( ): OJpn. muzina; MJpn. mzn; Tok. mujin, mjina; Kyo.
mjn; Kag. mujna.
JLTT 489. Accentuation in Kagoshima and the Tokyo variant mzina are aberrant.
The root contains a rare cluster -n- (with not quite clear reflexes
in TM); nevertheless, the etymology seems probable.

*muo - *mri

935

-muo suffering: Tung. *min- ( ~ --); Mong. *mu; Turk. *bu; Jpn.
*munkua-.
PTung. *min- ( ~ --) to nag (of joints, heart) ( ( ,
)): Evk. min-.
1, 537. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *mu difficulty (): MMong. mu (SH); WMong.
mu (L 551: mula- to be in need); Kh. munla- to be in need, to be exhausted ().
PTurk. *bu suffering (, ): OTurk. bu (Orkh.),
mu (OUygh.); Karakh. mu (MK); Tur. bun; Gag. bun; Turkm. mu-l
sorrowful (dial.); MTurk. mu (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. mu; Uygh. mu;
Tat. mo; Bashk. mo; Kirgh. mu; KKalp. mu; Kum. mu; Nogh. mu;
Oyr. mu; Tv. mu; Yak. mu; Dolg. mu.
VEWT 344, EDT 347, 2, 73, 7, Stachowski 182.
PJpn. *munkua- horrible (): Tok. mug-; Kyo. mg-; Kag.
mgo-.
JLTT 853. The PJ accent is unclear.
350, Poppe 71. Mong. may be < Turk. The root
seems to be different from *mne q. v.
-murgu wheat: Tung. *murgi; Jpn. *mnk; Kor. *mrh.
PTung. *murgi barley (): Man. mui; Jurch. mir-e-i product
of agriculture (825); Ul. mui; Nan. mui; Sol. mrgil ,
.
1, 551, 558. TM > Dag. murgil wheat (. . 155).
PJpn. *mnk wheat, barley (, ): OJpn. mugji;
MJpn. mgj; Tok. mgi; Kyo. mg; Kag. mug.
JLTT 487.
PKor. *mrh wheat (): MKor. mr (mrh-); Mod. mil.
Nam 234, KED 696.
Martin 251, 69. An Eastern isogloss; but cf. also Turk.
*bogu- ( < *borgu- ?) in *bogu-daj > *bugdaj ( 2, 232-234,
461, Chuv. pri ; borrowed in Mong. buudaj, see
1997, 110, Hung. bza wheat, see MNTESz 398; not < Chin., despite
Joki 1963, 106, Menges 1984, 285), *bogu , *bogur-sak >
Mong. Kh. brcog . Cf. also Bur. mur flour.
-mri water: Tung. *m; Mong. *mren; Jpn. *m(-n-t); Kor. *mr.
PTung. *m water (): Evk. m; Evn. m; Neg. m; Man. muke;
SMan. muk, muk (347); Jurch. mo (51); Ul. m; Ork. m; Nan. muke;
Orch. m; Ud. mu-de inundation; Sol. m.
1, 548-549.
PMong. *mren river (): MMong. muren (HY 2, SH), murn
(MA); WMong. mren (L 548); Kh. mrn; Bur. mre(n); Kalm. mrn;

936

*muu - *musi

Ord. mrn; Dag. mure (. . 155, MD 192), mur (. . 155);

Dong. moren, moran; Bao. moro; S.-Yugh. mern, merm; Mongr. murn
(SM 250).
KW 267, MGCD 298, 492. Mong. > MTurk. mrn river (TMN 1, 506,
1997, 206). The MMong. form in LHa - mern - is certainly not enough to reconstruct PM
*meren, as attempted by Doerfer (TMN 1, 507) (cf. -- or -- in other sources). This is obviously done in order to attack the traditional etymology of the word, which nevertheless
still holds.

PJpn. *m(-n-t) water (): OJpn. mjidu; MJpn. md; Tok. mzu;
Kyo. mz; Kag. mzu ( = mT).
JLTT 483.
PKor. *mr water (): MKor. mr; Mod. mul.
Nam 229, KED 675.
EAS 79, 147, KW 267, Poppe 35, Lee 1958, 115, Martin 246,
2, 61, Murayama 1962, 109, Menges 1984, 277 -278, 28-29, 69,
86, 278, Rozycki 160. Turkic has preserved the root only within the archaic compound *jag-mur rain. Tone in Jpn. is irregular (probably because of reduction and the position within a compound; suffixless *mi
is also attested in OJ, but its accent is unknown); loss of resonant presupposes a suffixed form: *m < *mr(i)-gV (cf. Manchu m-ke).
-muu to press, damage: Tung. *muru-; Turk. *bu- / *bo-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *muru- 1 to press 2 to oppress 3 to touch (1 2 3 , ): Evn. murke- 2, mrl- 3; Man. muri(na)be stubborn; Ul. mur- 1.
1, 559, 532.
PTurk. *bu- / *bo- to damage, destroy ( , ): OTurk. buz- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. buz- (MK, KB); Tur. boz-;
Gag. boz-; Az. poz-; Turkm. boz-; Khal. puz- ( < Ogh.?); MTurk. buz(Sangl.); Uzb. buz-; Uygh. buz-; Krm. buz- (T,H,K); Tat. boz-; Bashk. bo-;
Kirgh. buz-; Kaz. buz-; KBalk. buz-; KKalp. buz-; Kum. buz-; Nogh. buz-;
SUygh. puz-; Khak. pus-; Shr. puza-; Oyr. bus-; Tv. bus-; Chuv. ps-.
EDT 389, VEWT 91, TMN 2, 337, 1 404, 150, 7. -s- in Chuv.
may be explained either as a loan from Kypch. or as a reflex of the old cluster -s- ( . 98).

PKor. *mr- to push, press (, ): MKor. mroat-, m-i-;

Mod. ml-, ml-hi-.
Nam 233, 234, KED 696, 698.
See also notes to *bro.
-musi a k. of flour: Tung. *musi; Mong. *musi; Jpn. *ms; Kor. *ms.
PTung. *musi 1 roasted flour 2 drink made of roasted flour 3 jelly
(made of fish skin) (1 2 , 3 ( )): Neg. mosn 3; Man.

*msu - *m[u]ti

937

musi 1, 2; Jurch. mu-in (538) 1; Nan. mus frozen (of meat, fish) (On.);
Ul. mos(n) 3; Orch. mos(n) 3.
1, 547, 560.
PMong. *musi pap made of flour thinned with water or bouillon
( , ): WMong. musi
(L 552); Kh. moi ().
PJpn. *ms miso (a k. of thick bean gruel) ( ): MJpn. ms; Tok. mso; Kyo. ms; Kag. mis.
JLTT 481.
PKor. *ms a k. of gruel, mixed water and rice flour ( , , ): MKor. ms; Mod. misi.
Nam 233, KED 690.
Kor. and Jpn. have a tone mismatch, so borrowing is not excluded; a borrowing in Mong. < Man. or vice versa is also possible (see
Rozycki 160, proposing Mong. > Manchu).
-msu to bind, strand: Mong. *musgi-; Jpn. *ms(m)p-; Kor. *msk-.
PMong. *musgi- to twist, strand (rope) ( ()):
WMong. musgi- (L 552: muski-, muki-); Kh. mugi-; Bur. muxa-; Kalm.
mokl-, mukl-; Ord. mui- ( ), , ( ); Dag. morki-; Dong. mui-; Bao. mG-; Mongr.
mugi- (SM 252), mug-.
KW 265, 269, MGCD 495. Mong. > Evk. motki-, see Doerfer MT 127. Cf. also
WMong. msn strand of rope (L 550).

PJpn. *ms(m)p- to bind (): OJpn. musub-; MJpn. msb-;

Tok. msub-; Kyo. msb-; Kag. msb-.
JLTT 729.
PKor. *msk- to bind (): MKor. msk-, ms-; Mod. muk[muk:-].
Nam 232, KED 670.
Martin 227. ? Cf. Man. maselaqu loops, trap ( 1, 533).
-musu ( ~ -a, *mosi) to smile: Tung. *musim-; Mong. *misije-.
PTung. *musim- to smile, sneer (, ): Evn.
musm-; Neg. musi-musi; Man. osiri-la-; Ork. musimu-.
1, 561.
PMong. *misije- to smile, laugh (, ): WMong.
misije- (L 540); Kh. mi-; Bur. miher-.
1, 561. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-m[u]ti to know, believe: Tung. *mute-; Mong. *mede-; Turk. *bt-; Kor.
*mt-.
PTung. *mute- can, be able (, ): Man. mute-; SMan. mut-,
mutu- to be capable (3020); Ul. mute-; Ork. mute-; Nan. mute- (On.).

938

*ma - *md

1, 561 (reflexes coincide with *mute- to fulfil: in PTM a merger occurred of

the Altaic roots *mti to complete and *m[u]ti to know, believe).
PMong. *mede- to know (): MMong. mede- (HY 33, SH), md-,
md- (IM), mid- (MA); WMong. mede- (L 531); Kh. mede-; Bur. mede-;
Kalm. med-; Ord. mede-; Mog. mede- (Weiers); Dag. mede- (. .
154, MD 189); Dong. meie-, meiie-; Bao. made-, mede-; S.-Yugh. mede-;
Mongr. mude- (SM 244).
KW 259, MGCD 483. Mong. > Evk. mede-, Nan. mede- etc. ( 1, 563-564), see
TMN 1, 512-513, Poppe 1966, 191, Doerfer MT 24, Rozycki 155.

PTurk. *bt- 1 to believe 2 sign, token (1 2 ): Karakh.

bt- 1 (MK, KB); MTurk. bt- 1 (Pav. C.); Uygh. pt- 1 (dial.); Shr. pt- 1;
Oyr. bt- 1; Yak. bit 2.
VEWT 93, EDT 298-299 (together with bt- finish), 2, 279-280.
PKor. *mt- to believe (): MKor. mt-; Mod. mit-.
Nam 234, KED 695.
15, 294. See SKE 149, EAS 149. Mong. *mede- is perhaps
< *mde- with secondary delabialization.
-ma ( ~ -u, -o) edge, end: Tung. *mu-; Turk. *b-gak, -mak; Kor.
*mh-.
PTung. *mu- 1 edge, limit, end 2 to turn back, return (1 , , 2 , ): Evk. mu- 2; Evn.
m- 2; Neg. moo- 2; Jurch. muta-bun (378) 2; Ul. ma 1, m-- 2;
Ork. ma 1, mtt- 2; Nan. moa 1, moogo- 2; Sol. mos- 2.
1, 561, 562.
PTurk. *b-gak, -mak (outer) corner, angle ( ):
Karakh. buaq (MK) region of the world, corner; Tur. buak; Gag.
buaq; Az. bua; Turkm. baq lower ends of a winebag; MTurk. buaq
(Sangl.); Tat. pomaq; Krm. buaq, buqaq; Chuv. pmex.
VEWT 85, 2, 282-283. Despite EDT 294 and Clark 1980, 38, not derived < *bcut (because of semantic and phonetic - vowel length and vowel quality - differences).

PKor. *mh- 1 to finish 2 finish, end (1 2 ):

MKor. ms-, mh-, mh- 1, mhm 2; Mod. mahi- 1.
Nam 198, 205, 206, KED 568.
EAS 79, 76, 13.
-md ( ~ -u-, -o) bend, circle: Tung. *moda-; Jpn. *mt-pr-; Kor.
*md-Vph > *mrVph.
PTung. *moda- 1 bend 2 rim, hoop (1 , 2 ,
): Evk. mdan, mdar 1; Man. mudan 1; Ul. modo-o(n) 2; Nan. mod
1; Orch. muda(n) turn, muda()gi- to return; Ud. mudaa 1.
1, 542. The Evk. length is not parallelled elsewhere and is probably secondary
(misrecorded?).

PJpn. *mt-pr- to turn round (): OJpn. motop(w)or-;

MJpn. mtfr-.

*mjo - *mju

939

JLTT 727.
PKor. *md-Vph > *mrVph knee (): MKor. mrp(h),
mrp; Mod. murp.
Nam 221, KED 657.
296. An Eastern isogloss.
-mjo neck: Tung. *mo-ga-n, *mo-pen; Mong. *mundaa; Turk.
*bjn; Jpn. *nmpV; Kor. *mj-k.
PTung. *mo-ga-n, *mo-pen neck (): Evk. moon, meun;
meer counter, scruff; Neg. moon; Man. mogon, meifen; SMan. muan
throat (63), mifin (60); Jurch. mei-fen (509) neck, throat; Ul. mogo(n);
Ork. moo(n); Nan. moo(n); Orch. moo(n); Ud. m (< *mo-gi?); mooli
necklace; collar.
1, 538, 546, 570, 1996, 254-255.
PMong. *mundaa crest, withers (of a horse) ( ()):
WMong. mundaa (L 551); Kh. mund; Bur. mund; Kalm. mund; Ord.
mund.
KW 268.
PTurk. *bjn neck (): OTurk. bojn (OUygh.); Karakh. bojun,
bojn (MK), bojun (KB); Tur. bojun; Gag. bojnu; Az. bojun; Turkm. bojun;
Sal. bojn; Khal. bun; MTurk. bojn, bojun (Sangl., MA); Uzb. bjin;
Uygh. bojun; Krm. bojun; Tat. mujn; Bashk. mujn; Kirgh. mojun; Kaz.
mojn; KBalk. bojun; KKalp. mojn; Kum. bojun; Nogh. mojn; SUygh. mojin; Khak. mojn; Shr. mojun; Oyr. mojun; Tv. mojun; Tof. mn (mojnu);
Chuv. mj; Yak. mj; Dolg. muoj.
VEWT 80, EDT 386, 2, 180-182, 233-234, Stachowski 183. Turk.
forms like Kirgh. mojnoq > Mong. Kh. moinog Wamme (see 1997, 108).

PJpn. *nmpV neck ():

A local Ryukyu word: Hateruma nbs, Yonaguni nb.
PKor. *mj-k neck, throat (, ): MKor. mjk; Mod. mjk.
Nam 213, KED 619.
EAS 98, Poppe 34, 67 (Turk.-Tung.), 53, 280, 5,
234. In Japanese, unfortunately, only Ryukyu forms are attested, which probably underwent an influence of the PJ root *nmp- to
stretch, lengthen; still, the origin of the Ryukyu stem from this PA root
seems probable. The Kor. form is morphologically = PT *bojnak <
*mojo-kV; cf. also MKor. m-i yoke, harness with preservation of
nasal. The TM form also reflects velar suffixation (*mojn-ga-).
-mju all, whole: Tung. *muja-; Jpn. *mina; Kor. *min.
PTung. *muja- whole (, ): Man. mujaun; Nan. mo; Ud.
mujei (. 262).
1, 551.

940

*mka - *mkV

PJpn. *mina all (): OJpn. mina (Old Kyushu dial. mone); MJpn.
mna; Tok. min; Kyo. mnn; Kag. mna.
JLTT 479.
PKor. *min most, extremely, very (, , ): MKor.
min; Mod. mn.
Nam 208, KED 603.
An Eastern isogloss.
-mka ( ~ -u-, -k-) to sow, scatter: Tung. *moK-; Jpn. *mk-.
PTung. *moK- to scatter, throw out, sow (, , ): Neg. moklakunda-; Man. maqta-; SMan. maqt-, maht(1549); Nan. moGlola-.
1, 543.
PJpn. *mk- to sow (): OJpn. mak-; MJpn. mk-; Tok. mk-; Kyo.
mk-; Kag. mk-.
JLTT 720.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-mk old, aged: Tung. *muxu-; Mong. *mk-; Turk. *bk-tel- (~) (?);
Jpn. *mksi; Kor. *muk-.
PTung. *muxu- 1 to lose powers, be exhausted 2 to die 3 distress,
loss (1 , 2 3 , ): Evk.
meker-, muker- 2; Evn. mqj 3; Man. moo- 1; Ul. moo- 1; Nan.
moo- 1.
1, 543, 552, 566 (cf. also Oroch mk- to die).
PMong. *mk- to perish, fade away (, ):
WMong. mk- (L 545); Kh. mx-; Bur. mxe-; Kalm. mkr- be unable;
Ord. m- subir des malheurs; Dag. muku- (. . 155); Bao.
mg-.
KW 265, MGCD 493, 609.
PTurk. *bk-tel- mature (): Karakh. bktel (MK).
EDT 325.
PJpn. *mksi once upon a time, in old times (-, -): OJpn. mukasi; MJpn. mksi; Tok. mkashi; Kyo. mksh;
Kag. mukshi.
JLTT 487. The Kyoto accent is irregular.
PKor. *mk- to become old, stale; to stay, remain (; ): MKor. mk-; Mod. muk-.
Liu 332, KED 668.
Martin 247, 13, 1, 566.
-mkV dirt: Tung. *muK-; Mong. *moki-; Turk. *bok; Kor. *muk.
PTung. *mux- 1 to fart 2 bad smell (1 2 ): Evk.
muk- 1, mukn 2; Evn. muk- 2; Neg. muke- 1; Nan. moxan moi elder

*mola - *mle

941

(Bik.) (stinking tree, cf. Mong. mgij xovol) ( 143); Orch. moki 2;
Ud. muakta- 1.
1, 552.
PMong. *moki- gum, clay, sulphur (, , ): WMong.
mokin (L 542: moki); Bur. moxi(n); Kalm. mokn.
KW 264. Despite 111, 388, not connected with *boki
.

PTurk. *bok dirt, dung (, ): OTurk. boq (OUygh.);

Karakh. boq mildew on bread (MK), dung (IM); Tur. bok; Gag. boq;
Az. po; Turkm. boq; MTurk. (OKypch.) boq (AH, Houts.); Krm. boq;
Kirgh. boq; KBalk. boq; KKalp. boq; Nogh. boq; Khak. pox; Oyr. boq; Tv.
boq; Tof. moq; Chuv. px.
VEWT 79, EDT 311, 2, 183. Turk. > WMong. bo, Kalm. bog (KW 48-49; see
TMN 2, 349, 1997, 108).

PKor. *muk 1 jelly 2 coarse flour (left in the sieve) (1 2

( )): Mod. muk 1, mugri 2.
KED 652, 668.
10.
-mola ( ~ -u-) blunt, short: Tung. *melu- ~ *mulu-; Mong. *moli-; Jpn.
*marV- (?).
PTung. *melu- ~ *mulu- 1 (to become) blunt 2 teethless (1
2 ): Evn. mele- 2; Neg. melu-melu 1, melmetu 2; Man. mentexe 2;
Ul. muluptu- 1; Ork. melli-melli 1; Nan. mulup- 1.
1, 567.
PMong. *moli- 1 to be blunt 2 blunt (1 2 ):
WMong. moli-ji- 1, moluur (L 542) 2; Kh. molgor 2; Bur. molxi 2; Kalm.
ml- 1; Dag. ? mle- loose ones sharpness (MD 192).
Mong. moliar blunt (Kalm. mgr) > Kirgh. molaq animal with a broken horn
(KW 265).

PJpn. *marV- short ():

The root is attested only in Ryukyu: Hateruma mr-, Yonaguni mr-.
The Jpn. parallel is somewhat dubious (a local Ryukyu word, and
the semantic match is not quite convincing).
-mle sick, weak: Tung. *mul-; Turk. *bl-; Jpn. *mr-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mul- 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired (1 2 , ): Evk. mul- (.), multe 2.
1, 555 (Evk. > Yak. mlt-, not vice versa). Attested only in Evk., but having
possible external parallels.

PTurk. *bl- 1 to be destroyed, ruined 2 to destroy (1 ,

2 ): MTurk. OKypch. bl- to remove, fire (AH);
Krm. bl- 1; Tat. bl- 1; Bashk. bl- 1; Kirgh. bln- to be alarmed; Kaz.
blin- 1, bldir- 2.
VEWT 92, EDT 332.

942

*mli - *mlu

PJpn. *mr- fragile (): OJpn. m(w)oro-; MJpn. mr-; Tok.

mor-; Kyo. mr-; Kag. mro-.
JLTT 835. The Kagoshima accent is aberrant.
PKor. *mr- soft, weak (, ): MKor. mr-, mr-; Mod.
mur-.
Nam 226, KED 656.
Martin 242 (Jpn.-Kor.)
-mli to cut into pieces: Tung. *m[o]l-; Mong. *mli-; Turk. *bl-; Kor.
*mr-.
PTung. *m[o]l- 1 to cut (into pieces etc.) 2 into small pieces (adv.) 3
wood cuttings 4 to break into pieces (1 2 3 4 , ): Evk.
melee-, mlepte-, molopto- 1; Evn. melles 2; Ul. mol 3; Nan. mol- 4.
1, 544, 567.
PMong. *mli- to cut (boughs etc.) ( ( ..)):
WMong. mli- (L 546); Kh. ml-; Bur. mli-; Kalm. ml-.
KW 265.
PTurk. *bl- to divide, separate (, ): OTurk. bl(Orkh.); Tur. bl-; Gag. bl-; Az. bl-; Turkm. bl-; Khal. bel-; MTurk. bl(Sangl., Pav. C.); Uzb. bl-; Uygh. b(l)-; Krm. bl-; Tat. bl-; Bashk. bl-;
Kirgh. bl-; Kaz. bl-; KBalk. bl-; KKalp. bl-; Kum. bl-; Nogh. bl-;
Khak. pl-; Shr. pl-; Oyr. bl-; Tof. bl-; Chuv. pl-.
VEWT 84, EDT 332, TMN 2, 323, 2, 214-217. Turk. > Mong. blg, bleg
group, division (see TMN 2, 325, 1997, 109).

PKor. *mr- to cut, trim (, ): MKor. mr-; Mod.

mar-.
Nam 195, KED 562.
PKE 108. In Kor. one has to suppose vocalic assimilation *mr- <
*mr- (cf. similarly *kli).
-mlu ridge, corner: Tung. *mulu; Turk. *bul-; Jpn. *mn-i; Kor. *mr.
PTung. *mulu 1 ridge of roof 2 bench (1 , () 2
): Neg. mulu 1; Man. mulu 1, mulan 2; SMan. mul, mulu ridge,
ridgepole (462); Jurch. mul-an (239) 2; Nan. mulu 1.
1, 554, 555.
PTurk. *bul- 1 corner, angle 2 direction (1 2 , ): OTurk. bulu 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. bulu 1 (MK);
MTurk. OKypch. bulu 1 (CCum.); Uygh. bulu 1; Tat. boln meadow;
Bashk. bolon 1; Kirgh. bulu 1; Kaz. bulq edge; Khak. pulu 1; Tv. bulu
1; Tof. bulu 1; Yak. bulu 1.
VEWT 88, EDT 343, 2, 261-262. Turk. > Mong. bulu (see Clark 1977, 133,
1997, 110), whence Evk. bolon (Doerfer MT 125).

*me - *mno

943

PJpn. *mn-i ridge (of roof) ( ()): OJpn. mune; MJpn.

mn; Tok. mun; Kyo. mn; Kag. mne.
JLTT 488. The Tokyo accent is irregular (mne would be expected).
PKor. *mr ridge (of roof) ( ()): MKor. mr, mr;
Mod. maru.
Nam 195, Liu 285, 289, KED 561.
Lee 1958, 115 (Kor.-TM), Whitman 1985, 183, 237 (Kor.-Jpn.). Despite SKE 139, hardly a loan in Manchu from Kor. In Jpn. we have to
assume *mn < *mura-n (cf. Turk. bulu); in Turkic - a secondary narrowing (*bulu < *bolu).
-me to bite, gnaw: Tung. *mul-; Mong. *mli-; Jpn. *msr-; Kor.
*mr-.
PTung. *mul- 1 to swallow 2 jaw (1 2 ): Man. mua1, muan 2.
1, 554.
PMong. *mli- to gnaw (): WMong. mli- (L 546); Kh.
mli-; Bur. mle-; Kalm. ml-; Ord. mli-; Mog. ZM moli- (16-6a);
Mongr. mur- (SM 248), mori- (Huzu).
KW 265.
PJpn. *msr- to pluck out, pick out (, ): MJpn.
msr-; Tok. mshiru; Kyo. mshr-; Kag. mushr-.
JLTT 729.
PKor. *mr- to bite (): MKor. mr-; Mod. mul-.
Nam 229, KED 677.
SKE 154, 2, 70; Ozawa 296-297; 295.
-mno to knead, press, stroke: Tung. *moni-; Mong. *mun-; Turk.
*bo; Jpn. *mm- (~-u-); Kor. *mn--.
PTung. *moni- 1 to squeeze, rumple 2 mallet (1 , ,
2 ): Evk. moni-, moi- 1; Evn. mon- 1; Neg.
mon- / mon- 1, mo 2; Man. moni- 1; SMan. oni- to massage, to
rub (1571); Ul. mon- 1; Ork. mon- 1, mn(n) 2; Nan. mog- 1,
meki spoon, ladle; Orch. moii- 1; Ud. mugi 2 (. 263).
1, 545.
PMong. *mun- mallet (): WMong. muna (L 551), mona
(L 542); Kh. muna; Bur. munsa; Kalm. mun ().
PTurk. *bo mallet (, ): Tv. mo; Tof. mo.
383.
PJpn. *mm- (~-u-) to knead, rumple (, , ): OJpn.
m(w)om-; MJpn. mm-; Tok. mm-; Kyo. mm-; Kag. mm-.
JLTT 726.
PKor. *mn-- to stroke, rub (, ): MKor. mn--;
Mod. mani-.

*me - *mi

944

Nam 199, KED 576.

SKE 144, Lee 1958, 114, 383.
-me ( ~ -o) a k. of fruit: Tung. *moja- (--?); Mong. *mono-su; Turk.
*b-; Jpn. *mm ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *moja- (--?) name of a tree similar to quince (. ,
): Man. mojoro, mujari.
1, 550. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *mono-su bird-cherry (): WMong. mono-su(n)
(); Kh. monos.
PTurk. *b- 1 black currants 2 hazel-nut (1 2
): Chuv. mjr 2; Yak. moon 1.
1, 346. Cf. also Yak. dial. majara raspberry. Chuv. > Hung. mogyro hazelnut.

PJpn. *mm ( ~ -ua-) peach (): OJpn. m(w)om(w)o; MJpn.

mm; Tok. mmo; Kyo. mm; Kag. mmo.
JLTT 484.
EAS 123-124, Poppe 36, . 75.
-mi ( ~ -e) round: Tung. *muu-, *mubu-; Mong. *mer; Turk.
*bn-ok; Kor. *m-.
PTung. *muu-, *mubu- 1 oval, round 2 blunt, rounded (1 , 2 , ): Evk. mum 2, mumbu-me 1,
mombo- roll; Evn. muuti 1; Man. mumuri 2; Nan. mugel-mugel b 1.
Tung. > Yak. mumur / muur blunt. See 1, 544, 556, 558. Evk. munuk beads
may be derived or else may be a later Turkism.

PMong. *mer wheel, hoop (, ): MMong. moer felloe,

rim (HY 18); WMong. mger (L 545); Kh. mr; Bur. mr(e); Kalm. mr;
Dag. mr (. . 154).
KW 268.
PTurk. *bnok beads, small balls as ornaments (,
): OTurk. monuq (Orkh., OUIgh.);
Karakh. monuq (MK); Tur. bonuk; Gag. bonuq; Az. munu; Turkm.
mnuq; Khal. munuq; MTurk. mna (Sangl.), bunuq (Pav. C.), munaq
(MA); Uzb. munq; Uygh. monaq (dial.); Krm. munax; Tat. muncaq
(); Bashk. munsaq (dial.); Kirgh. monoq; Kaz. monaq; KBalk. minaq; KKalp. monaq; Kum. minaq; Khak. monx, monx (dial.).
VEWT 340, EDT 349, 7. One can argue that this form is derived from *bjn
neck (in old sources the word is usually reserved for neck ornaments). Forms like
mojn-a-k, attested in Tat., Bashk., Nogh., Kirgh., as well as Chag. mna, KBalk., Kum.
minaq should be probably explained that way; but the form *bn-ok itself may rather
reflect earlier *mi-V(kV) round ornament, with secondary contaminations. Turk. >
Russ. munak, see 395.

*mro - *mrV

945

PKor. *m- round, small round stone (, ): MKor. mr-tr; Mod. mui round thing, lump,
muuri round stone.
Nam 224, KED 685.
OJ mapa-r- turn round may belong here if it goes back to <
*mo-bV (cf. Tungus forms), although the vocalism is not quite right; cf.
also Mong. (dissimilation?) bmbger round, see EAS 116.
-mro a k. of weed: Tung. *mr-; Jpn. *m (~*mu); Kor. *mr.
PTung. *mr- 1 sedge 2 horse-tail (weed) (1 2 ): Evk.
mrda 1, mori 2; Nan. mri (.).
1, 546.
PJpn. *m (~*mu) edible seaweed ( ()): OJpn.
m(w)o; MJpn. m; Tok. m; Kyo. m; Kag. m.
JLTT 484. Modern accentuation points rather to high tone, but RJ explicitly has a
low tone.

PKor. *mr edible seaweed ( ()): MKor. mr;

Mod. marm.
Nam 201, KED 562.
Whitman 1985, 144, 155, 237. An Eastern isogloss. In Turk. cf. pe rhaps Oyr., Shor parga weed (which would require a modification of
the PA form to *mro). The loss of resonant in Jpn. presupposes a suffixed form like *mr(o)-gV (cf. the Turkic parallels) or *mr(o)-V (cf.
Evk. moria).
-mrV horse: Tung. *murin; Mong. *mori; Turk. *bura (?); Kor. *mr.
PTung. *murin horse (): Evk. murin; Evn. mrn; Neg. mojn;
Man. morin; SMan. morin (2182); Jurch. mu-rin; Ul. mr(n); Ork. mr(n);
Nan. mor; Orch. muri(n); Ud. mui; Sol. mor.
1, 558-559.
PMong. *mori horse (): MMong. morin (HY 9, SH), mori
(IM), murin (MA); WMong. mori(n) (L 543); Kh. mo; Bur. mori(n); Kalm.
mrn; Ord. mori(n); Mog. morin; ZM morin (20-6), KT muren (19-2b);
Dag. mori, mo (. . 155, MD 192); Dong. mori; Bao. more; S.-Yugh.
mr; Mongr. mori (SM 241).
KW 267, MGCD 487, TMN 1, 507. Oirat (Kalm.) > Russ. ; Bur. > Russ. dial.
mrin, see 391.

PTurk. *bura (?) soul of a sacrificial animal (horse) ( ()): Khak. pura picture of a male maral on a shaman drum; Oyr. pura (dial.) sacrificial animal.
The Oyr. word is usually identified with bura camel < PT *bugra; the absence of
vowel length (*bra would be normally expected) is, however, baffling and could indicate
a different origin of the Oyr. and Khak. words. Cf. perhaps also Yak. burgunas young
cow, cow without calves.

PKor. *mr horse (): MKor. mr; Mod. mal.

946

*mb - *mude

Nam 201, KED 578.

EAS 79, 141, 1984. Somewhat dubious as a PA etymon:
the Turkic reflex is questionable, the Tungus forms may be borrowed
from Mong., see TMN 1, 507-508, Doerfer MT 25, Rozycki 159 (although the vocalism is not quite satisfactory for a loan); however, the
Kor. word is hard to explain as a Mong. borrowing.
-mb blunt, hornless, hairless: Tung. *mub-(up)-; Mong. *mjide; Jpn.
*mp-r(n)ka-; Kor. *mbi- / mbi-.
PTung. *mub-(up)- to become blunt (): Evn. mb-/p-; Neg.
mp-; Man. mufujen.
1, 549.
PMong. *mjide hornless (): Bur. mjde.
Attested only in Buriat, but having probable external parallels.
PJpn. *mp-r(n)ka- to disrobe, make naked ( ,
): MJpn. mfrg-.
JLTT 718 (Martin transcribes mabiroke-).
PKor. *mbi- / *mbi- 1 to be naked 2 to be bald (1 2
): MKor. mi- 2, mi-ws- 1 (ps- to take off clothes); Mod.
mui- 2, m-n, mi-n pure, bare.
Nam 212, 232, KED 603, 664, 693.
The Jpn. word is traditionally analysed as totally spread - most
probably a folk-etymological reanalysis; note the obvious semantic
parallel between MJ mafiroge- and MKor mi-was-.
-me branch (of a pine, conifer): Tung. *mui-kta; Mong. *mir; Jpn.
*mt.
PTung. *mui-kta 1 needles (branches) of a conifer 2 bamboo bast (1
2 ): Evk. muukte 1, muu- to be green (of a
larch); Evn. mt 1 (also young green sprouts); Man. muia 2.
1,562. Evk. > Yak. muukta, Dolg. mkte (see Ka. TJ 266, Stachowski 180).
PMong. *mir branch, twig (): WMong. mir (L 545); Kh.
mir; Bur. mer; Kalm. mr; Ord. mr; Dag. cf. muurtu (. .
155), muurete (MD 192) grapes; Mongr. muir.
KW 267, MGCD 493.
PJpn. *mt pine tree (): OJpn. matu; MJpn. mt; Tok. mtsu;
Kyo. mts; Kag. mats.
JLTT 474.
1972a, 94; 76.
-mude soon, finally: Tung. *mudan; Mong. *md.
PTung. *muda-n end, limit, finish (, ): Evk. mudan;
Evn. mdn; Neg. modan; Ul. mda(n); Nan. mod; Ud. muda(n); Sol.
mud.
1, 550. TM > Dag. madan (. . 153).

*mga - *mgd

947

PMong. *md soon, shortly, later (, , ):

WMong. md (L 545); Kh. md.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also PJ *mat- to wait, *mata
again. Ramstedt (SKE 142) compares the Tung. form with Kor. mahida to end, finish (Ramstedt: mthida), but MKor. has always -- or
-s- in this verb (m-t, ms-t), see *ma.
-mga bonfire: Tung. *mgdi; Mong. *maj; Jpn. *mk.
PTung. *mgdi instrument for obtaining fire (): Evk. mgdi;
Evn. mdg; Neg. mgd; Nan. moduli; Orch. mdi.
1, 541-542.
PMong. *maj bonfire (): WMong. mai (L 522); Kh. maj.
PJpn. *mk ( ~ -ui) firewood (): Tok. mki; Kyo. mk; Kag.
mki.
JLTT 470. The word is not attested in OJ and may be actually = ma-ki true wood
(see ibid.).

Somewhat dubious because of a possible alternative etymology of

the Japanese word and because of tonal discrepancy between TM and
Japanese.
-mgd bank, earth: Tung. *megd / *mugd; Mong. *mui; Turk.
*bodun; Jpn. *mt; Kor. *mt(h).
PTung. *megd / *mugd steep bank ( (, )):
Evk. megdn; Evn. medin; Neg. megdin; Man. mudun; Ul. megdi(n); Ork.
megi(n); Nan. meg (dial. mud meadow, possibly < Manchu); Orch.
megdi(n); Ud. mogo (. 260).
1, 550, 563.
PMong. *mui territory, province (, ):
WMong. mui (L 554); Kh. mu; Bur. moo; Kalm. mu; Ord. mui; Dag.
moi (. . 155, MD 191).
KW 268.
PTurk. *bodun people (): OTurk. bodun (OUygh., Orkh,);
Karakh. boun (MK).
EDT 306, TMN 2, 812, 316.
PJpn. *mt street, quarter (, ): OJpn. mati; MJpn. mt;
Tok. mach; Kyo. mt; Kag. mti.
JLTT 473.
PKor. *mt(h) place, enclosure, yard (, ,
): MKor. mt, mth; Mod. mada, (arch.) mat [mat, math].
Nam 199, 206, KED 560, 578, 596.
EAS 78-79, Whitman 1985, 171, 237, 279. The hypothesis
of borrowing in Korean from Tibetan (SKE 137) is untenable. The
Turkic form may be alternatively derived from *bod body, in which
case it may be unrelated to other forms above.

948

*mgd - *mji

-mgd ( ~ *mgd) to coil, turn round: Tung. *mugdi-; Mong. *mui-,

*moi-; Jpn. *mntr-; Kor. *mr-.
PTung. *mugdi- to coil, make turns (, ): Evk. mugdi-; Neg. mugdeli round and round; Nan. megen-; Ud.
mugili-.
1, 549.
PMong. *mui-, *moi- slanting, to be awry (, ):
WMong. muiji-, moiji- (v.), muiar, moiar (adj.) (L 554); Kh. mu-,
mugar; Bur. mua-; Kalm. mui- to disjoint; Ord. muugur halting,
lame.
KW 268.
PJpn. *m(n)tr- to come back, return (): MJpn.
mdr-; Tok. modr-; Kyo. mdr-; Kag. mdr-.
JLTT 725.
PKor. *mr- to return, turn around, retreat ((), , ): MKor. mr-; Mod. mur-.
Nam 226, KED 657.
Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.
-mji horn; cartilage, tendon: Tung. *mui; Mong. *mer-s (--);
Turk. *buju (*bj); Kor. *mim.
PTung. *mui tendon ( ( )): Evk. mui.
1, 557. Attested only in Evk., but having plausible external parallels.
PMong. *mer-s (--) cartilage, gristle (): MMong. muqursun marrow, pith (MA); WMong. mge(r)s, mgrs (L 545:
mgeres(n)); Kh. mg(r)s, mrs; Bur. megrhe(n); Kalm. mrsn; Ord.
mrs, mrs; Dag. muemi; Mongr. mugir (SM 248), (MGCD
mungrs).
KW 268, MGCD 489.
PTurk. *buju (*bj) horn (): OTurk. mjz (OUygh.);
Karakh. mz (MK); Tur. bojnuz; Gag. bujnus; Az. bujnuz; Turkm. bujnuz; Sal. moz; MTurk. mz, mgiz (Pav. C.); Uzb. mgiz; Uygh.
mgz; Krm. muguz; Tat. mgez; Bashk. mg; Kirgh. mjz; Kaz.
mjiz; KBalk. mjz; KKalp. mujiz; Kum. mjz; Nogh. mjiz; SUygh.
mos; Khak. ms; Shr. ms; Oyr. ms; Tv. mjs; Tof. miis; Chuv. mjraga;
Yak. muos; Dolg. muos.
VEWT 347, EDT 352, 2, 243, 148, Stachowski 183.
PKor. *mim gums (): MKor. n-s-mim, n-s-mjm,
ni-s-mm, ni-s-mijom (ni- tooth.
Nam 127. The modern form it-mom is a result of reinterpreting the compound as
tooths flesh (mom).

*mujre - *mk

949

EAS 120, Poppe 73, KW 268, VEWT 347b (but PTM *mre shoulder is not related); 1, 557 (Tung.-Mong.); 282,
148.
-mujre a bird of prey: Tung. *muri; Turk. *brkt; Kor. *mi.
PTung. *muri eagle (): Evk. muri; Neg. mju; Ud. mui, muji.
1, 558.
PTurk. *brkt 1 aquila fulva 2 eagle (1 2 ): Turkm.
brgt 1, 2; MTurk. brkt (. ., Abush., Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. burgut 1,
2; Uygh. brkt 1, 2; Tat. brkt 1, 2; Bashk. brkt 2; Kirgh. brkt 1;
Kaz. brkt 1; KKalp. brkit 1; Oyr. brkt, mrkt 1; Tv. brgt 1; Chuv.
prgt 1.
2, 300, 169, TMN 2, 331-333. Turk. > Mong. brgd eagle, Russ.
. As suggested in the original stem may have been *br- (preserved in Kaz.,
KKalp. br- to grasp prey (of an eagle)).

PKor. *mi falcon (): MKor. mi; Mod. m.

Nam 206, KED 596.
The cluster *-jr- is reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in
Korean.
-mjV to cut, tear: Tung. *m- (*mj-); Kor. *mi-.
PTung. *m- (*mj-) to cut (): Evk. m-; Evn. m-ne-; Neg. m-;
Man. mej-le-, mej-te-; SMan. miti- to lop off (1731); Ul. ui-; Ork. m-;
Nan. mui-; Orch. mi-; Ud. mine-.
1, 535.
PKor. *mi- 1 to tear a hole 2 to get torn (1 2 ): MKor. mi- 2; Mod. m- 1, 2, mii- 2.
Liu 344, KED 687.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-mk to wrap, tie up: Tung. *muK-; Mong. *muku-; Jpn. *mk-; Kor.
*moka-.
PTung. *muK- 1 cover, case 2 covered tent 3 ring, neck ring of sable
tails 4 globular (1 , 2 3 ,
4 ): Evk. mukk 2, muku 1, muke 4; Man. muxi 3.
1, 550, 552, 554. Some other forms (Sol. mxali globular, Man. muaan pellet, Nan. muxergi ring etc.) may be borrowed < Mong., see Doerfer MT 118, 144, Rozycki 159; but for the forms listed above it is highly unlikely.

PMong. *muku-, *mk- 1 to wrap, tie up 2 to make round 3

rounded, spherical (1 , 2 3 , ): WMong. muqulaji-da- 1 (L 553: muqulajid- 2,
muqula, muquli 3); mklig, mkrig 3 (L 545, 546); Kh. muxlaj-da- 1,
muxlag, mxlg 3; Bur. mxern 3; Mongr. moGuloG, muGuloG (SM

*m[]k - *mk

950

239, 248) 3, muGu petites pierres rondes avec lesquelles les enfants
jouent (SM 244).
PJpn. *mk- to wrap, wind around, tie into (, ): OJpn. mak-; MJpn. mk-; Tok. mk-; Kyo. mk-; Kag. mk-.
JLTT 720.
PKor. *moka- 1 bundle 2 numerative for bundles (1 2 ): Mod. mogami 1, mog 2.
The forms are quoted from SKE 150 (where they are incorrectly compared with
Mong. bo-a etc.); KED 627 lists only mog all together, in the lump.

Cf. *ma[k]o.
-m[]k to suck: Tung. *muKu-; Mong. *meke; Turk. *bk-; Jpn.
*mk-np-; Kor. *mk-.
PTung. *muKu- to fill mouth with liquid ( ): Evk. muku-; Evn. mq-; Neg. moxon- ~ mokun-; Man. muku-; Ud.
mukun-; Sol. moxo-.
1, 552.
PMong. *meke 1 female breast, to suck 2 to move jaws (1 (.),
2 ): WMong. meke-re- 2; Kh. mexre- 2; Bur.
mexer- 2; Dag. mek 1, mek- 2 (. . 154: mek- to suck), meke 1 (MD
190).
PTurk. *bk- to be satiated, full (, ): Karakh.
bk- (MK); Tur. bk-; Gag. bq-; Krm. bq-; Bashk. bk-; Kirgh. bk-; Kaz.
bk-; Nogh. bk-; SUygh. pek-; Tv. pk-; Tof. pk- (note the absence of
pharyngealization - pointing to PT length?); Yak. bx satiated; Dolg.
bgk satiated.
VEWT 83 (together with bk- to lock), EDT 324, 2, 211, Stachowski 63.
PJpn. *mk-np- to feed, provide meals (,
): MJpn. makanaf-; Tok. makan-; Kyo. mkn-; Kag. mkn-.
JLTT 719.
PKor. *mk- 1 to eat 2 to drink (1 2 ): MKor. mk- 1; Mod.
mk- 1, 2.
Nam 211, KED 609.
PKE 109, Lee 1958, 115, 295, 14. Korean has a
verbal low tone; delabialization in Mong. (*mke or *mke would be expected) is not quite clear (cf. the same process in *mede- < *muti).
-mk a k. of fish: Tung. *mk-; Mong. *mk-; Jpn. *mnkra.
PTung. *mk- 1 a k. of white-fish 2 a k. of small fish 3 crucian (1
2 3 ): Evk. mkak 1, mek 3; Ork. mokkiri
2.
1, 544, 566.

*mko - *mula

951

PMong. *mk- 1 young of river fish 2 female carp (1 2 ): WMong. mke 1, mkr 2 (); Kh.
mxc 1, mxr 2 (Gomb.).
Cf. Manchu muxuru female ime fish: Mong. mkr may be < Manchu (see Sukhebaatar; but a reverse borrowing is also possible).

PJpn. *mnkra tuna-fish (): Tok. mguro; Kyo. mgr; Kag.

magur.
JLTT 470.
Cf. also Kor. mik:uri .
-mko ( ~ -u) male: Tung. *muxa- / *muxe-; Mong. *mok-; Turk. *bka.
PTung. *muxa- / *muxe- 1 man 2 male (1 2 ): Neg.
muxeti 2; Man. muan 2; Nan. moa(n) 1, 2; Orch. mueti 2; Ud. mugeti,
mueti 2.
1, 543, 554.
PMong. *mok- 1 2-years old male deer 2 penis (1
2 penis): Bur. moxotor 1; Kalm. moxr 2 ().
PTurk. *bka bull (): OTurk. buqa (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
buqa (MK, KB); Tur. boa; Gag. bua, bua; Az. buGa; Turkm. buGa; MTurk.
bua (Sangl.); Uzb. buqa; Uygh. bua, buqa; Krm. bua; Tat. bua (dial.);
Bashk. bua; Kirgh. buqa; Kaz. buqa; KBalk. bua; KKalp. bua; Kum.
bua; Nogh. bua; SUygh. puqa; Khak. pua; Shr. pua; Oyr. buqa; Tv.
bua; Tof. buxa; Yak. buga.
VEWT 87, EDT 312, 2, 230-232, Sinor 1962, 320-321, 437. Turk. >
Mong. buqa (see TMN 2, 299, 1997, 110), whence Evk. buka etc. (see TMN ibid.,
Poppe 1966, 194, Doerfer MT 99). Turk. > Hung. bika, see Gombocz 1912.

A Western isogloss.
-mk ( ~ -o-) mole: Tung. *muktu-; Jpn. *mnkura / *munkura.
PTung. *muktu- 1 short-tailed mouse 2 mole (1
2 ): Neg. muktuj 1; Man. muqdun, muqtun 1, 2; Ork. muktuli
1, 2; Nan. muktur 2.
1, 552.
PJpn. *mnkura mole (): MJpn. gr-mt (also ugura-); Tok.
mgura, mgura; Kyo. mgr, mgr; Kag. mugur.
JLTT 484, 560. Accent is varying greatly, but low tone on the first syllable may be
more or less reliably reconstructed.

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-mula a k. of deer: Tung. *mul-; Mong. *maral; Turk. *bulan.
PTung. *mul- 1 deer 2 young of elk, small deer 3 deer herd (1
2 , 3 ): Evk. mulkn 1;
dial. mll, Nep. mlan 2; multa 3; Evn. mlqan 1; Neg. molkn 1.
1, 534, 555.

952

*muma - *mne

PMong. *maral mountain deer ( ): MMong. maral

(SH), mrl (LH), maral (MA); WMong. maral (L 529); Kh. maral; Bur.
maral; Kalm. marl.
KW 257. Mong. > Kaz. maral etc. (VEWT 327, TMN 1, 495, 1997, 206).
PTurk. *bulan elk (): Karakh. bulan unicorn from the Kyfchak
country (MK); MTurk. bulan (Ettuhf.), bulnaq (AH) onager; Uzb. buln;
Tat. bolan; Bashk. bolan; Kirgh. bulan; Kaz. bulan; Nogh. bulan; Khak.
pulan; Shr. pulan; Oyr. bulan; Tv. bulan; Chuv. plan.
VEWT 88, TMN 2, 356, EDT 343, 2, 260, 154. Chinese origin ( 1961, 141-142) is hardly possible; it is curious to note MKs meaning: unicorn with its
horn collecting snow and rain. Turk. > Russ. (horse color name); > Hung. blny
aurochs, see Gombocz 1912.

8, 154. A Western isogloss. Mong. *maral regularly

< *mala-r.
-muma ( ~ *mema) a k. of small wild animal: Tung. *mume- / *meme-;
Mong. *mamu-wna; Jpn. *mami.
PTung. *mume- / *meme- 1 bear 2 white hare (1 2
()): Evk. mombok 2; Evn. mm, mmeke, mmee 1; Man. mamuke,
mamutun 2.
1, 526, 544, 568. The Even form is considered to be < Yukagh. meme, but the
direction of loan may as well be reverse.

PMong. *mamu-wna rabbit (): WMong. mamuuna ();

Kh. mamna ().
Hardly < TM, despite Sukhebaatar.
PJpn. *mami a k. of badger, bear-badger ( , -): Tok. mami.
An expressive root; one of many common Altaic words for small
animals.
-mne defect, lack: Mong. *mun-du-; Turk. *bn; Jpn. *mnt-.
PMong. *mun-du- to become insufficient ( ): WMong. mundu- (L 551: muda-); Kh. munda-; Kalm. mund-.
KW 268.
PTurk. *bn defect, sin (, ): OTurk. mn (OUygh.);
Karakh. mn (MK); Tat. min (); Kirgh. mn, min; Kaz. min; KKalp.
min; Kum. min-siz flawless; Nogh. min.
VEWT 347, EDT 347, 767 (confused with other roots), 3, 55-56, 7.
PJpn. *mnt- poor (): OJpn. madu-si; MJpn. md-si; Tok.
mazu-sh-; Kyo. mzsh-; Kag. mazush-.
JLTT 834.
Cf. *mn[u], *mnu - the roots are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Cf. also Evk. modu greedy, miserly ( 1, 542).

*mnu - *ma

953

-mnu wrong, mad, uneasy: Tung. *mo-nV- (*mon-V-); Mong. *mun-;

Turk. *bun-; Jpn. *mnt-k-.
PTung. *mo-nV- (*mon-V-) 1 stupid 2 inconvenient (1 2
): Evk. monon 1; Ul. mon 2; Nan. mon 2.
1, 544, 545.
PMong. *mun- 1 to become mad 2 ignorance 3 shame (1
2 3 ): MMong. mnq (IM); moqax stupid (HY
38), muqax silly (SH); WMong. muna- 1, mugaq 2 (L 551: muani-,
mukina- to become stupid, be confused, munaid outrageous); Kh.
muna- 1, munxag 2, mundur 3; Bur. munga- 1; Kalm. mun- 1, muxg,
mox 2, mundr 3; Ord. munu- 1, muaG 2, munda- to behave stupidly.
KW 264, 268, 269. Cf. also WMong. mudani- lose ones mind (L 551: be in a difficult position, in need or distress) (Kalm. mond-, KW 264) (-- probably under influence
of *mu q. v. sub *muo).

PTurk. *bun- 1 to become mad, foolish 2 mad, crazy 3 to become

old, senile (1 , 2 , 3
): OTurk. mun- 1, muqul 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. mun- 1, munduz
2 (MK, KB); Tur. buna- 1; Gag. bun- to be tired, dissatisfied, bunaq senile person; Turkm. mun- 3; Sal. munax irrational (); Krm. buna- 1,
3; Khak. munu- 3; Tv. muaq resentful, mn- 3 (Tod.), mu dial. 2 (<
*mun-k?); Yak. mun- to go astray; Dolg. mun- go astray, lose ones
way.
VEWT 514, EDT 348, 768, 769, 3, 53, Stachowski 181.
PJpn. *mnt-k- difficult (): MJpn. mtuk-si; Tok. mzukashi-, muzukash-; Kyo. mzksh-; Kag. muzukash-.
JLTT 835.
KW 268, Poppe 35, 3, 53. Lee 1958, 114 cites also a MKor.
mthi stupid, which we were unable to locate (but Manchu
mentu-un with which he compares it, is probably < Mong. mede-e-,
see *ma).
-ma to guard, graze: Tung. *mun-di-; Mong. *mana-; Jpn. *mmu-r-;
Kor. *m-.
PTung. *mun-di- to look, observe (, ): Evk.
munni-li-, mundi-; mund- to comprehend; Evn. menri-; Sol. mundi-.
1, 556.
PMong. *mana- to graze, guard (, ): WMong. mana(L 525); Kh. mana-; Bur. mana-; Kalm. man-; Ord. mana-; Dag. mana(. . 153); S.-Yugh. mana-; Mongr. man-.
KW 256, MGCD 479.
PJpn. *mmu-r- to guard, protect (, ): OJpn.
mamwor-; MJpn. mmr-; Tok. mamr-; Kyo. mmr-; Kag. mamr-.

954

*ma(kV) - *mue

JLTT 720. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.

PKor. *m- to graze (): MKor. m-.
Nam 216.
Korean has a verbal low tone; an old derivative is probably MKor.
mr office ( > Man. mejren etc.).
-ma(kV) a k. of deer: Tung. *m(i)ka-; Turk. *bugak; Jpn. *manaka.
PTung. *m(i)ka- 1 deer (1 year old) 2 young boar 3 young pig (1
(, ) 2 () 3 ): Evk. mjka, mjkan, mjikn 1; Man. mixan, mixaan 3; SMan. mihan 3 (2197);
Nan. mojxa 2.
1, 543. Evk. > Dolg. muojka (Stachowski 183).
PTurk. *bugak female maral ( ): OTurk. mujaq
(OUygh.); Karakh. mujaq (MK), muaq (KB); Khak. mjax; Oyr.
mjaq; Tv. mjaq; Tof. mjaq.
VEWT 344, EDT 772, 153.
PJpn. *manaka a respectful name for a deer ( ): OJpn. manaka.
153. The Jpn. form is traditionally analysed as resp. prefix mana- + ka deer, which may be a folk etymology in the light of external evidence; otherwise the root is a Turk.-TM isogloss. Cf. Mong.
(Khalkha) dial. mundu female deer, Tuva mnd, Tof. munduaq id. - see
, 142. According to Helimski and Anikin, the Turkic forms are
borrowed from Southern Samoyedic, and Mongolian < Turkic; but the
S.-Sam. word has no Uralic etymology, while Mong. mundu - if not for
its poor attestation - could be a regular reflex of PA *ma, and a possible source both for the Turkic (Tuva-Tof.) and the Samoyedic forms.
-mue angle: Tung. *mola; Turk. *b; Jpn. *masu-.
PTung. *mola 1 measure of length (distance between the thumb
and the index finger) 2 finger (1 (
) 2 ): Ul. mowgolo 2; Ork.
momg, mobo 1,2; Orch. molo 1.
1, 545. The Orok and Ul. form are probably dissimilative developments of
*moglo < *mola.

PTurk. *b angle (): Karakh. m (Rabg.); MTurk. m

(Sangl.); Uzb. muju, muj; Krm. mj, mv; Tat. mje; Bashk. mge
(dial.); Kaz. mjis; KBalk. mj; KKalp. mje; Kum. muju, mj;
Nogh. mjis; Yak. mu, munuk; Dolg. mu, munnuk.
VEWT 344, EDT 771, 7, Stachowski 182 (on a different etymology of Yak.
munuq see Clark 1977, 133).

PJpn. *masu- square shape, shape with angles ( ):

MJpn. masu-gata; Tok. masugata.

*mna - *mra

955

An interesting Turk.-TM-Jpn. match; the meaning in TM probably

reflects an intermediate stage angle between the index finger and
thumb.
-mna mist, rain: Tung. *me- / *mu-; Mong. *ma-; Turk. *bunar;
Kor. *mah.
PTung. *me- / *mu- 1 mist, darkness 2 cool, sombre (1 , 2 , ): Ul. me-me 1, muti 2; Nan. met
1.
1, 557, 570.
PMong. *ma- 1 fog 2 dark 3 to dawn (1 2 3 ): MMong. manan 1 (MA 233); WMong. manan 1 (L 525: mana,
manan), masar 2, maka- 3; Kh. manan 1, manda- 3; Bur. mana(n), mana
1; Kalm. manr 1, masr 2, max- 3; Ord. mana, manri 1; Dag. mann 1
(. . 153: manan), manen 1 (MD 189); S.-Yugh. mana 1; Mongr.
namn (SM 256), mann.
KW 255-257, MGCD 479.
PTurk. *bunar mist (): Tat. monar; Bashk. munar, monar; Kirgh.
munar; Kaz. munar; KKalp. munar; Nogh. munar.
35-36. A Kypchak root, but hardly borrowed from Mong. (because of the
-u-vocalism); perhaps it is rather a modification of indigenous *buar (*-- would be expected in Turkic) under Mong. influence.

PKor. *mah 1 rain, rainy season 2 southern wind (1 , 2 ): MKor. ma (mah-) 1, 2; Mod. a-ma 1,
ma, ma-pharam 2.
Nam 191, KED 558, 568, 1404.
Kor. mah < *mah (just like *kahi < *kahi etc.).
-mra round; turn, return: Tung. *murV-; Mong. *murui; Turk. *bur(a)-;
Jpn. *mr; Kor. *muri.
PTung. *murV- 1 to walk round, return 2 round (1
2 ): Evk. muru- 1, murume 2; Evn. merk- 1, merti 2; Neg. mejel
2; Man. muren 2; Ul. muru-muru 2; Ork. morolime 2; Nan. muri 2; Ud.
mogolu around.
1, 559-560. TM (cf. Man. murixan bend, turn, Evk. morok river bend) > Dag.
morikal river bend (. . 155), moronku, murunku screw-thread (ibid.).

PMong. *murui awry, curve (): MMong. muru, muri (IM),

muri (MA); WMong. murui (L 552); Kh. muruj; Bur. mu; Kalm. mu;
Ord. mur; Dag. morigui (. . 155: morigoi); Mongr. mur (SM
249).
KW 269. Cf. also *molir (Kalm. mlr, Khalkha mlgr) < *moril round.
PTurk. *bur(a)- to twist, wind round (, , ): Tur. bur-; Gag. bur-; Az. bur-; Turkm. bur-; Khal. burq-
; MTurk. bur- (Sangl., Pav. C.); Uzb. bur-, bura-; Uygh. bur-; Krm.

956

*mro - *msi

bur-; Tat. bor-; Bashk. bor-; Kirgh. bur-, bura-; Kaz. bur-, bura-; KBalk.
bur-; KKalp. bur-, bura-; Kum. bur-; Nogh. bur-, bura-; Khak. pur-; Shr.
pur-; Oyr. buru-; Chuv. pr-.
VEWT 89, EDT 355, 2, 264-267. Turk. *bur(g)agu > Kalm. bur, see KW 62.
PJpn. *mr round (): OJpn. maro; MJpn. mr; Tok. mru-;
Kyo. mru-; Kag. mri.
JLTT 834.
PKor. *muri halo, ring (round the sun or moon) (, ( )): Mod. muri.
KED 658.
Poppe 36, 2, 74-75, 93, 278 (however, Kor. mr- rather to *mugdo q.v.).
-mro tree, forest: Tung. *m; Mong. *mo-du ( < *mor-du); Jpn. *mr;
Kor. *mi(h), *mr.
PTung. *m tree (): Evk. m; Evn. m; Neg. m; Man. moo;
SMan. m (2129); Jurch. mo (117); Ul. m; Ork. m; Nan. m; Orch. m;
Ud. m; Sol. m.
1, 540-541.
PMong. *modu tree (): MMong. modun (HY 9, SH), mu-du-ni
(SH), mudon (IM), mudun (MA); WMong. modu(n) (L 541); Kh. mod(on);
Bur. modo(n); Kalm. modn; Ord. mudu(n); Mog. modun; ZM mdun
(19-2a); Dag. md (. . 155), mde (MD 192); Dong. mutun; Bao.
muto, morto; S.-Yugh. mdn; Mongr. mdi (SM 238).
KW 263, MGCD 486.
PJpn. *mr forest (): OJpn. m(w)ori; MJpn. mr; Tok. mri; Kyo.
mr; Kag. mri.
JLTT 485.
PKor. *mi(h), *mr 1 mountain 2 wood, forest (1 2 ):
MKor. mi [mih-] 1, mr 1, 2; Mod. mw, me (arch.) 1.
Nam 215, 219, KED 616, 651.
EAS 79, KW 263, Poppe 35, Martin 237, 33-34, 69, 292;
SKE 150, Doerfer MT 24. The parallel form *mi in Kor. presupposes a
suffixed form *mr-jV(-gV) (?).
-msi steam, spirit: Tung. *musun; Mong. *ms(n); Turk. *bus; Jpn.
*ms-.
PTung. *musun spirit, ghost (, ): Evk. musun;
Evn. msan.
1, 561.
PMong. *ms(n) personality, relationship with others; recurrent
occasion (, ; ):
WMong. ms(n) (L 550); Kh. ms; Bur. nege mhen ; Mongr.
musu (: nige-musu) entirement, tout fait, en entier (SM 275).

*msV - *mt

957

The root is also grammaticalized and can be appended to numerals (negemsen simultaneously etc.).
PTurk. *bus steam, fog (, ): Karakh. bus (MK); Tur. pus;
MTurk. bus (Ettuhf., CCum.); Uygh. bus (dial.); Bashk. bo; Kum. pus;
Nogh. pus; Shr. pus; Tv. bus; Tof. bus; Chuv. ps.
VEWT 90, EDT 370, 2, 277, 34. Turk. > Russ. dial. bus drizzle, flour
dust, see 146

PJpn. *ms- 1 to steam 2 spirit (1 2 ): OJpn. mus1, musupji 2; MJpn. ms- 1; Tok. ms- 1; Kyo. ms- 1; Kag. ms- 1.
JLTT 729.
For PT *bus cf. alternatively PTM *buu- drizzle ( 1, 117).
-msV ( ~ --, --) swamp, pond: Tung. *msa; Kor. *ms.
PTung. *msa pools in a swamp ( , ): Evk. msu / msa.
1, 548. Attested only in Evk., with a possible Korean parallel.
PKor. *ms pond, lake, swamp (, , ): MKor. ms;
Mod. mot [mos].
Nam 218, KED 647.
See SKE 152. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Chuv. poz
well ( < *bos-).
-mt to complete, gather together: Tung. *mute-; Mong. *mi-; Turk.
*bt-; Jpn. *muta; Kor. *mt-.
PTung. *mute- 1 to fulfil 2 to overpower (1 2 ,
): Man. mute- 2; Jurch. mu-te-bulu (740) 1; Ul. mute- 2; Ork. mute2; Nan. mute- 2; Orch. mute- 2; Ud. mute- 2.
1, 561.
PMong. *mi- 1 just enough 2 to be just enough (1 , -
2 -): WMong. mis 1; Kh. mis, m 1; Kalm.
mg 1, m- 2.
KW 267.
PTurk. *bt- 1 to end, accomplish 2 to be ended 3 to create, build 4
to heal 5 to grow, ripen (1 , 2 3 , 4 5 , ): OTurk. bt- 2, 4, 5
(OUygh.); Karakh. bt- 2, 4, 5 (MK); Tur. bit- 2, 5; Gag. bit- 2; Az. bit- 2;
Turkm. bit- 2, 4, 5; Khal. bit- 2; MTurk. bt- 2, 4, 5 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb.
bit- 2, 4, 5; Uygh. bt- 2; Krm. bit- 2, 5; Tat. bet- 2, bet-- 4; Bashk. bt- 2,
bt-- 4; Kirgh. bt- 1,2, 4, 5; Kaz. bit- 2, 4; KBalk. bit- 2, 5; to close;
KKalp. pit- 2, 4, 5; Kum. bit- 2, 5; Nogh. bit- 2, 4, 5; SUygh. pt-, put- 1,2;
Khak. pt- 3, 4; Shr. pd-r- 3; Oyr. bt- 1, 4, 5; Tv. bt- 2, 4; Tof. bt- 2;
Chuv. pt- 2; Yak. bt- 1,2, 4; Dolg. bt- 1, 2.
VEWT 93, TMN 2, 267, EDT 298-9, 306, 2, 152-154, 302-303, Stachowski 68.
Cf. also PT *btn all, whole - a derivative from *bt-. Turk. > Mong. *bte-, *bt- (KW
69-70, TMN 2, 268-269, 1997, 111).

*m - *m

958

PJpn. *muta together with ( ): OJpn. muta.

PKor. *mt- all (): MKor. mt-; Mod. modu.
Nam 214, 217, KED 641. Derived from the verbal root mt- to gather, flock together.

EAS 58, 27, 70, 86, 274, 13. Doerfer (TMN 2, 208)
is hardly right in criticizing the Turk.-Tung. match : it is quite satisfactory both phonetically and semantically.
-m an interrogative root: Mong. *-mu, -mi; Turk. *-mi; Jpn. *m-si; Kor.
*m.
PMong. *-mu, -mi final interrogative particle ( ): MMong. -mu, -mi (SH).
PTurk. *-mi interrogative particle ( ):
OTurk. -mu; Karakh. -mu; Tur. -mi; Gag. -mi; Az. -mi; Turkm. -mi; Sal.
-mi; Khal. -mi; MTurk. -mu; Uzb. -mi; Uygh. -mu; Krm. -mo; Tat. -mi;
Bashk. -m; Kirgh. -b; Kaz. -ma/me; KBalk. -mu/m; KKalp. -ma/me; Kum.
-mi; Nogh. -ma/me; Khak. -ma/-me; Shr. -ma/me; Oyr. -ba/be; Tv. -be;
Chuv. -im.
2.
PJpn. *m-si an interrogative / dubitative particle (
/ ): OJpn. mosi; MJpn. msi; Tok. mshi; Kyo. msh; Kag.
mshi.
JLTT 485.
PKor. *m what (): MKor. m-; Mod. mut.
Nam 225, KED 663.
SKE 147, 297. Cf. perhaps also Evk. mu or (in interrogative sentences) ( 1926, 94). Further Nostratic parallels of this
grammaticalized interrogative stem see in 2, 66-8.

N
-n thou: Turk. *-; Jpn. *n; Kor. *n.
PTurk. *- an ending of the 2d person ( 2- .): OTurk.
- (Orkh., OUygh.), - (Orkh.); Karakh. - (MK, KB); Tur. -n; Gag. -n;
Az. -n; Turkm. -; Sal. -; Khal. -; MTurk. -; Uzb. -; Uygh. -; Krm.
-n, -j; Tat. -; Bashk. -; Kirgh. -; Kaz. -; KBalk. -; KKalp. -; Kum. -;
Nogh. -; SUygh. -; Khak. -; Shr. -; Oyr. -; Tv. -; Chuv. -n; Yak. -;
Dolg. -.
23-26, 28, 32.
PJpn. *n thou (): OJpn. na; MJpn. n-md, n-md.
JLTT 490.
PKor. *n thou (): MKor. n; Mod. n.
Nam 103, KED 329.
102, 280. Velarization in Turkic is not quite clear and
probably secondary (perhaps a fusion with the attributive *-ki). The
root is widely used only in the Kor.-Jpn. area, and its original function
(to judge from the OJ opposition of si and na) was probably limited to
the oblique stem of the suppletive 2d p. paradigm.
-nable net, fish-trap: Tung. *nalba; Turk. *jlm.
PTung. *nalba fish trap (, ): Evk. nalba;
Ul. nalba(n).
1, 580.
PTurk. *jlm net (): Turkm. jlm; MTurk. ilim (CCum.); Uzb.
jlm (dial.); Tat. lm; Bashk. jlm; Kirgh. lm; Kaz. lm; KKalp. lm;
Kum. jlm; Nogh. jlm; Chuv. ilm; Yak. ilim; Dolg. ilim.
VEWT 200, 4, 282-283, Stachowski 125. Turk. > Hung. gyalom, see Gombocz
1912.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-nad[i] seven: Tung. *nada-n; Turk. *jt(t)i; Jpn. *nana-; Kor. *nr-kp.
PTung. *nada-n seven (): Evk. nadan; Evn. nadn; Neg. nadan;
Man. nadan; SMan. nadn (2741); Jurch. nadan (642); Ul. nada(n); Ork.
nada(n); Nan. nad; Orch. nada(n); Ud. nada(n); Sol. nad.
1, 576-577.

960

*naja - *nje

PTurk. *jt(t)i seven (): OTurk. jeti (Yen., OUygh.); Karakh. jeti
(MK); Tur. jedi; Gag. jedi; Az. jeddi; Turkm. jedi; Sal. jitti; Khal. jieti, jtti
(< Az.?); MTurk. jedd (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jetti; Uygh. jtti; Krm. jedi; Tat.
ide; Bashk. jete; Kirgh. eti; Kaz. eti; KBalk. jeti, eti, eti; KKalp. eti;
Kum. jetti; Nogh. jeti; SUygh. jeti, jiti, et; Khak. itt; Shr. etti; Oyr.
jeti; Tv. edi; Chuv. i; Yak. sette; Dolg. hette.
EDT 886, VEWT 199, 4, 167-168, TMN 4, 139, Stachowski 102.
PJpn. *nana- seven (): OJpn. nana-; MJpn. nn-; Tok. nan-;
Kyo. nn-; Kag. nn-.
JLTT 493. As with most other numerals, the accent reconstruction is not quite clear.
PKor. *nr-kp seven (): MKor. nr-kp; Mod. ilgop.
Nam 124, KED 1350.
Mong. *dal- 7 may suggest PA *ad[i]- (with a development >
Mong. *al- (through assimilation) > dal-). The medial consonant in general behaves rather irregularly: one may suggest an original cluster like
*-dd- to explain the Turkic reflex. Jpn. *nana- regularly < *nada-n ( = TM
*nada-n); in Kor. one has to assume vowel elision already after *-d- > -r(i.e. *nr-kup < *nrV-kup). Despite all these difficulties, the numeral
seven seems to be safely reconstructable for PA. Cf. also Koguryo
*nann seven, see Lee 28, 39, Menges 1984, 278.
-naja to envy, wish: Tung. *nadi-; Mong. *najida-; Jpn. *nit-m- ( ~ -ia-).
PTung. *nadi- 1 to suspect, doubt, deny 2 to consider (1 , , 2 , ): Evk. nadi- 1, 2; Evn.
nadt- 2.
1, 577-578.
PMong. *najida- 1 to hope, trust 2 envy (1 , 2
): WMong. najida- 1, najidaui 2 (L 558); Kh. najda- 1, najdangui
2; Bur. najda- 1; Kalm. n, ntg hope (); Dong. naita- 1 (. .).
PJpn. *nit-m- ( ~ -ia-) to envy, be jealous of (, ): OJpn. netam-; MJpn. ntm-; Tok. netam-.
JLTT 734.
Poppe 37, 140, 158, JOAL 70. All forms reflect a dental suffix.
-nje pole, shaft: Tung. *naj; Jpn. *n.
PTung. *naj pole, shaft of fish-fork (, ): Evk.
naj, naji; Evn. naj; Ul. na; Ork. na, naw; Nan. na; Orch. nai.
1, 578.
PJpn. *n bamboo for arrows ( ): OJpn. no; MJpn.
n.
JLTT 499.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

*njV - *naki

961

-njV ( ~ -e-) age: Mong. *na-su; Turk. *j; Kor. *nh.

PMong. *na-su(n) age, year of life (, ): MMong.
nun (IM), nasun life (MA), nasu-tu ...years old (SH); WMong.
nasu(n) (L 566); Kh. nas; Bur. naha(n); Kalm. nasn; Ord. nasu(n); Dag.
nase (MD 195,. . 156), nas (. . 156); Dong. nasun; Bao.
naso; S.-Yugh. nasn, nas; Mongr. nas (SM 260).
KW 272, MGCD 501. Mong. > Evk. nasun, see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *j age; year (; ): OTurk. ja (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ja (MK); Tur. ja; Gag. ja; Az. ja; Turkm. j; Sal. ja; Khal. j;
MTurk. ja (Ettuhf., AH); Uzb. j; Uygh. ja; Krm. ja; Tat. ja; Bashk.
j; Kirgh. a; Kaz. as; KKalp. as; Kum. ja; Nogh. jas; SUygh. jas;
Khak. as; Shr. a; Oyr. ja, a; Chuv. ol; Yak. ss.
EDT 975-6, 4, 161-163, 2, 130, TMN 4, 97, 84.
PKor. *nh age (): MKor. n (nh-); Mod. na, n.
Nam 85, KED 284.
EAS 75, SKE 157, KW 272, 288, 84. Mong.
nasun regularly < *nal-sun and the assumption of its being borrowed
from Turk. ( 1997, 123) is absolutely improbable (Doerfer in
TMN 4, 97 refutes the comparison without further discussion). The
cluster *-j- has to be reconstructed to account for the loss of resonant in
Korean (*-h is a trace of a velar suffix: *najV-gV). It could be also interesting to mention a verb attested in MJpn.: neba- ( < *nai-(m)pa-) to
grow old; to become grown up - perhaps with an irregular loss of -s(that would be an expected reflex of *--) in a cluster. The root should
be distinguished from *(b)a young q.v. (which, however, certainly
influenced the Turkic reflex - whence an irregular long vowel).
-najV(rV) lake, river: Tung. *niru; Mong. *naur; Kor. *nih.
PTung. *niru 1 lake 2 swamp (1 2 ): Evk. rut 1;
Evn. arqa 2; Man. ari 2; Nan. nar 2; Ud. au 2.
1, 636.
PMong. *naur lake (): MMong. naur (HY 2, SH), nwor sea
(IM), nwur (Lig.VMI); WMong. naur (L 558); Kh. nr; Bur. nr; Kalm.
nr; Ord. nr; Dag. naur (. . 156), naure (MD 195); Mongr. nr
(SM 290), (MGCD nr).
KW 282, MGCD 516, TMN 1, 515. Mong. > Evk. nor etc., see Doerfer MT 103.
PKor. *nih river (): MKor. ni (nih-); Mod. n.
Nam 101, KED 315.
Should be kept apart from *ne, despite H 2, 89.
-naki ( ~ -o) a k. of skin: Tung. *naKita; Mong. *nekej.
PTung. *naKita bear skin ( ): Evk. nakita; Evn.
naqt; Neg. naxata; Ork. natta; Ud. nata (. 265).
1, 579.

962

*nlV - *nne

PMong. *nekej sheepskin (): MMong. nk (IM); WMong.

nekei (L 572); Kh. nexij; Bur. nex ; Kalm. nek (); Ord.
ne; S.-Yugh. nk; Mongr. nik (SM 276), nek.
MGCD 506.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-nlV earth, land: Tung. *n; Mong. *nala-; Turk. *jala; Kor. *nrh.
PTung. *n earth (): Neg. n; Man. na; SMan. n (2066); Jurch.
na (37); Ul. n; Ork. n; Nan. n; Orch. n; Ud. n.
1, 572-573.
PMong. *nala- extensive, wide (, ): WMong.
nalai (L 561); Kh. nalaj; Kalm. nal.
KW 270. Cf. also WMong. nelei- id. (L 573). Mong. > Yak., Dolg. nalaj-, nelej- (Ka.
JW 187, VII 48, Stachowski 184, 185).

PTurk. *jala field, steppe (, ): Khal. ala; Uzb. jala; Tat.

jalan, dial. jala; Bashk. jalan; Kirgh. ala (dial.); Khak. jala; Shr. ala;
Oyr. ala.
VEWT 181, 4, 91. Turk. > Russ. jel , see 197.
PKor. *nrh country (): MKor. nrh; Mod. nara.
Nam 87, KED 287.
290, EAS 75, SKE 161 (the Japanese parallel cited by
Ramstedt is dubious), Menges 1984, 278-279. The PTM form points to
original length, so the low tone in Korean is irregular.
-nmo testicle: Tung. *nma / *mna (*ma); Mong. *(n)im; Turk.
*jum-.
PTung. *nma / *mna (*ma) testicle (testiculi): Evk. nma; Evn.
maa.
1, 530, 581.
PMong. *(n)im testicles (testiculi): WMong. im, nim (L 409: confused
with im mark, sign); Kh. im; Bur. em-n- to castrate; Kalm. im; Ord.
im, em.
KW 207.
PTurk. *jumur bowels, intestines (, ): Karakh.
jumur (MK); Tv. umur maw; Tof. umur maw.
EDT 937-8. Historically the root should be probably kept distinct from *jumround and *jumurtka egg - although internal contaminations were of course inevitable.

A Western isogloss; somewhat dubious because of tabooistic irregularities and rather scarce attestation.
-nne skin: Tung. *nansa; Turk. *jn.
PTung. *nansa 1 skin (of man) 2 skin (of animals) (1 2 ):
Evk. nanna 2; Evn. nanr 2; Neg. nana 1; Man. noto, nontoo shell; Ul.
nanta 1; Ork. nata 2; Nan. nanta 2; Orch. nasa 2; Ud. neh 1, 2; Sol. nanda
1, 2.

*ns - *nV

963

1, 583-584, 606.
PTurk. *jn skin, body (, ): OTurk. jn (OUygh.); Karakh.
jn (MK); Yak. sn.
VEWT 203, EDT 941, 266-267.
267. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-ns grief, pity: Tung. *nasa-; Jpn. *nski.
PTung. *nasa- to regret, grieve (, ): Man. nasa-.
1, 586. Attested only in Manchu, with a possible parallel in Jpn.
PJpn. *nski pity, sympathy (, ): MJpn.
nsk; Tok. nasak, nsake; Kyo. nsk; Kag. nasak.
JLTT 494.
A TM-Jpn. isogloss.
-nta ( ~ l-, -t-) a k. of plant, cereal: Turk. *jAt-; Jpn. *ntmi; Kor. *nt.
PTurk. *jAt- winter rye ( ): Khak. ad bush (Sag.);
Shr. jadan (.); Oyr. adaan; Tv. ada low plant.
VEWT 177.
PJpn. *ntmi jujube (, ): OJpn. natum(j)e; MJpn.
ntm; Tok. ntsume; Kyo. natsum; Kag. natsme.
JLTT 494. Accent in Kyoto is aberrant.
PKor. *nt cereal (): MKor. nt; Mod. nt.
Nam 94, KED 302.
Cf. perhaps Evk. latar ( , )
( 1, 495).
-nV summer, midday: Mong. *nair; Turk. *jj; Kor. *n.
PMong. *nair summer (): WMong. nair (); Kh. nair
(); Bur. naar; Dag. nair (. . 156), naire (MD 194).
MGCD 463.
PTurk. *jj 1 summer 2 summer pasture 3 spring (1 2
3 ): OTurk. jaj (Orkh., OUygh.) 1, 3; Karakh. jaj (MK) 1,
3; Tur. jaj-la 2; Az. jaj 1, jajla 2; Turkm. jj-la 2; Sal. jij 1; MTurk. jaj 1
(AH, Ettuhf.); Bashk. jej 1; Kirgh. aj 1; KBalk. aj, aj, zaj 1; Kum. jaj 1;
Nogh. jaj 3 (dial.); SUygh. jaj 1; Khak. aj 1; Shr. aj 1; Oyr. jaj, aj 1; Tv.
aj 1; Chuv. u, v 1; Yak. saj 1; Dolg. hajn 1.
VEWT 179, 4, 74, 78-79, EDT 980, 74, 2, 128, Stachowski
93.

PKor. *n day, day-time (, ): MKor. n; Mod.

nat [na].
Nam 101, KED 312.
SKE 162, EAS 75, 74 (Turk.-Mong.). Unsubstantial criticism in TMN 4, 253 (for Kor.: aus semantischen Grnden nicht hierher (?), lautlich unsicher (?); for Mong.: ...mte der bur. und dag.

964

*n - *nb

Wortschatz erst noch grndlicher untersucht worden (?). Let us note,

however, a tonal discrepancy between Turkic and Korean.
-n to lie, put: Tung. *n-; Mong. *niu-; Jpn. *n-; Kor. *n-b-.
PTung. *n- to put (): Evk. n-; Evn. n-; Neg. n-; Ul. n-;
Nan. n-; Orch. n-; Ud. ne-de-; Sol. n-.
1, 614-615. An old derivative may be *na-kan bed ( 1, 576).
PMong. *niu- to hide, conceal (): MMong. niu- (SH), niu(MA); WMong. niu- (L 579); Kh. n-; Bur. -; Kalm. n-; Ord. n-;
Dong. niu-; S.-Yugh. n-; Mongr. n- (SM 279), niu-.
KW 281-282, MGCD 516.
PJpn. *n- 1 to lie 2 to sleep (1 2 ): OJpn. na- 1, wi-na- 2;
MJpn. na- 1, i-na-, n-br- 2; Tok. n- 1, n-mur- 2; Kyo. n- 1, 2; Kag. n1, nmur- 2.
JLTT 734.
PKor. *nb- to lie (): MKor. np- (nw-); Mod. nup- (nu-).
Nam 116, KED 365.
Martin 235, 72, 94, 276. One of common Altaic monosyllabic verbs. Mong. reflects a suffixed form ( = Kor. nb-); length in TM
is exceptionally preserved in a monosyllabic root.
-nb new: Tung. *nebi; Mong. *niu-n; Turk. *jub-ga; Jpn. *np-; Kor.
*n-.
PTung. *nebi 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wifes
brothers wife (1 , 2 (, ) 3
( )): Evn. neji 1, n 2; Man. neje 3, nee 3; Ul. neu 2; Ork.
new, neu 2; Nan. neil 2 (plur.).
1, 616, 617-618, 626. Cf. also *n now ( 1, 614).
PMong. *niu-n child, boy (, ): MMong. noun (HY
29), nuu(n) (SH); WMong. niun, nuun (L 580); Kh. nugan, nugn ( <
WMong.); Dag. nn (. . 158), non (MD 200).
PTurk. *jub-ga bastard, adopted son (,
): Karakh. juva (MK, KB).
EDT 874, VEWT 209 (erroneously united with juvqa soft, weak).
PJpn. *np- new (): OJpn. nipji-; MJpn. nf-; Tok. ni-; Kyo.
n-; Kag. n-ke.
JLTT 497.
PKor. *n- younger relative (in compounds) ( ( )): MKor. n-s-harmi wife of grandfathers younger
brother; Mod. n- [n-s-] younger brother (in compounds).
Nam 105, KED 336.
SKE 172, 110, 279. Turkic has a vowel metathesis:
*jub-ga < *jab-gu.

*n - *negle

965

-n to scrape, scrape off (skin); to fade: Tung. *neu-; Mong. *nigen;

Jpn. *nnt-.
PTung. *eu- 1 to scrape off, to tan (skin) 2 to fade, exuviate (1 (), 2 ): Evk. e- 1, eelle- 2; Evn.
iuh, euh scraped skin, suede, elre- 2; Ork. netu- 1.
1, 655. - in Evk. and Evn. is assimilative.
PMong. *nigen naked, bare (): MMong. niugun, niuxun
(SH), negen (IM), nikn (Lig.VMI); WMong. nigen (L 577: nign);
Kh. ncgen; Bur. sege(n); Kalm. ncgn; Ord. ngn; Dag. nuik
(. . 159: ukn, ikn); Dong. muuun (. .); nuugun;
Bao. niko; Mongr. niigr, nuigr (SM 279, 291), nigr.
KW 282, MGCD 521. Mong. > Evk. uakin, Man. ouxun / oxuun id.
PJpn. *nnt- to stroke, pat (): OJpn. nada-; MJpn. nda-;
Tok. nad-; Kyo. nd-; Kag. nd-.
JLTT 730.
1995b. (Mong.-Tung.).
-ne ( ~ l-) late: Turk. *jEe; Jpn. *nt; Kor. *n-.
PTurk. *jEe as before, previously ( , ): OTurk.
jee (Orkh.).
EDT 882.
PJpn. *nt after, afterwards (, ): OJpn. noti;
MJpn. nt; Tok. noch, nchi; Kyo. nch; Kag. noch.
JLTT 501. The Kyoto reflex and the Tokyo variant nchi are irregular and may point
to a variant *nt in PJ.

PKor. *n- late (): MKor. n- (cf. also ni evening);

Mod. nt- [n-].
Nam 90, 118, KED 375.
Martin 234-235. The low tone in Kor. may be explained as verbal; but cf. an alternative variant *nt in PJ.
-negle (~-a) snag, root: Tung. *nelge; Mong. *newle; Jpn. *ni (~ na);
Kor. *nr.
PTung. *nelge 1 snag 2 block 3 saddle (1 2 3 ):
Evk. nelge 1; Evn. nelg 1, 2; Ork. nlge 3; Orch. negge 1, 2; Ud. nege 1.
1, 619.
PMong. *newle brushwood; block (; ): WMong.
nele (MXTTT); Kh. nl; Bur. nle.
PJpn. *ni ( ~ na) root (): OJpn. ne; MJpn. n; Tok. n; Kyo.
n; Kag. n.
JLTT 495.
PKor. *nr board (): MKor. nr; Mod. nl.
Nam 105, KED 332.
1, 619.

966

*negre - *nji

-negre ( ~ -i) a k. of deer: Tung. *ne(r)gdi; Turk. *jgre-n; Kor. *nr-.

PTung. *negdi a female deer (): Evk. negdi.
1, 615.
PTurk. *jgre-n 1 yellow (of a horse) 2 deer, antelope (1 (
) 2 , , ): OTurk. jegren 1 (Orkh.);
Tur. eran, eren (DS) 1, 2; Turkm. jegren, jergen 1, dial. eren 1, 2;
MTurk. ejren (.) 1, eren 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. ijrn 1; Uygh. irn 1,
dial. eren, rrn, egren 2; Tat. iren 1, jrd (Tar.) 1; Bashk. jeren 1;
Kirgh. ejren 1, 2, rde 1; Kaz. ijren 1; KKalp. ijren 1; Nogh. jijren 1;
SUygh. iger, jiger, ir, jir 2; Khak. igren, dial. igr 1; Shr. eren, egren, ergen (R) 1; Oyr. jeren, jren, ren 1, 2; Tv. ren 2; Chuv. ren 1;
Yak. sier 1.
4, 22-24, 36. Turk. > Mong. eir-, eerde (TMN 1, 289, 4, 184) > Sol. eger
antelope, Man. erde (see Doerfer MT 136) > MKor. jrta (mr) (see Lee 1958, 119). Pers.
ejran ( < Turk. or Mong.) is widely borrowed back into Turkic (Tur., Az. ejran etc.).

PKor. *nr- female deer, doe (, ): Mod. nri.

KED 366.
The Evk. form most probably reflects a suffixed *ner-gdi; less
probable is a specific development of the cluster *-gr-. Cf. *re.
-neji louse, nit: Tung. *nej(l)e-; Mong. *ni-sa-; Kor. *n.
PTung. *nej(l)V- small louse, nit ( , ): Evk. nej-ke;
Ul. ile-kte; Ork. neli-e; Nan. ile-ke.
1, 616.
PMong. *ni-sa- to crumble (e. g. lice), to crush with the finger-nails
( , ): WMong. nise-le- (L 586:
nisal-, nisla-, nisel-, nisai-); Kh. asla-, asi-; Bur. aha finger flip, ahal-; Kalm. nisl-; Ord. nisal- to kill by pressing between fingernails;
Mongr. nesl-.
KW 277, MGCD 509.
PKor. *n louse (): MKor. n; Mod. i.
Nam 119, KED 1316.
SKE 165, EAS 76, 296. The Mong. form presupposes an
earlier *ni-(su) louse.
-nji even, equal: Tung. *neje-; Mong. *nej; Jpn. *n-.
PTung. *neje- 1 even 2 similar (1 2 ): Evk. e-rke 2
(dial.); Ul. neje(n) 1; Nan. nej 1; Orch. neige, neie 1; Ud. neige 1.
1, 616, 654 (but Manchu nejgen equal is obviously < Mong., see Rozycki 161).
PMong. *nej 1 all together, in accord 2 to unite, join, connect 3
equal, alike (1 , 2 () 3 , ): WMong. nei 1, neji-e-, neji-le- 2, neji-gen 3 (L 569, 570); Kh. nij 1,
nijce-, nijle- 2, nijgen 3; Bur. n-te 1, n-le- 2; Kalm. n 1, nd- 2; Ord. n 1,
ni- 2, ngn, nte, ng 1.

*nko - *neku

967

KW 277, 278.
PJpn. *n- to resemble ( ): OJpn. ni- ; MJpn. n-; Tok.
n-; Kyo. n-; Kag. n-.
JLTT 736.
A good Mong.-TM-Jpn. parallel.
-nko to leave, put aside: Tung. *neku-; Mong. *ng-e; Jpn. *nk-;
Kor. *nh-.
PTung. *neku- 1 to bring 2 gift (1 , , 2
): Evn. nkr 2; Nan. nuku- 1; Ud. nexu-, neu-i- 1.
1, 619, 667.
PMong. *ng-e other (): MMong. nokoe (SH); WMong.
ngge (L 592); Kh. ng; Bur. ng; Kalm. ng (); Ord. ng; Bao.
noge he (. .).
Mong. > Yak., Dolg. n next (see Ka. MEJ 35, Stachowski 186).
PJpn. *nk- to leave, put aside (, ): OJpn.
nok-, nokos-; MJpn. nkos-; Tok. noks-; Kyo. nks-; Kag. noks-.
JLTT 737. The Kagoshima accent is rather strange (influenced by Tokyo?), cf. the
intransitive match nkr- to remain, be left which is quite regular.

PKor. *nh- to put, let go (, ): MKor. nh-; Mod. no[noh-].

Nam 114, KED 353.
Martin 239. Korean has the verbal low tone. The Mong. form is
somewhat questionable: it can belong here if other < the one left; on
the other hand, it may be a historical derivative < *nige- where *nige= *nige- one (see *ne).
-neku lowland, water meadow: Tung. *nekte; Mong. *nigu.
PTung. *nekte 1 tilth, tillage 2 lowland 3 low (1 2 3
): Evk. nekte 1, 2, 3; Evn. tkun 3; Neg. nekte 2, 3; Ul. nekte 2;
Ork. nkt-gi 2, nkte 3; Nan. nekte 2, 3; Orch. nekte 3; Ud. nektele 2; Sol.
nekte 3.
1, 616, 617.
PMong. *nigu water-meadow ( ): WMong. niu (L
579); Kh. nug; Bur. nuga; Kalm. nu.
KW 280. Mong. > Kaz. nuw etc.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-neku to weave: Mong. *neke-; Jpn. *nuki.
PMong. *neke- to weave, knit (, ): MMong. neke- (SH),
nik- (IM); WMong. neke- (L 572); Kh. nexe-; Bur. nexe-; Kalm. nek-; Ord.
nee-; Mog. neka- (Weiers); Dag. nege-; Dong. nokie-; S.-Yugh. neke-;
Mongr. niki- (SM 276), neke-.
KW 274, MGCD 507.

968

*nekV - *nb

PJpn. *nuki weft thread ( , ): OJpn.

nuk(j)i; Tok. nuki-to.
JLTT 502.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-nekV friend, relative: Tung. *neku-; Mong. *nkr.
PTung. *neku- younger relative (sister / brother) ( ( / )): Evk. nek; Neg. nexu(n); Man. neu slave girl;
Ul. neku(n); Ork. noko(n); Nan. neku; Orch. neku; Ud. n-diga; Sol. nex.
1, 617-618. The Manchu word could be derived from MMong. nekun servant
(see Rozycki 161), on which see *nke, but may as well be derived from *neku, with its
meaning being a result of confusing the two roots. In Manchu we also have neku a
womans female friend, and in Jurch. - nekur friend, both of which can be borrowed <
Mong. (see Rozycki 162). See also notes to *neu- (sub *nu).

PMong. *nkr friend (): MMong. nokor (HY 31, SH), nkr
(IM); WMong. nkr (L 593: nkr); Kh. nxr; Bur. nxer; Kalm. nkr;
Ord. nr; Dag. nugur (. . 158); Dong. noki; Bao. noker (.
.); S.-Yugh. nkr; Mongr. nokor (SM 283), nukor (Huzu) 3.
KW 279, MGCD 515. Despite Doerfer TMN 1, 521ff the attested MMong. nokoe
(SH; = nke) other, second does not prove that the original meaning was other: cf.
Russ. other, transparently derived < friend). Mong. > Chuv. kr-nker
(see Rna-Tas 1973-1974).

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. The root seems to be different from *nke

and *ge, although there may have been some natural confusion. It is
interesting to note Jpn. naka(ma) friend - perhaps a secondary contamination with naka middle?
-nelkV new-born; spring: Tung. *nelki; Mong. *nilka.
PTung. *nelki spring (): Evk. nelki; Evn. nelk; Neg. nelk; Ork.
neliri; Orch. nekki; Ud. neki; Sol. nelxi.
1, 620.
PMong. *nilka new-born (): MMong. nilqa (SH,
MA 124); WMong. nilqa (L 584); Kh. alx; Bur. alxa, nilxa; Kalm. nilxa;
Ord. nilxa; Dag. alka (. . 156), aleke (MD 199); Mongr. narG
(SM 258).
KW 276. Cf. also nilaraj id.
369. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-nb ( ~ -p-) fringe: Tung. *nelbi; Jpn. *ns.
PTung. *nelbi fringe (): Evk. nelbi; Evn. neblen.
1, 619.
PJpn. *ns paper offerings, paper pieces on a stick (
, ): OJpn. nusa; MJpn.
ns; Tok. nusa.
JLTT 502.

*nelmu - *nm

969

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Karakh. (MK) j thread,

string, cord (although the vocalism is not clear).
-nelmu a k. of cloth, coat: Tung. *nelme-; Mong. *nolom; Turk. *jAlma.
PTung. *nelme- upper garment, coat (, ):
Evk. nelmekn.
1, 620, 635. Isolated in Ewk., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *nolom brocade (): WMong. nolom (L 590: nolum); Kh.
nolom.
PTurk. *jAlma a thick quilted coat ( ):
OTurk. jalma (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jalma (MK).
EDT 929, TMN 4, 190-192.
15, 1, 635. A Western isogloss. Note also MJpn. (late
attested) nume a k. of silk (if not < numa- to be slippery, smooth)?
-nema to add, exceed: Mong. *neme-; Turk. *jem-; Kor. *nm-.
PMong. *neme- to add (): MMong. neme- (HY 33, SH);
WMong. neme- (L 573); Kh. neme-; Bur. neme-; Kalm. nem-; Ord. neme-;
Dag. neme- (. . 157, MD 197); Dong. nime-; S.-Yugh. nem-;
Mongr. nim- (SM 276), nm-.
KW 274, MGCD 504.
PTurk. *jem- 1 moreover, and 2 addition (1 , 2
): OTurk. jeme 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jeme 1 (MK); Yak.
semse 2.
EDT 934.
PKor. *nm- to exceed, to overflow (, ,
): MKor. nm-; Mod. nm-.
Nam 105, KED 335.
EAS 76, 369, SKE 163, Poppe 38, 68. Manchu forms
(nem-sele- to add, increase etc.) may be borrowed < Mong. (see 1,
622, TMN 1, 519, Doerfer MT 103, Rozycki 162). MKor. has also a synonymous nm-. Despite TMN 1, 520 borrowing in Kor. < Mong. is quite
improbable.
-nm to patch: Tung. *neme- / *nama-; Mong. *nem-; Turk. *jama-; Jpn.
*nm.
PTung. *neme- / *nama- to patch (, ): Evk. neme-,
nama-; Evn. nemt-; Neg. nemes-; Man. nemki-; Ul. namui (n.); Ork. nembesse-, nambot-; Nan. namu (n.); Orch. namasi-; Ud. neme-.
1, 622 (cf. also *nama- to stick to, etc., 1, 581).
PMong. *nem- 1 to cover 2 to cover (by a horse-cloth) (1
2 ()): MMong. nemur- 1 (SH), nembe- 1 (HYt),
nmil, niml horse-cloth (MA 238, 239); WMong. nemr- 1, nemne- 2 (L
574); Kh. nmr- 1, nemn- 2; Bur. nemeri- 1,2 nemne 2; Kalm. nemr- 1,

970

*nu - *nu

nemn- 2; Ord. nemne- 2, nmr protection contre le vent; Dag. nembu- 1

(. . 157), nemur cover; Bao. nambo- 2; S.-Yugh. nemle- 2, nemnl
horse-cloth; Mongr. nembe- (SM 270), nmba- 1, nemberge (SM 270)
nemno horse-cloth 2.
KW 275, MGCD 505, 515. Mong. > Evk. neme- to cover etc. ( 1, 622), see Doerfer MT 51, Rozycki 162.

PTurk. *jama- to patch (, ): Karakh. jama- (MK); Tur.

jama-; Gag. jama-; Az. jama-; Turkm. jama-; Sal. jama-; MTurk. jama- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jama-; Uygh. jama-; Krm. jama-; Tat. jama-; Bashk. jama-;
Kirgh. ama-; Kaz. ama-; KBalk. zama-; KKalp. ama-; Kum. jama-;
Nogh. jama-; SUygh. jama-; Khak. nama-; Shr. naba-; Oyr. jama-, ama-;
Tv. ama-; Yak. sam-; Dolg. ham-.
VEWT 184, EDT 934-935, 4, 108, Stachowski 94. Turk. > WMong. ama-,
Kalm. zam- (KW 466).

PJpn. *nm cypress bark used for preventing boat leaking, boat
caulking ( , ): MJpn. nm.
JLTT 500 (also giving variants noma, nome).
Poppe 68. Despite Doerfers (TMN 4, 194) criticism the
Turk.-Tung. match appears quite satisfactory.
-nu female relative (sister or brothers wife): Tung. *neu-; Mong.
*nagau; Turk. *jee; Kor. *ni.
PTung. *neu- 1 sweetheart 2 younger (brother, sister) (1 2 (, )): Evn. nee 1; Neg. neuj (L.-Amg.)
2; Man. non 2; SMan. nun younger sister; husbands younger sister;
younger woman (904,914); Jurch. nexun (nexun-un) younger sister
(291); Orch. neu 2; Ud. neu 2.
1 618, 622. The Jurch. word may reflect a contamination with PTM *nekuyounger relative (v. sub *neko).

PMong. *nagau maternal relative ( ): MMong. naxa(i) uncle (mothers brother) (HY 28); WMong.
naau (L 556); Kh. nagac; Bur. nagsa, nagasxaj; Kalm. nac (); Ord.
naGa, naGan, naG, naGai; Dag. nau, nagu (. . 155), naui,
nau (MD 195); S.-Yugh. naGa; Mongr. naG (SM 254), naGai.
MGCD 497. Mong. > Manchu naku (see Rozycki 161).
PTurk. *jee elder brothers wife ( ): OTurk.
jege (OUygh.); Karakh. jege (MK); Tur. jege; Az. jeg; Turkm. jee;
Sal. jeGo, jeko, jagu; Khal. nee; MTurk. jege (Pav. C.), jinge (AH);
Uygh. jege; Tat. ig; Bashk. jege; Kirgh. ee; Kaz. ege; KKalp.
ege; Nogh. jege; SUygh. jege, jige, ige; Khak. nige; Shr. nee; Oyr.
jee, ee; Tv. ege; Yak. saas; Dolg. haas.
EDT 950, VEWT 197-8, 4, 189-190, 313, Stachowski 96.

*np - *nepV(V)

971

PKor. *ni (boys) sister ( ()): MKor. ni; Mod.

nui.
Nam 115, KED 358.
EAS 76; TMN 4, 207 (kaum annehmbar...Lallwort).
-np to spread, cover: Tung. *nep-te-; Mong. *nebseji-; Turk. *jap-;
Jpn. *nmp- (~-ua-); Kor. *np-.
PTung. *nep-te- 1 to spread out, make even 2 even, flat (1 , 2 , ): Evk. nepte- 1, nepteme 2; Neg.
nepte-nepte 2; Ul. nepte-nepte 2; Ork. nette- 1; Nan. nepte-nepte 2; Orch.
neptege 2; Ud. neptele 2
1, 623-624.
PMong. *nebseji- to be broad and long (e.g. of cloth) ( (., )): WMong. nebseji- (L 567); Kh. nevsij-;
Bur. neb-.
PTurk. *jap- to cover; to close, shut (the door) (; ()): Karakh. jap- (MK); Az. jap- (dial.); Turkm. jap-; MTurk.
jap- (AH, Ettuhf., . .); Uzb. jp-; Uygh. jap-; Krm. jap-; Tat. jap-;
Bashk. jap-; Kirgh. ap-; Kaz. ap-; KBalk. ap-, ap-, zap-; KKalp. ap-;
Kum. jap-; Nogh. jap-; Khak. ap-; Shr. ap-; Oyr. jap-, ap-; Tv. p-; Yak.
sap-; Dolg. hap-.
VEWT 187, EDT 870-871; 4, 127-128 (with a careful distinction of *jap- create, make and *jap- cover), Stachowski 96-97. Derivates mean cloth, covering (see 545).

PJpn. *nmp- (~-ua-) to spread (): OJpn. n(w)obu-;

MJpn. nbu-; Tok. nob-; Kyo. nb-; Kag. nb-.
JLTT 736.
PKor. *np- to put on (clothes) ( ()): MKor. np-;
Mod. ip-.
Nam 126, KED 1364.
1, 624. Verbal low tone in Korean.
-nepV(V) a k. of insect, butterfly: Tung. *nelbige (?); Mong.
*naalinkaj; Turk. *japgak; Kor. *npi.
PTung. *nelbige bat ( ): Evk. nelbi.
1, 619. Attested only in Evk., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *naalinkaj dung fly, gad-fly ( ): WMong.
naalinqai (L 557); Kh. nlinxaj; Ord. nlix.
PTurk. *japgak 1 small louse 2 nit 3 a k. of gad-fly 4 leech (1 2 3 4 ): Gag. japqan 4; Turkm.
japaq 1; Tat. jabqaq 2, 3; Bashk. jbekk 1, 2; Oyr. japq, apq 3.
4, 134.
PKor. *npi butterfly (): MKor. npi; Mod. nabi.
Nam 88, KED 291.

972

*nra - *nra

A common derivative *nepV-V is reflected in PT *jap-(gak), PM

*naali-(nkaj) and probably Evk. nelbie < *nepli-ge. The root must have
denoted a small flying insect, with a further development > small biting insect in Turkic. It may well be that the initial consonant was *l(since the only TM reflex is the isolated Evk. dialectal form nelbie); cf.
perhaps also a wider spread Evk. name of the caterpillar - lepurgdi,
lepergdi ( 518), although it is usually derived from PTM *lepufluffy.
-nra thin, flat: Tung. *ner- / *nar-; Mong. *nari-n; Turk. *jAr-; Jpn.
*nrs-; Kor. *jrp- ( < *njr-p- ?).
PTung. *ner- / *nar- 1 lean 2 thin 3 weak (1 2 3 ): Evk. urkn 1, 2; Man. ere 2, 3, nar-un 2; SMan. narhun fine,
thin, exact(2408); Jurch. nar-gi narrow (670).
1, 585-586, 649, 654-655. Doerfer TMN 1, 515, MT 138, Rozycki 161 regard
Man. narxun as borrowed < Mong. (cf. Mong. nari-qan rather fine, thin, slender), which
is somewhat dubious, but not entirely excluded.

PMong. *nari-n thin (): MMong. narin (SH, MA), narn (IM) ,
nrn (LH); WMong. narin (L 566); Kh. narn; Bur. narin; Kalm. nrn;
Ord. narn; Mog. nrin (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. narin (. . 156),
narien (MD 195); Dong. narunni; Bao. naro; S.-Yugh. narn; Mongr.
narin (SM 258), nar.
KW 273, MGCD 501, TMN 1, 513. Mong. > Chag. narin (see TMN 1, 515).
PTurk. *jAr- 1 thin, lean 2 poor 3 flat (1 , 2 3
): OTurk. jarl 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. jarl 2 (MK); Turkm. jarl
2 (dial.); MTurk. jarl 2 (R., Bud.); Krm. jarl 2; Tat. jarl 2; Bashk. jarl 2;
Kirgh. ar 1, ard, arl, arl 2; Kaz. ara- 1, ar()l 2; KBalk. arl, zarl
2; KKalp. arl 2; Kum. jarl 2; Nogh. jarl- 2; Oyr. jartaq 3; Tv. ar-da1.
EDT 967, VEWT 189, 190, 4, 143, 334-335. The most widely spread
form, attested since Old Uyghur, is *jAr-l(g) poor; the evidence of Oyr., Tuva, Kirgh.
and Kaz., however, suggests the existence of a primary stem *jAr()- thin, lean. Turk. >
Hung. gyarl sinful (< *jarl), see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *nrs- to make even, flat (, ): OJpn.

naras-; MJpn. nrs-; Tok. nars-; Kyo. nrs-; Kag. nrs-.
JLTT 732. Kyoto points to *nrs-, but RJ and Kagoshima rather to *nrs-.
PKor. *jrp- thin (): MKor. jrp-; Mod. jlp-, jlp-.
Nam 376, KED 1182.
If the Korean form is related here, it must be one of the irregular
cases of *n- lost in front of -j-, -i- already in Middle Korean; however,
since the -j- diphthong is also not quite regular, the Korean match is
rather questionable.

*nra - *nre

973

-nra ( ~ --) a k. of big tree: Tung. *ner- ( ~ -); Mong. *nara-su; Jpn.
*nr.
PTung. *ner- ( ~ -) larch (): Evn. ermi.
1, 654. Attested only in Evn., with possible external parallels.
PMong. *nara-su pine tree (): MMong. narasun (HY 6);
WMong. nara-su(n) (L 565); Kh. nars; Bur. narha(n); Kalm. narsan
(); Ord. narasu; Dag. nars, narsu (. . 156), narese cypress,
cedar (MD 195).
MGCD 501. Mong. nara-t (pl.) > Chuv. narat, see Rna-Tas 1973-1974.
PJpn. *nr a k. of oak ( ): OJpn. nara; MJpn. nr; Tok. nra;
Kyo. nr; Kag. nra.
JLTT 493. Accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is aberrant.
The Mong.-Jpn. match appears certain; the Even parallel is isolated and less reliable.
-nre name; announcement, order: Mong. *nere; Turk. *jr-; Jpn. *nr-;
Kor. *(n)r(h)-.
PMong. *nere name (): MMong. nere (SH, HYt), nirin (IM), nir
(MA); WMong. nere (L 575); Kh. ner; Bur. nere; Kalm. ner; Ord. nere;
Mog. ner; nir (15-3a); Dag. ner (. . 157), nere (MD 198); Dong.
niere; Bao. nere (. .), nare; S.-Yugh. nere; Mongr. nere (SM 273).
KW 275, MGCD 506.
PTurk. *jr- 1 order 2 announcement, call 3 judge 4 law, justice (1
2 , 3 4 , ): OTurk.
jar-l 1,2 (OUygh.), jaran 3; Karakh. jar-l 1,2 (MK); Tur. jar, ar 2
(dial.); Az. ar 2 (dial.); Turkm. jarlq 1, dial. ar 2; MTurk. jar 2
(Abush.), jar-l 1,2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. jaru 4, dial. ar 2; Uygh. ar
2; Tat. jar 2, jarlq 1; Kirgh. ar 2; Kaz. ar 2; KKalp. ar 2; Oyr. ar 2; Tv.
ar 2; Chuv. rlx 1.
VEWT 188-9, EDT 966-7, 4, 18-20 (one can hardly agree with Clauson that
jarl is a loan from an unknown source). Mong. loans from Turk. are widely spread:
Mong. ar announcement, arqu, aru judgement, court, arliq order, arui judge
(see TMN 1, 278, 4, 58-66, 157, 1997, 123).

PJpn. *nr- to announce, order (, ): OJpn.

nor-; MJpn. nr-.
JLTT 737.
PKor. *(n)r(h)- 1 name 2 say, tell (1 2 ): MKor. rhm 1,
nr-, nr- 2; Mod. irm 1, ir- 2.
Nam 406, 120, 124, KED 1326, 1327. The noun seems to be clearly deverbal, but is attested only without the initial *n-.

37, 72, 294. Closed -- in Turk. is not quite clear.

*nro - *nbi

974

-nro to fly; to rise: Tung. *nere-; Mong. *narba-; Turk. *jAr-man-; Jpn.
*nr-; Kor. *nr-.
PTung. *nere- to flap (wings) (, ): Evk.
nere-ne-; Evn. nerk-.
1, 625.
PMong. *narba- to flap, flutter, sway (, ): Bur.
narba-; Kalm. narml- ().
PTurk. *jAr-man- to climb up (): OTurk. jarma-, jarman(OUygh.); Karakh. jarman- (MK); Turkm. jarma-; Khal. jarmalaq seesaw
for children; MTurk. jarman- (Sangl.); Tat. jarpa- to put on airs; Kirgh.
jarma-; Kaz. armas- to cling to; KKalp. armas- to cling to; Khak. arban-; Shr. arban-; Oyr. jarman- (.).
VEWT 190, EDT 969.
PJpn. *nr- 1 to rise 2 to ride (1 2 ):
OJpn. nor- 1, 2; MJpn. nr- 1, 2; Tok. nr- 1; Kyo. nr- 1; Kag. nr- 1.
JLTT 737.
PKor. *nr- to fly (): MKor. nr-; Mod. nal-.
Nam 96, KED 302.
SKE 159, 1,625 (Tung.-Kor.), Martin 240, 296. In
Kor. cf. also nr-ki wing (with change of tone?), mod. nar-da to
transport. The Turk. and Jpn. forms can be alternatively compared
with MKor. nr- to stand up, rise.
-nse ( ~ -o) flat, to flatten: Tung. *nese-; Jpn. *ns-.
PTung. *nese- to straighten, make level, flat (, ): Evn. nesn-, nehn-; Neg. nesk-; Ul. nese-; Ork. nese ground
surface; Nan. nesi-.
1, 625-626.
PJpn. *ns- 1 a k. of small flat-iron 2 to stretch, flatten (1 2 , , ): OJpn.
n(w)osi 1; MJpn. ns 1; Tok. ns- 2, nosh 1; Kyo. ns- 2, nsh 1; Kag.
ns-, ns- 2, nosh 1.
JLTT 501, 737. Verbal accent (ns- in Kyoto and the variant ns- in Kagoshima) is
not quite clear.

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; on a possible Turk. reflex see under *dasi.

-nbi ( ~ -e) to smoke, to smell: Tung. *nibu(p)-; Mong. *ne-; Jpn.
*np-p-; Kor. *ni.
PTung. *nibu(p)- to smoke ((), ()): Evk. nuw-;
Neg. np-; Ul. iup-ti-; Ork. n-i-; Nan. up-i-; Orch. u-i-; Ud.
usesi-.
1, 607-608.
PMong. *ne- 1 to curl (of smoke) 2 charcoal (1 ( ) 2
): MMong. neuresun 2 (HY 22), nrson (IM); WMong. negr-s 2

*niba - *nbo

975

(L 569: neres(n)); Kh. n-gelte- 1, nrs 2; Bur. nrhe(n) 2; Kalm. nrsen

2 (KPC); Ord. nres, nres 2; Dag. neurese 2 (MD 198).
The Mong. word for coal (MMong. nere-sn) is compared by Poppe 38 with
Man. nemu ore, nemuri coal mine ( 1, 621) < *nebu- (?).

PJpn. *np-p- to smell (): OJpn. nipop-; MJpn. nff-; Tok.

ni-; Kyo. n-; Kag. n-.
JLTT 736.
PKor. *ni smoke (): MKor. ni; Mod. n.
Nam 102, KED 315.
EAS 77, SKE 158 (Tung.-Kor.), 297. Kor. -- is most
probably a result of vowel contraction after the loss of *-b-.
-niba clay, to smear: Tung. *ibl-; Turk. *joa; Jpn. *nasur-.
PTung. *ibl- to paint, smear (, ): Neg. ja-, l-;
Man. ju-; Ul. ili-; Ork. iliti-; Nan. iule-; Ud. jeule-.
1, 638.
PTurk. *joa red clay ( ): Tur. joa (SDD); MTurk. jua
(MA); Kirgh. oo; Oyr. joo; Yak. soho.
VEWT 128, 4, 31. Turk. > MMong. (MA) ua, WMong. osa red clay, red
earth (rather than vice versa, despite VEWT 128 - although forms with -s- like Kaz.,
KKalp. osa are reborrowed from Mong.).

PJpn. *nasur- to smear, rub (, ): Tok. nasr-; Kyo.

nsr-; Kag. nasr-.
JLTT 733. PJ accent is unclear.
The vowel *-o- in Turkic is probably due to the medial cluster
(*joa < *jba).
-nbo face, resemblance: Mong. *niur; Turk. *j; Jpn. *nr-.
PMong. *niur face (): MMong. niur (HY 45, SH), nojur (IM),
niur (MA); WMong. niur (L 580); Kh. nr; Bur. r, nr; Kalm. nr;
Ord. nr; Mog. nr; Dong. niu (MGCD nu); Bao. nr (MGCD nor, nur);
S.-Yugh. nr, nr; Mongr. nr (SM 280) (MGCD niur).
KW 283, MGCD 520, 563.
PTurk. *j face (): OTurk. jz (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jz
(MK); Tur. jz; Gag. jz, z; Az. z; Turkm. jz; Sal. jz, jiz; Khal. jz;
MTurk. jz (MA, AH, Ettuhf.); Uygh. jz; Krm. jz, ju, jiz, iz; Tat. jz;
Bashk. j; Kirgh. z; Kaz. z; KKalp. z; Kum. jz; Nogh. jz;
SUygh. jz; Khak. s; Oyr. js, s; Chuv. var mouth; Yak. ss
forehead; Dolg. hs forehead.
VEWT 213-4, 4, 259-260, 206, . 154, Stachowski 117.
Khalaj jz = Yak. ss prove that Turkm. jz is secondary. Turk. > MMong. (MA) jz surface ( 1997, 196).

PJpn. *nr- to resemble ( ): OJpn. n(w)or-.

VEWT 214. *-- in Turk. is due to contraction.

976

*nkV - *nke

-nkV ( ~ --) duck: Tung. *nK; Mong. *nigu-sun.

PTung. *nK 1 duck 2 bird (1 2 ): Evk. nk, -n 1; Evn.
ieki, nki; Man. exe 1; SMan. x 1 (2201); Jurch. mie-xe (591) 1; Ork.
n / e 2; Nan. ice(n) 2; Ud. ueie duckling; Sol. nx 1.
1, 590-591.
PMong. *nigu-su duck (): MMong. noqosun (HY 14), noqosu
(SH), nuasun (MA 261b), nqsn (LH), nqsn (Lig.VMI); WMong.
niusu, niul (L 595: nuusu(n)); Kh. nugas; Bur. nugaha(n); Kalm.
nusn; Ord. nuGus, nuGusu; Dag. nogese, nause, nuagese (MD 195, 200).
KW 281.
KW 281, Poppe 1974, 121, 293. A Tung.-Mong. isogloss.
The TM form can hardly be regarded as a mongolism, therefore (despite Poppe 1966, 31) this root should be carefully distinguished from
*uak goose (= Karakh. juaq id.). Mong. has parallel forms
niusun and nousun - possibly resulting from contamination.
-nk to become sour, ripen: Tung. *eK- ~ *niK-; Mong. *negsi-; Jpn.
*nnk-; Kor. *nk-.
PTung. *eK- ~ *niK- to rot, become sour (of food) ( (
), ): Man. ekde-.
1, 651. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *negsi- to rot, become sour (of food) (, ( )): WMong. nigsi- (MXTTT); Kh. nege-.
PJpn. *nnk- bitter, sour (, ): MJpn. ng-; Tok.
nig-; Kyo. ng-; Kag. nig-.
JLTT 837.
PKor. *nk- to be boiled, ripen (, ): MKor.
nk-; Mod. ik-.
Nam 124, KED 1339.
1, 651 (Mong.-Tung.). Verbal low tone in Kor.
-nke ( ~ --) servant: Tung. *nka-; Mong. *nek-.
PTung. *nka- 1 relative 2 servant, slave 3 Chinese 4 ordinary man,
people (1 2 , 3 4 , ):
Evk. k (Nerch.) 1; Neg. nkan 3, (arch.) 2; Man. niqan 3, 4; Ul. iqa(n) 2,
3 (arch.); Ork. aqqa(n) 2; Nan. q 3; Orch. ika 3, (arch.) 2; Ud. nika
3, (arch.) 2; Sol. nix 3.
1, 590, 637.
PMong. *nek- servant(s) (, ): MMong. nekun (HY 31, SH).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *ge, *nekV.

*nk - *nilko

977

-nk to grind, crunch; knead: Tung. *[i]Ki-; Mong. *niku-; Turk. *jk-;
Jpn. *nnk-p- / *nnk-p-; Kor. *nk-.
PTung. *[i]Ki- 1 to gnaw, crunch 2 to swallow 3 to destroy, demolish (1 , 2 3 ()): Evk. eki- 1;
Man. niqa- 3; Nan. ikike- 2 (Kur.-Urm.).
1, 591, 637, 651.
PMong. *niku- to grind, rub, knead (, , ): MMong. nuqu- (MA 316); WMong. niqu-, nuqu- (L 586); Kh.
nuxa-; Bur. uxa-; Kalm. nux-; Ord. nuxu-; Mog. nuqu-; ZM noqu (8-2a);
Dag. nogu-; Bao. noG-; Mongr. nuGu- (SM 288).
KW 281, MGCD 519. Mong. > Man. oxu- etc., see Doerfer MT 80, Rozycki 163.
PTurk. *jk- to crush, grind; overthrow (, ;
): OTurk. jq- (OUygh.); Karakh. jq- (MK); Tur. jk-; Gag. jq-;
Az. jx-; Turkm. jq-; Khal. juq-; MTurk. jq- (MA, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jiq-;
Uygh. jiq-; Krm. jq-, jx-; Tat. jq-; Bashk. jq-; Kirgh. q-; Kaz. q-;
KKalp. q-; Kum. jq-, jix-; Nogh. jq-; Khak. juq-; Oyr. jq-, q-; Chuv.
x- (dial.).
VEWT 200, EDT 897, 4, 273-274.
PJpn. *nnk-p- / *nnk-p- to rub, wipe (off) (, ): OJpn. nogop-; MJpn. ngf-; Tok. nug-; Kyo. ng-; Kag. ng-.
JLTT 738.
PKor. *nk- to knead, mix (, ): MKor. nk-; Mod.
igi-.
Nam 119, KED 1319.
Poppe 39, 1995b.
-nilko ( ~ -u) old, grown-up: Turk. *jlk; Kor. *nrk-.
PTurk. *jlk age; aged (grown-up) animal (; ): OTurk. jlq (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jlq (MK); Az. ilx, lx
(dial.); Turkm. jlq; MTurk. jlq (AH, Ettuhf.), lq (. ., Abush.);
Uzb. jilqi; Uygh. i(l)qa, ilqi; Krm. jlq; Tat. jlq; Bashk. jlq; Kirgh. lq;
Kaz. lq; KBalk. lq, zlq; KKalp. lq; Kum. jlq, jilq; Nogh. jlq;
Khak. l; Shr. l; Oyr. lq; Tv. l; Yak. sl.
EDT 925-926, 4, 281-282, 444.
PKor. *nrk- old (): MKor. nrk-; Mod. nk- [nrk].
Nam 118, KED 373.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss; cf. also Kor. n(l)ktari old beast (see SKE
171). The parallel is striking, but one should keep in mind that the stem
may be actually derived from *njV age, with additional influence of
*jl year in Turkic.

978

*nmi(-kV) - *ni

-nmi(-kV) fat in the intestines, fat food, roe: Tung. *nim(u)kse; Mong.
*nimi-ge, *nmi-ge; Turk. *(j)ingek.
PTung. *nim(u)kse 1 stomach (of animals) 2 intestine fat (1 , 2 ,
): Evk. nimne 1; Evn. nimne 2; Neg. nimtumu smell of fat; Man.
nimegi 2; SMan. nim grease, fat; vegetable oil (340); Ork. numie 1.
1, 314, 594, 595.
PMong. *nimi-ge, *nmi-ge sheep fat ( ): WMong.
nmige (L 597); Kh. nnig, nmig; Bur. nemege(n), nege(n).
PTurk. *(j)ingek milt, roe (): Tat. ini, jinc (Sib.); Yak. iskex;
Dolg. istek.
VEWT 172, 203, 151, Stachowski 129.
151. A Western isogloss.
-nme top of head: Tung. *nme-kte; Turk. *jem-kek; Jpn. *mni; Kor.
*nmh.
PTung. *nme-kte skin on young horns ( ): Evk. nmekte; Evn. iemt; Neg. mmekte; Ud. imakta.
1, 596.
PTurk. *jem-kek 1 sinciput 2 fontanelle (1 2 ):
Karakh. mgk 2 (MK); Tur. imik 1; Gag. imik brain; Az. mgk 2;
MTurk. (MKypch.) jimk (AH) 1; Tat. jmk (Bar.) 1; Kirgh. emgek 2;
Kaz. ebek 2; KKalp. ebek 2; Khak. mek (dial.) 1; Shr. nbk (R) 1; Oyr.
emgek (R - Tel.), jmk (R - Oyr.) 2, (Tuba) nmek 1; Tv. vek 1; Chuv.
amga forehead.
VEWT 42, 208, 171, 521, 1, 352, 202, 201-202. Chuv. > Bashk.
suqa hump of the occipital bone.

PJpn. *mni mountain top ( ): OJpn. mjine; MJpn.

mn; Tok. mne; Kyo. mn; Kag. mne.
JLTT 480.
PKor. *nmh forehead (): MKor. nm (nmh-); Mod. ima.
Nam 121, KED 1328.
202, 1995b. Tone in Kor.-Jpn. is irregular. In Jpn.
one has to assume metathesis (*mn- < *nm-), quite probable in a root
with two nasals.
-ni burden, load: Tung. *niu-; Jpn. *n; Kor. *ni()-.
PTung. *niu- 1 to prop, support 2 support, prop (1 ,
2 ): Evn. nnut-, nnen- 1, nnun 2; Man. nege-bu- 1.
1, 597-598.
PJpn. *n burden, load (, ): OJpn. ni; MJpn. n; Tok. n;
Kyo. n; Kag. n.

*nra - *nre

979

JLTT 496. A reconstruction *n-i is also not excluded - if the same root may be recovered in OJ no-sakji first crop of the year, sent as tribute to the court; the derivation is,
however, not entirely convincing.
PKor. *ni- to carry on the head ( ): MKor. ni-; Mod.
i-.

Liu 169, KED 1321.

Martin 227. An Eastern isogloss.
-nra spine: Tung. *niri-; Mong. *niruu; Turk. *jr-; Jpn. *n(n)tki.
PTung. *niri- spine, spine vertebra (, , ): Evk. niri; Evn. r; Neg. njkta; Ul. rqta; Ork. rkta; Nan. rqta;
Orch. kta; Ud. kta; Sol. nrde.
1, 639-640.
PMong. *niruu spine, vertebra, marrow (, ,
): MMong. niruu(n), niriun (SH), nirisun spine (HY 47),
nron (IM), nrn (Lig.VMI), nirun (MA); WMong. niruu(n) (L 585);
Kh. nur; Bur. urga(n), ur; Kalm. nurn; Ord. nur back, spine;
Dag. nir (. . 158); Dong. nurun; S.-Yugh. nurn; Mongr. nuru
(SM 291), nur.
KW 281, MGCD 519, TMN 1, 530.
PTurk. *jr- left, North (, ): OTurk. jr-aru (Orkh.), ir-,
jir- (OUygh.).
VEWT 201, EDT 954, 959, 973. The comparison is possible if we suppose a usual
development North < back.

PJpn. *n(n)tki brain, marrow (, ): OJpn.

nadukji; MJpn. ndki.
JLTT 494.
EAS 76-77, KW 281, Poppe 39, 116, 1972a, 88-89,
306. Despite Doerfer MT 114, evidently not a loan in TM from
Mong.
-nre ( ~ --, -o) a k. of foliage tree, elm: Tung. *nir-; Jpn. *nrai; Kor.
*nrp.
PTung. *nir- ( ~ -) 1 a k. of poplar 2 brushwood (1 - 2 ): Evn. irwi 1, rgq 2.
1, 639. Attested only in Evn., with probable parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *nrai elm (): OJpn. nire; MJpn. nre; Tok. nre; Kyo. nr;
Kag. nr.
JLTT 498. All sources point to a high tone on the 1st syllable.
PKor. *nrp elm (): MKor. nrp; Mod. nrp.
Nam 118, KED 366.
An Eastern isogloss.

*nt - *nt

980

-nt weak, quiet: Tung. *nita-; Mong. *nete-; Turk. *jit-; Jpn. *nnt- /
*nnt-; Kor. *njth-.
PTung. *nita- 1 weak, faded 2 to weaken, diminish (1 , 2 , ): Man. nitan 1, nitara- 2; Jurch. ni-ta-ba
(463) 1.
1, 601.
PMong. *nete- to become still worse, deteriorate ():
WMong. nete-re- (XTTT); Kh. netre-; Bur. neter- become thin, attenuate; to be in arrears of work.
PTurk. *jit- to be lost (, ): OTurk. jit- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. jit- (MK); Tur. jit-; Az. it-; Turkm. jit-; MTurk. jit(Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jit-; Uygh. jit-, jt-; Krm. jt-; Kirgh. it-;
Kaz. it-; KKalp. it-; Khak. t-; Tv. it-; Chuv. t-; Yak. st-; Dolg. ht-.
EDT 885, VEWT 204, 4, 204-205, Stachowski 116.
PJpn. *nnt- / *nnt- 1 to quieten, keep quiet 2 quiet, peaceful (1
2 , ): OJpn. nadama- 1, nodo 2; MJpn.
ndma-, nodoma- 1, nodoka 2; Tok. nadam- 1, nadraka, ndoka 2; Kyo.
ndm- 1, ndrk, ndk 2; Kag. ndm- 1, nadarak, nodok 2.
JLTT 730.
PKor. *njth- shallow, superficial, light (, ,
): MKor. njth-; Mod. jt- [jth-], jat- [jath-].
Nam 109, KED 1120, 1189.
A common derivative *nt-rV- is reflected in PM *nete-re- = Man.
nita-ra- = PJ *nnt-ra-(ka).
-nt sharp weapon, a k. of knife: Mong. *nitula-; Turk. *jiti; Jpn. *nt;
Kor. *nt.
PMong. *nitula- to slaughter (cattle) ( ()): MMong. nitulto cut off (SH); WMong. nitula- (L 586); Kh. adla-, atla-; Ord. nutul-.
Cf. also nitu- to perish (L 586).
PTurk. *jiti sharp (): OTurk. jiti (OUygh.); Karakh. jitig (MK,
KB); Tur. iti- (v.); Az. iti; Turkm. jiti; Khal. jitti; MTurk. iti (AH, Ettuhf.),
itik (Pav. C.), iti- v. (Pav. C.); Uygh. itik; Krm. jiti, iti; Tat. ete; Kaz. iti;
KBalk. t; Kum. itti; Khak. tg; Shr. idig; Tv. idig, idi- (v.); Chuv.
iv (?); Yak. st; Dolg. ht.
EDT 889, 4, 205-206, Stachowski 121. Cf. also Tur. jat weapon, jataan a k.
of sword (VEWT 192, TMN 4, 52).

PJpn. *nt hatchet (): Tok. nta, nat; Kyo. nt; Kag. nt.
JLTT 494.
PKor. *nt sickle (): MKor. nt; Mod. nat [nas].
Nam 94, KED 311.

*n - *n

981

See SKE 162 (Kor-Jpn.). The Jpn. word is not attested in OJ and MJ
texts and may well be borrowed from Korean - which would also explain the irregular high tone.
-n eye: Tung. *ia-sa; Mong. *nid; Turk. *j tear; Jpn. *mi(N), *m-;
Kor. *nn.
PTung. *ia-sa eye (): Evk. sa; Evn. sl; Neg. sa; Man. jasa;
SMan. jas (10); Jurch. ia-i (496); Ul. sal(); Ork. isal; Nan. nasal, dial.
isal(a), sal, asar; Orch. isa; Ud. jeh; Sol. sal.
1, 291-292. The Nan. and Jurch. forms unmistakeably point to an initial nasal,
lost in other languages in the exceptional position before the diphthong *i. Other traces
of initial nasal can be seen in: Man. oo pupil of the eye, Neg. uiaki eyebrow, Evn.
eti one-eyed (pointing perhaps to a derivative *i-u- with later assimilations >
*u- ~ *u-).

PMong. *nid eye (): MMong. nidun (HY 45, SH), neidun (IM),
nidun (MA); WMong. nid(n) (L 578); Kh. nd; Bur. de(n); Kalm.
ndn; Ord. nd(n); Mog. ndn; ZM nodun (2-3a); Dag. nide (MD 199,
. . 157), nid (. . 157); Dong. nudu, -n; Bao. nedo;
S.-Yugh. nudun; Mongr. nudu (SM 287).
KW 282, MGCD 520.
PTurk. *j tear (): OTurk. ja (OUygh.); Karakh. ja (MK); Tur.
ja; Az. ja; Turkm. j; Sal. ja; Khal. j; MTurk. ja (AH, . .);
Uzb. j; Uygh. ja; Krm. ja; Tat. j; Bashk. j; Kirgh. a; Kaz. as;
KKalp. as; Kum. ja; Nogh. jas; SUygh. jas; Khak. as; Oyr. a; Tv. a;
Chuv. ko-ol.
VEWT 192, EDT 975-976, . VII, 32, 4, 161-163 (because of external evidence should be distinguished both from *jl age and *jl fresh, green).

PJpn. *mi(N), *m- 1 eye 2 to see (1 2 ): OJpn. me 1, mji2; MJpn. m 1, m- 2; Tok. m 1, m- 2; Kyo. me 1, m- 2; Kag. m 1, m- 2.
JLTT 474, 724. Nasal -N can be reconstructed on the basis of Hateruma (Ryukyu)
m - although one cannot exclude that this is a later addition.

PKor. *nn eye (): MKor. nn; Mod. nun.

Nam 115, KED 359.
EAS 77, Poppe 39, Menges 1984, 281, Street 1980, 300-301, 30-31, 78, 87, 275. For the Turkic form cf. Mong. *ni-l-mu-sun (KW
281; 146), *(i)a-m-, MKor. nn-mr, PJ *na-mi(n)tV
tear < PAlt. *()-mri water of the eye. PT irregularly preserves
length here: it is probably due to the influence of other homophonic
and synonymic roots. Jpn. *m- here deserves special comment. It is a
usual reflex of *- or *-, but none can be safely reconstructed here (not
*- because of Mong. ni-dn, not *- because of TM *ia-sa). One may
note, however, that Jpn. has n- in *na-mi(n)tV tear, and perhaps also in
the old deverbative OJ niram- (also *nia-m- > nem-) to glare at, keep an
eye on = Kor. nori- to have an eye upon = TM *ia-ru- to stare (

982

*nbo - *nai

1, 291) = Karakh. jeze- (EDT 985, TMN 4, 163) to patrol, keep an eye on
< PA *n-V. One can also pay attention to the nasal suffix present in
Kor. nu-n and Jpn. *mai(N); it may suggest that we are actually dealing
with reflexes of an archaic suffixed form *na-(V), the velar in which
also can account for some unexpected TM forms: Jurch. ia-i and Nan.
dial. asar ( < *ia-sa < *ia-sa). Japanese may have had a similar assimilation (*ma-iN < *a- < *na-), while the suffixless form is preserved in a compound (*na-mi(n)ta < *na) and a derived verb (niram-).
Cf. also KBalk. alamuq tear (probably < Bulg., reflecting a trace of the
original compound in PTurk.). Traces of *-- in some forms (Turk. *j,
Mong. *nil-mu-sun) may reflect a distinct root, preserved in Mong.
*naliqa wing-like membrane, corner of the eye, as well as nilma / milma
pupil of the eye.
-nbo ( ~ -o-) storm, natural disaster: Tung. *[be]-kte; Mong.
*ne-le-; Turk. *jubug ( ~ *jabug); Jpn. *nw(u).
PTung. *[be]-kte 1 storm cloud 2 heavy rain 3 spindrift cloud 4
hail (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. kta
1, 2, dial. kte, okta 3; Evn. onto 2; Neg. ekte 3.
1, 643, 651.
PMong. *ne-le- to come in gusts ( (
)): WMong. nele- (L 592); Kh. nl-.
PTurk. *jubug ( ~ *jabug) boulders which a torrent carries down;
boulders displaced and falling to the bottom of the valley (, ; ): Karakh. juvu ( ~ javu) (MK).
EDT 873.
PJpn. *nw(u) earthquake (): OJpn. nawi; MJpn.
nw.
JLTT 491.
The vocalism is not quite secure due to assimilations; nevertheless
the root seems well reconstructable.
-nai to forget, refuse: Tung. *au-; Mong. *nia-; Kor. *n-.
PTung. *au- 1 to faint 2 to go back the same way (1 , 2 ( )): Evn. atlan2; Neg. ala- 1.
1, 636.
PMong. *nia- to refuse; turn back (, , ): WMong. nia- (L 577: niu-); Kh. aca-; Bur. nisa-, niza-.
PKor. *n- to forget (): MKor. n-; Mod. it- [i-].
Nam 127, KED 1370.
PTM *au- is a secondary contraction < *nau; PA *n- (not *-) is
indicated by Mong. *n-.

*nda - *nke

983

-nda ( ~ -o-) to suffer, pine, tarry: Tung. *da; Mong. *naa- ( <
*nai-); Turk. *jAdna-; Jpn. *njm-.
PTung. *da 1 late 2 to tarry (1 2 ): Evk. da 1,
d- 2; Man. ada 1; Nan. doala- 2.
1, 627.
PMong. *naa- ( < *nai-) to be slow, hesitant, careless (,
, ): WMong. naaai (adj.), naaaida(L 567); Kh. nagaj, nagajda-; Bur. nazgaj, nazgajr-.
PTurk. *jAdna- ( ~ -j-) to long for (, ): Turkm. jajna- dial. to suffer, worry; Shr. ajna-; Oyr. jajna-, ajna- to pine.
VEWT 179, 4, 80. The stem seems to be distinct from the homonymous *jadna
(*jajna-) to be spread; be wide open (eyes) which may be derived from *jd- spread q.
v. sub *dV (see 4, 79); let us note, however, that many of the reflexes of the latter
may actually reflect our *jadna- to long for, miss (cf. especially Kirgh. ajna- to stare
with envy and hope, Tur. jajna- to live in prosperity etc.).

PJpn. *njm- to suffer, be troubled (, ): OJpn. najam-; MJpn. njm-; Tok. naym-; Kyo. nym-; Kag. nym-.
JLTT 733.
One of common Altaic verbs of emotion. The original meaning
was probably something like languish, which would explain all the
individual semantic developments.
-nji pus, snot: Tung. *-; Mong. *nij-.
PTung. *- 1 to rot 2 pus (1 2 ): Evk. a- 1, kse 2; Evn.
w- 1, s 2; Neg. - 1, ksa 2; Man. a- 1, aki 2; Ul. - 1, qsa 2;
Ork. - 1; Nan. - 1, qsa 2; Orch. - 1, ksa 2; Ud. - 1, a 2.
1, 628.
PMong. *nij- 1 snot 2 to blow nose (1 2 ):
MMong. nisun 1 (HY 48), nisn 1 (LH); WMong. nisu 1, ni(g)i- 2 (L 582,
586); Kh. nus(an) 1, nij- 2; Bur. uha(n) 1, n- 2; Kalm. nusn 1, n- 2; Ord.
nusu 1, n- 2; Dag. n-, - 2, se 1 (MD 199) ; n- 2, nios 1; Mongr. nso
(SM 291) 1.
KW 281, MGCD 519. There is some confusion in Mong. between this root and
MMong. (SH) ni-sun tear, Dong. nigusun id., which is most probably derived from *nieye (and TM *-kse pus, despite Doerfer MT 25, has of course nothing to do with the
latter).

Poppe 38. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

-nke neck, vertebra: Tung. *nikimna; Mong. *nigur-su; Turk. *jaka.
PTung. *nikimna 1 neck 2 nape of neck (1 2
): Evk. nikimna 1; Evn. qn 2; Neg. nxma 1, 2; Ul. q(n) 1, 2; Ork.
nqma neck of deer; Sol. nixama, nixima 1.
1, 591. Cf. also Dag. (. . 158) okol nape of neck, probably < TM.
PMong. *nigur-su spinal marrow, vertebral gristles ( ,
): WMong. niursu(n), nuu(r)su(n) (L 580); Kh.

984

*nk - *nla

nuga(r)s; Bur. nugarha(n); Kalm. nursn; Ord. nuGusu; Dag. nok;

S.-Yugh. nurusn.
KW 281.
PTurk. *jaka collar; edge (; ): OTurk. jaqa (OUygh.);
Karakh. jaqa (MK); Tur. jaka; Az. jaxa; Turkm. jaqa; Sal. jaxa; Khal. jaqa;
MTurk. jaqa (Pav. C., Ettuhf.); Uzb. jqa; Uygh. jaqa; Tat. jaqa; Bashk.
jaa; Kirgh. aqa; KBalk. aa, aa; Kum. jaa; Nogh. jaa; Khak. aa;
Shr. aa; Oyr. aqa; Tof. aa (. ); Chuv. oa; Yak. saa.
VEWT 180, 82-83, EDT 898, 4, 82-84, 2, 146-147. Turk. > WMong.
aqa, iqa, Kalm. zax (KW 463-464; TMN 4, 103-104, 1997, 122), whence Evk. aka
(Doerfer MT 125).

A Western isogloss. See VEWT 180 (Turk.-Tung.; but Kor. mjk

neck cannot belong here), 2, 92, 293. Doerfer (TMN
4, 104) tries (in vain) to destroy the Turk.-Tung. paralle l (aus lautlichen ... als auch semantischen Grnden inkorrekt - ?). The comparison of the Mong. form with Man. ikursun in KW 281, Rozycki 115
should be regarded as erroneous (Man. ikursun < *xker q.v.). For
further Nostratic parallels see 2, 92.
-nk mild, soft: Tung. *aKa; Jpn. *nku- / *nk-; Kor. *nk.
PTung. *aKa 1 well, feeling well 2 peace, quietude (1 , ( ) 2 , ): Evk. aka 1; Evn. aq 1;
Man. neku(la)- to be glad; niqton peace, quietude; Orch. aka 1.
1, 591, 617, 628.
PJpn. *nku- / *nk- mild, soft (in part. of heart, soul) (, ( . , )): OJpn. nikwo-, nikji- (nikji-tama); MJpn.
nk-, nk-.
JLTT 497.
PKor. *nk soul (): MKor. nk; Mod. nk [nks].
Nam 104, KED 332.
An Eastern isogloss. The original meaning must have been mild,
particularly (but not necessarily) applied to feelings, whence the more
general meaning soul in Kor. Turk. *jak good (see 4, 63-64)
may be a merger of this root with *jak- to approach (q.v.).
-nla shallow, shallow place: Tung. *niala-; Mong. *naliur; Turk.
*jAl-k-,-pak; Kor. *nr.
PTung. *niala- 1 overflowed place 2 shallow (1 ,
2 ): Evn. alak 2; Nan. nala / ala 1.
See 1, 629.
PMong. *naliur declivity; pool; overflowed plain (, , ; ; ): WMong. naluu (L
562), nalaar; Kh. nal; Bur. nar, nalr, nalagar; Kalm. nal ().

*nlo - *ni

985

The verb nalu- to bend; lean may present a secondary semantic development < to
form a declivity.
PTurk. *jAl-k- 1 shallow 2 wave (1 2 ): Turkm. jalpaq
1; Tv. al 1, aljaq 2.
(?) Cf. also Chag. jalin Salzsteppe etc. ( < shallow place?), see VEWT 183.
PKor. *nr ford; ferry point (; ): MKor.
nr; Mod. naru.
Nam 232, KED 288.
1, 629 (Tung.-Mong.).
-nlo blade, sharp: Tung. *l(u)-; Mong. *njile-; Jpn. *na; Kor. *nrh.
PTung. *l()- to shave (skin) ( (, )): Evk.
l-, li-; Evn. l-; Neg. ul-; Orch. ulu-.
1, 645.
PMong. *njile- to sharpen, whet (): WMong. nile- (L 597),
nil- DO 505; Kh. nijle-; Kalm. nl- (); Ord. nl-, nl-.
PJpn. *na blade (): OJpn. na.
JLTT 490.
PKor. *nrh blade (): MKor. nr (nrh-); Mod. nal.
Nam 95, KED 302.
Jpn. *na goes back to a suffixed form *nl(o)-gV ( = Kor. *nrh);
Mong. reflects a regular dissimilation *njile- < *nli-le ( < *nil-le or
*nel-le).
-nlp tin, lead: Tung. *lban; Jpn. *nmri.
PTung. *lban tin (): Evk. lbn; Evn. lbn; Neg. alban.
1, 629.
PJpn. *nmri lead, tin (, ): OJpn. namari; MJpn.
nmri; Tok. nmari; Kyo. nmr; Kag. namar.
JLTT 492. Except for Tokyo, all accent reflexes point to *nmr.
An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see
Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nm-ri < *npan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.
-ni raw, fresh: Tung. *(i)ali-; Mong. *nilau; Turk. *j; Kor. *nr.
PTung. *(i)ali- 1 raw 2 meat (1 2 ): Evk. alikin 1; Evn.
alqa 1; Neg. al-xn 1; Man. jali 2; SMan. jali 2 (302); Jurch. ja-li (511)
2; Ul. l(n) 1; Ork. nl/l 1; Nan. alk 1; Ud. alii 1; Sol. jali ( <
Man.).
1,340,630. Length in Ul. and Orok may be secondary (due to the loss of -k-).
PMong. *nilau raw (; ): WMong. nilaun (L 584:
niluun); Kh. aln; Bur. al(n); Kalm. niln widrig; belriechend (wie
Fisch); Ord. nuln; Dag. nilun.
KW 276, MGCD 509.

986

*nme - *nama

PTurk. *j fresh, raw (, ): OTurk. ja (OUygh.);

Karakh. ja (MK); Tur. ja; Gag. ja; Az. ja; Turkm. j; MTurk. ja (AH,
Ettuhf.); Krm. ja; Bashk. j; Kirgh. a; Kaz. as; KBalk. a, a, za;
Nogh. jas; Khak. as; Oyr. ja, a; Tv. a.
4, 161-163, EDT 975-976, VEWT 192 (one of several *j roots). Within Turkic
interacts actively (in fact almost completely merges with *j green and *j young - but
all three roots, and, additionally, *j tear and *j age - seem to have different Altaic
origins.

PKor. *nr smth. raw, fresh ( , ): MKor. nr;

Mod. nal.
Nam 96, KED 302.
EAS 110, Poppe 39, SKE 159, 280-281, 12, Doerfer
MT 114. Preservation of n- in Mong. suggests a reconstruction *ni,
with PTM *ali- secondarily < *niali-.
-nme a k. of vessel: Tung. *nim(b)a; Mong. *namaa; Turk. *jAm; Kor.
*nmr.
PTung. *nim(b)a 1 light boat 2 board for tanning skins (1
2 3 ): Evn. nmba 2; Man. nimaaqu 1; Sol. nmo 3.
1, 587, 594.
PMong. *namaa vessel, trough (, ): WMong. namaa
(L 562); Kh. nam; Kalm. nam.
KW 271.
PTurk. *jAm large earthenware vessel ( ):
MTurk. jam (Pav. C.); Uzb. jm; Kirgh. am.
VEWT 183. Rsnen compares also Kr. jam- zubereitetes Leder (R 3, 308) which is possible if the original meaning was a large vessel for tanning skins. One can
also mention Yak. sma large leather bag (. 2, 2455 suggests borrowing < Russ. ,
but in that case *sm would be expected).

PKor. *nmr prow, stern (, (); ): MKor.

nmr; Mod. imul.
Nam 122, HMCH 271, KED 1320.
There are some indications in Turkic and TM that the root in question denoted a big vessel for tanning skins; in the Eastern area, however, it is also used for a boat or part of a boat (with a natural transition
vessel > boat).
-nama to ride, mount: Tung. *ama-; Mong. *namna-.
PTung. *ama- to ride ( ): Evk. ama-; Evn. am-;
Neg. ama-; Man. ama-; Ul. ama-; Ork. ama-; Nan. ama-; Sol.
nanna-.
1, 632.

*naa - *ne

987

PMong. *namna- to follow; to shoot from a horse (;

): WMong. namna- (L 563); Kh. namna-; Bur. namna-;
Kalm. namn- (KPC); Ord. namna-.
A Tung.-Mong. isogloss. See 1, 632, Doerfer MT 56 (suggesting TM > Mo, with doubt).
-naa to arrange, steer: Tung. *iani-; Turk. *ja-; Jpn. *nama-.
PTung. *iani- to make straight; to steer (a boat) (;
()): Evk. ni-; Evn. n-; Neg. n-; Ul. ewa-; Ork. qta-;
Nan. qoa-; Orch. ikia-.
1, 290-291.
PTurk. *ja- 1 to rout 2 to lead smth. aside 3 to take smb. along (1
, 2 3 -.
): OTurk. jaj- (Ongin) 1, ja-; Tv. aj- 2; Yak. sjs- 3.
EDT 942. Cf. also *jaj-ra- to fall apart (VEWT 179, 4, 80); the root is somewhat hard to distinguish from *jj- to shake - but seems to be distinct.

PJpn. *nam- to arrange (be arranged) in a row (()

, ()): OJpn. nam- (intr.), nama- (trans.).
JLTT 731, 732.
The original meaning is well reconstructable as to arrange, take
or lead (smb. or smth.) in a row.
-na calm, quiet: Tung. *aa; Jpn. *nnk.
PTung. *aa quiet, slow, easy (, , ): Evn. a; Neg. akkn; Ul. an-a; Ork. nand; Sol. nandaxn.
1, 583. TM > Dag. nandkan quietly (. . 156).
PJpn. *nnk calm water, windless weather (,
): OJpn. nagji; Tok. nag; Kyo. ng; Kag. ngi.
JLTT 491.
A Tung-Jpn. isogloss; on a possible Turkic reflex see under *zke.
-ne to curse, swear: Tung. *ni-; Mong. *nil-, -g-; Turk. *jAl;
Jpn. *nnsr-.
PTung. *ni- to curse, damn (): Evk. ni-; Evn. ii-;
Neg. nii-; Ork. niii-; Sol. nil (n.).
1, 598.
PMong. *nil-, -g- 1 sin, evil 2 to be compassionate (1 2 ): MMong. niwol (IM) 1; WMong. nigl 1, nigles- 2 (L 582); Kh.
ngel 1, nigl-se- 2; Bur. ngel 1; Kalm. nl 1; Ord. nl, nigl 1; Dag.
nugul (. . 158) 1.
KW 283.
PTurk. *jAl 1 mistake, fault 2 to err, make a mistake (1 ,
2 ): OTurk. jal- 2, jaluq 1(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
jal- 2, jaluq 1(MK); Tur. janl 1, janl- 2; Gag. jann 1; Az. janl 1;
Turkm. jal 1, jal- 2; MTurk. jal- (. ., Ettuhf., Pav. C.) 2;

988

*nu - *n[]

Uzb. jali- 2; Uygh. jeil-, jali- 2; Krm. jal-, jal- 2; Tat. jal- 2;
Bashk. jal- 2; Kirgh. al- 2; Kaz. al- 2; Kum. jal-, jal- 2;
SUygh. jal 1; Shr. nl- 2; Oyr. jal-, al- 2.
VEWT 186, EDT 950, 951, 4, 120-121. Suffixless *ja is poorly attested and
probably does not exist.

PJpn. *nnsr- to curse, swear (, ): MJpn. nnsr-;

Tok. nonoshr-; Kyo. nnshr-; Kag. nonoshr-.
JLTT 737. The Tokyo accent is aberrant; otherwise all forms point to high tone.
A common derivative *ne-lV is reflected in PT *ja-l = PM
*nig-l = Sol. ni-l.
-nu / *u field, grazing place, hunting place: Tung. *ui / *oi(ka) ; Mong. *nuntug / *nintug; Turk. *(i)a; Jpn. *na; Kor. *nn.
PTung. *ui / *oi(-ka) 1 place of hunting wild deer 2 place of
good fishing or hunting (1 ( ) 2
, (, )): Evk. ui 1; Nan. wqo 2
(On.)
1, 666.
PMong. *nuntug / *nintug grazing place, native place (;
, , ): MMong. nuntux (SH, HYt), nutux (SH);
WMong. nutu (L 596), nitu; Kh. nutag; Bur. utag; Kalm. nut; Ord.
nutuG; Mog. nuntuq; Dag. notog (. . 158), noteke (MD 200);
S.-Yugh. nutuG; Mongr. nontoG (SM 283).
KW 281. MGCD 519.
PTurk. *(i)a stubble-field (, ): Karakh. az
(MK); MTurk. az (San.).
EDT 191-192.
PJpn. *na field (): OJpn. nwo; MJpn. no; Tok. n; Kyo. n; Kag.
n.
JLTT 499.
PKor. *nn rice field ( ): MKor. nn; Mod. non.
Liu 157, KED 346.
Martin 247-248. A good common Altaic root, but demonstrating
some assimilative effects. Jpn. *na reflects a suffixed form *n(u)-gV.
-n[] young; spring, summer: Tung. *ar-gu-; Mong. *nirai; Turk. *j;
Jpn. *nt; Kor. *njr-m.
PTung. *ar-gu- 1 new, fresh 2 young willow (1 , 2
): Man. arxu-n 1; Nan. arg 2; Orch. argi 2.
See 635, 639.
PMong. *nirai new-born (): WMong. nirai (L 585);
Kh. araj; Bur. naraj-nilsagaj; Kalm. nir, nir; Ord. nir.
KW 277. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. raj, see Ka. MEJ 22, Stachowski 187.

*nombu - *nombu

989

PTurk. *j 1 spring 2 summer (1 2 ): OTurk. jaz 2 (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. jaz 2 (MK); Tur. jaz 2; Gag. jz 2; Az. jaz 1; Turkm. jz
1; Sal. jaz 1; Khal. jz 2; MTurk. jaz (AH 1, Ettuhf. 2); Uzb. jz 2; Uygh.
jaz 2; Krm. jaz 1; Tat. jaz 1; Bashk. ja 1; Kirgh. az 1; Kaz. az 2; KBalk.
zaz 2; KKalp. az 2; Kum. jaz 1; Nogh. jaz 2; SUygh. jaz 1; Khak. as 1;
Oyr. jas, as 1; Tv. as 1; Chuv. or 1; Yak. ss 1; Dolg. hs 1.
VEWT 193, 4, 71, EDT 982, 73, Stachowski 100, 2, 138-139.
PJpn. *nt summer (): OJpn. natu; MJpn. natu; Tok. nats; Kyo.
nts; Kag. ntsu.
JLTT 494.
PKor. *njr-m summer (): MKor. njrm; Mod. jrm.
Nam 107, KED 1163.
EAS 111, KW 277, 145-146, Poppe 38, 81, Martin
243, 2, 84, 74, 73-74. The Mong. form certainly cannot have a Turkic origin (despite 1997, 123). Doerfer
(TMN 4, 67) attacks the etymology desperately (Kor. njrm... ist lautlich ausgeschlossen; mo. nirai frisch ist semantisch unklar; bei
ma. arxun fragt es sich, ob es nicht ein Lw. < Mo. ist (but isnt Mo.
semantisch unklar?), etc. The root has indeed some problems: Mong.
and Kor. reflect rather an assimilative variant *ni than *na; but the
comparison still remains quite reliable.
-nombu thin: Tung. *nem(i)- / *niambu-; Mong. *nimgen.
PTung. *nem(i)- thin (): Evk. nemkn; Evn. nemkun; Neg.
nemkn; Man. nekelen; SMan. nikn, nikin (2414); Jurch. nen-ke-xun
(623); Ul. nemi; Ork. nemdke; Nan. nemi; Orch. nemi, nemne; Ud.
nemnese (. 268); Sol. nemek, nennek.
1, 621. The original root must have been *niambu- (*iambu-), and it has left
numerous traces: cf. Evk. jembu, jume-kin, um-kn thin, lean, Evn. ubuke, ebuke,
mei id., Nan. jembuk loose. However, the root was heavily influenced by *em- soft
(v. sub *nm) and perhaps also by Mong. nimgen thin (although direct borrowing of
the words meaning thin from Mongolian is hardly probable), which gave rise to the
variant *nem(i)- thin.

PMong. *nimgen thin (): MMong. ningen (HY 53), nmgn

(IM), nimkn (MA); WMong. nimgen, nimegen (L 584); Kh. nimgen; Bur.
nimgen; Kalm. nimgn; Ord. nemgen, nimgen, nemgn; Dag. ningen (.
. 158, MD 199); Dong. ninkien (MGCD ninkian); Bao. niga;
S.-Yugh. nemgen (MGCD negen); Mongr. negen (SM 271), (MGCD
nemgen).
KW 276, MGCD 508. Cf. also nimna-gan thin, lean.
Poppe 38, 51, 286, KW 276. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. A
probable reflex in Jpn. is OJ num(j)er- be slippery - with the meaning
influenced by *nmi slippery (see *numa). The roots *nombu and
*numa generally tend to influence each other.

990

*ne - *nru

-ne one, single: Tung. *no- ~ *non-; Mong. *nige(n); Turk. *ja;
Jpn. *nmi; Kor. *njn(k).
PTung. *no- ~ *non- 1 to begin 2 to be the first 3 at first (1 2 , 3 , ): Evk. nono- 1; Evn.
non- 2; Neg. nonon 3; Man. nene- 2; Orch. noon 3.
1, 605.
PMong. *nige one (): MMong. nikan (HY 42, SH), nign (IM),
nign (MA); WMong. nige(n) (L 580); Kh. neg; Bur. nege(n); Kalm. negn;
Ord. nege; Mog. nikn; nik (25-1a); Dag. neg, nek (. . 157), neke
(MD 196); Dong. nie(kie); Bao. nege; S.-Yugh. nie; Mongr. nige, nigen(SM 274).
KW 274, MGCD 503.
PTurk. *ja lonely, single (, ): OTurk.
jaus (Yen.); Turkm. jaz (dial.); Bashk. jaz; Kirgh. az; KBalk.
az; SUygh. jas; Khak. as, nas; Oyr. das; Tv. as; jas
(Todzh.); Tof. ~s; Yak. sootox.
VEWT 187, 235, 4, 98. Usually regarded as a contraction < jalauz,
which is probably wrong in the face of external evidence.

PJpn. *nmi only (): OJpn. nomji; MJpn. nomi; Tok. nomi.
PKor. *njn(k) other, different (): MKor. njn (njnk-); Mod.
jn.
Nam 106, KED 1161.
A good common Altaic root.
-nri to heat: Tung. *re-; Mong. *nurma; Jpn. *nr(n)k-.
PTung. *re- to become hot (of metal) ( ( )):
Evk. re-; Evn. r-; Neg. uje-.
1, 649.
PMong. *nurma hot ashes, coals, bonfire ( , ):
WMong. nurma (L 596); Kh. nurma; Bur. nurma; Kalm. nurm ().
PJpn. *nr(n)k- to put heated metal into water ( ):
MJpn. nrg-.
JLTT 736.
EAS 77. Mong. *nurma is probably a contraction < *niru-ma.
-nru ( ~ --) to untie, unwrap: Tung. *ner- (?*niar-); Jpn. *nura-; Kor.
*nr-.
PTung. *ner- (?*niar-) to unwrap, untie (, ): Man. nerki-.
1, 625. Attested only in Manchu, with possible cognates in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *nura- to untie (()): OJpn. nura-.
JLTT 738.
PKor. *nr- to tie round (): MKor. nr-; Mod. nri-.
Nam 92.

*noso - *ndurgi

991

An Eastern isogloss. It would be tempting to add also PT *jr- to

untie (see under *dru) and perhaps also *jrge- to wrap, twist (see
4, 234-237), but vocalism raises problems.
-noso ( ~ *nusi) heavy, clumsy: Tung. *nis-; Mong. *nser.
PTung. *nis- 1 heavy, dense 2 clumsy, unwieldy (1 , 2 ): Evn. nsqa, nsa 2; Man. nia 1.
1, 601, 613.
PMong. *nser clumsy, unwieldy (, ):
WMong. nser (L 597); Kh. nser.
1, 613. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-ndi to burn, boil: Mong. *nidu-; Jpn. *n-; Kor. *nd-.
PMong. *nidu- nitre, salt-petre (): WMong. nidu-qan (L 578).
PJpn. *n- to boil (): OJpn. ni-; MJpn. n-; Tok. n-; Kyo. n-;
Kag. n-.
JLTT 736.
PKor. *nd- to burn, singe (, ): MKor. nt- (nr-); Mod.
nt- (nr-).
Liu 165, KED 364.
Martin 240 (Kor.-Jpn.).
-ndurgi fist: Tung. *nurga; Mong. *nidurga; Turk. *jdruk / *judruk;
Jpn. *nnkr-.
PTung. *nurga fist (): Evk. dial. nrka; Neg. nojga, nelga; Man.
nuan; SMan. nuan (79); Ul. Ga; Orch. nugga; Sol. nora, nuruga.
1, 590.
PMong. *nidurga fist (): MMong. nudurxa (HY 46), nudurqa
(SH), ndor- to hit with the fist (LH), nudurqa (MA); WMong. nidurga;
Kh. nudargan; Bur. udarga; Kalm. nudr; Ord. nudurGa; Bao. ndrGa;
S.-Yugh. nudurGa; Mongr. nudurGa (SM 288), nudrGa.
KW 280, MGCD 517.
PTurk. *jdruk / *judruk fist (): OTurk. jdruq (OUygh.);
Karakh. juruq (MK); Turkm. judruq (dial.); Krm. juduruq, judurux; Tat.
jodrq; Bashk. joroq; Kirgh. uduruq; Kaz. udrq; KKalp. udrq;
SUygh. uzruq; Khak. nuzurux; Shr. nuzruq; Oyr. udruq; Tv. uduruq;
Yak. suturuq.
EDT 892, 182-183, 4, 248-249, 253. Turk. > Kalm. udr-x mit
der Faust die Haut abziehen, die Haut und das Fleisch zwngen und so abhuten (KW
115). Many modern languages reflect (such as Turkm. jumruq etc.) reflect secondary
forms *jumruk or *jumduruk - an obvious result of contamination with *jum- round.

PJpn. *nnkr- to hold in the hand (, ): OJpn.

nigjir-; MJpn. ngr-; Tok. ngir-; Kyo. ngr-; Kag. ngr-.
JLTT 735.

992

*nugu - *nm

EAS 77, KW 280, 187, 369, Poppe 39, 317,

253. Despite 1997, 125 and Doerfer MT 77, Rozycki
164 borrowing in Mong. from Turk. and TM from Mong. is excluded.
TM has a regular loss of *-d- before -r-, with subsequent vowel contraction; Jpn. also reflects a contraction: *ndurgi > *nuj(u)ki- > *ni(n)ki-. It is
interesting to note that all subgroups reflex the form with *-rgi; this
means that Mong. nidur(a)-, nidu-i- to strike with the fist may be analogical back-formations (or else the most archaic forms reflecting suffixless *ndu).
-nugu ( ~ l-) to put in: Mong. *ne-; Turk. *jg-; Kor. *njh-.
PMong. *ne- to keep, preserve (, ):
WMong. ne- (L 592); Kh. n-; Bur. n-; Kalm. n- (); Ord. n-.
PTurk. *jg- to collect (): OTurk. j- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. j- (MK); Tur. j-; Gag. jv-; Az. j-; Turkm. j-; Sal. ji-;
MTurk. j- (Pav. C., MA, AH); Uzb. ji-; Uygh. ji-; Krm. j-; Tat. j-;
Bashk. jj-; Kirgh. j-; Kaz. j-; KBalk. j-; KKalp. j-; Kum. j-; Nogh.
jj-; SUygh. j-, ji-, jiq-; Khak. -; Shr. -; Oyr. j-, u-; Tv. -.
EDT 897, VEWT 200, 4, 271-272, 272-273, TMN 4, 183.
PKor. *njh- to put in (, ): MKor. njh-; Mod. j[jh-] (dial.), n- [nh-].
Nam 108, 109, KED 336, 1189.
A perfect phonetic match would be PTM *lugu- to put out, take
out ( 1, 506-507), but the semantics is baffling.
-nm warm; soft, mild: Tung. *ume-/ *ama / *em-; Mong. *nomu/*neme- / *nima-; Turk. *jm-ak; Jpn. *nmi.
PTung. *ume-/ *ama /*em- 1 warm 2 soft 3 quiet 4 weak, loose
(1 2 3 4 , ): Evk.
ama, -pu 1, emu-me 2, umu- 3; Evn. am 1, umn 3; Neg. nam,
amagd 1, amu, nemu 2; Man. neme-ri 2; Ul. ama 1; Ork. namauli 1;
Nan. ma, ama 1, nemu 2, nimeku weakness; Orch. ama 1; Ud. amahi 1; Sol. namagdi 1.
1, 630-631, 652-653.
PMong. *nomu- /*neme- / *nima- gentle, meek, quiet, mild (, , , ): MMong. nomuqan (HYt),
nomuan (MA); WMong. nomuqan, nomuj (L 591), nemegn (L 574),
nimaun; Kh. nomxon; Bur. nomoj, nomxon; Kalm. nomn, nemn; Ord.
nomoxon; Dag. nomku, -n (. . 158: nomxon, nomukan); nomehon
(MD 200); S.-Yugh. nomxon, nomukan (MGCD nomoGon); Mongr. nomu.
KW 275-277, 279, MGCD 513. The deriving stem is WMong. nom, Kalm. nom mildness, friendliness (KW 279). Mong. > Evk. nomokn, Man. nomoxon etc., see Doerfer MT
57, Rozycki 164.

*nra(-kV) - *nuru

993

PTurk. *jm-a-k soft, mild (): OTurk. jmaq (Orkh.), jumaq

(OUygh.); Karakh. jumaq (MK); Tur. jumak; Gag. jmaq; Az. jumaG;
Turkm. jumaq; MTurk. jumaq (AH, Ettuhf., . .); Uzb. jumq;
Uygh. jumaq; Krm. jmaq, jmax; Tat. jomaq; Bashk. jomaq; Kirgh.
umaq; Kaz. umsaq; KBalk. umaq, umuaq; Kum. jmaq; SUygh.
jumsaq; Khak. max, nmzax; Shr. ma-; Oyr. jmaq, maq; Tv.
maq; Chuv. eme; Yak. smna-as; Dolg. hmna-gas.
EDT 938, VEWT 201, 4, 252-253, Stachowski 118. The deriving stem *jm-ato be soft is also present in most of the above languages.

PJpn. *nmi slippery, smooth (, ): OJpn. namje;

MJpn. nm; Tok. namraka; Kyo. nmrk; Kag. namerak.
JLTT 492.
EAS 76, KW 275, Martin 232 (Jpn.-Kor.), 2, 86-87,
69, 292, 12, . 91. The original meaning must have
been soft, tender (generally, or particularly - of weather, fruits etc.).
An expressive root with phonetic variation, tending to contaminate
with *nombu thin q.v. (hence vocalic variation in Mongolian and
Tungus; but despite Doerfer MT 69 it is hardly appropriate to regard
the TM forms as mongolisms). In Mong. cf. also nalmi-gar ( <
*namli-gar?) excessively soft, weak.
-nra(-kV) ( ~ --) hair: Tung. *rikte; Mong. *norakai; Kor. *narot.
PTung. *ri-kte hair (): Evk. rikte; Evn. rit; Neg. ijukte;
Ul. nukte; Ork. nrikte, rukte; Nan. nukte; Orch. kte; Ud. kte; Sol.
nrikte, nrte.
1, 648.
PMong. *norakai short (of hair) ( ( )): WMong.
noraqai (L 591); Kh. norxoi.
PKor. *narot whiskers, beard (, ): MKor. narot,
naros; Mod. narut [narus].
Liu 132, KED 288.
SKE 162.
-nuru song and dance: Tung. *ur(g)a-; Mong. *nrgi-; Turk. *jr; Kor.
*nr-.
PTung. *ur(g)a- 1 cheerful, vigorous 2 to dance (and sing) (1 , ( ) 2 ( )): Evk. urarkn 1; Evn.
nrg- 2.
1, 606-607, 648.
PMong. *nrgi- noisy discussion (, ):
WMong. nrgegen (MXTTT); Kh. nrgn; Bur. nrxir-, nerxir-.
PTurk. *jr song (): Karakh. jr (MK); Tur. jr; Az. jr (dial.);
Turkm. jr (dial.); Sal. jr; MTurk. jr (R.); Uzb. ir; Krm. jr, ir; Tat. r;

994

*ne - *nutu

Bashk. jr; Kirgh. r; Kaz. r; KBalk. zr, r, r; KKalp. r; Kum. jr;

Nogh. jr; SUygh. jr, jer.
EDT 192, VEWT 201, 4, 285, TMN 4, 233. The root should be distinguished
from *r (v. sub *ru), although actively contaminating.

PKor. *nr- 1 song 2 to take leisure, amuse oneself (1 2 , ): MKor. nri 1, nr- 2; Mod. nor 1, nl- 2.
Nam 113, KED 340, 347.
A derivative *nuru-gV is reflected in PM *nr-gi-, Evn. nr-g-,
MKor. nri.
-ne to become wet, soak: Tung. *[]r-; Mong. *nor-; Turk. *j-; Jpn.
*nr-.
PTung. *[]r- 1 to swim (of animals) 2 shallow place (1 (
) 2 ): Evn. rg 2; Man. ere- 1; Ud. u-xana- ( < *ur-) 1.
1, 639, 645, 655.
PMong. *nor- to soak, be wet (, ): MMong.
nur- (IM); WMong. nor- (L 591); Kh. nor-; Bur. noro-; Kalm. nor-; Ord.
nor-; Dag. noir-, (. . 158) noirg-; Dong. noro-; Mongr. nri- (SM
284).
KW 279, MGCD 513.
PTurk. *j- to swim, float (): OTurk. jz- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. jz- (MK); Tur. jz-; Gag. jz-; Az. z-; Turkm. jz-; MTurk. jz(AH, Ettuhf.), z- (. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. juz-; Uygh. z-;
Krm. jz-, z-; Tat. jz-; Bashk. j-; Kirgh. z-; Kaz. uz-; KBalk. z-,
z-; KKalp. z-; Kum. juz-; Nogh. jz-; Khak. s-; Shr. s-; Oyr. js-,
s-; Yak. st bathing, stl- to bathe; Dolg. htl-, htl- to
bathe.
VEWT 214, EDT 984, 4, 261.
PJpn. *nr- to get wet (): OJpn. nura-; MJpn. nra-; Tok.
nre-; Kyo. nr-; Kag. nur-.
JLTT 738. Cf. also *nr- to paint, smear.
The vocalism in TM is not quite certain, but initial *- (corresponding to Mong. n- and Jpn. *n-) points to PA *n- followed by a
diphthong.
-nutu ( ~ -a) to pound, pestle: Tung. *nutiku; Mong. *nid-.
PTung. *nutiku pestle (): Ul. nutiku; Nan. niku, nutku.
1, 613.
PMong. *nid- 1 to pound, crush 2 pestle (1 , , 2 ): WMong. nid- 1, nidgr 2 (L 578); Kh. nde- 1, ndr
2; Bur. de- 1; Kalm. nd- 1, ndr 2 (); Ord. nd- 1, ndr 2; Dag.
nide- 1 (MD 199, . . 158: nude-, nide-), nidunku 2; Dong. nudu- 1,
nudn 2; Bao. nd-; S.-Yugh. nudu-; Mongr. nidi- (SM 271), nud-, nd(Huzu) 1, nidir (SM 272), ndr 2.

*nu - *nle

995

MGCD 521.
1, 613, 16. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-nu to seize, steal: Mong. *nou-; Jpn. *nsm-.
PMong. *nou- to seize; attack (; , ): WMong. nou- (L 587); Kh. noco-; Bur. noso-; Ord. noo-.
PJpn. *nsm- to steal (): OJpn. nusum-; MJpn. nsm-; Tok.
nusm-; Kyo. nsm-; Kag. nsm-.
JLTT 739.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-nd ( ~ --) lovely: Tung. *ndi; Jpn. *ntk-.
PTung. *ndi beautiful, handsome (): Evk. ndi; Evn. nod;
Neg. noditi; Ul. d-; Ork. nd.
1, 603.
PJpn. *ntk- lovely, dear (, ): OJpn. natuka-si;
MJpn. ntk-si; Tok. natsukash-; Kyo. natsukshi-; Kag. natsukshi-.
JLTT 836. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular (probably under lit. influence).
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-nle to burn, flame: Tung. *nul-; Mong. *nl-; Turk. *jula; Jpn. *nr-s;
Kor. *nuri-.
PTung. *nul- to kindle (): Evk. nul-; Evn. nl-; Neg. nl-;
Ul. uluku poker; Nan. ulku- to stir coals.
1, 609. Initial - in Ul. and Nan. is not quite clear.
PMong. *nl- flame (): WMong. nle (L 593), nle, nle; Kh.
nl; Kalm. nl; Dag. nul spark (MD 200); Mongr. nol (SM 283).
KW 282. Cf. also Kalm. nlg (KW 280) bonfire < *ne-leg, perhaps < *nle-leg.
PTurk. *jula light, torch (, ): OTurk. jula (OUygh.);
Karakh. jula (MK, KB, IM); KBalk. ula ; Kum.
jula gun barrel; wick; Khak. ula (R); Oyr. jula (R); Tv. ula lamp
(Tuva, if not < Mo).
VEWT 210, EDT 919. Turk. > Mong. ula (KW 479, 1997, 125), whence Evk.
ula (Doerfer MT 125).

PJpn. *nr-s bonfire, flame (, ): MJpn. norosi; Tok.

nroshi; Kyo. nrsh; Kag. norshi.
PKor. *nr- to have a burnt, rank smell ( ): MKor.
nr-; Mod. nuri-, nori-.
Liu 162, KED 342, 357 (to be rank, foul-smelling).
PKE 132, Poppe 38, 72. Turkic *-u- is not quite regular
here (but on the basis of the attested forms a reconstruction *jola is also
not excluded). The Korean form may belong here only if the meaning
burnt smell (not rank or foul smell) is original.

996

*nk - *numu

-nk to pass: Tung. *nuK-; Mong. *ngi-; Jpn. *nunk-.

PTung. *nuK- 1 to loose way (of deer) 2 a lonely deer 3 to move to
another location 4 to lead the way 5 to stumble, make a wrong move (1
( ) 2 , 3
4 ( ) 5 , ): Evk. nuken 2, nukiw- 4, 5; Evn. nk- 1; Nan.
nukte- 3 (.).
1, 609.
PMong. *ngi- to pass (, ): MMong. noki(SH, HY 38); WMong. ngi- (L 592); Kh. ngi-, nxc-; Bur. nge- to
pass away; Kalm. nkc-; Ord. ngi-; Dag. nuri- (. . 159);
Mongr. noGsi- (SM 282).
KW 280, MGCD 514.
PJpn. *nunk- 1 to pass 2 to escape (1 2 ):
OJpn. nwoga-nap- / nuga-nap- 1, n(w)ogara- 2; MJpn. nogara- 2; Tok.
nogar- 2; Kyo. ngr- 2; Kag. ngr- 2.
JLTT 736.
One of the many common Altaic verbs of motion.
-nuli to rob, oppress: Mong. *nle; Turk. *jul-; Kor. *nr-.
PMong. *nle influence (): MMong. nles-kui humanity
(HY 49); WMong. nlge (L 594); Kh. nl; Bur. nl(n); Kalm. nln
(); Dag. nul (MD 200).
PTurk. *jul- 1 to pillage, attack 2 thief, scoundrel (1 , 2 , , ): OTurk. jul- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. jul- (MK) 1; Tat. jolq 2; Bashk. jolqo 2; Kirgh. ulu-- to fight
(of women); Khak. ulus (Sag.), ulas (Koib., Kach.) 2; Shr. ulu 2;
Tv. ul- 1.
EDT 919. Should be separated from *jol- pick out (v. sub *lo).
PKor. *nr- to press, repress (, ): MKor. nr-;
Mod. nr-.
Liu 162, KED 357.
SKE 173.
-numu ( ~ l-, -i) task, important affair: Tung. *nume; Turk. *jumu; Jpn.
*numa.
PTung. *nume habit (): Evn. nume.
1, 610. Attested only in Evn., but having interesting external parallels.
PTurk. *jumu work, service, necessity (, , ): OTurk. jumu (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. jumu (MK) 1; Tur. jumu;
Turkm. jumu; Uzb. jumu 1; Krm. jumu; Tat. jom; Bashk. jom; Kirgh.
umu; Kaz. ums; KBalk. zumu; KKalp. ums; Khak. nms; Oyr. jumu, umu; Tv. m; Chuv. ml.

*n[u]a - *n[u]a

997

VEWT 211, 4, 251, EDT 938 (with a highly dubious derivation from *jumround).
PJpn. *numa important place, thing, affair ( , ):
OJpn. numa, num(j)i.
It is interesting to note WMong. nom (with a variant lom) (religious) law, religious book. It is, of course, a borrowing < OT nom <
Sogd. nwm < Gr. nomos, but the variant lom could indicate that there
had been an original *lom that merged with the borrowed nom. In that
case a reconstruction of *l- for PA would be justified.
-n[u]a a k. of grass: Tung. *uV; Mong. *nimnia; Turk. *jon-rka;
Jpn. *nntna; Kor. *n.
PTung. *uV a k. of plant ( ): Evk. ualdiwn .
( ); Man. nono , .
1, 605, 646.
PMong. *nimnia dandelion (): Bur. am; Kalm. nemn
ceceg ().
PTurk. *jon-rka clover (): OTurk. joruna (OUygh.);
Karakh. jorna (MK); Tur. jona; Gag. jona; Az. jona; Turkm. joruna;
Khal. jovun; MTurk. jona (AH), jna (Houts.), joqa, jorunqa (R.);
Uzb. umruqa; Tat. jona; Bashk. jonsa; Kirgh. ouqa; Kaz. o(r)qa;
KKalp. joqa; Kum. jonurqa.
VEWT 207, TMN 4, 228-229, EDT 971, 4, 227-228, 126-127.
PJpn. *nntna shepherds purse ( ): MJpn. ndna;
Tok. nzuna; Kyo. nzn; Kag. nazun.
JLTT 494. The Kyoto accent is irregular.
PKor. *n shepherds purse ( ): MKor. n; Mod.
ni.
Nam 89, KED 328.
Martin 240, 10, Robbeets 2000, 104. The root denotes some
sort of wild-growing flower (clover, dandelion, shepherds purse), but as most plant names - raises some problems. Mong. nimnia must represent a transformation of *nin-mia, with not quite clear suffixation.
The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. If the
original Turk. form is *jor-nka (cf. (QB) jor porridge - a semantic
derivation like Russ. clover?), it does not belong here. On the
other hand, cf. PT *jandak name of a thorny plant, camel-thorn, thistle
(EDT 947, VEWT 185). It appears semantically distant from the other
forms, but may represent a secondary development due to association
with jan- burn (burning plant). The reconstruction in this case would
have to be changed to *nua - better explaining consonant reflexes and
Mong. vocalism, but also suggesting a secondary restructuring in
Turkic (*jn-dak > *jan-dak).

998

*nu - *nuu

-nu wool, down: Tung. *nuari; Mong. *nowur-; Turk. *ju; Jpn.
*nnu.
PTung. *nuari wool, down (, ): Man. nuGari; SMan.
nuan (144, 2283).
1, 611 (cf. also Man. nuGasun thin woollen cloth - possibly < Mong.).
PMong. *nowur- 1 wool 2 down (1 2 ): MMong. nuqasu
(SH) 1, unqasun 1 (); WMong. noasu, noasu, nousu 1 (L 589:
nousu(n)); noulur 2 (L 588: noulur, noulur, noluur); Kh. ns 1; nrs, nlr 2; Bur. nho(n) 1; nlr 2; Kalm. nsn 1; nlr 2; Ord. ns 1, nlr, nlr 2; Dong. noGosun 1; Bao. noGosu, noso 1; S.-Yugh. Guasn,
Guasn 1; Mongr. nGuas 1.
KW 279, 280, MGCD 509. Mong. noulur > Evk. lolur (see 1, 503).
PTurk. *ju 1 wool 2 small feathers, down 3 feather 4 faded fur (1
2 3 4 ): OTurk. ju 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. ju 1
(KB), 2, 3 (MK); Tur. jn 1; Gag. jn 1; Az. jun 1; Turkm. j 1; Sal. ju 1;
Khal. ju 1; MTurk. ju 1 (. .), j 1 (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. ju 1;
Uygh. ju, u 1; Krm. jn, jun 1; Tat. jon 3; Bashk. jn 3; Kirgh. n
1,2,3; Kaz. n 1; KKalp. n 1; Kum. jn 1; Nogh. jn 1; SUygh. ju, j,
jun 3; Khak. n 2; Shr. um 2; Oyr. j, jum, jm, u 1; Tv. 1; Chuv.
m 1; Yak. su 4.
VEWT 211, EDT 941, 4, 267-268, 146. This root should not be confused with *jg feather (v. sub *d[]gi).

PJpn. *nnu fabric, cloth (, ): OJpn. nun(w)o, (East.

dial.) ninwo; MJpn. nn; Tok. nno; Kyo. nn; Kag. nno.
JLTT 502. The Kyoto accent is irregular.
EAS 119-120, KW 279, Poppe 73, 1, 611, 285,
9, 146. Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is impossible, despite
1997, 125. The Turk.-Mong. match is quite regular, despite
TMN 4, 228.
-nuu chief, master: Tung. *nu-; Turk. *jak; Jpn. *ns (?).
PTung. *nu- 1 main part, stem, stalk 2 main riverbed (1
, , 2 ): Evk. nun, nun 1, 2;
Evn. nn 2; Ud. nuni 2.
1, 611.
PTurk. *jak side, direction (, ): OTurk. jaq
(OUygh.); Karakh. jaq (MK).
VEWT 201, EDT 949. As suggested by Clauson, merged with jaak in later Turkic.
PJpn. *ns master (): OJpn. nusi; MJpn. nusi; Tok. nshi;
Kyo. nsh; Kag. nsh.
JLTT 502.
A problematic case. The original meaning may be reconstructed as
main direction (whence direction, point of the compass in Old

*nra - *nure

999

Turkic and main riverbed, stem in TM), with a development > chief,
master in Jpn. However, Jpn. nusi may belong here only if -si is an
original attributive suffix (*nu-si < *nu-si). There is also a very similar
root *une meaning direction, sign, with ample opportunity for contaminations - which in fact almost certainly occurred in TM.
-nra to pile, stack: Tung. *nora-; Mong. *norum; Jpn. *nr(m)p-; Kor.
*nar- ( ~ --).
PTung. *nora- to pile, stack ( ( , , )): Man. nora-; Nan. norxon ,
(.).
1, 606.
PMong. *norum stack, pile (, ): WMong. norum (L 591);
Kh. norom.
PJpn. *nr(m)p- to be placed in a row ( ):
OJpn. narab-; MJpn. nrb-; Tok. nrab-; Kyo. nrb-; Kag. narb-.
JLTT 732.
PKor. *nar- ( ~ --) be in a row, side by side (
): Mod. naran-ha-.
KED 287.
1, 606 (TM-Mong.). Cf. also MKor. nr paddy pile, nrpile up paddies or grasses (see Lee 1958, 116) - because of quite exceptional tone and vocalism probably borrowed from Manchu. The Manchu form, despite Rozycki 163, can be hardly explained as borrowed <
Mong. In Turkic cf. perhaps Khak. (.) jurlas crosswise supports for
the firewood (for better burning).
-nure ( ~ --) slow: Tung. *nur-; Mong. *nr-; Jpn. *nr- (~-ua-); Kor.
*nrh-.
PTung. *nur- to do smth. ceaselessly, constantly ( , -. ): Evk. nur-nur slightly; Man. nur-u-.
1, 613.
PMong. *nri lengthy, lingering (, ): MMong. norus- to doze, be dormant (HY 34); WMong. nri(n) (L
594); Kh. nr; nr- to be annoying, boring.
PJpn. *nr- (~-ua-) slow (): MJpn. noro-; Tok. nor-;
Kyo. nr-; Kag. nro-.
JLTT 837. Accent unclear: Kagoshima A points to *nuru-, but Tokyo nori - to
*nuru-.

PKor. *nrh- slow, late (, ): MKor. nrh-,

nri-; Mod. nri-.
Nam 95, Liu 166, KED 366.
Martin 241.

1000

*nru - *ni

-nru ( ~ -o) dwelling place: Tung. *nora-; Mong. *niruu; Turk. *jrt;
Kor. *nr.
PTung. *nora- dwelling place (, , ): Man. noro(-n).
1, 606. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *niruu 1 general state 2 foundation, surface (1 -. 2 , ): WMong. niruu(n) (L 585) 1;
Kh. nur(n) 1, 2; Bur. ur 2; Kalm. nurn 2; Mog. nira- placer, nereremplir une vase; Mongr. nire- ajuster, adapter (SM 278).
KW 281. The word has coincided phonetically with niruu back, spine - with
which it originally has nothing in common. Cf. also MMong. (HY 16) niriun house-top
(differing from niri-sun spine) and perhaps reflecting the archaic meaning.

PTurk. *jrt dwelling place, camping-site (, ):

OTurk. jurt (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jurt (MK); Tur. jurt (dial.); Az.
jurt; Turkm. jrt; Khal. jrt; MTurk. jurt (Pav. C., Houts., AH); Uzb.
jurt; Uygh. ju(r)t; Krm. jurt; Tat. jort; Bashk. jort; Kirgh. urt; Kaz. urt;
KBalk. urt; KKalp. urt; Kum. jurt; Nogh. jurt; SUygh. jurt; Khak. urt;
Shr. urt; Oyr. jurt, urt; Tv. urt; Chuv. ort; Yak. surt; Dolg. hurt.
EDT 958, VEWT 211, TMN 4, 212-213, 4, 254-255, 490-491, 494, 2, 144-145, Stachowski 113.

PKor. *nr world, living place (, ): MKor. nr;

Mod. nuri (arch.).
Nam 114, KED 357.
Mong. *niruu probably < *nuriu (under the influence of *niruu
back, spine?). It would be also possible to regard the Manchu form as
borrowed < Mong. (but preserving the earlier meaning), in which case
the PA reconstruction would be *nru.
-ni ( ~ -e) a k. of berry, grape: Tung. *nure; Mong. *nre; Turk. *jm;
Kor. *nrk.
PTung. *nure wine (): Man. nure; Jurch. niu-re (520); Sol. nur.
1, 625. Other forms: Evk. nere-, Nan. niru, Man. ara-n wine are probably
borrowed < Mong. nere- to distil wine.

PMong. *nre bilberry (): WMong. nre; Kh. nr, ners; Bur.
nerhe(n); Kalm. nersn.
KW 275. Cf. also Mong. nere- to press, ferment (wine).
PTurk. *jm grape (): OTurk. zm (OUygh. - med.);
Karakh. zm (MK), jzm (IM); Tur. zm; Gag. jzm; Az. zm;
Turkm. zm; MTurk. zm (Pav. C.), jzm (Houts.); Uzb. uzum;
Uygh. zm; Krm. izim, jzm; Tat. jzem; Bashk. jm; Kirgh. zim;
Kaz. zm; KBalk. zm; KKalp. zim; Kum. jzm; Nogh. jzim;
SUygh. m (< Mong.?); Chuv. im.
EDT 288, VEWT 214, 1, 625, 1, 173. Turk. > Mong. m grapes,
see TMN 2, 54, Clark 1980, 40.

*ni - *ni

1001

PKor. *nrk yeast (, ): MKor. nrk, nrk; Mod.

nuruk.
Nam 114, KED 357.
Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM), 10. The distinction between *nre
and *nere- in Mong. is somewhat peculiar and may suggest the existence of two original roots.


-abu(-V) young, child: Tung. *ab[l]a-; Mong. *ula-gan; Jpn.
*mus-.
PTung. *ab[l]a- young, boy, child (, , ):
Ul. awa(n); Ork. naooqqa(n); Nan. naono; Ud. aula (. 269).
1, 636.
PMong. *ula-gan young of plants, animals (
): MMong. oliqan (LH), ulaan (MA); WMong.
ulaa(n) (L 1079); Kh. ulgan, ulaga; Bur. zulzaga; Kalm. zulin;
Ord. ulaGa; Dag. ilig, (. . 143) ilag; Dong. unua; Bao.
iniG; S.-Yugh. ilaGan; Mongr. iiGa petits de certains animaux,
bourgeon (SM 86).
KW 479, MGCD 462.
PJpn. *mus- 1 to be born 2 girl 3 boy (1 2 3
): OJpn. mus- 1, musu-me 2; MJpn. mus- 1, ms-m 2; Tok.
musum 2, msuko 3; Kyo. msm 2, msk 3; Kag. musme 2, musko
3.
JLTT 489, 729. Accent in musuko and musume is surprisingly different: *ms-kua,
but *ms-mia (or *ms-mia).

The etymology seems probable, although the medial cluster demonstrates a complicated behaviour. It is not quite clear whether -a- in
Mong. and Tung. should be treated as a suffix or as a part of the root
here.
-jla ( ~ -o) shoot, sprout; teeth, gills: Tung. *al-; Mong. *al-magaj;
Jpn. *mi; Kor. *n.
PTung. *al- 1 groove on upper lip 2 gums of teeth (1
2 ): Man. alma 1, a-si, a-a 2.
1, 630, 636. With the original meaning sprout one could also compare Evk.
alba-kta young grass, and perhaps Ud. alasa white strip of fur close to animals neck
( 1, 629).

PMong. *al-magaj gills (): WMong. almaai (L 1032),

aalai; Kh. almagaj; Bur. agr.
PJpn. *mi shoot, sprout (, ): OJpn. me; MJpn. me; Tok.
m; Kyo. m; Kag. m.

*ba - *me

1003

JLTT 474.
PKor. *n tooth (): MKor. n; Mod. i.
Nam 119, KED 1316.
1995b (Mong.-Tung.). The semantic interchange between
teeth and sprouts is quite common, so in this respect the etymology
seems plausible. In Jpn. one has to suppose a suffixed form *ma(i) <
*jl(a)-gV; medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of resonant in Kor. The root seems to be unattested in Turkic, but cf. Tur. dial.
jalama white spot on horses head from forehead down to the lower
lip ( 4, 91) - cf. the semantic development in TM.
-ba young: Tung. *alba-; Mong. *alau; Turk. *j; Jpn. *masa-.
PTung. *alba- 1 young grass 2 meat of a young animal 3 spawning
4 young of birds (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. albakta 1, nilben 2; Evn. alaq 3; Neg. alam 4.
1, 592, 629, 630.
PMong. *alau young (): MMong. alaw, alu (IM),
lw, lu (MA), alaui (SH); WMong. alau (L 1029); Kh. al; Bur.
zal; Kalm. zal; Ord. al; Mog. alau (Weiers); ZM alwu (10-3a); Dag.
al (. . 142, MD 175); Dong. alau, alao; S.-Yugh. al; Mongr.
al (SM 79), (MGCD alau).
KW 465, MGCD 427. Mong. > Evk. alaw, see Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *j young (): Tur. ja; Turkm. j; Sal. ja; MTurk.
ja (Ettuhf.); Uzb. j; Uygh. ja; Krm. ja, je; Tat. j; Kirgh. a; Kaz.
as; KBalk. a, a, za; KKalp. as; Kum. ja; Nogh. jas; SUygh. jas;
Khak. as; Oyr. ja, a; Tv. a; Tof. e.
4, 162, VEWT 192 (one of several *j roots; within Turkic hardly distinguishable from *j green vegetables; green, but historically different).

PJpn. *masa- to be prematurely developed (

): Tok. mas-; Kyo. ms-; Kag. mas-.
Accent is not quite clear: Kagoshima points to *ms-, but Kyoto and Tokyo rather
to *ms-.

KW 465, Street 1980, 298.

-me goat, deer: Tung. *am-; Turk. *jmga; Kor. *jm-sj.
PTung. *am- female deer (, ): Evk. am;
Evn. am; Neg. am; Ork. nam.
1, 631.
PTurk. *jmga wild mountain she-goat ( ): OTurk.
ma (OUygh.); Karakh. ma, jma (KB), ma (IM); Tur. Old Osm. ime,
ma goat, dial. deer with straight horns; Turkm. umGa; MTurk. ma
(Sangl.); Oyr. uma; Tv. uma.
VEWT 165, EDT 158, 154-155. Yak. maga (because of medial -g-) is most
probably < Evk.

1004

*am()ektV - *m

PKor. *jm-sj goat (): MKor. jm-sj; Mod. jmso.

Nam 377, KED 1183.
EAS 78, 116, KW 214, Poppe 32, 20. Loss of *n- in Kor. is
not quite clear: perhaps *jm- < *njm- through dissimilation. Mong.
jimaan goat (MGCD 734) may be borrowed from Turk. (see
1997, 124; but cf. the WMong. variant nimaan and Bur. am () which may be genuine); Mong. > Tung. ( 1, 312), see
Poppe 1966, 190, Doerfer MT 37.
-am()ektV a k. of tree: Tung. *amikta; Mong. *imuu-su; Turk.
*jmurt; Jpn. *mmti; Kor. *nmk.
PTung. *ami-kta 1 a k. of willow 2 mulberry tree (1 , , 2 ): Evk. amkta 1; Evn. imuke,
imekw, inmkte 1; Neg. amnkta 1; Man. nimadan a k. of tree; nimala(n) 2; SMan. nimaln 2 (2163); Jurch. hin-ma-lar (108) 2; Ud. auta 1.
1, 314, 632, 593.
PMong. *imuu-su buckthorn, bird-cherry (, ):
WMong. imuu-su; Kalm. imsn.
KW 111.
PTurk. *jmurt bird-cherry (): Karakh. jumua medlar
(MK); Tur. jumurt (dial.); Az. umurt ; Uzb. umurt; Khak.
nmrt; Shr. nbrt; Oyr. jmrt, mrt; Chuv. mrt.
EDT 881, VEWT 211, 4, 283, 211, 136. Not quite clear is the
relation of OT jemen a k. of wild fruit, berry (EDT 939).

PJpn. *mmt maple (): OJpn. m(w)omjiti; MJpn. mmd; Tok.

mmiji; Kyo. mmj; Kag. momij.
JLTT 484. The Tokyo accent points to a variant *mmt.
PKor. *nmk tree (): MKor. nm (nmk-); Mod. namu.
Nam 87, KED 288.
KW 111, 297, 10. Correspondences are regular
except for the tonal discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn.
-m hundred: Tung. *am; Mong. *au-n; Turk. *jom-; Jpn.
*mumu.
PTung. *am hundred (): Evk. am; Evn. ama; Neg. ama; Sol.
nami.
1, 631.
PMong. *au-n hundred (): MMong. aun (HY 43), au(n)
(SH), an (IM); WMong. au(n) (L 1024); Kh. n; Bur. z(n); Kalm.
zn; Ord. (n); Dag. au(n) (. . 143, MD 176); Bao. o (.
.); Mongr. o (SM 90).
KW 482.
PTurk. *jom- 1 big number, quantity, all 2 to come together, assemble (1 , , 2 ()): OTurk. jom

*amo - *ana

1005

(OUygh.) 1; Karakh. jom (MK) 1, jomt- (MK) 2; Tur. jumu- 2 (dial.);

MTurk. jomut- 2 (Houts.); Krm. jom-, jomul-, jumul- 2; SUygh. jumt-,
jumut- 2.
EDT 935, 4, 219-220.
PJpn. *mumu hundred (): OJpn. mwomwo; MJpn. mm.
JLTT 485.
78. Mong. *au- < *au- < *amu- (or -- as a result of
contamination with *obe ten q.v.). In Jpn. *mumu < *mmu as a result of late vowel assimilation.
-amo turf, moss: Tung. *amulsa; Mong. *im; Turk. *jom (?/*jo).
PTung. *amulsa swamp moss ( ): Evk. amulla; Evn.
amlr; Neg. amula; Man. amala; Ul. amlta; Ork. namta; Nan.
amolta.
1, 632-633.
PMong. *im turf (): WMong. im (L 1056); Kh. im.
PTurk. *jom (?/*jo) 1 turf 2 weed (1 2 ): Oyr. jo 1;
Chuv. om 2.
VEWT 206, 2, 135. Cf. also *jom-suk, *jom-sul weed, moss ( 4, 231,
with a variety of dialectal reflexes: Tur. josun, jomsuk, Chag. josun, Kum. jansaw etc.).
Turk. > Hung. gyom weed, see MNyTESz 1, 1132.

A Western isogloss.
-na to turn back; again: Tung. *n; Turk. *jAn-; Jpn. *mani-ma.
PTung. *n again, once more (, ): Evk. n; Evn. n;
Neg. n; Nan. ; Orch. a; Ud. a; Sol. n.
1, 633.
PTurk. *jAn- 1 to turn back 2 again (1 2 ): OTurk. jan- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.), jana 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jan1 (MK), jana 2 (MK); Tur. jine, jene 2; Az. jen 2; Turkm. jene 2; MTurk.
jan- 1, jana 2 (. ., Abush.); Uzb. jn- 1, jana 2; Uygh. jan- 1, jana 2;
Krm. jana, jan, jane 2; Tat. jan- 1, jn 2; Bashk. jn 2; Kirgh. an- 1,
ana 2; Kaz. ne 2; KKalp. ne 2; Nogh. jana 2; SUygh. jan- 1; Khak.
nan- 1; Shr. nan- 1; Oyr. jan-, an- 1; Tv. an- 1.
EDT 941-942, 943, 4, 111-112, 114-115.
PJpn. *mani-ma in the same state ( , ): OJpn. manima; MJpn. mm; Tok. mam; Kyo. mm; Kag.
mma.
JLTT 471 (not mentioning OJ mani-ma). Original accent is not quite clear due to a
secondary contraction in all modern dialects.

The Turkic root is verbal, but it is worth noting adverbial usage of

the root in all branches where it is attested.
-ana a k. of small bird: Tung. *a(n)a-; Mong. *ana; Jpn. *mami-.
PTung. *a(n)a- bullfinch (): Evn. aarki.

*a - *argu

1006

1, 633. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.

PMong. *ana bullfinch (): WMong. ana (); Kh.
ana; Bur. zana.
PJpn. *mami- a k. of blackbird ( ): Tok. mami-jiro,
mami-chajinai.
1, 633, 1995b.
-a dirt, to smear: Tung. *a-; Jpn. *mmra-.
PTung. *a- dirt, be smeared with dirt (, ):
Evk. aa; Evn. as; Neg. aksalkn, asalkn; Man. nantuun;
SMan. nantuhun foul-minded, evil-smelling (2552); Ul. jasa; Ork.
nasa; Nan. jasa, asa; Orch. asa.
1, 633-634.
PJpn. *mmra- to be smeared ( ): MJpn. mmra-;
Tok. mamir-; Kyo. mmre-; Kag. mamir-.
JLTT 720. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-ao nut: Tung. *au-; Mong. *iag; Turk. *jAgak; Jpn. *mamai.
PTung. *au- cone, nut, fruit stone (, , ): Evk. ata; Evn. at; Man. aun palm nut; Ork. na- to crack
nuts; Orch. aikta; Ud. ata.
1, 634-635.
PMong. *iag walnut ( ): MMong. iax (HY 7); Ord.
aG; Mongr. aG (SM 77), agiraG (SM 81).
Bao. anGg, Kalm. ag < Turk.
PTurk. *jAgak walnut ( ): OTurk. jaaq (Orkh.);
Karakh. jaaq (MK); Turkm. jaaq, jaaq (dial.); Khal. jaq; MTurk.
jaaq (Pav. C., . .); Uzb. jq; Uygh. jaaq, jaaq; Tat. jaaq,
aaq (dial.); Kirgh. aaq, aaq; Kaz. aaq; KKalp. aaq.
VEWT 186, 4, 59-60, 112. Turkic > Hung. di (see MNyTESz 1, 641).
PJpn. *mamai bean (): OJpn. mame; MJpn. mm, mm; Tok.
mam; Kyo. mm; Kag. mam.
JLTT 471. The root reveals a variation of accent reflexes between *mmi and
*mmi.

EAS 75, 78, 10.

-argu a young male deer (elk): Tung. *argu-; Mong. *orgul; Turk.
*jargun.
PTung. *argu- young elk ( ): Evk. argun; Evn. arn; Neg. atn; Man. arua; Orch. nagua.
1, 635.
PMong. *orgul young elk or deer ( ):
WMong. orul (L 1071); Kh. orgol; Bur. zorgol .

* - *ka

1007

PTurk. *jargun some kind of wild quadruped ( ): OTurk. jarun (Orkh., OUygh.-YB); Kirgh. jarn a mongrel of
a yak and cow; Khak. arn 2-year-old bear-cub (.); Tv. ar a
producent reindeer.
EDT 963.
A Western isogloss.
- to be annoyed: Tung. *eu-; Turk. *jaan-; Jpn. *mtkr-.
PTung. *eu- 1 to tease, annoy 2 to hit (1 , 2
): Evk. eu- 2; Man. nei- 1.
1, 655.
PTurk. *jaan- be ashamed, embarrassed (, ):
Karakh. jaan- (MK); Tur. (Osm.) jaan-; MTurk. jaan- (CCum.); Chuv.
en- to be shocked.
EDT 882, VEWT 176, (incorrectly) 2, 151.
PJpn. *mtkr- to be annoyed, cranky (): OJpn. mutukar-; MJpn. mutukar-; Tok. mtsukar-; Kyo. mzkr-.
JLTT 729.
One of the many common Altaic verbs of emotion.
-ka ( ~ -o, -u) place on the back of an animal: Tung. *egde; Mong.
*agal; Turk. *jAgr.
PTung. *egde 1 breast vertebra 2 curve on horses back in the region of the neck and shoulder blades (1 2 ( )): Evk. egde, agda 1; Evn. it, et 1; Neg. agda 1;
Man. nikde 2.
1, 650, 591.
PMong. *agal dark spots on neck and shoulders (
): WMong. aal (L 1022); Kh. agal grey; Bur. agal;
Kalm. zal; Ord. aGal.
KW 463. Mong. > Kaz. aal, Turkm. jaqal etc. (see 4, 10-11); > Manchu axala
(see Rozycki 118).

PTurk. *jAgr 1 chap, saddle-gall on back of an animal 2 wound,

chafe on human body (1 2 ,
): Karakh. jar 1 (MK); Tur. jar 1; Az. jar 1;
Turkm. jar 1; MTurk. jar 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. jair 2; Uygh. jei(r) 1;
Kirgh. r 1; Kaz. awr 1; KKalp. awr 1; Nogh. jawr 1; Oyr. r 1.
4, 65, TMN 4, 183. External evidence suggests that this root should be kept
distinct from *jagr, *jagrn back, shoulderblade (v. sub *dagV).

A Western isogloss.

*i - *sa

1008

-i East or South (wind), warm season: Tung. *ee; Mong.

*e-n; Jpn. *mnm.
PTung. *ee spring (): Evk. ee; Evn. nei; Neg. ee;
Man. eeri; SMan. aari (2726); Jurch. nie()nen (73); Ul. ee;
Ork. e / nene; Nan. ee; Orch. ee.
1, 653-4.
PMong. *en East; left (; ): MMong. eun (HY 50),
euun (SH) left wing troups; n left (MA), n left (IM); WMong.
egn (L 1044); Kh. n; Bur. z(n); Kalm. zn; Ord. n North, left;
Dag. un (. . 145); S.-Yugh. n.
KW 485, MGCD 465. Mong. > Evk. ein etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, Doerfer MT 23,
Rozycki 127.

PJpn. *mnm South; South wind (; ): OJpn. mjinamji; MJpn. mnm; Tok. mnami; Kyo. mnm; Kag. minmi.
JLTT 479. The Kyoto accent is quite irregular; but RJ and other dialects point
unanimously to high tone.

1995b. In Jpn. cf. perhaps also *minki right ( < *East as

opposed to *pntr left < West, see *pr).
-ra earth, floor: Tung. *erke; Mong. *ir-; Turk. *jr.
PTung. *erke 1 earth 2 hearth (1 2 ): Evk. jerke, dial.
erke 1; Evn. erke 2.
1, 355.
PMong. *ir- 1 litter of grass or leaves spread under an animal being flayed 2 doormat (1 2 ): WMong. irig
1 (L 1060), irum 2; Kh. uram 2.
PTurk. *jr earth, land (): OTurk. jer (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. jr (MK), jer (KB); Tur. jer; Gag. je; Az. jer; Turkm. jer; Sal. jer;
Khal. jer; MTurk. jr (MA); Uzb. jer; Uygh. jr; Krm. jer; Tat. ir; Bashk.
jer; Kirgh. er; Kaz. er; KBalk. er; KKalp. er; Kum. jer; Nogh. jer;
SUygh. jer; Khak. ir; Shr. er (R.); Oyr. er; Tv. er; Tof. er; Chuv. r;
Yak. sir; Dolg. hir.
VEWT 198, EDT 954, 4, 191-192, 53, Stachowski 104-105. Bulg. >
Hung. szer place (in toponyms), see Sinor 1990.

1, 355. A Western isogloss.

-sa luck, fortune: Tung. *es-; Jpn. *ms-r-.
PTung. *es- 1 luck 2 lucky (shooter) (1 2 ()): Evn. es 1; Man. nosiki 2.
1, 655.
PJpn. *ms-r- brave man (, ): OJpn. masura-(wo);
MJpn. msr-w; Tok. msurao, masuro; Kyo. msr; Kag. masuro.
JLTT 473.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

*krV - *mi

1009

-krV a k. of thorny tree: Tung. *ikri-kta; Mong. *eergene; Jpn.

*mkri.
PTung. *ikri-kta 1 thicket 2 a k. of larch (1 2 ): Evk. nikrik 1; Evn. naqrt 2.
1, 591.
PMong. *eergene a k. of plant (Ephedra vulgaris) ():
WMong. eergene (L 1043); Kh. rgene; Bur. zrgene; Kalm. zrgn
; () (); Ord. rgenek, rgnek; S.-Yugh.
regene.
MGCD 139.
PJpn. *mkri bur reed ( ): MJpn. mkri.
JLTT 478.
For the phonetic development in Mong. cf. *bkrV, *iko (*ikrV).
-iu ( ~ -o) to polish, scrape: Tung. *nili-; Mong. *ilg-; Turk. *j-; Kor.
*(n)r-.
PTung. *nili- to scrape off, polish (, ): Evk.
nili-; Man. nila- / nile-; Ul. li-; Nan. la-; Ud. nila- (. 266).
1, 592.
PMong. *ilg- to shave, scrape, wipe (, , ): WMong. lg-, ilg- (L 1085); Kh. lge-; Bur. zlge-; Kalm.
zlg-; Ord. lg-.
KW 483.
PTurk. *j- to rub, polish (, ): Tat. j- (Sib.);
Khak. s-; Oyr. j-.
VEWT 202, 1, 667.
PKor. *(n)r- to clear out, rinse (, ): MKor. r-;
Mod. l- (NKor. nil-).
Nam 405, KED 1351.
SKE 69, 15.
-mi (~-e) host, guest: Tung. *ime-; Jpn. *mm-p-; Kor. *nm.
PTung. *ime- to visit, be a guest (, ):
Evk. ime-; Evn. ime-; Neg. imej-; Ul. ime-ri-; Ork. im-ri-; Nan.
nime-ri-; Orch. ime-ri-; Ud. ime-li-; Sol. nimau-.
1, 595-596.
PJpn. *mm-p- to visit (a sick person etc.) (,
( ..)): MJpn. mima-f-; Tok. mma-, mim-; Kyo. mm-; Kag.
mm-.
PKor. *nm host (): MKor. nm; Mod. im-gm.
Nam 125, KED 1361.
An Eastern isogloss.

1010

*i - *iro

-i thin, narrow; short: Tung. *nisi-; Mong. *iig; Turk. *ji-ge; Jpn.
*mnsk-.
PTung. *nisi- small (): Evk. nisimkn; Evn. nsa small
beads; Neg. nsmkn; Man. nisia small fish.
1, 600.
PMong. *iig small (): WMong. iig (L 1065); Kh. iig;
Bur. eeg; Kalm. ig.
KW 109.
PTurk. *ji-ge thin (): OTurk. jinge (OUygh.); Karakh.
jinke (MK); Tur. ine; Gag. in; Az. in; Turkm. ne ( < jine); Sal.
lgi; MTurk. ike (Pav. C.), inge (. .); Uzb. ingika; Uygh. inik;
Krm. in; Tat. nek; Kirgh. ike; KBalk. inge; KKalp. iike; Nogh.
jiike; SUygh. ige; Khak. niske; Tv. ige; Tof. ige; Chuv. ine; Yak.
siniges; Dolg. hiniges.
VEWT 203, EDT 944-5, 1, 364-365, Stachowski 104.
PJpn. *mnsk- short (): OJpn. mjizika-; MJpn. mzk-;
Tok. mijik-; Kyo. mjk-; Kag. mijik- [ = miik].
JLTT 835.
110, 278, 12, 1995b.
-ipV a k. of weed, bush: Tung. *nibkte; Mong. *iba.
PTung. *ib-kte 1 bush growing near the water 2 dwarf birch tree
3 horse-tail 4 fern (1 , 2 3 4 ): Evk. niwkte 1, 2, dial. niwekte 3;
Evn. wekw 2; Neg. wekte 2; Ork. wekte 2; Ud. niekte 4.
1, 589, 601.
PMong. *iba sulphurweed, a k. of plant growing near the water
(Peucedanum L.) ( ): WMong. au (XTTT), ab
(); Kh. av.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-iro ( ~ --) a k. of big fish: Tung. *iru- / *eri-; Mong. *irga; Jpn.
*mrk ( ~ -ua).
PTung. *iru- / *eri- grayling (fish) (): Evk. niru, neri; Evn.
nrgat, nrie; Neg. eju; Orch. -a; Ud. uu-sa.
1, 640, 654.
PMong. *irga a k. of salmon ( ): WMong. ira (L 1059);
Kh. arga; Kalm. ir.
KW 112. Mong. > Yak. ar, Kum. ara grayling etc. (VEWT 100).
PJpn. *mrk ( ~ -ua) gudgeon (): Tok. moroko.
1, 640. Cf. Chuv. arlan herring. Cf. also Kalm. jar
salmon < unattested Turk.??

*ama - *me

1011

-ama low, level; side of the mountain: Tung. *niama; Mong. *nam;
Turk. *jAma; Jpn. *mama.
PTung. *niama 1 lowland 2 low 3 overfall 4 shallow place, isthmus
(1 2 3 4 , ): Evk. nama 1,
nemkn 2, ami 3; Man. amaan 4.
1, 582, 621, 631.
PMong. *nam low, level (, ): WMong. nam, namau
(L 562); Kh. nam, nam; Bur. nam; Kalm. nam.
KW 270.
PTurk. *jAma side of a mountain ( ): Tur. jama; Gag.
jama; Az. jama; Turkm. jama (dial.); MTurk. jama, jama (R, Pav. C.).
VEWT 184, 4, 111.
PJpn. *mama precipice (): OJpn. mama.
Phonetics in the Mong.-Tung. area presents some problems,
probably because of an early dissimilation *ama > *nama in part of the
dialects, and some dialectal mixture afterwards (cf. several different
reflexes in Evk.).
-me to curse, harm: Tung. *im- / *um-; Mong. *ime; Turk.
*jem-r-; Jpn. *mm-; Kor. *namra-.
PTung. *im- / *um- 1 shame 2 shameless 3 awkward 4 weakness,
sickness 5 to weaken, be exhausted, sick 6 to be sorry, sad (1 2
3 , 4 , 5 ,
6 , ): Evk. umu 4; Evn. mr 1, m5; Neg. om- 5; Man. nime- 5; SMan. nim- 5 (713); Ul. imeremdi,
umeremi 2, umursi- 6; Nan. mor, omor 3.
1, 596, 645, 646.
PMong. *ime 1 guilt 2 defect, defective (1 2 , ): MMong. emdeg 2 (SH); WMong. ime 1 (L 1056), emdeg 2 (L
1045); Kh. em 1, emdeg 2; Bur. zeme 1; Kalm. zem 1 (); Ord. ime;
Dag. emden 2; S.-Yugh. emteg 2.
MGCD 440.
PTurk. *jem-r- 1 to crush, destroy 2 to curse, reproach (1 ,
2 , ): OTurk. jemir- (OUygh.) 1, 2;
Karakh. jemr- (MK) 1; Az. jmr- 1; Turkm. jemir- 1; MTurk. jimir-,
jmr- (R., .) 1; Uygh. jimir- 1; Krm. jemir- 1; Tat. imer- 1; Bashk.
jemer- 1; Kirgh. emir- 2, 1; KKalp. emir- 1; Kum. jemir- 1; Nogh. jemir1; Shr. nebir- 1; Oyr. jemir-, emir- 1; Tv. emir- 1; Chuv. mr- 2, 1.
EDT 937, VEWT 197, 4, 183-184, 210. The meaning crush, destroy,
widespread in modern languages, must be a secondary development from the original
more abstract harm (whence also curse, reproach).

PJpn. *mm- to argue, conflict (, ): Tok. mme-;

Kyo. mm-; Kag. mom-.

*mi - *rke

1012

PKor. *namra- to curse, swear (): MKor. namra-; Mod. namura-.

Nam 88, KED 289.
Turkic forms like Kirgh. eme, Tuva eme, Oyr. eme, Yak. seme- are
most probably < Mong.; Chuv. amlan- to perish is not quite clear.
-mi trace: Tung. *iam-; Mong. *im; Turk. *jam.
PTung. *iam- 1 old trace 2 to trace (an animal) (1 () 2
()): Evk. mir 1; Ud. ma- 2.
1, 631, 637.
PMong. *im path, trace (, ): WMong. im (L 1056);
Kh. im; Bur. em; Kalm. im (); Ord. im.
PTurk. *jam post station ( ): OTurk. jam (late
OUygh.); Tur. jam (Red.); MTurk. jam (Abush., Sangl.); Tat. jam (possibly from Russian).
VEWT 183, EDT 933. Turk. > MMong. am post station, WMong. am way, street,
road (hardly vice versa; see the discussion in 1997, 195). Mong. > Man. amun,
Nan. jam, Ul. jam(n), see Doerfer MT 142 (with a strange initial reflex, suggesting rather
an unattested Mong. variant *jam; Chinese origin suggested by Doerfer TMN 4, 110-118 is
improbable - for purely phonetical reasons: the actual Middle Chinese form was not
*gam oder hnlich, as suggested ibid., but m; even the later fricativized shape am
(Zhongyuan yinyun) can hardly have yielded Mong. am, to say nothing of the TM variants with j-).

A Western isogloss.
-rke to pinch (hair): Tung. *nirku-; Mong. *irge-; Turk. *jarkak; Jpn.
*m(n)k-.
PTung. *nirku- short hair (of deer) (, ()): Evk. nirku; Man. nirGa, niran.
1, 600.
PMong. *irge- to pinch (hair, etc.) ( ( ..)): Kh.
irge-; Bur. arxi-.
The meaning pinch (hair) is hardly related to the other meaning of irge-, cut,
split (on which see under *re); it is most probably an accidental homonymy.

PTurk. *jarkak skin (tanned, without hair) ( (,

)): Turkm. jaraq; MTurk. jaraq (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. raq
(dial.); Uygh. ja(r)aq; Tat. jaraq; Bashk. jaraq; Kirgh. araq; Kaz.
araq; KKalp. araq; Kum. jaraq (dial.); Nogh. jaraq; Oyr. jaraq,
araq; Tv. ara hairless (skin); placenta; Chuv. orax film, membrane.
VEWT 190, 4, 141-142, 385, . XII, 277-278, 2, 145-146.
Turk. > WMong. ara, Kalm. zarg (KW 467).

PJpn. *m(n)k- to pinch (hair, feathers, etc.) ( (,

..)): MJpn. mg-; Tok. mg-; Kyo. mg-; Kag. mg-.
JLTT 726. Accent in Kyoto and Kagoshima is irregular (under Tokyo influence?).

*e - *

1013

1995b. The root is quite reliable both phonetically and semantically.

-e (?*-) to draw: Tung. *iru-; Mong. *iru-; Turk. *j-; Kor. *nrk-.
PTung. *iru- to draw, write (, ): Neg. niju-; Man.
niru-; SMan. juru- (1391); Ul. uru-; Ork. iru-; Nan. iru-; Orch. iru-;
Sol. niruan drawing.
1, 600. TM > Dag. niru-, nuru- (. . 158).
PMong. *iru- 1 scratch, draw, write 2 line, row (1 , , 2 , ): MMong. iru- (MA); WMong. iru- 1 (L
1060), irum 2 (L 1061); Kh. ura- 1, uram 2; Bur. zura-; Kalm. zur-; Ord.
uru- 1, ur 2; Dag. ur- (. . 145), ori- point to; draw ( a picture) (MD 180); Mongr. ri- (SM 95).
KW 481, MGCD 464. Cf. Mongr. arG ligne de dmarcation entre deux champs
(83) and WMong. iruqai. Mong. > Yak. suruj, Dolg. huruj- write (see Ka. MEJ 23, Stachowski 113). Mong. iru-a line > Man. urgan id. (see Rozycki 128).

PTurk. *j- to write (): Karakh. jaz- (MK Oghuz.); Tur. jaz-;
Gag. jaz-; Az. jaz-; Turkm. jaz-; Khal. jaz-; MTurk. jaz- (Pav. C., Ettuhf.);
Uzb. jz-; Uygh. jaz-; Krm. jaz-; Tat. jaz-; Bashk. ja-; Kirgh. az-; Kaz.
az-; KBalk. az-, zaz-; KKalp. az-; Kum. jaz-; Nogh. jaz-; Chuv. r-.
VEWT 193, 4, 70-71, EDT 984. Turk. > Hung. r- (MNyTESz 2, 227-228).
PKor. *nrk- to read (): MKor. nrk-; Mod. ik- [ilk-].
Nam 125, KED 361.
188, Poppe 28, 14. Initial *l- is possible if we
relate here Jurch. lar-ru- to write (809) - the PTM form in this case
must be reconstructed as *liru-. Despite Doerfers criticism (TMN 4,
69-70), the etymology seems quite plausible (and the TM forms can certainly not be explained as borrowed < Mong.).
- man, young man: Tung. *(i)ari; Mong. *er-me-; Turk. *jene;
Jpn. *m(n)t; Kor. *nr-n-.
PTung. *(i)ari 1 man 2 person 3 young man (1 2
3 ): Evk. niraw 3; Evn. ar 1, 3; Neg. jaw 3; Man. alma 1, 2;
SMan. nan person, human being (827); Jurch. neRma (295) 1, 2; Ul.
1; Ork. nari 1; Nan. na 1, 2, dial. na 1; Orch. , 1; Ud. n 1; Sol. nir
1.
1, 598-599.
PMong. *er-me- young man (): Kh. (Bayat) ermegei; Bur.
erbeger shapely, handsome (of a man).
PTurk. *jene son-in-law, sisters husband (, ):
Karakh. jezne (MK); Az. jezn; Turkm. jezne (dial.); MTurk. jezn
(Houts.); Uzb. ezn, ezd; Tat. izn, izni; Kirgh. ezde; Kaz. ezde;
KKalp. ezde; Nogh. jezde; SUygh. jezde; Khak. iste; Shr. este; Oyr. jeste,
este; Tv. este.

1014

*[]ba - *g

EDT 988, VEWT 199, TMN 4, 165, 4, 169-170, 298. Cf. also Chuv.
armk young, young man ( > Hung. gyermek).
PJpn. *m(n)t- young, healthy and fresh-looking (, ): OJpn. mjidu, mjitu-mjitu-; Tok. mizumizush-; Kyo.
mzmzsh-; Kag. mizumizshi-.
JLTT 483.
PKor. *nr-n- brave, nimble (, ): MKor.
nr-n-; Mod. nall-.
Nam 96, KED 303.
291.
-[]ba to walk, to go out: Tung. *(b)- ~ *(b)-; Jpn. *mw- ( ~ -u);
Kor. *n-.
PTung. *(b)- ~ *(b)- to go out (): Evk. j-; Evn. -;
Neg. j- / -; Ul. ie- / -; Ork. n-; Nan. ie- / -; Orch. -; Ud. -;
Sol. j-.
1, 348-349.
PJpn. *mw- ( ~ -u) to walk, come (, , ):
OJpn. mawi-r-, mawu-; MJpn. mw-r-; Tok. mir-; Kyo. mr-; Kag. mr-.
JLTT 719. Tok. mir- < mar- with an accent shift in a diphthong.
PKor. *n- to go (): MKor. n- (nj-).
Nam 119. Cf. also nr-, nr- to reach.
EAS 77. An Eastern isogloss. The vocalic structure of the TM
forms is not quite clear (because of contractions), thus the PA reconstruction is not secure. Cf. perhaps Mong. ow ! ( ).
See SKE 165.
-g son-in-law, nephew: Tung. *g-; Mong. *ee; Turk. *jEgin; Jpn.
*mku.
PTung. *g- relative, sisters son (, ): Evn. e.
1, 644. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *ee grandson, nephew (, ): MMong. eje
(HY 28); WMong. ege (L 1051: ige); Kh. ; Bur. z; Kalm. z; Ord. ;
Dag. (. . 143); Dong. ; S.-Yugh. ; Mongr. (SM 86).
KW 474, MGCD 438. ? Mong. > TM .
PTurk. *jEgin nephew (): OTurk. jegen, jegin (OUygh.);
Tur. jn, jegen, jejen; Turkm. jegen; MTurk. jeken, jegen (R.); Uzb. ijn;
Tat. ijn; Bashk. jejn; Kirgh. n; Kaz. ijen; KKalp. ijen; Nogh. jijen;
SUygh. jegen; Khak. n; Shr. n; Oyr. jn, n; Tv. n; Yak. sien.
EDT 912-913, VEWT 194, 4, 166-167, 293.
PJpn. *mku son-in-law, bridegroom (, ): OJpn.
muk(w)o; MJpn. mk; Tok. mko; Kyo. mk; Kag. muk.
JLTT 487.

*e - *po

1015

198. The Jpn. word is to be analysed as *mu- ( <

*ge) + *kua son, child.
-e ( ~ -i) green, vegetable: Tung. *oli-; Mong. *l()ge; Turk. *j-l.
PTung. *oli- 1 green moss, green mould 2 bluish 3 bruise 4 greenish (1 , 2 3 4 ): Man. olmon 1; Ul. olokto 3; Ork. nlto / lto 3; Nan. ol 2;
Orch. noligi 4; Ud. olii, olo 2, 4.
1, 601-603 (to be distinguished from *og-!).
PMong. *l()ge green meadow ( ): MMong. olge (SH,
see TMN 1, 295); WMong. lge (L 1085: lge); Kh. leg; Bur. zlge;
Kalm. zlg; Mongr. org valle avec une rivire au milieu (SM 440).
KW 477. Mong. > Kirgh. lg etc., see 4, 37-38, TMN 1, 295.
PTurk. *j-l 1 green 2 yellow (1 2 ): OTurk. jal
(Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. jal (MK, KB) 1; Tur. jeil 1; Gag. jeil 1; Az.
jal 1; Turkm. jl 1; Sal. jil 1; Khal. ja:l 1; MTurk. jal (MA) 1; Uzb.
jail 1; Uygh. jeil 1; Krm. jeli 1; Tat. jel 1; Bashk. jel 1; Kirgh. al 1;
Kaz. asl 1; KBalk. ail 1; KKalp. asl 1; Kum. jal 1; Nogh. jasl 1;
SUygh. jahsl 1; Khak. azl 1; Shr. al (R.) 1; Oyr. al 1; Chuv. ula,
ula, vl leaf ( = Bashk. jels greens, vegetables); Yak. saha-r- 2;
Dolg. haha-r- 2.
Derived from PT *j young, green vegetables (OUygh. ja, MK ja, Turkm. j, see
4, 162, EDT 975, 976, 2, 134, Stachowski 93). This root is often mixed with
homophonous *j tear and *j age, year, see 4, 161-164 (all three roots have
different Altaic etymologies). Turk. > Mong. jasil buckthorn (Clark 1980, 41).

A Western isogloss.
-oe cold: Tung. *ede- / *ude-; Mong. *i-de-; Turk. *jE.
PTung. *ede- / *ude- 1 cold 2 clear, frosty (weather) (1 2 , ): Evk. edel 2; Ul. ndl 1; Ork. nuduli 1;
Nan. no-s 1.
1, 653.
PMong. *i-de- to suffer from cold ( ): WMong.
i-de- 3 (L 1057: igine-); Kh. indi-, igene- 3; Kalm. id- ();
Ord. i frost; S.-Yugh. igene-.
MGCD 445.
PTurk. *jE frazil (, ): Khak. ne; Oyr. e (dial.); Tv.
e.
VEWT 197 (if not < unattested South.-Sam.?)
A Western isogloss.
-po front, in front, front side: Tung. *b- (/ *b-); Mong. *b; Jpn.
*mpi; Kor. *njp.
PTung. *b- (/ *b-) 1 before, in front 2 to go forward 3 the one in
front, leading (1 , 2 , 3 -

1016

*oru - *mi

, ): Evk. - 2, , w 3, w-de 1; Evn. , w 3;

Neg. , w 3; Ul. jo-ro-, o-ro- 2; Ork. nawra- 2, ow 3; Nan.
mo-ra- 2; Orch. au-k 1, -ki 3; Ud. i- 2, au-xe, ou-xe 3.
1, 627, 641-642.
PMong. *b straight, right (, ): MMong. uep (HY
51), ob (SH); WMong. b (L 1072); Kh. v; Bur. zb; Kalm. zb, zwlmake straight; Ord. b; Dag. ugi-, ewul (. . 143, 145); uhi
correct (MD 180), ub- to approve ( = Khalkha v-); Dong. o;
Mongr. o, wo vrai, vritable (SM 74), uw dlibration (SM 95), ob.
KW 477, 478, MGCD 456, 457. Mong. > Man. ebe-le, Jurch. e-wen right.
PJpn. *mpi front, before (, ): OJpn. mapje; MJpn.
mf; Tok. me; Kyo. m; Kag. ma.
JLTT 469.
PKor. *njp side (): MKor. njp; Mod. jp(h).
Nam 109, KED 1189.
297. TM reflects a form with early dissimilation: *po >
*bo; other forms point to a diphthong in PA.
-oru strap, rag: Tung. *(i)ara-, *iarma-; Mong. *ur-; Turk. *jur-.
PTung. *(i)ara-, *iarma- 1 skin (not smoked) 2 a k. of cloth 3 upper layer of meat (1 () 2 3 ( )): Evk. arahin 1, armakn 2; Neg. anmakan 3; Ork. nalma(n) 2; Nan. narma, arma 2.
1, 635.
PMong. *ur- strip, strap, torn piece (, ):
WMong. urma, urim, urbus (L 1080); Kh. urvas; Ord. urwus qui a la
forme dune ligne, urus.
PTurk. *jur- patch of cloth, rag (, ): OTurk. jurun
(OUygh.); Karakh. jurun (MK); MTurk. jurun (Abush., Sangl.); Krm.
jurq- to pinch (hair); Tat. joron (dial.); Bashk. jorqaq, joron; Kaz. urn
(dial.); KBalk. urun; KKalp. urnd; Khak. urux; Oyr. durun; Tv. uruq; Tof. uruq; Chuv. orm bundle of flax or hemp.
VEWT 211, EDT 970, 4, 255-256, . XII, 270.
A Western isogloss.
-mi to close (eyes, mouth): Tung. *im-; Mong. *imji-; Turk. *jm/ *jum-.
PTung. *im- to close (eyes) ( ()): Evk. nimi-; Evn.
imru-; Neg. imni-; Ul. marG-; Ork. immi-; Orch. imsi-.
1, 594-595.
PMong. *imji- to close (eyes, mouth) ( (, )):
WMong. imi- (L 1056: imiji-); Kh. imij-; Bur. em-; Kalm. im-; Ord.
im-; Mongr. imu- (SM 88).
KW 111.

*no - *ne

1017

PTurk. *jm- / *jum- to close (eyes, mouth) ( (,

)): Karakh. jm- (MK); Tur. jum-; Gag. jum-; Az. jum-; Turkm. jum-;
Sal. jum-; Khal. jim-; MTurk. jum- (Pav. C., MA, AH); Uzb. jum-; Uygh.
jum-, um-; Krm. jum-; Tat. jom-; Bashk. jom-; Kirgh. um-; Kaz. um-;
KBalk. um-, um-; KKalp. um-; Kum. jum-; Nogh. jum-; SUygh. jum-;
Oyr. um-; Yak. sim-.
EDT 934, VEWT 210, 4, 245-246.
KW 111, EAS 65, 13. A Western isogloss. Mong. is hardly
borrowed from Turk., despite 1997, 125.
-no to adze, scrape off: Tung. *-; Mong. *oma-gul; Turk. *jn-.
PTung. *- 1 to make notches 2 to scrape off, adze (with an axe)
(1 2 , ()): Evn. i- 1;
Man. oGaa-, oGala- 2.
1, 638, 644.
PMong. *oma-gul wooden chips, shavings (, ):
WMong. omuul (L 1070); Kh. omgol; Bur. zomgl, zomghon; Kalm.
zoml.
KW 476.
PTurk. *jn- to adze, plane (, ): OTurk. jon(OUygh.); Karakh. jon- (MK); Tur. jon-; Gag. jon-; Az. jon-; Turkm. jn-;
MTurk. jon- (AH, Ettuhf., . .), jn- (Pav. C.); Uzb. jn-; Uygh.
jonu-; Krm. jon-; Tat. jun-; Bashk. jun-; Kirgh. on-; Kaz. on-; KBalk.
on-; KKalp. on-; Kum. jon-; Nogh. jon-; Shr. non-; Oyr. jon-, on-; Tv.
on-; Chuv. on-; Yak. suor-; Dolg. huor-.
EDT 942; VEWT 206, 4, 221-222, 2, 136, Stachowski 112. Final -r- in
Yak. is somewhat strange - perhaps an early contamination with *j- q.v. sub *ui (?)

KW 476. A Western isogloss. Medial -m- in Mong. is probably

secondary (assimilatory here). Note that all languages reflect a derivative *no-gV (in Turk. cf. *jn-ga chips, wooden shavings = Mong.
*omu-gu-l = TM *(g)-).
-ne direction, sign: Tung. *u-; Mong. *; Turk. *jn; Jpn.
*muna-i.
PTung. *u- 1 to direct, give directions 2 direction, instruction 3
instructor, director, master 4 council, advice (1 ,
2 , 3 , 4 ): Evk. nun-,
un- 1, nun, un 2, ue 3; Evn. n- 1, nn 2, uun 3,
use-n 4; Neg. nuni- 1, uu 4; Ork. nue, ue 3.
1, 612. Depalatalized *n- in some of the forms may be due to contamination
with PTM *nu- < PA *nuu q.v.

PMong. * omen, sign; natural course of things (, ;

): WMong. (L 1075); Kh. n; Kalm. z;
Ord. manire dtre propre; manire dtre constante.

1018

* - *

KW 478.
PTurk. *jn 1 side, direction 2 to be directed towards, head towards
3 reason, method, cause 4 regular, easy 5 cheap 6 origin (1 , 2 , 3 , , 4 , 5 6 ):
OTurk. jon 3 (OUygh.); Tur. jn 1, 3, jnel- 2; Az. jn 1; Turkm. jnel- 2;
MTurk. jn 1 (. .); Uzb. jnal- 2, n 4 ( < Kypch. or Mong.);
Uygh. jnl- 2; Krm. jne- 2; Tat. jn 3, 5, jnl- 2; Bashk. jn 3, 4, jnl2; Kirgh. n 1, 4, 6, n- 2; Kaz. n 1; KBalk. ne- 2; KKalp. n 1;
Nogh. jne- 2.
VEWT 208, EDT 941, 4, 232-234. Tat. > Chuv. jn cheap ( 1,
204-205).

PJpn. *muna-i centre, essence (, ): OJpn. mune; MJpn.

mn, mn; Tok. mun; Kyo. mn; Kag. mne.
JLTT 488. The oblique stem is muna- (e.g. in muna-ti, muna-wake etc.) Original accent is not quite clear: modern dialects reflect *mn-i (homophonous with *mn-i
breast), but MJ fixes a variation between mn and mn.

An interesting common Altaic root, with quite plausible phonetic

and semantic correspondences; however, some contaminations with
*nuu chief, master were possible.
- liquid faeces: Tung. *a; Mong. *ugag; Turk. *jin (/*jn);
Jpn. *m; Kor. *n()-.
PTung. *a 1 faeces, contents of intestines 2 liquid glue (1 , 2 ): Evk. a 1; Evn. a,
a 1; Ud. oo 2.
1, 643-644.
PMong. *ugag faeces of young animals, dirt, mucus ( , ): MMong. undaul (SH); WMong.
ua (L 1079); Kh. ungag; Bur. zungag; Kalm. zunG; Ord. uGaG;
S.-Yugh. duGag.
KW 480, MGCD 463.
PTurk. *jin (/*jn) faecal masses (content of intestines) (
( )): OTurk. jin (ji) (OUygh.); Karakh. jin
(MK); Tat. en dial.; Bashk. jen; Kirgh. in; Kaz. n; KKalp. in; SUygh.
jin, ji; Khak. nn; Oyr. jin, in; Tv. in.
EDT 941, VEWT 203, 4, 27-28, 148-149.
PJpn. *m pus (): OJpn. umji; MJpn. m; Tok. um; Kyo. m;
Kag. um.
JLTT 562.
PKor. *n()- to defecate, urinate (, ):
MKor. n-; Mod. nu-.
Liu 161, KED 356.

*uge - *lo

1019

SKE 172, 10, 149. In Jpn. one has to suppose either

a secondary dissimilation (*m < *mm), or a preliminary assimilation
*u > *u ( > *m).
-uge a k. of weed: Tung. *nirge- ( ~ --); Mong. *rgij; Turk. *ji; Jpn.
*mrksi.
PTung. *nirge- ( ~ --) 1 buckwheat 2 selfheal 3 young grass 4 a k. of
swamp plant 5 burdock (1 2 3 4
5 ): Evk. nirgkte 2, 3; Evn. iergt 4;
Neg. nidgkte 5; Sol. nirg 1.
1, 599-600. TM > Dag. nirgs grain (. . 158).
PMong. *rgij knotweed, climbing buckwheat (Polygonum L.)
( , ): WMong. rgij, (L 1085: rgj
Atragene sibirica); Kh. rgij.
PTurk. *ji Artemisia abrotonon ( ): OTurk. jiz ( ~ -e-)
(OUygh.); Karakh. jiz ( ~ -e-) (MK).
EDT 982, VEWT 204.
PJpn. *mrksi sorghum (): Tok. mrokoshi; Kyo. mrksh;
Kag. morokosh.
The word is not attested in OJ and MJ; it is not quite clear whether it can be
equated with OJ morokosi China.

Phonetically a good match, but botanical details remain to be

clarified.
-lo ( ~ -u-) to pluck, pick out: Tung. *[u]l-; Mong. *ul-; Turk. *jol-;
Jpn. *mr-.
PTung. *[u]l- 1 to exuviate, fade 2 naked (1 , (
, ) 2 ): Evk. nil- / il-, larga- 1; Evn. nl- 1; Neg.
olaxn, elakin 2; Man. niltu- 1, olmoge 2; Ul. uli- 1, elao 2; Ork.
nll- 1, nlaw 2; Nan. laq 2; Orch. ulaki 2; Ud. uli-, ulu- 1.
1, 592, 643.
PMong. *ul- 1 to pick, pluck 2 to lose hair, be plucked (1 ,
2 , ): WMong. ulga- 1,
ulbu- 2 (L 1078), ulmu- 1, 2 (L 1079); Kh. ulga- 1, ulba-, ulma- 1, 2;
Bur. zulg- 1, zulbagar, zulmar (adj.) 2; Kalm. ul-; Ord. ulG- 1, ulbavoir peu ou point de poils (peau danimal n avant terme; ulbura- 2;
S.-Yugh. ulGu- 1.
KW 115, MGCD 462. Mong. > Evk. ulg-, see Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *jol- to tear out, pick out, pluck (, , ): OTurk. jol- ~ jul- (OUygh.); Karakh. jol- ~ jul- (MK); Tur. jol-,
jul-; Gag. jol-; Az. jol-; Turkm. jol-; Khal. jilu-; MTurk. jul- (R.), jul(Houts.); Uzb. jul-; Uygh. jul-, ul-; Krm. jul-, julu-; Bashk. jolo-; Kirgh.
ul-; Kaz. ul-; KBalk. ul-; KKalp. ul-; SUygh. jul-; Khak. ul-; Shr. ul-;
Oyr. jul-, ul-; Tv. ul-; Chuv. l-; Yak. suluj-.

1020

*ro - *bV

EDT 918, 4, 216; often confused with *jl- shave (v. sub *zli). Turk. forms
like *julk- (VEWT 210) may be borrowed from Mong.
PJpn. *mr- to pluck, tear off (, , ):
OJpn. m(w)or-; MJpn. mor-.
JLTT 727. Low tone is indicated by attested Ryukyu forms.
2, 91-92.
-ro ( ~ -u-, -e) arrow, harpoon: Tung. *uru (~-i); Mong. *orua; Jpn.
*mr (~-ua-).
PTung. *uru (~-i) arrow (): Evk. ur; Evn. r; Neg. oj;
Man. niru; SMan. ur, jur (820); Jurch. niru (237); Sol. niru, nr().
1, 648. Manchu jro arrow with bone tip may be a variant of the same root
(hardly a loan from Mong. orua, because - > j- is not possible).

PMong. *orua arrow with bone head ( ): WMong. orua (L 1072); Bur. orxo bone arrow (for dice
play).
Mong. > Man. oro id.
PJpn. *mr (~-ua-) fish-fork, harpoon (, ): Tok. mri,
mri; Kyo. mr; Kag. mri.
JLTT 485.
A good match denoting a hunting weapon.
-u- six: Tung. *u-u-; Mong. *irgu-a-; Jpn. *mu-.
PTung. *u-u-n six (): Evk. uun; Evn. un; Neg. uun;
Man. nigun; SMan. niun, uun (2740); Jurch. niu-u (641); Ul.
ugu(n); Ork. nugu(n); Nan. ug; Orch. uu(n); Ud. uu(n); Sol.
u.
1, 647-648.
PMong. *irgu-a- 1 six 2 sixty (1 2 ): MMong.
iruaan (HY 43), irqoan (SH) 1, iran (HY 43) 2, [i]rn 1, irn 2
(IM); WMong. irguan 1 (L 1059), ira(n) (L 1058); Kh. urgn 1, ar 2;
Bur. zurg(n) 1, aran 2; Kalm. zurn; Ord. urG(n) 1, ira 2; Dag.
dirg(n), irg(n) 1 (. . 137, 144), ar 2 (. . 142 ara(n)),
ireu 1 (MD 179); S.-Yugh. iran 2; Mongr. irGn (SM 93), iran (SM
92), iran 2.
KW 481, MGCD 432.
PJpn. *mu- six (): OJpn. mu-; MJpn. m-; Tok. m-; Kyo. m-;
Kag. m-.
JLTT 489. As with other numerals, the accent reconstruction is not clear.
Poppe 28, 78.
-bV entertainment: Tung. *ba; Mong. *ua; Turk. *juba-.
PTung. *ba 1 joke, entertainment 2 to joke (1 , 2
): Man. jbo 1, obo-, obu- 2; SMan. jov joke, jest (1299).
1, 345.

*uga - *ukV

1021

PMong. *ua amusement, entertainment (, ):

WMong. ua, uaa (L 1077); Kh. ug; Bur. zug; Kalm. zuca- to
walk ().
PTurk. *juba- 1 to be comforted, consoled, entertained 2 to comfort,
entertain (1 , 2 , ): Tur. juwat- (dial.) 2; MTurk. uwat- 2 (R); Uzb. juwan- (dial.) 1; Krm. juwan-,
juwun- 1, juwut- 2; Tat. juwan- 1; Bashk. jwan- 1.
4, 240. Some forms, like Kum. jban-, Uzb. jupan- reflect rather *jupa-; the
variation of *-b- and *-p- is not quite clear in this root.

210. A Western isogloss.

-uga water bird, goose: Tung. *uak; Turk. *jugak; Kor. *n.
PTung. *uak goose (): Evk. uak; Evn. nq ,
nen; Neg. onixn, oax; Man. oaa; SMan. uah (2248);
Jurch. niu-nia-xa (646); Ul. a; Ork. nna; Nan. oa; Orch.
ua; Ud. uai; Sol. nnnaxi.
1, 611, 623, 646-7.
PTurk. *jugak a k. of water bird (diver, goose) (
(, )): Karakh. juaq (MK,KB).
VEWT 243, EDT 901, 171.
PKor. *n bustard (): MKor. n; Mod. ns.
Nam 104.
9, 171.
-je warm, to burn: Tung. *-; Mong. *e-; Jpn. *muja-.
PTung. *- 1 to sweat 2 sweat (1 2 ): Evk. - 1, kse 2;
Evn. s 2; Neg. se 2; Man. nej 2; Ul. jesegi 2; Ork. nsegi 2; Nan.
esegi 2; Orch. esei 2; Ud. nihee- 1, i 2; Sol. n 2.
1, 650.
PMong. *e- warm, warmish, cooled (, , ): MMong. uen (SH), ueen (HY 6) cool; WMong. gen,
geg (L 1074); Kh. n, g; Kalm. zg.
KW 479. The meaning cool may be secondarily induced by *i-de- (q. v. sub
*oe).

PJpn. *muja- to burn (): OJpn. mwoja-; MJpn. mja-; Tok.

me-; Kyo. m-; Kag. mo-.
JLTT 726.
A rare case of preservation of *-ua- after a labial in PJ; in fact we
may be dealing here with a contraction of a more complex underlying
form like *majU-ja- (with an original passive suffix).
-ukV ( ~ -k-) gum, juice: Tung. *uK-; Turk. *juk / *jok.
PTung. *uK- 1 birch juice 2 larch gum (1 2
): Evk. uksen 1, ukse 2; Ud. uktu- to wet, soak.
1, 645.

1022

*ue - *t

PTurk. *juk / *jok 1 resin, gum 2 residues of food on dishes, sticky

substance 3 to stick to (1 2 ; ,
3 ): Karakh. juq 2 (MK); Tur. jok 2 (dial.); Turkm.
joq 2, joq- 3; MTurk. juq- 3 (R.); Uzb. juq 2, juq- 3; Uygh. juq- 3; Krm. juq-,
jux- 3; Tat. joq- 3; Bashk. joq- 3; Kirgh. uq 2, uq- 3; Kaz. uq- 3; KKalp.
uq 2, q- 3; Kum. juq 2, juq- 3; Nogh. juq- 3; Khak. ux 1, ux- 3; Oyr.
juq-, uq- 3; Tv. uq 1; Tof. uq 1; Chuv. r liquid mire, sludge
(dial.)
EDT 895, VEWT 119, 4, 211, 117, . XIII, 52.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Related may be some plant names (as
juicy?): cf. Yak. sugun blue-berry; Evk. ukekte mayflower; OJ
mukagwo, nukagwo bulb sprout (for the latter cf., however, alternatively: WMong. nakija shoot of grass, leaf bud; Man. aara, aari id.,
see 1, 628).
-ue thigh: Tung. *u; Mong. *oa; Jpn. *mumu.
PTung. *u 1 thigh 2 muscles (of arms and legs), calf (of leg) (1 , 2 ( ), ()): Evk. u 1; Orch.
ua 2.
1, 646.
PMong. *oa waist part of the back ( ):
WMong. o (); Kh. ; Bur. z; Kalm. z, zn.
KW 477.
PJpn. *mumu thigh, hip (): OJpn. mwomwo; MJpn. mm;
Tok. mmo, mom; Kyo. mm; Kag. mmo.
JLTT 485. Accent in Kagoshima and the Tok. variant mom are not quite clear.
78.
-t plant glue: Tung. *te; Mong. *uta; Jpn. *mti ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *te resin, pitch, gum (, ()): Evk.
te; Evn. t; Neg. nte; Ul. nte; Ork. te; Nan. nte; Orch. ute; Ud.
ute.
1, 649.
PMong. *uta gruel, broth (, ): WMong. uta (L
1081); Kh. uta; Bur. zutan; Kalm. zut (); Ord. uta; S.-Yugh.
ta.
MGCD 464.
PJpn. *mti ( ~ -ua-) birdlime made from holly bark ( ): OJpn. m(w)oti; MJpn. mt; Tok. mchi; Kyo. mch; Kag. moch.
JLTT 486. The accent in Tokyo must be original, because it differentiates the word
from mchi rice cake ( < *mt); elsewhere the two accent patterns have merged.

The root must have denoted some kind of sticky plant substance.

*jVrV - *jVrV

1023

-jVrV ( ~ -g-, --) gland: Tung. *eru / *iru; Mong. *nojir; Jpn.
*mr-ua.
PTung. *eru / *iru 1 gland 2 spleen (1 2 ): Evk.
erun (dial. aru, iru) 1, 2; Evn. iru 1.
1, 654.
PMong. *nojir pancreas ( ): WMong. nojir (L
589: fat adhering to the intestines); Kh. nojr; Bur. nojr; Kalm. nr
().
PJpn. *mr-ta kidney (): OJpn. muratwo; MJpn. mrd.
JLTT 488.
1, 654. Mong. reflects a dissimilation *jVrV > *nVjrV. The
vocalism is not quite certain because of the variation in TM reflexes.


-a 1st person pronoun (oblique stem?): Mong. *na-m-; Jpn. *a-; Kor. *n.
PMong. *na-m- 1st Sg. ps. pronoun (obl. cases) (. 1- (
. .)): MMong. nad-, namaj (IM), nid-, nad-, namaj (MA); WMong.
nad-, namaji (Poppe, 1955); Kh. nad-, namaj(g); Bur. nam-, nam(ji); Kalm.
nan-, nam(g); Ord. nada, nam; Mog. nan-, nami (Acc.).; Dag. nam- (MD
194); Dong. (na)ma-, nami; Bao. nd-; Mongr. nd-.
PJpn. *a- 1st p. pron. (. 1 ): OJpn. a-.
This pronoun (as shown, e.g. in Itabashi 1998) could have been used parallelly with
wa-, but differed in that it could participate in compounds (like a-se my spouse, a-duma
my wife etc.), which was impossible for wa. This may indicate that the original function
of *a was oblique stem of the 1st p. pr..

PKor. *n I (): MKor. n; Mod. na.

Nam 85, KED 284.
SKE 156, 296. The root serves as oblique stem in Mong.,
which may have been its original function; traces of it may be also discovered in OJ, see above.
-li hand: Tung. *la; Turk. *el, -ig.
PTung. *la hand (): Evk. le; Evn. l; Neg. la, ala; Man.
gala; SMan. Gal (68); Jurch. a-la (504); Ul. la; Ork. la; Nan. la,
ala, nala; Orch. la, ala; Ud. ala; Sol. nla, nli.
1, 656-657.
PTurk. *el, -ig hand (): OTurk. elig (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
elig (MK); Tur. el; Gag. je; Az. l; Turkm. el; Sal. el; Khal. l; MTurk. el,
elig (Abush., MA, . ., Sangl.); Uzb. ilik (arch.); Uygh. ilik (dial.);
SUygh. l; Shr. ilik (.), ilgilik mitten; Tof. eldik mitten; Chuv. al;
Yak. il, el; Dolg. il.
VEWT 39, EDT 140-1, 1, 260-261, 251, 24, Stachowski
125-126.

17, 47, 282; 316, 251-252. A Turk.-Tung.

isogloss.
-alma a biting insect: Tung. *alma-; Jpn. *m.
PTung. *alma- mosquito (): Evk. anmakta; Neg. anmakta;
Man. Galman; SMan. Galmn (2259); Ul. Galmaqta, Garmaqta; Ork. nal-

*nsa - *a

1025

maqta, almaqta; Nan. Garmaqta; Orch. gamakta; Ud. amakta; Sol. namakta.
1, 657.
PJpn. *m gad-fly (, ): OJpn. amu; MJpn. b; Tok. bu;
Kyo. b; Kag. ab.
JLTT 376.
81. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-nsa debt: Tung. *nsa; Turk. *asg; Jpn. *ns-.
PTung. *nsa debt (): Evn. nn; Neg. nna; Man. nasun favourable occasion; SMan. nashun opportunity, chance (2652); Ul.
nada; Ork. nada; Nan. nada; Orch. nana; Ud. nada.
1, 582-583, 586. Man. > Dag. nasgun (. . 156).
PTurk. *asg profit (, ): OTurk. as (OUygh.);
Karakh. as (MK, KB); Tur. as; MTurk. as (IM), ass (Houts.); Uzb.
dial. as gr- to help; Uygh. dial. ass; Chuv. oz; Yak. as.
VEWT 29, 1, 196-197, 277, 2, 290-291, 344. Turk. >
Mong. asi > Man. ajsi (TMN 2, 58-59, 1997, 102).

PJpn. *ns- to pay back a debt ( ): MJpn. nas-; Tok.

ns-; Kyo. ns-; Kag. ns-.
The TM and Jpn. forms underwent a metathesis (frequent for
roots with two nasals): *nsa < *nsa.
-a clear sky: Tung. *aa; Turk. *aa; Jpn. *mi.
PTung. *aa clear sky ( ): Evk. aa; Evn. ann; Neg.
aa; Man. aa; Ork. nna; Orch. aa; Ud. aa.
1, 634. Cf. also *a-ma- ( > *ama-) to become clear (of sky); to appear (of
hoar-frost) ( 1, 632, 633).

PTurk. *aa clear sky; frost ( ; ): OTurk. ajaz

(OUygh.); Karakh. ajas (MK); Tur. ajaz; Gag. ajaz; Az. ajaz; Turkm. ajaz;
Khal. hajz; MTurk. ajaz (Sangl.), ajaz, ajas (CCum.); Uzb. ajz; Uygh.
ajaz; Krm. ajaz/s; Tat. ajaz; Bashk. aja; Kirgh. ajaz; Kaz. ajaz; KBalk. ajaz;
Kum. ajaz; Nogh. ajaz; SUygh. ajas; Khak. ajas; Shr. ajas; Oyr. ajas; ajz
(dial.); Tv. ajas; Chuv. ojar.
1, 102-3, VEWT 11, TMN 2, 170, 13, 2, 298. A different suffixation is seen in Tur. (dial.) ajam, Kaz., Kirgh. ajq clear (weather). A derivative *a-g(pointing to original *--) is found in Kaz. azaq, Turkm. azaq cold with dry wind (see
ibid.).

PJpn. *mi sky; rain (; ): OJpn. ame; MJpn. m; Tok.

me; Kyo. m; Kag. am.
JLTT 381.
11. In TM one has to suppose a metathesis (typical for roots
with two nasals): *aa < *a-a.

1026

* - *lu

- to take smb. with (oneself): Tung. *ni-; Mong. *naji-; Jpn. *mu;
Kor. *n-.
PTung. *ni- to fetch, go to take smth. or smb. (, -.): Ul. an--; Nan. n-.
1, 657.
PMong. *naji- 1 friendship 2 accord; feast 3 to be combined, unite (1
2 ; , 3 ): MMong.
naira-qui debt, justice, right (HY 49); WMong. nai 1 (L 558), najir 2, najira- 3 (L 559); Kh. naj 1, najr 2, najra- 3; Bur. najr 2, najral harmony;
Kalm. n 1, nr 2, nr- 3; Ord. n marque damiti, nr 2, nra- be
friends; Dag. ara- to love, be attached (. . 156).
KW 273, 274. Mong. > Man. nara- to be attached.
PJpn. *mu beloved, friend (, ): OJpn. imwo;
MJpn. m; Tok. imt younger sister, imo-se consorts; Kyo. mt;
Kag. imt.
JLTT 423.
PKor. *n- to combine, continue (, ): MKor.
n-; Mod. t- [is-].
Nam 127, KED 1369.
See also Robbeets 2000, 110.
-lu fright, be afraid: Tung. *le-; Turk. *jAl-; Jpn. *r-m-; Kor.
*nr-ra-.
PTung. *le- to be scared, frightened (, ): Evk.
le-; Evn. l-; Neg. le-; Man. gele-; SMan. gel- (1886); Ul. ele-; Ork.
le-; Nan. ele-; Orch. le-; Ud. ele-; Sol. nle-.
1, 667-669.
PTurk. *jAl- 1 to be afraid 2 to suspect, slander 3 slander (1
2 , 3 ): OTurk. jala 3 (OUygh.); Karakh.
jala- 2, jala 3 (MK); Tur. jl- 1, Osm. jal-; MTurk. jala 3 (MKypch. CCum.); Tat. jala 3; Bashk. jala 3; Kirgh. ala 3, ala- 2; Kaz. ala 3;
KKalp. ala 3; Nogh. jala 3; Oyr. dala fine, charge; Yak. jula 3.
VEWT 200, EDT 918-919, 4, 87, 2, 483.
PJpn. *r-m- to resent, regret (, ): OJpn.
uramu-; MJpn. rm-; Tok. urm-; Kyo. rm-; Kag. rm-.
JLTT 779. Cf. also *rip-, OJ urep- to grieve.
PKor. *nr-ra- be startled, frightened, terrified (): MKor.
nrr-; Mod. nolla-.
Liu 158, KED 348.
Menges 1984, 279-280 (Kor.-TM). Despite Doerfer MT 21, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. gelme- (which, despite Poppe 25 and
18, is probably unrelated at all).

*ni - *nu

1027

-ni to go (down, away): Tung. *ene-; Mong. *ne-; Turk. *n-; Jpn.
*n-; Kor. *n(-).
PTung. *ene- to go, walk (, ): Evk. ene-; Evn. en-;
Neg. ene- / gene-; Man. genu- to go together; SMan. gen- (1171);
Jurch. e-ne-xie (713); Ul. ene-; Ork. ene-; Nan. ene-; Orch. ene-; Ud.
ene-; Sol. nene-.
1, 669-671.
PMong. *ne- to roam, migrate, nomadize (, ): MMong. neutke to change a place (HY 40), neu-, nouu- (SH),
n- (IM); WMong. neg- (L 569); Kh. n-; Bur. n-; Kalm. n-; Ord. n-;
Mog. nu- (Weiers); Dag. neu- (. . 157, MD 198); S.-Yugh. n-.
KW 282, MGCD 520. Mong. ne- > Man. neo-, see Poppe 1966, 192, Rozycki 162;
Mong. ne-lge migration > Evk. nulg etc. (see 1, 609-610).

PTurk. *n- to go down (, ): OTurk. en- (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. en- (MK); Tur. in-, dial. en-; Gag. jin-; Az. en-; Turkm.
n-; Khal. n-; MTurk. en- (MA, IM, Pav. C.); Krm. en-; Tat. in-, i-;
Bashk. in-; Kaz. en-, dial. e-; KKalp. en-; Kum. in-; Nogh. en-; Khak. in-;
Shr. en-; Oyr. en-; Chuv. an-; Yak. enie.
VEWT 43, 1, 353-354, 26.
PJpn. *n- to go, leave (): OJpn. in-; MJpn. n-.
JLTT 697.
PKor. *n()- to go, move forward (, ):
MKor. ns- (na-), na-, n-; Mod. nt- [nas-], naa-ka-.
Nam 89, 99, 101, KED 292, 311.
18, 72, 292, 13. Mong. *ne- < *e- < *en-.
-nu to attack, tease: Tung. *en-; Mong. *na-si-; Turk. *jn(u)-; Jpn.
*una-kas-.
PTung. *en- to attack, fight (, , ): Evk.
en-i-, e-; Evn. en-; Man. ne-i-; Ud. eneusi-.
1, 653, 671.
PMong. *na-si- to grumble; to act imprudently, foolishly (,
; , ): WMong. nasi- (L
564); Kh. nani-; Kalm. nai- to talk nonsense, twaddle; Ord. naigronder.
KW 272.
PTurk. *jn(u)- to threaten (): OTurk. jan- (OUygh.);
Karakh. jan- (MK); Gag. jn-; Az. jan- (dial.); Turkm. jn-a- to reproach; Uzb. jan-; Uygh. onu-; Tat. jana-, dial. janu-; Bashk. jana-;
KBalk. an-, a-, an-, zan-; Yak. sn-.
VEWT 184, EDT 942, 4, 114, 564. Turk. > WMong. anu-, Kalm. zan(KW 466). The Turkm. form is related to *jen- crush in 185; the latter has also a
variant *jan-, and the Turkm. form may in fact reflect a contamination of these two roots.

1028

*r - *r

PJpn. *una-kas- to urge, force (, ): MJpn.

ngs-, nkas-; Tok. unags-, nagas-; Kyo. ngs-; Kag. ngs-.
JLTT 779 (Martin gives also the meaning bend the neck, obviously deriving the
form from unag- hang around the neck - but, as far as we know, this meaning is not
attested anywhere, and the relationship is not evident at all). Accent reconstruction is not
clear (both high and low tone variants are attested).

18, 81 (with a different Jpn. form, see under *nta), 15.

-r day, sun, light: Tung. *r(i)-; Mong. *naran; Turk. *jr-n; Jpn.
*r-; Kor. *nr.
PTung. *r(i)- light (): Evk. r; Evn. ri; Neg. jin; Man.
gexun; SMan. gxun bright (2050); Jurch. e-xun (736); Ul. ege(n);
Ork. egde-; Nan. eg; Orch. ege; Ud. ege, ei.
1, 671-672.
PMong. *naran sun (): MMong. naran (HY 1, SH), narn (IM),
naran (MA); WMong. nara(n) (L 565); Kh. nar(an); Bur. nara(n); Kalm.
narn; Ord. nara(n); Mog. naran; ZM nrn (19-5a); Dag. nar (. .
156), nare (MD 194); Dong. naran; Bao. nara; S.-Yugh. naran; Mongr.
nara (SM 257).
KW 272, MGCD 500.
PTurk. *jr-n 1 morning 2 tomorrow 3 next year (1 2 3
): OTurk. jarn 1 (Orkh.); Karakh. jarn 2 (MK); Tur.
jarn 2; Gag. jrn 1, 2; MTurk. jarn 1, 2 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jarn 3 (dial.);
Bashk. jarn 3 (dial.); KKalp. arn 3; SUygh. jarn 3; Chuv. ran 2; Yak.
sarsn 1; Dolg. harsn 1.
EDT 970, VEWT 190, 4, 147-148, 343, 80, Stachowski 97.
Rsnen derives the stem from *jar- to shine, glitter, but this is dubious both for phonetic reasons (OT has jaru- to shine, but jarn morning) and because of external evidence.

PJpn. *r- dawn (, ): OJpn. ari-ake; MJpn. r-ake; Tok.

riake; Kyo. rk; Kag. ariak.
JLTT 384. Kyoto accent is irregular, but all other dialects seem to point to *r-.
PKor. *nr sun, day, weather (, , ): MKor. nr;
Mod. nal.
Nam 95, KED 302.
2, 86, 295. See SKE 159, EAS 75 (Mong.-Kor.);
one frequently links Turk. *j spring (see SKE ibid., KW 272, VEWT
193), but the latter should be separated (see *n[a]); instead it seems
plausible to compare Turk. *jar-n tomorrow, morning - see
80-81. TM *r(i)- light is a perfect phonetic and semantic match and
should be separated from Mong. gere-l light (especially because the
rule *- > Mong. g- is most probably false) - despite KW 134, Poppe 25,
1, 228-229, 18, 11; on the etymology of the latter

*nd - *aji

1029

see under *gari (despite Poppe 1972, 101, Doerfer MT 21, the TM form
of course cannot be borrowed from Mong. gerel).
-nd dog: Tung. *inda-; Turk. *t / *it; Jpn. *n.
PTung. *inda- dog (): Evk. inakin, ginakin; Evn. n; Neg.
inaxin/ninaxin; Man. indaxun; SMan. jonhu, inhu (2177); Jurch.
inda-xiun (147); Ul. da; Ork. inda; Nan. nda; Orch. inaki; Ud. inai
(. 238); Sol. ninax.
1, 661-662.
PTurk. *t / *it dog (): OTurk. t (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. t
(MK, KB); Tur. it (arch.); Az. it; Turkm. it; Sal. it; Khal. it ; MTurk. t
(Pav. C.); Uzb. it; Uygh. it; Tat. et; Bashk. et; Kirgh. it; Kaz. it; KBalk. it;
KKalp. ijt; Nogh. ijt; SUygh. t; Tv. t; Tof. t; Chuv. jd; Yak. t; Dolg.
t.
VEWT 174, TMN 2, 173-4, EDT 34, 1, 385, 83, 188, Stachowski 262.

PJpn. *n dog (): OJpn. inu; MJpn. n; Tok. in; Kyo. n;

Kag. nu ( = ).
JLTT 425.
18, 49, 72, 101, 274, 9, 189.
-bi deceased, funeral: Tung. *iabi; Turk. *jbe-; Jpn. *m ( ~ *mu).
PTung. *iabi 1 deceased person 2 invisible person 3 to bury (1 2 ( ) 3 ): Evk. wi 1; Evn. ebi 2;
Ul. ewu- 3.
1, 658.
PTurk. *jbe- 1 cemetery, grave 2 soul of the deceased 3 ghost 4 funeral (1 , 2 3 , 4
): SUygh. ever 2; Khak. nebeg 1, ibrg 4; Tv. eveg 1; Chuv.
va 1; Yak. sibien 3.
VEWT 197.
PJpn. *m ( ~ *mu) funeral, mourning (, ): OJpn.
m(w)o; MJpn. m; Tok. m; Kyo. m; Kag. m.
JLTT 484. Modern dialects point rather to *m.
15.
-aji ( ~-e) lower side: Tung. *ia-; Turk. *ej-; Kor. *nr-.
PTung. *ia- lower, closer to the shore (, ): Evk. -; Evn. -la; Neg. nw / w; Man. wa-la; Ul. waj; Ork.
o; Nan. waj-la, oj-la; Orch. a-la; Ud. e-la; Sol. nx shore.
1, 658-660. Man. > Dag. wala (. . 129).
PTurk. *ej- lower side ( ): Chuv. aj.
A Chuvash isolate (see VEWT 38, 1, 28), but having probable external
parallels.

PKor. *nr- to go down (): MKor. nr-; Mod. nri-.

1030

*ka - *e

Nam 92, KED 320.

See SKE 161 (Kor. nr- = TM *ia-la-). Vocalism is not quite certain
because of contractions.
-ka nose, part of nose: Tung. *iaksa, *iaksi-n; Mong. *nagar-kaji;
Kor. *nh.
PTung. *iaksa, *iaksi-n nose (): Evn. s, s; Neg. asin
bears nose; Ul. waqsa; Ork. naqsa; Nan. oqso (dial.); Orch. ikso; Ud.
h; Sol. nna.
1, 587, 636. Cf. also Evn. qlan, Neg. exile nose bridge. 1, 637.
PMong. *nagar-kai back of nose ( ): WMong. naarqai;
Kh. nagirxaj; Bur. nagsagar flat-nosed; Kalm. nakcrx.
KW 270.
PKor. *nh face (): MKor. nh, ns; Mod. nat [nah].
Nam 100, 101, KED 313.
18, 293.
-ku dog, wolf: Tung. *Ke; Mong. *nokaj; Turk. *eker; Kor.
*nkori.
PTung. *Ke 1 sable 2 male (of dog, wolf, fox) 3 wolf 4 racoon (1
2 (, , ) 3 4 ): Evk. k 1; Evn.
ke 2; Man. oxe 3, nuxere puppy; SMan. jux, juxu 3 (2204); Nan.
naoto 4 ( < *oke-tu); Orch. ksj 3; Ud. nautu 4.
1, 587, 651, 665, 606.
PMong. *nokaj dog (): MMong. noxai (HY 11), noqai (SH),
noaj (IM), nuqaj (MA); WMong. noqai (L 592); Kh. noxoj; Bur. noxoj;
Kalm. nox, nox; Ord. nox; Mog. noqi; ZM noqei (21-5); Dag. nogo,
nogu, nog (. . 158) nohe (MD 200); Dong. noGi, noi; Bao. noGui;
S.-Yugh. noxGui; Mongr. noxw (SM 282), noxui (Huzu).
KW 278, MGCD 513, TMN 1, 520.
PTurk. *eker hunting dog ( ): Khal. eger; MTurk.
iger (.); Tat. igr (Sib.); Bashk. igr a bastard of a wolf and a dog;
Nogh. eger (Kum.); Shr. eger; Oyr. eger; Chuv. agar jtti ( > Hung. agr,
see Gombocz 1912).
VEWT 38, 23.
PKor. *nkori badger (): MKor. nkori; Mod. nguri.
Nam 103, KED 329.
Lee 1958, 115, 18; a different analysis see in 2,35.
-e fir-tree: Tung. *i-ta; Jpn. *mm (~-ua-).
PTung. *i-ta fir-tree (): Evk. te; Evn. t; Neg. ta;
Man. wantaa; Ul. wata; Ork. wata / wata; Nan. wata, dial. ata;
Ud. ata.
1, 657-658. Southern languages show here a w-reflex, typical for *- before
diphthongs and back vowels, so -- in the Northern subgroup must be secondary (a trace

*bu - *k

1031

of it is perhaps preserved in the Tompon dialect of Even, where the recorded form is
ata).

PJpn. *mm (~-ua-) fir-tree (): MJpn. mm; Tok. mmi; Kyo.
mm; Kag. mom.
JLTT 484. The accent reconstruction is not quite certain: Kyoto and Kagoshima
point aberrantly to a high tone, and both accents (mm and mm are attested in RJ).

81. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

-bu to pour: Tung. *iabe-; Mong. *je-le-; Turk. *ju(b)-; Kor.
*nb-.
PTung. *iabe- to strew, pour (): Evn. -; Ul. jeweri-;
Ork. jeweri-; Nan. jeweri-.
1, 352, 644.
PMong. *je- to pour over, strew over (, ):
WMong. jegle- (L 431); Kh. jle-; Bur. jle-; Kalm. j-, jl-; Ord. j-.
KW 221.
PTurk. *ju(b)- to wash; to bathe, to swim (; , ): Karakh. ju- (MK); Tur. ju-; Az. ju(w)-; Turkm. juw-; Sal. ju-; Khal.
j-; MTurk. ju- (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. juw-; Uygh. juw-, juj-; Krm.
juw-; Tat. ju-; Bashk. jw-; Kirgh. -; Kaz. uw-; KBalk. uw-, uw-, zuw-;
n-; KKalp. uw-; Kum. uw-; Nogh. juw-; SUygh. juw-, ju-; Khak. u-;
Tv. -; Tof. u-; Chuv. u-; Yak. s-j-; Dolg. h-j-.
EDT 870, VEWT 209, 4, 238, Stachowski 114.
PKor. *nb- to wash in limewater, bleach ( ): Mod. np- (nuw-).
KED 365.
1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk. ewte, Evn. ewte
spring, well (*washing or pouring place) and perhaps also OJ mjiwo
water-way, seaway (if mji- is to be analysed as water, the -wo part
stays completely obscure).
-k ( ~ -k-) to rise, elevation: Tung. *Ke ~ *Ku; Turk. *jok-; Jpn.
*k-.
PTung. *Ke ~ *Ku hill, high shore (, ): Evk.
ke, ke, ku.
1, 667. Isolated in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *jok- 1 up, above 2 hill, elevation (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. joqaru 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. joqaru 1,
joq 2 (MK); Tur. jukar 1, joku 2; Gag. juqar() 1; Az. juxar, dial. uxar 1,
joxu 2; Turkm. joqar 1; Khal. juqqar 1; MTurk. joqaru (AH), juqar (Pav.
C.) 1, joqu (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. juqri 1; Uygh. juqari 1; Krm. joar 1, joqu, joq 2; Tat. juar 1; Bashk. juar 1; Kirgh. oor(u) 1; Kaz. oar 1;
KBalk. oar 1; KKalp. oqar 1; Khak. oar 1; Yak. sooru, sour South;
centre; Dolg. sogur South.

1032

*le - *[u]

EDT 896, 906, 4, 213-214, 215, Stachowski 211.

PJpn. *k- to rise (): OJpn. oku-; MJpn. k-; Tok. ok-;
Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 740. Modern dialects point rather to *k-; *-- is reconstructed on the basis of
the caus. OJ oko-s-.

The reconstruction of the diphthong in this root is based on PT *j-:

one should suppose an early development *- > *jo- in Turkic (which
explains the vocalic reflex). Cf. *gu up, above (which could also influence the Turkic form due to mutual influence of synonymous *jgand *jok-).
-le red, pink; yellow: Tung. *ule-; Mong. *le; Turk. *l; Jpn.
*mr-sk; Kor. *nr-.
PTung. *ule- red, reddish, pink (, , ): Evn.
ule-e.
1, 666. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *le having grey spots, variegated (,
): MMong. ole (SH); WMong. le, le-gin; Kh. l; Bur. le , ; Kalm. l, lkn; Ord. l grey.
KW 294, 295, TMN 1, 174-175. Mong. > Oyr. l variegated etc. (KW ibid., VEWT
371), Man. ulu.

PTurk. *l red, scarlet (, ): OTurk. al (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. al (MK, KB); Tur. al; Gag. al; Az. al; Turkm. l; MTurk. al (Pav.
C., Houts.), al bright red (CCum.); Uygh. al; Krm. al; Tat. al; Bashk. al;
Kum. al; Nogh. al.
EDT 120-121, TMN 2, 94-95, 1, 125-126. A loanword in Russ. .
PJpn. *mr-sk purple; gromwell, purple flower (;
Lithospermum erythrorhizon, ): OJpn. murasakji;
MJpn. mrsk; Tok. mursaki; Kyo. mrsk; Kag. murasak.
JLTT 488. A compound of *mura *purple + saki blooming.
PKor. *nr- yellow (): MKor. nr-; Mod. nur-, nor-.
Nam 114, KED 357.
297. Turk. > Mong. al (KW 6, 1997, 97). The
Jpn. parallel is quite convincing, despite a mismatch in tone (probably
distorted in a long compound).
-[u] three, thirty: Mong. *gu-; Turk. *otu; Jpn. *mi-.
PMong. *gu- 1 three 2 thirty (1 2 ): MMong. xurban
(HY 42), qurban (SH), qorbn (IM), rban (MA) 1, quin (HY 43), quin
(IM), uin (MA) 2; WMong. urban 1, ui(n) 2 (L 364, 369); Kh. gurav,
gurvan 1, gu(in) 2; Bur. gurba(n) 1, gua(n) 2; Kalm. urwn 1, un 2;
Ord. Gurwa 1, Gui 2; Mog. urbn 1; ZM orbn (25-1a) 1; Dag.
guarba(n) (. . 133), guarb 1, goi (. . 132, MD 151) 2,
guarebe (MD 152) 1; Dong. Guron, Guran 1; Bao. Gora 1, Gob-ara 2;

*ja - *t

1033

S.-Yugh. Gurwan 1, quin 2; Mongr. Gurn (SM 126) 1, xoin (SM 169),
xuin 2.
KW 156, MGCD 305. Mong. uin > Evk. gutin, guin etc. ( 1, 175, Doerfer MT
79).

PTurk. *otu thirty (): OTurk. otuz (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. ottuz (MK); Tur. otuz; Gag. otuz; Az. otuz; Turkm. otuz; Khal.
hottuz, hottuz; MTurk. otuz (Pav. C.); Uzb. ttiz; Uygh. ottuz; Krm. otuz;
Tat. utz; Bashk. ut; Kirgh. otuz; Kaz. otz; KBalk. otuz; KKalp. otz;
Nogh. otz; SUygh. otus; Khak. ots; Oyr. oduz, odus; Yak. otut; Dolg. otut.
EDT 74, 1, 489, Stachowski 197.
PJpn. *mi- three (): OJpn. mji-; MJpn. mi-; Tok. m-; Kyo. m-;
Kag. m-.
JLTT 482. As usual in numerals, the accent reconstruction is insecure.
? Cf. also Turk. * (*) three ( 1, 641-642, Stachowski 254).
The match is somewhat problematic, basically because of the absence
of the TM cognate, shortness of the root and unclear suffixation. The
basic phonological correspondence pointing to PA *- is, however, observed, and the parallel seems to be worth noting.
-ja smell: Tung. *-; Turk. *jd (?); Kor. *ni.
PTung. *- 1 to smell 2 smell (1 2 ): Evk. - 1, 2;
Evn. - 1, 2; Neg. - 1; Man. wa 2; SMan. w smell, odor,
scent(2456); Ul. wqol ferret; Ork. kk- 1; Nan. waqol ferret; Orch.
kki- 1, kul ferret; Ud. oisi- 1.
1, 663-664.
PTurk. *jd smell (): OTurk. jd (OUygh.); Karakh. j (MK);
Tur. ij; Az. ij; Krm. ij; Khak. js; Tv. t; Yak. st; Dolg. ht.
EDT 883, 1, 380-382 (confused with *js), Stachowski 120.
PKor. *ni smell (): MKor. ni; Mod. n.
Nam 101, KED 315.
The Turkic form may belong here if *-d is a result of dissimilation
(*jd < *jj) or a suffix.
-t root: Tung. *te; Mong. *nd-s; Jpn. *mt.
PTung. *te root (): Evk. te, nte; Evn. t; Neg.
ite; Ul. uiqte; Ork. muikte; Nan. muikte; Orch. ite; Ud. ite.
1, 662. PTM also has *ti heel (see ibid.), which may be a historical derivative.

PMong. *nd-s root (): MMong. undus (original) (HY 53),

hndusun (MA); WMong. nds(n) (L 1007); Kh. ndes; Bur. ndehe(n);
Kalm. ndsn; Ord. nds, nds; Dag. undus (. . 171), unduse
(MD 232); Dong. undusun.
KW 458, MGCD 693. Mong. > Evk. undehun, see Doerfer MT 128.

1034

*[V] - *[V]

PJpn. *mt root, foundation (, ): OJpn. moto;

MJpn. mt; Tok. mot; Kyo. mt; Kag. mot.
JLTT 486.
18, 39, 92, 291.
-[V] what, who (interrog. pronoun): Tung. *; Mong. *jau-n-,
*jauma; Turk. *n; Jpn. *n; Kor. *n-.
PTung. * who (): Evk. , n; Evn. , ; Neg. n, ; Man. we;
SMan. w (2895); Ul. ui, ui; Ork. ui; Nan. ui; Orch. ; Ud. n; Sol. nx.
1, 660-661.
PMong. *jau-n-, *jauma 1 what 2 thing (1 2 ): MMong.
jaun (HY 803), jau(n) (SH), jn (IM) 1, jan 1, jam 2 (MA); WMong. jau
1, jauma 2 (L 424, 425); Kh. j 1, jm 2; Bur. j, jn- 1, jmen 2; Kalm.
jun, jn- 1, jmn 2; Ord. j 1, jumu 2; Mog. jem() 1; ZM m (16-3a) 2;
Dag. j 1, jm 2 (. . 147, MD 172); Dong. jan 1; Bao. ja 1;
S.-Yugh. ima 2, jn 1; Mongr. jn 1, jama 2, (j)amar comment (SM 5,
487).
KW 221, MGCD 742.
PTurk. *n- what (): OTurk. ne (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ne (MK,
KB); Tur. ne, neme; Gag. ne; Az. n; Turkm. n, nm; Sal. ne; Khal. ne;
MTurk. ne (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. ne; Uygh. n; Krm. ne; Tat. ni, nrs;
Bashk. ni, nm; Kirgh. ne, neme; Kaz. ne; KBalk. ne; KKalp. ne, neme;
Kum. ne, neme; Nogh. ne; SUygh. ni; Khak. nime, ni; n which (*ne-gu);
Shr. nebe thing, n what (*ne-gu); Oyr. ne, neme; Tv. (*e-g), ve
(*eg-me); Tof. , me; Chuv. mn (metathesis < *ne-me); Yak. tuox
(*suox < *e-gu+ok?); Dolg. tuok.
The earliest PT form must have contained a unique initial nasal (generally nasals
were not allowed word-initially), having yielded specific reflexes in modern languages.
See VEWT 352, EDT 774-5, Stachowski 230-231, 7, 1, 356.

PJpn. *n what (): OJpn. nani; MJpn. nn; Tok. nni; Kyo. nni;
Kag. n.
JLTT 493.
PKor. *n- who (): MKor. n-; Mod. nu-gu.
Nam 114, KED 356.
18, 55, 81, 104, 278 (with literature). Initial *n- in Jpn. is
probably due to assimilation to the following nasal (the most usual
form is *na-ni); there also exists an interrogative *i- (in *i-ka how,
*i-n-ture which etc., reflecting nasalless *i-. Vocalism in this archaic
monosyllabic pronoun is not quite clear, evidently because of different
suffixation.

*ju - *la

1035

-ju thin, small: Tung. *i- (*uji-); Mong. *-; Turk. *u-; Jpn.
*s-; Kor. *n-.
PTung. *i- (*uji-) small (): Evk. nitkn (dial.); Neg.
itkn; Man. isuxun tiny; Jurch. osu-wan (669); Ul. i; Ork. ni; Nan.
ni; Orch. i; Ud. ia; Sol. nisx, nisx.
1, 589-590.
PMong. *- small, little (): MMong. uu(e)gan (HY 52),
uugan, uuge(n) (SH), ukn, okeon (IM), uun, uukan, huuken (MA);
WMong. ken, ken (L 629); Kh. xen, cxen; Bur. s(n) few;
Kalm. c(kn); Ord. eken, n; Dag. uk(en), uken (. . 171)
uke(n), uiken, uiken (MD 230, 233); Bao. iga; Mongr. gn.
KW 432, 460, MGCD 154.
PTurk. *u- 1 thin, light, easy, worthless 2 youngest 3 to diminish
(1 , , , 2 3 ):
OTurk. uuz 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. uuz 1 (MK); Tur. uuz 1; Gag.
us 1; Az. uuz 1; Turkm. uz 1; MTurk. uuz 1 (Pav. C.); Krm. uz,
uuz 1; Tat. z 1 (dial.); KBalk. uuz 1; Kum. uuz 1; Khak. o (dial.) 2;
Shr. o (.) 2; Yak. uohun- 3.
EDT 32, VEWT 509, 356, 1, 567-568, 339-340. Some Kypch. forms
(Tat. sz, Bashk. sh cheap) are probably a result of reinterpreting uuz as u-sz
edgeless - as a result of late folk etymology.

PJpn. *s- thin (): OJpn. usu-; MJpn. s-; Tok. su-; Kyo.
su-; Kag. su- [= i-].
JLTT 843.
PKor. *n- low, inferior (, ): MKor. ns-kp-, n-;
Mod. nat- [na-].
Nam 100, 101, KED 312.
EAS 148, 18, 43, 292; SKE 162-163. Medial *-j- has to be
reconstructed to account for the peculiar vowel behaviour in Mong.
and TM.
-la long; extend: Tung. *li-; Mong. *nolig; Turk. *ula-; Jpn. *nn-k-;
Kor. *nr-.
PTung. *li- long (): Evk. nim, nigdi; Evn. onm;
Neg. onom; Man. golmin; SMan. Golmin (2409, 2602, 2844); Jurch.
olmi-gi (690); Ul. walm; Ork. onimi; Nan. onm, wonm, onm; Orch.
oimi, omi; Ud. wanimi, waimi; Sol. ninomi, gonm.
1, 664-665.
PMong. *nolig long, boring (, ): WMong. noli
(XTTT); Kh. nolig.
PTurk. *ula- 1 to extend, prolong 2 to attach, join (ends) (1 , , 2 ): OTurk. ula- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. ula- 2 (MK); Tur. ula- 2; Turkm. ula- 1, 2; MTurk. ula-

1036

*ni - *a

(Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. ul- 1, 2; Uygh. uli- 2; Tat. la- (dial.); Kirgh. ula- 2;
Khak. ula- 1; Shr. ula- 1; Oyr. ula- 1, 2; Tv. ula- 1, 2.
EDT 126-127, 1, 587-588. The original meaning was certainly to extend, prolong - as seen also from the derivatives *ula-m still more, continuously ( 1, 591)
(whence Mong. *ulam id., see TMN 2, 107), *ula-ju still more, as much as, *ulag order,
relay, relay station ( 1, 588-590) (whence Mong. *ulaa id., see TMN 2, 106,
1997, 161; with the meaning relay horse penetrated into some Ugric languages, despite
Sinor 1965, 312-315 who proposed an opposite direction of borrowing);

PJpn. *nnk- long (): OJpn. naga-; MJpn. ng-; Tok. nag-;
Kyo. nga-; Kag. nge.
JLTT 836. The Kagoshima tone is irregular.
PKor. *nr- be extended, extend ((), ):
MKor. nr-; Mod. nl-.
Nam 92, KED 372.
109, 276. The PTM form should be reconstructed with
*-l- (despite ); therefore it belongs here rather than to PT *n-,
Mong. *n-.
-ni straight: Tung. *une; Mong. *ne-; Turk. *-ed-; Jpn. *m-.
PTung. *une straight (): Evk. une; Evn. n; Neg.
ue; Jurch. un-du (661).
1, 666-667.
PMong. *ne- right, correct (, ): MMong. unen
(SH, HYt); WMong. nen (L 1009); Kh. nen; Bur. nen; Kalm. nn; Ord.
nen; Dag. unen (. . 171, MD 232); Mongr. nem prix, valeur, bon
prix (SM 269).
KW 458, MGCD 695. Mong. > Evk. unr etc., see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 218.
PTurk. *-ed- 1 to tune (an instrument) 2 to recuperate 3 to remedy (1 () 2 3 ):
OTurk. ed- 2, edtr- (caus.) 3 (OUygh.); Kirgh. de- 2; Kaz. de- 2;
KKalp. de- 2; Chuv. (Anatri) ner- 1.
EDT 179, 182, 64, 135. 1, 153 compares the Chuv. form
with OT oar- to correct, which is phonetically worse.

PJpn. *m- proficient, worthy; delicious (, ;

): OJpn. uma-; MJpn. m-; Tok. um-; Kyo. m-; Kag. um-.
JLTT 843.
18, 12.
-a to surpass, win, contest: Tung. *r-a-; Turk. *o-; Jpn. *rsuap-.
PTung. *r-a- to contest, to wrestle (, ):
Evk. ra-; Neg. mjan-; Ul. wa-; Ork. wto- / to-; u(r)- to overcome; Nan. wa-.
1, 665.
PTurk. *o- to surpass, win (, ): OTurk. oz-;
Karakh. oz- (MK); Tur. dial. oz-; Turkm. oz-; MTurk. oz- (Pav. C., Houts.,

*ja - *je

1037

AH, IM; Uzb. z-; Uygh. oz-; Krm. oz-; Tat. uz-; Bashk. u-; Kirgh. oz-;
Kaz. oz-; KBalk. oz-; KKalp. oz-; Kum. oz-; Nogh. oz-; SUygh. joz-; Khak.
os-.
See VEWT 367, 1, 425.
PJpn. *rsuap- to contest (, ): OJpn. araswop-;
MJpn. rsof-; Tok. aras-; Kyo. rs-; Kag. aras-.
JLTT 676. Kagoshima has irregular tone (rs- would be expected).
15. Ozawa 170 compares the Jpn. form with Mong. ara- to
quarrel, fight, but the latter is rather a reflex of *a q.v. We should
note that the Jpn. form may also belong to a different root, PA *erV
seek, contest (a possible Mong.-Turk. isogloss, on which see under *re
reach).
-ja to be able: Tung. *-; Turk. *u(j)-; Jpn. *a-.
PTung. *- 1 to win, overcome 2 to be able (1 ,
2 ): Ork. - 1; Ud. oni- 2 (?).
1, 563, 643, 665.
PTurk. *u(j)- to be able, capable (): OTurk. u- (OUygh., Orkh.);
Karakh. u- (MK); Chuv. -i-/-j-; Yak. uj-.
VEWT 510, EDT 5.
PJpn. *a- to be able, capable (): OJpn. a-; MJpn. a-; Tok. e-.
Cf. also potential forms in Mongolian languages: Ord. -n if it is
possible to, Bur. -taj going to.
-je long hair: Tung. *jelse; Mong. *jekeji; Turk. *jek; Jpn. *b
(*bu).
PTung. *jelse 1 hair under the neck 2 tie, scarf (1 2 , ): Evk. mujlle, mjlle 1; Evn. jelr ~
mjelr 1, jeke 2; Ork. welte 1.
1, 551, 665.
PMong. *jekej lower part of animals belly (
): WMong. jekei, (L 633 jke); Kh. jxij.
PTurk. *jek part of animals skin under the neck or between legs
(): Tur. jek (dial.); Turkm. jek (dial.); MTurk. jek (Pav. C.);
Tat. jk (R); Bashk. jsek; Kirgh. k; Khak. k; Oyr. jk; Tv. jek; Chuv.
vaja, vaa.
VEWT 369-370, 1, 515, 146, 423.
PJpn. *b (*bu) tail (): OJpn. wo; MJpn. w; Tok. ; Kyo. ;
Kag. .
JLTT 503.
10, 146, 423. In Jpn. *ua would be expected - which
would yield OJ wo (therefore undistinguishable from *bua or *b).

*ju - *pu

1038

-ju to sleep: Tung. *u(j)a; Mong. *nojir; Turk. *-d-, *-d-k-la-; Jpn.
*i-.
PTung. *u(j)a- to sleep (): Evk. a-s-, nia-; Man. nu-ni-buto make sleepy; Orch. ua-; Ud. uha-.
1, 597, 611, 636, 666 (for phonology see 50).
PMong. *nojir sleep (): MMong. nuir (MA), nojir (SH); WMong.
nojir (L 589); Kh. nojr; Bur. nojr; Kalm. nr; Ord. nor; Mog. noir, nir;
ZM nir (6-5a); Dag. noir (. . 158), noire (MD 200); Dong. no;
Bao. nor; S.-Yugh. nr; Mongr. nr (SM 284).
KW 280, MGCD 511.
PTurk. *-d-, *-d-k-la- to sleep (): OTurk. ud- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. u- (MK); Tur. uju-; Gag. uju-; Turkm. qla-; Sal.
ula-; Khal. , sleep (n.); MTurk. uju- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. uxla-;
Uygh. uxla-; Krm. juxla-; Tat. joqla-; Bashk. joqla-; Kirgh. uqta-; ujqu (n.);
Kaz. ujqta-; KBalk. uqla-; KKalp. ujqla-; Kum. uju- to stiffen; Nogh.
ujkla-; SUygh. uzu-; Khak. uzu-; Tv. udu-; Tof. udu-; Chuv. j sleep
(n.); Yak. utuj-; Dolg. utuj-.
The form *dkla- is derived from *dk sleepy, derived from *d- to sleep, which
in its turn is derived from * sleep (preserved in Yak., Dolg. , Khal. ). See VEWT 508,
EDT 2, 42-3, 46-7, 49, 1, 579-581, 586-587, 342, Stachowski 247.

PJpn. *i- sleep, to sleep (, ): OJpn. wi-na- to sleep, i

sleep, dream;; MJpn. i-na- to sleep, w-nbri sleep; Tok. (*i-)ne-; inebri, inebur drowsiness; Kyo. nbr drowsiness; Kag. inebur
drowsiness.
JLTT 697 (ignoring the variant wi-). OJ i and wi- obviously reflect variants of development of PJ *i.

18, 50, 101, 280, . 102.

-pu ( ~ -o-) a k. of clamp: Tung. *ubi; Mong. *gub-; Jpn. *pi.
PTung. *ubi 1 saddlegirth 2 rowlock (as a two-pronged fork) (1
2 ( )): Evk. uwi 1; Ork.
ojo 2.
1, 664, 666.
PMong. *gub- 1 wooden clamp put on the nose of a young camel;
stick attached to the neck of a dog 2 to put a saddlecloth on the back of
an animal 3 to catch fish with a net (1 ; , 2 3 ): MMong. xubuiur
big net (HY 21); WMong. ubai 1, ubi- 2, 3 (L 363); Kh. guv 1, guvi2, 3; Bur. guba- 3, gubr net; Kalm. uv 1 ().
Mong. > Evk. gupi- (Poppe 1972, 97, 1, 153).
PJpn. *pi fish-trap ( ): OJpn. upe; MJpn. f;
Tok. ue.
JLTT 560.

*urV - *s

1039

An interesting common Altaic cultural term: as seen from the reflexes, it could denote a device that could snap around some object (a
fish-trap, a clamp, a two-pronged rowlock etc.).
-urV young male: Tung. *ur; Mong. *gura; Turk. *ur.
PTung. *ur male (of small carnivores) ( ( )): Evk. ur; Nan. mur.
1, 667.
PMong. *gura roebuck ( ): MMong. quraltuq Damhirsch (SH); WMong. ura (L 368); Kh. gur; Bur. guran; Kalm. ur.
KW 155. Mong. > Oyr. quran etc. ( 6, 159-160), Evk. guran etc., see Doerfer MT
79, Rozycki 95.

PTurk. *ur male child, son (, ): OTurk. ur (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. ur (MK, KB); Kirgh. urum descendants (us. male);
Yak. urts boy (.).
EDT 197, 315.
SKE 177, EAS 107. A Western isogloss. See also *gri.
-s ( ~ -o-) heel: Tung. *us-; Mong. *sgeji; Jpn. *sr.
PTung. *us- ski straps (, ( )): Evk. usmne;
Evn. usemne; Neg. musemne; Ork. wspse; Nan. muesemse; Orch.
usemse.
1, 667.
PMong. *sgej heel (): MMong. osogo (HY 47), osgei (SH),
usegei (MA); WMong. sgei; Kh. sgij; Bur. hje; Kalm. sk; Ord. sg.
KW 301. Clark 1980, 58 proposes (with doubt) borrowing < Turk. ke (see s.v.
*pki), which is hardly acceptable.

PJpn. *sr after, behind ( , , ): OJpn.

usiro; MJpn. usiro; Tok. shiro; Kyo. shr; Kag. ushir.
JLTT 564. Kyoto and Kagoshima point to *sr, Tokyo - rather to *sr.
The original meaning is probably preserved in Mongolian, with a
specialization (heel > heel strap, ski strap) in TM, and a generalization (heel > back) in Japanese.

O
- this, that (deictic particle): Tung. *u-; Mong. *on-; Turk. *o(-l); Jpn. *-.
PTung. *u- 1 this 2 that (1 2 ): Man. u-ba 1; SMan. ev (2620,
2884) 1; Ud. u-ti 2.
2, 293-294.
PMong. *on- other, different (): WMong. ondu, onuui (L
612, 613); Kh. ond; Bur. ond; Ord. ondn; Dag. en (. . 140)
other, ondol- to change (. . 159); Dong. doni; S.-Yugh. ondn.
MGCD 529.
PTurk. *o(-l) that (): OTurk. o-l (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. o-l
(MK); Tur. o; Gag. o; Az. o; Turkm. ol; Sal. u; Khal. , o, -ra; MTurk. o-l
(AH); Uzb. ; Uygh. u; Krm. o; Tat. u-l; Bashk. o-o, u; Kirgh. o-o; Kaz.
o-l; KBalk. o-l; KKalp. o-l, u-s this; Kum. o-l; Nogh. o-l; SUygh. o-l, o;
Khak. ol; Oyr. o-l; Tv. ol; Tof. ol; Chuv. v-l; Yak. ol; Dolg. ol.
VEWT 360, 1, 444-445, 456, 492-494, TMN 2, 93, EDT 123-4, Stachowski 191.
The form o is attested later than ol, but it certainly does not mean that it was absent in PT
(despite Clauson).

PJpn. *- a deictic root (this) ( ()):

A Ryukyu root: Nase -N, Shuri -n, Hateruma -n, Yonaguni -n etc. The form
o-re is attested in OJ as thou with a pejorative meaning, whence some modern dialectal
forms (Kagoshima w, Shuri -n, j, Nase j, Hateruma D, Yonakuni d). It is not
quite clear whether it is the same root as Ryukyu *o- this.

280. A Korean match (dubious) see in SKE 176.

-obri ( ~ -e) dawn: Tung. *(x)oru-; Mong. *wr; Turk. *r (*r).
PTung. *(x)oru- to flame up (): Evk. orumna-.
2, 25. Attested only in Evk., with possible parallels in Turk. and Mong.
PMong. *wr dawn (): MMong. ur (MA 382); WMong. r (L
1010: r, 1014: r); Kh. r; Bur. r; Kalm. r; Ord. r, r; Dag. ur; Bao.
or; S.-Yugh. ojir; Mongr. r (SM 298).
KW 298, MGCD 686.
PTurk. *r (*r) 1 white 2 dawn (1 2 ): OTurk.
r 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. r 1 (MK, KB); Tur. rn milk, yoghurt; Khal. hirin, hrn 1; MTurk. r (Sangl.) 1; Kirgh. r bara 2;
Yak. r 1, rs, rs ; Dolg. r 1.

*e - *

1041

EDT 233-4, 601, Stachowski 253.

KW 298, VEWT 375, 288. A Western isogloss.
-e late, evening: Mong. *ge; Jpn. *s-; Kor. *i.
PMong. *ge yesterday (): MMong. gen (IM), uug (MA),
oigan, oigen recent, shortly (SH), oigen recent (HYt), heegen (LH),
hken odur (Lig.VMI); WMong. igen, g-edr (L 629); Kh. igdr,
cgdr; Bur. segder; Kalm. cgldr, cgldr; Ord. gdr, gdr, gdr; Mog. ikaudur, ukudur (Weiers), kn (Ramstedt 1906); ZM
okdur (19-10b); Dong. uuGudu (MGCD fuuudu); S.-Yugh. ugdur;
Mongr. igu (SM 449).
MGCD 551, KW 302, 460. Some (late) MMong. forms, as well as one of Dong. variants reflect *h- which must be secondary (influence of *he-s end?).

PJpn. *s- late (): OJpn. oso-; MJpn. s-; Tok. so-; Kyo.
s-; Kag. so-.
JLTT 839.
PKor. *i yesterday (): MKor. i; Mod. e.
Nam 365, KED 1135.
Martin 234-235. Cf. TM: Nan. wasoana not long ago (see 2,
295). Kor. - is probably a result of secondary assimilation ( < *i or
*i).
- bad, anger: Tung. *(x)u- ( ~ --); Mong. *e-; Turk. *; Jpn. *nt-.
PTung. *(x)u- ( ~ --) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn (1 2
, ): Evk. uin- 2; Evn. akat- 1.
2, 296, 297.
PMong. *e- to take revenge, be inimical (, ): MMong. eld- (MA).
MMong. eld- = Turk. *e()- (OT e-), but can hardly be a loan, despite 1997, 197.

PTurk. * revenge, anger (, ): OTurk. (OUygh.);

Karakh. (MK); Tur. ; Az. ; Turkm. ; Khal. h-; MTurk.
(AH), (Pav. C.); Uzb. ; Uygh. ; Krm. ; Tat. ; Bashk. s; Kirgh.
; Kaz. ; KBalk. ; KKalp. ; Kum. ; Nogh. ; Khak. s; Oyr. ;
Tv. ; Chuv. v; Yak. s; Dolg. stk enemy.
EDT 18, 1, 558-559, 54, EDT 18, TMN 2, 134, Stachowski 201. Turk. >
MMong. (MA) (see Clark 1980, 52; but not > s, see s.v. *se!).

PJpn. *nt- 1 to fear 2 to intimidate (1 2 ): OJpn.

odu- 1; MJpn. d- 1, d-s- 2; Tok. oji- 1, odos- 2.
JLTT 740, 744.
Mong., Turk. and Jpn. reflect a common reciprocal derivative
*-V- to be inimical (towards each other), on which see above.

1042

*odi - *ge

-odi ( ~ -e) day, time: Mong. *d-; Turk. *d.

PMong. *d- 1 afternoon 2 day 3 evening (1 2 3 ): MMong. ude 1 (HY 5), udur (SH, HY 5) 2, udei (HY 5) 3, dr, od,
dor (IM), udi night, uder 2 (LH), hudei (MA); WMong. de 1 (L 995),
edr (L 295) 2; Kh. d 1, dr 2, de 3; Bur. de 1, der 2, dee 3; Kalm.
d 1, dr 2 (); Ord. de 1, dr 2, dei 3; Mog. dur, udur 2
(Weiers); Dag. udur 1, 2 (. . 170), dei yesterday, udure 2;
Dong. dur 1, udu 2; Bao. udu 1, udr 2; S.-Yugh. ude 1, udur 2; Mongr.
udur, dur (SM 464) 1, 2.
MGCD 540, 687. Mong. > Manchu uden rest at midday (see Rozycki 215).
PTurk. *d time (): OTurk. d (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
(leg) (MK), leg (KB); Tur. jle midday; Az. jl midday; Turkm.
jle midday; MTurk. j (IM), jle midday; Krm. jl midday; Tat. jl
midday; Nogh. jl midday; Oyr. j; Chuv. vara later.
EDT 35-36, 56, 1, 516-517, VEWT 368, 68-69. Turk. > Hung. id (<
*d-eg), see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 1, 189.

KW 455, 153, 68-69. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. also Mong. udaa, Mongor ud time (MGCD 666). Nan. udur
heat may be borrowed < Mong.
-odi ( ~ -e) sexual passion: Tung. *uda-; Mong. *(h)uid; Turk. *d-.
PTung. *uda- 1 pregnant 2 to bear calves 3 first-born child 4 birth
pains 5 placenta (1 2 3 4 5 , ): Evk. udaja 4, udan 5; Evn. odandr- 2; Neg.
odn 1; Ork. dma 3; Orch. udama 3.
2, 6, 248.
PMong. *(h)uid sexual passion, lust ( , ): WMong. uid (L 893); Kh. uid.
PTurk. *d- 1 lust, sexual passion 2 to feel lust 3 passion 4 oestrum
(1 2 3 , 4 ): OTurk. dlen- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ig (MK, KB) 1, len- 2 (MK);
Turkm. jer- to espouse (caus.); MTurk. g (Qutb) 1, jge (Pav. C.) 4;
Kirgh. (rgn) j- to be worried, frustrated; Khak. zels 3; Chuv.
vrge 3.
EDT 50, 58, VEWT 518.
A Western isogloss.
-ge lonely, orphan: Tung. *ug; Mong. *gej; Turk. *g-; Kor. *i.
PTung. *ug few (): Evk. u-kun; Neg. o; Ul. o; Ork. oji; Nan.
o; Orch. uji.
2, 246.
PMong. *gej not, without (, , -.): MMong.
ugai (HY 51, SH), ugeu to be destitute, suffer (HY 37), ugej (IM), ugj
(MA); WMong. gei (L 997); Kh. gij, gj, -gj; Bur. g, dial. bej;

*je - *je

1043

Kalm. ug, ug; Ord. g, ug, g, ug; Mog. gi; ZM gei (27-5a);
Dag. uwei (. . 170), uej (MD 231); Dong. ui; Bao. gi; S.-Yugh. uui;
Mongr. ugw, gw (SM 468).
KW 446, MGCD 689. Mong. > Evk. ugei, see Doerfer MT 128. The same root (but
with different suffixation) is probably reflected in *e- (MMong. oer, oe-sun self, oere
other, different (SH), WMong. ber, bes-ben, bere, gere, Khalkha r, s, r, Mongr.
gro (175)).

PTurk. *g- 1 unrelated; step-relative 2 other, different (1 ;

(, ) 2 , ):
OTurk. gej 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. gej 1 (MK), gn 2 (KB); Tur. vej 1;
Gag. jv 1; Az. gj 1; Turkm. gej, vej 1; MTurk. gej 1 (Pav. C.), gn
2 (Abush.); Uzb. gej 1; Krm. gej 1; Tat. gi 1; Bashk. gj 1; Kirgh. gej
1; Kaz. gej 1; KBalk. gej 1; KKalp. gej 1; Kum. gej 1; Nogh. gej 1;
Khak. j 1; Shr. j 1; Oyr. j 1; Yak. egian 2; Dolg. egin-egin 2.
EDT 109, 119, VEWT 369, 306, 1, 495-496, TMN 2, 159, Stachowski 43 (with
some confusion of the Yakut variants egin, egian and ein; on the latter see *e). In Az. one
would rather expect *jj; -g- is probably preserved due to dissimilation.

PKor. *i lonely, orphan (, ): MKor. i, i-rp(-w-); Mod. we, werop- (-w-).

Liu 586, KED 1220, 1222.
1955, 106, TMN 2, 159-160.
-je to swim: Tung. *ujV-; Mong. *ji- / *oji-mu-; Jpn. *jnk(*junk-).
PTung. *ujV to swim (of birds) ( ( . )): Evk.
uju-,uju-kta-; Neg. oj-jan-; Ork. onn-; Nan. ooan-, ojana-; Ud. wujan-,
ujan-.
2, 252.
PMong. *ji- / *oji-mu- 1 to sink, to put in in a pot for boiling 2 to
swim (1 , 2 ): MMong.
ojna- 2 (IM); WMong. i-, j- 1 (L 999), ojimu-, ojima- 2 (L 604); Kh. j1, ojmo- 2; Bur. j- 1; Kalm. m- 2 (); Ord. omo- to pass the ford;
Mongr. (w)- (SM 484) 1.
Mong. ojimu- > Yak., Dolg. ojm-, see Ka. MEJ 36, Stachowski 190.
PJpn. *jnk- (*junk-) to swim (, ): MJpn. jg-;
Tok. oyg-; Kyo. jg-; Kag. jg-.
JLTT 744.
EAS 98, 79, 99, 277.
-je life, age: Tung. *uju-; Mong. *je; Turk. *j (?); Jpn. *j-.
PTung. *uju- alive (): Man. wei-xun; SMan. veixun (695); Ul.
uju(n); Ork. uju(n); Nan. uj.
2, 252.

*jle - *jV

1044

PMong. *je generation, age (, ): MMong. uje

(SH, HYt); WMong. je (L 1001); Kh. je; Bur. je; Kalm. j (); Ord.
je; Dag. uje (. . 170, MD 231); Mongr. uje (SM 479).
MGCD 691. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. je (Stachowski 249). The connection with je
joint should be regarded as folk-etymological.

PTurk. *j (?) time, age (, ): Tv. j; Yak. jn (dial.).

1, 242. The form is poorly attested and rather dubious (the Tuva form may
be < Oyr. j < PT *d q. v. sub *odi).

PJpn. *j- to grow old (): OJpn. oju-; MJpn. j-; Tok. o-;
Kyo. -; Kag. o-.
JLTT 740. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular. Final *- can be observed in OJ ojo-si
old.

1, 242, Ozawa 65-66 (Mong.-Jpn.).

-jle ( ~ -i) small fruit: Tung. *uln-kta; Mong. *lir; Kor. *ijs.
PTung. *uln-(kta) wild apple ( ): Evk. ulkta wild apple, ulukta bird-cherry; Man. uli pear; rowan; Ul. unikte; Nan. uikte;
Ud. ulikie; Sol. ultte.
2, 261, 264.
PMong. *lir wild apple ( ): MMong. olirsun (SH)
wild pear; WMong. lir small apples (L 633); Kh. lir (); Bur.
lir.
KW 300. Cf. *ril (with occasional mixture).
PKor. *ijs plum (): MKor. ijs, oija, oijas; Mod. ojat [ojas].
Nam 387, KED 1202.
10. Cf. Turkm. le cherry; Kum., KBalk. lk bush,
shrub, Bashk. lkm id.? Despite Doerfer MT 81, Rozycki 217, TM cannot be < Mong. or vice versa. Cf. also *ri, *jrV.
-jV to sew, pierce: Tung. *uji-; Mong. *oja-; Turk. *j-.
PTung. *uji- to bind, knot together (, ): Evk.
uj-; Evn. uj-; Neg. uj-; Ul. ui-; Ork. uj-; Nan. ui-; Orch. uji-, uju-; Ud.
uji-pti a k. of rope; Sol. uji-.
2, 250-251.
PMong. *oja- to sew, stitch (): MMong. oja- (MA, LH);
WMong. oja- (L 606 oju-); Kh. ojo-; Bur. ojo-; Kalm. uj-; Ord. ojo-; Mog.
wja- (Weiers), o- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. oji-, ojo- (. . 159), oj(MD 201); Mongr. j- (SM 493).
KW 447, MGCD 526.
PTurk. *j- 1 to pick, peck 2 embroidery 3 thimble (,
, ): OTurk. oj- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. oj- (MK) 1; Tur. oj- 1,
oja 2; Gag. oj- 1; Az. oj- 1; Turkm. j- 1, jmaq 3; MTurk. oj- (Sangl.) 1,
ojmaq 3; Uzb. j- 1; Uygh. oj- 1; Krm. oj- 1; Tat. uj- 1; Bashk. uj- 1; Kirgh.
oj- 1, ojmoq 3; Kaz. oj- 1; KBalk. oj- 1; KKalp. oj- 1; Kum. oj- 1; Nogh. oj-

*oki - *ki

1045

1; SUygh. oj- 1; Khak. oj- 1; Shr. oj- 1; Oyr. oj- 1; Tv. oj- 1; Chuv. j, ij
(NW) chisel; Yak. ojuo-t- ; ojun- to be split off; oj picture; Dolg. oj
picture.
VEWT 358, 359, EDT 265, 266, 1, 425-428, 434, 98, Stachowski 190;
also a noun: *j pit, lowland (Tof. ( 1995) oj brook bed etc.; *j-k wound; pit.

EAS 143, KW 447. A Western isogloss. The Turkic and Mongolian

forms clearly point to the original meaning pierce, sew, so the attribution of the TM form (to tie, bind) is not quite reliable. One has to deal
with a possibility that the TM forms, despite their wide distribution,
are actually borrowed from Mong. uja- to tie, bind (which cannot be
genetically related to Mong., since the latter goes back to PM *huja- - so
far without Altaic etymology -, with h- well preserved in Southern
Mongolian languages).
-oki to sing, recite: Tung. *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok-; Mong. *ge; Turk. *ok-; Jpn.
*uka-ip-; Kor. *oi-.
PTung. *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok- to sing (): Evn. ot-.
2, 5. Attested only in Evn. (Evk. uun tale is probably < Mong.), but having
probable external parallels.

PMong. *ge word (): MMong. uge (HY 34, SH), ugule- say,
speak (SH, HYt), eule- (Lig.VMI); WMong. ge(n) (L 996); Kh. g; Bur.
ge; Kalm. g (); Ord. ge; Mongr. uge (SM 467), ugo (Huzu), guleparler (SM 141).
MGCD 689.
PTurk. *ok- to call, read, recite (, , ):
OTurk. oq- (OUygh.); Karakh. oq- (MK); Tur. oku-; Gag. oqu-; Az. oxu-;
Turkm. oqa-; Khal. hqu-; MTurk. oq- (AH), oqu- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb.
qi-; Uygh. oqu-; Krm. ox-, oqu-, oxu-; Tat. uq-; Bashk. uq-; Kirgh. oqu-;
Kaz. oq-; KBalk. oqu-; KKalp. oq-; Kum. oxu-; Nogh. oq-; Yak. oguj-,
uguj-.
EDT 79, VEWT 359, 1, 439-441.
PJpn. *uka-ip- to pray to gods ( ): OJpn. ukep-;
MJpn. ukef-.
JLTT 778.
PKor. *oi- to recite (): MKor. oi- sailors song;
Mod. w-, weu-.
Liu 577, KED 1221, 1223.
Despite poor representation in TM, the root is well preserved
elsewhere and appears to be well reconstructable for PA.
-ki ( ~ -e) to belch, nauseate: Tung. *oKor-; Mong. *ogi-, *ogsi-; Turk.
*k-.
PTung. *oKor- to nauseate (): Man. oora- 1.
2, 10. Attested only in Manchu, but with probable external parallels.

1046

*k - *k

PMong. *ogi-, *ogsi- 1 to nauseate 2 to belch (1 2 ): WMong. ogi- 1 (L 603), osi- 2 (L 601); Kh. ogi-, ogi- to
vomit; Bur. oxi- 2; Kalm. ogl- 1; Ord. ogi- faire les efforts et produire
les bruits qui prcdent le vomissement; S.-Yugh. ogii-.
MGCD 523. Mong. > Tel., Chag. oq-; Uzb. oqi-, Tat. uk- etc.
PTurk. *k- 1 to belch 2 to nauseate (1 2 ): Tur. jr- 1,2; Turkm. ge- 2; MTurk. ki- (AH) 2; Uzb. j- (dial.);
Yak. gj- 1.
1, 503.
1, 503. An expressive Western isogloss.
-k sharp point, notch: Tung. *ok-; Mong. *oki; Turk. *ok; Jpn.
*kuja.
PTung. *ok- 1 arrow with wooden head 2 fish fin 3 fishing hook (1
2 () 3
): Evk. oki-kta 2; Man. oki jro 1; Ork. qo 3; Ud. o fish gear
(. 273).
2, 9, 10.
PMong. *oki top, tip, edge (, ): WMong. oki (L
607); Kh. o.
PTurk. *ok arrow (): OTurk. oq (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. oq
(MK, KB); Tur. ok; Gag. oq; Az. o; Turkm. oq; MTurk. oq; Uzb. q;
Uygh. oq; Krm. oq; Tat. uq; Bashk. uq; Kirgh. oq; Kaz. oq; KBalk. oq;
KKalp. oq; Kum. oq; Nogh. oq; SUygh. oq; Khak. ux; Shr. oq; Oyr. oq; Tv.
oq; Chuv. o; Yak. ox.
VEWT 389, 1, 437-438, TMN 2, 153, 577, 2, 296. Cf. also
Turk. *oklagu rolling pin ( 1, 441-442), Khal. hqlao (derived from ok-la- to roll (R
1 1000, Chag.), a denominative from ok wheel axle in the Oghuz and Qarluq groups).

PJpn. *kuja pheasants spur ( ): OJpn. akwoje;

MJpn. kj.
JLTT 377.
Poppe 98, 134, KW 284. The morphological structure of Jpn. is not
quite clear (perhaps some old compound is reflected); this, together
with rather scarce representation in TM, makes the reconstruction not
quite reliable. Note that the Jpn. form may also continue PA *gV q.v.
-k to grieve, be angry: Tung. *(x)ukt-; Mong. *uki-la-; Turk. *kn-;
Jpn. *k-r-.
PTung. *(x)ukt- 1 weeping, grief 2 angry 3 to insult (1 , 2 3 ): Man. uqtu 1, uqtun 2; Orch. ukta- 3.
2, 254.
PMong. *uki-la- to weep, sob (, ): MMong. ukila(MA); WMong. ukila- (L 868); Kh. uxila-.

*[k] - *k

1047

PTurk. *kn- to repent, regret (, ): OTurk.

kn- (OUygh.); Karakh. kn- (MK); Tur. kn-; Turkm. kn-; MTurk.
kn- (Pav. C.); Uzb. kin-; Krm. kn-; Tat. kn-; Bashk. kn-; Kirgh.
kn-; Kaz. kn-; KKalp. kin-; Nogh. kin-.
EDT 111, VEWT 370, 1, 523-524, TMN 2, 154 (with a quite artificial inner
etymology: medium in -n from *k- think? - which in fact is a noun *g, derived from
*(j)-).

PJpn. *k-r- to be angry (): MJpn. kr-; Tok. okr-; Kyo.

kr-; Kag. okr-.
JLTT 740. The word may belong here if it is not a secondary development < *krto rise.

Cf. *uke (with possible contaminations).

-[k] wife, female: Tung. *uKu-; Mong. *oki-n / *ki-n; Turk. *g (*k);
Jpn. *ku.
PTung. *uKu- 1 female 2 daughter-in-law (1 2 ): Evk.
uku-n 1; Evn. uki 1; Neg. uxi 1; Man. uki 1, uxen 2; Ul. we-e(n) 1; Ork.
uwe-e(n) 1; Nan. we-e 1; Orch. wke 1; Ud. guasa 1 (. 223).
2, 256, 257.
PMong. *oki-n / *ki-n girl, daughter (, ): MMong.
okin (HY 29), oki(n) (SH), ugen (IM), kin/ukin (LH); WMong. okin, kin
(L 633); Kh. oxin; Bur. xin; Kalm. okn (); Ord. oin; Mog. ukin
(Weiers); Dag. ugin, ujin (. . 170), ujn (MD 231); Dong. oin (.
.); Bao. oken (. .); Mongr. fuun, un (SM 103).
TMN 1, 167.
PTurk. *g (*k) 1 mother 2 sister (1 2 ): OTurk. g
(Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Tur. ke, ge (dial.) 2; MTurk. ke (R.) 2; Uygh. uka,
hk 2.
EDT 99, 1, 519-520, 300.
PJpn. *ku wife, spouse (, ): MJpn. oku; Tok. ku-sama,
ku-san; Kyo. k-sm; Kag. oku-sam.
1972a, 31-32, 7. Voiced -g in OT is not quite clear;
otherwise correspondences are regular.
-k to put, heap; to give: Tung. *oK-; Mong. *k-, *g-; Turk. *k-; Jpn.
*k-; Kor. *ukr.
PTung. *oK- 1 to heap up (firewood) 2 to economize, spare (1 () 2 , ): Ork. okpot- 1; Nan. oki- 2
(.).
2, 10.
PMong. *k-, *g- to give (): MMong. ok- (HY 39, SH), ok-su
(IM), ug(i)- (MA); WMong. g- (L 630); Kh. g-; Bur. ge-; Kalm. g-;
Ord. g-; Mog. g-; ZM ug- (40-12); Dag. ug-, uk-, (. . 170), uke

1048

*ke - *okV

(MD 232), uke-, uku-; Dong. ogi-; Bao. oke-; S.-Yugh. og-; Mongr. uGo(SM 466).
KW 294, MGCD 541.
PTurk. *k- 1 to heap up 2 many (*k) (1 , 2 (*k)): OTurk. k- 1, k 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
k- 1, k 2 (MK); Tur. g 2; MTurk. k- 1 (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb.
uj- 1; Tat. j- 1; Bashk. j- 1; Kirgh. j- 1; Kaz. j- 1; KKalp. j- 1; Nogh.
j- 1; Khak. g- 1; Shr. ua heap; Oyr. - 1; Yak. gs 2; Dolg. gs 2.
EDT 100, 118, 1, 620-621, Stachowski 249. Modern forms point rather to *-g-;
reasons for this voicing are not quite clear.

PJpn. *k- to put (): OJpn. ok-; MJpn. k-; Tok. k-; Kyo. k-;
Kag. k-.
JLTT 741.
PKor. *ukr to congregate, be numerous ( , , ): Mod. ugl-ugl ha-, ugl kri-, ogl
kri-.
KED 1236.
SKE 285 (Turk. : Kor.), 288.
-ke ( ~ -k-) deep place, place far from the shore: Tung. *(x)uK-; Turk.
*k; Jpn. *ki.
PTung. *(x)uK- 1 ice-hole, glade 2 river rift 3 river (1 2 3 ): Evk. uktel 1, uksi 2; Evn. oqt 3.
2, 9, 253, 254.
PTurk. *k hole in ice (): Tur. ; Turkm. j; MTurk.
k; Kaz. ki; KKalp. ki; Chuv. vag.
1, 517, VEWT 370.
PJpn. *ki open sea ( ): OJpn. okji; Tok. ki; Kyo. k;
Kag. ok.
JLTT 505. Original accent not clear.
The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be
formulated as a place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore.
-okV coire: Tung. *oxa-; Mong. *(h)ok-.
PTung. *oxa- 1 coire 2 testicles 3 womens genitals (1 coire 2 testiculi
3 ()): Evk. oko- 1; Man. uala 2; SMan. uhal 2
(117); Nan. uxara (dial.) 2; Ud. ua 3.
2, 10, 242, 253. Cf. also Ud. oso penis (which can, however, be a borrowing <
Mong. ooai).

PMong. *(h)ok- coire (coire): MMong. uqa- (MA, IM), hka- (Leid.);
Kh. oxo- ().
Initial h- in the Leiden manuscript must be secondary.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

*li - *ligV

1049

-li ( ~ -e) to die; to be hungry, exhausted: Tung. *(x)olbu-; Mong. *l-;

Turk. *l-.
PTung. *(x)olbu- soul of the dead; shadow ( ; ):
Evk. elbu, olbu-n.
2, 445. Attested only in Evk., with probable parallels in Turkic and Mongolian.

PMong. *l- 1 to be hungry 2 hungry (1 2 ): MMong. oles- (HY 25, SH), leso- (IM), uls- (MA) 1, uls- (LH),
uls- (Lig.VMI); WMong. ls- 1, l 2 (L 634); Kh. ls- 1, ln 2; Bur.
ld- 1, len 2; Kalm. ls- 1; Ord. ld- 1, l hunger; Mog. lsu-; ZM
ola (6-2a); Dag. (x)unsu- (. . 171 unsu-, 180 xunsu-), ulese- 1 (MD
232), ulsu- 1; Dong. oliesu- 1; Bao. olos-, ols- 1; S.-Yugh. l hunger;
Mongr. los- (SM 226) 1.
KW 295, MGCD 541, 542.
PTurk. *l- 1 to die 2 (*l-tr-) to kill (1 2 (*l-tr-) ): OTurk. l- 1 (Yen., OUygh.), lr- 2 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.);
Karakh. l- 1 (MK, KB), ldr- 2 (MK, KB); Tur. l- 1, ldr- 2; Gag. jl- 1,
ldr- 2; Az. l- 1, ldr- 2; Turkm. l- 1, ldr- 2; Sal. l- 1, ldyr- 2; Khal.
hil-/he.l-, l- to die (of animals) ( < Az.); MTurk. l- 1 (Sangl.), lr- 2
(Abush.), ltr- 2 (Abush.); Uzb. l-, ldir- 2; Uygh. l- 1, ltr- 2; Krm.
o- 1, oder- 2; Tat. l- 1, ter- 2; Bashk. l- 1, lter- 2; Kirgh. l- 1, ltr- 2;
Kaz. l- 1, ltir- 2; KBalk. l- 1, ltr- 2; KKalp. l- 1, ltir- 2; Kum. l- 1,
ltr- 2; Nogh. l- 1, ltir- 2; SUygh. jl- 1, jlr- 2; Khak. l- 1, der- 2;
Shr. l- 1, dr- 2; Oyr. l- 1, ltr- 2; Tv. l- 1, lr- 2; Tof. l- 1, lr- 2;
Chuv. vil- 1, vler- 2; Yak. l- 1, lr- 2; Dolg. l- 1, lr- 2.
VEWT 371; 1, 525-527, TMN 2, 112, 162-3; EDT 125-126, 133-134, 151, Stachowski 199.

A Western isogloss. See EAS 146, KW 295, Poppe 108 (but the Evk.
form that he lists is probably < Mong.), TMN 2, 112, 281, 13; see further Nostratic parallels (Ural. *welV et al.) in , 367.
-ligV ( ~ u-) female (of animals), pig: Tung. *uligan; Mong. *lgin;
Turk. *Vlagn.
PTung. *uligan pig (): Neg. olgn; Man. ulan; SMan. vlan
(2195); Jurch. ulhian (162); Ul. org(n); Ork. org(n); Nan. olg; Ud. wag;
Sol. ulg.
2, 259.
PMong. *lgin female (of animals), bitch ( (), ): WMong. lgin (L 634: lgin); Kh. lgin; Bur. legen; Kalm.
lgn (); Ord. lgin; S.-Yugh. lgin.
MGCD 543.
PTurk. *Vlagn pig, swine (): OTurk. ()lazn (Orkh. - a cyclical sign), lazn (OUygh.).

1050

*olu - *lu

EDT 764.
A Western isogloss. Somewhat dubious because of the possibly
borrowed nature of the OT word.
-olu to be startled, annoyed: Tung. *ola-; Mong. *(h)ul-, *(h)l-; Turk.
*ol-; Jpn. *uru-sa-.
PTung. *ola- to be afraid, startled (, ): Evk. olo-; olbon- to be bored; Evn. ol-; olbn- to be bored; Neg. olo-ldo-; Man.
oli-a-; Jurch. ol-u-hun (673) weak; Ul. olo-; Ork. olo-; Nan. olo-,
olamsaq fainted; Orch. olo-; Sol. olo-.
2, 12, 15.
PMong. *(h)ul-, *(h)l- to be weak, dizzy (, , ): WMong. ulbuji-, ulbaji- (L 872), lbi-, lbeji- (L 1004);
Kh. ulbaj-, lbij-; Bur. ul; Kalm. ulwi-.
KW 449.
PTurk. *ol- 1 skilless, talentless, careless 2 simple (1 , 2 ): Karakh. uln- to be bewildered (MK); Az. olmaja
an expression of warning, bewilderment; Kirgh. oldoqson 1, oloq, olooj
one-eyed; Kaz. olaq 1; Khak. olaaj 2; Tv. olutpaj lazy; Chuv. vli-ali
1; Yak. oloj- to make a stupid face.
VEWT 360, 609 (EDT 149 only quotes OT uln- to be twisted which is probably a different root).

PJpn. *uru-sa- boring, annoying (): MJpn. urusa-; Tok.

urus-; Kyo. rs-; Kag. ursa-.
JLTT 843. Accent is not clear: Tokyo points to low tone, Kagoshima - to high.
A common derivative *olu-bV is reflected in Mong. *ul-ba-ji- and
TM *ol-ba-n-.
-lu to be, become; to come: Tung. *-; Mong. *ol-; Turk. *ol-ur-,
*ol(u)-tur-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *- 1 to make; become 2 new (1 ; 2 ): Evk.
makta 2, - 1; Evn. - 1; Neg. - 1; Man. o- 1; SMan. o- 1 (3018); Jurch.
o-fia (829) 1; Ul. o- 1; Ork. o- 1; Nan. o- 1; Ud. o-, - 1; Sol. - 1.
2, 3-4.
PMong. *ol- to find, obtain (, ): MMong. ol- (SH,
HYt), ula- (IM), ul- (MA); WMong. ol- (L 607); Kh. ol-; Bur. olo-; Kalm.
ol-; Ord. ol-; Mog. wl-, l-, ul- (Weiers); ZM l (24-9a); Dag. wal-, ol-, olo(. . 159), ole- (MD 201); Dong. olu-; Bao. ol-, ol-; S.-Yugh. l-;
Mongr. li- (SM 296), (MGCD ul-).
KW 284, MGCD 526, 527.
PTurk. *ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur- to sit (): OTurk. oltur- (OUygh.),
olur- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. oltur- (MK), ol- to be (At., IM), to become ripe (MK, IM, Bulgat); Tur. otur-; Gag. otur-; Az. otur-; Turkm.
otur-; Sal. oht(r)-; MTurk. oltur- (. ., Abush., Pav. C.), (?) ol- to

*oa - *oi

1051

be (Pav. C.); Uzb. tir-; Uygh. oltur-; Krm. otur-; Tat. utr-; Bashk. ultr-;
Kirgh. otur-; Kaz. otr-; KBalk. oltur-; KKalp. otr-; Nogh. oltr-; Khak.
odr-; Oyr. otur-; Tv. olur-; Tof. olur-; Chuv. lar-; Yak. olor-; Dolg. olor-.
1, 489-492. EDT 125, 331-332, VEWT 79, TMN 2, 358, Stachowski 192. See
also the comments on *bl- to be, become. From the forms phonetically looking like olto be, become the only actual reflexes of PT *ol- may be Middle Uygh. (At., Tefs., IM opposed to bar, bir-) and Middle Kypchak (Bulgat, Ettuhf.), cf. 2, 186; Chag. olmay as well be < Oghuz.

PKor. *- to come (): MKor. -; Mod. o-.

Nam 379, KED 1196.
SKE 174, Menges 1984, 281-282, 284. Note the loss of *-lin Kor. and some Turkic forms, which may indicate the original monosyllabic nature of the verb (*l).
-oa a k. of grass: Mong. *(h)ulali; Turk. *o-; Jpn. *asi.
PMong. *(h)ulali sedge (): WMong. ulali (L 871); Kh. ulal;
Bur. ulal.
PTurk. *o- a k. of plant ( ): Khak. ozj ;
Shr. ozj (Kond.), z (Mras.); Chuv. vldren
nettle.
PJpn. *asi reed, rush (): OJpn. asi; MJpn. s; Tok. shi; Kyo.
sh; Kag. ash.
JLTT 385. Original accent is not quite clear: modern dialects point to *s, but RJ has
s.

A possible comparison, but the Turkic reflexes are rather sparse

and somewhat dubious.
-a ( ~ u-, -) ford, shallow place: Tung. *ola-; Mong. *(h)olam; Jpn. *s-.
PTung. *ola- to ford, wade ( ): Evk. olo-; Evn. ol-;
Neg. ol-; Man. olo-; Ul. on-; Ork. onno-; Nan. ono-; Orch. olo-; Ud. olo-.
2, 15-16. Forms like Evk. olom may be < Mong. (see Poppe 1966, 196).
PMong. *(h)olam ford (): WMong. olam (L 609: olum, olu); Kh.
olom; Bur. olom; Kalm. olm.
KW 285. Mong. > Turk., see 1, 452).
PJpn. *s- shallow (): OJpn. asa-; MJpn. s-; Tok. sa-; Kyo.
s-; Kag. sa-.
JLTT 826.
Poppe 98. TMN 1, 178, Doerfer MT 25, Rozycki 167 consider Mo <
TM, which is dubious.
-oi ( ~ -e) chest bone, collar bone: Tung. *(x)uli-n; Turk. *n.
PTung. *(x)uli-n chest, chest bone, collar bone (,
, ): Evk. ulin; Evn. lken; Man. ulxun, ulku.
2, 261.

*mu - *omuV

1052

PTurk. *n 1 shoulder joint 2 shoulder bone 3 chest 4 collar bone 5

shoulder (1 2 3 4 5 ): OTurk. n (OUygh.) some body part (shoulder joint?); Karakh.
n (MK) 1; Uygh. (dial.) ni, ne 5; Tat. (dial.) n 2; KBalk. n 3;
Shr. t 5; Oyr. n 4; Tv. n upper arm; Tof. n 5.
EDT 263, 160, 241-242. Stachowski 201 compares also Yak., Dolg. ttk hip ( < *n-ik).

241-242. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

-mu hip; back part, buttocks: Tung. *omga; Mong. *(h)omu-; Turk.
*omV-; Kor. *mni.
PTung. *omga upper part of hip; behind (, ; ): Ul.
ombo / obo; Ork. omGo; Nan. obo; Orch. ombo.
2, 5. Cf. also Evk. omo .
PMong. *omu- 1 large intestines 2 North, back side (1 2 , ): MMong. umere (HY 50), umer- (SH) 2, umken stomach (MA 276); WMong. umusu 1, umara (L 874) 2; Kh. ums 1,
umar 2; Bur. omho(n) 1; umara 2; Kalm. umsn, omsn 1.
KW 286, 449.
PTurk. *omV- 1 bone head 2 head of hip bone 3 hip bone, thigh
bone 4 clavicle (1 2 3 4 ): Tur. omaa, umaa, uma 1; Az. omba 2; Turkm.
omaa 3; MTurk. oma, omaa (Pav. C.), (MKypch.) 2, omaa kemii
(At-Tuhf.) 4; Khak. omx knee-cap (dial.).
TMN 2, 132, 1, 453.
PKor. *mni buttocks, behind (, ): MKor. mni.
Nam 380.
PTM and PT probably reflect a common derivative *mu-kV. The
meaning buttocks in Mong. gave rise to two widely separated semantic reflexes: a) > large intestine; b) > back > North.
-omuV shoulder, collar bone: Mong. *omur-; Turk. *omu.
PMong. *omur- collar bone, clavicle (): MMong. omoriut
(SH); WMong. omuruu(n), omuruu (L 611); Kh. omr; Bur. omo(n)
(); Kalm. omrn (); Ord. omor, umur; Mongr.
murdaG pomme dAdam (SM 251).
Mong. > Kaz. omraw, Khak. omr etc., see 1, 453.
PTurk. *omu shoulder (): Tur. omuz; Turkm. omuz; MTurk.
omuz (Pav. C.); Uzb. miz; Krm. omuz; KBalk. omuz; Kum. omuz; Chuv.
mr.
1, 453-455, 240.
Poppe 68, 1972a, 93-94, 308; 241. A
Turk.-Mong. isogloss, but, despite 1997, 129, not a loanword
in Mong. < Turk.

*ni - *ni

1053

-ni high: Mong. *nd-; Turk. *n-; Jpn. *untu; Kor. *un-tu.
PMong. *nd- 1 high 2 to rise (1 2 ):
MMong. undur (HY 52, SH) undus to stay vertically (HY 53), undur
(MA); WMong. ndr 1 (L 637), ndeji- 2 (L 636: ndji-, ndeji-); Kh.
ndr 1, ndij- 2; Bur. nder 1, nd- 2; Kalm. ndr 1, nd- 2; Ord. ndr
1, nd-; Dag. xundur 1 (. . 179), und- 2 (. . 171), hundere 1
(MD 166); Dong. undu 1; Bao. onder, under 1; S.-Yugh. udur, odur 1,
od- 2; Mongr. ndur, undur (SM 264, 472) 1.
KW 296, MGCD 545, TMN 1, 178-179. Initial x- in Dagur is quite enigmatic. Cf. also
nr numerous, populous (Poppe 69; L 639: nr). Also ondui-, onduar (KW 286, L 613);
gei-, gi- to overhang, jut or project over (L 637) ( > Man. egele- id., see Rozycki
70?). Mong. > Man. enduri God etc., see Doerfer MT 81.

PTurk. *n- to grow, rise (, ): OTurk. n- (n-)

(OUygh.); Karakh. n- (n-) (MK); Turkm. n-; Khal. hin-; MTurk. n(Pav. C.); Uzb. un-; Uygh. n-; Kirgh. n-; Kaz. n-; KKalp. n-; SUygh.
n-; Tv. n-; Chuv. n-; Yak. n-; Dolg. n-.
EDT 169, VEWT 372, 1, 530-532, . 77, 137, 40-41, Clark
1977, 161, Stachowski 255.

PJpn. *untu high and respected, precious (, ,

): OJpn. udu.
JLTT 566.
PKor. *un-tu height (of the side of shoes or bowls) (): Mod.
undu.
KED 1244.
164; Ozawa 57-59; 18, 290. Comparison
with Tung. (see ) should be abandoned. Ramstedt (SKE 55)
compares Kor. n- (MKor. jn-) to put on the top, place above (?),
considering Kor. undu to be a mongolism.
-ni ( ~ -e) angle: Tung. *n-; Mong. *ng.
PTung. *n- 1 angle, corner 2 to bend 3 bay 4 cross-roads (1 2
3 4 , ): Evk. nn 1; Evn. ont- 2; Neg.
on- 2; Man. oGolo 4; Ul. ono 3; Ork. on 1, ondo 3; Nan. ondo 3; Orch.
o 3.
2, 19, 21-22.
PMong. *ng 1 angle 2 back (of axe) (1 2 ()):
WMong. ng 1 (L 636); Kh. ncg 1; Bur. nseg 2; Kalm. ncg 1; Ord.
nk 1; Dag. noko 1.
KW 296, MGCD 546.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

1054

*nV - *du

-nV ( ~ -) to fall, lie: Tung. *n-; Mong. *una-.

PTung. *n- (to fall) on ones back ( , ):
Evk. kn-; Evn. q; Neg. ka-pk; Man. onoon; SMan. onhn, onuhun (525); Ul. nd; Ork. ndon; Nan. n.
2, 21.
PMong. *una- to fall (): MMong. una- (MA, SH, LH), on(IM); WMong. una- (L 875); Kh. una-; Bur. una-; Kalm. un-; Ord. una-;
Mog. un-; Dag. wana- (. . 129), uane- (MD 229), uan-; Dong.
una-; Bao. n-, na-; S.-Yugh. n- to lie; Mongr. un- (SM 471).
KW 450, MGCD 674.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Some of the TM forms could have been
influenced by reflexes of *mke to crawl, move (q.v.). In Mong. cf. also
(with a velar suffix) WMong. oqu, Kalm. ox head over heels (KW
287), Khalkha onxoldo- to fall head over heels.
- ( ~ *-, -o) shaman, spirit: Tung. *i-; Mong. *ogo-n; Jpn. *n.
PTung. *i- to shamanize (): Neg. i-; Ork. nin-;
Nan. un-; Orch. ui-.
2, 277.
PMong. *ogo-n spirit, ancestor spirit (, ): MMong.
oun (HY 31); WMong. oon (L 614: oun); Kh. ogon; Bur. ogo(n);
Kalm. on; Ord. oGon, uGun; Dag. ogore (MD 202); S.-Yugh. ogo.
KW 287, MGCD 528, TMN 1, 179-181.
PJpn. *n devil (): OJpn. oni; MJpn. n; Tok. on; Kyo. n; Kag.
on.
JLTT 506.
? Cf. OT ouin a k. of devil; TM *ogia evil spirit ( + Orok odo
id.; < Mong.?).
-du a k. of small wild animal: Tung. *oda; Turk. *ut; Jpn. *uni; Kor.
*r.
PTung. *oda 1 wolverine 2 seal (1 2 ): Man. oniqa
1; Ul. odo 1; Ork. onnor 2; Nan. odo 1; Ud. odo 1.
2, 20, 21.
PTurk. *ut otter (): Chuv. dr; Yak. t.
. 145. See under *Kma a discussion of other possible traces of this
root.

PJpn. *uni sea urchin ( ): Tok. ni; Kyo. n; Kag. un.

JLTT 563 (original accent unclear).
PKor. *r badger (): MKor. r; Mod. osori.
Nam 381, KED 1201.
An alternative match for PT could be Evk. hatala beaver ( 1,
384).

* - *i(V)

1055

- exterior, front: Mong. *ge; Turk. * / *o; Jpn. *m.

PMong. *ge exterior, colour ( , ): MMong.
uago (= ogo) (HY 42), ngin (IM), unke (MA); WMong. ge(n) (L 637);
Kh. g; Bur. ge; Kalm. g; Ord. ng; Dag. ungu (. . 171);
Dong. ungie; S.-Yugh. g; Mongr. ngo (SM 293).
KW 297, MGCD 469, 545.
PTurk. * / *o 1 front, East 2 exterior, color, face (1 ,
2 , , ): OTurk. 1, 2 (OUygh.); Karakh.
1, 2 (MK); Tur. 1; Gag. jn 1; Az. 1; Turkm. 1; Khal. ej; MTurk.
(Abush.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. 1; Uygh. 1, 2; Krm. 1; Tat. u 1;
Bashk. u 1; Kirgh. 2; Kaz. o 1, 2; KKalp. 1, 2; Kum. o 1;
Nogh. 1; Khak. 1, 2; Oyr. 1, 2; Tv. o shape, 2; Chuv. um
breast (if different from om front, q.v. sub *l); Yak. inside of
clothes, 2.
EDT 167-168, VEWT 362, 372, 1, 532-535, Stachowski 199-200, . III, 232.
The words for front and colour, face are usually treated as different roots (e.g. in EDT,
), but it is hardly possible to separate them phonetically (the variants *o and *
do not seem to be semantically distributed); the semantic shifts (*front > face > colour)
are quite natural.

PJpn. *m exterior, surface, face ( , ,

): OJpn. om(w)o; MJpn. m-t; Tok. omot; Kyo. mt; Kag. omot.
JLTT 506.
EAS 154, Poppe 107 (Turk.-Mong.). 1997, 131 treats the
Mong. word as borrowed from Turk., which is hardly the case. In the
Turk.-Mong. area the root could have interacted with *o right
(sometimes also acquiring the meaning front) q.v.; note also the common Mong. derivative ege-sge rouge, red paint ( < face skin).
-i(V) windpipe, part of neck: Tung. *u-se, *unu-; Mong. *gl-;
Turk. *; Jpn. *n(-nsi).
PTung. *u-se, *unu- 1 palate 2 sinew in deers neck 3 aorta, breast
bone 4 Adams apple, craw 5 region under the shoulderblade (1 2
3 , 4 , 5
): Evk. urn 2, unun 1; Evn. nlk, une 3; Neg.
ele 4; Ork. uele 5.
2, 275, 30, 279, 280, 138-139.
PMong. *(h)gl- hollow under Adams apple ( ): WMong. glegr (L 638: gelegr); Kh. glr, glr; Kalm.
glr, gllr, glr.
KW 297.
PTurk. * larynx, windpipe (, ):
OTurk. (OUygh.); MTurk. -lk (R);
Uzb. ga; Uygh. g; Tat. ; Bashk. s; Kirgh. ; Kaz. e;

1056

*ke - *one

KKalp. e; Khak. gs; Shr. s ; Oyr. , diL. (Leb.);

Tv. ; Yak. s, s.
VEWT 373, EDT 172, 1, 536, 233.
PJpn. *n(-nsi) back of head, nape (, ): OJpn. una, unazi; MJpn. nz; Tok. naji; Kyo. nj; Kag. unaj.
JLTT 563.
KW 297, 233.
-ke (abundant) food, pasture: Tung. *oka; Mong. *(h); Jpn.
*nk-r-.
PTung. *oka pasture, grass food (, ):
Evk. oko; Evn. oq; Neg. oko; Man. oqo; Ul. oqo; Ork. oqqo; Nan.
oqo-; Orch. oko- to graze; Ud. okosi- to graze.
2, 21. Evk. > Dolg. oko (see Stachowski 194).
PMong. *(h) abundant, plentiful (season, place) (, (, )): WMong. (L 637); Kh. n(g); Kalm. .
KW 297. Yak. , Kirgh. g, Kaz. kj are rather borrowed < Mong. than related,
despite VEWT 373.

PJpn. *nk-r- to live abundantly ( , ):

OJpn. ogor-; MJpn. gr-; Tok. gor-; Kyo. gr-; Kag. ogr-.
JLTT 740.
Jpn. gr- be arrogant = Mong. ogira- (a variant of the same
root?).
-one same, self; lonely: Mong. *n-; Turk. *; Jpn. *n.
PMong. *n- 1 that (very), the same 2 orphan (1 2 ): MMong. onoit, oneit Waisen(kinder) (SH 124, 125), nein 2
(MA 215); WMong. nki 1, nin 2 (L 639); Kh. nx 1, nin 2; Bur.
nxi 1, nen 2; Kalm. nn 2 (); Ord. nin 2; Dag. unun 2 (.
. 171 unin); Dong. onien 2 (. .); S.-Yugh. nin 2; Mongr.
noin (SM 284), unin (Huzu) 2.
MGCD 546. Mong. > Man. unuun, see Doerfer MT 138, Rozycki 219.
PTurk. * desolate, uninhabited (, ):
OTurk. (Orkh., OUygh.); Uygh. o , .
EDT 168.
PJpn. *n 1 self 2 the same (1 2 , ): OJpn.
ono, ono-re 1, onazi 2; MJpn. n-r 1, nz 2; Tok. nore 1, naji 2; Kyo.
nr 1, nj 2; Kag. onor 1, onaj 2.
JLTT 506, 507. The original accentuation is not quite clear; it may point to a confusion of different original roots (cf. OJ ojazi the same, for which the accent is unfortunately not attested).

Ozawa 62-63. The original meaning should be probably reconstructed as self, with a further development > lonely (Mong. or-

*p - *op(rV)

1057

phan), typologically a frequent case (cf. Polish sam - samotny etc.),

whence Old Turkic desolate, deserted.
-p to drink, inhale: Mong. *uw(u)-; Turk. *p-; Jpn. *apa-ik-.
PMong. *uw(u)- to drink (): MMong. u- (IM, MA), -, uu- (SH),
au- (LH); WMong. u-, uu- (L 864: uu-, au-, uuu-); Kh. -; Bur. -; Kalm.
-; Ord. - to drink, to smoke; Dag. - (. . 159, MD 201); Dong.
o-; Bao. -, -, u-; S.-Yugh. -; Mongr. - (SM 462), u-, i- boire, prendre
(repas du midi) (SM 299).
KW 454, MGCD 664, 665.
PTurk. *p- to suck, swallow (, ): OTurk. op- (Orkh.);
Karakh. op- (MK); Krm. op-; Tat. up-; Bashk. up-; Kaz. op-; Nogh. op-;
Oyr. op-; Yak. uop-; Dolg. uobu Bissen, Happen.
EDT 4, VEWT 363, 1, 464-465, Stachowski 243.
PJpn. *apa-ik- to breathe heavily, gasp, pant ( , ): OJpn. apek-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. ag-; Kyo. g-; Kag. g-.
JLTT 674. A compound with *-ik- breathe. Accent is difficult to reconstruct: RJ has
high tone, but modern dialects point rather to low.

EAS 78, 211. An expressive root. Cf. also Turk. *pto kiss ( 1, 539); Mong. *aa-ki-la- (L 25 akila-, Khalkha xila-) to
gasp for breath, pant; Evn. bu- to kiss ( 1, 6).
-op(rV) to wear out, be wasted, have a bad appearance: Tung.
*(x)upara-; Mong. *(h)obur; Turk. *op-ra-; Jpn. *ampu-.
PTung. *(x)upara- to neglect, mistake (, ): Man. ufara-; SMan. ufar- (1761).
2, 295. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *(h)obur (bad) appearance, arrogance (()
): WMong. obur; oburda- to be arrogant (L 599); Kh. ovor appearance, ovori- to look as an old man; Bur. obor bad, uncomely; Kalm.
owr appearance; Ord. owor.
KW 292.
PTurk. *op-ra- to wear out (intr.), decay (, ):
OTurk. apra- 1 (OUygh. ?); Karakh. opra- 1 (MK, KB); MTurk.
opra-/opran-, ofra-/ofran 1 (Sangl.).
VEWT 515, EDT 14.
PJpn. *ampu- 1 to waste, discard, throw away 2 to suffer a loss,
roam in a wasted state (1 , 2 , ): OJpn. abu-s- 1; MJpn. abura- 2; Tok. abur- 2;
Kyo. br- 2; Kag. abur- 2.
The accent is difficult to reconstruct. The attestations of abu-ra- in OJ and MJ (RJ
bra-) appear to mean to overflow and probably represent a different root.

Cf. *apo, *ebi.

1058

*pkV - *opV

-pkV lung(s): Tung. *upVkte; Mong. *owuski ~ *awuski; Turk. *pke;

Jpn. *pkpksi; Kor. *pha.
PTung. *upVkte 1 lung(s) 2 down, light feather(s) 3 spleen (1 2 , 3 ): Evn. bd 3; Man. ufuxu 1;
SMan. ufuxu 1 (85); Ul. upte 2; Ork. upukte 2; Nan. upulte 2, upke 3
(Kur-Urm.); Orch. upukte 2; Ud. ofokto 2.
2, 29, 281.
PMong. *owuski ~ *awuski lungs (): MMong. auigi (SH);
WMong. ouski, auski (L 18: augi(n)); Kh. gi(n), ig; Kalm. k; Dag.
aur; Bao. ogi; S.-Yugh. ign; Mongr. sgu.
KW 292, MGCD 664.
PTurk. *pke lung; anger (; ): OTurk. pke (OUygh.);
Karakh. pke (MK, IM), fke (KB); Tur. fke anger, jken lung (interdial.? Trki?); Gag. fke; Az. xb (dial. Nuxa); Turkm. jken; Sal. hhen
(); Khal. hikk; MTurk. pke, fke (Sangl.); Uzb. pka; Uygh. pk;
Krm. pke; Tat. pk; Bashk. pk; Kirgh. pk; Kaz. kp; KBalk. pke;
KKalp. kp; Kum. pke; Nogh. pke; SUygh. kpe; Khak. kpe; Shr. kpe;
Oyr. kp; Tv. kpe (kpe - 2001); Tof. kpe; Chuv. pke (NW),
pke.
VEWT 373, EDT 9, 1, 540-541, 276-277.
PJpn. *pkpksi lung(s) (): OJpn. pukupukusi; MJpn.
fkfksi.
PKor. *pha lung (): MKor. pha; Mod. pua.
Nam 266, KED 817.
5, 277.
-opV powder: Tung. *upa; Mong. *(h)ow; Turk. *opa.
PTung. *upa flour (): Neg. opa; Man. ufa; SMan. uf (294); Jurch.
wu-fa (531); Ul. upa; Ork. upa; Nan. opa; Orch. upa; Ud. ufa; Sol. , uon
bread.
2, 247.
PMong. *(h)ow white lead, powder ( , ):
WMong. ou (L 625); Kh. ; Kalm. ; Ord. .
KW 292, TMN 1, 182.
PTurk. *opa white powder, white lead ( , ): OTurk. opo (OUygh.); Karakh. opo (MK); MTurk. opa (Ettuhf.); Uzb. upa; Uygh. upa; Kirgh. upa; Kaz. opa; KKalp. opa; Shr. oba;
Oyr. obo.
VEWT 363, EDT 6, 1, 465-466.
EAS 90, 210. A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 1,
182, Doerfer MT 142, Rozycki 215-216 not borrowed in Mong. from
Turk. or in TM from Mong.

*pV - *re

1059

-pV hill, heap of stones: Mong. *obua; Turk. *pu.

PMong. *obua heap, heap of stones, grave hill (, ,
): MMong. oboo (SH, HY 4); WMong. obua(n) (L
598); Kh. ov; Bur. ob; Kalm. ow; Ord. ow; Dag. ob (. . 159,
MD 201); S.-Yugh. ow; Mongr. b (SM 296).
KW 291, MGCD 523, TMN 1, 153-155. Mong. > Koman oba, Oyr. ob etc. ( 1,
398-400), TMN 1, 154-155, 2, 132, 1997, 207; Evk. oba etc., TMN 1, 156, Doerfer
MT 103, Rozycki 165.

PTurk. *pu rough, uneven ground (,

): Karakh. opuz (MK); Tur. obuz; Turkm. bur precipice.
EDT 17. Cf. also Chuv. juba pillar (in particular, grave pillar) - unlike other forms
like Khak. ob, hardly borrowed from Mong. obua.

. 199; 323. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

-pV clan, family: Mong. *obug; Turk. *pa.
PMong. *obug clan, family (, ): MMong. obox (SH);
WMong. obu (L 598); Kh. ovog; Bur. obog; Kalm. obug ().
PTurk. *pa village, clan (, ): Karakh. oba (MK Oghuz);
Turkm. ba; MTurk. oba.
EDT 5, 1, 400-401.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss - but hardly borrowed in Mong. < Turk.,
despite TMN 2, 133.
-re to plait, weave: Mong. *r-; Turk. *r-; Jpn. *r-; Kor. *r.
PMong. *r- 1 soft woollen cloth 2 to plait (1
2 ): MMong. ormege (SH) 1, re- 2 (MA); WMong. rmge,
ermge 1 (L 331); Kh. rmg; Bur. rmege mat; Kalm. rmG 1; rmi
weaver; Ord. rmg; Mongr. merge espce de tissu grossier fait de
poils ou de laine (SM 236).
KW 300.
PTurk. *r- to plait (): Karakh. r- (MK); Tur. r-; Gag. jr-;
Az. hr-; Turkm. r-; Khal. hiri-; MTurk. r- (Pav. C.); Uzb. r-; Uygh.
(r)-; Krm. r-; Tat. r-; Bashk. r-; Kirgh. r-; Kaz. r-; KKalp. r-; Nogh.
r-; Khak. r-; Oyr. r-; Chuv. var best sort of flax; Yak. r-; r plaiting; Dolg. r plait.
EDT 195, VEWT 374, 375, 1, 544-546, 394, Stachowski 200. Cf. also
*rken smth. plaited, *r-mek Stoff aus Kamelhaar, Spinngewebe (cf. also Yak. rbx
). Turk. *r-g > Hung. ors spindle, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *r- to weave (): OJpn. or-; MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-;
Kag. r-.
JLTT 742. For accent cf. RJ r- (modern dialects have merged phonetically r- to
weave and wr- to bend, which are well distinguished in early sources).

PKor. *r strands of rope ( ): MKor. r; Mod. l.

Liu 579, KED 1207.

1060

*r(e)kV - *ri

Poppe 110 (Turk.-Mong.). Mong. *r-mege may be < Turk. (cf.

TMN 2, 47, 1997, 197), but may also reflect a common
Turk.-Mong. derivative. The Turk. form can be alternatively compared
with TM *poro-, *pori- turn round, spin, Mong. hor-i- id. (see *pru),
but the Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. comparison seems closer semantically.
-r(e)kV to be frightened, startled: Tung. *(x)rkan-; Mong. *rg-; Turk.
*rk-; Jpn. *ntrk-.
PTung. *(x)rkan- to lose consciousness, be knocked out (
, ): Evk. rkan-; Evn. rqn-; Neg. ojkan-;
Ud. ukana-.
2, 286.
PMong. *rg- to be afraid, frightened (, ):
MMong. urgu- (SH), orgo- (IM), urgu- (MA); WMong. rg-; Kh. rg-,
rge-; Bur. rge-; Kalm. rg-; Ord. rg-; Dag. xurgi-; Bao. herg; Mongr.
furgudi-, xargudi- (SM 110, 162).
KW 459, MGCD 696. Mong. > Man. urxu- ( 2, 286). Initial x- in Dagur is not
quite clear and may reflect a merger with a different root; MMong. forms clearly have 0(Poppe 1983, 115 cites hrg-, but the source is unknown),

PTurk. *rk- to be afraid (): OTurk. rk- (OUygh.); Karakh.

rk- (MK); Tur. rk-; Gag. jrk-; Az. rk-; Turkm. rk-; Khal. hirk-;
MTurk. rk- (Pav. C.), rk- (AH); Uzb. hrk-; Uygh. rk-; Krm. rk-;
Tat. rk-; Bashk. rk-; Kirgh. rk-; Kaz. rk-; KBalk. rk-; KKalp. rk-;
Kum. rk-; Nogh. rk-; SUygh. rk-; Khak. rk-; Oyr. rk-; Yak. rg-tto frighten; Dolg. rg-t- to frighten.
EDT 221, VEWT 522, 1, 635-637, Stachowski 253.
PJpn. *ntrk- to be startled, horror-struck (): OJpn.
od(w)or(w)ok-; MJpn. drk-; Tok. odork-; Kyo. drk-; Kag. odork-.
JLTT 740. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
EAS 122, Poppe 80, 83, 111. Mong. may be < Turk., see
1997, 162. There is also a possibility of confusion of this root with *puri
q.v. - in Turkic their reflexes could have merged, and in Mong. some
dialects (cf. the Dagur form) may reflect *hrg-.
-ri ( ~ -e) to cover: Tung. *ura- / *ur-ke; Mong. *r-; Turk. *rt-; Kor.
*ri.
PTung. *ura- / *ur-ke 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk)
top, cream 3 door (1 ( ) 2 , 3 ): Evk. urke 3; Evn. urk 3; Neg. ujke 3; Man. oro- 1, oroqu 2,
ue 3; SMan. u 3 (451); Ul. ue 3; Ork. ute 3; Nan. ujke 3; Orch. ukke 3;
Ud. uke 3; Sol. ukke, urke 3.
2, 286, 288.
PMong. *r- 1 top of milk 2 cover of roof-window (1 2 ): MMong. eruge, oruge 2 (SH), urem 1, uruke

*ri - *ru

1061

2 (MA 329, 278); WMong. rme 1 (L 644), erke, rke 2 (L 332); Kh. rm
1, rx(n) 2; Bur. rme(n) 1, rxe 2; Kalm. rm 1, rk 2; Ord. rm 1, r
2; Dag. urum 1 (. . 171), urume a k. of cheese (MD 233);
S.-Yugh. rm 1; Mongr. jermen (SM 492), rmn 1.
KW 299, 300, MGCD 549. Mong. rme > Man. oromo, Evk. urumu (Doerfer MT 103),
Yak. rm; rke > Oyr. rk etc. (see 517); > Sol. rx ( 2, 286), see Doerfer
MT 21 (but hardly > PTM *urke door which seems rather to be a genuine cognate).

PTurk. *rt- to cover (): OTurk. rt- (OUygh.); Karakh.

rt- (MK); Tur. rt-; Gag. jrt-; Az. rt-; Turkm. rt-; Sal. xt-; MTurk. rt(AH), rt- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. rt- (dial.); Krm. rt-; Chuv. vit-.
EDT 202, VEWT 375, 1, 551-552, 55, 127. The suffixless root
*r- may be found (see ibid.) in Chag. r- be covered (Abush.); cf. also Tur. dial.
rek blanket, covering.

PKor. *ri door, gate (, ): MKor. ri; Mod. or (arch.).

Nam 380, KED 1198.
Lee 1958, 118 (TM-Kor.), 1972, 240-241, 2,
288, Rozycki 215.
-ri ( ~ -e) to dig: Tung. *ur-; Mong. *rm; Turk. *or-.
PTung. *ur- to scoop, dig out (, ): Evk. ur-;
Evn. uri-; Neg. oj-; Man. wara-; Ork. uri-; Nan. or-; or scoop; Ud. ui-;
Sol. or-.
2, 23, 284.
PMong. *rm drill, gimlet (, ): MMong. jorm (IM);
WMong. rm (L 644); Kh. rm; Bur. rem; Kalm. rm; Ord. rm, rm;
S.-Yugh. urm; Mongr. urm.
KW 300, MGCD 549. Mong. probably > Man. eruwen drill, auger (Rozycki 72).
PTurk. *or- 1 to dig 2 hole, pit 3 to tear out, drag out (1 2 , 3 , ): Karakh. oru 2 (MK); Turkm. or- 1, or
2; Chuv. var 2; Yak. or- 3; Dolg. or- 3.
1, 466-468, TMN 2, 144, Stachowski 196. Turk. > Kalm. ur hole, pit. The
Chuv. form may point to a variant *r (?).

A Western isogloss.
-ru to cry, shout: Tung. *or-; Mong. *ori- / *uri-; Turk. *or; Jpn.
*ru-tpa-.
PTung. *or- 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound 4 to
rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an aurochs) 8 to call (1
() 2 3 , ( ) 4 5 6
( ) 7 () 8 ): Evk. or- 5, 6, 7; Man. or
1, ori- 4, ura- 3; Nan. oral 2, orqo 7; Sol. o-.
2, 23.
PMong. *ori- / *uri- to shout, call (, ): MMong. uri to
call (HY 34), uri- to invite (MA); WMong. orila-, uri- (L 619, 881); Kh.
orilo-; uri- to invite; Bur. oril- to weep, orilold(n) shouting, howling;

1062

*r - *r

Ord. uri- to invite; Dag. ori- (. . 160, MD 203); Bao. ure- to invite, call (. .); Mongr. uri- (SM 476).
PTurk. *or 1 shout, outcry 2 to make a noise, shout 3 to shout together (1 , 2 , 3 ): OTurk.
orla- (OUygh.) 2; Karakh. or 1, orla- 3 (MK); MTurk. or (IM); Khak.
orlas- 3; Oyr. orla- to moo, orlas- 3.
EDT 197, 230.
PJpn. *ru-tpa- to complain, sue (): OJpn. urutapa-;
MJpn. uttf-; Tok. ttae-, utta-; Kyo. tte-; Kag. tt-.
JLTT 781. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
345 (Mong.-Tung.). An expressive root. Mong. may be <
Turk. Cf. also notes to *lo.
-r inner side: Tung. *(x)ur-; Mong. *oro-; Turk. *or-; Jpn. *r.
PTung. *(x)ur- station, dwelling place (, ): Evk.
ur-kt; Evn. rikit; Sol. url.
2, 285. Cf. perhaps also TM *ura behind, buttocks ( < back part), see 2,
282.

PMong. *oro- to enter (): MMong. oro- (HY 36, SH), ur- (IM),
wora- (Lig.VMI), ur- (MA); WMong. oro- (L 620: oru-); Kh. oro-; Bur. oro-;
Kalm. or-; Ord. oro-; Mog. ru- (Weiers); Dag. war(a)- (. . 129),
ore-, uare- (MD 202, 230) war-; Dong. oro-; Bao. or-; S.-Yugh. or-;
Mongr. uro- (SM 477).
KW 288-289, MGCD 532. Cf. also Mong. uraa hut ( > Turk. oraa, Yak. uraha, see
501).

PTurk. *or- 1 place 2 palace 3 lair, den 4 middle 5 place of staying

(of the army, ruler etc.) 6 army (1 2 3 , 4
5 (, ) 6 ): OTurk. orun
1 (OUygh.), ordu 2, 5, ortu 4 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. orun 1, ordu 2, 3,
otra ~ ortu (MK) 5; Tur. orun 1, ordu 6, orta 4; Gag. orta 4; Az. ordu 6, orta
4; Turkm. orun 1, orta 4, orda 6; MTurk. orun 1, ordu, orda 5, orta 4 (Pav.
C.); Uzb. rin 1, rda 5, rta 4; Uygh. orun 1, o(r)da 5, orta 4; Krm. orun 1,
ordu 6, orta 4; Tat. urn 1, urda 5, urta 4; Bashk. urn 1, urda 5, urta 4;
Kirgh. orun 1, ordo 5, orto 4; Kaz. orn 1, orda 4, 5, orta 4; KBalk. orun 1,
orta 4; KKalp. orn 1, orda 5, orta 4; Kum. orun 1, orda 5, 6, orta 4; Nogh.
orn 1, orda 5, orta 4; SUygh. orn 1, orta, orto, otra 4; Khak. orn 1, orda 5,
ort 4; Oyr. orn 1, ordo 5, orto 4; Tv. orun 1, ortu 4; Chuv. vrn 1, vda 4;
Yak. ord 1, 3, 5, oron 1, orto 4; Dolg. onnu 1.
EDT 203-204, 233, VEWT 364, 365, TMN 2, 141, 1, 470-472, 474-479,
495, 563, 569, Stachowski 193, 196. Turkic is the source of Mong. oron place, ordo(n) palace (cf. TMN 1, 164-165, 2, 38-39, 1997, 130), whence Man. oron etc., see Doerfer
MT 116. The PT *ordu place of staying may need to be separated from other forms here:
it contains a very untypical *-rd- cluster (as opposed to *or-tu middle) and may reflect

*orusi - *rV

1063

an ancient borrowing from some unknown source. Cf. in that respect WMong. rte- to
change post horses, rtegen postal relay station, also somewhat obscure in origin.

PJpn. *r inside; back side ( ; ,

): OJpn. ura; MJpn. r; Tok. ur; Kyo. r; Kag. ur.
JLTT 563.
Murayama 1962, 110 (Jpn.-TM). Cf. *i (the two roots are liable to
mergers).
-orusi river, to flow: Mong. *urus-; Turk. *rs, *rsen.
PMong. *urus- to flow (): MMong. oros- (LH); WMong. urus- (L
886); Kh. ursa-; Bur. urda-; Kalm. urs- (); Ord. urus-; Dag. orsu-,
(. . 160), orese- (MD 203), orso-; Dong. usuru-, urusu-; S.-Yugh.
urus-, urusu-, usuru-; Mongr. uros- (SM 478).
MGCD 296, 681.
PTurk. *rs, *rsen 1 river, river bed 2 to flow (1 , 2
): Karakh. zen (AH) 1; Az. z- 2; Turkm. zen 1; Chuv. vazan 1; Yak.
rs 1.
1, 510-511.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Phonetically a good match would be Jpn.
*rs lacquer ( < *liquid?), but semantics raises doubts. Poppe 102
compares *urus- with Evk. urigden backwater - the same comparison
see in 1, 240-241. Cf. also Yak. rex, Dolg. rek river (Stachowski 253) - suggesting that *-si might be an original suffix.
-orV deer, antelope: Tung. *oran; Mong. *(h)orogo; Turk. *orga.
PTung. *oran reindeer (): Evk. oron; Evn. orn; Neg. ojon; Man.
oron; Ul. oro(n); Nan. or; Orch. oro; Ud. oro.
2, 24-25.
PMong. *(h)orogo a k. of antelope ( ): WMong.
orou (L 623: oruu); Kh. orogo; Bur. orogo; Kalm. org rhinoceros
( 403); Ord. orogo.
PTurk. *orga female or young maral ( ):
Tat. oracaq (Sib.); Khak. ora, oraa (Kyz.); Shr. ora.
. 629.
A Western isogloss.
-rV to mow, hay: Tung. *or-kta; Turk. *or-.
PTung. *or-kta grass (dry), hay ( , ): Evk. orokto,
orkto; Evn. ort; Neg. ojokto; Man. oro; SMan. orh grass (2130);
Jurch. or-o (116); Ul. oroqta; Ork. oroqto; Nan. oroqta; Orch. kto; Ud.
kto; Sol. orkto.
2, 24.
PTurk. *or- to mow (): Karakh. or- (MK); Tur. ora-; Turkm.
or-; Chuv. vr-.

*e - *

1064

1, 468, 469.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-e ( ~ -i) other, one of two: Tung. *ur-; Mong. *re-; Turk. *-ge.
PTung. *ur- 1 to be similar, resemble 2 similar (1 ,
2 ): Evk. ur- 1; Evn. ur 2; Ork. urexe 2.
2, 289.
PMong. *re- 1 to set in order, put in line, arrange in a row 2 half of
a carcass; hobble for legs on one side of a horse 3 one of two (objects) (1
, 2 ; 3 ()): MMong. oreelesun (HY 44)
2, oreele 3 (SH), urele 2 (MA); WMong. r- (L 643), re- 1, rgel 2 (L
643); Kh. r- 1, rl 2; Bur. rhe(n), rle 3; Kalm. r- 1 rsn 3; Ord. rl
2; Dag. erglen 2 (. . 140); Bao. rji 3; S.-Yugh. rlld 2, rl 3.
KW 298, 299 MGCD 548, 549. Mong. > Chag. rk etc. foot hobbles (VEWT 375).
PTurk. *-ge other (): OTurk. zge (OUygh.); Karakh. zge
(MK - Tefs.); Tur. zge; Az. zg; Turkm. zge; MTurk. zge (AH, Pav.
C.); Uzb. zg; Uygh. zg; Krm. zge; Tat. zg; Kirgh. zg; Kaz. zge;
KBalk. zge; KKalp. zge; Kum. zge; Nogh. zge; SUygh. zge; Shr. ske;
Oyr. sk; Tv. ske.
EDT 285, VEWT 377, 1, 508.
A Western isogloss.
- middle, inside: Tung. *uri; Mong. *r; Turk. *; Jpn. *t.
PTung. *uri 1 stomach, belly 2 breast collar 3 inner fat 4 maw 5 upper layer of yukola (1 , 2 3
4 5 ): Evk. ur, uri-gde 1; uri-ptun 2; orik
4; Evn. ur 1, orqn 3; Neg. uji-pun 2; Ul. uru-ptu(n) 2; Ork. uritte fish
belly; Nan. orta 5; Sol. orx 1.
2, 23, 24, 30, 281. Evk. > Dolg. rg(t) fish belly (Stachowski 200).
PMong. *r inside, breast (, ): MMong. oro (HY
46), ore (SH); WMong. r (L 643); Kh. r; Bur. re; Kalm. r; Ord. r,
r; Mog. ZM our heart, mind (4-4a); Dag. erec chest, bosom, breast
(MD 145).
KW 298.
PTurk. * inside, the essential part (, , ): OTurk. z (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. z (MK); Tur. z; Gag. jz;
Az. z; Turkm. z self; Khal. z; MTurk. z (Pav. C.); Uzb. z; Uygh. z;
Krm. z; Tat. z; Bashk. ; Kirgh. z; Kaz. z; KKalp. z; Kum. z;
Nogh. z; SUygh. z; Oyr. s; Chuv. var; Yak. s; Dolg. s.
EDT 278, VEWT 376-7, 1, 506-512, 90, 117, Stachowski 252. The
word and its derivatives have a wide scope of meanings: middle > heartwood, central
crossbeam, pole (*ek).

*i - *se

1065

PJpn. *t middle, inside (, ): OJpn. uti;

MJpn. t; Tok. chi; Kyo. ch; Kag. chi.
JLTT 565. The Kyoto and Tokyo forms point to a variant *t.
EAS 112, KW 298, Poppe 81, 74, 90. Despite
TMN 2, 146, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk. Cf. *ru.
-i to rise, up: Mong. *erg- (*rg-); Turk. * (/*); Jpn. *ura(i); Kor.
*r-.
PMong. *erg- (*rg-) to lift, raise (): MMong. ergu(HY 33, SH), wrgo- (IM), urg(i)- (MA); WMong. erg-, rg- (L 325); Kh.
rg-; Bur. rge-; Kalm. rg-; Ord. rg-; Dag. erew- (MD 146), ergue-;
Dong. uGu-; S.-Yugh. orgomil; Mongr. urgu- (SM 475).
MGCD 548. Cf. also WMong. rni- to grow, increase. Derived is WMong. rgge,
ergge, Khalkha rg tent, palace > Khak. rge etc., see KW 299. Note that the root should
be kept distinct from *re- to arrange, put in a row (v. sub *e).

PTurk. * (/*) on top, high above (, ): OTurk.

ze / ze (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ze (MK); Tur. zer upper part; Az.
zri; MTurk. ze (Pav. C., . .); SUygh. ze, zi; Oyr. zeri; Chuv.
vir (<*); Yak. he, he; Dolg. he, he.
A common Turkic derivative is *-t (with secondary vowel shortening): OT st,
Turkm. st, Tat. s, Khal. ist etc. upper part. See EDT 280-281, VEWT 523, 524, 1,
622-623, 638-639, Stachowski 249, 251, 255.

PJpn. *ura(i) end of a branch, top of a tree ( ,

): OJpn. ura, ure; Tok. ura.
JLTT 563. PJ accent is unclear.
PKor. *r- to rise (): MKor. r-, r-; Mod. or-.
Nam 380, KED 1199.
SKE 178, EAS 107, 1, 254. Despite 1997, 131 the
Mong. stem cannot be regarded as a Turkic loanword. The root is
sometimes difficult to distinguish from *pre q.v. See also notes to
*plge.
-se to be bad, guilty: Tung. *us(a); Mong. *s; Turk. *osa-; Jpn. *sr-.
PTung. *us(a) 1 bad 2 to become sad 3 hate 4 guilt, crime 5 to be sick
6 to be unable, not want (1 2 3 4 ,
5 , 6 , ): Evk. usa 1, us- 5, us-e- 6; Evn. s 1,4, se- 5, 6; Neg. osa 1; Man.
osa 1, usa- 2; SMan. usa- to be sad, to grieve (1933); Jurch.
usu-a-buren (384) 3; Ul. osisi- 6; Nan. osisi- 6.
2, 290-293.
PMong. *s revenge, hate (, ): MMong. osl, o(i)
(SH); WMong. s, sige (L 645: s, sije); Kh. s; Bur. h(n), rxe-;
Kalm. s, ; Ord. s, .
KW 301.

1066

*ti - *ti

PTurk. *osa- 1 careless, dilatory 2 bad, evil 3 to be careless, negligent 4 negligence, harm (1 , 2 ,
3 , 4 , ,
): OTurk. osal 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. osal 1, osan- 3 (MK); Tur. osal 2
(dial.), usan- 3; Az. osal 1 (dial.), usan- 3; Turkm. osal 1; MTurk. osal 1
(Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. sal 2; Uygh. osal 2; Krm. osal 1, 2, usan- 3; Tat.
usal 2; Bashk. usal 2; Kirgh. osol 2; Kaz. osal 2; KBalk. osal 2; KKalp. osal
2; Kum. osal 2; Nogh. osal 2; Chuv. osal 2; Yak. ohol 4.
VEWT 365-366, EDT 247, 248, 1, 479-481, 608 (distinguishes osal and usan- but the narrowing osan- > usan- is a local Oghuz phenomenon and probably secondary,
due to interdialectal loans), 277, 2, 290. Turk. > Mong. osal (MMong.
(SH) osolda-), see TMN 2, 149, Clark 1980, 39, not vice versa - despite 1997, 207.

PJpn. *sr- to be scared, afraid (): OJpn. os(w)or-; MJpn.

sr-; Tok. osor-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 743.
EAS 102, Poppe 65, Finch 1987, 58. Despite TMN 2, 135,
1997, 131, Clark 1980, 51, Mong. s cannot be borrowed from Turk. *
(see *e). Attempts to disprove the Turk.-Tung. match in TMN 2,
149-150 are unsuccessful.
-ti ( ~ -t-) to move, change place: Tung. *(x)utur-; Mong. *oi-; Turk.
*t-; Jpn. *t-r-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *(x)utur- to reel, turn round (): Evk. utur-.
2, 295. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *oi- to walk, move, go (, ): MMong. oira
before, along (SH); WMong. oi- (L 599); Kh. oi-; Bur. oo-; Dag. vaireto come in, vi track; Dong. e- (. .); Bao. e-, he- (. .);
Mongr. i- (SM 387).
WMong. has also a not quite clear variant ei- id. (possibly also reflected in some
South Mong. languages). Without palatalization cf. MMong. (SH, HY) ot-, (MA) udu-,
WMong. od(u)-, Kalm. od- be on ones way (KW 283).

PTurk. *t- to pass by, pass through ( ,

): OTurk. t- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. t- (MK); Az. t-; Turkm.
t-; Sal. t-; MTurk. t- (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. t-; Uygh. t-; Krm. t-;
Tat. t-; Bashk. t-; Kirgh. t-; Kaz. t-; KBalk. t-; KKalp. t-; Kum. t-;
Nogh. t-; SUygh. jt-; Khak. t-; Oyr. t-; Tv. t-; Chuv. vit-; Yak. t-.
EDT 39, VEWT 376, 1, 554-555.
PJpn. *t-r- to move, change place (, ):
OJpn. utu-r-; MJpn. t-r-; Tok. utsr-; Kyo. tsr-; Kag. tsr-.
JLTT 781.
PKor. *t- to move, change ones place (, ):
Mod. t-.
SKE 264 (NKor.).

*ta - *t

1067

The Kor. form (attested only in SKE) has a frequent loss of initial
vowel.
-ta ( ~ -t-) fire; hot, warm: Tung. *(x)utine; Mong. *(h)oki-n; Turk.
*t; Jpn. *t- / *t-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *(x)utine wood fire ( ): Evk. utine; Evn.
ut.
2, 294.
PMong. *(h)oki-n spark (): WMong. oi(n) (L 599); Kh. o;
Bur. oo(n); Kalm. on; Ord. oi; Mog. ukin; ZM ok (18-3b); Dong. oin;
Bao. oken; Mongr. un, fuun.
KW 291. Mong. > Turk. uqun spark (see 368-369; not attested in
OTurkic).

PTurk. *t fire (): OTurk. ot (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ot (MK);

Tur. ot flame, fire (arch.); Az. od; Turkm. t; Sal. oht; Khal. ht; MTurk.
ot (Pav. C., Abush., MA); Uzb. t; Uygh. ot; Tat. ut; Bashk. ut; Kirgh. ot;
Kaz. ot; KBalk. ot; KKalp. ot; Nogh. ot; SUygh. ot; Khak. ot; Oyr. ot; Tv.
ot; Tof. ot; Chuv. vot; Yak. uot; Dolg. uot.
VEWT 366, EDT 34, 1, 483-484, 356, 361, 1, 133, Stachowski 245. OT ot-uq was borrowed in MMong. as oaq hearth (see 1997, 196).

PJpn. *t- / *t- 1 warm 2 hot (1 2 ): OJpn. atatake- 1, atu- 2; MJpn. ttka 1, atu- 2; Tok. atatak- 1, ats- 2; Kyo. ttka1, ts- 2; Kag. atatak- 1, ats- 2.
JLTT 387, 826.
PKor. *t- warm, hot (, ): MKor. t-s-; Mod.
t:at:t-ha- [t:at:s].
Nam 136, KED 381.
KW 291, 2, 104, 70, 97, 102, 278, Martin 234, 356. The Mong. form may belong here if *okin < *oikin < *oti-kin;
however, it may also reflect PA *pi spark q.v. Korean has a frequent
loss of initial vowel. Tone in Jpn. is irregular.
-t old: Tung. *(x)ut-; Mong. *te-; Turk. *t-; Jpn. *t-n.
PTung. *(x)ut- 1 old 2 earlier, before 3 old age (1 2 ,
3 ): Evk. utakn 3; utu 1, utle 2; Evn. ute 1, tel 2; Neg.
utle 2; Ud. uteli 2; Sol. utaci grandfather.
Cf. also Evn. ta-qan old woman. See 2, 293, 294, 295.
PMong. *te- 1 to be old, old 2 old man (1 , 2
): MMong. otogu (HY 27, SH), utgu (IM), utgu (MA) 2; WMong.
tel- 1, teg 2 (L 646); Kh. tl 1, tgs 2; Bur. telhe(n) 1, t 2; Kalm. tl
1, tg 2; Ord. tl- to get old; Mog. t 2; ZM otl (10-3a) 2; Dag.
utel constantly, traditionally; utule- 1, uti 2 (. . 171); Dong.
oien 2, oielu- 1; Mongr. sdli- (SM 337) 1, sdgu 2.
KW 302, MGCD 551, TMN 1, 160.

1068

*t - *t

PTurk. *t- 1 old 2 old, abandoned house 3 everything old 4 name

of the homeland of the Turks (old country) (1 2 , 3 4 . ): OTurk. tken 4
(Orkh.); Karakh. tken 4 (MK); Tv. tkn name of a mountain ridge
in Tuva ( 215); Tof. tkn ,
( 215); Chuv. vad 1; Yak. tx 2;
Dolg. tk 3.
85; 393; Stachowski 201. Chuv. va- points only to PT *-. Turk. > Bur.
tgen shaman word for earth > Yak. tgen ; (. III
3195).

PJpn. *t-n grown-up man, aged person (): MJpn. otona;

Tok. tona; Kyo. tn; Kag. tn.
JLTT 513.
EAS 146, KW 302, Poppe 51, 107 (Mong.-Chuv.-Tung.), 11,
85. Despite Doerfer MT 46, TM cannot be borrowed from
Mong.
-t (~-t-) sound: Tung. *(x)ot-; Mong. *i-; Turk. *t-; Jpn. *t.
PTung. *(x)ot- to shout, cry (): Evk. otutka-.
2, 29. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *i- 1 to report; to pray 2 to sing a song (1 ,
; 2 ): MMong. oi- (SH, HYt) 1;
WMong. i- 1; Kh. - 1; Kalm. - 1; Ord. - rciter haute voix
(prire); Dag. uule- 2 (. . 172).
KW 302. Mong. (cf. the Dag. form) > Man. uule- sing, Man., Sol. uun song (see
2, 297).

PTurk. *t- 1 to sing (of birds) 2 to say 3 to ask, request (1 (

) 2 , 3 ): OTurk. t- 1 (OUygh.), tn- 3
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. t- 1, tn- 3 (MK); Tur. t- 1; Turkm. tn- 3;
Sal. edi- 2; MTurk. t- 2 (Pav. C.); Uygh. tn- 3; Tat. ten- 3; Tv. et- 1;
Tof. et- 1; Chuv. avt- 1; Yak. et- 2; Dolg. et- 2.
VEWT 52, 1, 556, 557-558, EDT 39, 62, 21, Stachowski 48. The Chuv.
form is somewhat aberrant phonetically: it is possible that the actual Chuv. reflex of this
root is vitn- to ask - while Chuv. avt- (together with avtan, atan cock, Tat. t cock)
goes back to a separate PT root *ebt-, possibly going back to PA *ipi (~-p-,-e) to say,
speak q.v.

PJpn. *t sound (): OJpn. oto; MJpn. t; Tok. ot; Kyo. t; Kag.
to.
JLTT 513.
KW 302, 323, Poppe 51, 286. Despite
TMN 2, 134, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk.

*tkV - *t

1069

-tkV grass: Tung. *okta; Mong. *(h)otul; Turk. *ot.

PTung. *okta medicine, powder (, ): Neg. okto;
Man. oqto; SMan. oqt medicine, drug (723); Ul. oqto; Ork. oqto; Nan.
oqto; Orch. okto; Ud. okto.
2, 11.
PMong. *(h)otul reed down; reed used for making mats ( ; ): WMong. otul (L 625); Kh. otol.
PTurk. *ot grass (): OTurk. ot (OUygh.); Karakh. ot (MK); Tur.
ot; Gag. ot; Az. ot; Turkm. ot; MTurk. ot (AH, Pav. C.); Uygh. ot; Krm. ot;
Tat. ut; Kirgh. ot; Kaz. ot; KBalk. ot; KKalp. ot; Kum. ot; Nogh. ot;
SUygh. ot, ut; Khak. ot; Oyr. ot; Tv. ot; Chuv. ud, vud (dial.) hay;
Yak. ot; Dolg. ot.
EDT 34-35, 1, 481-483, 119-120, 2, 294-295, Stachowski 197.
KW 191, Poppe 98, 10. A Western isogloss.
-t(rV) bushes, low trees: Tung. *utu-n / -r; Turk. *otrug; Jpn. *ntr.
PTung. *utu-n / -r 1 swamp 2 tundra 3 low bushes (1 2 3 ): Evk. utun 1, 2; Ork. uterikte 3.
2, 294, 295.
PTurk. *otrug island (): OTurk. otru (OUygh.); Karakh. otru
(MK); MTurk. (MKypch.) otra (dim.) (AH, CCum.); Krm. otrac, otra,
otura; Tat. utraw; Bashk. utraw; Oyr. ortolq.
VEWT 367, EDT 65. In some languages the original form was folk-etymologically
reinterpreted as *orta-lk located in the middle. The latter form was borrowed in Mong.,
with regular liquid metathesis, as WMong. olturi, Khalkha oltrig small island, archipelago (whence again Khak. oltrx, Kum. ottra (VEWT) island).

PJpn. *ntr thickly growing bushes (, ): OJpn.

od(w)or(w)o; MJpn. dr; Tok. odoro.
JLTT 504.
The meanings island and forest, bushes are frequently associated in Altaic, so the etymology on the whole seems quite plausible.
Note the common derivative *t-rV reflected in PT *ot-ru-g, Orok
ute-ri-kte and PJ *ntr.
-t ( ~ -t-, -i) tent, house: Tung. *ut-n; Turk. *otag; Jpn. *tina ( ~
-ia-).
PTung. *ut-n house, dwelling (, ): Evk. uten; Evn.
tn; Neg. tn; Ork. utemi; Orch. teeken; Ud. utuli, utulu.
2, 295.
PTurk. *otag 1 tent 2 room (1 2 ): Karakh. ota (MK)
1; Tur. otak 1, oda 2; Gag. oda 1; Az. otaG 2; Turkm. otaG 2; MTurk. oda
(Pav. C.) 2; Uzb. tw 1; Uygh. otaq 1; Krm. oda 2; Kirgh. ot 1; Kaz. otaw
1; KBalk. otow 2; KKalp. otaw 1; Kum. otaw 2; Nogh. otaw 1; SUygh. ota,
otax 1; Khak. otax 1; Shr. oda 1; Oyr. od 1; Tv. oda 1; Yak. ot 1.

1070

*a - *a

EDT 46, VEWT 366, 1, 484-487, TMN 2, 66-67, 496. Turk. > Mong.
otaq (see TMN 2, 67, 1997, 130). Some forms (like Tur. oda) suggest *tag - a secondary form, probably originally meaning hearth and derived from *t fire and easily
confused with *otag tent, dwelling place. The latter, however, is very well attested (often
in the shape *otagu) and certainly containing a short vowel.
PJpn. *tina ( ~ -ia-) a high building ( , ):
OJpn. utena; MJpn. tn; Tok. utena.
JLTT 565 (with an incorrect translation as earthen mound/platform).
It is not quite clear whether PTM *ut-n and PJ *tina point to a
common derivative *t-nV; because of the diphthong in the second
syllable Jpn. may rather reflect a compound with some obscure second
element.
-a to play: Tung. *(x)ou; Mong. *ou-; Turk. *oj-; Jpn. *j-.
PTung. *(x)ou oestrum (): Evn. o.
2, 7. Cf. perhaps also Oroch uaina- to play on a wooden instrument (if the
original meaning was play (playfulness (of animals) > oestrum).

PMong. *ou- 1 to kiss 2 penis (1 2 penis): MMong. ou- 1,

aoa 2 (IM), ua- 1, uaaj 2 (MA), ua- 1, uoqa, uqai 2 (LH); WMong.
ou-, oi- 1, ouui, ouu 2 (L 626); Kh. oo- 1; Bur. ozogoj 2; Kalm. oz,
oz 2; Ord. ooGo, ooG 2; Dag. oi- (. . 159, MD 201) 1; Mongr.
ooGw, oGw, iGw (SM 72) 2.
KW 292. Mong. > Man. oo- etc., see Doerfer MT 142, Rozycki 166.
PTurk. *oj- 1 play 2 to play 3 to jump (1 2 3 ):
OTurk. ojun 1, ojna- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ojun 1, ojna- 2 (MK); Tur. ojun
1, ojna- 2; Gag. ojun 1, ojna- 2; Az. ojun 1, ojna- 2; Turkm. ojun 1, ojna- 2;
Uzb. jin 1, jna- 2; Uygh. ojun, ojan 1, ojni- 2; Krm. ojun 1, ojna- 2; Tat.
ujn 1, ujna- 2; Bashk. ujn 1, ujna- 2; Kirgh. ojun 1, ojno- 2; Kaz. ojn 1,
ojna- 2; KBalk. ojun 1, ojna- 2; KKalp. ojn 1, ojna- 2; Kum. ojun 1, ojna- 2;
Nogh. ojn 1; SUygh. oin, ujin 1; Khak. ojn 1, ojna- 2; Shr. oin 1; Oyr. ojn
1, ojno- 2; Tv. ojun 1, ojna- 2; Chuv. vj 1; Yak. n 1, n- 2, oj- 3;
Dolg. oj- 3, n- 2.
EDT 274, 275, 1, 435-436, Stachowski 190, 198. The verb also has sexual connotations, preserved in Kirgh., Oyr., Bashk. and Yak. (where it also means to flirt, be in
love) and in the common Turkic derivative *ojna lover (see ibid.) - important for
establishing external connections.

PJpn. *j- 1 to manipulate by strings (dolls etc.) 2 to nurse (1 ( ..) 2 ):

MJpn. j-tr- 1; Tok. ayatsr- 1, ayas- 2; Kyo. ytsr- 1; Kag. ayatsr- 1.
JLTT 679. The Tokyo accent is aberrant; otherwise all sources point to low tone.
Poppe 64, TMN 2, 225 (semantisch mglich, nicht mehr).

P
-pbVrV (~ p-, -p-, --) to swim, flow: Tung. *pabri-; Jpn. *ppr-.
PTung. *pabri- 1 to swim 2 to bathe (1 , 2 ):
Neg. xajwi- 1; Ul. pawrw 1; Ork. par- 2; Nan. fari- 1.
1, 458.
PJpn. *ppr- to overflow (): OJpn. papur-; MJpn.
fr-; Tok. afur-; Kyo. fr-; Kag. afur-.
JLTT 675, 683. The word is rather peculiar phonetically (with both irregular preservation of -p- > -f- and loss of p- > 0-), but there is hardly reason to separate the OJ and the
modern Jpn. forms.

A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-pd to spread; flag, standard: Tung. *pad-; Mong. *bad-; Turk.
*bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk; Jpn. *pt.
PTung. *pad- 1 to spread out (animals skin) 2 name of a game
(spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row) (1 , ( ) 2
(. ) 3 , ): Evk. hadarga 2;
Man. fajda- 3, fajdan row; SMan. faidn row (1624); Ork. pdda- 1.
2, 297, 308.
PMong. *bad- 1 to spread, expand, develop 2 flag, standard (1 , 2 , ): WMong. badara- 1,
bada 2 (L 66); Kh. badra- 1, badan 2; Bur. badar- 1; Kalm. badr- 1; Ord.
badara- 1; Dag. badara- 1 (. . 123), badare- (MD 117); Dong. patara1.
KW 27, MGCD 130. Mong. > Evk. badara-, Man. badara- etc., see Doerfer MT 69.
Sukhebaatar suggests a loan Mong. bada < Tib. badan flag, but the case is not quite clear:
the Tibetan word itself is clearly borrowed, but the source is not really known (it is
hardly Sanskr. patk id.), and may be actually Mongolian.

PTurk. *bAd-rak / *bAd-ruk banner, flag (, ): OTurk.

badruq (OUygh.); Karakh. batraq (MK: a lance with piece of silk at its
head); Tur. bajrak; Gag. bajraq; Az. bajraG; Turkm. bajdaq; MTurk. bajraq
(Pav. C.); Uzb. bajrq, (dial.) bajdaq; Uygh. bajraq, vajraq, (dial.) bajaq;
Krm. bajraq; Tat. bajraq; Bashk. bajraq; Kaz. (dial.) bajraq; KBalk. bajraq;
KKalp. bajraq; Kum. bajraq; Nogh. bajraq.

1072

*pgd - *pjbu

EDT 307, VEWT 55, TMN 2, 385-387, 33-34, 36, 565. Turk. (Chag.) >
Pers., Arab. Clausons hypothesis about borrowing from Sanskr. is unfounded because
Sanskrit lacks anything similar.
PJpn. *pt flag, banner (, ): OJpn. pata; MJpn. ft; Tok.
hat; Kyo. ht; Kag. hta.
JLTT 401.
Cf. *bdi.
-pgd ( ~ p-) to moisten, dip: Tung. *pagda-; Jpn. *pt-; Kor. *pt-.
PTung. *pagda- to smear (): Evk. hagda-; Evn. hda-; Ul.
paGda-; Nan. pGda-.
2, 308.
PJpn. *pt- 1 to be dipped, become wet 2 to dip, soak (1 ,
2 , ): OJpn. p(j)itas- 2; MJpn. ftr- 1; Tok.
hitr- 1, hits- 2; Kyo. htr- 1, hts- 2; Kag. htr- 1, hts- 2.
JLTT 690. Tokyo has also irregular accent variants: htar-, htas-.
PKor. *pt- to float (): MKor. pt-; Mod. t:-.
Nam 172, KED 523.
An Eastern isogloss. Turk. *bat- may be a contamination of this
root with *pata q.v. The Korean match is somewhat dubious semantically, unless one presumes a semantic development float < be wet,
flow; this may be corroborated by apparently related (dialectal?) variants MKor. pth- to strain, filter and MKor. phjt- to overflow.
Ramstedt (SKE 191) compares the TM forms with MKor. pr- to plaster, smear, which is dubious (see *pla ).
-pj ( ~ p-) to shine, glitter: Tung. *paja-; Jpn. *pj-.
PTung. *paja- 1 to glitter (of snow) 2 blinded by bright light (1 ( ) 2 ( )): Evk. hajakat- 1; Ud.
pajaktu 2.
2, 308. Ud. p- points to a borrowing from some unattested Nan. or Ul. form.
PJpn. *pj- 1 to be bright, glitter, shine 2 to eclipse (1 ,
2 ( )): OJpn.
paja- 1, 2; MJpn. faja- 1, 2; Tok. ha- 1; Kyo. h- 1; Kag. h- 1.
JLTT 682.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-pjbu ( ~ p-) to add, increase: Tung. *pb-; Jpn. *pj- (~-w-); Kor.
*ph.
PTung. *pb- to add (): Evk. hw-; Evn. hw-; Neg. xw-;
Ul. paj-; Ork. po-; Nan. poa-; Sol. wi-.
2, 306-307.
PJpn. *pj- (~-w-) to increase, grow (, ):
Tok. fu- (caus. fuj-s-); Kyo. f-; Kag. f-.
JLTT 693, 696.

*pje - *pj

1073

PKor. *ph 1 many, several, quantity 2 to pile up (1 , , 2 ): MKor. ph (adv.) 1, ph- do

smth. repeatedly , pho-kai- 2; Mod. pho 1, pho-g-da 2.
Liu 720, 725, KED 1753.
An Eastern isogloss. Aspiration in Korean may be due to secondary affixation (*ph < *po-h- < *pVbV-g-); however, a reconstruction
*pgu- is not excluded for PTM, and therefore the PA form may be as
well reconstructed as *pjgu (*-j- is needed anyway to explain fricativization in Japanese).
-pje ( ~ p-) a k. of grass: Tung. *paj-kta; Jpn. *p ( ~ *pu).
PTung. *paj-kta grass (dry) ( ()): Evk. hajkta; Evn. hajt;
Neg. xajta; Man. foj; Ul. pajqta; Ork. paqta; Nan. pajaqta; Ud. xaikta.
2, 309.
PJpn. *p ( ~ *pu) spike, ear (of grain) (): OJpn. p(w)o; MJpn.
f; Tok. h; Kyo. h; Kag. h.
JLTT 413. RJ and Tokyo point to low tone, but Kyoto and Kagoshima are aberrant.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-pjk owl: Tung. *pige ( ~ *piage); Mong. *beg-; Turk. *bjk-; Jpn.
*pk-; Kor. *phu.
PTung. *pige ( ~ *piage) kite (): Evk. hien; Evn. huhen,
hsen; Neg. xi-n; Ul. piu(n); Ork. pandi; Nan. pu; Orch. xiwoo;
Sol. igs.
2, 322-323.
PMong. *beg- barred owl (): WMong. beg-; Kh. beg-batr,
beg-btar; Bur. begserge; Kalm. bks own eagle-owl.
KW 55.
PTurk. *bjk- owl (): Tur. bajku; bajkara hawk; Turkm. bjGu;
MTurk. bajqu, bajqz; Kaz. bajz; Shr. pajoq a k. of bird.
VEWT 57, 2, 32-33. Turk. > MMong. (ZM) beiqu.
PJpn. *pk- owl (): MJpn. fkrf, fkrk; Tok. fukur.
JLTT 417.
PKor. *ph owl; kite (; ): MKor. ph, phu,
phu; Mod. pui.
Nam 266, KED 817.
An expressive root with somewhat violated correspondences. Cf.
some similar bird names: Khak. pegem wood-hen, Bur. bug-btar owl
(if the analysis demon-hero is a folk etymology); Oroch bajakuli name
of a bird, Man. bajbula magpie.
-pj ( ~ p-) spring or autumn wind: Tung. *paj-; Jpn. *pjt.
PTung. *paj- 1 freezing weather (in spring or autumn) 2 Northern
or Eastern wind 3 to blow (of spring wind) 4 frost (1 ( ) 2 3 ( -

1074

*pko - *pk[]

) 4 ): Evk. haj 1, 2, haj- 3; Nan. atqa (Kur-Urm.) 1;

Orch. xaika 4.
2, 309.
PJpn. *pjt wind storm ( ): OJpn. pajati, pajate;
MJpn. fjt, fajate; Tok. hyate, hayte; Kyo. hyt; Kag. hayat.
JLTT 402. The Tokyo accent is unclear.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. In Turkic cf. perhaps either Karakh. (MK)
ojuq mirage or *bej > Chuv. paj frost.
-pko ( ~ p-, -k-, -e) rock, cliff: Tung. *pkta; Jpn. *pki.
PTung. *pkta 1 hill, mound 2 precipice 3 sand bank (1 , 2 3 ()): Neg. pakta 1 ( < South.); Ul.
pqta 2; Ork. paqta 3; Nan. pqta 2.
2, 32.
PJpn. *pki steep rock ( ): MJpn. foki.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; MKor. phi could also be related (if separated from *bge q.v.).
-pk ( ~ *p-) to insert, shut in, sew in: Tung. *paK-; Jpn. *pk-; Kor.
*pk-.
PTung. *paK- to close in, buckle, shut up (, ,
): Evk. hak-; Evn. haq-; Neg. xax-; Sol. ax-.
2, 311. TM > Dag. xaku closed (. . 172); Evk. hakuma closed circle >
Dag. xakim circle dance (ibid).

PJpn. *pk- to put on (shirts, trousers) ( (, )): OJpn. pak-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. hk-; Kyo. hk-; Kag. hk-.
JLTT 684. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular (under lit. influence?).
PKor. *pk- to insert; to sew with a double stitch (; ): MKor. pk-; Mod. pak-.
Liu 364, KED 710.
An Eastern isogloss.
-pk[] a k. of fish or sea animal: Tung. *paxan; Turk. *buka ( = *boka);
Jpn. *pk; Kor. *pk.
PTung. *paxan bream (): Ul. paa(n); Nan. pa.
2, 32.
PTurk. *buka perch (): Tat. ala-boa; Kaz. ala-bua; Khak.
ala-bua.
VEWT 15, 178 (traditionally regarded as a compound *la variegated +
*buka bull, which is dubious because of the parallelism in Tat.: ala-balq crucian :
ala-boa perch - suggesting that the second part of both compounds is originally a fish
name).

PJpn. *pk shark (): MJpn. fk; Tok. fka, fuk; Kyo. fk;
Kag. fka.
JLTT 417.

*pala - *plg

1075

PKor. *pk porpoise, (KED) globefish, swellfish, puffer ():

MKor. pk; Mod. pog-, pok-i.
Liu 388, KED 798.
178. The vocalism reflects a variation between *pako (in
most languages) and *paku ( > Jpn. *pk), perhaps under the influence
of a similar fish name *beku q.v.
-pala ( ~ *p-) tooth: Tung. *palV; Jpn. *pa; Kor. *par.
PTung. *palV molar ( ): Ul. pal; Nan. paloa.
2, 313.
PJpn. *pa tooth (): OJpn. pa; MJpn. fa; Tok. h; Kyo. h; Kag. h.
JLTT 394. The PJ accent is not quite clear: Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *p, but
Kyoto has h (pointing rather to *p), and RJ has a special tone mark (f, but with the
upper dot to the right).

PKor. *par tooth (in comp. with *ni-) ( ( . *ni-)): MKor.

ni-s-par; Mod. ip:al.
Nam 127, KED 1369.
EAS 55-56, AKE 14, 3, 95, 109, 278. An Eastern
isogloss. Jpn. reflects a suffixed form *pal(a)-gV (cf. Nan. paloa).
-pl to be ashamed: Tung. *ple-; Mong. *bali-; Jpn. *pnt-i.
PTung. *ple- to be ashamed (): Evk. hle-; Evn. hal-;
Neg. xala-; Man. ani-aa-; Ork. xal-; Nan. ala-; Orch. xaga-; Ud.
xaga-.
2, 313.
PMong. *bali- to be ashamed (): WMong. balai- (L 78);
Kh. bali-; Bur. balsa bari-.
PJpn. *pnt-i shame (): OJpn. padi; MJpn. fd; Tok. haj; Kyo.
hj; Kag. hj.
JLTT 403. For -u- cf. padukasi shameful.
PA length is responsible for the preservation of b- in Mong. (otherwise *hali- would be expected).
-plg foot: Tung. *palga-n; Turk. *bAlak; Jpn. *pnk; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *palga-n 1 foot 2 sole (1 2 ): Evk. halgan 1;
Evn. halgn 1; Neg. xalgan 1; Ul. pala(n) 1; Ork. pala(n) 1; Nan. palg 2;
Orch. xaga paw; Ud. xaga paw; bears trace; Sol. al 1.
2, 312.
PTurk. *bAlak 1 ankle 2 trouser leg 3 foot sole (1 2 3 ): Tur. balaq 2 (dial.); Az. balaG 2; Turkm. balaq 2; MTurk.
balaq 2 (Pav. C.); Krm. balaq 2; Tat. balaq 1, 2; Bashk. balaq 2; Kaz. balaq 2;
birds foot; KBalk. balaq 2, 3; KKalp. balaq 2; Kum. balaq 2; Nogh. balaq
2.
VEWT 59, TMN 2, 312, 2, 51, 478. Turk. > Russ. Siber. balki (pl.)
( 114). [The latter contains a mistake: balaq is not attested in Kirgh. - it is

*pli - *pli

1076

found in Radloff marked as Kirgh., which means Kazakh. Modern Kazakh dictionaries
do not note this meaning; according to the (1, 86) it means a trouser leg from the
knee downwards; horses ankle; part of birds leg from the knee down to the ankle. In
Kirgh. a related stem may be balak-ta- to hang loose (of clothes, particularly of wide trouser legs).]

PJpn. *pnk shin (): OJpn. pagji; MJpn. fg; Tok. hag; Kyo.
hg; Kag. hag.
JLTT 395. In Ryukyu dialects the word means foot, leg: cf. Nase hg, Hateruma
pN, Yonaguni hN foot, leg etc.

PKor. *pr foot (): MKor. pr; Mod. pal.

Nam 245, KED 722.
EAS 52, 1984, 29-30, 3, 67-70, Menges 1984, 284,
13, 43, 68, 96, 279.
-pli a k. of fish: Tung. *palu; Mong. *bilau; Turk. *blk; Jpn. *prmi
(~-mi); Kor. *par-.
PTung. *palu a k. of fish (similar to bream) ( (
)): Man. falu.
2, 298. Cf. also Evk. pulwne, palwne ( borrowed from some
South.-Tung. form); huldi pike.

PMong. *bilau 1 carp 2 a k. of salmon (1 2 , , ): WMong. bilau; buluu, buluu 1 (); Kh. bul cagn 1; Bur.
bulsxai 2.
Cf. also Bur. Okin. bauan < *baliugan, Darkh. baus , (see
115, but hardly borrowed < Turkic), with a usual vowel variation of the type
milaa / malia.

PTurk. *blk fish (): OTurk. balq (OUygh.); Karakh. balq

(MK); Tur. balk; Gag. balq; Az. balG; Turkm. blq; Sal. balu; MTurk.
balq, bal (MA, Pav. C., . .); Uzb. baliq; Uygh. beliq; Krm. balx;
Tat. balq; Bashk. balq; Kirgh. balq; Kaz. balq; KBalk. balq; KKalp. balq;
Kum. balq; Nogh. balq; Khak. palx; Shr. palq (R.); Oyr. balq; Tv. balq;
Tof. balq; Chuv. pol; Yak. balk; Dolg. balk.
EDT 335, 2, 59-60, 177, 1, 443, Stachowski 52.
PJpn. *prmi (~-mi) fluke, plaice (): OJpn. p(j)iram(j)e;
Tok. hrame; Kyo. hrm; Kag. hirme.
Tokyo and Kagoshima point unambiguosly to high tone, while Kyoto accent is irregular.

PKor. *par- carp (): MKor. parkai; Mod. palgai.

Liu 368, KED 724 (the word is attested in MKor. with -a-, not --, thus Martins
derivation: a red one cannot be correct).

VEWT 61, KW 31 (but Kalm. bal zasn a k. of fish, also compared by Ramstedt, is a Turkism), SKE 185, 282, 8,
177.

*pli - *plukV

1077

-pli to be separated, divided: Tung. *plan; Mong. *belir; Turk.

*bldir; Jpn. *prk-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *plan bifurcation, fork (): Evk. hln; Neg. xalan;
Ul. xala(n); Nan. pl; Orch. xla(n); Ud. xala(n).
2, 312.
PMong. *belir cross-road; joint of two rivers (; ): MMong. belir (SH); WMong. belir (L 97); Kh. belir;
Bur. beler; Kalm. belr.
KW 42.
PTurk. *bldir cross-roads, separation of two roads or rivers (, ): OTurk. beltir (OUygh.);
Karakh. beltir (MK); Tat. pilter ,
(); Khak. piltr; Shr. peltir; Oyr. beltir; Tv. beldir; Yak. bilir.
VEWT 69, EDT 334, 98.
PJpn. *prk- to open (): OJpn. pjirak-; MJpn. frk-; Tok.
hirk-; Kyo. hrk-; Kag. hrk-.
JLTT 689.
PKor. *pr- to be opened, separated ( , ): MKor. pr-; Mod. pl-, plli-, pal- (trans.).
Nam 256, KED 706, 765, 766.
KW 42, SKE 150, 98. Mong. may be borrowed from Turk.
(see TMN 1, 238, 1997, 104).
-plukV hammer: Tung. *paluka; Mong. *haluka; Turk. *bAlka.
PTung. *paluka hammer (): Evk. halka; Evn. halq; Neg.
xalka; Man. folo; Ul. palaw(n); Ork. palo; Nan. paloa; Orch. xalua,
xaluwa; Ud. xaluga; Sol. alxa.
2, 313.
PMong. *haluka hammer (): MMong. hol[o]a (IM);
WMong. aluqa(n) (L 34); Kh. alx(an); Bur. alxa; Kalm. alx; Ord. aluxu;
Mog. aluqa (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xallogu (MGCD 106), xaldugu (.
. 173).
KW 7.
PTurk. *bAlka hammer (): Uzb. bala (Chag.); Tat. bala
(Sib.); Kirgh. bala.
VEWT 61, 2, 57-58. Turk. > Mong. balu, balig (KW 31).
KW 7, Poppe 11, 1984, 30-31, Doerfer MT 22, Rozycki 78
(although, despite the two latter authors, in this case one can hardly
think of a loanword). A Western isogloss. May be an old Wanderwort (cf. PIE *peleku-). Low tone and shortness reconstructed because
of Mong. *h-.

1078

*p - *pap

-p ( ~ p-) shadow: Tung. *paa-; Jpn. *pn ( ~ -ua-); Kor. *pm.

PTung. *paa-n shadow (): Evk. haan; Evn. hn; Neg. xaan;
Man. fajaGa soul, spirit; SMan. fai soul (771); Ul. paa(n); Ork.
pana(n); Nan. pa; Orch. xaa(n); Ud. xaa(n).
2, 315.
PJpn. *pn ( ~ -ua-) dim (): OJpn. p(w)on(w)o(-ka); MJpn.
fn(-ka); Tok. hnoka; Kyo. hnk; Kag. honok.
JLTT 414.
PKor. *pm night (): MKor. pm; Mod. pam.
Nam 248, KED 733.
1984, 31. An Eastern isogloss. The Korean etymology in
SKE 187 - to TM *pak- dark - is hardly plausible). Cf. perhaps also TM
*p-sa- ( < *pa-sa?) black.
-pai ( ~ p-) ornament, attire: Tung. *pani-; Jpn. *pn; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *pani- 1 to attire 2 attire (1 2 ): Evk.
hani-sin 2; Evn. hn 2, hn- 2; Neg. xn- 1.
2, 314.
PJpn. *pn ornamental doll ( ( )): MJpn. fn
(fn), fifina, fiina; Tok. hna; Kyo. hn; Kag. hin.
JLTT 407.
PKor. *p- to attire; to blossom ((); ): MKor. ps(p-).
Nam 280.
An Eastern isogloss.
-pap ( ~ p-, -b-) work, order: Tung. *paba ( ~ -p-); Mong. *(h)eb; Jpn.
*pampi-.
PTung. *paba ( ~ -p-) 1 work 2 skilful, diligent 3 to work (1 2
, , 3 ): Evk. haw 1, hawal- 3;
Evn. hawa 1, hawad- 3; Neg. xawadjin 2, xawdakta- 1; Man. fafuri 2.
2, 307.
PMong. *(h)eb system, order, co-operation (, , ): WMong. eb (L 284); Kh. ev; Bur. eb; Kalm. eb; Ord. eb.
KW 116. Mong. > Chag. ep etc. ( 1, 286-287, see VEWT 46). Cf. perhaps also
(with back vocalism) WMong. aburi conduct, behaviour (L 7), aali, aasi id. (L 12).

PJpn. *pampi- to serve, to be (pol.) (, (.)): MJpn.

faberi (MJ); Tok. haber-.
JLTT 682.
A rather abstract common Altaic root. Note WMong. abu-ri which
can probably be identified with Man. fafu-ri < *pap-rV (but MJ faberi is
rather < *pampi ari, with a Jpn. auxiliary verb.

*parki - *psi

1079

-parki mighty, brave: Tung. *parga; Mong. *berke; Turk. *berk.

PTung. *parga 1 brave 2 silly 3 scoundrel (1 2 3
): Man. ada 3; Ul. parGa(n) 1; Ork. parGa miserly; harmful;
Nan. farGa 2.
2, 34.
PMong. *berke difficult; competent, skilled (, ;
-., ): MMong. berke (HY 51, SH, IM),
berket- to become firm (MA); WMong. berke (L 99); Kh. berx; Bur. berxe;
Kalm. berk ( 95); Ord. bere.
Mong. > Yak., Dolg. berke ( but hardly > Chuv. parga, despite Rna-Tas 1971-1972).
PTurk. *berk mighty (, ): OTurk. berk (OUygh.);
Karakh. berk (MK); Tur. berk; Az. brk; Turkm. berk; MTurk. berk (Pav.
C.); Bashk. birk; Kaz. berk; SUygh. perik; Chuv. parga; Yak. bert; Dolg.
bert.
EDT 361-362, 2, 116-120, Stachowski 58.
A Western isogloss.
-pr ( ~ p-, --) to buy, sell: Tung. *pr-; Jpn. *pr-p-; Kor. *prh-.
PTung. *pr- to buy, sell (, ): Evn. hrat-.
2, 317. Attested only in Evn., with probable parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *pr-p- to pay (): OJpn. parap-; MJpn. frf-; Tok.
har-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 684. Kyoto reflects a variant *prp-.
PKor. *prh- to sell (): MKor. phr-; Mod. phal-.
Nam 462, KED 1736.
EAS 56. An Eastern isogloss.
-psi to press, pinch: Tung. *pasu-; Turk. *bas-; Jpn. *ps- / *ps-; Kor.
*ps-k-.
PTung. *pasu- to press, pinch ( (, )): Evk.
hasu-; Evn. as asqlan (Ol.) handful; Neg. xas-; Ul. pasala-; Nan. pasoala-;
Sol. as-x handful.
2, 318.
PTurk. *bas- to press (): OTurk. bas- (OUygh.); Karakh. bas(MK); Tur. bas-; Gag. bas-; Az. bas-; Turkm. bas-; Sal. pas-; MTurk. bas(Pav. C.); Uzb. bs-; Uygh. bas-; Krm. bas-; Tat. bas-; Bashk. ba-; Kirgh.
bas-; Kaz. bas-; KBalk. bas-; KKalp. bas-; Kum. bas-; Nogh. bas-; SUygh.
pas-; Khak. pas-; Oyr. bas-, pas-; Tv. bas-; Tof. bas-; Chuv. pos-; Yak.
batt-; Dolg. batt-.
EDT 370-371, VEWT 64, TMN 2, 245-6, 2, 74-77, 393, 571,
1, 448, Stachowski 55. Turk. > Mong. basu- > Man. basu-, see TMN 2, 246, Doerfer MT 135.

PJpn. *ps- / *ps- thin (): OJpn. p(w)oso-; MJpn. fs-; Tok.
hosi; Kyo. hs-; Kag. hos-.

1080

*pasi - *pt

JLTT 828. Ryukyu dialects reflect a variant *ps-, cf. Shuri Fs-, Hateruma p-,
Yonaguni xt-.
PKor. *ps-k- to press, hold tight, compress (, ):
MKor. psk-; Mod. k:-.
Nam 80, KED 262.
68, 280, 13. In Jpn. thin < pressed, compressed.
The root is actively interacting with *psa and *psa q. v. The vowel
variation in Japanese dialects may point to a variant *pse.
-pasi ( ~ p-) to run, hurry: Tung. *pasi-; Mong. *hesre-; Kor. *ps- /
*p-.
PTung. *pasi- 1 to hurry, scurry 2 commotion, hurry (n.) (1 , 2 , ): Evn. hasl- 1; Man.
fai-xin, fau-xun 2, faiaa- 1; SMan. fauhun disordered (1065); fauhuru- to fall into disorder (1066); Sol. paig 2.
2, 36. The root has some peculiarities: p- in Sol. probably means that the word
is borrowed < Manchu. Manchu -- : Evn. -s- is quite strange: it may point to a derivation
fai- < *pasi-i- in Manchu. TM > Dag. pagur- to become confused (. . 160).

PMong. *hesre- to jump, leap (, ): WMong. sr(L 1014); Kh. sre-; Bur. hr-; Kalm. sr- (); Ord. sr-; Mog. sr(Ramstedt 1906); Dag. xesre- (. . 176), xesure-; hesere- (MD 161);
S.-Yugh. sur-.
MGCD 697.
PKor. *ps- / *p- 1 to be hurried, urgent 2 to make hurry (1
, 2 , ): MKor. psp- 1, ph- 2;
Mod. pap:- 1, pap:i-ha- 2.
Liu 371, 373, KED 707.
The root should be distinguished from *bo q.v. (cf. the distinction in Manchu), although some contaminations were possible. Note a
peculiar alternation *-s-/*-- both in TM and Kor., possibly indicating
an old suffixed variant *pasi-V. PJ *pasir- run, because of its vocalism, is rather to be attributed to PA *peo q.v.
-pt to get, get into: Turk. *bat-; Jpn. *ptr-; Kor. *pt-.
PTurk. *bat- 1 to sink 2 to fit into, get into (1 2 ): OTurk. bat- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. bat- 1 (MK); Tur. bat- 1; Gag. bat1; Az. bat- 1; Turkm. bat- 1; Sal. pat- 1; MTurk. bat- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. bt1; Uygh. bat-, pat- 1; Krm. bat- 1; Tat. bat- 1; Bashk. bat- 1; Kirgh. bat- 1, 2;
Kaz. bat- 1; KBalk. bat- 1; KKalp. bat- 1; Kum. bat- 1; Nogh. bat- 1;
SUygh. pat- 1; Khak. pat- 1; Shr. pat- 1; Oyr. pat- 1, 2; Tv. bat- 1; Tof. bat1; Chuv. pot- 1; Yak. bat- 2, batar into, deep into; Dolg. batar into,
deep into.
EDT 298, VEWT 65, 2, 78-80, TMN 2, 230-231, Stachowski 55, 1, 455.

*pte - *pei

1081

PJpn. *ptr- to collect (taxes etc.) ( (), ):

OJpn. patar-; MJpn. ftr-.
JLTT 685.
PKor. *pt- to get, obtain (): MKor. pt-; Mod. pat-.
Nam 244, KED 721.
Poppe 89. Korean has a usual verbal low tone. See also *pagdi,
*petV.
-pte louse, biting insect: Tung. *pnta- / *pnte-; Mong. *batagana;
Turk. *bt; Kor. *ptr.
PTung. *pnta- / *pnte- 1 rainworm 2 flea (1 2
): Evk. hnteku 2; Nan. pnte 1.
2, 47, 315.
PMong. *batagana fly (): WMong. bataana (L 91); Kh. batgana;
Bur. batagan(n); Kalm. batxn; Ord. bataGana.
KW 36.
PTurk. *bt louse (): OTurk. bit (OUygh.); Karakh. bit (MK);
Tur. bit; Gag. bi ; Az. bit; Turkm. bit; Sal. bit; Khal. bit; MTurk. bit (Pav.
C.); Uzb. bit; Uygh. pit; Krm. bit; Tat. bet; Bashk. bet; Kirgh. bit; Kaz. bit;
KBalk. bit; KKalp. bijt; Kum. bit; Nogh. bijt; SUygh. bt; Khak. pt; Shr.
pit; Oyr. bijt; Tv. bt; Tof. bt; Chuv. pjd; Yak. bt.
VEWT 76, EDT 296, 2, 151-152, 182.
PKor. *ptr a k. of bee ( ): MKor. ptr; Mod. pdri.
Nam 237, KED 704.
182. Mergers with *punte were possible (which may explain the non-etymological -n- in TM). Cf. also Kor. pind bedbug?
-pt ( ~ *p-) loom, detail of a loom: Tung. *pata-n; Jpn. *pt; Kor.
*pti.
PTung. *pata-n part of a weaving machine ( ): Man.
fatan.
2, 318.
PJpn. *pt loom ( ): OJpn. pata; MJpn. ft; Tok.
hat; Kyo. ht; Kag. hta.
JLTT 401.
PKor. *pti comb of a loom ( ): MKor.
pti; Mod. padi.
Nam 240.
Lee 1958, 109. An interesting Eastern isogloss.
-pei ( ~ p-) to be ashamed: Tung. *peke-; Mong. *hie-; Kor. *pskr-.
PTung. *peke- 1 to be surprised 2 strange, wonderful; base, vile (1
2 , ; , ): Man. feexun, feuxun 2, feiki (n.); Ul. peksi-, peske- 1; Ork. peske- 1; Nan. pekse- 1;
Orch. peksi-, pekse- 1.

1082

*pd - *peg

2, 48, 305.
PMong. *hie- to be ashamed (): MMong. xie- (HY 36),
xie- (SH), hi[e]- (IM), (h)ii- (MA); WMong. ie-, ii- (L 397-8); Kh. ie-;
Bur. ee-; Kalm. i- (); Ord. ia-, ei-; Dag. xii- (. . 184), ii(. . 184, MD 215); Dong. -, e-; Bao. e-, ie-; S.-Yugh. he-;
Mongr. - (SM 389), i-.
MGCD 415.
PKor. *pskr- to be ashamed (): MKor. pskr-; Mod.
puk:ri-.
Nam 274, KED 810.
SKE 203. MKor. pskr- = pkr- (-s- and -- are usually neutralized in this position).
-pd spot, ornament: Tung. *pede-; Mong. *beder; Turk. *bEdi; Jpn.
*pantara.
PTung. *pede- 1 to ruddle, mark (deer, by cutting its ear) 2 dirty (1
(, ) 2 ): Evk. peden- 1 (Kamn.); Evn.
hedenin 2.
2, 45, 360. The dialectal Evk. form must be a borrowing from some unattested
Southern Tungus form (as suggested by initial p-).

PMong. *beder stripe, spot (, ): WMong. beder, bider (L

103); Kh. bider, beder; Bur. bder; Kalm. bedr; Ord. beder ornaments on
metal or stone.
KW 41. Mong. > Manchu bederi id. (see Rozycki 27).
PTurk. *bEdi painted ornamentation ( ):
OTurk. bediz (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. beiz (MK).
EDT 310, VEWT 67.
PJpn. *pantara in spots, scattered about (,
): OJpn. padare; MJpn. fadara.
JLTT 395.
EAS 112, KW 41, Poppe 53 (Turk.-Mong.). Despite 1997,
163, Mong. cannot be borrowed < Turk. High tone reconstructed because of Mong. *b-. See also notes to *mru.
-peg ( ~ p-, -e) wart: Tung. *pegu(-kte) ( ~ -b-); Mong. *he; Jpn.
*pkur ( ~ -ua-).
PTung. *pegu(-kte) ( ~ -b-) 1 wart 2 callosity (1 2 ): Evk. hewum 2, hete 1; Evn. het 1; Neg. xewu-kte 2, xete 1; Man.
fuxu 1; SMan. fux, fuxu wart, knot (150, 2136); Ul. pukte 1; Ork. peukte
1; Nan. pkte 1.
2, 359, 367. Evk. > Dolg. hete (see Stachowski 101).
PMong. *he wart (): WMong. eg (L 303); Kh. (n);
Bur. (n); Kalm. n; Ord. ; Dag. xuei; Dong. xeu; Bao. xu; Mongr.
xr.

*peka - *pk

1083

KW 461, MGCD 685.

PJpn. *pkur ( ~ -ua-) mole (): Tok. hokuro.
Poppe 61, 1984, 45; Miller 1985, 147-148.
-peka to be embarrassed: Tung. *peku-; Mong. *bakar-da-.
PTung. *peku- to be embarrassed, troubled (, , ): Evk. hekir-; Evn. hekurui-; Man. foodo-, footo-, fexere-; fuqia-; Jurch. fe-xi-lar (373); Ul. peken-.
2, 302, 362-363.
PMong. *bakar-da- to be embarrassed (, ):
WMong. baqarda-; Kh. baxarda-; Bur. baxarda-; Ord. baxarda-.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-pki big, solid, firm: Tung. *pegdi; Mong. *hike; Turk. *bek; Kor.
*phk ( < *pkh) / *pak.
PTung. *pegdi 1 big, large 2 important (1 2 ): Evk.
hegdi 1; Man. fuun 2.
2, 302, 359.
PMong. *hike big (): MMong. jeke (HY 52, SH), ike, ik
(IM), jik (MA); WMong. jeke (L 431); Kh. ix; Bur. jexe; Kalm. ik; Ord.
ie; Mog. ik, (j)k, ZM k (6-2b); Dag. xige, xig (. . 176), ige
(. . 183), ihe (MD 215); Dong. fugie; Bao. hgo, fgo, (MGCD) fguo;
S.-Yugh. ge, (MGCD) ige; Mongr. ge (SM 378).
KW 205-206, MGCD 415, TMN 1, 553. Initial *h- here is quite certain, but is rendered as j- in MMong. because of early palatalization (*hike > *hjeke > jeke). Mong. > Manchu jekege noble, grand (see Rozycki 224).

PTurk. *bek firm, solid, stable (, ): OTurk. bek

(OUygh.); Karakh. bek (MK); Tur. pek; Gag. pek; Turkm. bek; MTurk. bek,
pek (Pav. C.); Krm. bek; Tat. bik; Bashk. bik; Kirgh. bek; Kaz. bek; KBalk.
bek; KKalp. bek; Kum. bek; Nogh. bek; SUygh. poq, pq; Khak. pik; Shr. pek;
Oyr. bek, pek; Tv. bek; Chuv. pak suddenly, abruptly; Yak. bige; Dolg.
bige.
EDT 323, VEWT 68, 2, 117-120, Stachowski 60. Closed -i- in Yak. is probably
secondary.

PKor. *pkh / *pak 1 very 2 vigorously (1 2 , ):

MKor. phk; Mod. phk 1, pak 2.
Liu 723, KED 710, 1743.
SKE 62 (Mong.-Tung., incorrectly criticized in TMN 1, 554), 213.
Turk. > WMong. beki, bek > Evk. beki (see Doerfer TMN 1, 238, MT 101).
Low tone and shortness reconstructed because of Mong. *h-. Cf. also
*pka mighty (the two roots could interfere because of similarity).
-pk ( ~ b-) to wish, plan: Mong. *baka-; Turk. *bken-; Jpn. *pkr-.
PMong. *baka- to covet, wish (, , ):
WMong. baqa-, baqa (n.) (L 92); Kh. bax (n.); Bur. baxa-; Kalm. bax (n.);

1084

*pekV - *plaba(nV)

Ord. baxa satisfaction; Mongr. baGa-, paGa- atteindre, combattre (SM

18, 301).
KW 28.
PTurk. *bken- 1 to feel joy, appreciate 2 to strive, hope (1 , 2 , ): Karakh. biken- 1;
Tur. been- 1; Az. bjn- 1; Turkm. begen- 1; Kirgh. bek big joy, feast;
Chuv. pigen- 2.
2, 101.
PJpn. *pkr- to plan, decide, measure (, , ): OJpn. pakar-; MJpn. fkr-; Tok. hakr-; Kyo. hkr-; Kag. hkr-.
JLTT 683.
Cf. *bka which could have influenced some of the reflexes (in particular, the accentological irregularity of Jpn. *pkr- may be explained
by a secondary analogy with *bkr-).
-pekV ( ~ p-) hot, warm: Tung. *peku-; Kor. *pukh ( ~ --).
PTung. *peku- hot (): Evk. heku; Evn. hk; Neg. xeku-gdi;
Man. aa-n heat, aqu- to warm, dry; Ul. pukeuli hot, pkki- to bake
( > Ud. piki-le- id.); Ork. xekkuli, xekusi ( < Oroch.); Nan. peku hot, pqto warm, heat; Orch. xeku, xekusi; Ud. xekuhi; Sol. exgdi.
2, 362, 322. The root should be distinguished from *pigi- (v. sub *pagV).
PKor. *pukh ( ~ --) warm (of weather) ( ( )): Mod.
phuk-ha-.
KED 1762.
EAS 53. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-plaba(nV) a figure made of stone or clay: Tung. *pelbu; Mong.
*barimal; Turk. *bAlbal; Jpn. *pnw, *panipai, *panima.
PTung. *pelbu antropomorphic pendant for womens hair ( ( )): Evk. helbu.
2, 363. Attested only in Evk., but having interesting external parallels.
PMong. *barimal sculpture (): WMong. barimal (L 88);
Kh. bamal.
PTurk. *bAlbal a stone pillar erected on a grave ( , ): OTurk. balbal (Orkh., Yen.).
EDT 333. Borrowed (possibly from an unattested Bulgar source) in Old Russ.
bolvan, Hung. blvny stone idol (suggestion of Melioranski, evidently preferable to the
hypothesis of Korsch-Dmitriev < Pers. pahlavn, see 84-85, 114).

PJpn. *pnw, *panipai, *panima figures of men and animals

made of clay ( ): OJpn. paniwa,
panipe, panima; MJpn. fnw; Tok. hniwa; Kyo. hnw; Kag. hanwa.
JLTT 398.
The comparison is very tempting, although one has to suppose
secondary folk-etymological reanalysis in Mong. (where barimal /a

*pma - *prV

1085

regular development < *balima-r/) is associated with bari- to build, and

in Jpn., where all the variants are associated with pani red clay.
-pma ( ~ p-) lip; to munch, eat: Tung. *pemu-; Jpn. *pm-.
PTung. *pemu-n lip (): Evk. hemun; Evn. hemn; Neg. xemun;
Man. femen; SMan. femn lips (28); Ul. pemu(n); Ork. pemu(n); Nan.
pem; Orch. xemu(n); Ud. xemu(n); Sol. emme.
2, 365.
PJpn. *pm- eat (): OJpn. pam-; MJpn. fm-.
JLTT 684.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; cf. perhaps Khalkha omgono- to chew with
a toothless mouth. On another possibility of finding Turkic and Mongolian matches see under *emV.
-peo ( ~ *b-, *p-, -o-) flame, light: Jpn. *pn; Kor. *p-.
PJpn. *pn 1 flame 2 dawn (1 2 ): OJpn.
p(w)ono-p(w)o 1, ake-b(w)ono 2; MJpn. fn-f, fn-f 1, k-bn 2; Tok.
hnoo, hono 1, kebono 2; Kyo. hn 1, kbn 2; Kag. hono 1, akebno 2.
JLTT 379, 414. Original accent is not quite clear, because the root is attested only in
compounds.

PKor. *p- to shine brightly, glare (, ): MKor. p-;

Mod. nun-pusi-.
Nam 242, KED 362.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.
-pp dust, ashes: Tung. *pepke-; Mong. *baa-su; Jpn. *pp(u); Kor.
*pap.
PTung. *pepke- grey (): Evk. hepkeme; Evn. hwkn.
2, 368.
PMong. *baa- 1 dirt, excrements 2 to defecate (1 , 2 ): MMong. bsun (IM), bun (IM), basun (MA); WMong.
baasu(n) 1, baa- 2 (L 67, 68); Kh. bs(an) 1, b- 2; Bur. bha(n) 1, b- 2;
Kalm. bsn 1, b- 2; Ord. bs(u) 1; Dag. bse 1, b- 2 (MD 116), bs 1;
Dong. basun 1, ba- 2; Bao. baso 1, ba- 2; S.-Yugh. psn 1, p- 2; Mongr.
bs (SM 23) 1, b- 2 (SM 18).
KW 37, MGCD 128, 129. Cf. also *baa-la- to suppurate (KW 37).
PJpn. *pp(u) ashes (): OJpn. pap(j)i; MJpn. ff; Tok. hi; Kyo.
h; Kag. h.
JLTT 396.
PKor. *pap refuse, scraps, dust (, ): Mod. pap.
KED 734.
SKE 189.
-prV gland, callus: Tung. *peri; Mong. *ber-se; Turk. *ber.
PTung. *peri abrasion, chafe (on horses back) (,
): Man. feri.

1086

*pe - *ps

2, 305. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.

PMong. *ber-se callus, hard growth (, ):
WMong. berseg (L 100); Kh. bers; Bur. ber bump; Kalm. bers; Ord.
bers.
KW 43.
PTurk. *ber swelling, gland (, ): Turkm. ber; Kaz.
beriek thick pus (R); Khak. mir; Chuv. par; Yak. bert / berge.
KW 43. A Western isogloss. For Turkic cf. alternatively Mong.
marma- be covered with scars (cf. traces of nasalization in Turkic languages).
-pe ( ~ -i) to feel discomfort, trouble: Tung. *peru-; Mong. *berbeji-;
Turk. *b-.
PTung. *peru- to despair, be troubled (, ):
Evk. her-; Evn. heri-; Man. furu angry; Nan. peurekpen-.
2, 303, 370.
PMong. *berbeji- to chill, grow numb from cold; to be frightened,
shy ( ( ), ; , ): WMong.
berbeji- (L 99); Kh. bervij-; Bur. birba- to feel aversion; Kalm. berw-;
Ord. berw-.
KW 43. Cf. *berele-, with a possibility of contamination.
PTurk. *b- to shiver, tremble; to hate, be bored, feel aversion ( ; , , ): OTurk. bez(Orkh.); Karakh. bez- (MK); Tur. bez-; Az. bez-, bezik-; Turkm. bezik-;
MTurk. bez- (Qutb, CCum.); Uzb. bez-; Uygh. bz-; Krm. bez-; Tat. biz-;
Bashk. bi-; Kirgh. bez-; Kaz. bez-; KBalk. bez-; KKalp. bez-; Kum. bez-;
Nogh. bez-; Yak. bisk-.
EDT 389, 2, 103-105, TMN 2, 387, . 172 (~--, --).
A Western isogloss. High tone reconstructed because of Mong.
*b-.
-ps ( ~ -o) handle: Tung. *pesin; Mong. *hesi; Turk. *basu-; Jpn.
*ps-i.
PTung. *pesin handle (, ): Evk. hesin; Evn. hesn;
Neg. xesin; Man. fesin; SMan. fen, fesn (594); Ul. pesi(n); Ork. pesi(n);
Nan. pes; Orch. xesi(n); Ud. xehi.
2, 371.
PMong. *hesi handle, stem (, ): MMong. hi (IM), nii
[with a secondary n- and a usual loss of *h- before s] (MA 299);
WMong. esi (L 334); Kh. i; Bur. ee; Kalm. i; Ord. ei, ii; Dag. xei
(. . 176), hei (MD 161); Bao. ji; S.-Yugh. .
KW 210, MGCD 413.
PTurk. *basu- sledge-hammer, mallet (, ): Karakh.
basu (MK); Uzb. baska; Khak. pasxa; Oyr. masqa.

*psu - *po

1087

VEWT 64.
PJpn. *ps-i chopsticks ( ): OJpn. pasi; MJpn. fs;
Tok. hshi; Kyo. hsh; Kag. hash.
JLTT 400. The reconstruction *ps-i is based on the old Ainu loanword pasuy id.
EAS 54, 102, Poppe 11, 65, , 3, 77-78, 1984, 71-72,
79. Despite Doerfer MT 22, Rozycki 76, TM is not < Mong.
-psu hoar-frost, cold: Mong. *(h)osu-; Turk. *bes; Kor. *ps-.
PMong. *(h)osu- to freeze, to suffer from cold weather (,
): WMong. osu- (L 624); Kh. oso-, osgo-.
PTurk. *bes hoar-frost (): Tur. dial. besim, pese, pesen; Tat. bs;
Bashk. b; Chuv. pas.
37-38.
PKor. *ps- hail (): MKor. ps-nn.
Nam 289. Connection with psr rice (rice-snow) cannot be excluded, cf. also the
modern form s:aragi-nn.

Shortness and low tone reconstructed because of Mong. *(h)-. The

etymology is somewhat questionable because of late attestation in
Turkic and a possibility of an alternative analysis of the Korean form
(see above).
-pt ( ~ *p-, -t-) to drop, fall: Tung. *pet-ke-; Jpn. *pt-; Kor. *ptr-.
PTung. *pet-ke- to fall, drop (, ): Evn. hetki-.
2, 371. Attested only in Evn., with possible parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *pt- to finish; anchor (; ): OJpn.
pata-; MJpn. fata-; Tok. hat-; Kyo. ht-; Kag. ht-.
JLTT 686.
PKor. *ptr- to drop, fall; finish (, ; ):
MKor. ptr-t-; Mod. t:r-i-.
Nam 151, KED 449.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. also Kor. ptr- shake.
-po to dance: Tung. *pe-; Mong. *bi-; Jpn. *pj-s-.
PTung. *pe- to dance, roundelay (, ):
Evk. he-; Evn. he-; Neg. xen-; Ork. xede (n.).
2, 361.
PMong. *bi- to dance (): MMong. boi (HY 35), buo(IM), bui- (MA); WMong. bi- (L 153: bi-); Kh. bi-, bi-; Bur. beg;
Kalm. bi-, bi-; Ord. bk elgant, joli, bgl-.
KW 54.
PJpn. *pj-s- to accompany, sing and dance in unison (, ): MJpn. fajas-; Tok. hays-; Kyo.
hys-; Kag. hys-.
JLTT 686.

1088

*pla - *pi

PA length is responsible for the preservation of b- in Mong. (otherwise *hi- would be expected).
-pla to rub, plaster: Tung. *pilki-; Mong. *bila-; Jpn. *pr-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *pilki- to rub, smear (, ): Evk. hilki-; Ork.
pikki-; Nan. plq-.
2, 324.
PMong. *bila- to smear, plaster (, ): WMong. bila- (L
103); Kh. ala-; Bur. bila-; Ord. bila-.
PJpn. *pr- to plaster (, ): OJpn. par-; MJpn. fr-;
Tok. hr-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 685.
PKor. *pr- to plaster, stick on (, ): MKor.
pr-; Mod. par-.
Nam 241, KED 706.
Martin 238 (Kor.-Jpn.). Irregular vowel in Korean (*parV- would
be expected) can be probably explained by vowel assimilation, as well
as by secondary adjustment of this root to prm wall q.v.
-ple a k. of hawk: Tung. *pilakta; Mong. *helie; Turk. *bElin.
PTung. *pilakta 1 a k. of hawk 2 a k. of woodpecker (1
2 ): Evk. hilakta 1, 2; Ul. plaqta, plaqta 2; Nan. plaqta 2.
2, 323.
PMong. *helie hawk, kite (, ): MMong. xelee (HY
13), ils (MA), hl- (LH); WMong. elije (L 310); Kh. el; Bur. e; Kalm.
el; Ord. el, il; Dong. helie; Bao. helo.
KW 119, MGCD 257. Mong. > Yak. elia, ? > Bulg. *ileg > Hung. ly, lyuv (see Gombocz 1912, VEWT 40).

PTurk. *bElin hawk (): Az. beli-baGl; Uzb. belin (Chag.); Krm.
beli.
VEWT 69.
Shortness and low tone reconstructed because of Mong. *h-. A
Western isogloss; cf. perhaps OJ p(j)e- in p(j)-w foot-cord for a falcon
(wo cord, rope), although the word pe is not attested separately. PJ
*pa < *pl(e)-gV would be a very good match for Mong. *helie.
-pi to become overripe, pickled: Tung. *pil(b)-; Mong. *(h)ili-; Turk.
*bi-; Jpn. *ps-ku; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *pil(b)- 1 slime 2 to eat raw fish, meat 3 ear pus (1 2
(, ) 3 ): Evk. hilbi 1, hilbik- 2, dial.
pila 3.
2, 38, 324. A rather rich group of derivatives - attested, however, only in Evk.
PMong. *(h)ili- to become rotten, overboiled (, ): WMong. ilira-, ilire- (L 408: ilara-, ilira-, ilire-); Kh. jalra-;
Bur. ilzar-; Kalm. ilr-.

*pe - *pa

1089

KW 206. Mong. > Dolg. ili, ilirij- (see Stachowski 125).

PTurk. *bi- to become boiled, ripe (, ):
OTurk. bi- (OUygh.); Karakh. bi- (MK, KB); Tur. pi-; Gag. pi-; Az.
bi-; Turkm. bi-; Khal. b-; MTurk. bi- (Sangl.); Uzb. pi-; Uygh. pi-;
Krm. bi-, pi-; Tat. be-, pe-; Bashk. be-; Kirgh. b-; Kaz. pis-; KBalk.
bi-; KKalp. pis-; Kum. bi-; SUygh. ps-; Khak. ps-; Shr. p-; Oyr. b-;
Tv. b-; Tof. b-; Chuv. pi-; Yak. bus-.
VEWT 76, EDT 376-377, 2, 161-164. Mong. bilaq, basila a k. of home cheese
< Turk. *b-lak (Clark 1980, 42, 1997, 107).

PJpn. *ps-ku anchovy (): MJpn. fsk.

JLTT 409.
PKor. *pr- to smell (of raw fish, blood) ( ( ,
)): MKor. pr-; Mod. piri-.
Liu 412, KED 852.
JOAL 119.
-pe scar, pimple: Tung. *pina; Mong. *beere; Turk. *b; Kor.
*prm.
PTung. *pina scar (): Evk. hina; Evn. hnn; Neg. xnan;
Man. fia ulcer; Ork. pna.
2, 299, 325.
PMong. *beere pus (): WMong. begere (MXTTT); Kh. br.
Man. berxe eye pus ( 1, 127) < Mong.
PTurk. *b 1 swelling 2 scar, ulcer (1 2 , ):
Karakh. bez (MK, IM) 2; Tur. bez 2; Az. bz, vz; Turkm. mz 2; MTurk.
bez (Sangl.), mez (Sangl.) 1, 2; Uzb. bez 2; Uygh. bz; Tat. biz 1, 2; Bashk.
bi; Kirgh. bez 1, 2; Kaz. bez 1, 2; KBalk. bez 1, 2; KKalp. bez 1, 2; Kum.
bez 1, 2; Nogh. bez; Tv. bes 1; Tof. bes 1; Chuv. pr pus.
VEWT 72, EDT 388, 142, 1, 384, 7.
PKor. *prm pimple, blotch (): MKor. prm; Mod.
pusrm, prm.
Nam 271, KED 813, 816.
171 (Chuv.-Mong.), 209 (with a different Turkic
parallel), Robbeets 2000, 111.
-pa needle: Tung. *pi[r]a; Mong. *birim; Turk. *bi (*bi); Jpn.
*pr; Kor. *pnr (/-r-).
PTung. *pi[r]a 1 thick needle 2 fish-hook (1 2 , ): Evk. hinna (dial. hinda, hindra) 2; Nan. bn.
1, 83, 2, 325. Phonology is somewhat irregular (perhaps due to a rare medial
cluster): in Nan. *pn would be expected.

PMong. *birim awl (): WMong. birim; Kalm. birm.

KW 46.
PTurk. *bi (*bi) awl (): Tur. biz; Az. biz; Turkm. bijz/bz;
MTurk. biz (MA), bigiz (Pav. C.); Uzb. bigiz; Uygh. biz; Krm. biz; Tat. bez;

1090

*pa - *pr

Bashk. be; Kirgh. miz; Kaz. biz, dial. bigiz; KBalk. miz; KKalp. biz; Kum.
biz; Nogh. biz; SUygh. pz-, puz-; Khak. ps; Shr. pis; Oyr. mis; Tv. bis;
Tof. bis.
VEWT 75, 2, 130-131, TMN 2, 311. The Chag. form bigiz is quite strange: perhaps it is a result of denasalization of *biiz < *bi (this would then suggest a velar nasal
in the root).

PJpn. *pr needle (): OJpn. pari; MJpn. fr; Tok. hri; Kyo. hr;
Kag. har.
JLTT 399.
PKor. *pnr (/-r-) needle (): MKor. pnr, parr; Mod. panl.
Nam 236, 238, KED 703.
KW 46, Martin 237. Despite Doerfers skepticism (TMN 2, 311),
Ramstedts comparison still holds. Low tone in Jpn. is perhaps due to
contraction (it does not match either Kor. or *b- in Mong.).
-pa ( ~ *p-) to separate, emit: Tung. *pita-; Jpn. *pn-.
PTung. *pita- to separate (from the herd, flock) (() (
)): Evk. hital-; Evn. hntl-.
2, 326.
PJpn. *pn- to emit, separate (, ()): OJpn.
pana-t-, panara-; MJpn. fn-t-, fana-s-, fnra-; Tok. hant-, hans-,
hanar-; Kyo. hnt-, hns-, hnr-; Kag. hnt-, hns-, hnr-.
JLTT 684.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-pr (~ b-) beak, nose: Turk. *burun (*burn); Jpn. *kt-(n)-pr; Kor.
*pr.
PTurk. *burun (*burn) 1 nose 2 front part 3 before (1 2 3 , ): OTurk. burun 1, 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. burun 1, 3 (MK, KB); Tur. burun 1; Gag. burnu 1; Az. burun 1; Turkm. burun 1; Sal. purn 1; Khal. burn 1; MTurk. burun 1, 3 (Sangl.); Uzb. burun
1; Uygh. burun 1; Krm. burun 1; Tat. born 1; Bashk. moron 1, boron 3;
Kirgh. murun 1; Kaz. murn 1; KBalk. burun 1; KKalp. murn 1; Kum.
burun 1; Nogh. burn 1; SUygh. purn 3; Khak. purun 1, 3; Shr. purnu,
(.) purun 1, 3; Oyr. burun 3; Tv. murnu 2; Tof. murnu 2; Yak. murun
1; Dolg. munnu 1.
VEWT 90, EDT 366-367, 2, 269-273, 214-215, Stachowski 182. Cf.
*bur- to smell (VEWT 89).

PJpn. *kt-(n)-pr lips, beak (, ): OJpn. kuti-pjiru; MJpn.

kt-br; Tok. kchibiru; Kyo. kchbr; Kag. kuchibru.
JLTT 467. A compound with *kt mouth.
PKor. *pr beak (): MKor. pr; Mod. pri.
Nam 265, KED 814.

*psa - *pge

1091

Whitman 1985, 191, 283, 215. Turk. *bur- must

be a secondary assimilation < *br-.
-psa ( ~ p-) to insert, press between: Tung. *pisa-; Jpn. *psm-; Kor.
*ps-k-.
PTung. *pisa- to insert a wedge, to patch ( , ):
Evk. his-; Neg. xsa-; Ul. psa-; Nan. psa-.
2, 328.
PJpn. *psm- to press between, to wedge into ( ,
): OJpn. pasam-; MJpn. fsm-; Tok. hasm-; Kyo. hsm-;
Kag. hsm-.
JLTT 685.
PKor. *ps-k- 1 to insert into a rim 2 to butt, stick in (1
2 , ): MKor. ps-k- 1, ps-tr- 2; Mod. k:iu1, :ir- 2.
Nam 80, 181, KED 271, 1530.
An Eastern isogloss. Mergers of this root with *psi and *psa q.v.
were possible.
-pisV ( ~ p-, -a-) seed, grain: Tung. *pise-; Kor. *ps.
PTung. *pise- 1 seed, offspring; kin 2 millet (1 , ; 2 ): Evn. hese-n 1 (Okh.); Man. fise-n 1, fisi-ke 2; Ul. pikse 2;
Nan. pikse, Kur-Urm. fisxe 2.
See 2, 38 (where the Nan. and Ul. forms are qualified as borrowed from Manchu, which is hardly justified; Oroch pikse is < Ul.), 300, 371. One should probably unite
the Manchu stems breed, offspring and millet (*seed). The -e-vowel in Even is not
quite clear.

PKor. *ps seed (): MKor. ps; Mod. s:i.

Nam 326, KED 1032.
EAS 54, 82, SKE 231, 1984, 40, Lee 1958, 110,
296. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Since the TM forms meaning millet go
back to the same root, the second of Ramstedts etymologies (SKE 214,
comparison with Kor. phi millet) should be rejected. In Kor. cf. also
psr (fine) rice (see Lee 1958, 109).
-pge ( ~ p-) a k. of weed, panicum: Tung. *pig-; Jpn. *pji; Kor. *ph.
PTung. *pig- 1 nettle, hemp 2 to peel fibre (from nettle) 3 to spin
threads (1 , 2 ( ) 3 ): Evk. hia- 3; Neg. xkte 1; Man. e
1; Ul. pkte 1; Ork. pkte 1; Nan. pkte 1; Orch. xkte 1, xig-du- 2; Ud. sikte 1.
2, 322.
PJpn. *pji panicum Crus-Galli ( ): OJpn. pjije;
MJpn. fj; Tok. he; Kyo. h; Kag. he.
JLTT 405.
PKor. *ph millet (): MKor. ph; Mod. phi.

1092

*pki - *plagV
Nam 465, KED 1771.
An Eastern isogloss. Kor. ph < *ph (with vowel reduction).

-pki liver: Tung. *pkin; Turk. *biagr.

PTung. *pkin liver (): Evk. hkin, hakin; Evn. hqn; Neg.
xkn; Man. faxun; SMan. fahun (91); Ul. p; Ork. pa / pqa; Nan. p;
Orch. pa, pqa; Ud. xai (. 304); Sol. x.
2, 310.
PTurk. *biagr liver (): OTurk. bar (OUygh.); Karakh. bar
(MK); Tur. bar breast, bosom; Az. bar; Turkm. baGr; Sal. bar;
MTurk. bar (. ., MA); Uygh. beir; Krm. bar; Tat. bawr; Bashk.
bawr; Kirgh. br; Kaz. bawr; KBalk. bawur; KKalp. bawr; Nogh. bawr;
SUygh. bar; Khak. pr; Tv. br; Tof. br; Chuv. pver; Yak. bar; Dolg.
bar belly; liver.
VEWT 55, EDT 317, 2, 17-19, 22-23, 278, Stachowski 69.
45, 286, . 196-197, 278. A
Turk.-Tung. isogloss, demonstrating again the rule of monophthongization in PTM after *p- (see *palagV, *pari).
-plagV fortress, group of houses: Tung. *palVga; Mong. *balaga-sun;
Turk. *bialk; Jpn. *pi.
PTung. *palVga a group of houses ( ): Man. falGa.
2, 298. Attested only in Manchu, but probably archaic.
PMong. *balaga-sun city, fortress (, ): MMong. balaxasun (HY 4), balaqasun (SH), bal(a)aun (IM), balasun (MA); WMong.
balaasun (L 80: balasu(n)); Kh. balgas; Bur. balgha(n), balgn hovel;
Kalm. balsn; Ord. balGasu, balGus; Dag. balga, balag house, dwelling
place (. . 124); Mongr. ba(r)Gs, warGs (SM 21, 481).
KW 31. Mong. > Evk. balaan, balgahun etc., see Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT 73;
113-114 proposes rather Mong. > Russ. balagn ; Russ. > Yak., Evn. balaan.

PTurk. *bialk city, fortress (, ): OTurk. balq (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. balq (MK); Khal. baluq ; MTurk. balq (Pav.
C.); SUygh. balq, paluq; Chuv. pler.
TMN 2, 257, EDT 335-336, 2, 59, 3, 91, 485, .
194.

PJpn. *pi hearth; household (; ): OJpn.

pe; MJpn. f.
JLTT 403.
EAS 56, KW 31, 147-148, 3, 91-92, Sinor
1981 (listing all forms but considering the Turkic word to be borrowed
from Ugric), 15, . 194. Despite TMN 1, 216, 2, 258,
1997, 104 the Mong. form is hardly borrowed from Turk. Jpn.
*p-i presupposes a form *pl(a)-gV = TM *palVga etc. Note that this is a
case of monophthongization after *p- in TM (cf. similarly *pari, *pki).

*pn - *pri

1093

-pn ( ~ *p-) face (colour), colour: Tung. *pian-; Kor. *s-pm.

PTung. *pian- 1 appearance, face, colour 2 face side (1 ,
, 2 ): Man. an 1; Ud. ia (Bik.) 2 ( <
South.).
2, 36-37.
PKor. *s-pm cheek (): MKor. spm; Mod. p:jam.
Nam 248, KED 758.
A TM-Kor. isogloss. One of the cases of prefixed *s- in body parts
in Korean (cf. *s-pj bone, *s-pr horn, *s-kr tail).
-papi ( ~ *p-) a k. of small bird: Tung. *piabi; Jpn. *pipa; Kor. *pjp-si.
PTung. *piabi a k. of sparrow ( ): Evk. hiwi, Yerb. hwi
, , ; Man. abqu, afiqu -.
2, 321.
PJpn. *pipa siskin (): Tok. hiwa.
JLTT 412.
PKor. *pjp-si jenny wren, Korean crow-tit (): MKor.
pjp-si (-si bird); Mod. pps.
Nam 258, KED 756.
An onomatopoeic Eastern isogloss.
-pri finger, finger width (measure): Tung. *pargan; Turk. *biarak; Jpn.
*pia; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *pargan 1 ski bedding for the foot 2 a measure of length
(one centimeter) (1 2
( )): Evk. hargan 1, 2; Nan. pajGa 1; Ud. xaga 1.
2, 317.
PTurk. *biarak finger, thumb (, ): Karakh.
barmaq (Tefs., IM); Tur. parmak, dial. barnak; Gag. parmaq; Az. barmaG;
Turkm. barmaq; Sal. parmax; Khal. barmaq; MTurk. barmaq (Sangl., MA);
Uzb. barmq; Uygh. barmaq; Krm. barmaq; Tat. barmaq, dial. barnaq;
Bashk. barmaq, (Pallas) parnaq; Kirgh. barmaq; Kaz. barmaq; KBalk. barmaq; KKalp. barmaq; Kum. barmaq; Nogh. barmaq; Chuv. prne.
VEWT 63, 2, 66-68, 319-320, 253-255.
PJpn. *pia layer (): OJpn. pje; MJpn. fe.
JLTT 403.
PKor. *pr 1 layer 2 set (1 2 ): MKor. pr 1, 2; Mod. pl 2.
Liu 353, KED 764.
Whitman 1985, 153-154, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). Jpn. *pia < *pr(i)-ga (cf.
TM *par-ga-) or < *pr(i)-a (cf. PT *biar-a-k). For the reflex *-a- in TM
see notes to *palagV. The original meaning is finger, finger width,
whence bedding, layer (one finger thick). Such a combination of

1094

*pt - *pte

meanings is still clearly seen in TM (without which the Turkic and

Jpn.-Kor. forms would be hardly comparable).
-pt to suffer: Tung. *pita-; Mong. *hataa-; Turk. *b(i)at; Jpn. *ptp/ *ptk-.
PTung. *pita- 1 to worry 2 to suffer (1 2 ):
Evk. hitail- 1; Evn. ht- 2.
2, 328.
PMong. *hataa- to envy, jealousy (, ): WMong.
ataa(n) (L 58); Kh. at(n); Bur. at(n); Kalm. atn; Dag. xatark- (.
. 175).
KW 17.
PTurk. *b(i)at bad, unworthy (, ): OTurk. bat
(Orkh., OUygh.); Tv. pat.
EDT 296, VEWT 65.
PJpn. *ptp- / *ptk- to be angry, disturbed (, ): OJpn. putukum-; MJpn. futuk-, ftfr-, ftkm-.
JLTT 693, 695. OJ potopor- and putuk- are hard to separate; the vocalism in putukmay have been influenced by putukurwo / put(w)ok(w)orwo breast (or else the vocalism in
potopor- may have been influenced by a homonymous potopor- to emit heat).

OJ pt-p-r- and PM *hata-a- may reflect a common derivative

*pt-pV.
-pte tough; swift: Tung. *pit(a); Mong. *bat-; Turk. *bit; Kor. *patk /
*potk.
PTung. *pit(a) hard, tough (, ): Evk. pit ( < South.);
Man. fita; Ul. ptam near, close; Ork. ptami; pit just, soon.
2, 39.
PMong. *bat- 1 hard, tough 2 urgent (1 , 2
, ): MMong. batu (SH, HYt), bu (IM), batu (MA)
1; WMong. batu 1 (L 91), baim 2 (L 65); Kh. bat 1, baim 2; Bur. bata 1,
baam 2; Kalm. bat 1, bam 2; Ord. batu 1 baimda- to hurry; Dag. bate 1
(MD 120), batu 1; Dong. putu 1; Bao. bat; S.-Yugh. bat 1; Mongr. padu
(SM 300), pad 1.
KW 36, MGCD 146.
PTurk. *bit swift, quick (): OTurk. bat (OUygh.); Karakh.
bat (MK); Tur. pat suddenly; Turkm. bda at once; MTurk. bat
(Sangl.); Uzb. bt; Uygh. pat; Kirgh. bat; Tv. pat extremely; Chuv. pid (
< *pd?) most, very.
VEWT 65, EDT 296, 162, 1, 437.
PKor. *patk / *potk persistently, obstinately (, ): Mod. padk-padk, podk-podk.
KED 704.

*pka - *pltorV

1095

Poppe 51, KW 36, PKE 146-147. The Kor. form is expressive and
not quite regular.
-pka a k. of weed: Tung. *puka; Mong. *(h)agi; Turk. *bakr; Jpn.
*pku-; Kor. *ph ( ~ *ph).
PTung. *puka 1 henbane 2 fern 3 dry grass for fire (1 2 3 ): Man. fuqtala 2, fuxen 3; Ul.
poqo 1; Nan. poqaq 1.
2, 40, 301, 302.
PMong. *(h)agi wormwood (): WMong. agi (L 19); Kh. a;
Bur. aja; Ord. agi artemisia maritima Bess..
S.-Yugh. aj id. (MGCD 96) may be a literary loan.
PTurk. *bakr cockle (): Tat. baqra; Chuv. poxra.
1, 441-442. Cf. Oyr. pagr allium nutans, .
PJpn. *pku- a k. of weed (Stellaria media Cyr.) (): Tok.
hkobe; Kyo. hkb; Kag. hakob.
PKor. *ph ( ~ *ph) onion (): MKor. ph; Mod. pha.
Nam 461, KED 1728.
11. Kor. *ph < *puh ~ *ph with usual vowel reduction.
The Turkic forms are very scantily attested and somewhat dubious
(one would rather expect *bagr).
-pko buttock: Tung. *pika; Mong. *bgse.
PTung. *pika 1 rear, buttocks 2 naked, with naked buttocks (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. hikaa 1; Neg. xxaa 1; Man. aqu
2; SMan. aku 2 (207); Ul. pqa 2 ( 1985, 225); Nan. piqa 2 (.).
2, 323, 299.
PMong. *bgse rump, buttock (, ): MMong. bokse (SH),
bukse (MA 123); WMong. bgse(n) (L 126); Kh. bgs; Bur. bgse; Kalm.
bks; Ord. bgs buttock, vulva; Dag. bursu, burse (. . 128), burs;
Dong. bursu, burse, bugsu (Poppe); S.-Yugh. bgse.
KW 55, MGCD 161. Usually considered to be borrowed < Turk. bgsek (see
1997, 109, 278, EDT 329), but the Turkic word means upper part of chest
which makes the loan theory extremely dubious. Mong. > Kirgh., Kaz. bks buttocks
(see EDT 329), Evk. buksu etc., see Doerfer MT 130, Rozycki 37.

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. High tone can be reconstructed because

of Mong. *b-.
-pltorV (/-ld-) a k. of small bird: Tung. *pilti-; Mong. *bolir- /
*boldur-; Turk. *bldur- (*buldr-); Jpn. *ptu; Kor. *ptr.
PTung. *pilti- a k. of wild duck (-): Evk. hiltiwir, hiltiir.
2, 324. Attested only in Evk., with probable external parallels.
PMong. *bolir- / *boldur- lark (): MMong. bilduur,
biliur lark (SH); WMong. bulduraun, (L 119) bolimar, bolimur; Kh.

1096

*pro - *pro

bolmor, borogo; Bur. bulamar, bulamr; bolxaj, bulxaj young of a

bird; Kalm. bolx young of a bird, buldrn; Ord. bilx little bird.
KW 50, 59. Mong. > Manchu baldargan a k. of bird.
PTurk. *bldur- (*buldr-) a bird smaller than a grey partridge,
quail ( , ): Tur. bldrn; Az. bldrn
(dial.); MTurk. bldrn (Sangl., Houts., Bulgat); Uzb. bulduriq Steppenhuhn; Kirgh. bulduruq; Kaz. buldrq; KKalp. buldrq; Chuv. pldran
(dial.); Yak. blrt, bllrt snipe.
EDT 309, TMN 2, 312, VEWT 73-74, 2, 305-306, 173. Turk. > Russ.
Siber. bulduruk ( 140).

PJpn. *ptu pigeon (): OJpn. patwo; MJpn. fato; Tok. hto;
Kyo. ht; Kag. hat.
JLTT 402.
PKor. *ptr pigeon (): MKor. ptr, pitrki, pitori, pituroki;
Mod. pidulgi.
Nam 276, KED 851.
Martin 228, 174. An expressive root with not quite precise correspondences (like in many bird names). Vocalism is rather
hard to reconstruct: in PT we have to assume a secondary delabialization (*buldr- > *bldur-). Note velar suffixation in several Turkic and
Mongolian forms; the PJ form also may go back to *poltor-ga > *poltoa
> *patua.
-pro a k. of plant: Tung. *piregde; Mong. *burga-; Turk. *br-.
PTung. *piregden a k. of plant ( ): Ul. piragda
; Nan. piregdn ( ..- .. 1988,
14).
2, 39.
PMong. *burga-, *buraa 1 willow 2 (willow) bushes (1 2 , ()): WMong. burasu(n) 1, buraa, bura 2 (L 137); Kh.
burgas(an), burgs(an) 1, burgana a k. of maple, bur 2; Bur. burgha(n) 1,
2; Kalm. bursn 1, bur 2; Ord. burGasu 1; Dag. bargs (. . 124),
baregase (MD 119); Mongr. burGs.
KW 61,62, MGCD 170. Cf. also boroli . TMN 1, 225. Mong
> MTurk. burasun, see 1997, 201 (whence Russ. Siber. burgs, see
143-144); > Evk. burgan etc. ( 1, 111, Rozycki 39).

PTurk. *br- a k. of plant or tree ( ):

Turkm. braq ; Kirgh. boruq small reed; Oyr. borsuq yew;
Yak. bor .
A Western isogloss.

*pro(-kV) - *ps

1097

-pro(-kV) ( ~ -u-) wrinkle, callosity: Tung. *pirki- ( ~ --); Mong.

*borua; Turk. *burk.
PTung. *pirki- ( ~ --) to obtain a callosity ( ): Evk.
hirki-; Evn. rq-.
2, 327. Cf. perhaps also Man. furu pustule (in mouth); knag (on a tree),
2, 303.

PMong. *borua bone callosity ( ): WMong. boruu;

Kh. bor; Bur. bordigor ( ; bordij-
; Kalm. bor(n) Fehler in der Haarbekleidung des Pferdefusses.
KW 51.
PTurk. *burk wrinkled (): OTurk. burq; Karakh.
burq, burq wrinkle.
EDT 360.
A Western isogloss. High tone may be reconstructed because of
Mong. *b-. Reflected are forms with different suffixes (*poro-kV and
*poro-gV).
-ps stairway, step (of stairs): Tung. *pise-; Mong. *bosuga; Turk.
*bAs-k; Jpn. *ps.
PTung. *pise- 1 to make a penthouse 2 penthouse 3 opposite walls
from roof to ceiling (1 2 3
): Man. fise- 1, fiseku, fisege 2; Nan. pisoa 3
(.).
2, 300.
PMong. *bosuga threshold (): MMong. bosoxa (HY 16), bosoqa
(SH) threshold, bosaqa, bosaa door-post (MA 141, 143); WMong.
bosua (L 122); Kh. bosgo; Bur. bohogo, bogoho; Kalm. bos, bosx; Ord.
booGo; Dag. basarga, basarag (. . 125) (MGCD basrag); Mongr.
bosGo (SM 29), (MGCD pusGo).
KW 52, MGCD 158. Mong. > Chag. bosaa etc. (VEWT 85, TMN 1, 227,
1997, 201, 2, 197-198, 512), Chuv. pusaxa stirrup, threshold, ladder
(Rna-Tas 1971-1972). A variant form must have been *basu(r)ga, cf. Dag. basrag and TM
loanwords: Evk. basurga etc. ( 1, 76, Doerfer MT 101).

PTurk. *bAs-k stairway (): Uzb. basq (Chag.); Khak.

pasxs; Tv. basq.
2, 77 (usually derived < *bas- to press, trample).
PJpn. *pasi bridge, ladder (, ): OJpn. pasi; MJpn. fs;
Tok. hash; Kyo. hsh; Kag. hshi.
JLTT 400.
In PT *bos- would be expected; the root had changed to *basprobably because of the folk-etymological resemblance to *bas- press.
Cf. *bsi penthouse.

1098

*poi - *pbi

-poi ( ~ p-, -u-) root: Tung. *puuri; Mong. *hiaur.

PTung. *puuri root, beginning (, ): Man. fuuri.
2, 302. Attested only in Manchu - but cf. perhaps PTM *puurga- to contort,
twist (an arm, leg) ( < uproot?) ( 2, 337).

PMong. *hiaur 1 root, stalk, stem 2 origin 3 back (1 , , 2 3 ): MMong. uuur

stalk, stem (HY 50), xuaur (root HY 7, SH), uawur, hiauri (MA) 1,
xuaur 2 (HYt), hwur (LH), har (Lig.VMI); WMong. uuur,
iaur 1 (L 418); Kh. jor 1, ur 3; Bur. uzr 1, 2; Kalm. jozr 1; Ord.
ir 1, 2; Dag. xor (. . 176) 1, 2; hoore 1 (MD 163); Mongr. sr,
r (SM 340, 392), (MGCD ir).
KW 220, MGCD 732, TMN 1, 535. Mong. > Evk. (Kamn.) iagur, Sol. or, see Doerfer MT 102, Rozycki 80 (but not Man. fuuri!).

187, Poppe 12, 1984, 53. A Mong.-Tung.

isogloss.
-pbi to mince, saw: Tung. *pubu-; Mong. *(h)ji-; Turk. *bij-; Jpn.
*piwa-; Kor. *pjpi-.
PTung. *pubu- 1 to saw 2 saw (1 2 ): Evk. huwu- 1, hwun 2; Evn. h-na-; Neg. xo-; Man. fufu- 1, fufun 2; Ul. p- 1, pp(n) 2;
Ork. pp-la-, pp(n) 2; Nan. p- 1, pop 2; Orch. x 2; Ud. xu 2; Sol. g,
g 2.
2, 336. The existing form reflect the verbal stem *pubu- and the derived noun
*pubu-pu(n) (with some later confusion because of the loss of *-b-).

PMong. *(h)ji- to crush, pulverize ( , ): WMong. i-le-, i-re- (L 1001); Kh. jre-; Bur. jre-.
PTurk. *bij- sharp edge, knife ( , ): OTurk. bi
(OUygh.); Khak. pi-ze- to whet, sharpen; Yak. b; Dolg. b.
EDT 291, VEWT 75, 398, 399-400, Stachowski 61.
PJpn. *piwa- to mince, cut into small slices (,
): OJpn. pjiwa-.
JLTT 688.
PKor. *pjpi- to mince, rub (in hands) (, ( )): MKor. pjpi-; Mod. pibi-.
Liu 374, KED 854.
Correspondences are basically regular, with the following comments: in Turkic one has to suppose secondary delabialization *bij- <
*bj- ( < *bb-); the Kor. form pjpi- must be denominative, derived
from a noun *pjp- < *pibV-pu- < *pubi-pu- ( = PTM *pubu-pu-). Cf.
*ppo : the two roots are sometimes hard to distinguish.

*p - *pk

1099

-p to tear, split, cut: Tung. *pue- ( ~ --); Mong. *bii-; Turk. *b-;
Jpn. *ptr-; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *pue- ( ~ --) 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through (1 , , 2 , ): Evk. hue-rge- 1;
Ud. pusege- 1 ( < unattested Nan. or Ulch.).
2, 358 (the Manchu and Orok forms are included incorrectly).
PMong. *bii- 1 small 2 to demolish, crush (1 2 , ): WMong. bii-qan 1 (L 102), bi-al- 2 (L 101); Kh.
acxan 1, acla- 2; Bur. bixan 1, bisal- 2; Kalm. bikn 1; Ord. biaxan 1;
Dag. pii into small pieces; Bao. beiGn 1 (. .); Mongr. pail
into small pieces.
KW 47, MGCD 154. Mong. > Yak. bk etc. (VEWT 75).
PTurk. *b- / *bi- to cut (): OTurk. b- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. b- (MK); Tur. bi-; Gag. bi-; Az. bi-; Turkm. bi-; MTurk. bi(Pav. C.); Uzb. bi-; Uygh. pi-; Krm. bi-; Tat. p-; Bashk. bs-, bs-;
Kirgh. bi-; Kaz. p-; KBalk. bi-; KKalp. pi-; Kum. bi-; SUygh. p-;
Khak. ps-; Oyr. b-; Tv. b-; Tof. b-; Chuv. p-; Yak. bs-; Dolg. bs-.
EDT 292-293, VEWT 73, 2, 158-160, Stachowski 71. Turk. > Hung. biczak
knife ( Gombocz 1912).

PJpn. *ptr- to pare, whittle, remove the skin (, ,

): OJpn. patur-; MJpn. ftr-.
JLTT 686.
PKor. *p- to tear (): MKor. p-; Mod. :it- (--).
Nam 441, KED 1559.
EAS 144, KW 47, 1, 178. In Turk. also OT bie small, Tuva
bie id. Cf. also MKor. p- to wring out, squeeze (SKE 18); MKor. pito cut (SKE 32); mod. pit-ta (pi-) cut, slice. Doerfers (TMN 2, 427)
doubts are hardly justified - the semantic development in Mong. is perfectly well explainable. One should note, however, that low tone in Jpn.
does not correspond to Mong. *b- here (one would rather expect *h-);
either this is an incorrect tone notation (the Jpn. word is attested in RJ,
but not accented in Hirayamas dictionary), or an irregularity in an expressive etymon.
-pk a k. of insect: Tung. *peKe ( < *puKe ?); Mong. *bkne; Turk.
*bkelek; Jpn. *pnkrs.
PTung. *peKe ( < *puKe ?) nit (): Evk. heke.
2, 362. Attested only in Evk., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *bkne 1 gad-fly 2 mosquito (1 2 ): MMong.
bokouna (HY 12); WMong. bkne (L 127), bkgene 1; Kh. bxn 1; Kalm.
bkn 2; Ord. b 2; Mongr. pugunoG (SM 307).
KW 55.

1100

*pk - *pu

PTurk. *bkelek gad-fly (): Az. bjlk; Turkm. bkelek; Yak.

bglex, bgje.
2, 212-213, 185.
PJpn. *pnkrs a k. of cicada ( ): OJpn. pjigurasi; MJpn.
fgrs; Tok. hgurashi; Kyo. hgrsh; Kag. higurshi.
JLTT 406.
185.
-pk ( ~ p-) short: Tung. *poKa-; Mong. *hokar; Jpn. *pk-.
PTung. *poKa- 1 short 2 sacrum (anat.) (1 2 ):
Evk. hokopo 2; Man. foxolon short, faqari short-legged, faqaa short
one; SMan. ohln, ohulun 1 (2412); Jurch. fo-xo-lo (691) 1.
2, 331.
PMong. *hokar short (): MMong. okor (HY 52), oqor (SH),
hoqar (IM), aqar (MA); WMong. oqor, aqar; Kh. oxor, axar; Bur. oxor;
Kalm. oxr; Ord. axur, uxur; Mog. uqar; ZM waqar (11-6a); Dag. uakar
(. . 178), huakare (MD 165); Dong. oqo; Bao. Gor; S.-Yugh. xoGor;
Mongr. xuGor (SM 179), xoGor.
KW 4, 284, MGCD 524. Some variants with 0- are probably secondary (although it
is somewhat strange to find them in MMong.). Mong. > Russ. Siber. oxar, oxra, axara
, , see 103.

PJpn. *pk- low (): OJpn. p(j)ik(j)i low, short; Tok. hik-;
Kyo. hk-; Kag. hik-.
JLTT 828.
292 (without the Jpn. parallel). See Poppe 11, 55, 1984, 42. Despite Poppe 1966, 198, 1972, 99, Doerfer MT 132,
Rozycki 78 the TM forms are hardly borrowed from Mong.
-pnri ( ~ p-) fish scales, fin: Tung. *ponda; Jpn. *pri; Kor. *pnr.
PTung. *ponda footwear made of fish skin ( ): Ul. pondo; Ork. pondo; Nan. pondoqto.
2, 41.
PJpn. *pri fin (): MJpn. fr; Tok. hre; Kyo. hr; Kag. hre.
JLTT 408.
PKor. *pnr (fish) scales (() ): MKor. pnr; Mod. pinl.
Nam 276, KED 850.
An Eastern isogloss.
-pu a k. of fish: Tung. *podV; Mong. *boiliki; Turk. *bt
(~--,-d); Jpn. *pn; Kor. *pt.
PTung. *podV 1 gudgeon 2 grayling (1 2 ): Ul.
pugu 1; Nan. pend 2 (.).
2, 43, 47 (Evk. punnu, pundu, Oroch pende and Ud. poeh are borrowed).
PMong. *boiliki plaice (): WMong. boilgi (Kow.); Kh.
bonilgo.

*pga - *pg(-rV)

1101

Mong. > Manchu poilki id. (despite Sukhebaatar, not vice versa).
PTurk. *bt (~--,-d) Salmo lenoc (): Khak. mind-r burbot;
Tv. mjt; Tof. miit; Yak. bjt.
VEWT 336, 177.
PJpn. *pn crucian (): OJpn. puna; MJpn. fn; Tok. fna;
Kyo. fn; Kag. fun.
JLTT 418.
PKor. *pt mackerel, (KED) herring (, ): MKor.
pt; Mod. piut [pius].
Nam 278, KED 856.
9, 177-178.
-pga to tie up, strangle: Tung. *poga-; Mong. *boo-; Turk. *bog-.
PTung. *poga- to choke, pant (): Evk. hoo-; Neg. xoo-;
Man. fo-do-; Ud. x-.
2, 330.
PMong. *boo- to tie up, wrap; to hinder (, ; ): MMong. boo- (SH), boam (HY 4) dam, barrage; WMong. bou-; Kh. b-; Bur. b-; Kalm. b-; Ord. b-; Bao. boGld-;
Mongr. b- (SM 26).
KW 53. Mong. > Evk. booli, Neg. bla- (Poppe 1966, 190, 1, 87).
PTurk. *bog- 1 to tie up 2 to strangle 3 to hinder 4 bundle (1 2 3 ): OTurk. bo- 2, bo 4 (MK); Karakh.
bo- 2, bo 4 (MK); Tur. b- 2, dial. bo 4, boa- 1; Gag. b- 2; Az. bo- 1, 2;
Turkm. bo- 1, 2; MTurk. bo- 2, bo 4 (Pav. C.); Uzb. b- 1, 2; Uygh.
bo- 2; Krm. bo- 2; Tat. bu- 2; Bashk. bw- 2; Kirgh. b- 1, 2; Kaz. bu- 2;
KBalk. buw- 1, 2; KKalp. buw- 1, 2; Kum. buw- 2; Nogh. buw- 2; SUygh.
po- 1, 2; Khak. po- 1, 2; Oyr. p-, po-, b-, pu- 1, 2; Tv. bo- 1, 2; Chuv.
pv- 2; Yak. buoj- 3; Dolg. buoj- 3 (to pacify, appease).
EDT 311, VEWT 78, 2, 164-167, Stachowski 66.
EAS 58, KW 53, 277, Poppe 21 (although words for
slave should be kept apart, see *bga); 15 (compares TM *bki-,
see *bki). A Western isogloss. Shortness and high tone are reconstructed because of Mong. *b-; note, however, that Mong. can be borrowed from Turk. (see TMN 2, 346, 1997, 108). If this is the
case, the real Mong. reflex could be *bg-si- choke, *be-li- vomit,
suggesting a reconstruction *pge or *pgi.
-pg(-rV) kidneys, testicles: Tung. *pugi- / *puki-; Mong. *bere; Turk.
*bgr, *bgrek; Jpn. *pnkri; Kor. *pr / *pur.
PTung. *pugi- / *puki- intestines, stomach (, ): Evk. hui-te / huki-te; Evn. hukt; Neg. xuxi-n; Ul. puku(n); Ork.
puxi(n); Nan. pux; Orch. xki; Ud. xui.
2, 339.

1102

*pgV - *pgV

PMong. *bere kidney(s); testicle(s) (; testiculi): MMong.

boere (HY 47, SH); WMong. bgere (L 124); Kh. br; Bur. bre; Kalm. br;
Ord. br; Mog. br; ZM br (4-4b); Dag. br; Dong. bore, boro; Mongr.
bro (SM 28).
KW 56-57.
PTurk. *bgr, *bgrek kidney(s) (): OTurk. bgr (OUygh.);
Karakh. bgr (MK); Tur. bjrek, bbrek; Gag. br, brek, brek; Az. bjr,
bjrk; Turkm. bevrek, bvrek; MTurk. bgrek (Pav. C.); Uzb. bujrak; Uygh.
brk; Krm. bgrek, bivrek; Tat. bjer, bjrk; Bashk. bjr; Kirgh. bjrk;
Kaz. bjr, bjrek; KBalk. brek; KKalp. bjir, bjrek; Kum. bjrek; Nogh.
bjrek; Khak. pgrek, prek; Shr. prek; Oyr. brk; Tv. brek; Tof. brek;
Chuv. pre; Yak. br.
EDT 328, VEWT 83, TMN 2, 353, 2, 205-207, 278, Stachowski 68.
PJpn. *pnkri testicles (testiculi): MJpn. fgri; Tok. fuguri (dial.).
JLTT 416.
PKor. *pr / *pur kidney; testicle (; testiculus): MKor. pr / pur;
Mod. pul.
Liu 399, 407, KED 832.
KW 57, 195, Martin 250, 68, 6,
278. Despite TMN 2, 353, 1997, 108, there is no need
at all to suppose Mong. < Turkic. The variant *puki- in TM is assimilative ( < *pugi-). Cf. also MKor. pri fish bladder.
-pgV ( ~ -u-) deer (male): Tung. *pegu(le)-; Mong. *bojir; Turk. *bugu,
-ra.
PTung. *pegu(le)- ( / *po-) young of elk, elk (, ): Evk.
hoglokn, heglen, hewlen.
2, 360. An Evk. word with probable external parallels; its relationship to a
homophonous TM name of a constellation (Ursa Major or Minor) is not quite clear.

PMong. *bojir male (of animals: elk, otter etc.) (

(, .)): WMong. bojir (L 113); Kh. bojr; Kalm. blcn otter ( 114).
PTurk. *bugu, -ra 1 deer (male) 2 camel stallion (1 2
): OTurk. buu 1 (13th c.), buura 2 (Orkh.); Karakh. bura 2
(MK); Tur. buur 2, dial. buu 1; Az. buur 2; Turkm. bura 2; MTurk.
buu 1, bura, buur 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. buu 1; Uygh. buu 1, (dial.) bura,
bora 2; Kirgh. bra 2; Kaz. bura 2; KBalk. b 1; KKalp. buwra 2; Nogh.
bora 2; SUygh. pra 2; Oyr. bura 2; Tv. bra 2, br male elk; Yak. br
male reindeer, male; Dolg. br male reindeer.
EDT 317-318, 2, 235-238, 152, 446-447, Stachowski 67.
Turk. buura > Mong. buura (see TMN 2, 296, 1997, 110). 1997, 201
considers Turkic *bugu to be borrowed from Mongolian buu male deer (which may be
true for some Kypchak forms: Kirgh. buu, Kaz. b, Nogh., KKalp. bu), but in fact one
can also think of a loan in the opposite direction: Turk. > Mong. buu (KW 58, MGCD

*pj - *pki

1103

166), further > Evk. buu etc., see Doerfer MT 78. Turk. > Russ. Siber. bur female camel;
Mong. (Bur.) bra > Russ. Siber. bra id., see 142.

KW 58, 152. A Western isogloss. High tone reconstructed

because of Mong. *b-.
-pj ( ~ p-) vessel; boat: Mong. *haji-agan; Jpn. *pn-i; Kor. *pi.
PMong. *haji-agan ship (): MMong. haiaa (IM).
PJpn. *pn-i boat, vessel (, ): OJpn. pune; MJpn. fn;
Tok. fne; Kyo. fn; Kag. fun.
JLTT 418. puna- in OJ compounds (puna-pjito etc.).
PKor. *pi boat (): MKor. pi; Mod. p.
Nam 251, KED 743.
Martin 226, Menges 1984, 284, 67, 288 (with a different
Turk. parallel, see *ea). Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss (the Mong. form
is poorly attested and has a somewhat obscure suffixation; besides, one
would rather expect *huji- or *heji-). Jpn. > MKor. p, mod. posigi basin, bowl (on the other hand, Kor. pi may be the source of OJ p bow,
front of boat, see JLTT 403).
-pju ( ~ *p-) child, young (of animals): Tung. *puj(u)-, *puj-kte; Jpn.
*pt; Kor. *pthj.
PTung. *puj(u)-, *puj-kte 1 small 2 child 3 junior (1 2
3 ): Evk. hujukn 1, hute 2, huju-digi 3; Evn. hut 2;
Neg. xute 2; Man. aGu, fijau 3; Ul. pikte 2, pjaG 3; Ork. putte 2;
Nan. pikte 2, poja(Go) 3; Orch. xtke, xiteke 2; Ud. site 2; Sol. ute 2.
2, 37, 338, 357-358. TM > Dag. xutm child (. . 180).
PJpn. *pt person (): OJpn. pjito; MJpn. ft; Tok. hit; Kyo.
ht; Kag. hto.
JLTT 410. The root *p- may be also observed in OJ pj-kwo great-grandson; prince,
pj-mje princess.

PKor. *pthj pupil of the eye ( ): MKor. nns-pthj;

Mod. nun-puh.
Nam 116, KED 363. -pthj, originally child (with a widely spread metaphor
pupil of the eye = child of the eye) is folk-etymologically perceived as = puthj Buddha.

Murayama 1962, 110, 80, 107, 277. An Eastern isogloss.

Jpn. has a contraction (like in *kk- < *kjlu-k-).
-pki ( ~ -k-, -e) to run, run away: Tung. *pukti-; Mong. *bg-si-.
PTung. *pukti- to run, gallop (, ): Evk. hukti-; Evn.
htu-; Neg. xukti-; Man. feksi- / feke-; SMan. feki- (1232); Ul. pukti-; Ork.
puki-; Nan. puki-; Orch. xukti-; Ud. xukti-; Sol. uktel-.
2, 340-341. Cf. also Evk. hukulwa- to ride (along a path).
PMong. *bg-si- to run (slowly), trot; run (as a hare) (, , ): WMong. bgsi-; Kalm. bk-.

*pki - *pk

1104

KW 55. Cf. also Ord. bg- id.

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; high tone can be reconstructed because
of Mong. *b-. Cf. perhaps also Jpn. coll. fuke- to run away, flee (dubious because of very late fixation).
-pki ( ~ p-) (?) deep: Mong. *(h)gn; Jpn. *pk-.
PMong. *(h)gn deep (): MMong. gun (HY 52, SH);
WMong. gn (L 391); Kh. gn, dial. gn; Bur. gn; Kalm. gn; Ord. gn;
Dag. guen (MD 153); Dong. gun; Bao. gu (. .); S.-Yugh. gu;
Mongr. fugwn (SM 104).
KW 139, MGCD 308.
PJpn. *pk- deep (): OJpn. puka-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. fuk-;
Kyo. fk-; Kag. fuk-.
JLTT 828.
Cf. perhaps -pk in MKor. pi-s-pk navel (*belly cavity?); TM
*pokV-n ( 1, 469) corner of the eye. In Turkic cf. perhaps OUygh.
boaj (boa?) low, borrowed in Mong. as WMong. booni (see EDT
322). This all seems rather uncertain; but for Mong. the reconstruction
*hgn (based on the archaic Mongor form fugun) seems probable, and
the Mong.-Jpn. parallel at least seems satisfactory.
-pk ( ~ -k-) to dig, cut off; a cutting instrument: Tung. *poK-; Mong.
*hoktal-, *(h)okira-; Turk. *bgde ( ~ --); Jpn. *pk.
PTung. *poK- 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break (1 , 2 ): Evk. hoko- 2; Evn. hokak- 2; Ork. poqp- 1; Nan.
poqp- 1.
2, 40, 330-331.
PMong. *hoktal- 1 to chop, cut off 2 to be broken off (1 ,
2 ): MMong. xoxtol- (SH), uqtal- (MA), hotqal(LH) 1; WMong. otal-, otul- (L 602) 1, oira- (L 601: oura-) 2; Kh.
ogtlo- 1, ogcro- 2; Bur. otol- 1; Ord. ogtol- 1; Dag. ogtolo- 1 (. . 159) (
< lit.); Dong. otolu-; Bao. hdol-; Mongr. sdoli- (SM 338).
Mong. > Manchu oktala- to cut off the nose (an ancient punishment) (see Rozycki
167).

PTurk. *bgde ( ~ --) dagger (): OTurk. b/gde (OUygh.);

Karakh. b/gde (MK, KB).
EDT 325, TMN 2, 294-295, 566. Turk. > Pers. bogda big knife.
PJpn. *pk pole-axe, battle-axe, halberd (): OJpn. p(w)oko;
MJpn. fk; Tok. hko; Kyo. hk; Kag. hko.
JLTT 413. Accent in both Tokyo and Kagoshima is irregular, suggesting a loan from
the Kyoto area.

Cf. other similar roots: *pjge, *bk, *pge, *pago.

*pe - *pru

1105

-pe ( ~ p-) smoke: Tung. *pu-; Mong. *huni-; Kor. *pk.

PTung. *pu- to smoke (()): Ul. punii-, puambu-; Ork.
pun-; Nan. poq-.
2, 43-44. Ul. or Nan. > Oroch pua smoky, Ud. pukisi- to smoke out.
PMong. *huni- 1 smoke 2 mist (1 2 , ): MMong.
xunin (HY 1, SH) 1, honi (IM) 1, hunin (MA) 1; WMong. unijar, nijer 2
(L 877, 1010); Kh. uniar 2; Bur. ur 2; Kalm. ur, nr 2; Ord. unr(i) 2;
Mog. ZM hona (3-8b) smell, odour; Dag. xoni (. . 177), xo,
xontu 1; onir (. . 159) 2 ( < lit.), honi 1 (MD 163); Dong. funie 1;
Bao. fn 1; Mongr. funi (SM 107), xuni (Minghe) 1, 2.
KW 449, 458, MGCD 676, 682.
PKor. *pk kitchen (): MKor. pk, pp; Mod. puk [pukh].
Nam 271, KED 817.
2,43-44, 1984, 54-55, 295. In Korean one
has to presume a semantic shift smoking place > kitchen.
-pa ( ~ *p-) bud: Tung. *poga; Jpn. *pn; Kor. *poori.
PTung. *poga bud, cone (, , ): Man.
boGu, boqo; Ul. poGorp; Nan. pogo bush (On.).
2, 41. Manchu has an assimilative (expressive) voicing *p- > b-.
PJpn. *pn flower (): OJpn. pana; MJpn. fn; Tok. han; Kyo.
hn; Kag. han.
JLTT 398.
PKor. *poori bud (, ): MKor. poori; Mod.
poori.
Liu 391, KED 807.
An Eastern isogloss.
-pru to snow, rain: Tung. *pur-; Mong. *borua; Turk. *bora-; Jpn.
*pr-; Kor. *pora.
PTung. *pur- 1 to drizzle 2 slush 3 to fall (of first snow) 4 wind
(changing its direction) (1 ( ) 2 , 3 ( ) 4 ( )): Evn.
hor- 3, hrqa 4; Man. furana- ; Ork. pur- 1; Nan. puruekme
2.
2, 44, 334, 349, 353.
PMong. *borua 1 heavy rain 2 to snow, sleet (1 2 (
, )): MMong. boroan (SH); WMong. borua(n) 1 (L
121), burana- 2 (L 137: burani-); Kh. bor(n) 1, burgana- 2; Bur. bor 1,
burga- 2; Kalm. born 1; Ord. born 1; Mog. brn (Weiers) 1; S.-Yugh.
boro; Mongr. burn (SM 36) little rain.
KW 51, MGCD 158. Mong. > Chag. boraan etc. (TMN 1, 219-220); Evk. brga etc.
( 1, 111).

1106

*ptirkV - *pto

PTurk. *bora- 1 North wind 2 to snow heavily (1 2

( )): Tur. bora(k) 1; Turkm. bora- 2; Kaz. bora- 2.
VEWT 80, 2, 189-192, 45.
PJpn. *pr- to rain, snow ( ( , )): OJpn. pur-; MJpn.
fr-; Tok. fr-; Kyo. fr-; Kag. fr-.
JLTT 694.
PKor. *pora snow-storm ( ): Mod. nun-pora, nun-pore.
KED 362.
Poppe 21, Ozawa 288-289, 1, 188-189, 69. Cf.
*boru, a contamination with which should explain Mong. *b- (one
would expect *h- with low tone and shortness).
-ptirkV breast, breast bone: Tung. *putuk; Mong. *bdrkei; Jpn.
*ptkr.
PTung. *puturk 1 heartwood 2 spine (1 2
, ): Evk. hutuk, dial. hurka 1, 2; Evn. htqa 2; Neg.
xojkn 1, 2; Ud. xutiga 1.
2, 353, 356-357. Evk. > Dolg. hutuka, hutuk (Stachowski 114).
PMong. *bdrkei breast bone, breast handle ( ):
WMong. bdrkei (L 144); Kh. bderxij; Kalm. bderk (KPC 125); Ord.
bdr.
PJpn. *ptkr breast, bosom (, ): OJpn. putukuro;
MJpn. ftkr; Tok. ftokoro; Kyo. ftkr; Kag. futokro.
JLTT 419.
Cf. also Yak. btn ; Az. ptn .
-pto ( ~ --, --) to think, intend: Tung. *pt[e]-; Mong. *bodu-; Jpn.
*ptua; Kor. *pt-t.
PTung. *pti- 1 sense 2 to pay attention (1 2 ): Evk. htiwn 1; Evn. hotw- 2.
2, 335.
PMong. *bodu- to think (): WMong. bodu- (L 109); Kh. bodo-;
Bur. bodo-; Kalm. bod-; Ord. bodo-; Dag. bodo- (. . 127), bode(MD 124), bodu-; Dong. bodo-; S.-Yugh. bodo-.
KW 48, MGCD 156.
PJpn. *ptua measure, degree (, ): OJpn. p(w)otwo;
MJpn. fodo; Tok. hod, hdo; Kyo. hd; Kag. hdo.
JLTT 413. Original accent is not quite clear. Modern dialects point to *ptu or
*ptu (? *ptu), and MJ accentuation is not attested.

PKor. *pt-t will, intention (, ): MKor. ptt; Mod. t:t

[t:s].
Nam 174, KED 544.
Lee 1958, 119 (Kor.-Mong.). Cf. also MKor. pthk reason; without
vowel reduction perhaps also MKor. pr, mod. pur intentionally, on

*pu - *pg

1107

purpose. Mong. > Evk. bodo- etc. (see 1, 88, Doerfer MT 78). The
Jpn. reflex is not quite certain, being somewhat distant semantically
and aberrant accentologically (TM length should correspond to low
tone in Jpn.). The voicing in modern dialects (Tok. hodo etc.) also contradicts *-t- in *pto. One should consider a possibility of relating Kor.
pthk and PJ *ptua (*p(n)tua) to PA *pt[e] name, to call (name as the
essence or reason of the called object?) which would be phonologically
more plausible (assuming Gruntovs rule about *CVCV > *CVCV in
early PJ).
-pu ( ~ b-,-u-o,-a-u) two, pair; half: Turk. *bu-uk; Jpn. *puta-; Kor.
*pa-k.
PTurk. *bu-uk half (): Karakh. buq (MK, IM); Tur. buuk; MTurk. buuq (Sangl., MKypch. - AH).
VEWT 85, EDT 294, 2, 283-284. Usually regarded as derived from *b- to
cut, which is dubious in the light of external evidence.

PJpn. *puta- two (): OJpn. puta-; MJpn. ft-, ft-; Tok. fta-;
Kyo. ht-; Kag. fta-.
JLTT 419. Original accentuation, as with other numerals, is hard to reconstruct.
PKor. *pa-k 1 pair 2 one of a pair (1 2 ): MKor.
pk 1, 2; Mod. :ak 2.
Nam 415, KED 1386.
EAS 96, Martin 249-250, 109, 278. Korean has a frequent
vowel reduction between a stop and an affricate, which makes the precise vowel reconstruction difficult.
-pg distressed, restive: Tung. *pg-; Mong. *bug; Jpn. *pk(a)-.
PTung. *pg- 1 mad, crazy 2 to have a troubled, disquiet sleep 3 angry bear (not sleeping during hibernation) (1 2 , 3 -): Evk. h 1,
h 3; Evn. hken 3; Neg. xn 3; Man. fua-a- 2; foqian
hot-tempered; Nan. pue-se- 2; Orch. xui-si- 2.
2, 301, 337.
PMong. *bug demon (, ): WMong. bu (L 131); Kh. bug;
Bur. bug; Kalm. bug demon of mist; Ord. buGu.
KW 58. Also WMong. bu-sa- to be angry, irritated ( > Chag. buxsa- etc.).
PJpn. *pk(a)- to be distressed, restive (, ): MJpn. fk(a)-; Tok. bok-; Kyo. bk-; Kag. bok-.
JLTT 680. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular. One of the few cases of secondary expressive initial voicing in modern Japanese.

See SKE 207. An expressive root; cf. *bukV.

1108

*pka - *pla

-pka craw, crop: Tung. *pukn; Mong. *bakawu, *bakalaur; Turk.

*bokak.
PTung. *pukn crop, craw (): Evk. hukn; Neg. xxn; Man. fuqa
navel of animals, musk bag; Ul. poko; Nan. poq tear follicle (On.);
Ud. xugu.
2, 342.
PMong. *bakawu, *bakalaur 1 crop, craw, goiter 2 throat (1 2
): WMong. baqau, baqau, baquu (L 92, 93) 1, baqalaur 2; Kh. bax
1, baxlr 2; Bur. baxalr, baxalzr 2; Kalm. baxlr, baxlzr 2; Ord. baxu,
bax 1.
KW 28. Mong. > Oyr. paqlr. The forms meaning throat have undergone a partial
contamination with *bagalaur (v. sub *bku).

PTurk. *bokak crop, craw (): Karakh. boqaq (MK); Tur. boak; Az.
buxaG; Turkm. buqaw; MTurk. boqau (AH); Uzb. buqq; Uygh. poqaq;
Bashk. boaq; Kirgh. booq; Kaz. buaq; KBalk. boaq; KKalp. buaq; Kum.
buaq; Khak. poo; Oyr. booq; Yak. moox.
VEWT 79, TMN 2, 349, 2, 202, 150.
10, 150. A Western isogloss. High tone is reconstructed because of Mong. *b-. The root is actively contaminating with
*bku throat q.v.
-pkV all, complete: Tung. *puK-; Mong. *bk-; Kor. *pukh.
PTung. *puK- completely, all (, , ): Man. fuali.
2, 302. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *bk- all, everything (, ): MMong. bugude
(HYt), bgde (IM), bogde (LH); WMong. bk, bkli, bgde (L 145); Kh.
bx, bxel, bgd; Bur. bx; Kalm. bgd (); Ord. bgde, bxl,
bxli; Dag. bugede (MD); Mongr. pugil (SM 306).
Mong. > Evk. bukuli, Sol. buxuli (see 1, 105).
PKor. *pukh completely, exhaustively (, ):
Mod. phuk, phok.
KED 1762.
2, 302. The root is not preserved in Turkic - but cf. perhaps
the isolated Yak. buka bar all together, buka perhaps, buka-tn completely (Dolg. buka exactly, bukatn completely, see Stachowski 64).
-pla ( ~ -o-) to swell: Tung. *pul-; Mong. *bul-; Jpn. *pr-.
PTung. *pul- 1 hump 2 swelling, convexity (1 2 , ): Evk. hulin 1, hulka 2; Evn. hln 1; Ork. pulu 2.
2, 345.
PMong. *bul- swelling, lump (, ): MMong. bulu
hob (HY 18); WMong. buluw, bulduruw (L 134, 136: bulu, bulduru); Kh.
bul, buldr; Bur. bula, bul; bulxaj- be convex; Kalm. bul; Dag. bol, bolo
bolster (. . 127).

*puli - *plo

1109

KW 59. An expressive root with numerous derivatives (bul-t-, bul--, bl-t- etc.);
there also exist variants with -a- (bal-t-, bal-- etc.). Most of these forms can also be found
borrowed in modern Turkic and Tungus languages (see, e.g., Doerfer MT 73). Bur. >
Russ. Siber. buldurun ( 140).
PJpn. *pr- to swell (, ): OJpn. para-; Tok. hre-;
Kyo. hr-; Kag. har-.
JLTT 685.
An expressive root, but seems to be a good match between Mong.,
TM and Japanese.
-puli ( ~ p-,--, -o-e) red: Tung. *pula-; Mong. *hulaan; Kor. *prk-.
PTung. *pula- red (): Evk. xula-ma,-rin; Evn. hla; Neg.
xolajin; Man. fulan; SMan. flan, fulan (2419); Jurch. fula-gian (617);
Nan. fol(n); Ud. xulaligi; Sol. l.
2, 343-344.
PMong. *hulaan red (): MMong. xulaan (HY 41, SH),
holm (IM), hulaan, hulan (MA); WMong. ulaan (L 869); Kh. uln; Bur.
uln; Kalm. uln; Ord. uln; Mog. uln; ZM uln (13-8); Dag. xuln (.
. 179), huln (MD 166); Dong. xulan; Bao. fela, fula; S.-Yugh. n;
Mongr. fuln (SM 105).
KW 448, MGCD 671, TMN 1, 540.
PKor. *prk- red (): MKor. prk-; Mod. puk- [pulk].
Nam 274, KED 844.
AKE 14, Lee 1958, 110, EAS 53, 143, KW 448, Poppe 12, 74, 1984, 54, Menges 1984, 287, 40, 291, Rozycki 80-81. Despite Poppe 1972, 100, Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from
Mong (and vice versa, as suggested in TMN 1, 540); borrowing in Kor.
from TM is also highly improbable.
-plo last year; to become old, wear out: Tung. *polo-kta; Mong. *boli-;
Turk. *bldur (/*buldr); Jpn. *pr-(m)p-.
PTung. *polo-kta 1 old, worn out 2 last years (1 , 2 ): Evk. holokto 1; Neg. xolokto 2; Nan. polqto 2
(On.)
2, 332.
PMong. *boli- to become old, weak, cease (, , ()): MMong. b[o]li- (IM), buli- (MA); WMong. boli- (L 117);
Kh. boli-; Bur. boli-.
PTurk. *bldur (/*buldr) past time, last year (,
): Karakh. bldr (MK); Gag. bldr; Az. bildir; Turkm. bildir; MTurk.
bltr (AH), blr (Pav. C.); Uzb. bultr; Uygh. bultu(r); Krm. bltr; Tat.
bltr; Bashk. bltr; Kirgh. bltr; Kaz. bltr; KBalk. bltr; KKalp. bltr;
Kum. bltr; SUygh. ptr; Khak. pltr; Yak. blr; Dolg. blr.
EDT 334, VEWT 74, 2, 139-140, 71, Stachowski 70.

1110

*pne - *pnV

PJpn. *pr-(m)p- to perish (): OJpn. p(w)orobu-; MJpn.

frbu-; Tok. hrobi-; Kyo. hrb-; Kag. horob-.
JLTT 692. Final *-- is reconstructed on the basis of the caus. OJ p(w)orob(w)os-.
The suffixless form is preserved only in Mong. boli-; PT and PTM
may reflect a common derivative *plo-ktV.
-pne to ride: Tung. *pune-; Mong. *hunu- ( / *unu-); Turk. *bn(/*bn-); Jpn. *pana-; Kor. *pm-nr-.
PTung. *pune- 1 to drive (deer) 2 running deer (1 () 2
-): Evn. hunik 2; Ul. pune- 1; Ork. pune- 1; Nan. pune- 1.
2, 44, 348.
PMong. *hunu- / *unu- to ride, mount ( , ): MMong. uno- (SH), unu- (MA), unu- (LH); WMong. unu- (L 877);
Kh. una-; Bur. una-; Kalm. un-; Ord. unu-; Mog. uni-; ZM onu-; Dag.
ono-, on- (. . 160), one- (MD 201); Dong. huntra-, unu-; Bao. fune-,
hon-; S.-Yugh. funa-; Mongr. funi-, xuni-, xoni- (SM 107, 171, 183).
KW 450, MGCD 674. The variation of *h- and *0- within Mong. is unclear: a contamination with the root reflected in PM *unagan foal (v. sub *n) is not excluded.

PTurk. *bn- (/*bn-) to ride on, to mount, to rize ( ):

OTurk. bin- (Orkh.), mn- (OUygh.); Karakh. mn- (MK, KB); Tur. bin-;
Gag. pin-; Az. min-; Turkm. mn-; mn- (dial.); Sal. min-, mim-, mi(); MTurk. min- (Sangl.); Uzb. min-; Uygh. min-; Krm. min-; Tat.
men-; Bashk. men-; Kirgh. min-; Kaz. min-; KBalk. min-; KKalp. min-;
Kum. min-; Nogh. min-; SUygh. min-; Khak. mn-; Shr. mn-; Oyr. min-;
Tv. mun-; Tof. mun-; Chuv. minder pillow; Yak. mn-; Dolg. mn-.
VEWT 338, TMN 4, 34, EDT 348, 7, Stachowski 180. Shortness in Turkm. is
not clear. On the derivative *bin-ig- > *binge-- to ride behind someone else on the same
horse see EDT 771, Stachowski 178. Chuv. minder may be < Kypch., cf. Turk., Gag.,
Turkm., Nogh. minder, Kum. minnir, Tat., Bashk. mendr - see 1, 359.

PJpn. *pana- to run, trot, jump (, , ): MJpn.

fana-; Tok. han-; Kyo. hn-; Kag. han-.
JLTT 684. Tone unclear: Kyoto and Tokyo point to *pn-, Kagoshima - to *pn-.
PKor. *pm-nr- to ride swiftly ( , ): MKor.
pm-nr-.
Nam 263.
The Mong. form has a strange variation of *h- and *0-, so far unexplained.
-pnV ( ~ p-, -o-) year, spring / summer: Tung. *pune-; Mong. *hon;
Kor. *pm.
PTung. *pune 1 time, period 2 South (1 , 2 ): Man.
fon 1; SMan. fon occasion (2649); Jurch. fowan (fom-wan) do (81) 1,
fAn-ti (592) 2; Ul. punele 2; Nan. f (Kur-Urm.) 1 ( < Man.).
2, 43, 300. Ul. or Nan. > Oroch punele, Ud. pualanini South. The original
meaning may be reconstructed as *summer ( > a) South; b) season, time).

*puga - *pre

1111

PMong. *hon year (): MMong. xon (HY 5, SH), hun (IM), hun
(MA); WMong. on (L 611); Kh. on; Bur. on; Kalm. on; Ord. on; Dag. xn
(. . 177), hn (MD 164); Dong. xon; Bao. xo, ho (Tunren);
S.-Yugh. hon, on; Mongr. fn, xwn (SM 98), fen, fon (Huzu), xn, xon
(Minghe).
KW 286, MGCD 444, 528.
PKor. *pm spring (): MKor. pm; Mod. pom.
Nam 263, KED 804.
EAS 53, 141, SKE 205, KW 286, 295, Poppe 11, 69, 1984,
43. Despite Doerfer MT 143, Rozycki 78-79, the TM forms meaning
time are hardly < Mong. Cf. perhaps also Jpn. *pr spring (if -ru is
regarded as a suffix < *pUn-ra); see Whitman 1985, 188, 202, 211.
-puga ( ~ p-, -u-) musk smell, bad smell: Tung. *poga; Mong.
*huga-su; Kor. *pkui.
PTung. *poga 1 musk deer 2 musk (1 , 2
, ): Evk. hogo 2; Evn. hogaan 1; Man. foo 1;
Ul. poGol 2; Nan. poGol 2; Orch. xogolo 1.
2, 333.
PMong. *huga-su fart ( ): MMong. xuiut (pl.)
(SH), hun[u]s (IM), hon- to fart (LH), nqu- to fart (MA 98);
WMong. uasu(n), uusu(n) (L 876); Kh. ugas(an); Bur. ungaha(n);
Kalm. og-, ug-; Ord. ugusu; Mog. uu- to fart (Weiers); ZM onu
flatus (3-8b); Dag. xong-, xongos; Dong. hunGu-, -sun; Bao. hoG-, so; S.-Yugh. hogo-, -sn; Mongr. uGws, Gws (SM 292, 472),
uGus (SM 472), Gos (Huzu).
KW 450, MGCD 675.
PKor. *pkui flatulence, wind in the bowels ( ):
MKor. pkui; Mod. pagwi.
Nam 250, KED 736.
Poppe 72 (Mong.-Kor.). The stem may be derived from *pe
smell q.v.
-pre leaf, bud: Mong. *bor-; Turk. *br; Jpn. *p.
PMong. *bor- cone (): WMong. boruuj, boruu (L 121);
Kh. borgocoj; Bur. borbsgoj.
Cf. also bordo- to feed (with grain) (S.-Yugh. bordo-, MGCD 157), possibly derived
from the same root.

PTurk. *br 1 bud 2 leaf 3 grain (1 2 3 ): OTurk.

br 1 (OUygh.); Tur. brk 1, brtk 3 (dial.); Krm. brtk 3; Tat. br 1;
Bashk. br 1; Kirgh. br 1; KBalk. brtk 3; KKalp. brtik 3; Kum. brtk
3; Nogh. brtik 3; Khak. pr 2; Tv. br 2; Tof. br 2; Chuv. pre grain,
particle; Yak. burduk flour; Dolg. burduk flour.

1112

*pure - *pi

VEWT 92, EDT 354, 114-115, Stachowski 67. Turk. > WMong. br, Kalm.
br (KW 67).
PJpn. *p leaf (): OJpn. pa; MJpn. f; Tok. h; Kyo. h; Kag. h.
JLTT 394.
Jpn. *p presupposes a suffixed form *pr(e)-gV ( = Mong.
*bor-gu-).
-pure pipe: Mong. *brije-n; Turk. *burgu; Jpn. *patiku.
PMong. *brije-n trumpet, trumpet horn (): WMong. brije(n)
(L 149), brege; Kh. br(n); Bur. b; Kalm. br; Ord. br; Dag. bur
(. . 128); Mongr. braG (MGCD 177).
KW 67. Mong. > Man. buren.
PTurk. *burgu 1 trumpet 2 pipe (of a plant) (1 2 ()): OTurk. buru 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. boruj (MK) 1; Tur. boru 1;
Gag. boru 1; Az. boru 1; MTurk. buru 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. buru 1; Krm.
bor 1; Tat. br (Tob.) 1; Bashk. boro 1; KBalk. br 1; Kum. br 1;
SUygh. pra 1; Khak. pr 1, 2, mr 1; Shr. pr 1; Tv. muru 1, 2; Tof.
muru 1, 2; Chuv. prx 1.
EDT 361, TMN 2, 286, 2, 194-195. Turk. > Mong. : Khalkha burguj wire for
pipe cleaning, Bur. burg drill. Turk. > Russ. Siber. borga ( 134-135).

PJpn. *patiku bamboo (used for making trumpets) ( ( )): MJpn. fatiku; Tok. hachiku.
Accent unknown.
Laufer 1919, 575 (Doerfer: lautlich unmglich). Cf. perhaps Nan.
furg loud, bass ( 2, 303). The final velar element is suffixed, and
the suffixes are different here (Jpn. -k- pointing to *-k- or -k-, but
Turcic and Mongolian - to *-g-).
-pi ( ~ -e) to wink, wrinkle: Tung. *puri-; Mong. *hr-; Turk. *b- /
*br-.
PTung. *puri- to wink (, ): Evk. hurim-; Evn. hrm-;
Neg. xojm-; Nan. pora scowling.
2, 352.
PMong. *hr- to wrinkle (): MMong. hurni- (MA 187);
WMong. riji-, ri- (L 1011); Kh. rij-; Bur. rz-; Ord. r-, r-.
PTurk. *b- / *br- to wrinkle (): Karakh. br- (MK,
KB), bz- (IM); Tur. br- (dial.), bz-; Az. bz-, br-; Turkm. br-, bz-;
MTurk. br- (Sangl.); Uzb. buri-; Uygh. p(r)-; Krm. br-; Tat. br-;
Bashk. br-; Kirgh. br-; Kaz. br-; KKalp. br-; Kum. br-; Nogh. br-;
Khak. pr-; Chuv. pr-.
VEWT 92, EDT 355, 2, 294-296 (contaminates with *br- to cover).
157, 1, 421.

1984, 56. A Western isogloss. Low tone is reconstructed

because of Mong. *h-.

*psa - *puse

1113

-psa outside, exterior: Tung. *pski-; Mong. *busu-; Jpn. *ps; Kor.
*psk.
PTung. *pski- counter, opposite (): Evk. hsk; Evn. huwuski; Neg. hosk.
2, 355.
PMong. *busu- other (): MMong. busi foreigner (IM), busu
(SH, HYt), bi foreigner (Lig.VMI); WMong. busu (L 140); Kh. bus;
Bur. busa; Kalm. bus; Ord. busu; Mog. bii (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. biin
(. . 126), bii(n); Dong. puse; Mongr. bui.
KW 46, 63.
PJpn. *ps outer edge ( ): OJpn. pasi; MJpn. fs; Tok.
hshi; Kyo. hsh; Kag. hash.
JLTT 400. The Kagoshima accent is unexpected (a regular reflex would be hshi).
PKor. *psk outside, exterior; other (; ): MKor. ps,
psk; Mod. pak [pak:].
Nam 248, 250, KED 713.
Turk. *ba()ka other is very similar, but phonetically unclear.
Another irregularity is the tonal discrepancy between TM and
Kor.-Jpn. (note that the TM reconstruction is not quite certain: one
should perhaps reconstruct *pubuski because of the Even form, and either separate the TM form from the rest or suppose a form with a cluster like *pubsa). On the whole, a tempting but not quite secure etymology.
-psa ( ~ -o-) a k. of fish: Tung. *puse-; Mong. *basiga; Jpn. *pansai.
PTung. *puse- 1 trout 2 black amur (fish) 3 a k. of fish (1 2
3 ): Evn. hsmki 1; Man. fuseli 3; Nan. fusuli 2.
2, 304, 371.
PMong. *basiga a k. of roach ( (, )):
WMong. basia (L 90); Kh. bainga; Kalm. bag ().
KW 36.
PJpn. *pansai goby (): Tok. hze; Kyo. hz; Kag. hze.
JLTT 403. Original accent unclear (high-low, to judge from Kyoto and Kagoshima,
but low-high - from Tokyo).

High tone is reconstructed because of Mong. *b-; voicing in Jpn. is

unclear.
-puse to break through, break out: Tung. *pos-; Turk. *bs-; Jpn. *pansa-.
PTung. *pos- 1 to burst, break out 2 through (1 , 2 ): Man. fusxu- 1; Ul. pos 2; Ork. pos 2; Nan. pos, fos 2.
2, 42, 358.
PTurk. *bs- 1 to break through 2 rupture, hernia (1 2
, ): Uygh. bs- 1; Tat. bs- 1, bser 2.
VEWT 84.

1114

*pti - *pt

PJpn. *pansa- to burst open, split (, ): Tok.

haz-; Kyo. hz-; Kag. haz-.
JLTT 686. The PJ accent is not quite clear.
Reason for voicing (prenasalization) in Jpn. is not quite clear.
-pti ( ~ -u-, -e) to quilt, weave: Mong. *hde-; Turk. *bt-.
PMong. *hde- to quilt, tuft (): MMong. hdes (SH)
lanire servant fixer un objet en le perant doutre en outre; WMong.
de- (L 995); Kh. de-; Bur. de-; Kalm. d- (); Ord. dri little
strap; Dong. xudu-; Mongr. sd- rapicer (SM 334), d- (Huzu).
MGCD 688.
PTurk. *bt- 1 to join, intertwine, adhere 2 to wind, weave (1 , , 2 , ): Karakh.
bt- (MK) 1; Tur. biti- 1; Az. biti- 1; Turkm. biti- 1; Uzb. biti- 1; Tat.
bter- , ; Bashk. btrgs ;
Kaz. bitis- ; Chuv. pdr- 2.
EDT 309-310. 1, 427
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Low tone and shortness may be reconstructed because of Mong. *h-. The root is similar to *pta and *bte
q.v., but still should be probably reconstructed as a separate etymon.
-puti[m]ukV a k. of berry: Tung. *putumukte; Kor. *ptrk.
PTung. *putumukte 1 honeysuckle, woodbind 2 strawberry (1 2 ): Evk. hutumukte 1, 2; Evn. hutmt 1; Neg.
hutumte 1; Ud. xutumukte 1.
2, 357. Oroch utumukte and Nan. kutumiekte are quite irregular (a possible different etymology of the Nan. word see under *korteme).

PKor. *ptrk raspberry, strawberry (, ): MKor.

ptrk; Mod. t:algi.
Nam 140, KED 402.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-pt poplar, branch, stick: Tung. *pota; Mong. *buta; Turk. *bta-; Jpn.
*pta; Kor. *ptr.
PTung. *pota willow (, ): Ork. potoqto; Nan. fotoa.
2, 45. The TM forms are certainly not borrowed from Mong., despite Rozycki
77 (who additionally follows in confusing the root with *pude- q. v. sub *pude, and
*pui- q.v. sub *p).

PMong. *buta bushes (): MMong. buta (SH); WMong. buta,

butu (L 141); Kh. but; Bur. buta; Kalm. but; Ord. buta; Dag. boto (.
. 128); Dong. puda; S.-Yugh. but; Mongr. bud herbes ou plantes
croissant en touffes, touffe (herbes) (SM 31), but (Huzu).
KW 63, MGCD 171.
PTurk. *bta- 1 to cut branches 2 branch 3 nail (1 2
3 ): OTurk. butq 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. butq, butaq 2 (MK);

*ptokV - *ptokV

1115

Tur. buda- 1, budak 2; Gag. buda- 1, budaq 2; Az. buda- 1, budaG 2; Turkm.
pda- 1, pdaq 2; Sal. pu/tax 2 (); Khal. (buta bush - a backloan
from Pers.?); MTurk. buda- 1 (Pav. C.), (MKypch.) buda- 1 (AH); Uzb.
buta- 1, butq 2; Uygh. puta- 1, putaq; Krm. buta- 1, butaq 2; Tat. bota- 1,
botaq 2; Bashk. bota- 1, botaq 2; Kirgh. buta- 1, butaq 2; Kaz. buta- 1, butanaq 2 (buta bush < Iran.); KBalk. buta- 1, butaq 2; KKalp. puta- 1, putaq
2; Kum. buta- 1, butaq 2; Nogh. bta- 1, butaq 2; Khak. pdra- 1; Oyr. buda1, budaq 2; Tv. buduq 2; Chuv. pda 3; Yak. bt- 1, butuk 2 (.); mut1, mutuk 2; Dolg. mutuk 2.
EDT 301, 302, VEWT 90, TMN 2, 330, 103, Stachowski 183. Turk. >
WMong. butaq branch (see 1997, 111) (but Mong. buta can be hardly explained
as a loan).

PJpn. *pta log (): MJpn. fota; Tok. hota.

Accent unknown.
PKor. *ptr poplar, willow (, ): MKor. ptr; Mod. pdl.
Liu 375, KED 759.
KW 446, Poppe 12, 52, 1984, 52-53, 10,
104. Despite some confusion between *pto and *pude, the two roots
are clearly distinguishable. Kor. *ptr must be delabialized < *ptr.
-ptokV ( ~ p-, b-) cuckoo: Jpn. *pttk-su; Kor. *pkk-.
PJpn. pttk-s cuckoo (): OJpn. p(w)ototogjisu; MJpn.
fttgs; Tok. hototgisu; Kyo. httgs; Kag. hototogsu.
JLTT 416.
PKor. *pkk- cuckoo (): MKor. pkk-si; Mod. p:k:ugi.
Nam 254, KED 758.
An onomatopoeic Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

P
-paV to open, split up: Tung. *pa-; Mong. *(h)aa; Turk. *a-.
PTung. *pa- crack, split, interval (, ): Evn. haq.
2, 319. Attested only in Evn., but having probable Turkic and Mongolian parallels.

PMong. *(h)aa bifurcation (, ): MMong.

iba (MA); WMong. aa(n) (L 7); Kh. ac; Bur. asa; Kalm.
ac; Ord. aa.
KW 18. Mong. > Man. aan, Kirgh. aa etc. ( 1, 210).
PTurk. *a- to open (): OTurk. a- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. a- (MK); Tur. a-; Gag. a-; Az. a-; Turkm. a-; MTurk. a(Pav. C.); Uzb. -; Uygh. a-; Krm. a-; Tat. a-; Bashk. as-; Kirgh. a-;
Kaz. a-; KBalk. a-; KKalp. a-; Kum. a-; Nogh. a-; SUygh. a-; Khak.
as-; Shr. a-; Oyr. a-; Tv. a-; Tof. a-; Chuv. u-; Yak. as-.
EDT 18-19, VEWT 3, 1, 209-210, 2, 292.
A Western isogloss. KW 18, Poppe 63, 1984, 36-37 (with
somewhat different TM data), TMN 2, 14 (: semantisch unwahrscheinlich).
-paV ( ~ --) blessing, favour: Mong. *hai; Turk. *a-.
PMong. *hai favour, service (, ): MMong. xai favour, rewards (HYt), xai qariun thanks (HY 40), xai (SH); WMong.
ai (L 7); Kh. a; Bur. aa; Kalm. a; Ord. ai; Dag. ai ( < lit.) (. .
122, MD 111); S.-Yugh. haig (MGCD).
KW 18, MGCD 125. WMong. aiguri (Kalm. ar, KW 19) > Nan. aeuri.
PTurk. *a- 1 precious gift; wellbeing 2 to tend, make comfortable,
be favourable 3 to pity, have compassion (1 ; 2 , , 3 , ): OTurk. a 1, an- 2; Tur. a- 3; Az. a- 3;
KBalk. a- 3; Yak. ahn- 3; Dolg. ahn- 3.
EDT 22, 29, 1, 92 (together with *i- bitter), Stachowski 29. Turk. >
WMong. au wages, rent (L 8). In modern languages the root tends to be confused with
*i- bitter, bitterness (v. sub *po ), thus the Oghuz voicing may be a result of secondary contamination and not due to original vowel length; but the two roots are rather
well distinguished in Old Turkic, see EDT ibid.

*pda - *pd

1117

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; cf. perhaps Nan. pila-

.
-pda to separate, some, other: Tung. *pdi; Turk. *ad-; Jpn. *p(n)t-;
Kor. *pt-n.
PTung. *pdi separate(ly) (, ): Evk. hdi some,
part of; Evn. hd-n some, other; Man. fau space between; Ul. p;
Ork. pad; Nan. p; Sol. ad some.
2, 305-306. TM *p part (ibid.) is probably a different root (there is no
-di-suffix in TM), so Doerfers (MT 239) doubts about TM *pdi- = Turk. *ad- have no
ground.

PTurk. *ad-r- to separate (): OTurk. adr- (Orkh., OUygh.);

adn (OUygh.) other; Karakh. ar- (MK); an (MK) other; Tur. ajr-;
Gag. ajr-; Az. ajr-; Turkm. ajr-; Khal. hadru-, hadur-; MTurk. ajr(Abush.); Uzb. ajir-; Uygh. ajra-, ajri- (dial.); Krm. ajr-; Tat. ajr-; Bashk.
ajr-; Kirgh. ajr-; Kaz. ajr-; KBalk. ajr-; KKalp. ajr-; Kum. ajr-; Nogh.
ajr-; SUygh. azr-; Khak. azr-; Shr. azr-; Oyr. ajr-; Tv. adr-; Chuv. ojr-;
Yak. atr-; atn other; Dolg. atn other.
VEWT 6, EDT 60, 66-67, 1, 93, 114-116, 2, 270, Stachowski 39. Turk.
> MMo, WMong. aira- (see 1997, 94), whence again Uzb. ara- etc. (see
ibid.).

PJpn. *p(n)t- 1 to separate 2 some, only (1 2 ,

): OJpn. patu-ka 2; MJpn. fd-s- 1; Tok. hzus- 1; Kyo. hzs- 1;
Kag. hazs- 1.
JLTT 686.
PKor. *pt-n other (): MKor. pt-n; Mod. t:a-n.
Nam 138, KED 393.
Korean has a frequent vowel loss between two stops (which occurred before *-d- > -r- and thus explains medial -t-). Correspondences
are regular except for the aberrant high tone in Jpn.
-pd a k. of vessel: Tung. *padu; Turk. *di; Jpn. *pt, *pt-ki.
PTung. *padu bag, pouch (): Man. fadu; SMan. fad (248); Ul.
pad(n); Ork. pad; Nan. pado.
2, 31.
PTurk. *di vessel (): OTurk. edi (OUygh.); Karakh. ed/i
(MK), iji (IM); Turkm. di (dial.); Khal. hid; MTurk. edi (Abush.,
Sangl.), ii (Qutb); Kirgh. idi; Kaz. ds; KKalp. ds; Khak. dial. edis; Tv.
idi; Yak. ihit.
VEWT 36, EDT 72, 1, 328-329. Turk. > Mong. idi (see 1997, 119).
Yak. ihit < isit < itis; most of the other modern forms are probably backloans < Mong.

PJpn. *pt, *pt-ki 1 box 2 coffin (1 2 ): OJpn. pjitu 1,

p(j)ituk(j)i 2; MJpn. ft 1, ftki 2; Tok. htsu, htsugi; Kyo. hts, htsg;
Kag. hits, hitsgi.
JLTT 411. Accent in Kag. hits is aberrant.

1118

*pdo - *pgdi

PTM *padu and PJ *pt may reflect a common derivative like

*padi-bV (otherwise final -u is hard to explain).
-pdo wall: Tung. *padira-; Mong. *(h)adar; Kor. *prm.
PTung. *padira-n wall (): Man. fairan; SMan. farhn (463);
Jurch. fa-dar-an (64); Ul. padra(n); Nan. pair.
2, 31.
PMong. *(h)adar 1 ceiling 2 shelves (1 2 ): WMong.
adajir, adar 1, 2 (L 9); Kh. adar 1; Bur. adajir, ar 2.
PKor. *pr-m wall (): MKor. pr-m; Mod. param.
Nam 241, KED 705.
Cf. perhaps also Chuv. pora . See Redei 4,347. The Kor. form
can be formally analysed as derived from pr- to plaster, but this is
probably a result of secondary reinterpretation (see under *pila).
-pdV sober, attentive: Mong. *hada- / *hai-; Turk. *d-.
PMong. *hada- / *hai- 1 to beware, be careful 2 worth attention, attention (1 , 2 , ): MMong. xadau- 1 (SH); WMong. ai- 1, aig 2 (L
61); Kh. aig 2; Bur. aig, adag 2; Kalm. aig 2; Ord. aigla- observer avec
attention.
KW 2.
PTurk. *d- 1 to sober up 2 sober, conscious (1 2 ,
): OTurk. adn- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. al- (MK,KB), an(MK, KB) 1, a (MK) 2; Tur. ajl-, dial. aj(h)-, Osm. ajn- 1, ajk 2; Az.
ajl- 1, ajG 2; Turkm. jl- 1, dial. ajq 2; MTurk. ajl- (Sangl.) 1, ajq
(Houts., Pav. C., IM) 2, aj (IM, Qutb) 2; Uzb. dial. ajq 2; Tat. dial. ajl1, ajq 2; Bashk. ajq- 1, ajq 2; Kirgh. ajq- 1; Kaz. ajq- 1, ajq 2; KKalp.
ajq- 1, ajq 2; Nogh. ajq- 1; Khak. aj 2; Chuv. orl- 1, or 2.
1, 113-114, EDT 46, 61, 2, 285.
KW 2. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-pgdi foot, foot sole: Tung. *pagdi(-k); Mong. *(h)adag; Turk. *adak;
Jpn. *p(n)tmai ( ~ -ia).
PTung. *pagdi(-k) sole, foot sole (, ): Evk. hagdik;
Neg. xakk; Ork. paGe; Nan. aGdk (dial.); Orch. xagdi; Ud. xagdii.
2, 308.
PMong. *(h)adag end, lower part of stream (, , ): WMong. ada (L 9); Kh. adag; Bur. adag; Kalm. adg; Ord. adaq.
KW 1.
PTurk. *adak foot (): OTurk. adaq (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
aaq (MK); Tur. ajak; Gag. ajaq; Az. ajaG; Turkm. ajaG; Sal. aja(:); Khal.
hada:q, hadaq; MTurk. ajaq (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. jq; Uygh. ajaq; Krm.
ajax; Tat. ajaq; Bashk. ajaq; Kirgh. ajaq; Kaz. ajaq; KBalk. ajaq; KKalp. ajaq;

*pg - *pg

1119

Kum. ajaq; Nogh. ajaq; SUygh. azaq; Khak. azax; Shr. azaq; Oyr. aaq; Tv.
adaq bottom part; Tof. adaq ; ; Chuv. ora; Yak.
ataq; Dolg. atak.
VEWT 5, EDT 45, 1, 103-105, 288, 2 283, Stachowski 38.
PJpn. *p(n)tmai ( ~ -ia) hoof (): MJpn. ftme; Tok. hzume,
hzume; Kyo. hzm; Kag. hizum.
JLTT 413. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
KW 1, Poppe 52, VEWT 5 (Turk.-Mong.; but the Kor. parallel
listed there - patak bottom, foundation - should be rather compared
with TM *pata id., see *pta(-kV)), 282, 288. Despite TMN 4, 266 Mong. cannot be < Turk. Further Nostr. parallels (PIE
*ped- foot etc.) see in , 368.
-pg ( ~ -e-, -a, *pg) to dig, cave: Mong. *haur; Jpn. *pk; Kor.
*ph-.
PMong. *haur cave, mine (, ): MMong. haur, huur
grave (MA); WMong. aurqai, uurqai (L 18), urqai; Kh. rxaj; Bur.
rxaj; Kalm. rx; Ord. rg.
KW 454.
PJpn. *pk grave, tomb (): OJpn. paka; MJpn. fk; Tok. hak;
Kyo. hk; Kag. hak.
JLTT 396.
PKor. *ph- to dig (): MKor. ph-; Mod. pha-.
Nam 461, KED 1729.
SKE 212, EAS 56. Kor. ph- is a result of usual reduction < *pVh-.
-pg ( ~ p-) box, vessel: Tung. *paga, -a, -k; Jpn. *pka; Kor.
*phki.
PTung. *paga, -a, -k 1 box, birch vessel, scoop 2 window, window
frame (1 , () 2 , ): Evk.
haa, haak, haaan; Neg. xa-aw, xa-vn 1; Man. fa 2; SMan. f 2 (466);
Jurch. fah-ha (209) 2; Ul. paa(n) 1, pawa 2; Ork. pawa 2; Nan. p 1, pwa
2; Ud. xasaa 1 (. 305).
2, 31, 308.
PJpn. *pka box (): OJpn. pakwo; MJpn. fk; Tok. hko; Kyo.
hk; Kag. hko.
JLTT 397.
PKor. *phki scoop, dipper (): MKor. phki, phk; Mod.
phag.
Nam 461, KED 1728 (derivation from ph- to dig is implausible both phonetically
and semantically).

An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *buk[e]. Kor. *phki < *pago-kai ( = PTM

*pagak), which explains seemingly irregular tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn.

1120

*pji - *pl

-pji part: Tung. *p; Mong. *hejil-; Jpn. *pia.

PTung. *p part (): Evk. h, h-n; Evn. hn; Neg. x; Man. fa-li;
Jurch. far far (far-ar far-ar) separately (781); Ul. pa-s; pn some, others; Ork. p; Nan. pa-s; poani some, others; Orch. xa; Ud. xa(n).
2, 305-306.
PMong. *hejil- to separate (): MMong. xejil- (SH); Bur. leto churn butter (? *separate); Dag. xeile- (. . 175).
PJpn. *pia part (, ): OJpn. -bje (in compounds); MJpn. -be.
JLTT 390. Cf. also OJ pje-datar- to become separated.
Mong. *h- before a long vowel indicates PA *p-.
-pajo to rub off, wipe off, cut off: Tung. *paj-; Mong. *hau-; Turk.
*ajt-; Jpn. *pajas-; Kor. *pi-.
PTung. *paj- to break, tear (, , ): Evk. hajp-; Evn. hj-; Neg. xaj-, xaj-; Orch. xju-; Ud. xai-.
2, 309.
PMong. *hau- to scoop out, drain (, ):
MMong. xau-, xaut- (SH); WMong. au- (L 15).
PTurk. *ajt- to rub off, peel off (, ): Tur.
ajt-la-, ajk-la-; Uygh. ajt-.
VEWT 12, Radloff 1, 48, 222. Cf. also Khak. aj smooth, polished (VEWT 11).
PJpn. *pajas- to cut in small pieces ( ):
MJpn. fajas- to cut; Tok. hayas- (dial.).
PKor. *pi- to rub (): MKor. pi-.
Nam 269.
One of the common Altaic Verba des Schlagens, with a rather
uncertain semantics. The basic meaning seems to be rub off, peel off,
whence break, tear into small pieces etc. MMong. xaut- may reflect
the same derivative as PT *ajt-, PA *pajo-tV.
-pl field, level ground: Tung. *pla-n; Turk. *ala-n / *ala-; Jpn. *pr;
Kor. *pr(h)-.
PTung. *pla-n 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor (1 ,
2 ): Evn. hlinr 1; Neg. palan 2 ( < South.); Man. fala(n) 2;
SMan. faln 2 (454); Ul. pala(n) 2; Ork. plla(n) 2; Nan. pal 2.
2, 32, 313. Shortness in Nan. pal is probably secondary (or a misrecording).
PTurk. *ala-n / *ala- level ground, plain (): Karakh. ala
(MK); Tur. alan, dial. ala; Turkm. ala, la; MTurk. ala (Pav. C.); Krm.
ala; Tat. alan; Kaz. ala; KKalp. ala; Nogh. ala; Tv. alq, aland; Chuv.
olx; Yak. als, al; Dolg. aln, al.
EDT 147, 1, 134-135, 2, 277, Stachowski 32, 33. Length in the Turkm.
variant la is not clear. Yak. als > Russ. Siber. als ( 80-81).

PJpn. *pr level ground, plain (): OJpn. para; MJpn. fr;
Tok. hra; Kyo. hra; Kag. hr.

*pai - *pa

1121

JLTT 399. Tokyo reflects rather *pr.

PKor. *prh- fields, meadows (, ): MKor. phr; Mod. pl,
phl.
Nam 463, KED 764, 1744.
Martin 238, 67.
-pai relationship, friendship: Tung. *pal- ( ~ --); Turk. *.
PTung. *pal- ( ~ --) 1 to have relations with 2 relationship, friendship 3 quarrel, contest 4 to quarrel (1 , 2
, 3 , 4 ): Man. fali- 1, falin 2; Ul. pl
3; Ork. pl 3; Orch. palimai- 4.
2, 33.
PTurk. * friend, companion, mate (, ): OTurk. e
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. e (MK); Tur. e; MTurk. e (Sangl.); Tv. e;
Tof. e; Chuv. j family.
EDT 253-254, 1, 313-314, 83, 314.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Original vowel length is not quite clear: in
Turkic the reconstruction is based only on the absence of pharyngealization in Tuva-Tof., while in TM critical evidence is lacking from Evk.
and Nan.
-pa ( ~ -e) palm (of hand): Tung. *pala; Mong. *haliga(n); Turk. *ja
( ~ --); Kor. *pr.
PTung. *pala palm (of hand) (): Evk. hana; Evn. han;
Neg. xaa; Man. falaGu; SMan. fal (71); Ul. paa; Ork. xaa / xaa;
Nan. paja; Orch. xaa, xaa; Ud. xaa.
2, 312, 314. All languages, except Manchu, reflect *paa; Manchu probably
reflects a more archaic variant *pal(i)a, simplified to *paa elsewhere.

PMong. *haliga(n) palm (of hand) (): MMong. xalaqan (HY

46, SH), alaqan (MA); WMong. alaa(n) (L 26); Kh. alga; Bur. aga(n);
Kalm. axn; Ord. alaga; Mog. olaqi (Ramstedt 1906); ZM alaqa (2-9b);
Dag. xalg, (. . 173) xalaga, halehe (MD 156); Dong. hanGa; Bao.
halg; S.-Yugh. halaan; Mongr. (x)arGa (SM 13), xalGa (MGCD).
KW 7, 231. Mong. > Kirgh. alaqan, Uygh. aliqan etc. ( 1, 133), Evk. aliga,
Sol. aga ( 1, 312).

PTurk. *ja ( < *a) palm (of hand) (): OTurk. aja (OUygh.);
Karakh. aja (MK, KB); Tur. aja; Turkm. ja; MTurk. aja (Sangl.;
MKypch.- Houts., AH); Bashk. aja - ;
; Kaz. aja center of a palm; KBalk. ajaz (< 3 .);
Kum. aja; Nogh. aja; SUygh. aja, ajan; Khak. aja.
VEWT 10, 1, 100-101, 179-181, 252.
PKor. *pr armful (): MKor. pr; Mod. pl.
Nam 245, KED 723.

1122

*pni - *ppa

EAS 107, KW 7, Poppe 95, 1984, 27-28, 3, 94-95,

317, 252, Doerfer MT 22, Rozycki 73 (but note that TM
forms meaning foot, sole should be certainly kept apart, see *plka).
The Mong.-Tung. match here seems impeccable, and (despite MT and
Rozycki) borrowing is excluded. The Turkic form presents problems
with a unique cluster development *-- > *-l- > --, but still is probably the reflex of the same root. The Korean form may belong here if we
suppose a secondary semantic development palm > handful > armful.
-pni to trace, investigate: Tung. *pan-; Mong. *hana-; Turk. *e-;
Jpn. *pima-.
PTung. *pan- 1 to ask 2 to investigate 3 to follow smb. (1 2 3 -.): Evk. han- 1, hani- /
h- 3; Man. foni- 1, 2; SMan. oni- to ask, to question, to ferret out
(1288); Jurch. fanu-mij (775) 2; Ul. pan-s- 1; Ork. pan-; Ud. xauntasi- 1;
Sol. a- 1.
2, 314-315.
PMong. *hana- to trace, follow, be in wait for (, ,
): WMong. ana- (L 42); Kh. ana-; Mongr. xana- se gurir
(SM 8).
The Mongor variant ana- is < lit. Mong.
PTurk. *e- to look after smb. ( -.): Turkm. et-;
Kirgh. ene- , ( .); Yak. eej-.
PJpn. *pima- to keep smth. in secret ( -. ):
MJpn. fima-; Tok. hime-.
JLTT 689. Original accent is not clear: in RJ the form is not attested, Tokyo and
Kyoto point to *pm-, but Kagoshima - to *pm-.

The original meaning, still well traceable in Mong. and Jpn., must
have been to follow (smb.) secretly, investigate stealthily.
-ppa shaman, sorcery: Tung. *pap-; Mong. *hab; Turk. *apa, *apak;
Jpn. *papur-.
PTung. *pap- 1 to yell (of a shaman) 2 to divine 3 shaman, sorcerer
(1 ( ) 2 3 , ): Evk. haptaj 3; Neg. xapt- 1; Man. fada- 2.
2, 297, 316. Evk. has both aptaj and haptaj, of which the former may be < Yak.
or Bur., but the latter preserves the old root ( = Neg., Manchu); an example of Wortmischung.

PMong. *hab sorcery (): MMong. xab (SH), hab (IM);

WMong. ab (L 1); Bur. ab; Kalm. ab KW 1, av 20; S.-Yugh. fawa
shaman (MGCD 160).

*papo - *pr

1123

Mong. > Oyr., Yak. ap (see KW 1, VEWT 21); Mong. *habtaj (Bur. abtaj) > Evk. aptaj,
Yak. apt-, Dolg. apt-k (Ka. MEJ 129, Stachowski 35); Mong. ab-galdai shaman mask >
Evk. awagaldai, see Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *apa, *apak 1 bogy 2 figure set up to avert the evil eye 3
idol (1 2 3 ): Karakh. aba 1,
abaq 2 (MK); Tur. apaq, abaq jinn, ghoul (dial.), fool; MTurk.
(MKypch.) abaq doll (Houts., At-Tuhf.); Uzb. pa-lar female evil
ghosts (lit. elder sisters); Krm. abaq, abax 3; KBalk. aba 1; Yak. abh
evil ghost.
VEWT 1, 2, EDT 6, 8. Quite dubious is the hypothesis (see 71, TMN 4,
307-310, Clark 1977, 127) of the Turkic forms being borrowed from Mong. abui receiver (all the more so because the Bur. form is not aba, but abaga, i. e. reflecting -g-,
not --). See a detailed discussion in Stachowski 2001.

PJpn. *ppri priest (, ): OJpn. papuri; MJpn. ffri.

1984, 31-32. See also Miller-Naumann 1991, Miller 1998
(connecting it with Old Chinese *pap law), and recently Stachowski
2001 (although Yak. aba gift should be rather kept apart).
-papo to attack: Mong. *hawl-; Turk. *op-.
PMong. *hawl- surprise attack ( ): MMong.
xaul-, xauul- (SH 75) to attack, capture; WMong. uula (L 889); Kh.
lga; Bur. la-gar hot-tempered; Kalm. la vanguard, la-la- to belong to the vanguard, rob; Mongr. xli- courir (SM 180).
KW 454.
PTurk. *op- 1 to attack 2 to rob (1 2 ): OTurk.
op-la- 1 (Orkh.); MTurk. op- 2 (R - ShS); Krm. op- 2; Kirgh. ob-dul- 1; Kaz.
op- 2 (R); Tv. opla- 1.
EDT 11, 1, 464 (together with *p- suck), R I 1155.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. In TM cf. perhaps Evn. hapkon- to sit in
ambush ( 2, 316).
-pr cross-beam, constructing piece: Tung. *para(n); Mong. *(h)aran-ga;
Turk. *ara-n; Jpn. *pr.
PTung. *para(n) 1 place for the hut, floor 2 perch 3 lattice(d) (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. haran 1; Evn. harn
1; Neg. hajn 1; Man. fargi ~ farki 2, faraga 3.
2, 299, 317. Evk. > Dolg. haran (see Stachowski 97).
PMong. *(h)aran-ga balcony, verandah, platform, shed (, , , ): WMong. araa (L 49); Kh. araga; Bur.
araga; Kalm. arga.
KW 14. Bur. > Russ. Siber. aranga ( 93).
PTurk. *ara-n 1 shed 2 stable 3 fold 4 store-room (1 2
3 4 , ): Karakh. aran 1 (MK); Turkm. aram
(dial.) 3; MTurk. aran 1 (Sangl.); Krm. aran 3; Tat. aran 1; Bashk. aran 1;

1124

*pra - *pra

Kaz. aran 3; Kum. aran 1; Nogh. aran 3; Yak. araas (< *aran-ga, Dimin.)
4, dial. arn , , ; Dolg. araas 4.
VEWT 23, 66, EDT 232, 523-524. Turk. > Russ. Siber. arn ( 92).
Yak. > Evk. araas > Russ. Siber. arangas ( 93). Despite Stachowski 36, the Yak.
and Dolg. word is not borrowed < Mong. araga - which could not explain the derivation
suffix - but is rather a productive derivative from the common Turkic root, with a meaning variant auxiliary building.

PJpn. *pr cross-beam (): MJpn. fr; Tok. har; Kyo. hr; Kag.
har.
JLTT 399. The Kagoshima accent is irregular (*hri would be expected).
Lee 1958, 109 compares the TM forms also with Kor. dial. paradi,
parai a window in the wall.
-pra to be tired: Tung. *paru-; Mong. *(h)ari-; Turk. *r-; Jpn. *pt-;
Kor. *parh-.
PTung. *paru- to faint, feel giddy ( ( ),
): Evk. har-; Evn. hr-; Man. fara-; Nan. farnda-; Ud. xau-ne-.
2, 317-318. Despite Poppe 1972, 98 not a loan < Mong.
PMong. *(h)ari- to be tired, exhausted (, ):
WMong. ari-, ar-u- (L 52: argi- to grow old, to become senile); Kh.
argi-; Kalm. ar--; Ord. argi- , (
).
KW 13. For *h- Poppe (1972, 98) cites (MA) harun stubborn (horse) - but this is
translated by Chag. harun id. and may well be a loan < Chag.

PTurk. *r- 1 to be tired, exhausted 2 to become lean (1 2

): OTurk. ar- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ar- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. ar1; Az. arG (Adj.) 1; Turkm. r- 1; Khal. harqn, harqan (Ger.) 1; MTurk.
ar- (Sangl., Abush., Pav. C., AH, Qutb, IM) 1; Uzb. hri- 1, (Khor.) hr- 1;
Uygh. ar- 1; Tat. ar- 1; Bashk. ar- 1; Kirgh. ar- 1; Kaz. ar- 1; KBalk. ar1; KKalp. har- 1; Kum. ar- 1; Nogh. ar- 1; Khak. ar- 2; Shr. ar- 2; Oyr.
ar- 1; Tv. ar- 2; Chuv. r- 1; Yak. r- 2.
VEWT 22, 1, 160-162, EDT 193, 343.
PJpn. *pt-ra-k- to work (): MJpn. fatarak-; Tok. htrak-;
Kyo. htrk-; Kag. hatar-.
JLTT 685. Cf. also *pt- / *pt- to end, be exhausted (with accent variation, see
139; but this form may be alternatively compared with MMong. hes end
(HY), WMong. es, Khalkha eces, Bur. eses, Kalm. ecs (), Dag. hei- get thin, waste
away etc.).

PKor. *parh- to be lean, emaciated ( , ):

Mod. phari-ha-.
KED 1730.
AKE 15, EAS 139, KW 13, Poppe 96, 73, 1984,
34, . 182.

*pare - *prV

1125

-pare ( ~ -e-) man, people: Mong. *haran; Turk. *Eren.

PMong. *haran people (): MMong. haran (SH, HYt), harn
(IM), harn (Lig.VMI), harn (MA); WMong. aran (L 49); Kh. aran, pl.
arad; Bur. arad; Kalm. ard (); Ord. arat.
PTurk. *Eren man, mankind (, ): OTurk.
eren (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. eren (MK); MTurk. eren (Pav.C.); Uygh.
ejen (Lob.); S.-Uygh. eren; Krm. eren; Tat. irn (dial.); Kirgh. eren; Kaz.
eren; Khak. iren. 1, 290-291.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-parkV excrement: Tung. *parga- ( ~ -rk-); Mong. *hargal; Turk. *ark.
PTung. *parga- ( ~ -rk-) excrement, to defecate (, ): Man. faan, faa-; SMan. fan (104, 497, 2327).
1, 50. Attested only in Manchu (with -- regularly < *-rg- or -rk-), with probable parallels in Turkic and Mongolian; despite Rozycki 72-73 borrowing from Mong. is
extremely unlikely.

PMong. *hargal dung, excrement (, ): MMong. hor[a]l

(IM), hral (MA); WMong. aral, arasu(n) (L 52); Kh. argal; Bur. argal;
Kalm. arsn; Ord. argal; Dag. xargal (. . 174); S.-Yugh. haral;
Mongr. xarGar (SM 161), (MGCD: xarGal).
KW 14, MGCD 118. Mong. > Chag. arasun, see 1997, 203; > Evk. argahun
(see Doerfer MT 130 - but not Man. faan!), Russ. dial. argl, argasn ( 94, 95).

PTurk. *ark excrement (, ): Karakh. arq (MK);

Turkm. arq (-); Khal. harq; MTurk. Kypch. arq (Houts.); Khak. arx.
EDT 213, VEWT 26.
EAS 53, 125, Poppe 11, 1984, 33. A Western isogloss.
-prV thill: Tung. *para; Mong. *(h)aral; Turk. *ar; Kor. *parko.
PTung. *para 1 saddle arc 2 sleigh 3 thill (1 , ( ) 2 3 ): Evk. hara, dial. hren 1; Man. fara 2, 3;
SMan. far shaft (1252); Ul. para 2; Ork. para ; Nan. para 2.
2, 316-317. TM > Dag. pr sleigh (. . 160).
PMong. *(h)aral thill (): MMong. aral axle, pivot (HY 18);
WMong. aral (L 48); Kh. aral; Bur. aral carriage; thills; Ord. aral; Dag.
aral (MGCD 116); S.-Yugh. aral (MGCD 116); Mongr. rl (MGCD 116).
TMN 2, 40. Note that both HY and Southern Mong. forms point to *0- (if we are not
dealing with later loans). Mong. > Sol., Oroch aral id.

PTurk. *ar thill (): Tur. dial. ar; Turkm. ar; MTurk. ar
(Pav. C.); Uzb. dial. ari; Krm. ar; Tat. ar; Bashk. ar; Kaz. ars; KBalk.
ar; KKalp. ars; Kum. ar; Nogh. ars.
VEWT 26, TMN 2, 40-41, 1, 189-191, 555. Turk. > Kalm. ar thill
(KW 15). The word is attested late, and Clauson 1965, 166 proposes a loan < Arab. ari.

PKor. *parko a k. of horse-drawn sleigh ( ,

): MKor. parko; Mod. palgu.
Nam 245, KED 724.

1126

*psi - *pt(kV)

Poppe 11, 77, 78-79, 1984, 32-33, Ramstedt 1916, 3, Lee

1958, 108, 555, Rozycki 74. The root is frequently quoted, but
indeed rather problematic (cf. TMN 2, 40-41). If the Mong. form is *aral
(accounting for the HY and South Mong. evidence), and the Turkic
form is borrowed from a different source, all we are left with are the
Tungus and Korean forms - which, however, are difficult to explain as
loans.
-psi to hang: Tung. *pasi-; Mong. *(h)asa-; Turk. *as-; Jpn. *ps(n)k-.
PTung. *pasi- to hang (, ): Man. fasi-; Ork. pas-;
Nan. pas-; Orch. xasi-.
1, 464.
PMong. *(h)asa- to climb up; to stick, cling to ( ; -.): WMong. asa- (L 55); Kh. asa-; Bur. aha; Kalm. as-.
KW 16.
PTurk. *as- to hang (): OTurk. as- (OUygh.); Karakh. as(MK); Tur. as-; Gag. as-; Az. as-; Turkm. as-; Khal. has-; MTurk. as(Sangl., Houts.); Uzb. s-; Uygh. as-; Krm. as-; Tat. as-; Bashk. a-; Kirgh.
as-; Kaz. as-; KBalk. as-; KKalp. as-; Kum. as-; SUygh. as-; Tv. as-; Chuv.
us-, os-.
VEWT 28, EDT 240, 1, 192-193, 277, 2, 289.
PJpn. *ps(n)ka- to hold in hands ( ): OJpn.
p(j)isaga-; MJpn. fsga-; Tok. hisage-.
JLTT 690 (but the derivation < *piki-sanka-, based on the modern expressive variant
hissage-, is wrong; the word is attested as p(j)isaga- in OJ).

KW 5, 16, Poppe 65, 1984, 34-35. The Mong. parallel is

somewhat dubious semantically.
-pt(kV) ( ~ -t-) fish fin; gills: Tung. *pati(ke); Turk. *atkak; Jpn. *pt.
PTung. *pati(ke) 1 tail fin 2 fish tail (1 2
): Neg. xepk 2; Man. fetxe 1, fetxeku 2; Ul. pat 2; Ork. pa, pakke
1,2; Nan. pa 1, paq 2.
1, 482; 2, 35.
PTurk. *atkak gills (): Khak. atpax; Shr. attaq; Oyr. atqaq.
VEWT 31. A local Siberian word; should be kept distinct from *t(k)- pinch, pinchful, handful (q.v. sub *pt(-kV)).

PJpn. *pt fish fin ( ): OJpn. pata; MJpn. ft.

JLTT 401.
The root is very similar phonetically to *pt(-kV) bottom, lower
side and the two roots could in fact have influenced each other in
Turkic and Japanese. The TM languages, however, clearly oppose
them. The TM evidence may indeed point to a different second vowel
in fish fin - perhaps a reconstruction like *pt(kV) would be more

*pt - *pt

1127

plausible; in the latter case the -a-vocalism in Jpn. would be secondary,

under the influence of *pt(-kV) bottom.
-pt uncultivated land, field: Mong. *(h)atar; Turk. *At; Jpn. *pt /
*pt; Kor. *pt(h).
PMong. *(h)atar uncultivated land ( ):
WMong. atar (L 58); Kh. atar; Bur. atar; Mongr. atr (MGCD 124) < lit..
PTurk. *At watered field, boundary ( , ):
Karakh. atz any strip of land between two dikes (MK); Turkm. atz;
Uygh. etiz; Kirgh. adr , ; Kaz. atz; Shr.
ads 1/18 .
VEWT 31, EDT 73. Turk. > Mong. atiz ( 1997, 102). Cf. also *tag island.
PJpn. *pt / *pt field (): OJpn. pata; MJpn. ft; Tok. hat,
hta; Kyo. ht; Kag. ht.
JLTT 401. Reflexes reveal a variation between *pt (Tokyo hat, Kagoshima ht)
and *pt (RJ ft, Tokyo hta, Kyoto ht).

PKor. *pt(h) field (): MKor. pt, pth; Mod. pat [path].
Nam 244, 250, KED 741.
EAS 53, SKE 192-193, Poppe 51, 82, Menges 1984, 284,
16, 67, Martin 231.
-pt to strike, hit: Tung. *pt(i)-; Mong. *(h)atalga; Turk. *t-; Jpn.
*pt-k-; Kor. *pat-.
PTung. *pt(i)- 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off (1 ,
2 3 , ): Evk. hatal- 3
(Sakh.); Neg. pt 2 ( < South.); Ul. pt--, pt-la- 1, pt 2; Ork. pt-- 1;
Nan. p-- 1, pa 2.
1, 57, 2, 35. Shortness in the Evk. form (attested only in the innovative Sakh.
dialect) is evidently secondary.

PMong. *(h)atalga adze (): WMong. atala; Kh. atlaga; Bur.

atalga; Kalm. atl.
KW 18. Mong. > Yak. adala, Kirgh. atal etc. ( 1, 201-202).
PTurk. *t- to throw, shoot (, ): OTurk. at(OUygh.); Karakh. at- (MK); Tur. at-; Gag. at-; Az. at-; Turkm. at-; Khal.
hat-; MTurk. at- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. t-; Uygh. at-; Krm. at-; Tat. at-;
Bashk. at-; Kirgh. at-; Kaz. at-; KBalk. at-; KKalp. at-; Kum. at-; Nogh.
at-; SUygh. at-; Khak. at-; Shr. at-; Oyr. at-; Tv. at-; Chuv. vt-, dial. ut-;
Yak. t-; Dolg. t-.
EDT 36, VEWT 31, 1, 199-200, 203, 204, 342, 2, 469, Stachowski 262.

PJpn. *pt-k- to flap, clap, slap (, ): MJpn. fatak-;

Tok. hatk-; Kyo. htk-; Kag. htk-.
JLTT 685.

1128

*pt(-kV) - *pt(-kV)

PKor. *pat- to strike against, push, gore with the horns (,

, ): Mod. pat- (-d-).
KED 721.
SKE 194, 247, PKE 147, 1984, 36.
-pt(-kV) bottom, lower side: Tung. *pata, *pataka; Mong. *hatku;
Turk. *t(k-); Jpn. *pt; Kor. *ptk.
PTung. *pata, *pataka 1 feet pads 2 fetlock 3 sole 4 bottom 5 paw,
hoof 6 sledge runner 7 butt (of tree) (1 2
3 4 , 5 , 6 7
, , ): Evk. hata 1,2; Evn. hat 3,4, hatqa
2; Neg. xata 1,2; Man. fatan 3,4, fata 5; SMan. fath, fatq hoof (2289);
Ul. pata 6; Ork. patta 7; Nan. pata 5; Ud. xedi 6.
2, 318. Some languages reflect a variant *piakta (*piatka) - see 2, 320.
PMong. *hatku handful; to clutch (; ):
MMong. xatqu (SH); WMong. adqu, adqu- (L 12); Kh. atga; Bur. adxa;
Kalm. atx, adg; Ord. adxu, adxu-; Dag. xatku (. . 175; MGCD:
xataku); S.-Yugh. atG-, atGm ( < lit.).
KW 1, 17, MGCD 124.
PTurk. *t(k-) 1 handful 2 pinch(ful) 3 barb of the fish-fork hook (1
, 2 3 , ): Tur. atm 2, atk weft; wooden fork; strap on footwear, scarf; Az.
atG cross-bar, atm 2; Turkm. atm 2; Uzb. tim 2; Tat. atqr (dial.)
cross-beam; Kirgh. atm 2; Oyr. atqaq 3; Tv. adm 1, atqaq 3, atpaq
hanger for horse harness, atpaq-ta-l- to hitch on to smth., atpanagrasp (of a child); Chuv. dam armful.
344, . 85, VEWT 31. If we exclude obvious loans from Mong.
adqu-, all the other forms clearly fall into two types. 1) PT *tm handful, pinchful 2) PT
*Atk- smth. hitched, clutching, clinging. The latter (Tuva atkak) is linked in EDT 47 with
OUygh. atqaq vikalpa. There is a number of OUygh. Buddhist terms that can be derived
from a stem meaning grasp, hitch: atqaq 1) vikalpa, attachment to the material world
(whence borrowed in Mong. atqa illusion, prejudice), 2) viaya, idea, notion, subject,
atqaq-l appertaining to smth., atqa-n- be connected, clinging to (the material world),
atqa-n-sz devoid of sense perceptions, atqanu viaya, atqanu-lu correlated (cf.
(alquqa) atqanulu tutaql correlated (with everything) (and) grasping (everything)),
see 68, EDT 47. This all seems to indicate a primary root *t- meaning both to cling,
hitch on to smth., grasp and a grasp, handful (also armful if we take into account the
Chuv. meaning). Note that in Siberian languages this root (*t-ka-k) is additionally confused with the local word for gills - which has a quite separate Altaic origin (see under
*pt(kV) fish fin).

PJpn. *pt side (, ): OJpn. pata; MJpn. ft; Tok. hta;

Kyo. ht; Kag. hat.
JLTT 401. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
PKor. *ptk bottom, lower part (, ): MKor. ptk,
pt; Mod. padak.

*pti - *pV

1129

Nam 237, KED 703.

EAS 52, KW 1, Poppe 11, 50, 1984, 35, 36, Lee 1958, 109,
70, 317, 252-253, Rozycki 75. In Kor. cf. perhaps also MKor. pth step (of stairs), ptr staircase, yard. The
original meaning was no doubt bottom, bottom side, with a subsequent development > bottom of hand or foot > sole, palm in the
Western Altaic region. In Turkic and Mongolian such a semantic
change was probably favoured by a contamination with yet another PA
root, *petV to pinch (q.v.), so that the final meaning resulted in take a
handful, clutch.
-pti trousers, boots: Tung. *pati; Turk. *tk; Kor. *pt.
PTung. *pati winter boots (): Evk. hati.
2, 318-319.
PTurk. *tk boot (, ): OTurk. etk (OUygh.); Karakh.
etk (MK); Tur. edik; Turkm. dik; Sal. tix, itix; MTurk. etk (Pav. C.),
tk (. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. (dial.) dik, tik, tk; Uygh. tk; Tat. itk;
Kirgh. tk; Kaz. etik; KKalp. etik; Kum. etik; Nogh. etik; Khak. dk; Oyr.
dk; Tv. idik; Chuv. ad; Yak. eterbes; Dolg. eterbes.
EDT 50, VEWT 52, 1, 319-321, 36, 479, Stachowski 48.
PKor. *pt trousers (): MKor. pt; Mod. pai.
Nam 237, Liu 360, KED 709.
The Evk. word, albeit isolated in TM, builds a good bridge between the Turkic and the Korean forms.
-p to be unable: Tung. *p-; Mong. *jada-; Jpn. *pi-r- ( ~ -ai-).
PTung. *p- to be unable, not dare ( , ): Evk. h-;
Evn. h-.
2, 358.
PMong. *jada- to be unable, have no power ( ): MMong.
jada- (SH, HY 54, IM); WMong. jada- (L 422); Kh. jada-; Bur. jada-; Kalm.
jad- (); Ord. jada-; Mongr. jad-, id- se fatiguer, tre puis (SM
188).
Mong. > Oyr. jada- etc. ( 4, 67-68), Dolg. ada (Stachowski 88); > Manchu
and South Tung. jada- to be poor, weak (Rozycki 222).

PJpn. *pi-r- ( ~ -ai-) to humble oneself; become less (;

): OJpn. p(j)er-; MJpn. fr-; Tok. hr-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 687.
One of the common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots; Mong. and
Jpn. reflect suffixed forms.
-pV to be tired, defeated: Tung. *pee-; Mong. *hee-; Turk. *- (~-).
PTung. *pee- to be tired (): Evk. hee-; Evn. he-.
2, 372-3.

1130

*ped - *pjkV

PMong. *hee- to be exhausted, tired (): MMong. xie- to

be confused (HY 36), hii- (MA), he- (LH); WMong. ee- (L 291); Kh.
ece-; Bur. ese-; Kalm. ec-; Ord. ei- to become lean; Mog. e- (Ramstedt
1906); Dag. xee- (. . 176: xee-), xei-; Dong. hee-; S.-Yugh. -.
KW 129, MGCD 273.
PTurk. *- (~-) to submit (): OTurk. iik- (Orkh.,
OUygh.), eik- (Yen.); Karakh. eik- (MK); Turkm. ez weak, fenceless;
Uygh. ein- to repent, regret; Khak. is- to obey.
EDT 25.
EAS 96, PKE 32, 1984, 72. A Western isogloss. Despite
Poppe 1966, 198, 1972, 99, Doerfer MT 98, TM cannot be borrowed from
Mong. A Western isogloss: the Korean parallel mentioned in PKE 32
(:i- be inferior to, weakened) is unreliable - probably a misreading of
i- id.
-ped energetic: Tung. *pede; Mong. *(h)ide; Turk. *ide (/*ede); Jpn.
*pintua-.
PTung. *pede swift, energetic (, ): Neg. xeden;
Nan. pede; Orch. xidus (adv.).
1, 480.
PMong. *(h)ide 1 energy, force, craft 2 energetic, young (1 ,
2 , ): WMong. ide 1 (L 398), ider 2 (L 400); Kh. id
1, ider 2; Bur. edi 1, edebxi activity; Kalm. id 1 (); Ord. de 1;
S.-Yugh. idir 2 ( < lit. ider).
MGCD 406. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. eder (Ka. VIII, Stachowski 43).
PTurk. *ide (/*ede) very, of course, emphatic adverb (, ): OTurk. idi (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ii (KB); irig
anything hard (MK - Argu); Tat. eje; Bashk. eje; Kirgh. iji; Kaz. ije;
Khak. ze; Shr. eze; Tv. ide; Chuv. ara; Yak. iti.
EDT 41, 65, 1, 335. Tat., Chuv. ije yes, erroneously related here in ,
have different connections, cf. Khak. ja yes, Tof. ijen, ijne, MTurk. Xwar., Kypch., Osm.
ine, inen (EDT 42); the Kypchak forms above, because of the merger of *-d- and *-j-, can
have either origin.

PJpn. *pintua- horrible; extreme (, ): MJpn.

hido-; Tok. hid-; Kyo. hd-; Kag. hdo-.
The word is attested late (since Edo) and the accent reconstruction is not clear;
however, its Chinese origin (suggested in JLTT 848) is dubious.

The meaning horrible in Japanese must be secondary, going back

to < extreme < powerful, energetic, reflected elsewhere.
-pjkV brain, head: Tung. *pjKe; Mong. *heki; Kor. *pk.
PTung. *pjKe 1 brain 2 forehead 3 top of the head (1 2 3
, ): Evk. hj, heje 2; Evn. hje 3; Neg. xj 2; Man. fexi 1;
SMan. fixe (5) 1; Ul. pje 2; Ork. pje 2; Nan. pje 2.

*pjl - *pj

1131

2,304, 361.
PMong. *heki 1 head 2 front (1 2 , ): MMong.
xeki (SH, HYt), hikin (MA) 1; WMong. eki(n) 2 (L 305); Kh. ex 2; Bur.
exi(n) 1; Kalm. ekn 2; Ord. ee 1, 2; Mog. ekin 1; ZM ekin (2-1a); Dag. xeki
(. . 175), heki 1 (MD 159); S.-Yugh. gn 1; Mongr. xgi source,
commencement 2 (SM 166).
KW 118, MGCD 274.
PKor. *pk top of the head (, ): MKor.
tj-pk (tj- < Chin.).
Nam 155.
KW 118, 294, Poppe 56, Lee 1958, 109. Despite Doerfer
MT 236, TM is not borrowed from Mong. Mong. *h- (not b-) before a
long vowel indicates PA *p.
-pjl belly, liver: Tung. *plbu-; Mong. *helige; Jpn. *pr; Kor. *pi.
PTung. *plbu- to be pregnant ( ): Evk. hlbu-.
2, 363. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *helige liver (): MMong. xeligan (HY 47), xelige(n)
(SH), hilg (IM), ilign (MA); WMong. elige (L 309); Kh. eleg, elgen; Bur.
ege(n); Kalm. elkn, elgn; Ord. elege; Mog. ilkan Herz (Weiers), elkn; ZM
elkan (4-2a); Dag. xeleg (. . 175), helehe (MD 159); Bao. helg, xelge;
S.-Yugh. helee; Mongr. xalege (SM 152), xelige, xalige (Huzu), xelge
(MGCD).
KW 119, MGCD 257.
PJpn. *pr belly (): OJpn. para; MJpn. fr; Tok. har; Kyo.
hr; Kag. har.
JLTT 399. Modern dialects (especially Kagoshima) point to *pr, but the attested RJ
form is fr.

PKor. *pi belly (): MKor. pi; Mod. p.

Nam 251, KED 743.
68, 90 (with literature), 274, Martin 243. See also notes
on *boga. Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for the loss of -l- in Korean; Mong. *h- before a long vowel indicates PA *p-.
-pj bone: Tung. *pe-en; Mong. *ja-su; Turk. *(j)n-ik; Jpn.
*pni; Kor. *s-pj.
PTung. *pe-en knee (): Evk. henen; Evn. henen; Neg.
heen; Ul. pee(n-); Ork. pene, pee(n-); Nan. pei; Orch. hee, heen;
Ud. hee; Sol. e.
2, 366.
PMong. *ja-su bone (): MMong. jasun (HY 15, 48, SH), jon
(IM), jasun (MA); WMong. jasu(n) (L 430); Kh. jas(an); Bur. jaha(n); jangarxaj shin-bone; Kalm. jasn; Ord. jasu; Mog. jsun; KT jsun (6-4b);

1132

*pk - *pk

Dag. jas (. . 147), jase (MD 169); Dong. jasun; Bao. jaso; S.-Yugh.
jasn; Mongr. jas (SM 490).
KW 217, MGCD 737, TMN 1, 553. Cf. also Kalm. jan-dr bony, Bur. jandagar
bony.

PTurk. *(j)n-ik 1 shin, shank 2 shin bone 3 boot-top strap 4 heel (1

2 3 4 ): Karakh. jinik 2 (IM); Tur. inik 1; Turkm. nik 1, 2; Sal. inix (); MTurk. inik cou de pied (Pav. C.); Krm. inik, inik 1; Tat.
jinik 1 (); Bashk. jensek 1; KBalk. inik 2; Shr. enik 4; Oyr. enik 4
(Leb.); Tv. inik 3; Yak. inix 1 (. 1941).
VEWT 172, 203, 286.
PJpn. *pni bone (): OJpn. p(w)one; MJpn. fn; Tok. hon;
Kyo. hne; Kag. hon.
JLTT 414.
PKor. *s-pj bone (): MKor. spj; Mod. p:j.
Nam 258, KED 774.
Martin 226, 12, 13, 39-40, 67, 92, 274, 286. The
irregular tone correspondence between Turk. and Kor.-Jpn. here
should be probably explained by a secondary contraction *-ej- > *-- in
PT. The medial *-j- is also responsible for the loss of *-- in Kor. and for
the emergence of *j- in Mong. (*ja-su < *jan-su < *peje-sV). Kor. has
here the *s-prefix (cf. also *s-kr tail, *s-pr horn).
-pk to emit, throw: Tung. *peK-; Mong. *haka-la-; Turk. *ek-; Jpn.
*pk-; Kor. *ph-.
PTung. *peK- 1 to throw 2 to scatter, strew (1 , 2 ): Man. faa- 1; Ork. pektikke- 2.
2, 46, 297.
PMong. *haka-la- to throw, abandon (, , ): Mongr. aGala-, Gala- (SM 149).
PTurk. *ek- 1 to sow 2 to scatter (1 2 ): OTurk.
ek- (Late OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ek- (MK, KB) 1, 2; Tur. ek- 1; Gag. ek- 1; Az.
k- 1, 2; Turkm. ek- 1; Sal. ex- 1; Khal. hk- 1; MTurk. ek- (Abush., Sangl.)
1; Uzb. ek- 1; Uygh. ek- 1; Krm. ek- 1; Tat. ik- 1; Bashk. ik- 1; Kirgh. ek- 1;
Kaz. ek- 1; KKalp. ek- 1; Nogh. ek- 1; Chuv. ak- 1.
EDT 100, 1, 251-252. Turk. > Hung. eke plough (< *k), see Gombocz 1912.
PJpn. *pk- to spit out; to emit (; ): OJpn.
pak-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. hk-; Kyo. hk-; Kag. hk-.
JLTT 684.
PKor. *ph- to emit, spread (, ): MKor.
ph-; Mod. phi-.
Nam 464, KED 1772.
SKE 184. See also notes to *bura abandon.

*pkV - *po

1133

-pkV acid, astringent: Tung. *peku-; Mong. *(h)eke; Turk. *ek-i-.

PTung. *peku- acid, astringent (, , (
)): Man. fekuxun.
2, 304. Cf. perhaps Evk. hepkeripu bitter ( 2, 368) < *pek-pe-ripu ?
PMong. *(h)eke acid, bitter (, ): WMong. ekegn
(L 305); Kh. ex; Bur. exn; Kalm. egn, ekn; Ord. ekn.
KW 117, 118.
PTurk. *ek-i- 1 sour, acid, bitter 2 to be sour, bitter (1 ,
2 , ): Karakh. ekig (MK) 1; Tur. eki 1,
eki- 2; Gag. i 1, i- 2; Az. ki 1; Turkm. egit- 2; MTurk. eki 1, eki- 2
(Pav. C.); Krm. eki 1, eki- 2; Chuv. jks ( < *jk) 1.
EDT 118, 1, 259-260, . 199.
2, 304. A Western isogloss.
-ple ( ~ -o) to mock; to feel mocked at, be shy, distracted: Tung. *pel-;
Mong. *hel-; Turk. *elk; Jpn. *pr-.
PTung. *pel- 1 to insult, mock 2 not dare (1 ,
2 ): Evk. hel- 2; Man. fele- 1; SMan. fel- to murder a superior
person (741).
2, 304.
PMong. *hel- 1 to be sad, anguish 2 to decline (of mental facilities),
be dumbfounded 3 wild, ignorant (1 , 2
, 3 , ): MMong. xelumu- 1
(HY); WMong. elemeg 3 (); Kh. elmere- 2 (Gomb.), elmeg 3.
PTurk. *elk mockery, ridicule (, ):
Karakh. elk (MK); Turkm. ilgezik glib, jaunty (?); Krm. elik; Khak. elk.
1, 264-265, EDT 142. Turk. > WMong. eleg, ileg, Khalkha eleg (KW 119).
PJpn. *pr- 1 to be distracted 2 to fall in love, lose ones head (1
, 2 , ):
OJpn. p(w)ora- 1, 2; MJpn. fra- 1, 2; Tok. hre- 2; Kyo. hr- 2; Kag. hor2.
JLTT 692.
1984, 68.
-po to walk, to run: Tung. *peli- (/*puli-); Mong. *hlde-; Turk. *-;
Jpn. *psr-; Kor. *prb-.
PTung. *peli- (/*puli-) 1 to walk 2 to hurry (1 2 ,
): Evk. helde- (dial.) 1, helin-(e)- 2; Evn. hl- 1, hel-(i)- 2;
Neg. xul- 1, xenindu- in a hurry; Man. fee- 1; Jurch. ful-wi (421) 1; Ul.
pulikte- 1; Ork. puli- 1, pelin- 2; Nan. pul-si- 1, penin- 2; Orch. xuli- 1; Ud.
xuli(hi)- 1, xelin-e- 2; Sol. ul-.
2, 363-364. A probable derivative is *pelbu- to lead, take with oneself ( 2,
363).

1134

*pmi - *pi

PMong. *hlde- to chase (): MMong. xulde- (SH); WMong.

lde- (); Kh. lde- / ld-; Bur. lde-.
PTurk. *- to walk, trot, amble (, , ):
OTurk. e- (Orkh.); Karakh. e- (MK); Tur. e-; Gag. ie-; Tat. t- (dial.);
Oyr. e- (dial.); Chuv. i-; Yak. is-; Dolg. is-.
EDT 255, 1, 316, Stachowski 129.
PJpn. *psr- to run (): OJpn. pasir-; MJpn. fsr-; Tok. hashr-;
Kyo. hshr-; Kag. hshr-.
JLTT 685.
PKor. *prb- to tread, trample (, ): MKor. prp(-w-); Mod. pp- [plp-].
Nam 247, KED 732.
1984, 46-47, JOAL 119, Street 1985, 646.
-pmi thread, twist a thread: Tung. *pem- / *pim-; Mong. *himer-; Jpn.
*pm.
PTung. *pem- / *pim- 1 to wind, be twisted 2 loop on a thread, rope
(1 2 ( ), (
)): Evn. hemr- 1, hmqan 2.
2, 325, 366.
PMong. *himer- to spin, twist (a thread) (, ()):
WMong. imer- (L 409); Kh. imre-; Bur. emir-; Kalm. imr-; Ord. mere-,
emere-, imere-; S.-Yugh. xemeri-.
KW 208, MGCD 410.
PJpn. *pm lace, thread, rope (, , ): OJpn.
pjim(w)o; MJpn. fm; Tok. hmo; Kyo. hm; Kag. hmo.
JLTT 407.
Cf. notes to *pujme for possible reflexes in Manchu, Jurchen and
Korean.
-peu a k. of edible root: Tung. *pee-kte; Mong. *(h)ojimu; Turk. *A.
PTung. *pee-kte name of an edible root ( ):
Evk. heekte; Evn. hnt , .
2, 325, 367.
PMong. *(h)ojimu fern (): WMong. ojimu, (L 604) ojima;
Kh. ojim; Kalm. ojm ( 393).
PTurk. *A onion, edible root (): Kaz. j, aj (Katanov); Khak.
aj (Koib.); Tv. a; Tof. a.
VEWT 10.
A Western isogloss.
-pi to gape, hole: Tung. *pe-; Turk. *e-; Jpn. *pm; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *pe- 1 hole in ice or snow 2 to laugh, chuckle (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. heke 1, hene- 2; Evn. heke 1.

*ppa - *pra

1135

2, 367. On the possibility of uniting the meanings hole and laugh see below.

PTurk. e- 1 to be perplexed 2 stupid 3 bashful, gauche 4 to torture,

pester (1 2 3 , 4 , ): Karakh. e- 1; (caus.)
eit-, etr- (MK); endik 2 (MK); Tur. (dial.) endik 3; MTurk. (Xwar.) entik
2 (Qutb); Uzb. enka-tenkasini iqar- 4; Kirgh. en , ente- to become confused, eke stupid person; Khak. ide-t- to flounder (of
thoughts); Chuv. ank-mink stupidity, madness (but may be < Tat.,
see *a-); Yak. ? eej- to look greedily on food, wait for a sop.
EDT 168, 179, 181, 1, 155, 156-157 (sub *a- perplexed, silly).
PJpn. *pm gap (, ): OJpn. p(j)ima; MJpn. fm;
Tok. hma; Kyo. hm; Kag. hma.
JLTT 406.
PKor. *p- 1 to open up, spread open (slightly) 2 to smile, grin,
chuckle (1 , 2 , , ): MKor. p-, pkr- 1; Mod. pag-, pg-, pagt [paks] ha-,
pgt [pks] ha- 1, 2.
Liu 381, KED 736, 772.
SKE 197-198. Most languages reveal a variation of meanings gap
> to gape ( > laugh, smile, be perplexed). On a possible trace of this
root in Mong. see *a.
-ppa a k. of insect: Tung. *pep-; Mong. *haba-kai; Turk. *apa-; Jpn.
*ppi.
PTung. *pep- 1 locust 2 earth-worm (1 2 ):
Man. febsexe 1, febe 2.
2, 304. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *haba-kai spider (): WMong. abaqai, (L 3) abaaqai (Bur.
and Kalm.); Kh. avgaldaj; Bur. abxaj; Mongr. xx (SM 151), xxai.
See also notes to *araalin (sub *ara).
PTurk. *apa- grasshopper (): Shr. abaaq; Oyr. abajaq;
Chuv. oba lb , oba nrri ().
VEWT 1. Contaminations with aba , aba father > bear.
PJpn. *ppi fly (): OJpn. pape; MJpn. ff; Tok. he; Kyo. h;
Kag. he.
JLTT 395.
An expressive root (possibly denoting originally some kind of locust or grasshopper), with some tabooistic changes in Turkic and Mongolian.
-pra bee: Tung. *per-; Mong. *herbekei; Turk. *r; Jpn. *pt; Kor.
*pr-.
PTung. *per- bumble-bee (): Evk. herptin (.).

1136

*pr - *pr

Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

PMong. *herbekei butterfly (): MMong. xerbegai (HY 12),
hirbki (MA); WMong. erbekei, erbeekei (L 319); Kh. ervxij; Bur. erbxej;
Kalm. erwk; Ord. erwk; Dong. hbi; Mongr. xalege (SM 152), xelige,
xalige (Huzu), xerbuge (MGCD).
KW 127, MGCD 264.
PTurk. *r wasp, bee (, ): Karakh. ar (MK); Tur. ar; Gag.
r; Az. ar; Turkm. ar, r (); Khal. hr; MTurk. ar (Sangl., Pav.
C., Qutb), aru (AH); Uzb. ari, tukli ari humble-bee; Uygh. hr; Kirgh.
r; Kaz. ara, tkti ara humble-bee; KKalp. hrre; Khak. r, tktig r
hornet; Oyr. ar; Tv. ar, Todzh. har; Chuv. tgld-ora humble-bee ?
(tgl shaggy); Yak. ra.
VEWT 25, EDT 196-197, TMN 2, 47, 1, 186-187, 186, . XV, 23,
2, 213-214. Turk. > Mong. ari (not vice versa, despite 1997, 100).

PJpn. *pt bee (): OJpn. pati; MJpn. ft; Tok. hchi; Kyo. hch;
Kag. hch.
JLTT 401.
PKor. *pr- bee (): MKor. pr, pri; Mod. pl.
Liu 375, 379, HMCH 50, Nam 254, KED 764.
Martin 226, 67, 186.
-pr edge: Tung. *pere; Mong. *hir-; Turk. *Erneg; Jpn. *pir.
PTung. *pere bottom, floor (, ): Evk. here; Evn. her; Neg. xeje;
Man. fere; SMan. fer (2594); Ul. pere(g); Ork. pere, perel; Nan. pereg,
perel; Orch. x; Ud. x; Sol. eri.
2, 368-371 (PTM *per-g bottom and *pere-m sole are derived from the
same root).

PMong. *hir- 1 floor, ground 2 bottom 3 blade, edge (of knife) 4

edge, border, shore (1 , 2 3 , () 4 , ): MMong. xiruar (HY 51), xiraur (SH), hiruar, hirur
(MA) 1; WMong. iruar, irual 1 (L 415), ir 3 (L 412), irmeg 4 (L 415); Kh.
jorl 2, ir 3, irmeg 4; Bur. ojr 2, e 3, erimeg 4; Kalm. jorl 2; Ord. irl 2,
rmek; Dag. xigr 1, xir 3 (. . 146: ir < lit.), owre, igre 2, ire 3
(MD 215); Dong. iro 1; Bao. holr 1; S.-Yugh. horl 1, hir 3, ermeg 4 ( <
lit.); Mongr. ir 3 ( < lit.).
KW 219, MGCD 411, 412, 740.
PTurk. *Erneg edge (of a dish) (, ()): Tur. ernek
(dial.); Turkm. erek; MTurk. ernek (Pav. C.); Tat. irnw; Bashk. irne- to
border; Kirgh. erd; Kaz. ernew; KKalp. ernek.
1, 301. The root is attested late and may be theoretically derived from *Erin
lip (v. sub *r); however, the latter can also mean edge (of a dish) in some languages
and one can suspect that PT actually merged *Erin lip and *Erin edge, while the form
*Erneg was derived only from the latter.

*perkV - *pro

1137

PJpn. *pir edge, brink (): MJpn. fr; Tok. her; Kyo. hr; Kag.
her.
JLTT 404.
1984, 69-70, 12, 281, 1, 301. Jpn. *piari
instead of *piri probably under the influence of *pia edge, border q.v.
(or else it may indicate a reconstruction *pjr). Cf. *pire.
-perkV to tie round, surround: Tung. *perke-; Mong. *hergi-.
PTung. *perke- to bind, tie round (, , ): Evk. herke-; Evn. herk-; Neg. xejke-; Ork. pitu- mans girdle;
Sol. ekke-.
2, 369-370. Note that Ud. xeke-, Ul. xerke- and Nan. xerke- are rather borrowed
< Man. xergi- < PTM *kerge- (v. sub *kra).

PMong. *hergi- to go round (, ): MMong. xergi(SH), hirgi- (MA); WMong. erge-, ergi- (L 323); Kh. ergi-; Bur. erje-; Kalm.
ergi-; Ord. erge-; Mog. irga- to spin a spindle (Weiers); Dag. ergi- ( <
lit.), xergi-, xorgi- (. . 140, 177); S.-Yugh. heregd-; Mongr. xrgi(SM 167), xargi- (Huzu).
KW 124, MGCD 267. Mong. > Man. erguwe- etc., see Doerfer MT 72; > Yak. ergij-,
Dolg. ergij- (see Ka. MEJ 67, Stachowski 47).

Poppe 103, 1984, 70. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

-pro to wish, desire: Tung. *per-; Mong. *(h)ee-re- ( < *here-re-?);
Turk. *er-; Jpn. *pr-; Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *per- 1 to esteem 2 to wait (1 2 ): Evk. herie1, her- 2; Evn. her- 1, herut-/-- 2.
2, 369-370. Cf. also *perge- to try; to wonder ( 2, 45-46; not reflected in
Evn. and Evk.).

PMong. *(h)ee-re- ( < *here-re-?) to seek, wish, hope (,

, ): WMong. eere- (L 298); Kh. re-.
Mong. > Yak. eren- to hope, erel hope (Ka. MEJ 16, Stachowski 46).
PTurk. *er- 1 coquetry 2 cockering, endearment 3 cockered, beloved
4 entertainment , joke (1 2 , 3 , 4 , ): Tur. erke (dial.) 3; Az. rk (dial.) 2, 3;
Turkm. ermek 4 (dial.); MTurk. erke 1, 2, 3 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. erk 1,
3, ermak 4; Uygh. rk 3, ermk 4; Tat. irk 3, (dial.) irmk 4; Bashk. irk 3,
irmk 4; Kirgh. erke 3, ermek 4; Kaz. erke 3, ermek 4; KBalk. erke 3; KKalp.
erke 3, ermek 4; Kum. erke 3; Nogh. erke 3; Khak. irk 3; Shr. erke 3, erbek 4;
Oyr. erke 3, ermek, erbek 4; Tv. ere 2; Chuv. jrgn wriggler, trickster
(Ashm.); Yak. erke 2.
VEWT 48, 1, 296-297, 300-301, TMN 2, 181-182. The root is widely spread, although unattested in older sources; its relationship to *eri- contest (suggested in
297) is dubious.

PJpn. *pr- to wish, hope (, ): OJpn. p(w)or-.

JLTT 693.

1138

*perV - *ps

PKor. *pr- to desire (, ): MKor. pr-; Mod. para-.

Nam 240, KED 704.
Martin 230, 14. Cf. also MKor. pjr- to purpose, intend (cf.
SKE 198).
-perV thumb: Tung. *peru-; Mong. *herekei; Turk. *erek.
PTung. *peru- thumb ( ): Evk. huruun; Evn.
hrn; Neg. xjeen; Man. ferxe; Ul. poro(n); Ork. poro(n), pero(n); Nan.
perxe; Orch. xo(n); Ud. xue; Sol. orogun, urun.
2, 354. Doerfer MT 68-69 regards Manchu ferxe and Nan. perxe as borrowed
from Mong., separating them from the rest of TM forms (derived ibid. from *puru- to
crush - ?). This all is clearly unacceptable, because in fact we are dealing with a very
clear case of e/u alternation after a labial.

PMong. *herekei thumb ( ): MMong. xeregai (SH),

hrkejin (gen.) (LH); WMong. erekei (L 322); Kh. erxij; Bur. erx; Kalm.
erk (Drbet); Ord. ere; Dag. xereg, (. . 175) xerg; herehe (MD
161); S.-Yugh. hermegi.
KW 125, MGCD 271.
PTurk. *erek finger, thumb (, ): OTurk.
erek (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. erek, dial. ernek (MK); MTurk. ernek
(Pav. C.); Khak. irgek; Oyr. ergek; Tv. ergek; Yak. erbex; Dolg. erbek peg.
EDT 234, 1, 299, 253-255, Stachowski 47.
EAS 54, KW 125, 285, Poppe 11, 79, 3, 73-76,
1984, 71, 1, 299, 318-321, . 194,
253-255, Rozycki 76. A Western isogloss. Assumption of
Mong. < Turk. ( 1997, 116) is impossible. Cf. also Mong.
*(h)arba- to spread (of fingers). It is also interesting to note the equation (see Lee 1958, 109) of Manchu feree siguri (lit. fingered mouse)
bat = MKor. prk-i id. (ui mouse). This may be a trace of the root in
Korean; however, also possible is a local merger (in Korean and Manchu) of this root with PA *pore feather, wing - in that case the compounds would mean rather winged mouse.
-ps ( ~ -a-) old, former: Mong. *(h)esi; Turk. *es-(k); Jpn. *ps-si;
Kor. *ps-ki, *ps-ti.
PMong. *(h)esi origin, beginning (, , ): WMong. esi (L 334); Kh. i; Bur. ee; Kalm. en; Ord. ii.
KW 128.
PTurk. *es-(k) old, ancient (): OTurk. eski (OUygh.);
Karakh. eski (MK, KB); Tur. eski, dial. esgi; Gag. eski; Az. ski, silli
grown up; Turkm. esgi; MTurk. eski (Sangl., Pav. C., AH, IM); Uzb.
eski; Uygh. eski, ski; Krm. eski; Tat. iske; Bashk. ike; Kirgh. eski; Kaz.
eski; KBalk. eski; KKalp. eski; Kum. esgi, eski; Nogh. eski; Oyr. eski; Chuv.

*pta - *pt

1139

as-l great, az- (-atte, -anne) grandfather, grandmother; Yak. sk ancient times.
VEWT 50, 1, 306-308, 86, EDT 246, 1, 63-64. Cf. also Turk.
*as- old, last years (VEWT 29).

PJpn. *ps-si ancient, long ago (, ): OJpn. pjisasi;

MJpn. fssi; Tok. hisash-; Kyo. hssh-; Kag. hisash-.
JLTT 828.
PKor. *ps-ki, *ps-ti 1 time 2 mealtime (1 2 ):
MKor. pski, psti 1; Mod. t: 1, k:i 2.
Nam 77, 147, KED 260, 418-419.
See KW 128 (Turk.-Mong.), 86. Korean has a frequent
vowel reduction between a stop and a fricative.
-pta to step, walk: Tung. *pete-; Mong. *(h)ada-; Turk. *t-.
PTung. *pete- 1 to run quickly, hurry 2 to jump (away, off) (1 , 2 , ): Evk. hetekn- 2; Evn. heteken1; Neg. xetexen- 2; Man. finte- 2; Ul. peten- 2; Ork. poto- 2; Nan. petn- 2;
Orch. xete- 2; Ud. xetigen-e- 2.
2, 372.
PMong. *(h)ada- 1 to hurry 2 hurried walking (1 2 ): WMong. adaa- 1 (L 9), adam 2 (L 10); Kh. adga- 1; Kalm.
ad-1, adm 2.
KW 1.
PTurk. *t- 1 to step 2 to walk 3 step (n.) (1 2 3 ):
Tur. adm 3, adm at-, Osm. ad- 1; Az. adm at- 1, adm 3; Turkm. dial. t-,
t-, t-le- 1, dim, dial. dm 3; Sal. atla- 2; MTurk. adm (Pav. C.) 3; Uzb.
dim, dial. adm 3; Uygh. atli- 1; Krm. adm 3; Tat. atla- 1, adm 3, at
step; Bashk. atla- 1, am 3; Kirgh. atta- 1, adm 3; Kaz. atla- 1, adm 3;
KBalk. atla- 1; KKalp. atla- 1, adm 3; Nogh. atla- 1, adm 3; Khak. alta- 1,
atx- to jump; Oyr. alta- 1 (< atla-); Chuv. odm 3, ot- 2; Yak. atll- 1;
Dolg. atll- to jump, hop.
VEWT 31, 1, 88-89, 322, 2, 293-294, Stachowski 39.
KW 1, 15, 71, 280 (with an erroneous Jpn. match, see
*ja). A Western isogloss.
-pt meat; skin: Tung. *pt; Mong. *(h)adaska; Turk. *et; Jpn. *pnt.
PTung. *pt 1 seal fat 2 seal skin 3 seal (1 2
3 ): Evk. ht 1; Evn. hte 1, htes 2; Neg. xt 1, 3; Man. fetxi
3; Ork. pte 3, pteske 2; Orch. xte 3, xtekse 2; Ud. xete 3.
2, 372.
PMong. *(h)adaska unworked leather ( ):
MMong. adasqa old skin (MA 402); WMong. adasqa (L 11); Kh. adsaga;
Kalm. adsx ( 28).
One should mention MMong. (SH) hudesu leather < *hede-s (?).

1140

*pt[e] - *petV

PTurk. *et meat (): OTurk. et (OUygh.); Karakh. et (MK); Tur.

et; Gag. jet; Az. t; Turkm. et; Sal. ht; Khal. t ( < Az.?); MTurk. et (Pav.
C.); Uzb. et; Uygh. t; Krm. et; Tat. it; Bashk. it; Kirgh. et; Kaz. et; KBalk.
et; KKalp. et; Kum. et; Nogh. et; SUygh. jeht; Khak. it; Shr. et; Oyr. et; Tv.
et; Tof. et; Chuv. t; Yak. et; Dolg. et.
VEWT 52, EDT 33, 1, 311-312, 455, Stachowski 48.
PJpn. *pnt skin, flesh (, ): OJpn. pada; MJpn. fada; Tok.
hda; Kyo. hd; Kag. had.
JLTT 395.
For semantics cf. MKor. sr flesh, muscle, skin. 283,
14, 455.
-pt[e] name, to call: Tung. *pete-; Turk. *t; Jpn. *pta-ja-; Kor. *pr- /
*pr-.
PTung. *pete-n fate (): Man. feten.
2, 305. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *t name (): OTurk. at (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. at (MK);
Tur. ad; Gag. t; Az. ad; Turkm. t; Sal. t; Khal. t; MTurk. at (Pav. C.);
Uzb. t, dial. (Namangan) t; Uygh. at; Krm. ad; Tat. at; Bashk. at; Kirgh.
at; Kaz. at; KBalk. at; KKalp. at; Kum. at; Nogh. at; SUygh. at; Khak. at;
Shr. at; Oyr. at; Tv. at; Tof. at, (ad); Chuv. jat; Yak. t; Dolg. t.
VEWT 30-1, EDT 32-3, 1, 198-199, 355, Stachowski 41-42.
PJpn. *pta- 1 to put on airs; to joke, call names 2 arrogant speech (1
, ; , 2 ):
OJpn. p(w)otaki koto 2; MJpn. fotaja- 1.
PKor. *pr- / *pr- to call (): MKor. pr- / pr-; Mod. pur-.
Nam 270, KED 813.
The parallel seems interesting (with a semantic development call
< > name > omen, fate), but back * in Turkic is not quite clear (one
should rather expect *t); perhaps we should reconstruct dialectal variants *pte / *pta. See also notes to *pto.
-petV ( ~ p-, -t-) to pinch: Tung. *pet-; Kor. *pt-t-, *pt-.
PTung. *pet- 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck, collect (1
, 2 3 , 4 ,
): Evk. hetu-kt- 1; Evn. hetkle- 1; Man. fata- 1, fete- 3; SMan.
fat- 1, 4 (1165, 1575); Ul. patarai- 2; Nan. pata- (.) 4, fete- (Bik.,
Kur-Urm.) 3.
2, 305, 371-372. Forms with -a- reflect a partial contamination with *pt(i)- q.
v. sub *pt. Rozycki 76 supposes Man. fete- < Mong. ete-, which is impossible due to the
absence of *h- in Mongolian (v. sub *t).

PKor. *pt-t-, *pt- to pinch, pick, pluck (, ):

MKor. pt-t-, pt-; Mod. t:t-, t:a-.
Nam 137, 174, KED 380, 532.

*pi - *pjo

1141

Lee 1958, 109. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss, with usual vowel loss between two stops in Kor. Cf. *pata. On possible reflexes in Turkic and
Mongolian (a result of contamination) see under *pt(-kV).
-pi to drink, pour: Tung. *pie-; Mong. *(h)eg-le-; Turk. *i-.
PTung. *pie- to sprinkle, gush forth (, ): Evn. hepkin-; Nan. pik- (. 331).
2, 373.
PMong. *(h)eg-le- to give drinks to spirits ( ): WMong. egelkl- (XTTT); Kh. ecegle-.
PTurk. *i- to drink (): OTurk. i- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. i(MK); Tur. i-; Gag. i-; Az. i-; Turkm. i-; Sal. -; Khal. i-; MTurk. i(. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. i-; Uygh. i-; Krm. i-; Tat. e-; Bashk. es-;
Kirgh. i-; Kaz. i-; KBalk. i-; KKalp. i-; Kum. i-; Nogh. i-; SUygh. -;
Khak. s-; Shr. i-, e- (R., .); Oyr. i-; Tv. i-; Tof. i-; Chuv. -; Yak.
is-; Dolg. is-.
VEWT 168, EDT 19, 1, 391, 66, Stachowski 129.
A Western isogloss.
-pjke rib, breast bone: Tung. *piKen; Turk. *ejek.
PTung. *piKen breast bone ( ): Evk. hiken; Evn. hiken.
2, 323.
PTurk. *ejek side, upper rib (, ): OTurk. ejeg
(OUygh.); Karakh. ejeg (MK, KB); Tur. eje; (Osm.) ejegi; MTurk. ejeg,
jegi (Sangl.); Tv. gi; Tof. ~gi; Chuv. ajk; Yak. ojoos ( < *ajaku-?);
Dolg. ojogos.
VEWT 38, EDT 272, 38, . 64, 275, Stachowski 190.
275. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-pjo spindle, part of loom or cross-bow: Tung. *pia-la-; Turk. *ijik; Jpn.
*p; Kor. *pu-.
PTung. *pia-la- 1 part of a cross-bow 2 name of a tree (used for
bows) (1 ( ) 2 . (
)): Neg. plaxa 1; Man. filan 2.
2, 36. The Neg. word is borrowed from some unattested Southern Tungus
form.

PTurk. *ijik spindle (): Karakh. ik, jik, ijik (MK); Tur. i, ij,
iji; Gag. ; Az. ij; Turkm. k; MTurk. ik (Pav. C.); Uzb. ik, jik, ik; Kirgh.
ijik; KKalp. ijik; SUygh. ik; Shr. k; Oyr. k, ijik; Chuv. jge.
VEWT 170, EDT 99, 1, 336-337, 77. Az., Turk., Gag. have a secondary
voicing due to early contraction *-iji- > *--. Turk. > Mong. ig spindle ( 1997, 123);
the derivative *ijik-lig (Chag. ikli violin, cf. Khak. k id. (see VEWT 179) > Kalm. ik
(KW 206).

PJpn. *p shuttle (of a loom) ( ( )): OJpn. pji;

MJpn. f; Tok. hi.

*pk - *ple

1142

JLTT 405.
PKor. *pu- 1 to spin 2 to twist (1 , 2 ):
MKor. pi-thr-; Mod. p- (dial., SKE 203); pi-thl-.
Nam 269, KED 859. The simple verb is cited from Ramstedts SKE; in other sources
it is only attested as part of a compound with thr- twist (v. sub *tokV).

SKE 203. An interesting common Altaic cultural term.

-pk ( ~ -k-) to file, polish, rub: Tung. *piKi-; Turk. *ke-; Jpn. *pk-.
PTung. *piKi- to rub (): Evk. hiki-; Evn. hk-; Neg. xixi-.
2, 323.
PTurk. *ke- 1 to file 2 file (n.) (1 , 2 ): Karakh. ike- ( ~ ege-) 1 (MK); Tur. eje 2; Gag. ija 2; Az. j 2; Turkm.
ge 2; MTurk. ekk 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. egw 2; Uygh. ekk, igk 2; Krm. ege,
egew 2; Tat. ig- 1, igw 2; Bashk. ig- 1, igw 2; Kirgh. ege-, g- 1, eg,
g 2; Kaz. ege- 1, egew 2; KBalk. egew 2; KKalp. ege- 1, egew 2; Kum. egew
2; Nogh. ege- 1, egew 2; Khak. ige- 1; Oyr. ege- 1, eg 2; Tv. ee-, e- 1, e
2; Chuv. jgev whetstone; Yak. ig 2; Dolg. ig 2.
EDT 101, VEWT 38, 1, 326-328, TMN 2, 93, 77, 399, Stachowski 123.

PJpn. *pk- to file, to saw (): OJpn. pjik-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. hk-;
Kyo. hk-; Kag. hk-.
JLTT 689. The basic meaning of the verb attested in OJ is pull; modern Jpn. has,
however, also the meaning to file, saw, and in OJ there is a derived noun pjikji, pjikji-ri
rubbing wood for producing fire (where pji- is definitely attested and cannot be = pi
fire). The meaning pull therefore is either unrelated or secondarily derived < file, rub.

15, . 198, 399. Mong. ege is probably borrowed from Turkic. Closed * in Turk. is not quite clear: it is either the result of narrowing in a polysyllabic stem, or a reflex of the lost
*p- (cf. the diphthongization in Chuv. jgev).
-ple ( ~ -i) to fly, soar, flap: Tung. *plu-; Mong. *hele-; Jpn.
*pr(n)kap-.
PTung. *plu- to soar; to drop (of leaves) (, ;
( )): Man. ele-; Nan. pluen-.
2, 38.
PMong. *hele- to soar (): MMong. hilkn smth. drooping
(IM); WMong. ele- (MXTTT); Kh. ele-; Bur. eli-; Kalm. el- (); Ord.
ele-; Dong. helie-.
PJpn. *pr(n)kap- to flap, flutter (): OJpn. p(j)irugapjer-;
MJpn. frgafer-; Tok. hiruger-; Kyo. hrgr-; Kag. hirugar-.
JLTT 690. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
3, 105-106.

*plo - *pm

1143

-plo to dry, heat: Tung. *pile-; Mong. *hil-; Jpn. *p-.

PTung. *pile- to dry under the sun ( ): Evn. hilt-;
Neg. xilet-.
2, 324.
PMong. *hil- heat, warmth (): WMong. ili(n) (L 403); Kh. il;
Bur. ele ray(s), warmth of the sun; Kalm. il; Ord. ili, li, nili; Dag.
hili; ili (. . 183), ilii (MD 216); S.-Yugh. hilbr.
KW 207, 276, MGCD 409.
PJpn. *p- to dry up (): OJpn. pu- (po-); MJpn. fi-, fu; Tok. h-;
Kyo. h-; Kag. h-.
JLTT 690. Final *-- can be determined on the basis of the caus. *p-s-, OJ p(w)os-.
One of the few verbs losing *-lV in Jpn. (cf. *gle , *sle ), thus possibly a monosyllabic root (*pl).
-pm a k. of nut or berry: Tung. *pimi-kte; Jpn. *pm; Kor. *pm.
PTung. *pimi-kte red bilberry (): Evk. himikte; Evn. himt.
2, 324-325. Evk. > Dolg. himikte (Stachowski 104).
PTurk. *imen oak tree (): Turkm. imen; Uzb. eman; Tat. imn;
Oyr. ermen; Chuv. joman, NW man.
VEWT 42, 348, 124, 2, 485. Cf. Mong. iman bor a k. of
reddish tree (with black bark and round leaves) (may be a Turkism).

PJpn. *pm Phlomis umbrosa; chestnut, acorn, filbert, oxalis

(Phlomis umbrosa; , ): OJpn. pamji; MJpn. fm; Tok.
-bami.
The root is present in compounds: pasi-bamji, turu-bamji, kata-bamji - see JLTT 397.
PKor. *pm chestnut (): MKor. pm; Mod. pam.
Nam 248, KED 733.
Martin 248, JLTT 397 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss.
-pm sign: Tung. *pim-; Mong. *(h)im; Turk. *m; Jpn. *pm.
PTung. *pim- sign (, ): Evk. him.
2, 324. Attested only in Evk., but hardly borrowed from Mongolian (because
of h-) and having probable external parallels.

PMong. *(h)im sign (, ): WMong. im, ime

(L 409); Kh. im; Bur. emni- to mark cattle; Kalm. im; Ord. m, im.
KW 208. Mong. > Evk. im (but not him, despite Poppe 1966, 198, 1972, 99).
PTurk. *m sign (): Karakh. im (~m) (MK); Tur. im; Turkm. m;
MTurk. m (Pav. C.); Tat. m; Bashk. m; Kirgh. m; Kaz. m; KKalp. m;
Kum. jum; Nogh. m; Oyr. um; Tv. im; Yak. im; Dolg. imnk signed.
EDT 155, VEWT 171, 1, 278, 632-633, Stachowski 126.
PJpn. *pm text, letter (, ): OJpn. pum(j)i; MJpn. fm;
Tok. fum, fmi; Kyo. fm; Kag. fmi.
JLTT 417.
1984, 38-39, Poppe 1972, 99, 12.

1144

*pr - *pru

-pr far: Mong. *hiri-e-; Turk. *ra-; Jpn. *pr-k-.

PMong. *hiri-e- to separate, sunder (, ):
MMong. xirie-, xirie- (SH).
PTurk. *ra-k far, distant (): OTurk. raq (OUygh.); Karakh.
jraq (MK, KB); Tur. rak adv.; Gag. jraq; Az. iraG adv.; Turkm. rq
(arch.); Sal. jrax; Khal. hrq; MTurk. jraq (Pav. C., MA), raq (Pav. C.);
Uzb. jirq, irq; Uygh. jiraq; Krm. jraq; Tat. jraq; Bashk. jraq; Kirgh.
raaq; Kaz. raq; KKalp. raq, raq; Kum. jraq; SUygh. jiraq, jrq; Khak.
rax; Oyr. raq, raq; Tv. raq; Tof. raq; Yak. rx; Dolg. rk.
PT*ra-k- is derived from *ra- to be far. See EDT 198, 214, 4, 286-287, Stachowski 261.

PJpn. *pr-k- far (): OJpn. paru-ka-; MJpn. fr-k-; Tok.

hruka; Kyo. hrk; Kag. haruk.
JLTT 399.
PT *ra-k = PJ *pr-k < PA *pr-kV.
-pire ( ~ --) bank, steep bank: Tung. *piri; Mong. *her-gi; Jpn.
*pi(n)tipa.
PTung. *piri steep (slope, bank) ( (, )): Evk. hir-ki;
Evn. hiri-le rock, cliff.
See 2, 327.
PMong. *her-gi (?) steep bank ( ): MMong. (hergi), ergi
(SH, HY 4); WMong. ergi (L 323); Kh. ereg; Bur. erje; Kalm. erg; Ord.
erge; Dag. ri, ergi (. . 140); S.-Yugh. er; Mongr. xargi, jergi (SM
162), xerge, xargi.
KW 124, MGCD 266. Mong. > Man. ergi, see Doerfer MT 137. Loss of *h- in Dag.
and S.-Yugh. is not quite clear.

PJpn. *pi(n)tipa bank (): OJpn. pjidipa (dial.).

Cf. MJ fd, mod. hida pleat (on cloth, but also on mountain); see JLTT 405.
The comparison of PTM *piri with PT *jr ( 13) should
be abandoned, since it does not explain PT closed * (on the etymology
of the Turkic word see rather *ro). For a possible Korean parallel see
under *plo. Cf. *peri.
-pru to pray, bless: Tung. *pirug-; Mong. *hirue-; Turk. *r-; Kor.
*pr-.
PTung. *pirug- to pray (, ): Evk. hiru-; Evn.
hirge-; Neg. x-; Man. firu-; Sol. irug-.
2, 327-328.
PMong. *hire- 1 to bless 2 benediction (1 , 2 ): MMong. xirue- (SH) 1, hir- (MA 185) 1;
WMong. irge- 1, irgel 2 (L 415); Kh. jr- 1, jrl 2; Bur. jr- 1, rr 2
(Alar.); Kalm. jrl 2; Ord. r- 1, rl 2; Dag. hirbe- (. . 176:
xirbe-), url 1 (. . 184); Mongr. ur- (SM 402) 1.

*ps[a] - *psi(KV)

1145

KW 220.
PTurk. *r- 1 prediction, luck 2 omen 3 premonition (1 , 2 3 ): OTurk. rk 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. rk 1 (MK); Tur. rk 1; Krm. rz dignity; Bashk. r 1 (dial.);
Kirgh. rk welfare, rs 1; Kaz. rq 1; KBalk. rs 1; KKalp. rs 1; Kum.
rs 1; Nogh. rk 3, rs 1; SUygh. rq 1; Khak. rx 1, rs 1; Shr. rs 1; Oyr.
rs 1; Chuv. rex soul; expedience; Yak. r 3.
VEWT 166, 167, EDT 213, 3, 119-120, 1, 665.
PKor. *pr- to beg, pray (, ): MKor. pr-; Mod. pl-.
Nam 279, KED 862.
EAS 53, 150, 181-182, Poppe 12, 60, 3,
119-124, 1984, 39, 14. Despite Poppe 1966, 197, 1972,
100, Doerfer MT 23, TM is hardly < Mong.
-ps[a] oblique: Mong. *(h)is; Jpn. *ps; Kor. *psk-.
PMong. *(h)is across, obliquely (): WMong. is; Kalm. is;
Ord. i ma ugu in every direction.
KW 210.
PJpn. *ps slanted, oblique (, ): Tok. hsu; Kyo.
hs; Kag. hsu.
JLTT 400.
PKor. *psk- slanted, oblique (, ): MKor. ps-,
ps-k-; Mod. pik:i-, pit:ul-.
Nam 279, 280, KED 850, 851.
SKE 202, Martin 228. Preservation of -i- in Kor. presents a problem, as well as very scarce representation in Mong. (only Kalm.). PA
*p- (not *p-) is reconstructed because of *(h) in Mong., together with
high pitch in Jpn.
-psi(KV) to break, cleave, peck: Tung. *pis(k)-; Mong. *heske-; Jpn.
*ps, *pisi(n)k-; Kor. *pskr.
PTung. *pis(k)- 1 crack 2 to prick (with a fish-fork) 3 to split 4 to
prick, incise 5 to tear 6 to be torn (1 2 () 3
4 5 6 () ): Evk. hismat- 4; Evn. hsqn- 3; Neg. xskan 1, xsmkt- 2; Man. pes seme 6 (borrowed < South. Tung. or with expressive p-?); Ork. pesiti- 5.
2, 48, 328.
PMong. *heske- to cut, shape, slice (): MMong. isk-, heke(MA), hk- (LH); WMong. eske- (L 334); Kh. esge-, esxe-; Bur. esxe-;
Kalm. ik-, ik-; Ord. ese-; Dag. xerk- (. . 175), xerke-; Bao.
seg-; S.-Yugh. hdge-.
KW 211, MGCD 272. The S.-Yugh. form is a contamination of *heske and *etke- (see
*ete-).

1146

*po - *pge

PJpn. *ps, *pisi(n)k- 1 fish-fork 2 to break up (1 ,

2 , ): MJpn. fs 1, fsg- 2; Tok. hishi 1,
hishg- 2; Kyo. hshg- 2; Kag. hshg- 2.
JLTT 690. In *pisi(n)k- RJ has high tone, but all modern dialects point rather to
*ps(n)k-.

PKor. *pskr chisel (): MKor. pskr; Mod. k:l.

Nam 74, KED 247.
In Kor. cf. also pss-tl whetstone, ps- to rub, pss- / ps- to
rub, to whet, ps- to sting; to shoot, ps comb.
-po acid, salty: Tung. *p-; Turk. *i-g; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *p- to spoil (of food) ( ( )): Evk.
hilke-, huilku-.
2, 358.
PTurk. *i-g bitter, acid (, ): OTurk. a (OUygh.);
Karakh. a (MK); Tur. a; Gag. ai; Az. a; Turkm. , ; Sal. ;
Khal. hu, huq; MTurk. a (Abush.); Uzb. ai, i (dial.); Krm. a,
a; Tat. a; Bashk. as; Kaz. a; KBalk. a; KKalp. a; Kum. a;
Nogh. a; Oyr. au; Tv. a; Tof. a; Chuv. j; Yak. ah; Dolg. ah.
1, 89-93, 82, 115, Stachowski 30. In most languages also attested as a verbal stem *i- to become bitter, sour.

PKor. *p- salty, briny (): MKor. p-; Mod. :a-.

Nam 415, KED 1375.
PKE 22. Vowel length in Tung. is not clear (the root is attested
only in some Evk. dialects, thus the phonology is not quite reliable
here). Kor. has a usual vowel reduction between a stop and affricate.
-pge rain: Tung. *pigi-n; Mong. *(h)aa-; Turk. *jag-; Kor. *p.
PTung. *pigi-n 1 storm 2 wind (1 2 ): Evk. xigin 2; Neg.
xiin / xijin 1; Ul. piwsu(n) 1; Ork. sii 1; Nan. piugi- 1 (v.); Ud. s 1.
2, 322.
PMong. *(h)aa- heavy rain (): WMong. aadar (L 12); Kh.
dar; Bur. dar.
PTurk. *jag- 1 to rain 2 rain (1 ( ) 2 ): OTurk. ja1 (Orkh.), jamur 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ja- 1 (MK, KB); Tur. j- 1, jmur
2; Gag. j- 1, jmur 2; Az. ja- 1, jamur, ja, jan 2; Turkm. ja- 1,
jamr, ja, jan 2; Sal. ja- 1, jamur 2; Khal. ja- 1; MTurk. ja- 1,
jamur / jamur 2 (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf., MA), jan 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. j1, jmir, jin 2; Uygh. ja- 1, jamu(r), jamur, jein 2; Krm. jamur 2;
Tat. jaw- 1, jar, jawm 2; Bashk. jaw- 1, jamr, jawun 2; Kirgh. -, au1, amr, n 2; Kaz. aw- 1, abr, awn 2; KBalk. awun, anur;
KKalp. aw- 1, awn, amr 2; Kum. jaw- 1, jaur, jaur, jawn / jawun
2; Nogh. jaw- 1, jamr; SUygh. ja- 1, jamir; Khak. a- 1, namr 2; Shr.

*pagu - *pagV

1147

a-, - 1, nabr, namr 2; Oyr. j-, a- 1, amr, 2; Tv. a- 1, as 2;

Tof. a- 1; Chuv. u- 1, omr 2; Yak. samr 2; Dolg. hamr 2.
VEWT 177, EDT 896, 903-4, 908, 4, 57, 25, 2, 135, Stachowski 95.

PKor. *p rain (): MKor. p; Mod. pi.

Nam 275, KED 848.
13, 34, 283, Vovin 2000 (with a strange assertion that PT
*jag- means fall).
-pagu stripes, rope ornaments: Tung. *p[u]g-; Mong. *hou-sur; Jpn.
*pu; Kor. *poh.
PTung. *p[u]g- 1 ornament 2 drawing (1 () 2 ): Evk. huak 2, hierente 1; Ork. priptei, pueriptegi 1.
2, 323, 337.
PMong. *hou-sur rope (): MMong. xooin (SH, );
WMong. ousur (L 603); Kh. sor; Bur. hor; Kalm. sr (); Ord. sor;
Mongr. fujsar.
MGCD 522. Mongr. fuj-sar reflects a contamination with fuj- (PM *huja-) to tie,
bind.

PJpn. *pu stripes, (woven) stitch, mesh (() , ):

OJpn. pu.
JLTT 416.
PKor. *poh diaper, wrapping cloth (): MKor. po (poh-);
Mod. po.
Nam 259, KED 786. Usually treated as a loan < Chin. id., but final -h in MKor.
cannot be explained.

The Kor. match is somewhat dubious (even if it is not a loan, its

meaning was certainly influenced by the similar Chinese word), but
Mong., TM and Japanese still form a plausible match.
-pagV hot; sun, day: Tung. *pigi-; Mong. *hee-; Jpn. *p; Kor. *pi.
PTung. *pigi- 1 to warm, be warmed 2 to be sun-tanned (of skin) (1
, 2 ( )): Evk. hiit- 1; Evn. hit- 1; Neg. x; Man. fo- 2.
1, 467, 2, 322, 331. Neg. and Man. reflect *pigi-b-.
PMong. *hee- to heat, be heated (, ; ): MMong.
xeu- (SH); WMong. ege-, egege-, egsi- (L 296, 297, 300); Kh. -; Bur. ig ( ), ( ); Kalm. -; Ord. -; Dag. - (.
. 183); Dong. ie-; Bao. h-; S.-Yugh. h-; Mongr. x- (SM 166), -.
KW 130, MGCD 248. Cf. also *heg-i-, WMong. egi-, Kalm. ek- id. (KW 118).
PJpn. *p sun, day (, ): OJpn. pji; MJpn. f; Tok. h; Kyo.
h; Kag. h.
JLTT 404. RJ has also a variant f (besides the normal f), but high tone is supported
by the accent of the derived *p-r day, daytime (RJ fr, Tokyo hir, Kyoto hr, Kagoshima hru).

1148

*pk - *ple
PKor. *pi dawn (): MKor. si-pi (si- to dawn).
HMCH 152, Nam 295 (gives si-pi, although HMCH has explicitly si-pi). Modern

s-bjk (KED 922) dawn is probably related, with a secondary suffixation.

108, 277. Final vowel uncertain, due to contractions in

Kor.-Jpn. originated by the loss of *-g-.
-pk mighty, heavy: Tung. *piaKa; Turk. *iagr; Jpn. *pnki-.
PTung. *piaKa 1 diligent, smart 2 disobedient, brave 3 to arouse (1
, 2 , , 3 ): Evk. hka 1; Evn. hqr 2; Nan. pikpu- 3 (.).
2, 319.
PTurk. *iagr heavy (): OTurk. ar (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ar (MK, KB); Tur. ar; Az. ar; Turkm. aGr; Sal. ar; Khal.
ar; MTurk. ar (Pav. C.); Uzb. ir; Uygh. eir; Tat. awr; Bashk. awr;
Kirgh. r; Kaz. awr; KBalk. awur; KKalp. awr; Khak. r; Tv. r; Tof. r;
Chuv. jvr; Yak. ar; Dolg. ara-kan.
VEWT 8, EDT 88-9, 1, 85-87, 82-83, 338-339, Stachowski 258.
PJpn. *pnki- mighty, passionate, severe (, ,
): OJpn. pag(j)e-si; MJpn. fg-si; Tok. hagesh-; Kyo. hgsh-;
Kag. hagesh-.
JLTT 827.
In Turkic one has to suppose the semantic development mighty,
severe > heavy (cf. similarly important, authoritative > heavy in
Mong., see under *kui). Cf. also *peki.
-plb a k. of small bird: Tung. *pialak; Turk. *jelbe; Jpn. *pmpr.
PTung. *pialak partridge (): Evk. hlak; Evn. hlk; Neg.
xlax; Man. eleku; Ul. pla.
2, 320.
PTurk. *jelbe a k. of small bird ( ): Tur. jelve;
MTurk. jlv (AH); Khak. jelbegej a k. of bird (.); Oyr. elei titmouse.
VEWT 196, TMN 4, 192.
PJpn. *pmpr skylark (): OJpn. pjibari; MJpn. fbr;
Tok. hbari; Kyo. hbr; Kag. hibar.
JLTT 405.
9.
-ple strap: Tung. *pl(a)-; Mong. *hila-su; Turk. *jel; Jpn. *pri (
~-ia); Kor. *pjr.
PTung. *pl(a)- 1 strap(s) 2 to tug 3 belt 4 bridle (1 , 2
( ) 3 4 ): Evn. hlpn 1; Neg. xla- 2;
Man. feleku 4; Ork. pt ( < *pil-tu) 3; Ud. silipti 1.
2, 323-324, 304.

*plki - *pni

1149

PMong. *hila-su thread (): Dag. ils, xils (. . 183), ilse

(MD 216).
MGCD 685.
PTurk. *jel tether, rope for calves ( , ): Karakh. jel (MK) ( ~ jalu); Tur. ele (DS); Az. l;
MTurk. ele (Pav. C.) string, bow-string; Uzb. el; Uygh. ili (dial.);
Tat. jele (dial.); Bashk. jele (dial.); Kirgh. ele; Kaz. eli; KKalp. elle; Oyr.
jele, ele; Tv. ele; Yak. sele.
EDT 919, 4, 21-22. Turk. > WMong. ele (rather than vice versa, despite
VEWT 125).

PJpn. *pri ( ~-ia) womens kerchief worn as ornament (,

-): OJpn. pjire; MJpn. fr.
JLTT 408 (confused with fish fin).
PKor. *pjr guiding net rope ( ): MKor.
pjr; Mod. pjri.
Liu 382, KED 775.
OJ has irregular tone and vowel (one would rather expect --),
thus a loan from Korean cannot be excluded (although the Kor. and
Jpn. meanings are rather distant).
-plki lightning, thunder: Tung. *pialki-; Turk. *jAlk-; Jpn. *pkr-;
Kor. *pnki.
PTung. *pialki- (/-rk-) 1 to flash (of lightning) 2 lightning 3 to thunder (1 ( ) 2 3 ( )): Evk. hlki1, hlkin 2 (/-rk-); Ul. p- 1; Nan. pojqana- 1; Orch. xkki- 3.
See 2, 320.
PTurk. *jAlk- 1 to glitter 2 flame, ray (1 , 2 ,
, ): Tur. jalkn 2; Turkm. jalqm 2; MTurk. jalqun 2 (R); Uzb.
jlqin 2; Uygh. jalqun 2; Tat. jalq- 1 (dial.), jalqn 2; Bashk. jalqn 2; Kaz.
alqn 2; Oyr. alqn 2.
VEWT 181, 4, 106-107, 357. Usually united with *jal- (v. sub *ale),
but seems to have a distinct Altaic origin.

PJpn. *pkr- to flash, glitter, shine (, , ):

OJpn. pjikar-; MJpn. fkr-; Tok. hikr-; Kyo. hkr-; Kag. hkr-.
JLTT 688.
PKor. *pnki lightning (): MKor. pnki; Mod. png.
Nam 256, KED 762.
Street 1985, 641, 13.
-pni to crush: Tung. *piani-; Mong. *nia- / *nia-; Turk. *jn- /
*jen-; Jpn. *pntk-.
PTung. *piani- to crush (, ): Evn. hnik-;
Neg. xiel-.
2, 321.

1150

*pani - *pki

PMong. *nia- / *nia- to crush (): WMong. nia-i-, nia-la-,

nia-la-, nia-ra-, nia-ra- (L 577, 587); Kh. acla-, acra-; Bur. as , ; Mongr. arG cass, bris, fl,
tesson (SM 389).
Mong. > Evk. i- etc., see 1, 640.
PTurk. *jn- / *jen- to crush (): OTurk. jan- (OUygh.);
Karakh. jan-, jen- (MK); Tur. jen-; Turkm. jen-; MTurk. jen- (R.);
Uzb. jn-; Uygh. jn-; Krm. jan-, jen-, janc-; Tat. jne-; Kirgh. an-;
Kaz. an-; KKalp. en-; Kum. jan-; Nogh. jan-; Shr. na-; Yak. ss- /
s-.
EDT 944, 4, 184-185. Turk. > WMong. ani-, jani-, KW 466, 1997,
122. See also notes to *jn(u)- threaten.

PJpn. *pintak- to crush (, ): OJpn. p(j)idak-; MJpn.

fdk-.
JLTT 688.
1995b (Tung.-Mong.). In Mong. one has to suppose a co ntraction *nia- < *hin(i)a- (cf. similarly *hunis- > nis- to fly). An expressive root, but seems well reconstructable for PA.
-pani hen, chicken, hazel-hen: Tung. *pinuk; Mong. *jagali; Jpn.
*pina; Kor. *pj-.
PTung. *pinu-k hazel-hen (): Evk. hinuk; Evn. hiniki; Neg.
xnk; Man. oxa chicken; Ul. pinu; Ork. pinu; Nan. pimu; Orch. ximmui,
ximui; Ud. sumugi.
2, 300, 325.
PMong. *jagali a k. of small variegated bird ( ): WMong. jaali (XTTT); Kh. jaga.
PJpn. *pina chicken (): MJpn. fn, fn; Tok. hna; Kyo.
hn; Kag. hin.
JLTT 407. Original accent is not quite clear: while modern dialects point to *pn, RJ
has variants HL and HH.

PKor. *pj- chicken (): MKor. pjari, pjk; Mod.

pjari.
Liu 384, 413, KED 785.
Lee 1958, 109 (Kor.-TM). Modern Jpn. hiyoko (JLTT 412) < Kor.
-pki door post, detail of a house: Tung. *piakV; Mong. *(h)enike;
Turk. *jAak; Jpn. *pnkri.
PTung. *piakV 1 shelf 2 lower tent cover (1 2 ): Evn. hiku 2; Ul. pGa 1.
2, 36, 321.
PMong. *(h)enike door-post, lintel of a door ( ):
WMong. enike (L 319); Kh. enex; Ord. enee.

*pri - *pru

1151

PTurk. *jAak door post ( ): Karakh. (qapu) jaaq

(MK); Tat. jaaq; Bashk. jaaq; Oyr. jq; Tv. q.
DT 948, 4, 123-124. The root is traditionally considered merely a variant of
*jjak cheek, jaw (v. sub *zni), but it may be possible to separate them etymologically.
Tat. > Chuv. janax > Mari, Udm. janak ( 2, 500).

PJpn. *pnkri a cypress plank or stave (

): MJpn. fgr.
JLTT 406. The first syllable is usually treated as *pi cypress, but the second part is
not clear, and the word may well be not a compound.

The Turkic form raises some questions because it has actively

merged with *jjak cheek, jaw < *zni q.v.
-pri a k. of worm: Tung. *piaru; Mong. *(h)irukai; Jpn. *pr; Kor.
*pr-.
PTung. *piaru 1 worm (in meat) 2 moth 3 beetle (1 ( ) 2
3 ): Man. aru 1; Ul. piru(n) 2; Ork. para 3; Nan. pro, faro 2;
Ud. pu 3.
2, 37.
PMong. *(h)irukai caterpillar (): WMong. iruqai (XTTT);
Kh. jarxai.
PJpn. *pr water leech (): OJpn. p(j)iru; MJpn. fr; Tok. hru;
Kyo. hr; Kag. hir.
JLTT 408.
PKor. *pr- worm, insect (, ): MKor. pri; Mod.
plle.
Nam 256, KED 766.
SKE 198, 297.
-pru to spin, plait, wrap: Tung. *por-; Mong. *horia-, *hori-; Turk.
*ar-; Kor. *prk.
PTung. *por- 1 to spin, turn round 2 to weave (nets) (1 (),
() 2 ()): Evk. horol- 1; Evn. herelkin- to turn into;
Neg. xojl- 1; Man. foro- 1; SMan. for-, foru- 1 (270, 1776); Ul. pori- 2.
2, 47, 334.
PMong. *horia-, *hori- 1 to wrap 2 to roll, rotate (1 ,
2 ): MMong. xori- 2 (SH), orul- 2 (IM), hura- 1,
hori-/ori- 2 (MA 238, 186, 270), hori- 2 (LH); WMong. orija-, orua- 1 (L
618, 621) ori- 2 (L 616); Kh. or- 1, ori- 2; Bur. o- 1, oro- 2; Kalm. or1, or- 2; Ord. or- 1, orin around; Dag. o- (. . 160) ( < lit.);
Dong. xoro- 1; Bao. hor-; S.-Yugh. hor-; Mongr. fur-, xur- (SM 111,
185), xuro- (Minghe) 1.
KW 288, 290, MGCD 531. Mong. > Kaz. ora- etc. ( 1, 469).
PTurk. *ar- 1 weft, woof 2 warp (1 2 ): OTurk.
aru arqa (Ough.) 1; Karakh. arqa (MK, IM) 1, ar 2; Tur. ara (-) 1,

*prV - *p[o]bu

1152

eri, Osm. ar 2; Az. ara 1, ri 2; Turkm. arGa 1, arGa-

-, eri 2; MTurk. ara (Sangl.) 1, ar (Sangl.) 2; Uzb. dial. ara 1;
Uygh. arqaq 1; Khak. ara- ; Oyr. ark 1; Tv. eri 2;
Chuv. ura 1.
VEWT 25, 26 (confused with *arka-), EDT 216, 239, 1, 170, 2, 284,
396. Turk. > WMong. arqa, Kalm. arx (KW 14, 1997, 101). The front
row variant *eri is peculiar: it may reflect a merger with a different root, reflected in
Chuv. arla- to spin, with possible parallels in Mong. ere- to wind, tie round, Nan.
(Kur-Urm.) erin band, necking ( 2, 463).

PKor. *prk swaddlingclothes (): MKor. prk.

Nam 260.
EAS 53, 126, Poppe 11, 98, 1984, 44-45, Rozycki 79. Despite Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. Kor. *prk
can be alternatively compared with PT *bele- to swaddle ( 2,
111-112).
-prV to split, crack: Tung. *p[ia]ri-; Mong. *jara-; Turk. *jr-.
PTung. *p[ia]ri- 1 to split 2 split, crack (1 2 , ): Evk. hir-ke- 1, hiri-kte 2; Evn. hir 2; Man. ere- 1, ere-n, fi-qtu 2;
Ork. pri-kte 2; Nan. par, Bik. frgda mn name of a tree for making
bows (-).
2, 327.
PMong. *jara- to split open, open wide (, ): MMong. jra- (IM), jar- (MA); WMong. jara-, ira- (L 412, 428);
Kh. jara-; Bur. jara-; Kalm. ir- () (); Ord. ir-; Dong.
jara-; Mongr. jra- (SM 489).
PTurk. *jr- 1 to split 2 split, crack (1 , 2
, ): OTurk. jar- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. jar- 1 (MK); Tur. jar1; Gag. jar- 1; Az. jar- 1, jar-G 2; Turkm. jr- 1; Sal. jar- 1; MTurk. jar- 1
(AH); Uzb. jr- 1; Uygh. ja(r)- 1; Krm. jar- 1; Tat. jar- 1; Bashk. jar- 1;
Kirgh. ar- 1; Kaz. ar- 1; KBalk. ar- 1; KKalp. ar- 1; Kum. jar- 1; Nogh.
jar- 1; SUygh. jar- 1; Khak. ar- 1; Shr. ar- 1; Oyr. jar-, ar- 1; Tv. ar- 1;
Chuv. or- 1; Yak. sar-kx (adj.) split; Dolg. sar-kk (adj.) split.
EDT 954-955, VEWT 188-189, 4, 135-137, 2, 139,Stachowski 209.
Very widespread are the derivatives *jrk, *jrma crack, split (see ibid.); Turk.
*jrm half ( 4, 147) > Mong. arim, arimduq (KW 470, 1997, 123).

A Western isogloss.
-p[o]bu nest: Tung. *pubi / *pebi; Mong. *her; Turk. *uja.
PTung. *pubi / *pebi nest (): Evk. hui; hewe ; Evn.
hewi; Neg. x; Man. feje; SMan. fei (2299); Ud. xui; Sol. ub, w.
2, 337.
PMong. *her nest (): MMong. xeud (SH), heut (HYt), wur
(MA 168); WMong. egr (L 301); Kh. r; Bur. r; Kalm. r; Ord. r; Dag.

*pke - *pole

1153

xeur (. . 176), heure (MD 161); Dong. xo; Bao. xor, hor; Mongr. fr
(SM 100).
KW 461, MGCD 685.
PTurk. *uja nest (): OTurk. uja (OUygh.); Karakh. uja (MK);
Tur. juwa; Gag. juwa; Az. juwa; MTurk. juwa, uja (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. uja;
Uygh. uwa, uga; Krm. juwa, uja; Tat. oja; Bashk. oja; Kirgh. uja; Kaz. uja;
KKalp. uja; Kum. uja; Nogh. uja; SUygh. uja, oja egg; Khak. uja; Oyr.
uja; Tv. uja; Tof. uja; Chuv. jva; Yak. uja; Dolg. uja.
VEWT 511, EDT 267, 4, 239, 73, Stachowski 242.
VEWT 511 (with a dubious Mong. parallel), 286. A
Western isogloss. The TM vocalism is not quite clear (we would expect
a diphthong *ia). Kor. pogm(ari) nest, compared with TM in SKE 204,
cannot be related for phonetic reasons.
-pke pair, couple: Mong. *(h)ekire; Turk. *k(k)i; Jpn. *pk; Kor.
*pk-.
PMong. *(h)ekire twins (): WMong. ikere, ikire (L 401); Kh.
ixer; Bur. exir; Kalm. ikr; Ord. eker, ekir.
KW 206. Mong. ikire twins > Evk. ikir etc., see Doerfer MT 99, Rozycki 115.
PTurk. *k(k)i two (): OTurk. eki (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ki
(MK); Tur. iki; Gag. iki; Az. iki; Turkm. iki; Sal. iky; Khal. kki, kk;
MTurk. iki (AH, IM); Uzb. ikki; Uygh. ikki; Krm. ek; Tat. ike; Bashk. ike;
Kirgh. eki; Kaz. eki; KBalk. eki; KKalp. eki; Kum. eki; Nogh. eki; SUygh.
ig; Khak. eke; Shr. igi; Oyr. eki; Tv. ji; Tof. ixi; Chuv. ikk; Yak. ikki;
Dolg. ikki.
VEWT 39, EDT 100-1, 1, 337-339, 67-68, Stachowski 124.
PJpn. *pk other (): OJpn. p(w)oka; MJpn. fk; Tok. hka;
Kyo. hk; Kag. hok.
JLTT 413. Most dialects (and RJ) point to *pk, but Tokyo indicates a variant *pk.
PKor. *pk- next, following (): MKor. pk-; Mod.
pgm.
Nam 254, KED 758.
EAS 93, 321, 284. Mong. *(h)ekire twins
= PT *ki ( 1, 252-254) (although it is frequently regarded as borrowed from Turk., see TMN 2, 190-191, 1997, 119-120, Rozycki
115, this is hardly the case; borrowed is Mong. ikes placenta, see Clark
1980, 39). A different etymology of the Japanese word (: MKor. pask) see
Martin 238. Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.
-pole blanket, skin (as covering): Tung. *pul-sa; Mong. *hel-de-; Turk.
*Eltiri; Jpn. *pr.
PTung. *pul-sa blanket, sleeping bag (, ):
Evk. hulla; Evn. hlr; Neg. xola; Ul. plta; Ork. plta; Nan. polta; Orch.
xukta; Ud. xulaha; Sol. ula.

*plge - *plge

1154

2, 345.
PMong. *hel-de- to dress, soften, tan (of leather) (, ()): WMong. elde- (L 307); Kh. elde-; Bur. elde-; Kalm. eld-; Ord.
elde-; Bao. fl-; S.-Yugh. elde- ( < lit.).
KW 119, MGCD 256.
PTurk. *Eltiri skin of kid or lamb ( ,
): Karakh. elri, eldiri (MK); Tur. elteri (dial.); Turkm. elteri, elter
(dial.); MTurk. eltirik (IM); Uygh. lter; Tat. iltr; Bashk. iltr; Kaz. eltr;
KBalk. eltr, eltir; KKalp. eltiri; Kum. eltir; Nogh. eltiri.
EDT 135, 1, 269-270.
PJpn. *pr cloak on armour ( ): MJpn. foro;
Tok. hro; Kyo. hr; Kag. hro.
Accent is not quite clear (both Kyoto and Kagoshima may reflect literary influence).

KW 119.
-plge to pray, sacrifice: Tung. *pulga-; Mong. *(h)ergl; Turk. *lk-;
Jpn. *p(n)k- ( ~-ua-).
PTung. *pulga- 1 to sacrifice 2 alms, charity 3 sacrifice (1
2 , 3 ): Evk. hulga- 1; Man. fulexu 2;
Ud. xula 3.
2, 344.
PMong. *(h)ergl sacrifice, donation (, ): WMong. ergl (L 326); Kh. rgl; Bur. rgel.
The word appears to be quite transparently derived from erg-, rg- to raise, lift
up (also to offer, present) q. v. sub *i. We suspect, however, that this may be a case of
secondary reanalysis: *(h)ergl would be a quite regular reflex of *(h)elg-r or *(h)elg-l =
Turk. *lk blessing. Note that in Lessings dictionary we find separate entries: ergl
donation, sacrifice vs. rgl elevation (L 641).

PTurk. *lk- 1 to bless, praise 2 blessing, praise 3 curse (1 , 2 , 3 , ): OTurk. alqa- (OUygh.) 1, alq (OUygh., Yen.) 2; Karakh. alq 2
(MK); Tur. alk 2; Az. alG 2; Turkm. alq 2; MTurk. alqa- 1 (Pav. C.);
Uzb. lqi 2; Uygh. alqi 2; Krm. al 2; Tat. alq 2; Bashk. alq 2; Kirgh.
alqa- 1, alq 2; Kaz. als 2; alqa- 1 (dial.); KBalk. al 2; KKalp. als 2;
Kum. al 2; SUygh. alqs 2; Oyr. alqa- 1; Tv. al 3; Chuv. lan 3; Yak.
al- 1, al 2 ( < Tuva); Dolg. alg- to shamanize ( < Tuva).
1, 137-138, EDT 137-138, 343, Stachowski 31, . 181 (regarding the Yak. form as borrowed < Tuva because of its vocalism).

PJpn. *p(n)k- ( ~-ua-) to pray (): OJpn. p(w)ok-; Tok.

koto-hog-.
JLTT 691.
An interesting common Altaic religious term.

*poli - *po

1155

-poli ( ~ --) fly, midge: Tung. *pulmi-kte; Mong. *hilaa-n; Kor. *prh.
PTung. *pulmi-kte midge (): Evk. hunmkte; Evn. humten;
Neg. xunmuekte; Ul. pulte, pumikte; Ork. pulikte, pumikte; Nan. purmikte;
Orch. pumikte; Ud. xumukte.
2, 348. Evk. > Dolg. hnmkte (Stachowski 115).
PMong. *hilaa-n fly (): WMong. ilaa (); Kh. jaln; Bur.
ilhan; Kalm. ilsn midge(s) (); Dag. xil (. .).
PKor. *prh fly (): MKor. phr, phr; Mod. phri.
Nam 462, KED 1730.
Mong. and Kor. reflect a common derivative *poli-gV.
-plo way, path; patch, precipice: Tung. *pile-; Turk. *jl; Kor. *pjr-.
PTung. *pile- 1 thawed patch 2 open (ground) (1 2 ): Evk. hile, hilek 1, -kn 2; Evn. hilee 1; Neg. xilexe 1;
Man. fili-ta-un 2; Ud. silee-gisi- to form (of thawed ground patches).
2, 324.
PTurk. *jl road (): OTurk. jol (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jol
(MK, KB); Tur. jol; Gag. jol; Az. jol; Turkm. jl; Sal. jol; Khal. jul;
MTurk. jol (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. jl; Uygh. jol; Krm. jol; Tat. jul; Bashk.
jul; Kirgh. ol; Kaz. ol; KBalk. ol; KKalp. ol; Kum. jol; Nogh. jol;
SUygh. jol; Khak. ol; Shr. ol; Oyr. ol; Tv. ol fate; Tof. ol fate; Chuv.
ol; Yak. suol; Dolg. huol.
VEWT 205-6, EDT 917, 4, 29, 217-218, 2, 131, 531, Stachowski 112.

PKor. *pjr- precipice; road above precipice (; ): MKor. pjro, pjr; Mod. pjra, pjre, pjru.
Nam 258, KED 775.
283. Mong. ol luck, usually compared with PT *jl
(see VEWT 206 etc.), should be rather regarded as a loanword (because
of the specific meaning), see TMN 4, 226-227, 1997, 124. The
TM form is compared to Kor. pl meadow, plain (SKE 196), for which
another etymology is given in (see *pla). Note, however,
that Kor. pjr- may be also derived from PA *pre split, precipice
(q.v.).
-po star: Mong. *hodu; Turk. *jul-du (*-d); Jpn. *ps; Kor. *pjr.
PMong. *hodu star (): MMong. xodun (HY 1, SH), hudun (IM),
hudun (MA); WMong. odu(n) (L 600); Kh. od; Bur. odon; Kalm. odn; Ord.
udu; Dag. xodo, xod (. . 176), hode (MD 162); Dong. xodun; Bao.
xodo; S.-Yugh. hodn; Mongr. fdi (SM 99).
KW 283. Mong. > Manchu odontu starred, having stars (see Rozycki 166).
PTurk. *jul-du (*-d) star (): OTurk. jultuz (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. julduz (MK); Tur. jldz; Gag. jlds; Az. ulduz; Turkm. jldz; Sal.
jyldus; Khal. julduz; MTurk. julduz (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. julduz; Uygh.

1156

*ppo - *ppo

jultuz; Krm. jldz; Tat. joldz; Bashk. jondo; Kirgh. ldz; Kaz. uldz;
KBalk. ulduz; KKalp. uldz; Kum. julduz; Nogh. juldz; SUygh. julds;
Khak. lts; Shr. lts; Oyr. lds; Tv. slds; Tof. slts; Chuv. ldr;
Yak. sulus; Dolg. hulus.
VEWT 210, TMN 3, 260-1, EDT 922-3, 4, 279-280, 53, Stachowski
111.

PJpn. *ps star (): OJpn. p(w)osi; MJpn. fs; Tok. hshi; Kyo.
hsh; Kag. hshi.
JLTT 415.
PKor. *pjr star (): MKor. pjr; Mod. pjl.
Liu 383, HMCH 151, KED 780.
PKE 150, Martin 243, 13, 36, 90, 277. In TM cf. perhaps
Evn. hildenre- to dawn ( 2, 324). In Turkic one would rather expect *ju-, but the root is only used with the suffix *-du-, and in preconsonantal position *-- and *-l- were neutralized (Helimskis rule).
Note Turk. *jul-du- = Mong. *ho-du- ( < *hol-du-) ( = Evk. hil-de-), with
the same affixation throughout the Western Altaic area.
-ppo (*pjpo) to cut through, grind: Tung. *pb-; Mong. *(h)b-;
Turk. *ob-; Jpn. *ppur-; Kor. *ppi-.
PTung. *pb- to whet, sharpen (): Evk. hw-; Evn. hw-; Neg.
xwu-; Man. fojfo-; Ul. pwe-; Ork. pw-; Nan. pa-; Orch. xwe whetstone; Ud. sue whetstone; Sol. we whetstone.
2, 321-322.
PMong. *(h)b- 1 to flay, skin 2 small pieces, fragments (1
, 2 , ): WMong. bi- 1, bdel 2 (L
627); Kh. vi- 1, vdl 2; Bur. be- 1, bdel 2; Kalm. ve- 1 ( 411);
Ord. bi- 1; Mog. bi- to cut in pieces (Weiers).
PTurk. *ob- to crush, mince, grind (, , , ): Karakh. uv- (ov-) (MK, KB); Tur. ov-, o-; Gag. -; Az. ov-;
Turkm. ov-; Khal. huv- rub; Uygh. uva-; Krm. uw-; Tat. u(w)-; Bashk.
w-; KBalk. uw-; Kum. uw-; SUygh. u-; Khak. u-; Tv. -; Chuv. vgrind; Yak. ub-ax.
VEWT 510, 1, 401-403, 560-561, EDT 4-5.
PJpn. *ppur- to cut through (, ): OJpn. p(w)opur-;
MJpn. fbr-.
JLTT 691.
PKor. *ppi- to bore through; to rub (; ): MKor.
ppi-; Mod. pibi-.
Nam 277, KED 854.
In TM cf. also derived forms: Orok ppu, Ul. ppu, Ud. sii drill
( 2, 39) - possibly reflecting a contamination with *pubi q.v. In

*pp[] - *pr

1157

Turkic one would rather expect *job-, so perhaps we should rather reconstruct *pjpo.
-pp[] to walk, go away: Tung. *pup-; Mong. *jabu-; Turk. *(j)p-;
Jpn. *ppr-.
PTung. *pup- to go away, become separated (): Evn.
hupn-.
2, 351. Attested only in Evn., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *jabu- to walk (): MMong. jabu- (HY 34, SH), jbu-,
jabu- (IM), jabu- (MA); WMong. jabu- (L 420); Kh. java-; Bur. jaba-; Kalm.
jow-; Ord. jawu-; Mog. jobu-; Dag. jaw(a)-, jau- (. . 147), jau- (MD
169); Dong. javu-; Bao. ju-; S.-Yugh. jaw-; Mongr. j- (SM 494), (MGCD,
Minghe jau-).
KW 220, MGCD 731, TMN 1, 546. Mong. > Man. j- etc., see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 82, Rozycki 222.

PTurk. *(j)p- 1 be on ones way 2 send (1 2 ):

Turkm. ber- 2; Uzb. ibr-, jubr- 2; Uygh. ebr- 2; Krm. jeber-; Tat. ibr2; Bashk. jebr- 2; Kirgh. iber- 2; Kaz. iber- 2; KKalp. iber-; Nogh. jiber2; Chuv. jabal- 1; Yak. p- 1.
1, 322-324, . 198. The explanation < *d-bar- lead and take is
clearly unsatisfactory.

PJpn. *ppr- 1 to roam, wander 2 to throw away (1 2 , ): OJpn. papur- 2; MJpn. ffra- 1, fafur- 2; Tok.
hr-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 692. MJ fafi-iri entrance, mod. hairu to enter may represent the same root
(influenced by *pap- to crawl q. v. sub *pba).

13. The etymology seems convincing, despite some vocalic

problems (we would either expect *jp- in Turkic or *pp- ~ *pup- in
Jpn.).
-pr back, West: Tung. *perki-n / *purki-n; Mong. *hr-ne; Turk.
*r-t; Jpn. *pntr.
PTung. *perki-n / *purki-n West (): Jurch. fu-ri-si (591); Ul.
perxi(n); Nan. perxi.
2, 48.
PMong. *hr-ne West (): MMong. xorone (HY 50), xorene,
xorone (SH); WMong. rne, (L 644) rne; Kh. rn; Bur. rne.
PTurk. *r-t 1 back 2 mountain pass (1 , ; 2
): OTurk. art 1, 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. art 1, 2 (MK, KB);
Tur. art (-d) 1; Gag. rd 1; Az. ard 1; Turkm. rt 1; Sal. ari 1; Khal. hrt
1; MTurk. art 1 (Pav.C), 2 (. .); Uzb. rt 1; Uygh. art 1; Krm. art 1;
Tat. art 1; Bashk. art 1; Kirgh. art 1, 2; Kaz. art 1; KBalk. art 1; KKalp. art
1; Kum. art 1; Nogh. art 1; SUygh. ard; art 1; Shr. art shoal; Oyr. art 1;
Tv. art 1; Tof. art 1; Yak. rtk 2.

1158

*pe - *pte

EDT 200-201, VEWT 26-27, 1, 179-180.

PJpn. *pntr left (): OJpn. p(j)idari; MJpn. fdri; Tok. hdari;
Kyo. hdr; Kag. hidar.
JLTT 405.
12. The Jpn. match is somewhat dubious semantically
(possible if one assumes left < West) and has an irregular low tone.
-pe ( ~ *po) to screw, carve, scratch: Tung. *pur- / *per-; Mong.
*(h)er-; Turk. *-; Jpn. *pr-.
PTung. *pur- / *per- 1 screw 2 to engrail 3 bore, drill 4 to gnaw (of
mice, rats) 5 notch, scar (1 , 2
3 4 ( , ) 5 ): Evk.
huriwk 1, huril- 2, herewul 3; purul- 3 ( < *Nan.); Man. furdan 5; Nan.
furgi- 4.
2, 44, 303, 352.
PMong. *(h)er- to dig, hack (, , ): WMong.
er- (L 332).
PTurk. *- 1 to scratch, scrape 2 to knead, press 3 to grind, crush 4
to soak, dilute 5 to rub, smear (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , ): Karakh. ez- (MK) 1; Tur. ez- 2, 3, 4; Gag. ez- 2, 3; Az. z- 2; Turkm.
ez- 4; Khal. z- 2; MTurk. ez- (. ., Pav. C.) 5; Uzb. ez- 2, 5; Uygh.
z- 2, 3; Krm. ez- 2, 3; Tat. iz- 2; Bashk. i- 2; Kirgh. ez- 2; Kaz. ez- 2, 4;
KBalk. ez- 2, 3; KKalp. ez- 2; Kum. ez- 3; Nogh. ez- 2; Chuv. ir- 2, 4.
EDT 279, 1, 235-236, 71, 1, 170.
PJpn. *pr- to dig, carve, engrave (, , ):
OJpn. p(w)or-; MJpn. fr-; Tok. hr-; Kyo. hr-; Kag. hr-.
JLTT 693.
Poppe 103. The Jpn. form may reflect a merger with another ro ot >
Mong. *bula- to dig, bury.
-pte ( ~ -t-, *ptu) light: Tung. *puta-; Turk. *t-; Kor. *pjt.
PTung. *puta- 1 to blaze 2 light of fireflies 3 firefly 4 dark red (1 , , 2 ( ) 3 4 -): Evk. huta-l- 1; Evn. hut-l- 1; Neg. xotol-xotol 1; Man. fataqu 4; Ul. pta-l- 1, pta-a(n) 2; Ork. ptam 3; Nan. potal 1; Orch.
xuta-r- 1; Ud. xuta- 1.
2, 356. There is also a variant *pude-, see 1, 475.
PTurk. *t- to dawn (): Karakh. at- (MK, Tefs.); Tur. at-;
Gag. at-; Turkm. at-; MTurk. at- (Abush.); Uygh. at-; Tat. at-; Bashk. at-;
Kirgh. at-; Kaz. at-; KBalk. at-; KKalp. at-; Kum. at-; Nogh. at-; Khak. at-;
Shr. at-; Oyr. at-; Tv. at-; Tof. at-; Yak. t-.
Usually confused with *at- to shoot, throw, but certainly distinct.
PKor. *pjt light (): MKor. pjt; Mod. pjt [pjth].

*pudo - *pgV

1159

Nam 258, KED 786.

SKE 199.
-pudo ( ~ podo) to wake, cause: Tung. *pidu- ( ~ --); Mong. *(h)uda-;
Turk. *od-.
PTung. *pidu- ( ~ --) to instigate, cause (, ):
Evn. hidu-.
2, 323. Attested only in Evn., with possible parallels in Turkic and Mongolian.
PMong. *(h)uda- to conceive, design, instigate (, ):
WMong. uda- (L 861: udu-); Kh. uda-; Ord. udu-.
PTurk. *od- 1 awake 2 to wake up (intr.) 3 to wake up (trans.) (1
2 3 ): OTurk. odu 1, odun- 2,
odur- 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. ou 1, oun- 2, our- 3 (MK); Tur. ujan- 2,
(dial.) ujar- 3; Gag. ujan- 2; Az. ojan- 2; Turkm. ojan- 2, ojar- 3; MTurk.
ujan- 2, ujat- 3 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. ujn- 2; Uygh. o(j)an- 2; Krm. ojan-, ujan2, ojat- 3; Tat. ujan- 2; Bashk. ujan- 2; Kirgh. ojon- 2; Kaz. ojan- 2, ojat- 3;
KBalk. ujan- 2, ujat- 3; KKalp. ojan- 2, ojat- 3; Kum. ujan- 2, ujat- 3; Nogh.
ujan- 2, ujat- 3; SUygh. ozan- 2; Khak. usxun- 2, usxur- 3; Oyr. ojon-,
ujun- 2, ujus 3; Tv. odun- 2; Chuv. vran- 2, vrat- 3.
EDT 47, 48, 62, VEWT 357, 1, 430-432.
A Western isogloss.
-pgV to flay, cut: Tung. *pg-; Mong. *(h)e-le-; Turk. *eg-d; Jpn.
*p; Kor. *pi-, *p.
PTung. *pg- to flay (): Evk. hi-; Evn. hi-; Neg. xi-; Ul.
puju-; Ork. puji-; Nan. puji-; Orch. s- (Khad.); Ud. s-.
2, 322.
PMong. *(h)e-le- to trim, hack (, , ,
): WMong. ele- (L 631); Kh. le-; Bur. le-; Kalm. l-; Ord.
l-.
KW 304.
PTurk. *eg-d a curved knife ( ): OTurk. egd (OUygh.);
Karakh. egd (MK); Tur. egdi (dial.); Turkm. egdi; Kirgh. ijdi; Chuv.
avd; Yak. it.
EDT 102, VEWT 37. The semantics must have been secondarily influenced by *egto bend, curve.

PJpn. *p blade (): OJpn. pa; MJpn. fa; Tok. h; Kyo. h; Kag.
h.

JLTT 395.
PKor. *pi-, *p 1 to reap, mow 2 plough (1 , 2 ):
MKor. pi- 1, p 2; Mod. p- (dial.); posp plough, ploughshare.
Nam 259, 269, KED 792, 850.
Poppe 11 compares the Mong. form with TM *pule- which is less
likely. Jpn. p and MKor. p reflect a contraction < *pugV-ga. An ex-

1160

*p[]ju - *puk

pressive root with not quite clear vocalic correspondences, rather difficult to distinguish from several similar: cf. *poke, *pge, *pago.
-p[]ju a k. of tree: Tung. *pj-, *pj-ki- ( > *pi-k-); Mong. *hoj; Turk.
*, *-()ga; Jpn. *p; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *pj-, *pj-ki- ( > *pi-k-) 1 birch 2 larch 3 swamp, low forest (1 2 3 , ): Evk. hj, dial. hj 3,
h-k 2; Evn. h-kta 2; Neg. x-xi-ta, x-nakta 2; Man. a 1; Ul. p 1; Ork. p
1; Nan. pa 1; Sol. oi 3.
2, 36, 319-320, 330. Despite Poppe 1972, 99, *pj is hardly borrowed < Mong.
PMong. *hoj 1 wood, forest 2 mountain (1 2 ): MMong. xoi
(HY 2, SH) 1; WMong. oi 1; Kh. oj 1; Bur. oj; Kalm. 1; Ord. i 1; Dag. oi
(. . 159, MD 200) ( < lit.); Dong. xoj 1; Bao. xi 2; Mongr. f (SM
99), xoj (Minghe) 1.
KW 303, TMN 1, 541-542.
PTurk. *, *-()ga tree (1 2 ): OTurk. a (Orkh.,
OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ja (MK) 1; Tur. aa 1; Gag. 1; Az. aa 1;
Turkm. aGa 1; Sal. aa, - 1 (); Khal. haa 1; MTurk. aa (Pav. C.)
1; Uzb. j 1; Uygh. jaa 1; Krm. aa, -c 1; Tat. aa 1; Bashk. aas 1;
Kirgh. a 1; Kaz. aa 1, 2; KBalk. aa 1, 2; KKalp. aa 1; Kum. aa 1,
2; Nogh. aas 1, 2; SUygh. jia 1; Khak. aas 1, 2; Shr. aa 1, 2; Oyr. aa
1, 2; Tv. ja 1, 2; Tof. 1; Chuv. jv 1; Yak. mas 1; Dolg. mas 1.
VEWT 7, 1, 71-73, TMN 2, 73f, EDT 79-80, 83, 104, Stachowski 176. The form contains perhaps PT * bush, tree as the first component (for OT
see EDT 1), cf. the OT combination a; but the second element is yet unclear.

PJpn. *p Japanese cypress ( ): OJpn. pji;

MJpn. f; Tok. hnoki, hnoki.
JLTT 407.
PKor. *p- birch (): Mod. p-n-namu.
SKE 199. Cf. also MKor. ph-nm, mod. phi-namu (Nam 465, KED 1772) linden
tree.

SKE 199 (Turk.-Tung.-Kor.), 1984, 37-38, 284,

11, 104. A rather complicated case, because of contractions and compounds. For the second part of the PT compound cf. perhaps Mong. gesi-(n) branch. The old compound *pju-*gVa, beside
Turk. *ga, may be reflected in OJ pjsi forest, *p(j)k[]a wood
( 2, 311)).
-puk a k. of rope, embroidery: Tung. *pKV-; Mong. *(h)ugula;
Turk. *oka; Jpn. *puki.
PTung. *pKV- sealine, rope (of horse hair) (, (
)): Evn. hikr; Ork. pla; Nan. pr; Orch. x.
2, 323.

*pula - *pun[e]

1161

PMong. *(h)ugula spiral embroidery ( , ): WMong. uula, uala (L 864); Kh. ugal; Bur. ugalzatl- ; Ord. ugli, uguli.
PTurk. *oka gimp (): Tat. uqa; Bashk. uqa; Kirgh. oqo; Kaz.
oqa; KBalk. oqa; KKalp. oqa; Nogh. oqa.
VEWT 460. A local Kypchak word.
PJpn. *puki lapel of lining ( ): Tok. fuki.
The Mong. form is homonymous with *ugula mountain deer
and may be unrelated (deer embroidery?).
-pula ash tree: Tung. *pula; Mong. *hulija-sun; Jpn. *pari.
PTung. *pula ash tree, asp tree, poplar (, , ): Evk.
hula; Evn. hl; Neg. xol; Man. fula; Jurch. fulto (121); Ul. pl;
Ork. pl; Nan. polo; Orch. xulu; Ud. xulu; Sol. l.
2, 342-343. Evk. hula, hologdan > Dag. xolordan (. . 177).
PMong. *hulija-sun ash tree, poplar, aspen (, , ):
WMong. ulijasu(n) (L 873); Kh. ulijas(an); Bur. uha(n); Kalm. ulsn;
Ord. ulsu; Dag. ols ( < lit.), xolordan md; Dong. xulasun.
KW 448, MGCD 673.
PJpn. *pari black alder ( ): OJpn. pari; Tok. han-no-ki.
JLTT 399.
EAS 55, KW 448, 1984, 54, Rozycki 81. Despite Doerfer
MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. In Turkic cf. Bashk. jla
ash-tree - although attested only in Bashkir, a perfect semantic and
phonetic match for this root.
-pun[e] a small wild animal: Tung. *p-; Mong. *hnegen; Turk.
*enk ( ~ *nek).
PTung. *p- 1 jerboa, flying squirrel, mole 2 weasel 3 hedgehog (1
2 3 ): Evk. hiek 1; Neg. xiex 2; Ul. puntule 3; Nan.
punilk 3 ( > Neg. punulkn id.).
2, 43, 326.
PMong. *hnegen fox (): MMong. xunegan (HY 10), h[o]ngn
(IM), hungn (MA), hongen (LH); WMong. nege(n) (L 1008); Kh.
neg(en); Bur. nege(n); Kalm. ngn female of a wild animal or bird;
Ord. nege; Dag. xunug(u) (. . 180), hunehe (MD 166); Dong.
funiee; S.-Yugh. heneen, henegen; Mongr. funige, xunige (SM 108, 183),
fung.
KW 458, MGCD 694.
PTurk. *enk ( ~ *nek) young of a wild animal, puppy (
, ): OTurk. enk (OUygh.); Karakh. enk
(MK); Tur. enik, enek; Gag. jenik; Az. nix (dial.); MTurk. enk (Pav. C.);
Uzb. enk (Chag.); Shr. nege; Oyr. nege; Tv. enik; Chuv. ank; Yak.
nges; Dolg. nges.

1162

*pi - *pri

EDT 183, VEWT 44, 1, 281-283, 29, Stachowski 251.

A Western isogloss, with not quite secure correspondences: in TM
one would rather expect *pun-. Thus it is not excluded that the Evk.
and Evn. forms reflect a vowel metathesis < *puni-ki.
-pi other: Tung. *putu; Turk. *i; Jpn. *pina.
PTung. *pute other, someone elses (, ): Evk. hutu;
Evn. hnt; Neg. xt; Orch. xonto, xoto; Ud. xoto; Sol. ent.
2, 349-350.
PTurk. *i other (): OTurk. i (OUygh.); Karakh. i (MK);
Turkm. e the rest; Krm. ge, oga; Tat. g (dial.); Kirgh. g;
Kaz. ge; KKalp. ge; Kum. oge (dial.); Nogh. ge.
EDT 170-171, 1, 537-538, VEWT 372 ( > Kalm. gn, KW 297).
PJpn. *pina province, barbarians (, ): OJpn.
pjina; MJpn. fina; Tok. hina.
JLTT 407.
2, 350.
-pi to twist, twirl: Tung. *pu-; Turk. *eir-; Jpn. *pnir-.
PTung. *pu- 1 to graze, brush against 2 to shake (1 , , 2 , ): Evk. huna- 1; Evn. huri- 1, 2.
2, 349.
PTurk. *eir- 1 to spin 2 to surround (1 2 ):
OTurk. eir- (OUygh.) 1; MTurk. eir- (.) 2; Tv. r- 1.
EDT 113, VEWT 37.
PJpn. *pnir- to twist, twirl (, ): MJpn. fnr-; Tok.
hinr-; Kyo. hnr-; Kag. hnr-.
JLTT 689.
Delabialization in PT (*ir- would be expected) must be explained by the influence of *egir- q.v.
-pri to be afraid, angry: Tung. *purk-; Mong. *hurin; Jpn. *pr-m-.
PTung. *purk- 1 to be bored 2 to be angry (1 , 2
): Evk. hurk- 1; Evn. hrken- 1; Man. fue-, fue- 2; Orch. xokkosi-; Ud. xokoho (adv.).
2, 45, 353.
PMong. *hurin anger (): WMong. urin (L 884); Kh. urin; Bur. uri
gari boloohon to be in bad spirits; Kalm. un; Dong. x; Bao. hor.
KW 451.
PJpn. *pr-m- to retreat frightened, to run away ( .-., .-.): MJpn. fr-m-; Tok. hirm-; Kyo.
hrm-; Kag. hrm-.
JLTT 690.
Because of the loss of initial *p- in Turk. the root may interfere
with *r(e)ke q.v.

*psa - *psi

1163

-psa to take off, scrape off: Tung. *pusi-; Mong. *hisuge; Jpn. *psm-;
Kor. *ps-.
PTung. *pusi- to shave, scrape off (, ): Evk.
hus-; Evn. hs-; Neg. xos-; Man. fusi-; Ul. ps-; Ork. ps-; Nan. pos-;
Orch. xusi-.
2, 355.
PMong. *hisuge tongs (): Dag. isug, xisug (. . 184),
is tweezers (MD 174).
PJpn. *psm- to shear (, ): MJpn. fsm-; Tok.
hasm-; Kyo. hsm-; Kag. hsm-.
This tone variant seems to have been originally different from *psm- < *psa q.v.,
but modern dialects have merged the two forms completely.

PKor. *ps- to strip off, take off (clothes); naked (,

(); ): MKor. ps-; Mod. pt- / pat- [-s-].
Nam 249, KED 735, 771.
In Kor. cf. also also psk-t- to perish, disappear, psk- to strip off
skin, peel, modern pasj-ida crumble, go to pieces; see SKE 192, 199,
EAS 101-102; 1984, 56. The isolated Daghur form could be a
borrowing from Tungus (derivatives from this root can also mean scissors, razor, tweezers - cf. Evk. husiwun, Evn. hhoko, Orok psqq
etc.) - but the immediate source is unclear. On a possible Turkic reflex
see under *isV.
-psi to sprinkle: Tung. *pisu- / *pusu-; Mong. *hsr-; Turk. *skr-;
Kor. *psi- / *pusi-.
PTung. *pisu- / *pusu- to sprinkle (): Evk. husu-; Evn. hus-;
Neg. xusi-; Man. fisi-, fise-, fusu-; SMan. fusu- (1658); Ul. pisuri-; Ork.
pisiti-, possol-; Nan. pisi-, fisi-, fuksu-.
2, 39, 42, 355.
PMong. *hsr- 1 to sprinkle 2 to pour (1 2 ):
WMong. sr- 1 (L 1014: sr-); Kh. sre- 1; Kalm. sr- 1; Dag. xesur(. . 176: xesre-); Mongr. fiuru-, fuuru- (SM 103) 2.
KW 301.
PTurk. *skr- to cough, sprinkle (from mouth) (, ()): Tur. ksr-; Gag. sr-; Az. skr-; Turkm. sgr-; Khal.
sr-; MTurk. ksr- (Houts., Pav. C.); Krm. ksr-, ksir-; Khak. skr-;
Chuv. zr-.
VEWT 376, 1, 637-638.
PKor. *psi- / *pusi- to wash, sprinkle (, ): MKor.
psi- / pusoi-; Mod. pusi-.
Nam 261, 265, KED 816.

1164

*pso - *pg

EAS 54, 149, KW 301, Poppe 11, 65, 2, 102, 1984,

50. Cf. also an expressive OJ form: bjisi-bjisi sound of wiping ones
nose.
-pso carving, sign: Tung. *psi-ke-; Kor. *ps-.
PTung. *psi-ke- 1 tablet for writing 2 tablet for cutting tobacco (1
2 ): Evn. hsq 2; Man.
fusixen 1.
1, 477, 2, 328.
PKor. *ps- to write (): MKor. ps-, ss-, s-; Mod. s:-.
Liu 484, KED 1023.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-pba to crawl, squat: Tung. *pebi-; Mong. *(h)oji-i-; Jpn. *pp-.
PTung. *pebi- to squat ( , ): Evk.
hewi-, hew-; Evn. hewd-.
2, 358.
PMong. *(h)oji-i- to fall, tumble (, ): WMong.
ojii- (L 604); Kh. oji-.
PJpn. *pp- to crawl (): OJpn. pap-; MJpn. ff-; Tok. h-; Kyo.
h-; Kag. h-.
JLTT 686.
In TM we must suppose *pebi- < *pobi- (with a frequent confusion
of e and o after labials).
-pi ( ~ -e) spark; to extinguish: Tung. *psi-; Turk. *-.
PTung. *psi- 1 spark 2 glowing or extinguished coal 3 ray (1
2 3 ): Evk. hsin 1; Evn. hosn 1;
Neg. xosn 2; Man. foson 3; Ul. pos 1; Ork. pos(n) 1; Nan. pos 1.
2, 334-335.
PTurk. *- to extinguish, go out (of fire) (): OTurk. (OUygh.); Karakh. - (MK, KB); Tur. dial. -; Turkm. -; Khal. hi-;
MTurk. - (Sangl., Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. -; Uygh. -; Tat. -; Kirgh.
-; Kaz. -; KBalk. l-; KKalp. -; Khak. Sag., Koib. s-; Shr. -; Oyr.
-; Tv. -; Yak. s-.
VEWT 368, EDT 19-20, 1, 559-560.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. *puV (on a possible Mong. reflex see
under *ta).
-pg to be proud, rejoice: Mong. *(h)egsi-; Turk. *g-; Jpn. *pkr-.
PMong. *egsi- to develop a taste or liking for; to be importunate
( -.; ): WMong. gegsi(XTTT); Kh. gi-; Bur. g- to encourage.

*p[]jamV - *poje

1165

PTurk. *g- 1 to praise 2 to rejoice (1 2 ): OTurk.

g- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.), gir- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. g- 1 (MK); Tur. -, v1; Turkm. w- 1; Krm. v- 1; Tv. r- 2; Yak. r- 2; Dolg. r- 2.
EDT 100, 113, VEWT 369, 1, 494-495, Stachowski 251.
PJpn. *pkr- to be proud (): OJpn. p(w)okor-; MJpn.
fkr-; Tok. hokr-; Kyo. hkr-; Kag. hokr-.
JLTT 692. The tone in Tokyo is irregular (hkor- would be expected).
Cf. also Evk. hee- to sing and dance.
-p[]jamV snake: Tung. *pjmur; Mong. *jamu; Turk. *uman; Jpn.
*pim(p)V; Kor. *pjm.
PTung. *pjmur dragon, monster (resembling a constrictor, crocodile or sheat-fish) (, ( , )): Neg. ximu; Ul. pujmu(l); Ork. pomo; Nan. pujmur;
Orch. ximu, smu.
1, 466.
PMong. *jamu 1 worm (causing e. g. toothache) 2 farcy, glanders (1
(, ., ) 2 ): WMong. jamu, (L
426) jama; Kh. jam 2; Kalm. jam 1; Ord. jamu, jama chancre, cancer;
S.-Yugh. jam 2.
KW 214, MGCD 734.
PTurk. *uman worm (): Chuv. man.
Isolated in Chuvash, but probably archaic.
PJpn. *pim(p)V snake (): OJpn. pemji; MJpn. fm; Tok. hbi;
Kyo. hb; Kag. hT.
JLTT 404.
PKor. *pjm snake (): MKor. pjm; Mod. pm.
Nam 242, KED 756.
Martin 251, 91, 278. Due to contractions of the sequence
*-VjV-, the vowels are somewhat difficult to reconstruct.
-poje ( ~ -u-,-o-, -i) pain, sore: Tung. *puje; Mong. *he.
PTung. *puje wound, sore (, ): Evk. huje; Evn. huj;
Neg. xuje; Man. feje; SMan. fei (708); Ul. puje; Ork. puje; Nan. puje; Orch.
xije, sije; Ud. sie.
2, 338.
PMong. *he 1 pus, abscess 2 to rot (1 , 2 ):
MMong. huugai (SH) es mge stinken, verdorben sein (ondegen),
hesn (or hoesun) 1 (LH); WMong. e-ri 1 (L 632); Kh. rs 1; Kalm. 1
(); Dag. x- 2; Dong. fu- 2; Bao. hu- 2; S.-Yugh. h- 2; Mongr. f- 2.
MGCD 408.
1984, 46. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

1166

*pojme - *pokto(-rV)

-pojme ( ~ -o) trousers, stockings: Tung. *pe(j)m-; Mong. *hojimu-su;

Turk. *ojma; Jpn. *pmuta.
PTung. *pe(j)m- boots (, ): Evk. hemur; Neg. xemira;
Man. foi, fomo(i); Jurch. fom-i (556); Ork. pmo-n top of boots; Orch.
xebbire; Sol. xooro.
2, 36, 365-366. Cf. also Evk. hma ; . Evk. > Dolg., Yak. mr, Russ. Siber. amur (pl.) ( 86).

PMong. *hojimu-su stockings (): MMong. kojimusun (HY 23)

(khuo- instead of xuo-), h[o]imsun (IM), imasn (LH); WMong.
ojimusu(n), ojimasu(n) (L 605); Kh. ojms(on); Bur. ojmho(n); Kalm. msn;
Ord. imos(u).
KW 304. Mong. > Evk. oimahun, oimusu (see Doerfer MT 130, Rozycki 78 - but not
Man. fomon!).

PTurk. *ojma 1 felt out of which boots are made 2 leather or skin
bag (1 2 ): Karakh. ojma (MK);
MTurk. ojma (Sangl.).
EDT 273 (but derivation from Uj- squeeze, supported also by Clark 1977, 159, is
highly dubious because of external parallels).

PJpn. *pmuta leather armlet (for bow-shooting) ( ( )): OJpn. pomuta.

KW 304, 268, Poppe 11, 67, 1984, 41-42.
Borrowing in Mong. from Turk. is quite dubious, despite 1997,
161. The stem may be derived from *pojV to bind - reflected in PM
*huja- (HY 39 xuja-, WMong. uja-, Khalkha uja-, Mongor fuj-) id.
-pjV a k. of fruit: Tung. *puju-; Kor. *pi.
PTung. *puju- 1 plum 2 a k. of bush (1 2 ):
Neg. xujumke 2; Man. fojro 1; Jurch. fojow (107) 1; Nan. puju 2.
1, 475-476, 2, 300.
PKor. *pi pear (): MKor. pi; Mod. p.
Nam 251, KED 743.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-pokto(-rV) environs: Tung. *pokta; Mong. *hogtorgui; Turk. *otar;
Jpn. *ptri ( ~ -ua-); Kor. *pth.
PTung. *pokta road (): Evk. xokto; Evn. ht; Neg. xokto; Ul.
poqto; Ork. pokto; Nan. foqto; Orch. xokto; Ud. xokto.
2, 331. Evk. > Dolg. hoktokit (Stachowski 107).
PMong. *hogtorgui empty space, heaven ( ,
): MMong. xoxtorxu (HY 51), xoxtorqu empty, xoxtoru throughout (SH); WMong. oturui, otarui (L 602); Kh. ogtorgui universe;
Bur. ogtorgoj; Kalm. oktr; Ord. uGturG.
KW 284.

*p[k]u - *pk

1167

PTurk. *otar 1 pasture 2 far environs 3 (summer) camp, dwelling

place, village 4 herd (1 2 3 ,
4 , ): Turkm. otar 1; Uzb. tr 4; Krm. otar 1; Tat.
utar 3; Bashk. utar 3; Kirgh. otor 1, 2; Kaz. otar 1; KKalp. otar 1; Kum. otar
3; Nogh. otar 1; Oyr. odor 1; Tv. odar 1; Yak. otor 3.
VEWT 367, 1, 487-488. Usually derived from *ot grass but the morphological pattern is unclear; the word might well be archaic despite lack of ancient attestation.
Cf. also Balkan words like Hung. hatr etc., most probably of Turkic origin. Turk. >
WMong. otar, Kalm. otr (KW 291).

PJpn. *ptri ( ~ -ua-) environs (): OJpn. p(w)ot(w)ori;

MJpn. ftri; Tok. hotor / htori; Kyo. htr; Kag. hotor.
JLTT 416. Accent is not quite clear: most forms point to a low tone on the first syllable (except the Kyoto form which is quite irregular).

PKor. *pth 1 place 2 background, ground, texture (1 2

, ): MKor. pth 1; Mod. patha 2.
Nam 239, KED 710.
Kor. patha is probably < *ptha through assimilation.
-p[k]u to swell: Tung. *puk- / *pok-; Turk. *okra; Jpn. *pkr-; Kor.
*pak- ( ~ --).
PTung. *puk- / *pok- 1 to swell, swollen 2 bubble, blister 3 cracks in
skin 4 rough (of skin) (1 , 2 , 3 ( ) 4 , ( )): Evk. hokoripu 4;
Man. fuqa 2; Ul. pukte- 1, poqo 2; Ork. puju 1, puqa 2; Nan. puke- 1, poqa
2, fo-rini (Bik.) 3.
2, 42-43, 331, 335.
PTurk. *okra 1 pimple, pustule 2 disease of cattle (1 2 ): MTurk. oqra (.) 1; Tat. uqra 2; Bashk. uqra
; Kaz. oqra 1.
VEWT 360.
PJpn. *pkr- to swell (): OJpn. pukura-; MJpn. fkr-;
Tok. fkure-; Kyo. fkr-; Kag. fukur-.
JLTT 694.
PKor. *pak- ( ~ --) boiling, bubbling (, ):
Mod. pagl- / pgl- / pogl-.
KED 703.
14. An expressive and not quite regular root: in Turkic and
Korean we probably have to presuppose an assimilative variant *pku,
whereas the TM form points rather to *pku. See also notes to *bg.
-pk ( ~ -u-, -k-) a k. of clothing: Tung. *pokta; Turk. *uk; Jpn.
*pkm.
PTung. *pokta cloth, gown (, ): Evk. hokto; Neg. xokto;
Man. foqto; Ul. poqto; Ork. oqto, poqto; Nan. poqto; Orch. pokto.
2, 331. Cf. also Man. fakuri trousers ( > Dag. xakur, . . 173).

1168

*poke - *pki

PTurk. *uk felt stocking ( ): Karakh. uuq (MK);

MTurk. uq (Pav. C.); Khak. ux; Oyr. uq; Tv. uq.
EDT 83, 1, 581, 481. The form in MK is probably = *uk-ug (derived
from the simple *uk reflected elsewhere). The root should be distinguished from *ujuk (v.
sub *ujV(kV)).

PJpn. *pkm trousers (, ): OJpn. pakama;

MJpn. fkm; Tok. hakam; Kyo. hkm; Kag. hakam.
JLTT 396.
A common Altaic term, denoting probably some sort of trousers
or stockings.
-poke to fall, lie: Tung. *pukel-; Mong. *(h)ke-; Turk. *k-.
PTung. *pukel- 1 lie 2 roll down 3 fall (1 2 3 ): Evk. hukl- 1, hukl- 2; Evn. hukl- 1, hukl- 2; Neg. xule- 1; Man.
fuxese- 2; Ul. pulu- 2, 3; Nan. fukulgi- (dial.) 1, puelin- 2; Orch. xukeli- 3;
Sol. uga- 1.
2, 340, 342.
PMong. *(h)ke- to bow forwards ( ): WMong.
ke-ji-; Kalm. k-.
KW 293.
PTurk. *k- to fall down, bow down (, ): Oyr.
ks- to nod, fall asleep sitting; Chuv. k-; Yak. kj- to bow (forwards); Dolg. kj- to bow (forwards).
Stachowski 199.
KW 294, 13. A Western isogloss. Very scantily represented
in Turkic and Mongolian, thus rather dubious.
-pki ( ~ -k-, -e) to trample, kick: Tung. *peK- / *poK-; Turk. *ke.
PTung. *peK- / *poK- 1 to trample, tread 2 to kick (1 () 2
()): Evk. hek- 1, hoki-, hek-, heki- 2; Evn. hek- 1, hki- 2;
Neg. xei-, xek- 1, xekil- 2; Man. fexu- 1, qoo-, qoo- 2; SMan. fuxu(1610); Orch. xeki- 1; Ud. xede- 1.
2, 331-332, 361-362.
PTurk. *ke heel (, ): Tur. ke; Gag. jk; Turkm.
ke; MTurk. ke (Pav. C.); Uzb. k; Uygh. k; Krm. ke; Tat. k;
Bashk. ks; Kirgh. k; Kaz. ke; KKalp. ke; Nogh. ke; Tv. ek.
1, 520-521.
1, 520-521, 289. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. *puske.
-pki (-V) ( ~-e) ox, cow: Tung. *puKur / *puKun; Mong. *hker;
Turk. *k.
PTung. *puKur / *puKun cow (): Evk. hukur; Evn. hken,
hkn; Sol. uxur ox (possibly < Mong.).
2, 341.

*ple - *ple

1169

PMong. *hker ox (): MMong. xuker (SH), xuger (HY 10), ukr
(MA); WMong. ker (L 1003); Kh. xer; Bur. xer; Kalm. kr cow
(); Ord. ker; Mog. kr (Weiers), ZM okr (20-4); Dag. xukur (.
. 179), hukure (MD 166); Dong. fugie(r); Mongr. fugor (SM 104), xukur
(Minghe).
PTurk. *k ox (, ): OTurk. kz (OUygh.); Karakh. kz
(MK); Tur. kz; Gag. jkz; Az. kz; Turkm. kiz, kz; MTurk. kz
(Pav. C.); Uzb. hkiz; Uygh. kz, hkz; Krm. okz, gz; Tat. ugz;
Bashk. ug; Kirgh. gz; Kaz. gz; KBalk. gz; KKalp. giz; Kum. gz;
Nogh. giz; SUygh. kus; Chuv. vgr; Yak. ous; Dolg. ogus.
EDT 120, VEWT 370, 1, 521-523, 439, Stachowski 190. Clauson 1959
derives the form from Tokh. B okso (corrected to Tokh. A in EDT); justly refuted by Doerfer TMN 1, 539 because of original *p-. Turk. (Bulg.) > Hung. kr, see Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 23.

322, Poppe 12, 56, 3, 126-128,

1984, 46. 1997, 131, TMN 1, 539. A Western isogloss. Doerfer
MT 67 (following Sinor 1962, Poppe 1966, 198, 1972, 99) would wish
Mong. to be borrowed < Turk. and TM < Mong.; phonology, however,
speaks plainly against it.
-ple wet, succulent; grass, plant: Tung. *pul-; Turk. *l; Kor. *prh-.
PTung. *pul- 1 to grow, blossom 2 shoot, offspring 3 horse-tail (bot.)
4 panicle 5 wild grape (1 , 2 , 3 4 5 ): Evn. hul 3; Man. fulxu- 1,
fulxun 2; Nan. polaqa 4; Orch. xolomktA 5.
2, 302, 342, . 334, - 246.
PTurk. *l 1 moist, wet 2 marsh (1 2 ): OTurk. l
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. l (MK, KB) 1; Tur. l 1, Osm. l pool;
Turkm. l, dial. hl 1; Khal. hl, hl; MTurk. l (Pav. C.) 2, (Sangl.) 1;
Uzb. hl 1; Uygh. hl damp, moist; Kirgh. l 1; KKalp. hl 1; Khak. l 1;
Shr. l 1; Oyr. l 1; Tv. l 1; Chuv. vil 1; Yak. l 1.
VEWT 371, 54, 1, 524-525, TMN 2, 161-2. The common Turk. derivative *le ( 1, 527-528, 119) means rich grass (hence Chuv. valem; >
MMong. ola, ole (SH), WMong. l, Kalm. l, see KW 295, TMN 2, 161, 1997,
165, 197).

PKor. *prh- 1 green 2 grass (1 2 ): MKor. phr- 1, phr

2; Mod. phur- 1, phul 2.
Nam 464, 465, KED 1761, 1763. Rising tone in phr is probably secondary (due to
contraction < *prVh).

EAS 56, SKE 215, Poppe 110, KW 295, VEWT 371, 1984,
47-48. 296. Cf. also Old Koguryo *p(l)lk- green, see Miller
1979, 9. The etymology seems quite satisfactory, despite Doerfers
(TMN 2, 161-162) critical attempts (semantisch nicht ganz befriedigende Vergleich).

1170

*poe - *pmu

-poe ashes; grey: Tung. *pule-; Mong. *hne-s; Turk. *o ( ~ -j).

PTung. *pule- ashes (): Evk. huleptn; Evn. hultn; Neg. xulptn; Man. fulegi; SMan. filii (493); Jurch. fule-i (65); Ul. puneqte; Ork.
punekte; Nan. puekt, (dial.) xulefte; Orch. xulepte; Ud. xulepte(n); Sol.
ulukt.
2, 347.
PMong. *hne-s ashes (): MMong. xunesu (SH), honsun
(IM), hunsun (MA); WMong. nes(n) (L 1009); Kh. ns(en); Bur.
nehe(n); Kalm. msn; Ord. nis, nes; Mog. nasun, unasun (Weiers),
ZM unsun (18-1b); Dag. xunse (. . 179), hunse (MD 166), xuns;
Dong. funiesun; Bao. homso; S.-Yugh. henesn, nesn; Mongr. fun (SM
107), (MGCD funs).
KW 458, MGCD 695.
PTurk. *o ( ~ -j) grey, dun, ash-coloured (of a horse) (-): Karakh. oj (MK); MTurk. Kypch. oj (Houts.); Khak. oj; Tv.
oj.
EDT 266, VEWT 358.
Poppe 12, 1984, 60. 37, 289, Rozycki 81. A
Western isogloss.
-pme breast, part of breast: Tung. *pum-te; Mong. *(h)n-Klig; Turk.
*ml-drk; Kor. *pmh.
PTung. *pum-te part of body around the heart (
): Evk. humte.
2, 347. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *(h)n-Klig part of body around the heart, pericardium
( ): WMong. glei, glig, (L 1010)
gleg; Kh. nxelceg; Kalm. glcg; Ord. gelik.
KW 459.
PTurk. *ml-drk breastplate (): Uzb. mildiriq; Uygh.
mldrk; Bashk. melderek; Kirgh. mldrk; Kaz. mildirik.
1, 530, 553.
PKor. *pmh 1 breast, bosom 2 to carry in ones bosom (1 , 2 ): MKor. phum 1, phm-, phm- 2; Mod. phum 1,
phum- 2.
Liu 726, 728, KED 1766.
SKE 216, EAS 56.
-pmu to walk (in a substance): Tung. *pom-; Mong. *homba-; Turk.
*oma-; Jpn. *pm-.
PTung. *pom- 1 to leave a fresh trace 2 to crawl near 3 to wander 4
scoop (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. homolon- 2; Evn. hm- 1, homn- 3, homqa 4.
2, 332.

*poa - *pa

1171

PMong. *humba- to walk submerging into water (snow, grass); to

swim, bathe ( (, ); , ):
MMong. unba- to swim (MA); WMong. umba-, ombu- (L 874); Kh.
umba-; Bur. umba-; Mog. umbm sich waschend (Weiers); Dag. xomp-,
(. . 171), unp- (MD 233), umpa-, xumpa-; Dong. unba-, umba-;
Bao. mba-; S.-Yugh. umba-, mb-; Mongr. xumb- (SM 182).
MGCD 673.
PTurk. *oma- 1 to dive 2 scoop (1 2 ): Khak.
oma 2; Shr. oma 2; Tv. om 2; Yak. umus- 1.
VEWT 361, 514.
PJpn. *pm- to tread, trample (, ): OJpn. pum-;
MJpn. fm-; Tok. fm-; Kyo. fm-; Kag. fm-.
JLTT 694.
The common meaning may be postulated as to move with some
difficulty, through some substance (water, grass, snow etc.).
-poa ( ~ -e-) wrinkle, to wrinkle: Tung. *poi- / *pei-; Mong. *hani-.
PTung. *poi- / *pei- wrinkle, to wrinkle (, ):
Evk. hoi-, hui-; Ork. peni-; Ud. xeiem; Sol. xos.
2, 332.
PMong. *hani- 1 to close eyes 2 eyelids (1 2 ):
MMong. xanisqa (HY 45), hanisqa (MA) 2, hanasqa eyebrows (Lig.VMI);
WMong. ani- 1, anisqa 2; Kh. ani- 1, anisga 2; Bur. ani- 1; Kalm. ani- 1;
Ord. ani- 1; Dong. xani- 1; Bao. hani- (MGCD 113); Mongr. (x)ana- (SM
8), xani- (SM 156), xan- (MGCD 113), xanasGa (SM 155).
KW 11.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-pa to crush, break, tear off: Tung. *pna- / *pna-; Turk. *our-,
*o-; Jpn. *pn-; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *pna- / *pna- 1 to crush, crushed 2 to chop (1 , 2 ): Evk. hna-, hn-, ho- 2; Evn. hn-, na- 2;
Neg. xon- 2; Ul. pe 1; Ork. pe, pem 1; Nan. pe, p (adv.) 1; Orch.
xi- 2; Ud. xuani- 2.
2, 47, 329.
PTurk. *our-, *o- to crush, break off (, ):
Karakh. our- (MK); Turkm. our-, omur-; Tat. umr-; Bashk. umr-;
Kirgh. omur-; Kaz. omr-; KKalp. omr-; Nogh. omr-; Khak. or-; Tv. r-;
Yak. o- to pick out; Dolg. o- to pick out.
EDT 91, 1, 461; Stachowski 194. Derived is PT *our-tka spine, backbone
(see 1, 463-464).

PJpn. *pn- to chop off (): OJpn. pana-; MJpn. fn-; Tok.
han-; Kyo. hn-; Kag. han-.
JLTT 684. The accent in Kagoshima is irregular.

1172

*pe - *pre

PKor. *p- to crush, break (, ): MKor. p-;

Mod. pasu-.
Nam 242.
One of the common Altaic Verba des Schlagens. Korean has a
usual low verbal tone.
-pe ( ~ -i) mildew, slime: Tung. *pu-; Mong. *(h)gr; Turk. *e.
PTung. *pu- mildew (): Evk. huna; Neg. xonan-; Man.
funtan; SMan. fntan (440); Ul. pda; Ork. pda; Nan. pod; Orch.
xuna.
2, 349.
PMong. *(h)gr scurf, slime (, ): WMong. gr, ger
(L 638); Kh. gr; Bur. ger; Kalm. gr gall, gastric juice; Ord. gr.
KW 297. Mong. > Kirgh., Oyr. r, Yak. r (VEWT 373, Rona-Tas 1970, 216).
PTurk. *e 1 slime (on dishes) 2 mildew (1 , ( ) 2 ): Bashk. 2; Kaz. ez 1; Yak. s 1.
1, 538.
A Western isogloss.
-pre fire; to burn: Tung. *puri- / *piri-; Mong. *(h)rde-; Turk. *rt; Jpn.
*p-i; Kor. *pr.
PTung. *puri- / *piri- to dry (over fire) ( ( )): Evk.
hiriw-, huri-; Neg. x-wun woven basket for drying fish or meat over
fire; Man. aria-; Orch. xi shelf over fire for drying fish.
2, 327.
PMong. *(h)rde- to burn, flame up (): WMong. rde-; Kh.
rd-; Kalm. rd-; Ord. rd-.
KW 298.
PTurk. *rt 1 flame 2 to burn (tr.) 3 steppe fire 4 to get burnt (1 2 3 4 ): OTurk. rt 1, 3 (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. rt 1, 3 (MK); Turkm. rte- 4; MTurk. rt 1, 3 (Pav. C.);
Tat. rt 1; Kirgh. rt 1; Khak. rt 3, rte- 2; Tv. rtet- 2; Tof. rt 3; Chuv.
virt 3; Yak. rt 3.
VEWT 375, EDT 201, 208-9, 1, 550-551, 357-358.
PJpn. *p-i fire (): OJpn. pi; MJpn. f; Tok. h; Kyo. hi.
JLTT 405.
PKor. *pr fire (): MKor. pr; Mod. pul.
Nam 273, KED 832.
EAS 54, 147, KW 300, Martin 232, Menges 1984, 286 -287,
73, 93-94, 98, 275, 358. Mong. rde- may be < Turk.; but cf. also
Khalkha revse- to flame up. Jpn. *p- presupposes a suffixed form
*pr(e)-gV.

*pre - *pore

1173

-pre top: Tung. *pora-n; Mong. *horaj, *horgil; Turk. *r-; Jpn. *pr.
PTung. *pora-n 1 top (of head), top 2 tuft, forelock (1 , 2 ): Evk. xoron 1; Neg. xojo(n) 1; Man. foron 2; SMan. forn,
forun (2068); Ul. poro(n) 1; Ork. poro(n) 1; Nan. por 1; Orch. x(n) space
above; Ud. x(n) above (postp.); Sol. or mountain pass.
2, 334.
PMong. *horaj, *horgil top, top of head (, ):
MMong. xorai (SH), xorgil (SH), hurai (MA); WMong. orai (L 621: orui),
orgil (L 618); Kh. oroj, orgil; Bur. oroj; Kalm. or; Ord. or; Mog. ZM orei
(1-8a); Dag. o (MD 203), xor; Bao. xoro.
KW 287-288, MGCD 531. Mong. > Kirgh., Kaz. oraj etc. (VEWT 364, 1, 473).
PTurk. *r- 1 to rise 2 up, above (1 2 , ):
OTurk. r- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. r- 1 (MK); Tur. r 2, (dial.) r- 1;
Turkm. r-; Khal. hr-k- 1; MTurk. r 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. r 2; Uygh. r 2;
Tat. r 2, r- 1; Bashk. r 2, r- 1; Kirgh. r 2; Kaz. r 2, r- 1; KBalk. r 2;
KKalp. r 2; Kum. r 2; Nogh. r 2; SUygh. r 2; Yak. rt upper part;
Dolg. rt, tt side, rte above.
EDT 195, VEWT 373, 1, 542-544, Stachowsi 200, 253. Cf. also OT rgin
throne (EDT 225), Chag. rk tent ( 1, 546) - which should be kept distinct from
the later borrowed (from Mong., see under *i) rge tent, see Clark 1977, 142.

PJpn. *pr top of carriage ( ()): Tok. hro; Kyo. hr;

Kag. hr.
The Jpn. form can be compared with other Altaic forms if it is historically distinct
from *pr cloak on armour ( < PA *pole q.v.). Accentologically both words are identical
and equally irregular.

Cf. also WMong. orbaji- in die Hhe stehen, emporragen, MTurk.

orpat-, rpet- id. (KW 290). Despite Doerfer MT 39, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. Cf. *i.
-pore ( ~ --, --) feather, wing: Tung. *purak; Mong. *(h)rbelge; Jpn.
*pr.
PTung. *purak 1 wing 2 wing bone 3 feather arista (1 2
3 ()): Evk. hurak 1, 2, 3; Evn. hrq 2; Neg. xjax
2.
2, 352.
PMong. *(h)rbelge feather (): WMong. rbelge, rblge (L 640);
Kh. rvlg; Kalm. rwlg, rwlg; Ord. rwlg.
KW 301.
PJpn. *pr falcons wings; underwing feathers of a bird (
; ): MJpn. foro, foro-fa.
JLTT 415.
The root is not very widely attested, but seems quite reliable.

1174

*prV - *pt

-prV trace: Tung. *pr-da-; Mong. *horum /-im; Turk. *oruk; Kor.
*prm.
PTung. *pr-da- to make an imprinted drawing on birch bark ( ): Evk. hrda-.
2, 333. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *horum /-im trace (): MMong. xorim, xorum (SH) path;
WMong. oru, orum (L 620, 623); Kh. or, orom; Bur. orom; Kalm. orm; Ord.
orom; Mog. oram (Ramstedt 1906) Platz.
KW 289. Mong. > Kaz. oram etc. (VEWT 364).
PTurk. *oruk 1 road 2 path (1 2 ): OTurk. oruq 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. oruq 1 (MK, Tefs.); Khak. orax 2; Tv. oruq 1;
Tof. oruq 1; Yak. orox 2; Dolg. orok 2.
EDT 215, Stachowski 196. Rsnen (VEWT 364; similarly in 531-532,
4, 218) derives this word from *or- to dig, which is rather dubious semantically.

PKor. *prm sign (): MKor. prm; Mod. poram.

Liu 386, KED 789.
SKE 206, 532, 2, 333.
-pt to burn, singe: Tung. *put-; Mong. *hutua; Turk. *t-; Kor.
*pth-, *pt-, *pt-.
PTung. *put- to roast, grill (, , ): Man.
fui-ala-; SMan. fiial- to singe (379).
2, 304. In Manchu cf. also fotor curling (of smoke), foto stink, stench. Cf. also
Evk. (Kamn.) petere- to smoke, fume - because of p-, probably a loan from some
South.-Tung. language.

PMong. *hutua 1 smoke 2 to smoke, fumigate (1 2 ):

WMong. utua(n), utaa(n) (L 889); Kh. ut(n) 1, uta- 2; Bur. ut(n);
Kalm. utn; Ord. ut; Dag. xut 1 (. . 180), xoto- 2; Dong. fudu- 2;
S.-Yugh. hd, d 1, du- 2.
KW 452, MGCD 676, 682, 683.
PTurk. *t- to singe (, ): Karakh. t- (MK); Tur. t(dial.); Az. t-; Turkm. t-; MTurk. t- (IM); Tat. t-; Bashk. t-; Kaz.
jt-; KKalp. jt-; Chuv. vt-; Yak. t-.
EDT 40, VEWT 524, 1, 640, TMN 2, 9-10.
PKor. *pth-, *pt-, *pt- 1 to burn, catch fire 2 to cauterize 3 to boil,
steam (1 , 2 3 , ): MKor.
pth- 1, pt- 2, pt- 3; Mod. put(h)- 1, t:- 2, :i- 3.
Nam 173, 180, 275, KED 523, 846, 1528.
SKE 265 (criticized with no reason at all in TMN 2, 10: unannehmbar).
-pt hole: Tung. *put; Mong. *ht-; Turk. *t; Jpn. *pt; Kor. *pot.
PTung. *put 1 hole 2 to break through 3 nostril (1 2 3 ): Man. feteri 3; Ork. put 1, put- 2; Nan. put- 2 (.).
2, 43, 305.

*pb(a)gV - *pub-ktV

1175

PMong. *ht- vulva (vulva): MMong. [o]tkeon (IM), hutukun (MA),

hotugn (Lig.VMI); WMong. tg() (L 1014); Kh. tr; Kalm. tgn;
Ord. tg; Mog. utkun (Weiers); ZM odkun (3-5a), KT idkun (Lig.VMI
35); Mongr. sdogu (SM 337).
KW 460.
PTurk. *t hole (): OTurk. t (OUygh.); Karakh. t (MK); Khal.
ht; Kirgh. t; Khak. t; Oyr. t; Tv. t; Yak. t; Dolg. t.
EDT 36, VEWT 524, 1, 639-640, Stachowski 255.
PJpn. *pt vulva (vulva): OJpn. p(w)oto.
JLTT 415.
PKor. *pot- vulva (vulva): Mod. pi, dial. podi.
KED 794.
KW 460, Poppe 112, Poppe 1950, Lee 1958, 109, Ozawa 140 -141,
1984, 66.
-pb(a)gV broom, stick: Tung. *pebgure (/*pu-); Turk. *ubg; Jpn.
*ppk; Kor. *pi.
PTung. *pebgure (/*pu-) ski stick, circle on ski stick ( , ): Evk. hewgur; Neg. xebguje; Ul.
pegbere(n); Ork. pebgire; Nan. fubguru (Bik.); Orch. xebbiru hook on
walking stick.
2, 358.
PTurk. *ubg sticks supporting the upper rim of a yurt (,
): OTurk. u (MK); ujulu ( =
uvulu) tent pole (MK); Tur. hu hut; Turkm. q; MTurk. u (Pav.
C.); Uzb. (dial.); Alt. das Stangenrippe der Jurte, ber welches die
Filzdecken ausgebreitet werden (R - Teleut); Shr. u, house, yurt
(R); Uygh. oq (dial.); Kirgh. q; Kaz. wq; KKalp. uwq.
EDT 76, 271, VEWT 510, TMN 2, 150-151, 1, 583, 517-518.
PJpn. *ppk broom (): OJpn. papakji; MJpn. ffk; Tok. hki,
hki; Kyo. hk; Kag. hk.
JLTT 414. Dialects show some tonal variation, but all point to a low tone in the first
syllable.

PKor. *pi broom (): MKor. pi; Mod. pi.

Nam 269, KED 848.
Vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain in a trisyllabic stem. TM
*pebgure probably < *pobgure (due to frequent variation of *o and *e
close to labials).
-pub-ktV sack, bellows: Tung. *putakn; Mong. *huwta; Jpn.
*pampuki.
PTung. *putakn sack, bag (, ): Evk. hutakn; Evn.
htqan; Neg. xotakn; Man. fintaa; Ul. pta(n); Ork. pta; Nan. pta;
Orch. xuta(ka); Ud. xutaa (. 307); Sol. tx.

1176

*puu - *pV

2, 356. Evk. > Dolg. utaka, hutaka (see Stachowski 247).

PMong. *huwta sack (): MMong. xuxuta (HY 20, SH), hutana
(IM), ut (MA); WMong. uuta, uuta (L 865); Kh. t; Bur. ta; Kalm. t;
Ord. ta; Dong. fuda; Bao. fda, fuda; S.-Yugh. ta ( < lit.); Mongr. fda
(SM 101).
MGCD 395, 665.
PJpn. *pampuki bellows (): OJpn. pabuk(j)i.
Poppe 12, 1984, 52. Despite Doerfer MT 47, Rozycki
76-77, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.; but to be related, it has to
go back to an earlier form like *pubta-kn.
-puu wart, pimple, excrescence: Tung. *pusi(-kV); Turk. *u-; Jpn.
*ps-mpi; Kor. *pm.
PTung. *pusi(-kV) 1 excrescence (on a tree) 2 to swell (1 (
) 2 , ): Evn. hskn- 2; Man. fuqsuxu, fusku,
fusxu 1.
2, 45, 335.
PTurk. *u- 1 rash, inflammation, pustules on lips (during cold, fever) 2 catarrh, cold, fever 3 to appear (of rash), catch cold (1 , , ( , ) 2 , 3 ( , ), ):
Karakh. uuq (MK) 2; Tur. uuk 1; Gag. uuq 1; Az. uuG 1; Turkm.
uuq 1; MTurk. uuq (. ., Pav. C.) 1, 2; Uzb. uuq 1, uun- 3;
Uygh. uuq 1; Krm. uun- to become epileptic; Bashk. sn- 3; Kirgh.
uuq 1; Kaz. q 1, n- 3; KKalp. uq 1, un- 3; Nogh. uq 1, un- 3.
EDT 22, 23, 1, 616, TMN 2, 139. Turk. > Kalm. ug , see TMN
ibid.

PJpn. *ps-mpi wart, excrescence (, ): OJpn.

pusube; MJpn. fsb.
JLTT 419.
PKor. *pm scab, herpes, ringworm (, ): MKor. pm;
Mod. pim.
Nam 255, KED 761.
Irregular accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. (besides,
the Kor. vowel is aberrant: we would rather expect -u- or -o-, or a
vowel reduction).
-pV ( ~ *p-, -o-) to blow: Tung. *pus-; Jpn. *ps-(m)pur-; Kor.
*phi.
PTung. *pus- 1 to blow, blow out (fire) 2 to fan 3 fan (1 , () 2 () 2 ): Evk. hus- 1; Man. fusxe-,
fisi(xi)- 2, fusxe-ku 3; Jurch. fu-sxe-u 3 (221); Nan. fexse- to shake,
fexseku bellows.
2, 36, 304, 336.

*p - *pdi

1177

PJpn. *ps-(m)pur- to smoke (()): MJpn. fsbr-; Tok.

fusubur-.
JLTT 695.
PKor. *phi fan (): MKor. phi; Mod. puh.
Nam 266, KED 821.
SKE 211-212, Lee 1958, 111. An Eastern isogloss; may be actually a
variant of *pi - if the original meaning was to blow out (fire). Kor.
low tone reflects the stems original verbal nature.
-p ( ~ -o-) a k. of willow, blossoming bush: Tung. *pui-; Mong.
*hije-; Jpn. *pnt.
PTung. *pui- red willow ( ): Ul. puekte; Nan. fuile (Bik.).
2, 45.
PMong. *hije- willow (): MMong. xiesun (HY 7), iesn
(Lig.VMI), isun (MA); Bur. he(n), ihen (Lig.); Mongr. arbre
(SM 390).
There is no difference between the syllables e and e in Sino-Mongolian.
PJpn. *pnt Wistaria floribunda DC (Wistaria floribunda DC):
OJpn. pudi; MJpn. fd; Tok. fji; Kyo. fj; Kag. fji.
JLTT 420.
Poppe 11, 51; 1984, 51.
-pude ( ~ -u-) willow, maple: Tung. *pode-; Mong. *huda; Turk.
*d(r)ei; Kor. *ptrk.
PTung. *pode- 1 willow 2 elm (1 , 2 ): Evk. hedepte 2;
Man. fodo 1.
2, 45, 360.
PMong. *huda willow (): MMong. xutan (SH); WMong. uda (L
860); Kh. ud; Kalm. udn; Ord. uda; Dag. xudikn (. . 179); Mongr.
sdoxo (SM 337).
KW 446.
PTurk. *d(r)ei maple (): Uygh. rgi; Tat. jke, rge;
Bashk. jk; Kaz. ujeki; KBalk. rge; Kum. rge; Chuv. vrene.
VEWT 522, 1972, 191, 52, 1, 118, Blsing 2001.
PKor. *ptrk bush(es) (()): MKor. ptrk; Mod. t:lgi.
Nam 152, KED 447.
Cf. *pto.
-pdi to follow: Tung. *pude-; Mong. *hde-; Turk. *ud-; Kor. *pt-.
PTung. *pude- 1 to follow along 2 expel an evil spirit (1 ,
2 ): Man. fude- 1; SMan. fed(1456); Jurch. fude-mij (410) 1; Ul. pude-i- 2; Nan. pude- 2.
2, 249.

1178

*pg - *pugu

PMong. *hde- follow, see off (): MMong. xde- (HY 36),
xude- (SH), hude- (MA); WMong. de- (L 995); Kh. de-; Bur. de-; Kalm.
d-; Ord. de-; Mongr. r track.
KW 455. Mong. > Tuva de-, Yak. ti- etc. (VEWT 519).
PTurk. *ud- to follow, conform (, , ): OTurk. ud- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. u- (MK); Tur. uj-;
Gag. uj-; Az. uj-; Turkm. uj-; MTurk. uj- (Abush.); Uzb. uju-; Uygh.
uju-; Krm. uj-; Tat. j-; Bashk. j-; Kirgh. uju-; Kaz. js-; KKalp.
ujs-; Nogh. ujs-; Yak. ut next.
EDT 38, 1, 573-574.
PKor. *pt- to follow a pattern, make like ( , ): MKor. pt-; Mod. t:-.
Liu 247, KED 523.
EAS 55, KW 455, Poppe 52, 111 (Tung.-Mong.), 1984, 58.
Despite TMN 1, 537, Doerfer MT 80, TM forms (except Evk. ude-) cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-pg to tear off, sever: Tung. *pg- / *peg-de-; Mong. *(h)ug- / *(h)g-;
Jpn. *pnk-; Kor. *ph-.
PTung. *pg- / *peg-de- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an
awl 4 awl (1 , 2 3 4 ):
Evk. h- 1, hegde-l- 2; Evn. hedk- 2; Neg. xegde-l- 2; Ork. p- 3; Nan.
xo- 1 (Kur-Urm.); Orch. xo- 1, x-gu 4, xegde- 2; Ud. xegdeli- 2 (.
307), xuai- 1.
2, 43, 329, 360. Evk. > Dag. xgl- (. . 176).
PMong. *(h)ug- / *(h)g- to tear, tear out (, ):
WMong. uira-, gtege- (L 998); Kh. ugra-, gt-; Bur. ugzar-; Kalm.
ugr- KPC 527; Mongr. sd- arracher, draciner (SM 334).
PJpn. *pnk- to tear off (): OJpn. pag-; MJpn. fg-; Tok. hg-;
Kyo. hg-; Kag. hg-.
JLTT 683.
PKor. *ph- to cut, reap, sever (, , ):
MKor. ph-; Mod. p-.
Nam 255, KED 773.
EAS 55, Martin 229. An expressive root (cf. also *poke, *pgV,
*pago ).
-pugu ( ~ -o) tinder; excrescence: Tung. *pug(i)ju-; Mong. *huula;
Turk. *ugu-.
PTung. *pug(i)ju- 1 tinder, tree excrescence 2 convex (1
() 2 ): Evk. hujulgen 1; Evn. pogra 2 ( < S.-Tung.);
Neg. poj 1 ( < S.-Tung.); Man. forin 1; Ork. pugju 1; Nan. por 1.
2, 40, 338.

*pgV - *pji

1179

PMong. *huula tinder (): WMong. uula (L 866: ujil excrescence on a tree; ?L 14: ali id.); Kh. l; Bur. la ; Dag. xu;
S.-Yugh. ; Mongr. fula amadou (SM 105).
MGCD 663.
PTurk. *ugu- tinder (): Chuv. v.
. 147.
VEWT 508, . 147. A Western isogloss. MMong. hula,
(IM) hol, WMong. ula, Mongor fula may be a different root, corresponding directly to TM *pula ( 2, 343) id. (see EAS 55, Poppe 12,
1984, 53, Doerfer MT 132) - however, in TM *pug(u)la is also
reconstructable, and MMong. hula may well be a variant of *huhula.
-pgV ( ~ -k-) to attack, rob: Tung. *puku-; Turk. *ogr.
PTung. *puku- to attack (): Evk. huku-; Evn. h-; Neg.
xoko-; Ul. xoko-; Ork. poke-; Nan. xuku-, fuku-; Orch. xoko-; Ud.
xoko-; Sol. eki-.
2, 341-342.
PTurk. *ogr thief (): OTurk. or (OUygh.); Karakh. or (MK);
Tur. uuru; Az. oru; Turkm. or; Sal. or; MTurk. or (Pav. C.); Uzb.
ri; Uygh. ori, our; Krm. or; Kirgh. ru; Kaz. r; KKalp. ur; Kum.
oru, uru; SUygh. our; Khak. or; Shr. or; Oyr. r; Tv. r; Chuv. vr;
Yak. uor- to steal; Dolg. uor- to steal.
EDT 90, 1, 412-414, TMN 2, 77-78, Stachowski 244. Turk. > Mong. *ourak,
see 1997, 164; Hung. or, orv mischievous, see Gombocz 1912.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-puje to whirl, boil: Tung. *puju-; Mong. *hujil-; Turk. *jk.
PTung. *puju- to boil (): Evk. huju-; Evn. huj-; Neg. xuj-;
Man. fuje-; SMan. fei- (348); Ul. puju-; Ork. puj-; Nan. puju-; Orch.
xuju-si-; Ud. xui-hi-; Sol. uji-.
2, 337-338.
PMong. *hujil whirlpool (): MMong. xujil (SH); WMong.
ujil, (L 604) ojil; Kh. ujl; Ord. uil.
PTurk. *jk 1 quicksand 2 to sink (1 2 , ): Karakh. jk (MK, KB) 1, jk- (MK) 2; Turkm. jk slush;
MTurk. (Xwar.) jk dregs in wine (Qutb).
EDT 271, 272.
Poppe 67, 1984, 59. A Western isogloss.
-pji to stiffen: Tung. *p-; Mong. *(h)je-; Turk. *uj-.
PTung. *p- 1 to stiffen 2 to fade (1 , ( , ) 2 ( )): Evk. huwun- 2; Evn. h- 1, hb- 2; Man. fu1; Ud. xuwe- 1.
2, 335-336.

1180

*pujme - *puki

PMong. *(h)je- 1 weak, clumsy 2 (to be) unable to get up (1 , 2 , ):

WMong. jgede- 2 (XTTT); Kh. j-d- 2; Bur. j 1, jede- 2; Kalm. j
1, jd- 2 ( 413).
PTurk. *uj- to stiffen (, ): OTurk. ujrqan- joqurqan(OUygh.); Tur. uju-; Gag. ujva-; Az. uju-; MTurk. uju- (AH); Uzb.
uju-; Tat. j-, j-; Bashk. j-, j-; KKalp. uj-; Nogh. uj-.
1, 582, 608.
A Western isogloss.
-pujme to mix: Tung. *pume- ( ~ --); Mong. *hjime-; Kor. *pmr-.
PTung. *pume- ( ~ --) to mix up (, ):
Man. fumere-; Jurch. fume to bundle (856).
2, 302.
PMong. *hjime- to hustle, be mixed up (, ):
WMong. ime- (L 1001); Kh. jme-; Bur. jme-; Kalm. m- (); Ord.
jme-; Dag. xuimu-.
MGCD 691.
PKor. *pmr- 1 to bind, tie up 2 to mix (1 2 ):
MKor. pmr- 1; Mod. pmul- 2.
Nam 254, KED 760.
Poppe 12, Lee 1958, 110, 1984, 59. The root is somewhat
dubious: the older meaning attested in Kor. is to bind, tie up, and the
root may actually reflect PA *pmi twist a thread (q.v.); the same is
true of the TM forms that may in fact (especially because for Jurch. the
meaning bind is attested) go back to the same PTM root *pem-.
-pujV to nauseate: Tung. *puji-; Mong. *hoji-; Jpn. *p- ( ~ -u-).
PTung. *puji- to nauseate (): Evn. hjrqt-; Man. fuja-.
2, 337.
PMong. *hoji- 1 to nauseate 2 nausea (1 2 ):
WMong. oi 2 (); Kh. oj 2; Bur. oj- 1; Dag. xoi- 1.
MGCD 524.
PJpn. *p- ( ~ -u-) to sneeze (): OJpn. pu-, pana-pu- (pana
nose); MJpn. fn-fi-.
JLTT 690.
An expressive root; correspondences, however, seem to be regular.
-puki thigh, rump: Tung. *pogV; Mong. *(h)geg.
PTung. *pogV 1 lower part of the back 2 tail (1 2 ): Evk. hog 1, 2; Evn. hog 2.
2, 329.

*pki - *ple

1181

PMong. *(h)geg buttock, hind side of thigh (,

): WMong. geeg (L 632), igeneg; Kh. gg; Kalm.
gzg, gnng.
KW 293. Mong. > Man. ua etc., see TMN 2, 138, Doerfer MT 116.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-pki to rub, wipe off: Tung. *puku; Mong. *hg-; Turk. *k-; Jpn.
*pk-.
PTung. *puku kerchief (for wiping off) ( ( )):
Man. fuku, fu- to wipe off; SMan. fuku handkerchief (246); Ul.
poqo; Ork. pukku; Nan. puku; Sol. xunku, umku, uku.
1, 477.
PMong. *hg- to rub, knead, crumple (, ):
MMong. hunku-, unku- (MA 191, 277, 382); WMong. g- (L 1010
ge-); Kh. nge-; Bur. nge-; Ord. g-; Dong. fungu-; Mongr. fugu(SM 109).
MGCD 695, SM 109, Most. DO 759.
PTurk. *k- to grind, crush, rub (, , ):
OTurk. gi- ( ~ -) (OUygh.); Karakh. gi- ( ~ -) (MK); Tur. jt-, vt-;
Gag. t-; Az. jt- 2; Turkm. vi-, vt- 2; MTurk. gt- (AH); Uygh. k(dial.); Tat. k- (dial.); Kirgh. k-; Kaz. k-; KKalp. k-, gi-.
EDT 101-102, 1, 618-619. The root clearly has a *-k-, with a development >
*-g- > *-- in Oghuz pointing to an original long vowel. It should be therefore distinguished from PT *g- to knead, press which shows only reflexes of *-g-.

PJpn. *pk- to wipe off (, ): Tok. fk-; Kyo. fk-;

Kag. fk-.
JLTT 694.
The root means to wipe off in the Eastern area, but rather to rub
off, crush in Turkic and Mongolian.
-ple ( ~ -i) to be left, surplus: Tung. *pule-; Mong. *hle-; Turk. *le-.
PTung. *pule- to be left, surplus (, ): Evk. hele-,
hule-; Evn. hul-; Neg. xule-; Man. fulu; Ul. pule-; Ork. pule-; Nan. pule-;
Orch. xule-; Ud. xule-; Sol. ule-.
2, 364-365.
PMong. *hle- 1 surplus, to leave 2 more than 3 remain, get left (1
, 2 3 ( ), ): MMong. xule- (SH) 1, xleu (SH, HYt), holu (IM), hul(a)u (MA) 2;
WMong. le- 1 (L 1004), ileg, ileg, leg 2 (L 405), lde-, lede- 3; Kh.
le- 1, il 2, lde- 3; Bur. le- 1, l 2, lde- 3; Kalm. l, il 2, lde 3; Ord.
li-, le- 1, il 2; Mog. ZM ulou (16-1a); Dag. xulu- 1, xul 2 (. .
179), hul 2, huled 3 (MD 166), il many <lit.? (MD 171); Dong. fili- 1,
iliu, iliu 2; Bao. ilu, ilu, xelu (Tungren) 2; S.-Yugh. hel- 1, hl, l 2;
Mongr. ful- (SM 106) 1, ful (SM 106), xoliu, il, xil (Huzu).

1182

*plgi - *pli

KW 456, 457 MGCD 287, 409, 692.

PTurk. *le- 1 to divide, distribute, endow 2 lot, endowment (1 , , 2 , ): OTurk. le-, le- 1,
lg, l 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. le-, le- 1, lg, l 2 (MK, KB); Tur.
le- 1, le 2; Turkm. le, l 2, le-, le- 1; MTurk. l 2, le- 1 (AH),
le- 1, le 2 (Pav. C.), l 2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. ul- 1, uu 2;
Uygh. l- 1, l 2; Krm. le-, l- 1, l 2; Tat. l- 1, l 2; Bashk.
l- 1, l 2; Kirgh. l, l 2; Kaz. les- 1, les 2; KBalk. le- 1, le,
l 2; KKalp. les- 1, les 2; Kum. le- 1; Nogh. les- 1, lis 2; SUygh.
lis- 2; Khak. le- 1, ls 2; Shr. le-, le- 1, le, l 2; Oyr. l, l 2,
le-, le-, l- 1; Tv. le- 1, le 2; Chuv. vale- 1.
1, 627-629, EDT 127, 142, 153, 154, 46, 1, 98-99, VEWT 520,
TMN 2, 120-121.

EAS 55, 187, Poppe 12, 111, 1984, 60,

Rozycki 82. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be
borrowed from Mong.
-plgi ( ~ -o-) to blow: Tung. *pul(i)gi-; Mong. *hlie-; Jpn. *pk-; Kor.
*pr-.
PTung. *pul(i)gi- to blow (): Man. fule-; SMan. filixi- (2126);
Nan. fulgi-.
2, 336.
PMong. *hlie- to blow (): MMong. xli (SH), hul-, huile(MA); WMong. lije- (L 1006); Kh. l-; Bur. -; Kalm. l-; Ord. l-;
Dag. xl-; Dong. fulie-, fili-; Bao. file-, hil-; S.-Yugh. ple-; Mongr. ple(SM 302), ple-.
KW 457, MGCD 692.
PJpn. *pk- to blow (): OJpn. puk-; MJpn. fk-; Tok. fk-; Kyo.
fk-; Kag. fk-.
JLTT 694.
PKor. *pr- to blow (): MKor. pr-; Mod. pl-.
Nam 267, KED 835.
EAS 55, KW 457, SKE 209, Lee 1958, 110, Poppe 12, 112,
1984, 57, Martin 226. Not borrowed in TM < Mong., despite Rozycki 81.
In Turk. the root has probably merged with *uV to freeze q.v. (cf. the
meaning to blow (of a cold wind) in Chuv.).
-pli root, foundation: Tung. *pule-; Mong. *(h)lmej; Jpn. *p-; Kor.
*prhi.
PTung. *pule- root (): Man. fulexe; SMan. fulx, fuluxu
(2145).
2, 302.
PMong. *(h)lmej sole of foot (, ): MMong. o[li]mi
upper part of a foot, metatarsus (HY 47); WMong. lmei (L 633); Kh.

*plo - *pulu

1183

lmij; Bur. me, m , ; ( ); Kalm. lm

front part of the foot (folklore) ( 414); Ord. lm.
Mong. > Ul. elmi etc. (see 2, 454).
PJpn. *p- foot (of a mountain), foundation ( (), ): OJpn. pu-m(w)oto; MJpn. f-mt, f-mt; Tok. fumot; Kyo.
fmt; Kag. fumot.
JLTT 418. A compound with *mt root, foundation.
PKor. *prhi root (): MKor. prhi, prhi, prhi, prhi; Mod.
p:uri.
Nam 268, 274, KED 814.
SKE 1949, 209, Lee 1958, 109, 1984, 61, 291.
The Mong. form can belong here only if the attested HY form o[li]mi is
aberrant, reflecting the stage of language (or dialect) with h- already
lost. Otherwise Mong. reflexes are to be separated from this root. On
possible Turkic reflexes see under *ula.
-plo cheek: Tung. *pul-; Mong. *hurul; Jpn. *p-p (~-ua-); Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *pul- 1 corner (of mouth) 2 cheek 3 inner side of cheek 4
gum 5 cheekbone 6 nose (of animal) (1 () 2 3 4 5 6 ()): Evk. hullir 6; Evn.
hulrn 3; Neg. xoln 1; Man. fulin 2; Ul. pl (Sch.) 5, plt(n) 3; Ork.
pl 3; Nan. polp 3 , (Bik.) fele 4.
2, 346.
PMong. *hurul lip (): MMong. xurl (HY 46), horol (IM), hurul
(MA), horl (LH); WMong. urul, ulur, uruul (L 886); Kh. ural, url; Bur.
ural; Kalm. url, rl; Ord. url; Mog. urul (Weiers), ulur (Ramstedt 1906);
KT orol (2-1a); Dag. xorl, xorol, xollo (. . 178), horele (MD 164);
Dong. furu, furun, furu; Mongr. url (with unclear loss of h-).
KW 451, MGCD 682.
PJpn. *p-p (~-ua-) cheek (): OJpn. p(w)op(w)o; MJpn. ff;
Tok. ho, hho; Kyo. h; Kag. ho.
JLTT 414. The Kyoto and Kagoshima accent contradicts the old records and the Tokyo evidence: this is probably due to contraction.

PKor. *pr- cheek (): MKor. p-jki; Mod. pol.

Nam 261, KED 803.
EAS 55, 1984, 53, Lee 1958, 110, 75, Martin
228. Mong. *hurul regularly < *hulu-r. As for the Jpn. form, it may be a
reduplication (as thought traditionally; in this case *p- < *pl(o)-gV), or
reflect an already suffixed form, cf. e. g. Nan. polp ( < *plo-pV).
-pulu (~-o) (?) possessions, estate: Turk. *ulu-; Kor. *prr.
PTurk. *ulu- country, city (, ): OTurk. ulu (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. ulu (MK); Krm. ulu.

1184

*pi - *pnte

EDT 152-153, 317, 494. Turk. > Mong. ulus (see TMN 1, 177, Clark 1980, 41,
1997, 161), whence again modern Turkm., Oyr. etc. ulus ( 1, 592).
PKor. *prr possessions, estate (, ): MKor.
prr.
HMCH 352.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss; dubious because the Kor. word is very
sparsely attested.
-pi to open up: Tung. *pule-; Turk. *-; Kor. *prh-.
PTung. *pule- 1 to open up 2 to burst, break through (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. hulen- 1, hulte- 2;
Evn. hultl- 2; Neg. xulexet- ( ), xultejkin- 2; Man. fonto-,
funto- 2; Nan. poldol- 2; Ud. xulegde- 1.
2, 346, 347.
PTurk. *- 1 to perforate, cut a hole in 2 drill, borer (1 , 2 ): Karakh. - (MK) 1; Tur. - 1; Az. k, g 2
(dial.); Turkm. gi 2 (dial.); Kirgh. - 1, k 2; Kaz. sk 2.
EDT 256, 1, 643-644, VEWT 523.
PKor. *prh- to loosen, undo, explain (, ,
): MKor. phr-; Mod. phul-.
Nam 465, KED 1763.
SKE 210, 215-216. Cf. also MKor. prk- to get away or free from;
Bur. lxe- to bead, string ( > Evk. ulge- etc.). Despite Poppe 1972, 99,
the TM forms cannot be borrowed < Mong. lte- (see s.v. *ui).
-puma ( ~ p-, -u-, -e) a k. of big predator: Tung. *pom- / *pume-; Kor.
*pm.
PTung. *pom- / *pume- bear (): Evk. homt, humej.
2, 332, 347.
PKor. *pm tiger (): MKor. pm; Mod. pm.
Nam 256, KED 767.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; within TM attested only in Evk., thus
somewhat dubious.
-pnte a k. of insect: Tung. *pundimi; Mong. *htn; Jpn. *ptaru ( ~
-ua-); Kor. *pnt.
PTung. *pundimi midge (): Man. funima; Nan. ponm.
2, 41.
PMong. *htn worm, larva (, ): WMong. t(n) (L
646); Kh. t; Bur. t; Kalm. tn; Ord. t; Dag. xudu (. . 179);
Dong. xodu; Bao. hodg; S.-Yugh. t ( < lit.).
KW 302, MGCD 550.
PJpn. *ptaru ( ~ -ua-) firefly (): OJpn. p(w)otaru; MJpn. fotaru; Tok. htaru; Kyo. htr; Kag. hotar.

*pnV - *pe

1185

JLTT 415. Accent correspondences are not quite clear, but in any case point to a low
tone in the first syllable.
PKor. *pnt firefly (): MKor. pnt, pnti; Mod. pandi.
Nam 243, KED 716.
Mergers with *pte were possible (esp. in Jpn., where otherwise
-a- would be expected). Reasons of the loss of -n- in Mong. are not
clear.
-pnV to hit the target: Tung. *pen- / *pun-; Mong. *honu-; Turk.
*una-.
PTung. *pen- / *pun- to notice, guess (, ):
Evk. hen-; Evn. hn-; Neg. xenu-; Ul. punu-; Ork. xenun-; Ud. xno-,
xuene- to be surprised.
2, 366.
PMong. *honu- 1 to hit (target), guess 2 to compete in bow-shooting
3 to shoot over the target 4 gist, essence (1 ( ), 2 3 4
): MMong. xontua- 2, 3 (SH), nu- (IM); WMong. onu- 1, ontus3, oni-su(n) 4 (L 615); Kh. ono-, no- 1, os 4; Bur. ono- 1; Kalm. on- 1; Ord.
ono-; Dag. n- 1 (MD 200); Mongr. n- regarder; atteindre, le but,
toucher (SM 287)?.
KW 286.
PTurk. *una- to agree, be satisfied (, ): OTurk. una- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. una- (MK); Tur. una(dial.); Az. una- (dial.); Turkm. una-; MTurk. una- (. ., Abush.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. una-; Uygh. una-; Kirgh. una-; Kaz. una-; KBalk. una-;
KKalp. una-; Nogh. una-; Khak. una-.
EDT 171, VEWT 514, 1, 596-597.
A Western isogloss. ? Cf. Jpn. pono-mek- to show vaguely, guess
etc. (if not the same as pono-ka).
-pe nose; smell, to smell: Tung. *pu-; Mong. *hnir; Jpn. *pn.
PTung. *pu- smell, to smell (, ): Evk. huukte-; Evn.
hnemsi; Neg. xun; Man. fun, fusan, fuun; SMan. fusn, fusun
smelling of an animal, smelling of urine (435, 2326); Ul. p(n); Ork.
p(n), pnie; Nan. p, dial. f; Orch. x(n), x; Ud. xu(n); Sol. .
2, 349. Length in some languages is compensatory.
PMong. *hnir 1 smell 2 to smell (1 2 ): MMong.
xunir, xunor, xuiut (pl.) (SH), xunir (HYt), hujir (IM), hunir (MA) 1,
hunir 1, hunis- 2 (MA); WMong. nr (L 1010), nir 1; Kh. ner 1; Bur.
ner 1; Kalm. nr 1; Ord. nir 1; Dag. xnu- 1 (. . 179); Dong. funi
1; Bao. hun-de- 2; S.-Yugh. honr, honor 1; Mongr. funir 1, funis- 2 (SM
108).
KW 458, MGCD 695.

1186

*pe - *pk

PJpn. *pn nose (): OJpn. pana; MJpn. fn; Tok. hna; Kyo. hn;
Kag. hna.
JLTT 397.
EAS 55, 1984, 61, 78, 277, Rozycki 82. Despite
Doerfer MT 80, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. Initial *p- (not
*p-) is reconstructed because of *h- in Mong. and high pitch in Jpn. Cf.
*pe.
-pe hair; feather: Tung. *pue-; Mong. *h-s; Jpn. *pni.
PTung. *pue- hair (()): Evk. heekte ( ); Man. fuexe; SMan. fenix hair, fur(2, 143, 2282), funie;
Jurch. fun-ir-xie (497).
2, 303, 367. A possible derivative is *punu-ktV young horns of deer reflected
in Man. funtu, Nan. puntu, dial. fuku ( 2, 47); cf. also Man. fuGala feather, en arrow feathers.

PMong. *h-s hair (): MMong. xsun (HY 45, SH), hson
(IM), usun (MA); WMong. s(n) (L 1013); Kh. s(en); Bur. hen; Kalm.
sn; Ord. s; Mog. sn; ZM ou; Dag. xusu (. . 180), huse (MD
167), xus; Dong. usu, usun; Bao. su; S.-Yugh. hsun; Mongr. fu (SM
102), (Huzu) s (MGCD u).
KW 460, MGCD 697.
PJpn. *pni feather (): OJpn. pane; MJpn. fn; Tok. hne; Kyo.
hn; Kag. hne.
JLTT 398.
3, 83-84, 1984, 61-62, 29-30, 112, 275,
KW 460 (Mong. ~ TM); an alternative etymology of Poppe (Poppe 70:
linking the TM form with Mong. negen fox and Yak. ngs puppy)
is obviously untenable. Cf. also Mong. *h-dn feather ( < *hn-dn ?).
-pk fade, exuviate: Tung. *puk- / *pek-; Mong. *(h)ogu-; Turk.
*o- / *-; Jpn. *pnk-; Kor. *pkr-.
PTung. *puk- / *pek- 1 to fade, exuviate 2 to fall off 3 pale, faded,
dark (1 2 , 3 , , ):
Evn. hekl- 1,2; Man. fundexun 3.
2, 319, 367.
PMong. *(h)ogu- to fade, exuviate (): WMong. ogu- (L
613); Kh. ongo-; Bur. ongo-.
PTurk. *o- / *- to fade, become pale (, ): OTurk.
- (OUygh.); Karakh. o- (MK); Uzb. -; Uygh. o-, -; Tat. u-;
Bashk. u-; Kirgh. o-; Kaz. o-; KBalk. o-; KKalp. o-, -; Kum. o-;
Nogh. o-; Khak. o-; Oyr. o-; Tv. o-; Chuv. n- ohne Flamme brennen.
EDT 169, VEWT 362, 372, 1, 460-461.

*pri - *pri

1187

PJpn. *pnk- to fade, become bald ( ( ); ):

Tok. hag-; Kyo. hg-; Kag. hg-.
JLTT 683. The word is attested late, but seems to be different from *pnk- to tear
(off).

PKor. *pkr- to take off clothes; to fade, exuviate ( ; ): MKor. pkr-.

Nam 257.
In Turk. * would be expected; the vocalism was probably influenced by the homonymous *o / * colour, exterior. Kor. has a usual
verbal low tone.
-pri seed: Tung. *pur-; Mong. *hre; Turk. *urug ( ~ *or-); Jpn. *p;
Kor. *pr.
PTung. *pur- 1 young (boy, child) 2 children 3 family 4 breed (1 2 3 4 , ): Evk. hur-kn 1, hur 3,
huril 2; Evn. hur-ken 1, hurl 2; Neg. xujil 2; Man. fur-sun 4; Ul. purul 2;
Ork. purie 1, puril 2; Nan. puri 3, puril 2; Orch. x 2; Sol. ukkx, urkx 1,
uril 2.
2, 353-354, 357-358, 45.
PMong. *hre seed, child, descendant (): MMong. xre (HY 7),
huran, hurun (MA); WMong. re (L 1011); Kh. r; Bur. ri; Kalm. rn;
Ord. r, re; Dag. xur (. . 180), hure (MD 167); Dong. fure; Bao.
fure, fr; S.-Yugh. hure; Mongr. fur (SM 110), xur (Minghe).
KW 459, MGCD 696. Mong. > Sol. ur (see Doerfer MT 137; but not Man. fur-sun, despite Doerfer ibid. and Rozycki 83).

PTurk. *urug ( ~ *or-) 1 seed 2 child, girl 3 kin, kind 4 relatives (1 2 , 3 , 4 ): OTurk. uru
(OUygh.) 1, 3; Karakh. uru (MK, KB) 1, 3; Turkm. uruG 3; MTurk. uru
(Sangl.) 4; Uzb. uru 1; Uygh. uruq 1; Tat. orlq 1; Bashk. orloq 1; Kirgh.
uruq 3; Kaz. urq 1; KBalk. urluq 1; KKalp. urq 1; Nogh. urlq 1; Tv. uru
2; Tof. uru 2; Chuv. vr 1; Yak. ur 4; Dolg. ur 4.
VEWT 516, TMN 2, 47, EDT 214-5, 1, 604-606, 115-116, 307, 323-324,
Stachowski 246. Deriving the word from *ur- beat, hit (VEWT) is of course incorrect.
Some forms reflect a variant form *uru-lk. Turk. > Mong. uru (see TMN 2, 51,
1997, 162).

PJpn. *p growth (): OJpn. pu; Tok. f; Kyo. f; Kag. f.

JLTT 416.
PKor. *pr barley (): MKor. pr; Mod. pori.
Nam 260, KED 790.
KW 459, Poppe 111, 1972a, 52-59, 1984a, 62-63, 47-48, 286, 116, Doerfer MT 137. Jpn. *p < *pr(i)-gV ( =
Turk. *urug etc.)

1188

*pri - *prV

-pri to shake: Tung. *por-; Mong. *(h)re-; Turk. *ur-; Jpn. *pr-p-.
PTung. *por- to hit, strike (, ): Man. fori-; SMan. ori- to
pound, to beat (1582).
2, 301. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *(h)re- to strew, scatter (; , ): WMong. re- (L 1011); Kh. re-; Bur. ri-; Kalm. r- demolish;
Ord. r- faire subir une perte.
KW 459.
PTurk. *ur- 1 to beat, hit 2 to pour, strew (1 , 2 ): OTurk. ur- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ur- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. vur1; Gag. ur- 1; Az. vur- 1; Turkm. ur- 1; Khal. hur- 1; MTurk. ur- (Abush.,
Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. ur- 1; Uygh. ur- 1; Krm. ur- 1; Tat. r- 1; Bashk. r- 1;
Kirgh. ur- 1; Kaz. r- 1; KBalk. ur- 1; KKalp. ur- 1; Kum. ur- 1; Nogh. ur1; Khak. ur- 2; Shr. ur- 2; Oyr. ur- 2; Tv. ur- 2; Chuv. vr- 1.
EDT 194-195, VEWT 515, 1, 599-600.
PJpn. *pr-p- to shake; to sieve (; ): OJpn.
puru-p-; MJpn. fr-f-; Tok. fru-; Kyo. fr-; Kag. fur-.
JLTT 695.
Mong. also has a back variant *(h)uri-, reflected in *(h)uri-ldu- to
contest, fight (WMong. urildu-, uraldu-, Khalkha uralda-) = PT *uru-id.
-pri ( ~ -e) to blow: Tung. *p-; Mong. *(h)uri-; Turk. *r-.
PTung. *p- to blow (): Evk. huw-; Evn. h-; Neg. xw-; Ul. p-;
Ork. p-; Nan. p-; Orch. x-; Sol. -g-.
2, 336.
PMong. *(h)uri- to blow (in ones face) ( ( )): WMong. uri(); Kh. uri-; Bur. u- to eddy (of dust); Ord. uri-.
PTurk. *r- to blow (): OTurk. r- (OUygh.); Karakh. r- (MK);
Tur. r- (dial.); MTurk. r- (Pav. C., AH, Houts.), hr- (R.); Krm. r-;
Tat. r-; Bashk. r-; Kaz. r-; KKalp. r-; Nogh. r-; Khak. r-; Oyr. r-;
Tv. r-; Chuv. vr-; Yak. r-; Dolg. r-.
EDT 195-196, 1, 635-636, Stachowski 253.
EAS 55, 149. A Western isogloss.
-prV forest: Tung. *pure; Turk. *orman.
PTung. *pure thicket, forest (, ): Evk. hur, hure; Neg. xujn;
Ul. pure(n); Ork. pure(n); Nan. pur; Orch. xue(n); Ud. xuene- to go
hunting.
2, 351-352. TM > Dag. xure (. . 180).
PTurk. *orman forest (): OTurk. orman (OUygh. late); Tur. orman;
Turkm. ormon (dial.); Sal. ormn; MTurk. orman (Pav. C.); Uzb. rman;
Krm. orman; Tat. urman; Bashk. urman; Kirgh. ormon; Kaz. orman; KBalk.
orman; KKalp. orman; Kum. orman; Nogh. orman; Chuv. vrman.

*prVkV - *pi

1189

371, 1, 472-473.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-prVkV rope, lasso: Tung. *purka; Mong. *huraka; Turk. *uruk.
PTung. *purka lasso (, , ): Evk. hurka; Evn. hrq;
Neg. xojka; Ul. pua; Ork. pta; Nan. pojqa; Orch. xukka; Ud. xuka.
2, 352-353.
PMong. *huraka lasso, bird net (, ):
MMong. xuraqa (SH), uruqa (MA 367); WMong. uriqa, uraqa(n) (L 880);
Kh. urxi(n); Bur. uxa; Kalm. urx; Ord. uraxa; Dag. xuark (urga .
. 171 < lit.), uarehe (MD 230).
KW 451, MGCD 681. Mong. > Manchu urgan lasso (see Rozycki 219).
PTurk. *uruk 1 rope 2 lasso (1 , , 2 ):
OTurk. uruq (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. uruq (MK) 1; Tur. uran, urgan 1; Gag.
uran 2; Turkm. urGan 1; Sal. uran, oran 1; MTurk. oran (AH) 1;
KKalp. urqan 1; SUygh. uruq 2; Khak. urux 2; Shr. uruq 2; Oyr. uruq 2;
Tv. uruq 2.
EDT 215, VEWT 516, 1, 585 (confused with *ukruk), 602-603. Some modern
forms reflect a secondary derivative *urkan.

EAS 53, 125, Poppe 101, 1984, 55. A Western isogloss.

Despite TMN 2, 87, 1997, 162, Mong. cannot be borrowed <
Turkic; again, despite Doerfer MT 18, TM cannot be < Mong. (all because of archaic *p- preservation both in Mong. and TM). Quite enigmatic is the relationship of this root to synonymous *ukurkV q.v.
-pi ( ~ -e) to crush: Tung. *puru-, *purgu-; Mong. *hr-; Turk. *-;
Kor. *pr-.
PTung. *puru-, *purgu- to crush (, ): Evk. huru-,
hurgu-, horo-; Evn. huru-, hor-a-; Man. furu-; SMan. furu- to chop, to
cleave (1730); Ul. pori-; Nan. purtu crumbs.
2, 333, 352, 354. Cf. also Man. furdexe fur, Nan. furde, ferde id. ( 2, 303;
see Doerfer MT 143: Mong. hrte-sn = Man. furdexe).

PMong. *hr- to rub, grate, file (): MMong. xuru- (SH);

WMong. r- (L 1013); Kh. re-; Bur. re-; Kalm. r- to brake, comb
(wool) (); Ord. r-, r-.
Cf. also *(h)rte-sn , ; WMong. uru- to tear, rip.
PTurk. *- to break, tear, demolish (, , ):
OTurk. z- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. z- (MK); Tur. z- (dial.); Az. z-;
Turkm. z-; Khal. hs-gn-, hiz- (zgn- < Az.); MTurk. z- (Pav. C.);
Uzb. uz-; Uygh. z-; Krm. u-, iz-; Tat. z-; Bashk. -; Kirgh. z-; Kaz.
z-; KBalk. z-; KKalp. z-; Kum. z-; Nogh. z-; SUygh. jz-, juz-;
Khak. s-; Oyr. s-; Tv. s-.
EDT 279-280, VEWT 524, 1, 621-622.

1190

*psa - *pske

PKor. *pr- in pieces, in crumbs ( , ): MKor. pr-;

Mod. pur 1.
Liu 404, KED 812.
EAS 54, 56, 149, Poppe 12, 111, SKE 210, 2, 101,
1984, 63-64. Despite Rozycki 83, TM cannot be borrowed < Mong.
-psa plan, reason: Tung. *puse; Mong. *hasau-; Turk. *us; Jpn.
*pns; Kor. *ps-.
PTung. *puse reason (, ): Evk. hohut-, hout- (dial.)
to be smb.s equal; Evn. huse.
2, 335, 355.
PMong. *hasau- to ask (): MMong. asax (HY 34),
xasax-, asax- (SH), hasox-, hao- (IM), asa-, asaq- (MA), hasaq (Lig.VMI);
WMong. asau- (L 55); Kh. as-; Bur. as-; Ord. as-; Mog. asuu-; ZM
asa (23-3b); Dag. xas- (. . 174), as (MD 115), has (MD 157);
Dong. asa- ( < lit.); Bao. asG-, asx- ( < lit.); Mongr. saGa- (SM 318).
MGCD 122.
PTurk. *us 1 mind, reason 2 way of using smth. (1 , 2
-.): OTurk. usu ( ~ o-) 2; Karakh. usu ( ~
o-) 2 (MK), us 1 (MK - Oghuz); Tur. us 1; Turkm. os 1, os- to think;
MTurk. us 1 (Pav. C.); Krm. us 1; Chuv. s 1.
EDT 240, 245, 1, 606-607.
PJpn. *pns plan, intention (, ): MJpn. fz; Tok.
hzu; Kyo. hz; Kag. hzu.
JLTT 403.
PKor. *ps- to use (, ): MKor. ps-; Mod.
s:-.
Nam 319, KED 1023.
An interesting common Altaic abstract term (although voicing in
Jpn. is not quite clear).
-pske to kick, knock: Tung. *poske-; Mong. *(h)skil-; Jpn. *pnsk-.
PTung. *poske- to kick (, ): Man. fesxule-; Ork.
poskolo-; Nan. puskule-.
2, 990. TM > Dag. pekule- (. . 160).
PMong. *(h)skil- to kick (): WMong. skl-, skil- (L 417:
iskl-, skele-, skle-); Kh. gil-; Bur. xel-; Kalm. kl-; Ord. skl-;
Mongr. sgor coup de pied, sgorda- (SM 349).
KW 302.
PJpn. *pnsk- to knock away (with a finger) ( ): OJpn. pazik-; MJpn. fzk-; Tok. hajk-; Kyo. hjk-; Kag.
hjk-.
JLTT 686.

*pt - *pVbV

1191

Poppe 11, 65, 90, 1984, 50-51; TM cannot be borrowed <

Mong., despite Rozycki 76. Cf. *pki.
-pt ( ~ -o-) rope; woof, yarn: Tung. *put-; Mong. *huta; Turk. *otgun;
Jpn. *pt; Kor. *patak ( ~ --).
PTung. *put- 1 lap 2 thread, rope (1 2 , ): Man.
futa 2 ( 1079); SMan. ft 2 (661); Ul. putu(n) 1; Nan. put 1.
2, 45. The Manchu form is certainly not < Mong., despite Rozycki 83.
PMong. *huta thread (): MMong. xudasun (HY 23), heiosun
(IM), utasun (MA), htsn (Lig.VMI); WMong. utasu(n) (L 888); Kh.
utas, utsan; Bur. utaha(n); Kalm. utsn; Ord. utasu; Dong. udasun; Bao.
ndaso; S.-Yugh. dsn; Mongr. sd (SM 332), (MGCD ds).
KW 453, MGCD 685. Mong. > Evk. utasun (but not Man. futa!), see Doerfer MT 132.
PTurk. *otgun a broad strap on the left side of the saddle to which
the buckle of the girth is fastened and secured with its tongue ( , ): Karakh. otun
(utun) (MK).
EDT 47.
PJpn. *pt loom; cloth ( ; ): OJpn. pata; MJpn.
ft; Tok. hat; Kyo. ht; Kag. hta.
JLTT 401.
PKor. *patak ( ~ --) cloth, weave, texture (): Mod. padak.
KED 703.
Poppe 12, 51; 1984, 56-57; UAJ 1995, 88 (Kor.-Jpn.).
-pVbV many, ten / hundred (an auxiliary stem): Tung. *poba; Mong.
*ha-; Turk. *n; Jpn. *-p ~ *-pua.
PTung. *poba 1 ten (a bundle of ten squirrels) 2 collection, gathering
(1 ( ) 2 ): Ork. pwo 1; Nan. po 2.
2, 40.
PMong. *ha- 1 ten 2 all (1 2 , ): MMong. xarban (HY
43, SH), harbn (IM), hrban (MA) 1; WMong. arban 1; Kh. arav, arvan 1;
Bur. arba(n) 1; Kalm. arwn 1; Ord. arwa 1; Mog. arbn; ZM arbn (25-3a);
Dag. xarab (MGCD), xarba(n) (. . 174), harebe (MD 157) 1; Dong.
haran, haruan 1; Bao. harwa (MGCD), habran (Tungren) 1, hane 2;
S.-Yugh. harwan 1; Mongr. xar(w)an (SM 165), xarwan 1 (MGCD), xana 2.
KW 15, MGCD 114.
PTurk. *n ten (): OTurk. on (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. on
(MK); Tur. on; Gag. uon, on; Az. on; Turkm. n; Khal. n; MTurk. on
(Pav. C.); Uzb. n; Uygh. on; Krm. on; Tat. un; Bashk. un; Kirgh. on; Kaz.
on; KBalk. on; KKalp. on; Kum. on; Nogh. on; SUygh. on, un; Khak. on;
Oyr. on; Tv. on; Chuv. von; Yak. uon; Dolg. uon.
EDT 166, VEWT 362, TMN 2, 163, 1, 455-456, 573, 1, 130131, Stachowski 244.

1192

*pVbV - *pVbV

PJpn. *-p ~ *-pua hundred (in names of hundreds) ( ( . )): OJpn. -p(w)o.
The original root structure is not quite clear: perhaps one has to
suppose a monosyllabic root *p-, with suffixed *-ba(n) or *-n.

S
-sa to buy, sell: Turk. *sat-; Jpn. *sir; Kor. *s-.
PTurk. *sat- to sell (): OTurk. sat- (OUygh.); Karakh. sat(MK); Tur. sat-; Gag. sat-; Az. sat-; Turkm. sat-; Sal. sat-; Khal. sat-;
MTurk. sat- (Pav. C.); Uzb. st-; Uygh. sat-; Krm. sat-; Tat. sat-; Bashk.
hat-; Kirgh. sat-; Kaz. sat-; KBalk. sat-; KKalp. sat-; Kum. sat-; Nogh. sat-;
SUygh. sat-; Khak. sat-; Shr. sat-; Oyr. sat-; Tv. sat-; Chuv. sot-; Yak. at-;
Dolg. at- (in at, atastas-).
EDT 798-799, VEWT 405, 335, 7, 2, 67, Stachowski 38, 39.
Turk. > Hung. szatcz salesman (< *sat-), see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *sir price; material (; , ): OJpn. siro.

JLTT 526.
PKor. *s- to buy (, ): MKor. s-; Mod. sa-.
Nam 282, KED 869.
335. The match is acceptable (as one of the Common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots) if -r in Jpn. is a historical suffix. Cf.
perhaps also TM *sali- esteem; price - which may reflect a merger of
this root with *so love q.v.
-sb to hinder, obstruct: Mong. *saa-; Turk. *sab-; Jpn. *spr-.
PMong. *saa- to be detained, stopped, linger (, , ): MMong. saara- (SH); WMong. saara-,
saata- (L 657, 658); Kh. sr-, st-; Bur. hr- , ht-; Kalm.
st-; Ord. sta-; Dag. sta- (. . 162), ste- (MD 204); Bao. sGe- to
wait (. .); S.-Yugh. sd obstacle, sdl-.
Mong. > Oyr. st-, sara- etc., KW 318, MGCD 583, 584, VEWT 405; > Yak. srat, Dolg.
hrat- (Ka. MEJ 28, Stachowski 100) > Evk. sta-, Man. sarta-, 2, 67).

PTurk. *sab- 1 to be stopped, hindered, discontinued 2 to stop, finish 3 to turn off (the road) 4 to get rid of 5 to turn downwards, decline 6
to pass, pass away (1 , 2 , 3 ( ) 4 5 ,
, 6 , ): Karakh. savra- 1,
savl- 5 (MK); Tur. sav- 4, savu- 6; Gag. sau- 6; Az. sovul- 2, sovu- 6;
Turkm. sow- 3, sowul- 2, 3; MTurk. sav- 3, 4 (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. sw-, s-,
swul-, suwul- (dial.) 2; Krm. savu- 6.

1194

*sba - *sb

EDT 788-789, 791, 7.

PJpn. *spr- to hinder, obstruct (, ):
OJpn. sapar-; Tok. swar-; Kyo. swr-; Kag. sawr-.
JLTT 748.
Ozawa 215-216.
-sba sign: Tung. *sab(i)-; Mong. *saam; Turk. *sb-; Jpn. *smpk-.
PTung. *sab(i)- 1 sign, omen 2 to plan 3 to mark, make notches (1
, 2 3 , ): Man. sabi 1; Jurch. sabi-biar (861) 2; Ork. saw- 3; Nan. sowa ;
Orch. sawi- 3.
2, 51, 54.
PMong. *saam ruse, dodge, pretext (, ): WMong.
saam (); Kh. sm (Gomb. 429); Kalm. sm.
KW 317. The word is not listed in Lessings dictionary, which includes, however, a
WMong. sobin omen, sign ( < Manchu?).

PTurk. *sb word, speech (, ): OTurk. sab (Orkh.), sav

(OUygh.); Karakh. sav (MK); Tur. sav; Turkm. sv- matchmaker, dial.
sw; Sal. si matchmaker (); MTurk. sav (AH); Oyr. sabr (biig)
; Chuv. sv verse, poem.
VEWT 391, EDT 782-783, 7, 2, 20.
PJpn. *smpk- to discern, judge (, ): MJpn.
sabak-; Tok. sabk-; Kyo. sbk-; Kag. sbk-.
JLTT 744.
Japanese has an irregular low tone.
-sb a k. of big fish: Tung. *sabu-; Turk. *sEbrk; Jpn. *smp.
PTung. *sabu- white-fish (): Evk. sawn; Neg. sawn; Ul. saw;
Nan. sao; Orch. sa.
2, 52.
PTurk. *sEbrk sturgeon (): Turkm. sjrik; Tat. sjrk; Kum.
sjrk; Nogh. sjrik.
VEWT 438, TMN 3, 291, 178, 7. Cf. also Chuv. vr smsa lit. sharp
nose (a contamination). Turk. > Hung. sreg, see MNyTESz 3, 581.

PJpn. *smp tuna fish (): OJpn. sibji; MJpn. sb; Tok. shibi.
JLTT 522.
179.
-sb service: Tung. *sab-; Mong. *sibe-gin; Turk. *sab-; Jpn.
*smprap-.
PTung. *sab- 1 to present gifts 2 to get accustomed (1
, 2 ): Evk. sawka- 2; Evn. hawq- 2; Neg. sawl1; Man. soli- to call guests; to propose a position; SMan. ioli-, sioli(1438) to invite; Ul. sal- 1; Nan. saol- 1; Orch. sawli-, sauli- 1; Ud.
sauli- 1.

*si - *si

1195

2, 51-52. TM > Dag. soli- (. . 163).

PMong. *sibe- female servant (): MMong. ibekin (MA),
sbkin (LH); WMong. sibegin (L 694); Kh. iveg; Kalm. iwkn; Ord.
wegin.
KW 362. Mong. > Evk. iwekin (see Poppe 1972, 102). It is interesting to note Evk.
iwek, awak male servant ( 2, 375) which may witness an unattested Mong. *sibeg
id.

PTurk. *sab- 1 gift 2 booty 3 regale 4 wedding gifts 5 part of booty

(1 2 3 4 5 ): Tur. sava 3 (dial.), (Osm.) savat 1; Az. savat 1; Turkm. sovat 1;
Khal. sav- bewirten; MTurk. sauat (R.) 1, (CCum.) sajat 2; Uzb. swa
1; Uygh. soa 1; Krm. sawa 1; Tat. sawm, sawn (dial.) 4; Kirgh. sa 1,
srun 5; Kaz. sawa 1; KBalk. sawa 1; Kum. savat 1; Nogh. sawa 1;
SUygh. savra , .
Turk. > WMong. sauqa, saua, sauad (L 677) (VEWT 406, 349-350;
1997, 165; Doerfer TMN 1, 345-346, 7). An attempt of a Turkic etymology for
Mong. *saw-ga, hardly satisfactory ( < *sab- hit or obstruct) see in Eren 1972; the Late
Avestan origin of the Mong. word (suggested by Doerfer in TMN and supported by
1979, 135-136) is quite dubious.

PJpn. *smprap- to be hired, serve as samurai ( ):

OJpn. saburap-; MJpn. sbraf-; Tok. samurai (n.).
JLTT 747 (but the assertion that the form with -b- is Heian and later, is wrong; it is
certainly attested earlier and precedes the later attested variant samuraf- / sauraf-).

15 compares Tung. with Turk. *sep- to equip, fit out;

dowry, but this is phonetically less plausible because of voiceless *-pin Turkic; see on this root under *sapu.
-si wise, careful: Tung. *se-; Mong. *see-n; Turk. *sE-; Jpn.
*sita-ta-.
PTung. *se- to be careful (, ): Evk.
se-.
2, 68.
PMong. *see-n wise, clever (, ): MMong. seen (SH,
HYt), een (IM); WMong. seen, een (L 680); Kh. secen, cecen; Bur.
sesen; Kalm. cecn (); Ord. sein, iin; Dag. sein (. . 163, MD
204).
Mong. > Evk. seen etc., see TMN 1, 333, Doerfer MT 51.
PTurk. *sE- to choose, select (): OTurk. se- (OUygh.);
Karakh. se- (MK); Tur. se-; Gag. se-; Az. se-; Turkm. se-; MTurk. se(IM, Pav. C.); Krm. se-; Yak. es- to drag out the net.
EDT 794-795, VEWT 407, 7.
PJpn. *sita-ta- 1 certainly, definitely 2 to acknowledge, admit, recognize, determine (1 , 2 , ):
OJpn. sitata 1; MJpn. sitatam- 2.

1196

*sag - *sg

Cf. also OJ sita heart, mind - if etymologically different from sita below (which
seems rather probable).
76 (with a wrong inclusion of Jpn. *st-, see *sra)
-sag to cry, shout: Tung. *sag-; Mong. *siu-g-; Turk. *sgt-; Jpn.
*sakai(m)p-.
PTung. *sag- 1 to shout, cry 2 to sigh 3 to pity 4 noise, sound (1 2 3 4 , ): Evk. sais- 1, sain- 2; Evn.
sag- 2 (Arm.), hagor 4 (Sakk.); Ork. saGdan- 3; Orch. saiki 4.
2, 52, 54.
PMong. *siu- to be noisy (): WMong. siu-, (L 758) uugi-,
siugi-, ougina-; Kh. gi-; Bur. j-; Kalm. -; Ord. gi-; Mongr.
oGin- (SM 381).
KW 369.
PTurk. *sgt- 1 to cry, weep 2 weeping (1 , 2 ):
OTurk. st (Orkh.) 2; Karakh. st (MK) 2; MTurk. st 2 (IM); Krm.
st 2; Nogh. sjt 2; Khak. st 2; Oyr. st 2; Yak. t- 1; Dolg. t- 1.
EDT 806, VEWT 415, 7, Stachowski 262.
PJpn. *sakai(m)p- to cry, shout (): OJpn. sakeb-; MJpn.
skb-; Tok. sakb-; Kyo. skb-; Kag. skb-.
JLTT 746. Accent not quite clear: modern dialects point rather to *ski(m)p-.
An expressive root; in Jpn. we must assume a vowel assimilation
(*-- would be expected).
-sago ( ~ z-) old, age: Tung. *sag-d-; Mong. *se-der; Kor. *s-n.
PTung. *sag-da- 1 senior 2 old 3 old man (1 2 3
): Evk. sagda- 1; Evn. had 1; Neg. sagd 2; Man. saqda 3;
SMan. sahd 2, 3 (848); Ul. saGdi. 2; Ork. saGda 2; Nan. saG 3; Orch.
sagdi 1, 2; Ud. sagdi big; Sol. sagd, sadd 1, 3.
2, 53. TM > Dag. sagd, sard (. . 161).
PMong. *se-der age (): WMong. se-der (L 683); Kh.
sder; Kalm. sdr.
KW 341.
PKor. *s-n grown-up (): MKor. sn.
Nam 289.
Mong. and TM reflect the common derivative *sago-dV.
-sg a k. of coniferous tree: Tung. *sak-si-; Turk. *sagr, *sagr; Jpn.
*snki.
PTung. *sak-si- juniper (): Man. saqsin.
2, 57. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *sagr, *sagr thuja (): OTurk. sar a k. of plant (OUygh.
- Suv.); Uzb. sawir; Tat. sawr; Bashk. sawr.
481, 208.

*sagu - *sjbo

1197

PJpn. *snki cryptomeria (): OJpn. sugi; MJpn. sg;

Tok. sgi; Kyo. sg; Kag. sgi.
JLTT 532.
The root is poorly attested in TM, but the Turkic and Japanese
words appear to form a good match.
-sagu a k. of vessel: Mong. *sag-su; Turk. *sAgut; Kor. *sth.
PMong. *sag-su a k. of basket made from bamboo ( ):
WMong. sasu (L 658); Kh. sags.
Mong. > Neg. saksa coffin, Man. saqsu basket (see Rozycki 173).
PTurk. *sAgut dishes, vessel; instrument (, ; ,
, , ): Tur. savut weapon; Turkm. sowut (arch.,
dial.); MTurk. sawut, saut (R.), saqt (MA); Uzb. swut; Uygh. sawut;
Krm. sawut, sat; Tat. sawt; Bashk. hawt; Kirgh. st; Kaz. sawt; KBalk.
sawut; KKalp. sawt; Kum. sawut; Nogh. sawt.
VEWT 393-394. It may be possible to follow Rsnen and to derive the form *sagu-t
from *sagu corn measure; pail (see VEWT ibid., ibid., EDT 805), which would
speak in favour of PT *-g-. On the other hand, cf. Karakh. savd a basket plaited from
twigs (EDT 785). The specific synonymy vessel, dishes : instrument, gear and even
weapon (cf. KBalk. sawut weapon, MTurk. (Zenker) sawut arrow with long sharp end,
Bashk. dial. awt hunting knife) may in fact reflect a contamination with a quite different root, see *sAg[u]n arrow, arrow head.

PKor. *sth kettle (): MKor. st, sth; Mod. sot [soth].
Nam 310, KED 994.
Cf. also PT *sagr kettle (VEWT 393).
-sja ( ~ z-) clear, dawn: Tung. *saj-; Jpn. *sj-; Kor. *si-.
PTung. *saj- 1 dawn 2 to dawn 3 light 4 clear, bright (1 , 2 3 4 , ): Evk. sajirl- 2,
sajirlar 1, (dial.) ajama 3, hjeme 4.
2, 55, 309, 423. Attested only in Evk., with probable parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *sj- clear, light (, ): OJpn. saja, saja-ke-; MJpn.
sj, sj-ke-; Tok. syaka; Kyo. syk; Kag. sayak.
JLTT 520.
PKor. *si- to dawn (): MKor. si-; Mod. s-.
Nam 295, KED 921.
An Eastern isogloss. Dag. sajarin dawn is probably < Tung.
-sjbo sound: Tung. *sabu-da-; Turk. *seb-; Jpn. *swk-.
PTung. *sabu- 1 to rustle, sound 2 noise, splash (1 , 2 , ): Evk. sawuda- 1; Nan. saoG 2; Ud. safuta- 1.
2, 52, 65.
PTurk. *seb- to speak (): Tur. sjle-, dial. svle-; Gag. sle-;
Az. sjl-; Turkm. sjle-; MTurk. sjle- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. sjla-, dial. svl-;
Tat. sjl-, dial. svle-, sevle-; Bashk. hjl-; Kirgh. sjl-, sle-; Kaz. sjle-;

1198

*sjgo - *saji

KBalk. sle-; KKalp. sjle-; Kum. sjle-; Khak. sle-; Oyr. sle-; Tv. sgle-;
Chuv. sujla-, sola-; Yak. l-.
VEWT 429, 2, 54-55, 7.
PJpn. *swk- to sound, make a noise (, ): OJpn. sawak-; MJpn. swk-; Tok. sawg-; Kyo. swg-; Kag. sawg-.
JLTT 748. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
An expressive and rather insecure root: the Turkic form are late
attested and irregular.
-sjgo to filter, ooze: Tung. *saji-a (~-g-); Mong. *saa-; Turk. *sag-; Jpn.
*s; Kor. *si-.
PTung. *saji-a (~-g-) sieve (): Ul. saja; Nan. saja.
2, 55.
PMong. *saa- to milk (): MMong. saa- (SH), sa- (MA 319);
WMong. saa- (L 656); Kh. s-; Bur. h-; Kalm. s-; Ord. s-; Mog. s(Weiers); ZM s- (23-5b); Dag. s- (. . 161, MD 204); Dong. sa-;
Bao. s-; S.-Yugh. s-; Mongr. s(w)- (SM 356), sli animal quon trait,
femelle (brebis, chvre) (SM 321).
KW 317, MGCD 585. Mong. > Sol. saga- to milk, see Poppe 1961, 191.
PTurk. *sag- to milk (): OTurk. sa- (OUygh.); Karakh. sa(MK); Tur. s-, dial. sa-; Gag. s-; Az. sa-; Turkm. saG-; Sal. sax-; Khal.
sa:-; MTurk. sa- (Pav. C.); Uzb. s-; Uygh. sa-; Krm. sav-; Tat. saw-;
Kirgh. s-; Kaz. saw-; KKalp. saw-; Kum. sav-; Nogh. saw-; SUygh. sa-;
Khak. sa-; Oyr. s-; Tv. sa-; Chuv. sv-; Yak. a-.
VEWT 393, EDT 804, 7.
PJpn. *s bamboo sieve, mat ( , ): MJpn.
s; Tok. su.
JLTT 531.
PKor. *si- to leak, ooze (, ): MKor. si-; Mod.
s-.
Nam 296, KED 921.
EAS 85, KW 317, 194. Poppe 29, 59 (Turk.-Mong.),
15. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite
1997, 144. *-jg- is probable because of the TM reflex and loss of *-g- in
Jpn.; Korean high tone (rather untypical for a verb) is also possibly due
to contraction (see also *sjV shallow place - a possible source of contamination).
-saji to notch, pierce: Tung. *saji-; Mong. *seji-; Turk. *sAj-.
PTung. *saji- to make notches ( ): Neg. saj-; Ul. sa-;
Nan. sa-; Ud. sai-.
2, 54.

*sajkV - *sajo

1199

PMong. *seji- to carve, engrave, make a notch (, ): WMong. sejile-, sejii-le- (L 684); Kh. sijle-; Bur. hle-; Kalm. sl-,
s-; Ord. sl-, sle-; Dag. seile- (MD 207), seile-; S.-Yugh. sl-.
KW 328, 329, MGCD 603. Mong. > Man. sei-.
PTurk. *sAj- to pierce (, ): OTurk. saj(OUygh.); Uygh. saj-; Kirgh. saj-; Shr. saj-; Oyr. saj-.
VEWT 400, 7.
A Western isogloss.
-sajkV knucklebone: Tung. *sajKa; Turk. *siaka.
PTung. *sajKa shin-bone (, ): Man. saja.
2, 56. The word is hardly borrowed from Mong. siai, Khalkha agaj, despite
Doerfer MT 138 (however, Sol. sxa knucklebone is quite possibly < Mong.).

PTurk. *siaka knucklebone (, ): Tur. saka (dial.);

Turkm. saqa (dial.); Uzb. sqa; Uygh. saqa; Tat. saa; Bashk. haqa, haa;
Kirgh. saqa; Kaz. saqa; KKalp. saqa; Kum. saqa; Nogh. saqa; Khak. soa
(dial.); Tv. saGa; Chuv. ok .
7, TMN 3, 254, . XVII, 214, 1993. Turk. > WMong. saqa, Kalm. sax
(KW 308).

1993. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Not quite reliable because of

poor attestation in TM. Note, however, that PM *sigaji knucklebone
would be a good match - if it were not derived (or secondarily contaminated?) from *sia, see under PA *siu.
-sajo interval, space between: Tung. *saja; Mong. *sem; Turk. *saja-;
Jpn. *sai ( ~ sia).
PTung. *saja interval (between fingers) ( (
)): Evk. saja; Evn. hajldo fingers; Ul. saja(n); Ork. saja(n);
Nan. saj.
2, 55.
PMong. *sem small span ( ): WMong. sgem, sgm (L
731); Kh. sm; Bur. hm span; Kalm. sm; Ord. sm; S.-Yugh. sm.
KW 335, MGCD 608. Mong. > Evk. sm etc., see Doerfer MT 109.
PTurk. *saja- to be rare, thinned out ( , ): Tat. sajq- (dial.) to become rare, sajaq rare; Bashk. hajaq rare
(dial.); Khak. saja-; Oyr. saja-; Chuv. sojak bastard.
VEWT 395, TMN 3, 306, 7. The root is not widely attested, but its likely derivative is *saja-k young male horses separated from the herd; lonely man, wanderer,
spread much wider (see 7). Chuv. sojak definitely reflects the same form and is not
borrowed from Mar. sajak, but rather vice versa, despite 2, 53.

PJpn. *sai ( ~ sia) a measure of land (99 m2) ( (99 m2)):

MJpn. se; Tok. se.
EAS 153. The Jpn. word may be related if one assumes an original
meaning interval (in general). Mong. *sem < *sem (with a frequent
labialization transfer).

1200

*sajri - *sjV

-sajri to stick out, protrude, stand: Tung. *sara-; Mong. *sar(b)aji-; Turk.
*ser-; Kor. *sj-.
PTung. *sara- to spread out (, ): Man. sara-.
2, 64. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sar(b)aji- to spread out (, ): WMong. sarbaji- (L 675); Kh. sarvaj-; Bur. harbaj-, haraj-; Kalm.
sarw-; Ord. sarw- to have a great number of ramifications (of a tree
branch).
KW 314. Mong. sarbaji- > Oyr. sarbai-, Yak. sarbaj-, Dolg. harbaj- (Stachowski 97); >
Manchu sarbaxun lying spread-eagled on the back (see Rozycki 174).

PTurk. *ser- 1 to endure, be patient; to stay immobile, linger 2 to

spread (1 ; , 2 ): OTurk. ser-, seril- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. ser- 1,
seril- to sway and almost fall down (MK); Tur. ser- 2; Gag. ser- 2; Az.
sr- 2; Turkm. ser- 2; Sal. ser- 2; MTurk. ser- 2 (Ettuhf.); Uzb. sr- 2
(dial.); Krm. ser- 2; SUygh. sr- 2; Chuv. sar- 2.
VEWT 411, EDT 843, 851, 7. Some authors express doubt as to the compatibility of OT and modern Turkic forms; it seems, however, that the meanings are unitable
within a trans.-intrans. opposition (spread - to be spread > remain.

PKor. *sj- stand (): MKor. sj-; Mod. s-, s-.

Nam 303, KED 1023.
KW 314, SKE 225, PKE 173, 12, 297. The unexpected -b- in Mong. may be due to a mixture with *serbe- bristle, stand
on end, see under *sirpa. Medial *-j- is to be reconstructed to account
for the loss of *-r- in Kor.
-sjV shallow, stony place: Tung. *saj-; Mong. *sajir; Turk. *saj; Jpn. *si
~ *si; Kor. *si-m.
PTung. *saj- sandbank ( ): Evk. saja
(water above ice along the bank); Neg. sa-a; Ul. sja(n) sand; Nan.
sj sand.
2, 54, 55.
PMong. *sajir stony riverbed, pebbles ( ,
): WMong. sajir (L 660); Kh. sajr; Bur. hajir; Kalm. sr; Ord. sr.
KW 319, 320. Mong. > Tuva sajr.
PTurk. *saj 1 area covered with stones, stony desert, stony riverbed
2 shallow place, shallow (1 , ,
2 , ): OTurk. saj 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. saj 1 (MK); Tur. saj 1 (dial.); Az. saj 1; Turkm. saj 1;
MTurk. saj 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. sj 1, sajz 2; Uygh. saj 1; Krm. saj 1; Tat. saj
1, saj-q- be shallow; Bashk. haj 1; Kirgh. saj 1; Kaz. saj 1, sajz, sajaz 2;
KBalk. saj 1; KKalp. saj 1, sajz 2; Kum. saj 1; Nogh. saj 1; Khak. saj 1, 2;

*sk - *ski

1201

Shr. saj 1; Oyr. saj 1; Tv. saar; Chuv. sujr ul (Anatri) pebble, rubble; Yak. ajn .
VEWT 394, 93, EDT 858, 7, . XI, 162. Yak. > Evk., Evn. ajn
TMS 1, 21; > Russ. Siber. ajn ( 104).

PJpn. *si ~ *si shallow place (): OJpn. se; MJpn. s; Tok. s;
Kyo. s; Kag. s.
JLTT 520.
PKor. *si-m spring, shallow well (, ):
MKor. sim, siom; Mod. sm.
Nam 296, 297, KED 926.
KW 320, 284, Poppe 29, 67, TMN 3, 236
(mglich). In Korean the original root may have interacted with *sileak, ooze < *sjgo (q.v.).
-sk heap, pile, hill: Tung. *saK-; Turk. *saka; Jpn. *sk; Kor. *sh-.
PTung. *saK- 1 icedrift 2 pile, stack 3 foot of a mountain, base of a
pillar (1 () 2 3 (,
)): Neg. saks 1; Man. saqsaun 2, saqsan 1, 2; saa- to pile, accumulate (Lee 1958, 116); Ul. saqs 1; Nan. saqs, dial. (with unclear vocalism) sqs 1; Orch. saksi 1; Ud. sakta(n) 3.
2, 57.
PTurk. *saka foot of the mountain ( ): Karakh. saqa
(MK); Kaz. saa.
VEWT 396, EDT 805, 7.
PJpn. *sk slope, hill (, ): OJpn. saka; MJpn. sk; Tok.
sak; Kyo. sk; Kag. sak.
JLTT 516.
PKor. *sh- to pile up, to prop (, ): MKor.
sh-; Mod. s:a- [s:ah-].
Nam 285, 294, KED 919.
Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM). Korean has a verbal low tone.
-ski to jump, shake: Tung. *saka-; Mong. *sege-; Turk. *sk-.
PTung. *saka- to shake (of ground) ( ( )): Nan. saqa-.
2, 56. Attested only in Nan., with possible Turkic and Mong. parallels.
PMong. *sege- 1 to trot 2 to shake from side to side (1 2 ): WMong.
sege- 1 (L 681); Kh. sege- (); Kalm. segel- 2; Ord. sege1.
KW 321.
PTurk. *sk- to jump (, ): Karakh. sekri- (MK); Tur.
sek-, sejir-; Az. sk-, sjri-; Turkm. segre- (arch.), skdir- to gallop;
MTurk. sek-, segri- (Pav. C.); Uzb. skr-; Uygh. skr-; Krm. skir-; Tat.
siker-; Bashk. hiker-; Kirgh. sekir-; Kaz. sekir-; KBalk. sekir-; KKalp. sekir-;

*sakosako - *ska

1202

Khak. segir-; Shr. segri-; Oyr. sekir-, segir-; Chuv. sik-; Yak. ekkirie-; Dolg.
ekkir-.
VEWT 408, EDT 822, 7, 2, 48-49, Stachowski 44. Closed reflex in
Chuv. is unclear.

KW 321. A Western isogloss.

-sakosako magpie: Tung. *saksa(ki); Mong. *siaigaj; Turk. *sagsgan;
Jpn. *kssk.
PTung. *saksa(ki) magpie (): Evk. saksa -; ;
Neg. saksa -; Man. saqsaa, aqsaa; Ul. saqs; Ork. saqsan;
Nan. saqs; Orch. saqsan.
2, 56.
PMong. *siaigaj magpie (): MMong. saixai (HY 14),
saiqaj (MA), siaj (Lig.VMI); WMong. siaigai, siaaai, aaaai (L
748); Kh. gaj; Bur. zgaj; Kalm. z, z; Ord. aG; Dag. sig
(. . 161), sihe (MD 204); Dong. saGi, sai; Bao. saiGi;
S.-Yugh. saiGai; Mongr. saaG (SM 317), (MGCD aiGai).
KW 354, MGCD 699.
PTurk. *sagsgan magpie (): Karakh. sazan (MK); Tur.
saksaan; Gag. saqsan, saqsn; Az. sasaan; Turkm. saqasGan; Sal.
sxsan; MTurk. saqzan (Abush., Pav. C.), saqsaan (Pav. C.); Uzb.
zaizn; Uygh. seizan; Krm. sawusqan; Tat. sawsqan, sajsqan; Bashk.
hajqan; Kirgh. sazan; Kaz. sawsqan; KKalp. sawsqan; Kum.
sawusan; Nogh. sawsqan; SUygh. saqsqan; Khak. ssxan; Shr. saisqan;
Oyr. sasqan; Tv. ssqan.
VEWT 396, 175, EDT 818, 7.
PJpn. *kssk magpie (): OJpn. kasasak(j)i; MJpn. kasasaki;
Tok. ksasagi, kassagi; Kyo. kssg; Kag. kasasag.
JLTT 441.
KW 354, 8, 175. An onomatopoeic reduplicated
root. Cf. other similar bird names: MKor. kh id. (Martin 236), koskori
oriole; OJ sazaki (mod. miso-sazai) ; Karakh.
ekik lark, TM *uke . Ozawa (99-101) compares Mong. (Altan Tobi) aaai, Khalkha cagcxaj a k. of small bird (,
).
-ska ( ~ -k-) edge, end (of a stick, pole): Tung. *saku-; Turk. *sakanak;
Jpn. *sk.
PTung. *saku- a prop (for a kettle) (, ( )): Man. saqura; Nan. saqora.
2, 54.
PTurk. *sakanak ends of sticks in tent framework ( ,
): Kirgh. saqanaq; Kaz. saanaq; KKalp.
saanaq.

*ska - *sk

1203

7, 505 (Turk. > Kalm. sanG id.). Cf. also Tuva saq end of bow,
Old Turk. saq id. ( 7).
PJpn. *sk edge (, ): OJpn. sakji; MJpn. sk; Tok. ski;
Kyo. sk; Kag. ski.
JLTT 517.
The meaning in Japanese (edge) must be a generalization of the
more concrete earlier end (of a stick, pole).
-ska ( ~ -k-, -o) luck in hunting: Tung. *saKa; Jpn. *ski.
PTung. *saKa hunt, hunting (): Man. saa; Jurch. saxa-da-mij
(481).
2, 56.
PJpn. *ski fortune, luck (, ): OJpn. sakji.
JLTT 517. Cf. also *saki-pap-, *skr- flourish, *sakaja- prosper: these all may be derived from the same root *sak-, but mergers with the root *sk- to blossom were also
possible.

A not quite secure Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Since words for hunt often go back to names of hunted animals, one can think of comparing PT
*sajkak ( ~ *sajgak) antelope (attested since Chag., see VEWT 395,
7), with the resulting correction of the PA reconstruction to *sajka. Cf.
also *sg and *sku.
-ska ( ~ z-) sharp instrument, to cut, split: Tung. *sak-pi; Jpn. *sk-;
Kor. *sk-.
PTung. *sak-pi axe (): Ul. saqp.
2, 56. Attested only in Ul., with parallels in Kor. and Jpn.
PJpn. *sk- to rip, split (, ): OJpn. sak-; MJpn.
sk-; Tok. sk-; Kyo. sk-.
JLTT 746.
PKor. *sk- to carve, engrave (, ): MKor.
sk-; Mod. sgi-.
Nam 282, KED 920.
An Eastern isogloss.
-sk ( ~ z-) a k. of fish: Tung. *sakan-; Jpn. *ski (~-ia); Kor. *skar.
PTung. *sakan- 1 pike 2 taimen (1 2 ): Evk. sakanan 1;
Neg. saxanan 2; Ul. sakanu 2.
2, 56.
PJpn. *ski (~-ia) salmon, white-fish (, ): MJpn. sk; Tok.
ske; Kyo. sk; Kag. ske.
JLTT 517. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
PKor. *skar perch, (KED) a mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri)
(): MKor. skar; Mod. s:ogari.
Nam 307, KED 969.

1204

*sako - *skV

An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps also Oyr. sagalak -,

Mong. (L 657) saamqa salt water fish, perch(?). Like in many fish
names, details are not clear: note that the TM forms may be actually
borrowed from Jpn. sakana fish (originally wine-side dish). Cf. also
*suku.
-sako ( ~ z-, -u) salt: Tung. *saKV; Kor. *skm.
PTung. *saKV 1 dried (of meat, fish) 2 salt (1 ( , ) 2 ): Man. saqa 1; Ud. sai 2 (. 280).
2, 54, 55.
PKor. *skm salt (): MKor. skm; Mod. sogm.
Nam 306, KED 970.
A rather dubious Tung.-Kor. isogloss; perhaps a variant of the
root *sakV to ferment q.v.
-saku(rV) a k. of stinging insect: Mong. *sag; Turk. *sakrtka; Jpn.
*su(n)karu.
PMong. *sag insect eggs, nits ( , ): WMong.
sa (L 656); Kh. sag; Bur. haga- to swarm (of insects).
PTurk. *sakrtka tick (): Karakh. saqrqu (MK); Tur. sakra,
dial. sara; Gag. saqra; Turkm. saqrtGa; MTurk. saqura (AH); Kum.
qasartq; Nogh. qasartq; SUygh. saqrtq, saqartq, saqatq; Khak. saartx;
Shr. sartqa; Oyr. sartqa; Tv. sar; Yak. sasra fly.
VEWT 396, 183, EDT 816.
PJpn. *su(n)karu digger wasp, Ammophila infesta Smith. (-, Ammophila infesta Smith.): OJpn. sugaru; MJpn. sugaru.
JLTT 594.
183.
-skV to ferment: Tung. *saku; Mong. *saga- / *saka-; Turk. *sak /
*sag; Kor. *sk- / sk-.
PTung. *saku 1 stale water, muddy water 2 to become turbid, make
turbid (of water) (1 , 2 ,
()): Evk. aka- (Kamn.) 2; Evn. saq 1, saqab- 2 (Arm.); Nan. saqo / saq
1.
2, 56, 80-81.
PMong. *saga- / *saka- to ferment, to trickle (, ):
WMong. saa-; Kh. saga-; Bur. haxaj- to become covered with mud (?);
Kalm. sax-.
KW 308.
PTurk. *sak / *sag gum, resin (, ): Karakh. saz,
saqz (MK); Tur. sakz; Gag. saqz; Az. saz; Turkm. saqz; MTurk. saqz
(IM, Pav. C.); Uzb. saiz; Uygh. seiz; Krm. saqz; Tat. saz; Bashk. haz;

*sali - *salkV

1205

Kirgh. saz; Kaz. saz; KKalp. saz; Kum. saz; Nogh. saz; Khak. ss;
Oyr. sas; Tv. st; Chuv. sor; Yak. as; Dolg. as.
EDT 817-818, VEWT 396, 117-118, 7, 2, 70, Stachowski 258.
Cf. also *sak clay ( 375, 7 ibid.). MK glosses saz as gum, resin, and
saqz as any viscous substance, so a merger of two original roots is not excluded.

PKor. *sk- / *sk- 1 to exude, effervesce, ferment 2 to rot, become

spoiled 3 ferment, yeast (1 , , ( , etc.) 2 , 3 , ):
MKor. sk- 1, sk- 2, skm 3; Mod. sak- 1, s:k- 2, sgim 3.
Liu 435, 448, 450, KED 888, 940.
EAS 91, KW 308, SKE 220 (Doerfers skepticism in TMN 3, 255 is
hardly justified). The variation of *-g- and *-k- in Turkic and Mongolian
is suspicious (cf. also the Nanai form pointing rather to *-k-), perhaps
indicating that we are dealing with a merger of two different roots - cf.
also the variety of reflexes in Korean; cf. also *sako and *zko.
-sali to dislike, neglect: Tung. *sali- / *sel-; Turk. *sal-; Jpn. *sira-; Kor.
*sirh-.
PTung. *sali- / *sel- 1 to slight, disregard, neglect 2 to be angry (1
2 ): Evk. sel- 1; Evn. hel- 1; Neg. sel- 1; Ork. sali2; Nan. sali- 1 (.).
2, 58, 139-140. The vowel -e- in North. Tung. is unclear.
PTurk. *sal- 1 to quarrel, dislike, swear 2 bad influence, bad consequence (1 , 2 , ): Karakh. sala a restive horse (MK); Kirgh. saldar 2; Kaz. sal a
quarrelsome person, sals- 1, saldar 2; KKalp. saldar 2; Khak. sal- 1; Tv.
saldar 2; Chuv. sol- to damn.
EDT 826, 2, 57, 7.
PJpn. *sira- to go mad, become foolish ( , ): MJpn. sira-; Tok. shire-.
JLTT 752 (united with get known, probably by mistake).
PKor. *sirh- to dislike, feel repugnance for; be unpleasant ( ; ): Mod. sil- [silh-].
KED 1060.
SKE 234.
-salkV a k. of board, frame: Tung. *salk-; Mong. *salga; Turk. *sl.
PTung. *salk- 1 pole, post 2 frame of a loom 3 paddle on a ski stick
(1 , 2 ( ) 3 (
)): Evk. salkama 1; Evn. halqma 1; Man. salu 2; Ork. saltnqo 3.
2, 58, 59.
PMong. *salga stretcher, litter (): WMong. sala (L 665); Kh.
salga.

*slo - *sa(b)i

1206

PTurk. *sl rafter (): Karakh. sal (MK); Tur. sal; Az. sal; Turkm.
sl; Sal. sal; MTurk. sal (AH, Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sl; Uygh. sal; Krm.
sal; Tat. sal; Bashk. hal; Kirgh. sal; Kaz. sal; KKalp. sal; Kum. sal; Nogh.
sal; Khak. sal; Shr. sal; Oyr. sal; Tv. sal; Chuv. sol; Yak. l.
EDT 824, VEWT 397, 537, 2, 59, 7. Turk. > MMong. (SH)
sal, WMong. sal, Kalm. sal (KW 309; TMN 3, 231, 1997, 144).

A Western isogloss.
-slo ( ~ *z-) to be separated: Tung. *salga-; Mong. *sal(u)-; Jpn. *sr-;
Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *salga- 1 interval between legs 2 cross-road 3 to distribute (1
2 3 , ): Evk.
salgan 1; Evn. hlg 1; Neg. salga 1; Man. sala 2, sara 1, sala- 3; SMan.
arixi, arixi crotch (134); Ork. salda(n) 1; Nan. salG 1; Orch. sga 1; Ud.
saga 1.
2, 58. Manchu cannot be < Mong., despite Rozycki 173.
PMong. *sal(u)- to become separated; to branch off (; ): MMong. salqaxda- zugeteilt werden (HYt); WMong.
sal(u)- (L 663); Kh. sala-; Bur. hala-; Kalm. sal-; Ord. sal-; Dag. sala-; sal
branch (. . 161); sale (MD 205); Dong. sala branch; S.-Yugh.
sal-, sala branch; Mongr. sal-, sala branch.
KW 309-310, MGCD 590, TMN 1, 334. Mong. > Kirgh. sal etc.; Evk. salu- etc., see
Doerfer MT 26, 7.

PJpn. *sr- to go away (): OJpn. sar-; MJpn. sr-; Tok. sr-;
Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 747. The accent in Tokyo is irregular.
PKor. *sr- to disappear, vanish (, ): MKor. sr-;
Mod. sara-i-.
Nam 291, KED 871.
KW 309, Martin 245, Martin 1996, 76, Street 1985, 640.
-sa(b)i loose: Tung. *sala-; Mong. *sel(b)-, *salb-; Turk. *se-; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sala- to become loose ( , ): Orch. sala-.
2, 57; perhaps also Man. sala- to give away, distribute.
PMong. *sel(b)-, *salb- to be untied; untied, free (,
; , ): WMong. selbeji-, salbaji- (L
664); Kh. seln; Bur. helen xatarxa ; Kalm. selw-, salw-.
KW 323. Also WMong. solbaji-, Kalm. solw- (KW 330); WMong. salaji-, Kalm. sal-;
saldai- (L 665), Kalm. sald- (KW 309). Mong. salbaji- > Oyr. salbai-, Kirgh. salp- (see
7).

PTurk. *se- to untie (): OTurk. s- (OUygh.); Karakh.

s- (MK); MTurk. j- (Sangl.), s- (MKypch. - Houts.); Tat. i-; Bashk.

*so - *smpi

1207

sis-; Kirgh. e-; Kaz. e-; KKalp. e-; Kum. e-; Nogh. e-; Khak. sis-;
Shr. e-; Oyr. e-; Tv. e-; Tof. e-; Chuv. sal-t-; Yak. es-.
VEWT 413, EDT 857, 177, 2, 10.
PKor. *sr- to fit loosely, to treat lightly, handle carelessly (
, ): Mod. sl-dar-.
KED 951.
KW 323, SKE 227, EAS 72, Street 1980, 296. Cf. also Mong. sala
negligent, careless ( > Kirgh. salaq etc., see 7, VEWT 397).
-so ( ~ z-) to love: Tung. *sali-; Jpn. *ss-p-; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *sali- to esteem, appreciate (, ): Man. sali-;
sali-n price; Ul. sal-; Ork. sal-; Nan. sal-; Orch. sli-.
2, 58. Cf. also Orok salda- be merry, joke (ibid.).
PJpn. *ss-p- to lure, seduce, entice (): OJpn. sasup-;
MJpn. ssf-; Tok. sso-; Kyo. ss-; Kag. sas-.
JLTT 748.
PKor. *sr love (): MKor. sr; Mod. sara.
Nam 286, KED 871.
An Eastern isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Turk.: Chuv. ldr
beautiful (. XVII 289), Yak. llar- . Cf. also
notes to *sa.
-smo shape, appearance: Tung. *sma; Turk. *som; Jpn. *sm.
PTung. *sma sign (, ): Evk. sme; Evn. hm; Man. sama;
Ork. sama-lk; Nan. smogd a talisman placed on the breast of the deceased so that the shaman can recognize him when taking his soul to
the other world (On.)
2, 60-61.
PTurk. *som 1 number; honour 2 shape, silhouette (1 , ;
2 , ): Khal. soma 2; Khak. som 2; Oyr. som 2; Tv. soma 2;
Chuv. som 1; Yak. omoon 2.
VEWT 427, 2, 61-62, 7. The relationship to *sm whole (piece) (see
ibid.) is not quite clear.

PJpn. *sm form, shape (, ): OJpn. sama; MJpn. sama;

Tok. sam; Kyo. sm; Kag. sma.
JLTT 517.
The comparison seems probable, despite tonal incongruence between TM and Jpn. Ramstedt (SKE 222) compares Manchu forms with
Kor. sam a speck or mote in the eye (that may rather belong to *smi
q.v.).
-smpi quick, short time: Tung. *sampa-; Mong. *samba-ga(n); Turk.
*sAp ( ~ -b); Jpn. *smp-raku; Kor. *spr-.
PTung. *sampa- quick (): Ul. sap, sapa-l; Nan. sampar;
Orch. sapa; Ud. samu; Sol. sampal.

1208

*sm - *sm[u]

2, 60.
PMong. *samba-ga(n) readiness, resourcefulness; convenient time
(, ; ): WMong. sambaa (L
667); Kh. sambn; Bur. hambn; Kalm. sambn (KW: < Tib.?).
Various loan theories had been put forward: Ramstedt (KW) - from an unknown
Tibetan source; Sukhebaatar < Sanskr. *sambhaga (very dubious semantically); however,
the word may well be genuine.

PTurk. *sAp ( ~ -b) a turn (to do smth.) ( (- )): OTurk. sab (OUygh.); Karakh. sab (MK).
EDT 782, VEWT 401 (erroneously united with sap handle).
PJpn. *smpa-raku for a short time ( () ): MJpn.
sb-raku, sb-raku; Tok. shibraku; Kyo. shbrk; Kag. shibarak.
JLTT 522.
PKor. *spr- quick, swift (): MKor. spr-; Mod. p:ar-.
Nam 242, KED 706.
Kor. has a usual vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop.
-sm tar, soot, fumigation: Tung. *sam-n; Turk. *samala ?; Jpn. *sm.
PTung. *sam- fumigation, to fumigate (, ()): Evk. sam-; Evn. ham-; Neg. sam-; Ork. sam; Nan.
sam-.
2, 60. Evk. > Dolg. hamt, hamt Rauchabzug (see Stachowski 95).
PTurk. *samala ? tar (): MTurk. samla, samala (MA, AH,
CCum.); Chuv. smala.
VEWT 399. It is also worth noting Bashk. humalaq lump of clay and Tat. sumala
tar (possibly < Chuv.). 2, 23-24. The word is attested quite late and is usually
regarded as borrowed < Russ. . This might be true, but let us note that no other
Russian words were hitherto discovered in Chagatai.

PJpn. *sm charcoal; ink (; ): OJpn. sumji; MJpn.

sm; Tok. sum; Kyo. sm; Kag. sum.
JLTT 533.
Phonetically a good match, but otherwise not quite reliable: if the
Turkic parallel is to be removed as a late loanword, the semantic match
between fumigation in TM and charcoal in Japanese becomes less
convincing.
-sm[u] shaman: Tung. *sam-n; Mong. *sme; Jpn. *smi-.
PTung. *sam-n shaman (): Evk. samn; Evn. hamn; Neg.
samn; Man. sama(n); SMan. samn (1090); Ul. sam(n); Ork. sama(n);
Nan. sam; Orch. sama(n); Ud. sama(n); Sol. sam.
2, 59. TM > Dag. samn (. . 161).
PMong. *sme temple, joss-house (, ): MMong. sume
ger (HY 17), sume (SH); WMong. sme (L 743); Kh. sm; Bur. hme;
Kalm. sm (); Ord. sme; Dag. sum (. . 164), sume (MD.
213); Mongr. smn (SM 343), smn.

*smV - *saV(-kV)

1209

MGCD 617.
PJpn. *smi- emperor (): OJpn. sumjera-, sumje; MJpn.
smra-; Tok. sumera-gi.
JLTT 533.
Ozawa 117-118, JOAL 68. The parallel seems interesting, but front
vocalism in Mong. demands some special explanation.
-smV a k. of fish: Jpn. *smp; Kor. *sam-.
PJpn. *smp mackerel (): OJpn. saba; MJpn. sb; Tok. sba;
Kyo. sb; Kag. sba.
JLTT 515.
PKor. *sam- mackerel (): Mod. sam-hi.
KED 905.
Martin 236. Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss, and the precise reconstruction is not quite clear (if *-mp- is to be reconstructed, cf. Man.
sampa crayfish, crab?). From other languages one could link a quite
isolated Turkish form semek fish (used as a synonym for balq).
-sanV ( ~ z-) to hang down, lower: Tung. *sanika; Mong. *sani-.
PTung. *sanika nose ring (, , ( )): Man.
sania; Ul. sanaa; Nan. sanaa; Orch. sanaa, sania; Ud. saneh.
2, 61.
PMong. *sani- to hang down (): WMong. sani- (L 673); Kh.
sani-; Bur. hana-; Kalm. san-; Ord. sanik sanik ge-.
KW 312. Mong. > Yak. sanj- hang down, dangle.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Note also Tar. sagila- herabhngen (von
den Ohren) (KW 312, VEWT 400) - hardly a loanword from Mong, but
phonetically strange (why -g-?).
-so ( ~ z-) hole, interval: Tung. *saa-; Kor. *s.
PTung. *saa- hole, crack (, ): Evk. sar; Evn. har;
Neg. sa; Man. saGa; SMan. sa cave (2361); Ul. saGal; Ork. saGa;
Nan. saGar; Orch. saa; Ud. saa; Sol. sar.
2, 62.
PKor. *s space between, interval (): MKor. s;
Mod. sai.
Nam 288, KED 881.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss; valid if TM *saa- < *sa-ga-.
-saV(-kV) bird dung: Tung. *saa; Mong. *saga-; Turk. *sak.
PTung. *saa bird dung ( ): Neg. saan; Ud. saa.
2, 61.
PMong. *saga- bird dung ( ): MMong. sanqa- to
defecate (of birds and insects) (MA); WMong. saga-su(n) (L 672); Kh.
sagas; Kalm. sasn.
KW 313.

1210

*sae - *sau(V)

PTurk. *sak bird dung ( ): Karakh. sa (MK); Tur.

sank; MTurk. saq (B); Kirgh. za; sat- to defecate; Kaz. sa- to
defecate.
EDT 831, VEWT 401, 150-151, 7.
KW 313, 151, 7. A Western isogloss.
-sae ( ~ z-) to envy: Tung. *sagu-; Jpn. *snia-m-; Kor. *si-.
PTung. *sagu- to enjoy other peoples grief ( (
)): Man. sagu-.
2, 62. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PJpn. *snia-m- to grudge, envy ( ,
): OJpn. sonem-; MJpn. snm-; Tok. sonm-; Kyo. snm-;
Kag. snm-.
JLTT 755. Original accent is not quite clear: modern dialects reflect rather *snim-.
PKor. *si- to be jealous (): MKor. si-; Mod. su-.
Nam 296, KED 924.
An Eastern isogloss; Mong. *sinu- to covet would fit semantically, but phonetically rather continues PA *si q.v.; cf. also *sni.
-so (~ *z-) cold, cool: Tung. *sau-n, *sau-ksa; Mong. *se-; Jpn.
*sm-.
PTung. *sau-n,*sau-ksa 1 cool 2 hoar-frost (1 , 2 ): Evk. saun 1, sauksa 2; Evn. hat- be covered with
hoar-frost; Neg. saun 1, saksa 2; Ul. saqsa, saaqsa 2; Ork. san 1, sae
2; Nan. sqsa 2; Ud. sauh 2.
2, 62-63.
PMong. *se- 1 shadow 2 shaded, dark (1 2 ,
): MMong. seuuder (HY 42), seuder 1 (SH), seuder (IM, MA 267,
Lig.VMI); WMong. se-der 1 (L 683), se-mg 2; Kh. sder 1, smeleshimmer; Bur. hder 1 hmeger shimmer; Kalm. sdr 1, sm, sm 2;
Ord. sder 1; Dag. seuder, suidur (. . 164) 1; S.-Yugh. sder 1;
Mongr. sdr 1.
KW 341-342, MGCD 615. Mong. > Neg. sewdele-, Man. sebderi etc. ( 2, 134).
PJpn. *sm- cold (): OJpn. samu-; MJpn. sm-; Tok.
sam-; Kyo. sb-; Kag. sam.
JLTT 839.
112, 274.
-sau(V) ( ~ z-) smoke: Tung. *saan; Mong. *suwnag.
PTung. *saan smoke (): Evk. saan; Evn. h; Neg. saan;
Man. aan; SMan. ian (491); Jurch. a-gian (619); Ul. saa(n); Ork.
sana(n); Nan. saa(n); Orch. saa(n); Ud. saa(n); Sol. saa.
2, 63.

*spa - *sp

1211

PMong. *suwnag column of smoke ( ): WMong. suuna,

suuna (L 735); Kh. snag; Bur. hnagta- to stretch, extend (of smoke).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-spa brace, vice: Tung. *sabga; Mong. *sabsalga; Turk. *sabak; Kor.
*spk.
PTung. *sabga 1 bough, stick (for drying fish) 2 a k. of vice (1
( ) 2 ( )): Nan. sabGa 1; Orch. sabba 2; Ud.
sagba 2 (. 280).
2, 51.
PMong. *sabsalga vice (, ): WMong. sabsala (L 654);
Kh. savsalga; Ord. sabsalGa.
PTurk. *sabak ? vice (): Tur. ? savak water chute; Tv. sk.
Phonetically a good match pointing to PT *sabak - but very poorly represented and
dubious semantically (the meaning water chute in Turkic - because of the shape of the
object?).

PKor. *spk brace, pivot pin (, ): MKor. spk;

Mod. sabuk.
Liu 433, KED 876.
A common derivative *spa-kV is reflected in Turkic, TM and Korean.
-sapV ( ~ -e-) to hit, throw: Mong. *saba-; Turk. *saba-.
PMong. *saba- to throw, hit against smth. (,
-.): MMong. saba- (MA); WMong. saba- (L 653); Kh. sava-; Bur.
haba-; Kalm. saw- (K); Ord. sawa-; Mog. saba- (Ramstedt 1906).
PTurk. *saba- to beat, hit, fight (, ): Karakh. sava- to
fight (MK); Tur. sava-; Gag. sava-; Turkm. dial. sava; MTurk. sava(Houts., Ettuhf.); Uzb. sava-; Krm. sava-.
VEWT 391, EDT 793, 7.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; may be just a specialization of *spo q.v.
-sp stick, pole: Tung. *sap-kun; Mong. *sibee; Jpn. *smp ~ *smp;
Kor. *sp.
PTung. *sap-kun root (): Evn. hopkon; Neg. sapkun.
2, 64, 333.
PMong. *sibee stick, pole, rod; fence (, ; ):
MMong. ibee (HY 3); WMong. sibee(n), sibei (L 694); Kh. iv; Bur. eb;
Kalm. iw fortress, citadel (); Ord. iw.
PJpn. *smp ~ *smp firewood (, ): OJpn. siba; MJpn.
sb, sb; Tok. shba, shba; Kyo. shb; Kag. shib.
JLTT 522. Most forms point to *s(m)p, although a variant *s(m)p may be also
postulated on the basis of Tokyo shba.

PKor. *sp firewood (, ): MKor. sp; Mod. sp [sph].

1212

*sp - *sp

Nam 301, KED 961.

PKE 177, Martin 227 (Kor.-Jpn.). The accent variants in Jpn. are
due to a confusion of PA *spi stick and *spe swamp vegetation q. v.
As opposed to *spu long twig, rod (q. v.) this root must have denoted
twigs and branches used as firewood and also suitable for making
fences (cf. Mong. sibee fence and OJ siba-gakji twig fence).
-sp long hair: Tung. *sap-; Mong. *sabaga; Turk. *sapak; Jpn. *smpi;
Kor. *sap-.
PTung. *sap- 1 beard, moustache 2 pubic hair (1 , 2 ): Man. sabula 2; Nan. sapsoqta 1 (Kur-Urm.), safala 2.
2, 64.
PMong. *sabaga yak wool ( ): WMong. sabaa; Kh. savga;
Bur. habaga thick thread made of sinew, habiga brides small braid;
Kalm. sawg long and thick hair.
KW 315 (but Kalm. may be < Turk.)
PTurk. *sapak branch, bunch (, ): Turkm. sapaq; Kaz. sabaq; Oyr. sabaq.
VEWT 391. The stem is usually regarded as derived from *sp handle (see e.g.
7); the latter indeed also means stalk and has a derivative *spak handle, stalk.

PJpn. *smpi pistils, stamens (, ): MJpn. sb; Tok.

shbe; Kyo. shb; Kag. shib.
JLTT 522. The Kyoto accent is aberrant.
PKor. *sap- long-haired dog ( ): MKor. sapsri, spsr-kh; Mod. sapsari, sapsal k.
Liu 439, KED 906.
2, 64.
-sp to sprinkle, scatter: Tung. *sabda-; Mong. *sabir- / *sibere-; Turk.
*sep-; Jpn. *simpuki; Kor. *sp-.
PTung. *sabda- to trickle, ooze (, , ): Evk.
sawda-; Evn. habd-; Neg. sabda-; Man. sabda-; SMan. savd (2022, 2021);
Jurch. sada-ra; Ul. sabda-; Ork. sabda-; Nan. sabda-; Ud. sabda-.
2, 51.
PMong. *sabir- / *sibere- to sprinkle, trickle (, ,
()): WMong. sabira-, sibere-, sibsi- (L 695); Kh. savira-, ivre-,
avi-; Kalm. swr- to sprinkle, scatter.
KW 319. The Mong. form seems to be borrowed in a number of TM expressive
forms: Orok spr , sepiti- / seputi- , , Man. ufur se, sabara- , .

PTurk. *sep- to scatter, sprinkle (, ): Tur. sep-;

Az. sp-; Turkm. sep-; Khal. sp-; MTurk. sep- (IM, AH); Uzb. sep-; Uygh.
sp-; Krm. sep-; Tat. sip-; Bashk. hip-; Kirgh. sep-; Kaz. sep-; KKalp. sep-;
Kum. sep-; Nogh. sep-; Oyr. sep-; Chuv. sap-.
VEWT 410, 26, 7.

*sp - *saru

1213

PJpn. *simpuki splash, spray (): Tok. shibuki.

PKor. *sp- 1 to wet, soak 2 to wash 3 to scatter, sow (1 2
3 , ): MKor. spr- 1, spr- 2, sph- 3; Mod. p:uri1,3, p:al- 2.
HMCH 312, Nam 247, 272, 279, 280, KED 725, 814.
An expressive root, but nevertheless with satisfactory correspondences. Korean has a usual vowel reduction in two of the roots derivatives. Mong. *sabir- may be a result of partial contamination with *spo
throw, scatter q.v.
-sp shore: Tung. *sapsV; Turk. *sEp; Jpn. *sp.
PTung. *sapsV bank, shore (, ): Ul. saps;
Nan. saps; Orch. sapsa.
2, 64.
PTurk. *sEp duct, river branch, bay (, ,
): Khak. sip; Oyr. sep; Tv. sep.
VEWT 410, 7.
PJpn. *sp tide (): OJpn. sip(w)o; MJpn. sf; Tok. shi; Kyo.
sh; Kag. shi.
JLTT 525.
A good common Altaic root, although not very widely represented.
-sara ( ~ *sero, *sura, *sora, *z-) monkey: Mong. *sar-magin, *sar-bain;
Jpn. *sr.
PMong. *sar-magin, *sar-bain monkey (): MMong.
sor-mi (IM); WMong. sarmain, sarbain (L 675, 676); Kh. sarmagin;
Bur. harmagan; Kalm. sar-mn (); Ord. sarmaGin.
A somewhat distorted compound with *mein (v. sub *ma) in the second part. The
restructuring occurred under the influence of other animal names with a frequent female
suffix -gin.

PJpn. *sr monkey (): OJpn. saru; MJpn. sr; Tok. sru;
Kyo. sr; Kag. sar.
JLTT 518.
Ozawa 96-99. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. ?Cf. perhaps Turk. *sarsal
weasel (EDT 854 etc.)
-saru ( ~ *-) locust, dragon-fly: Tung. *aaraku; Mong. *ara-; Turk.
*sarnga; Jpn. *sunsu-musi; Kor. *nr.
PTung. *aaraku a k. of locust ( ): Man. aaraqu.
2, 386. An isolated Manchu form, and borrowing < Mong. (see Rozycki 42)
cannot be entirely excluded.

PMong. *ara- locust, grasshopper (, ): WMong.

ara, araa(i), araxai (L 165); Kh. carc(n), carcxaj; Bur. sars; Kalm.

1214

*sarkV - *sro

carc, carc, carcx; Ord. ar; Dag. rn (. . 180); Bao. aGaG;

S.-Yugh. araG; Mongr. raG (SM 443), raG.
KW 422, MGCD 563.
PTurk. *sarnga locust (): Karakh. sara (MK); MTurk.
sarnqan (AH); Khak. sarsxa, sarnqa a k. of dragonfly; Oyr. sarqa,
sarsqa.
EDT 845, VEWT 404, 7, 187 (confused with *siar yellow).
PJpn. *sunsu-musi a k. of cricket ( ): MJpn. suzumusi;
Tok. suzmushi; Kyo. szmsh; Kag. suzumshi.
Original accent unclear.
PKor. *nr dragon-fly (): MKor. nr; Mod. amari.
Nam 416, KED 1396.
KW 422, 187. An onomatopoeic insect name, with usual
in such a case assimilations.
-sarkV to drip, splatter: Tung. *sargi-; Mong. *sark-; Turk. *sark-.
PTung. *sargi- to splatter (of water, rain) (, ( , )): Evk. sargi-; Evn. harg- to snort, pant; Nan. sarG(Naikh.).
2, 65.
PMong. *sark- to sprinkle, drip (, ): WMong.
sarkira-, sarqaji-; Kh. sarxij- , ,
; Kalm. sarkr-, sarkl-; Ord. sarira- to murmur.
KW 313.
PTurk. *sark- to drip, ooze (, , ):
Karakh. sarq- (MK); Turkm. sar()q-; MTurk. sarq- (AH); Uzb. sa(r)qi-;
Krm. sarq-, sarx-; Tat. sarq-; Bashk. harq-; Kirgh. sarq-; Kaz. sarq-,
sarq-; KKalp. sarq-; Kum. sarq-; Nogh. sarq-; Khak. sarx-; Tv. sarq-;
Chuv. srn-.
VEWT 404, EDT 847-848, 7.
A Western isogloss. Note some of the Turkic derivatives (Kum.
sarqm thin flow, Tat. dial. sarqm thick whey left after pressing curds
etc., see 7) which may speak in favour of the original meaning
to ooze, be filtered. In this case the root may actually be derived from
*srV to be rare, thinned out (q.v.) (assuming that length in TM was
secondarily shortened); cf. especially the common Western derivative
*sr-kV maw used for filtering / fermenting.
-sro a k. of blossoming plant: Tung. *sara-a; Mong. *sere- / *serke-;
Turk. *sarga-; Jpn. *stk.
PTung. *sara-a a k. of plant (mountain barberry?) (.
( ?)): Man. saraa.
2, 65. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.

*srpa - *srpa

1215

PMong. *sere- / *serke- a k. of blossoming plant (

: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ): WMong. ser(k)eeg, (L 691) serkelig 2; Kh. sereleg 1,
serkeleg 2; Bur. herxneg 3, herhen 4; Kalm. serkng 3 ().
Cf. also Khalkha sarnaj rose.
PTurk. *sarga- 1 a plant which grows in damp places 1 a plant
growing in saline grounds (1 ,
2 , ): OTurk. saran 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. saran, saran qam 2 (MK); Az. saraGan (); Chuv. ? surx slli (? 1988, 42; lit.
sheep oats).
EDT 849, VEWT 403. Cf. also *sia reed (in Oghuz languages, see under *sia
marsh - perhaps a contamination), as well as some forms dealt with under *sarmsak (v.
sub *sera).

PJpn. *stk a k. of rhododendron ( ): MJpn.

satuki; Tok. stsuki; Kyo. stsk; Kag. satski.
Cf. *s[]rko, with a possibility of contaminations.
-srpa ( ~ -p-) weak, exhausted: Mong. *sarba-a; Turk. *sarp; Jpn.
*smp-.
PMong. *sarba-a 1 to be exhausted, weak 2 fever (1 , 2 ): WMong. sarbaa-da- 1 (); Kh.
sarvda- 1; Bur. harig, harmaj 1; Mongr. sarb 2.
For Bur. harig weak, exhausted cf. WMong. (L 675) sari impatient; light-minded.
PTurk. *sarp difficult (): OTurk. sarp (OUygh.); Karakh.
sarp (KB); Tur. sarp; Az. sarp; Turkm. sarp; MTurk. (MKypch.) sarp
(CCum., Houts.).
VEWT 404, EDT 845.
PJpn. *smp- grieved, cheerless, lonesome (, ,
): OJpn. sabu-si; MJpn. sabu-si; Tok. sabish-; Kyo. sbsh-;
Kag. sabish-.
JLTT 839.
Some evidence from Mong. (Bur. harig) seems to indicate that the
root may be just *sara, with the old derivative *sar(a)-pV reflected in
most languages.
-srpa a k. of tool: Tung. *sarpuk; Mong. *sorbi; Turk. *sa(r)pan; Jpn.
*sp; Kor. *srp.
PTung. *sarpuk chopsticks (, ( )): Neg.
sapk; Man. sabka; SMan. safq (570); Jurch. sabu(n)xa (257); Ul. salb;
Ork. sab; Nan. sarb; Orch. sappui; Ud. safugu; Sol. sarpa, sarpo.
2, 66-67. TM > Dag. sarpa (. . 162); WMong. sabqa(n) (L 654), Khalkha
savx, Kalm. sawx (KW 315), Dag. sabehe, sabeke (MD 204).

1216

*sarpe - *sarpi

PMong. *sorbi staff, stick (, ): MMong. sorbi (HY 20);

WMong. sorbi (); Kh. sorvi shamans staff (); Bur.
hobo.
PTurk. *sa(r)pan plough (): Karakh. saban (MK); Tur. saban;
Gag. saban; Az. sapan; Sal. sovan (); MTurk. saban (IM, AH),
sapan (Pav. C.); Uygh. sapan; Krm. saban; Tat. saban; Bashk. haban; Kaz.
saban; KBalk. saban; Kum. saban, sarapan plough breast; Nogh. saban;
Chuv. sorban plough breast.
VEWT 402, 468, . XI, 205, 7, Molnr 2001. Turkm. dial. svan
ploughfield may point to length, but is not quite clear because of -v-. The root may have
been influenced by PT *sp handle (v. sub *sp).

PJpn. *sp a k. of hoe ( ): OJpn. sapji; MJpn. sf.

JLTT 516 (but the hypothesis of Jpn. < Kor. < Chin. is groundless).
PKor. *srp spade, shovel (): MKor. srp; Mod. sap.
Nam 292, KED 906.
Martin 242, 73, Doerfer MT 82. The root must have denoted a k. of stick used in agriculture, most probably digging stick or
hoe, with a later transition to plough, and in TM, exotically, to eating stick or chopsticks. Mong. sabqa, because of the absent -r-, is
most probably < Manchu, whereas the original root is preserved as
*sorbi stick, staff (although the -o-vowel here is a bit strange - *sarbwould be expected; perhaps we are actually dealing with a suffixed
form like *sorbuji, with a secondary labialization < *sarbuji).
-sarpe colt, foal: Mong. *sarbaa; Turk. *sp.
PMong. *sarbaa 2-year-old colt ( ):
WMong. sarbaa; Kh. sarw; Kalm. sarw.
KW 314 ( > Oyr. sarbaa etc., see 7).
PTurk. *sp 2-year-old colt; donkey colt ( ; ): Karakh. sp (MK); Tur. spa; Az. spa; Khal. supa; MTurk.
spa (Houts.); SUygh. sp.
EDT 783, 7. Note also Osm. (R.) srpa id.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-sarpi (~-e) a k. of needle: Tung. *sarpu-; Turk. *sp-.
PTung. *sarpu- needle for weaving nets ( ( )):
Neg. sapk; Man. sarba, sarfu, surafu; Ul. sarp(n); Ork. salp ~ sarp; Nan.
sarpol; Orch. saptu; sapsaki a k. of needle.
2, 64, 129.
PTurk. *sp- 1 to thread a needle 2 needle ( , ): OTurk. sap- (OUygh.) to graft; Karakh. sap- (MK) 1; Az. sap 2;
Turkm. sap- 1, sap 2; Khal. sap 2; MTurk. sap- (R) 1, sap (Pav. C.) 2; Uzb.
sap- (dial.); Uygh. sap-; Krm. sap-; Tat. sap-; Bashk. hap-; Kaz. sap-; Chuv.
sp-.

*saru - *sarumV

1217

EDT 784, VEWT 401-402. Turk. > Bur. hab sinew thread (unattested Mong. sab >
Yak. sap thread).
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-saru to be worn out, torn: Mong. *sar-ni-; Turk. *saran; Jpn. *sutar-.
PMong. *sar-ni- 1 to stray, disperse 2 lose powers (1 ,
, 2 ): WMong. sarni- 1,2 (L
676); Kh. sarni- 1; Bur. harni- 2; Kalm. sarni- 1; Ord. sarni- 1.
KW 314.
PTurk. *saran miser, miserly (, ): OTurk. saran
(OUygh.); Karakh. saran (MK); Uzb. sara; Uygh. sara; Krm. saran,
sara; Tat. saran; Bashk. haran; Kaz. sara; KKalp. sara; SUygh. saran;
Oyr. saran, saram; Yak. ara.
VEWT 403, EDT 853-854, 7. Cf. Chuv. soran wound, loss, damage.
PJpn. *sutar- to become unfashionable, deteriorate ( , ): OJpn. sutar-; MJpn. str-; Tok. stare-; Kyo.
str-; Kag. str-.
JLTT 759. The verb is usually regarded as a passive (intransitive) of *st- throw
out, discard, and it was certainly influenced by the latter accentologically. But the accent
in Kagoshima (sut- vs. str-) as well as the external parallels show that it is originally a
distinct root, probably with low tone (*str-).

7.
-sru ( ~ -e-) a bird of prey: Mong. *sar; Turk. *sar(); Kor. *sr.
PMong. *sar 1 bird of prey 2 snipe (1 2 ):
MMong. sar (HY 14) duck-hawk, harrier; WMong. sar (L 674); Kh. sar
1, sarlin 2; Bur. harla(n) 2; Kalm. sar big kite; Mongr. sr (SM 326).
KW 313. Mong. > Oyr. srlin etc. ( 7).
PTurk. *sar() 1 bird of prey, kite 2 a k. of falcon 3 starling 4 siskin (1
, 2 3 4 ): Tur. sar-a 4; Az.
sar 2; Turkm. sar 3; MTurk. sar, saria 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. sr 2; Uygh. sa(r)
1; Tat. sar 2; Bashk. har 2; Kirgh. sar 1; SUygh. sar 1; Tv. sar 2.
VEWT 402b, 170, 7.
PKor. *sr eagle, hawk (, ): MKor. sr; Mod. suri.
HMCH 180, Liu 474, KED 1002.
KW 313, VEWT 402, 2,64 (Evk. sar < Mong.), KW 313. Cf.
also Jurch. siel ( < *siar-) hawk.
-sarumV ( ~ z-, --) eyelash, eyebrow: Tung. *sarimi-; Mong. *sormu-;
Kor. *sm.
PTung. *sarim- 1 to wink 2 eyelash, eyebrow (1 2 , ): Evk. sarim- 1, sarimikta 2; Evn. harm- 1, harmt 2; Neg.
sajmta 2; Man. solmin 2; SMan. ulimin 2 (17); Ul. sarumta 2; Ork.
sr()mqta 2; Nan. sarmaqta 2; Orch. smikta 2; Ud. smikta 2; Sol. sammikta, sarmilta, sarmitta 2.

1218

*sarV - *srV

2, 66. TM > Dag. sarmilta eyebrow (. . 162).

PMong. *sormu- eyelash (): MMong. sormue (HY 45), surimusun (body hair) (SH), ormou eyelid (IM), surbisun (MA), sarmasn
(Lig.VMI); WMong. sormu(u)su(n) (L 729); Kh. sormos(on), sorms(an);
Bur. homoho(n); Kalm. sormsn; Ord. sorms, sormsu; Dong. somosun.
KW 332, MGCD 607.
PKor. *sm eyebrow (): MKor. nn-sm.
Nam 115.
KW 332, Rozycki 186.
-sarV song, feast: Tung. *sari; Turk. *sarn.
PTung. *sari-n feast (, ): Man. sarin; SMan. sarin, arin,
arin (960); Nan. sar.
2, 66. TM > Dag. sare- to have a feast.
PTurk. *sarn song, sad song (, ): MTurk.
sarna- (R) to sing; Kaz. sarn; Kum. sarn; Khak. sarn; Shr. sarn; Oyr.
sarn; Tv. srn.
VEWT 404, 7.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-srV to be rare, thinned out: Tung. *sr-; Mong. *sar-; Turk. *sAr-.
PTung. *sr- 1 crumbly 2 small, split 3 to rarefy, to weed (1
2 , 3 , ): Evn. sarkama 1;
Neg. saj 2; Man. sara- 3; Ul. sar (bi) 2; Ork. sr (b) 2; Nan. sr (b) 2;
Orch. sar 2.
2, 66.
PMong. *sar- to be rare, net-like ( , ):
WMong. sariar thin and crispy (L 675); Kh. saraj-; Bur. harsaj-.
PTurk. *sAr- 1 to filter, separate 2 to be filtered, separated 3 sieve
for filtering liquids (1 , 2 , 3 ): Karakh. sarma- 2,
sarm 3 (MK; EDT 852-853: serme-, serim); Turkm. sarGan milk product
made of boiled milk together with the contents of the stomach of a
newborn lamb; MTurk. sar- 1 (Diz.).
7.
A Western isogloss. It is interesting to note the Turkm. form sarGan, which may reflect an old derivative *sr-kV maw, paunch and its
products (reflecting the role played by the maw, ventriculus in the filtering and fermenting process) : cf. PT *sarkuk maw, paunch (EDT
849-850, 7), WMong. sarkina ventriculus, second stomach (L
676; possibly < Turkic); Evk. sargkte upper coverage of the stomach.
See also notes to *sarkV.

*sai - *si

1219

-sai to get cold, freeze: Mong. *ser-; Turk. *sAak / *sArk-.

PMong. *ser- cool, fresh (, ): MMong. seriun
(HY 5), seriut- (SH); WMong. serign (L 691); Kh. sern; Bur. hen;
Kalm. sern; Ord. sern; Dag. sern (. . 163, MD 211); S.-Yugh.
srn; Mongr. sarin (SM 328), sar.
KW 326, MGCD 601. Mong. *serin fresh, cool > Evk. serun, Man. serguwen etc.
(see Doerfer MT 119, Rozycki 178); > Turk. serin, MTurk. servn etc., see 16,
17; Yak. sern, srn, Dolg. hern, hrn (Ka. MEJ 17, Stachowski 102).

PTurk. *sAak / *sArk- 1 to become numb 2 hoar-frost 3 cold wind

(1 , 2 3 ): Karakh. sarq- 1, sarqm
2 (MK); Tur. (dial.) sazaq, sazaan 3; Az. sazaG 3; MTurk. (Xwar.,
MKypch.) sarq- 1 (Qutb, AH); Kaz. sazar- 1; Nogh. sazar- to be bored;
Khak. sarnax 3 (Kach.); Tv. sar- to nag, feel pain.
EDT 848, 849. 42, 43. Despite EDT 847, the basic meaning is not weak
downward movement with no force behind it: in fact we have here a confusion of several originally different roots (see *sark- overflow, drip; *sal- put down, lower, with the
derivative *salk- which has influenced the meaning of *sark- in some languages).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. In Kor. and Jpn. the reflex of this root

may have merged with *slgu q.v. (cf. PKE 175).
-si to know; beware, feel: Tung. *s-; Mong. *seri-; Turk. *sE- (~--);
Jpn. *sr-; Kor. *sari-.
PTung. *s- to know (): Evk. s-; Evn. h-; Neg. s-; Man. sa-;
SMan. sa- (1856); Jurch. a-xi (353); Ul. sw; Ork. s-; Nan. s-; Orch.
s-; Ud. s-; Sol. s-.
2, 49-51.
PMong. *seri- to wake; notice (; ): MMong.
seri- (HY 35, SH), sere-ba to feel, sense (HY 33), sere- (SH), siri-, sri(MA), sr- (IM); WMong. sere-, seri- (L 689); Kh. sere-; Bur. heri-; Kalm.
ser-; Ord. sere-; Mog. ser-; Dag. sere- (. . 163, MD 211); Dong.
ieri-; Bao. sere-; S.-Yugh. ser-; Mongr. sari- (SM 327), (MGCD ser-).
KW 325, MGCD 600. Mong. > Evk. seri- etc. (see Doerfer MT 38, Rozycki 178).
PTurk. *sE- (~--) 1 to feel, understand 2 doubt (1 , , 2 ): Karakh. sez- (MK) 1; Tur. sez- 1;
Az. sez- 1; Turkm. seza(wr); MTurk. sez- 1 (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sez- 1;
Uygh. sz- 1; Krm. sez- 1; Tat. siz- 1; Bashk. hi- 1; Kirgh. sez- 1, sez feeling; Kaz. sez- 1; KBalk. sez- 1; KKalp. sez- 1; Kum. sez- 1; Nogh. sez- 1;
Khak. sis- 1; Oyr. ses- 1, ses understanding; Tv. sezik 2; Tof. sezik 2.
VEWT 413, EDT 860-861, 7. Turk. sezik > WMong. sesig (but seig is probably
genuine, see under *sV).

PJpn. *sr- to know (): OJpn. sir-; MJpn. sr-; Tok. shr-; Kyo.
shr-; Kag. shr-.
JLTT 752.

1220

*so - *so(-gV)

PKor. *sari- 1 to beware, be careful, spare oneself 2 wisdom (1

, 2 ): MKor. srki 2; Mod. sari- 1, slgi
2.
Nam 321, KED 873, 1027. The --vowel in srki is probably a secondary result of assimilation.

EAS 71, KW 325, Poppe 29, 82 (Turc-Mong.), Murayama 1962, 111,

1978, 277-278, Miller 1981, 852, 2, 107-108, Ozawa 228-229, 74, 91, 276, 14, Martin 234. TM preserves length in a monosyllabic root after loss of the resonant. Mong. cannot be explained as a
loanword, despite 1997, 144.
-so fence, village: Tung. *saru; Mong. *sirge; Turk. *soak; Jpn. *stu.
PTung. *saru- 1 a sit in boat made like a tent 2 fence (1 (
, ) 2 , ): Ul. sr(n) 1; Ork. sar(n) 1,
sarqa 2.
2, 67.
PMong. *sirge fence, barrier made of pointed sticks ():
WMong. sirge, (L 757) rge; Kh. rg; Bur. rge; Kalm. rg.
KW 366.
PTurk. *soak village (): OTurk. sozaq ( ~ -u-) (OUygh.).
EDT 861, VEWT 429.
PJpn. *stu village (): OJpn. satwo; MJpn. st; Tok. sto;
Kyo. st; Kag. sto.
JLTT 519.
A common derivative *so-kV is reflected in OT sozaq, PM *sir-ge
and Orok sarqa.
-so(-gV) a k. of big fish: Tung. *sarga-; Mong. *sirge; Turk. *sV-gan.
PTung. *sarga- 1 perch 2 grayling 3 white-fish 4 herring (1 2
3 4 ): Evk. sargaka 1; Neg. sajgat 2; Man. sarGa nimaa
3; Ul. sarGad 2; Ork. sarkki 4; Orch. sagati 2.
2, 65, 67.
PMong. *sirge ruff (fish) (): WMong. sirge; Kalm. rg zasn.
KW 366. Cf. also Shor araan < Mong. *siraan. See Mudrak D 195-196.
PTurk. *sV-gan 1 carp 2 snake, dragon (1 2 , ):
Tur. sazan 1; Gag. sazan 1; Az. sazan 1; Turkm. szan (VEWT); MTurk.
sazan 2 ( > Tur. sazan); Uzb. sazan 1 (dial.); Bashk. hazan, saan 1
(dial.); Kirgh. sazan 1; Kaz. sazan 1; Kum. sazan 1; Khak. sazan 1; Tv.
sazan 1.
VEWT 406, 179, 7. Bulg. > Hung. srkny dragon, see Gombocz
1912, MNyTESz 3, 493-494.

179, Miller 2000, 61-62. A Western isogloss. Cf. also Kor.

salgi Amur grayling, perhaps borrowed from TM.

*sV - *sebe

1221

-sV to slander, condemn: Tung. *sa-; Mong. *seig; Turk. *saj-; Jpn.
*si-r- ( ~ *si-r-).
PTung. *sa- to condemn (, ): Evk. sa-a-; Sol.
sil-.
2, 54.
PMong. *seig doubt (, ): WMong. seig (L
692); Kh. seig; Bur. heeg; Kalm. seg (); Ord. seik.
PTurk. *saj- 1 to slander, lie 2 slander, lie (1 , 2 , ): Uzb. saji delirium; KKalp. saj- 1; Khak. saja- 1, sajax 2;
Oyr. sajaq 2; Chuv. soj- 1, soj 2.
VEWT 395, 7, . XI, 160.
PJpn. *si-r- ( ~ *si-r-) to urge; to contest (; ): MJpn. ser-; Tok. sr-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 749.
Mong. is usually regarded as < Turk. *seik, see *si (see VEWT
413, Clark 1980, 40; cf. also WMong. sesig id.).
-sebe to love, have fun: Tung. *sebe-; Mong. *sebki-; Turk. *seb-; Jpn.
*sua(m)pa-p-; Kor. *sip-.
PTung. *sebe- fun, to have fun (, ): Evk. seben;
Evn. hebk-; Neg. seben-; Man. seben, sebele-; SMan. sevn pleasure,
enjoyment (1941), sev enjoyable (1942), sevl to enjoy (1943);
Ul. sebeni; Ork. seben; Nan. sebeni; Orch. seben-; Ud. sebeke, sebu
interesting.
2, 133-134. Man. > Dag. sebile- (. . 162).
PMong. *sebki- to rest, refresh oneself, relax (, , ): WMong. seb (ge-), sebki-, sebkire- (L 678, 679); Kh.
sevxij-; Bur. heb ge-; Kalm. sew ge-.
KW 327. Mong. > Man. sebi-, sebki-.
PTurk. *seb- to love, like (): OTurk. sev- (OUygh.); Karakh.
sev- (MK); Tur. sev-; Gag. sev-; Az. sev-; Turkm. sj-; Khal. sv-; MTurk.
sev- (IM, Pav. C.); Uzb. sev-, sj-; Uygh. sj-; Krm. sev-, sj-; Tat. sj-;
Bashk. hj-; Kirgh. sj-; Kaz. sj-; KBalk. sj-; KKalp. sj-; Kum. sj-;
Nogh. sj-; Oyr. s-; Chuv. sav-; Yak. ij-.
EDT 784, VEWT 406-407, 7.
PJpn. *sua(m)pa-p- to recreate, have fun (, ): OJpn. swobap-.
JLTT 754.
PKor. *sip- to wish, want (, ): MKor. sip-; Mod. sip[siph-], siph-.
Nam 325, KED 1043, 1066.
EAS 71, Doerfer MT 240, 14. Despite Doerfers (TMN 3, 316)
doubts, the root is common Altaic. The Jpn. vowel is quite irregular:

1222

*sebV(nV) - *sg

perhaps in Jpn. and Kor. we should presuppose a suffixed form

*sebV-p- ( > Kor. sip-, PJ *sua-p-, with further suffixation *sua-p-ap-). Cf.
also WMong. (L 653) sabla-ldu- to show favour, be gracious.
-sebV(nV) ( ~ z-) strange, supernatural: Tung. *seben; Mong. *sebe-n;
Kor. *sn ( < *sVbVn).
PTung. *sebe- 1 ghost (shamans aid) 2 idol 3 God (1 ( ) 2 3 ): Evk. sew 1; Evn. hewki 3; Neg. sewen; Ul.
sewo(n) ~ sewe(n); Ork. sewe; Nan. sew; Orch. sew(n), seweru 1, seweki 2;
Ud. sewe(n) 1, sewexi 2; Sol. sew 1, 2.
2, 135 (also *sebe-ki).
PMong. *sebe-n strange (, ): WMong. sebegn (L 678); Kh. sevn.
PKor. *sn guest (): MKor. sn; Mod. son.
Nam 308, KED 985.
266.
-sd ( ~ z-) to think, determine: Mong. *sede-, *sed-ki-; Jpn. *sntm-.
PMong. *sede-, *sed-ki- to think of, to intend (, ): MMong. setki- (HY 33, SH), stki- (IM), sitkl angry (MA); WMong.
sede-, sedki- (L 680); Kh. setge-; Bur. hede-; Kalm. sed-, setk-; Ord. sedil
conscience, thought, feeling; Dag. serkin (. . 163); Bao. sgt-;
S.-Yugh. sedgel thought; Mongr. sgir (SM 347), (MGCD sgl thought).
KW 327, MGCD 593, 601.
PJpn. *sntm- to determine (, ): OJpn. sadama-;
MJpn. sdm-; Tok. sadam-; Kyo. sdm-; Kag. sdm-.
JLTT 745.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-sedurkV ( ~ z-) nose bone: Tung. *serge-; Mong. *sadurkaj.
PTung. *serge- 1 gills 2 nose bone (1 2 ()):
Evk. sergekte 1; Nan. seur 2 (Kur-Urm.).
2, 143, 145.
PMong. *sadurkaj nose bones (, ): WMong.
sadurqai, (L 656) sadarqai; Kalm. sadrx; Ord. sadarx.
KW 307.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, with a typical loss of *-d- before *-r- in
TM.
-sg ( ~ z-) to litter, mat: Tung. *seg-; Mong. *seg-l-; Jpn. *sk-; Kor.
*skr-.
PTung. *seg- 1 to litter 2 litter, mat (1 2 , ): Evk. se- 1, sekte 2; Evn. he- 1, het 2; Neg. sek- 1, sekte 2; Man.
sekte- 1, seki 2; Ul. segdi- 1, segdi 2; Ork. seji- 1, segi(n) 2; Nan. segi 2;
Orch. segdi 2; Ud. soktou(n) 2.

*segsV - *segu

1223

2, 136-137. Evk. > Dolg. hekte (see Stachowski 101).

PMong. *seg-l- mat (): MMong. seguul- to roll up (as a
mat) (SH); WMong. segel, seglei (L 682: segli); Kh. segel, seglij.
PJpn. *sk- to litter, strew (): OJpn. sik-; MJpn. sk-; Tok.
shk-; Kyo. shk-; Kag. shk-.
JLTT 751.
PKor. *skr- to spread out (as mat) ( (. )):
MKor. skr-; Mod. k:al-.
Nam 22, KED 44.
Cf. *ske.
-segsV nape, back of head: Tung. *sekse-; Mong. *segseji- / *sogsoji-;
Turk. *sgsn.
PTung. *sekse- back of head (): Man. seksexe.
2, 139. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable Turk. and Mong. parallels.

PMong. *segseji- / *sogsoji- to bristle, stick out ( ( )): WMong. segsi-, segseji-, sosuji- (L 682, 723); Kh. segsij-, sogsoj-;
Bur. hagsagar/hegseger , , (
) hegselze- ; Kalm. seksi-; Ord. segs-.
KW 322.
PTurk. *sgsn nape (): OTurk. ssgn (OUygh.) backside,
rump; Tur. sgsn, sjsn (dial.); Az. sjsn; MTurk. (MKypch.) sksn
(AH); Oyr. sskenek.
EDT 856, 234-235, 7.
235. A Western isogloss. Turk. *sgsn < *segsn through
vowel assimilation.
-segu a k. of small fur animal: Tung. *segep(ke); Mong. *sowsar; Turk.
*sogur ( ~ -a-).
PTung. *segep(ke) sable (): Evk. seep; Evn. hep; Neg. seep;
Man. seke; Jurch. sep-ke (191); Ul. spe; Ork. seppe; Nan. spe; Sol. segei.
2, 137.
PMong. *sowsar marten (): WMong. sowsar, (L 741, DO 595)
suusar; Kh. ssar; Kalm. suwsr (); Ord. ssar.
Mong. > Turk. sawsar etc. (not vice versa, despite TMN 3, 297-298, Clark 1980, 39,
7; Khalkha > Bur. (Okin., Tunk.) ssari .

PTurk. *sogur ( ~ -a-) a small fur animal (marmot) ( ()): Karakh. sour (MK); Tat. suwr; Bashk. hwr; Oyr. sran a
small rodent; Chuv. svr.
EDT 815, VEWT 416, 425, 7.
A Western isogloss. Mong. *sowsar < *sau-sar, with labial attraction.

1224

*sg - *seji

-sg healthy; blood: Tung. *sgV-; Mong. *saji(n); Turk. *sg; Jpn.
*sk-jaka; Kor. *s-nb-.
PTung. *sgV- 1 blood 2 red (1 2 (*sge-)): Evk.
skse 1, (dial.) segen 2; Evn. hs 1; Neg. skse 1; Man. segi 1; SMan. i
1 (165); Jurch. se-i (512) 1; Ul. skse 1, sege(n) 2; Ork. sekse 1, sgde(n)
2; Nan. skse 1, sg 2; Orch. skse 1, sege 2; Ud. sake 1; Sol. ske 1.
2, 136, 138-139. The pure root is preserved in Evk. s-, Neg. s- to bleed,
flow (of blood).

PMong. *saji(n) 1 good 2 beautiful (1 2 ):

MMong. sajin (HY 55, SH), jn healthy (IM), sajn (MA); WMong. sajin
1 (L 660), sajiqan 2 (L 661); Kh. sajn 1, sajxan 2; Bur. hajn 1 hajxa(n) 2;
Kalm. sn 1; Ord. sn; Mog. sn; Dag. sain 1, saixan (saikan) 2 (. .
161, (MD 204, 205); Dong. sain 1, saiGan 2; Bao. sa 1, sexa 2; S.-Yugh.
sain 1, saiGan 2; Mongr. sn (SM 343), (MGCD: sain ) 1; sGan (SM 341)
(MGCD saixan) 2.
KW 319, MGCD 588, 589, TMN 1, 371. Mong. > Manchu, Jurchen sain (see Rozycki
173); > Chuv. saj (Rna-Tas 1973-1974).

PTurk. *sg healthy (): OTurk. sa (OUygh.); Karakh. sa

(MK); Tur. sa, s; Gag. s; Az. sa; Turkm. saG; Sal. sax right ();
Khal. s; MTurk. sa (Pav. C., AH); Uzb. s; Uygh. sa; Krm. saw; Tat.
saw; Bashk. haw; Kirgh. s; Kaz. saw; KBalk. sav, sau; KKalp. saw; Kum.
saw; Nogh. saw; sawlaj whole, all; SUygh. sa; Shr. sa; Oyr. s, su;
Chuv. sv.
TMN 3, 334-5, EDT 803, 7.
PJpn. *sk-jaka healthy (): MJpn. sukujaka, skjk; Tok.
sukyaka; Kyo. skyk; Kag. sukoyak.
JLTT 533.
PKor. *s-nb- strong, tough (, ): MKor.
s-np- (-b-); Mod. snap- (-w-) rough, fierce, violent.
Nam 284, KED 869.
EAS 85, KW 319, 266-267, Poppe 29 (Turk.-Mong.;
Doerfer TMN 1, 372 refutes the match for absolutely unclear reasons),
289, . 182. The semantic correlation blood:
health, healthy is rather usual, thus the TM form belongs here with
great probability. Kor. has a usual verbal low tone.
-seji relative by marriage: Tung. *segi; Turk. *siil; Jpn. *sai ( ~ sia);
Kor. *sj.
PTung. *segi relative by marriage (): Neg. segi;
Jurch. se-i- (328); Ul. segi; Ork. egi; Nan. segi (On.).
2, 138-9 (to be distinguished from blood!).
PTurk. *siil 1 younger sister 2 younger brother (1
2 ): OTurk. siil 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. siil 1 (MK);

*sjra - *sjV

1225

Turkm. sili 1 (dial.); Sal. siil, sini, sine 1; MTurk. siil 1 (Abush.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. siil 1; Uygh. siil 1; Krm. sili 1; Tat. sl 1; Bashk. hl
1; Kirgh. sidi 1; Kaz. sili 1; KKalp. sili 1; Nogh. sili 1; SUygh. sn 1;
Shr. sinim (Chul.) 2; Chuv. ll-m 2.
EDT 839, 311, 7. The original meaning was probably younger sister of husband (still observable in Old Turkic); note also the meaning younger brother
in Chuv. and in Chul. sinim.

PJpn. *sai ( ~ sia) beloved one (): OJpn. se.

JLTT 521.
PKor. *sj husband (): MKor. sj.
Nam 297.
KW 328. MKo also has sjr bastard which may be related to the
same root. The Jpn. form presupposes a suffixed *sej(i)-gV ( = TM
*segi).
-sjra ( ~ z-) three, a three-part object: Mong. *seree; Jpn. *srp; Kor.
*sih.
PMong. *seree trident, pitchfork (, ): WMong.
serege, serige, serije (L 689); Kh. ser; Bur. her; Kalm. ser; Ord. ser tte
de flche plusieurs pointes; Dag. ser (. . 163, MD 211).
KW 325, MGCD 599. Mong. > Oyr. sr.
PJpn. *srp rake, pitchfork (, ): MJpn. srf.
JLTT 518.
PKor. *sih three (): MKor. si (sih-); Mod. st [ss].
Nam 302, KED 968.
SKE 225, PKE 171. Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for loss
of *-r- in Kor. Cf. perhaps also Man. sertej three-lipped, having a harelip; MKor. shri, mod. s:re rake, harrow ( = Mong. *seree).
-sjV thin, rare: Tung. *sr; Mong. *seji-; Turk. *sedre- ( < *sej-re-); Jpn.
*si- ( ~ *si-); Kor. *sri.
PTung. *sr thin, rare (, ): Man. seri; Ul. ser bi; Nan.
sr.
2, 144.
PMong. *seji-, *sejire- to be rare, thinned ( , ): WMong. seji-, sejire- (L 684); Kh. sij-, sijre-; Bur. hijre-; Kalm.
sr-; Ord. sre-.
KW 328.
PTurk. *sedre- 1 to be rare, have wide intervals 2 gappy, rare, perforated (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. sedrek 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. sere- 1, serek 2 (MK); Tur.
sejrek 2; Gag. srek 2; Az. sejrk 2; Turkm. sejrek 2; Sal. serex 2; MTurk.
sejrek 2 (AH); Uzb. sijrk 2; Uygh. sirk 2; Krm. serek 2; Tat. sir- 1 (dial.) ,

1226

*sku - *sku

sirk 2; Bashk. hirk 2; Kirgh. sejrek 2; Kaz. sre- 1, sjrek 2; KKalp. sjrek 2;
Kum. sijrek 2; Nogh. sjrek 2; Chuv. sajra 2.
EDT 802, VEWT 407.
PJpn. *si- ( ~ *si-) narrow (): OJpn. se-, seba-; MJpn. sb-;
Tok. sem-; Kyo. sm-; Kag. sem-.
JLTT 839, 840.
PKor. *sri interval, space (, ): MKor. sr;
Mod. sri (arch.).
Nam 299, KED 936.
282, . 101, 7, TMN 3, 308-309.
Despite 1997, 144 not borrowed in Mong. < Turk.
-sku to preserve, be aware: Tung. *sexu-; Mong. *saki-; Turk. *sk()-;
Jpn. *sk-; Kor. *sk-.
PTung. *sexu- sensitive, responsive (): Ul. sexuli; Nan. sexur.
2, 139.
PMong. *saki- to protect, guard (, ,
): MMong. saqi- (MA), saki- (SH, HYt); WMong. saki- (L 662); Kh.
saxi-; Bur. haxi-; Kalm. sk-, sak-; Ord. sai-; Dag. sagi- (. . 161),
sahi- (MD 204) ; sag-; Dong. saGi-, sai-; Bao. sGe-; S.-Yugh. s-;
Mongr. sagi- (SM 319), (MGCD sg-).
KW 308, 318, MGCD 596.
PTurk. *sk()- 1 aware 2 be aware, protect (1 , 2 , ()): Karakh. saq 1, saqn- 2
(MK); Tur. sak, sax 1 (dial.), sakn- 2; Gag. saq 1, saqn- 2; Turkm. saq 1,2;
MTurk. saqn- 2 (Houts.) , saqin- 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb. s 1 (dial.); Krm.
saqn- 2; Tat. saq 1; Bashk. haq 1; Kirgh. saq 1; KBalk. saq 1; KKalp. saq 1;
Kum. saq 1; Nogh. saq 1; SUygh. saqa 1, saq-, saq- 2; Khak. sax 1, sa- to
wait; Oyr. saq- 2; Tv. sa- 2; Chuv. s guard.
VEWT 395-6. Turk. > WMong. sa, Kalm. sag (KW 307).
PJpn. *sk- to like (, ): MJpn. suk-; Tok. sk- to
like, sk-as- to quieten; Kyo. sk-, sks-; Kag. sk-, suks-.
JLTT 758. The causative differs in tone from *sk- and may actually reflect a different original root.

PKor. *sk- 1 to read characters, interpret 2 to know each other (1

, 2 , ): MKor.
sk- 1, ski- 2; Mod. sgi- 1, sagwi- 2.
Nam 282, KED 868, 920.
KW 318. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite TMN 3,
218-219, 1997, 144. Korean has a usual verbal low tone. Cf.
*ska.

*sela - *sb

1227

-sela ( ~ -o) bolt, hinge: Tung. *selu-(mi)-; Mong. *silbi-; Turk. *salma /
*salu; Jpn. *saru.
PTung. *selu-(mi)- 1 cross-bow 2 arrow (1 2 ):
Evk. selu, sele 2; Evn. helike 2; Neg. senmu 1, 2; Man. selmin, selen (also
cock in bird-trap); Nan. sermi 1, 2; Orch. semmi 1, 2; Ud. semi 1, 2.
2, 143.
PMong. *silbi- button loop ( ): WMong. silbi (L
705); Kh. ilbe; Bur. elbe; Kalm. ilw; Ord. ilbe (ilbi).
KW 357. Mong. > Oyr. ilbi.
PTurk. *salma / *salu 1 sling 2 horse noose 3 snare 4 button hole (1
2 3 4 ): Karakh. salu (MK) 1;
Khal. sal 1; MTurk. salma 3 (Pav. C.); Uygh. salma 4; Bashk. halmawr
1; Kirgh. salmr 1; Kaz. salma ornamental bands in a yurt; Khak. salba 1
(Sag.); Chuv. sol bracelet.
VEWT 399, EDT 827, . XI, 174. Usually derived from *sal- put or *sal-nhang, droop - all very dubious semantically. With other suffixes cf. perhaps Uzb. sldw
tug, Tuva saldrk belt shaped as a loop

PJpn. *saru door lock, bolt ( , ): MJpn. saru; Tok.

saru.
A common Altaic derivative *sela-mV is reflected in PTM *selu-mi-,
PT *sal-ma and possibly (with denasalization) in Mong. *sil-bi-.
-sle ( ~ z-) mutually: Mong. *sel-; Jpn. *sr-p-; Kor. *sr.
PMong. *sel- to alternate (, ): MMong. silgito billow, welter (MA) (?); WMong. sel-, (L 686) selg-; Kh. sele-; Bur.
helge-; Kalm. sel-.
KW 322. Mong. (with a secondary semantic development: to repair) > Khak. selito repair etc. (VEWT 409).

PJpn. *sr-p- to fit each other, be adjusted ( , ): OJpn. s(w)or(w)opa- to fit, adjust (tr.); MJpn.
sorof-, srb-; Tok. sor-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 756. Accent in Tokyo and Kagoshima is aberrant.
PKor. *sr each other, mutually ( , ): MKor. sr,
sr, sr; Mod. sro.
Nam 299, KED 935.
KW 322.
-sb ( ~ z-) oar, spoon: Mong. *selbi-r; Jpn. *sns; Kor. *sr.
PMong. *selbi- 1 oar 2 to row (1 2 ): WMong. selbigr 1,
selbi- 2 (L 686); Kh. selbr 1, selbe- 2; Bur. her, hebr, helbe 1; Dag. seli
(. . 162: selbe), selebe- 2 (MD 207).
MGCD 598. Mong. > Man. selbi oar; to row (see Rozycki 177).
PJpn. *sns spoon (): MJpn. sazi; Tok. saj, sji; Kyo. sj; Kag.
saj.

1228

*sma - *sme

JLTT 520 (but the theory of borrowing from Chinese -e teaspoon is quite improbable: chaji would be expected in Jpn.).
PKor. *sr spoon (): MKor. sr; Mod. sul (dial.).
Nam 315, KED 1018.
A Chinese origin of Kor. sr, suggested in Martin 1996, 92, is quite
improbable.
-sma to get lost, deviate: Tung. *sm-; Mong. *samur-; Turk. *sAm-; Jpn.
*sm-.
PTung. *sm- to be lost (): Evk. sm-.
2, 141.
PMong. *samur- 1 to stir, mix smth., make a disorder 2 disorder (1
, 2 ): MMong.
samaura- 1, samau(i) 2 (SH), samaou rebellion (HYt); WMong. samura1 (L 668), samaun 2 (L 667); Kh. samra- 1, samn 2; Bur. hamar- 1; Kalm.
samr-, samr- 1; Ord. samur- to stir tea; Dag. samra- (. . 161),
samar- 1; S.-Yugh. samr- 1, samn 2; Mongr. samur- tre en dsordre,
se rvolter (SM 322), samuri- mler en remuant, remuer avec une
cuiller (SM 323); samur 2.
KW 311, MGCD 592. Mong. > Man. samara- etc., see Doerfer MT 122, Rozycki 174.
PTurk. *sAm- 1 a complicated affair with no obvious way out 2 to
be sad, tired 3 to rave 4 fool (1 , 2
, 3 4 ): Karakh. samurtu 1
(MK); Turkm. samra- 3, samsq 4; Oyr. samzl- 2.
EDT 830.
PJpn. *sm- to wander, falter (, ): OJpn.
sama-jwop-; MJpn. sm-jof-; Tok. samay-; Kyo. smy-; Kag. samay-.
JLTT 747.
High tone in Jpn. is irregular.
-sme (-a) fat: Tung. *semesik; Mong. *semi; Turk. *semi; Kor. *sam.
PTung. *semesik inner fat ( , ): Evk. semesik;
Evn. hemehk; Neg. semesix; Man. semsu.
2, 142.
PMong. *semi inner fat, fat on liver ( , ): MMong. simei (MA 320); WMong. semi (L 687: semee,
semei(n)); Kh. sem; Bur. heme; Kalm. semn; Ord. semei(n).
KW 323. Mong. > Man. semeen, see Rozycki 178 (but not > semsu, TM *semesik).
PTurk. *semi 1 fat (adj.) 2 fat (n.) 3 fatten (1 2 3 , ): OTurk. semiz 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. semiz (MK) 1;
Tur. semiz 1; Az. smiz- 3; Turkm. semiz 1; Sal. sems 2; MTurk. semiz 1
(Pav. C.); Uzb. semiz 1; Uygh. semiz 1; Krm. semiz 1; Tat. simz 1; Bashk.
himiz 1; Kirgh. semiz 1; Kaz. semiz; KBalk. semiz 1, 2; KKalp. semiz 1;

*smi - *smi

1229

Kum. semiz 1, 2; Nogh. semiz 1; SUygh. semiz 1; Khak. simis 1; Oyr. semis
1; Tv. semis 1; Tof. semis 1; Chuv. samr 1; Yak. emis 1; Dolg. emis 1.
EDT 830, VEWT 409, 7, Stachowski 45. A common Turkic derivative is
*semri- / *semir- to become fat, see EDT ibid., 7.

PKor. *sam placenta, caul (, ): Mod. sam.

KED 901.
EAS 71, KW 323, Poppe 29, 14. It is interesting to note OJ
same-nuri a way of applying varnish (if same- here is not = sama- to
fade). Despite Poppe 1974, 120, *-i in Mong. is a quite common suffix
(see Poppe 1973, 234) and the Mong. form can hardly be regarded as
borrowed < Turkic (Clark 1980, 39 says that the case defies explanation (as a borrowing); likewise, the TM forms are difficult to explain as
borrowed < Mong.
-smi scar, pock-mark, stain: Tung. *semke; Mong. *seme-; Turk. *sm
(~--); Jpn. *sm; Kor. *sm.
PTung. *semke 1 callus 2 to get a callus, wear out 3 rough, rare (of
cloth) 4 holey 5 skimmer (1 2 , 3
, ( ) 4 5 ): Evk. semke 1,
semke- 2; Neg. semerigu 5; Man. semejen, semexun 3; Ul. semm bi 4; Ork.
sempeke 4; Nan. semm b 4; Orch. semteke 4; Ud. sempe- 4.
2, 141, 142.
PMong. *seme- 1 to become worn out, torn (of cloth) 2 caus. 3
pocked, holey (1 , 2 ,
3 , ): WMong. semere- 1, semele- 2 (L 687), semeger 3;
Kh. semre- 1, semle- 2, semger 3; Bur. heberi-; Kalm. semr- 1, seml- 2; Ord.
semere- 1; Dag. seme- 2 (. . 162).
KW 323.
PTurk. *sm (~--) 1 inflammation 2 pimple (on face) (1
2 ( )): Az. sim blood-poisoning; Turkm. sm 1; KKalp.
semik mark, mole on body; Khak. simiske 2.
The Oghuz form may reflect a contamination with the borrowed Arab. word for
poison (Tur. sem).

PJpn. *sm pock-mark; stain (, ; ): OJpn.

simji; Tok. shmi; Kyo. shm; Kag. shmi.
JLTT 524.
PKor. *sm 1 spot (in the eye) 2 wart, mole (1 ( ) 2 , ): MKor. smki 2; Mod. sam 1, smagwi 2.
Liu 433, KED 873, 901.
See also notes under *smo.

1230

*smi - *snV

-smi ( ~ z-) caution, attention: Tung. *sme-; Jpn. *smas-; Kor. *sm-.
PTung. *sme- 1 to get used 2 to accustom, habituate 3 to guess, be
suspicious (1 2 3 , ):
Evk. sme- 1; Evn. hmgi- 2; Man. semki- 3.
2, 141, 142.
PJpn. *smas- to show (): OJpn. simjes-; MJpn. sms-;
Tok. shims-, shmes-; Kyo. shms-; Kag. shims-.
JLTT 751. The accent in RJ and PJ is exceptional, showing that the word is treated
as a compound *s- make + *mi-as- show, cause to see. One may suppose that original
*sm-s- (causative from the attested *sm-, OJ sm-, Tokyo shim- mark, mark out as
ones territory) was restructured under the influence of *m-as- show.

PKor. *sm- to take care, use caution ( ): MKor.

sm-k-; Mod. samga-.
Nam 293, KED 901.
SKE 222-223. An Eastern isogloss; on Jpn. tone see note above.
-smpa ( ~ z-, -o) rust: Tung. *septu / * semtu; Jpn. *smp(u).
PTung. *septu / * semtu rust (): Evk. semtu; Neg. semti;
Man. sebden; Ul. septu-e; Ork. septu; Nan. septu-e; Orch. semtu; Ud.
semtu-.
2, 141-142.
PJpn. *smp(u) rust, mould (, ): OJpn. sab(j)i;
MJpn. sb; Tok. sab; Kyo. sb; Kag. sab.
JLTT 515.
Miller 1985, 151. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-sni heel, ankle: Tung. *seu-; Turk. *sink ( ~ -e-); Kor. *sn.
PTung. *seu- 1 front (of footwear) 2 footwear 3 heel (1 () 2 3 ): Evk. senteme 2, suuk 1; Evn. hnki 1; Neg. seohi
3.
2, 127, 143.
PTurk. *sink ( ~ -e-) 1 ankle-bone 2 shin-bone (1 2 ): Tur. sinik 1 (dial.); Bashk. sensek (dial.) 2; Tv. nk hip joint;
Tof. k hip joint; Yak. snjx 2.
1989 (but not < Perm.).
PKor. *sn footwear (): MKor. sn; Mod. sin.
Liu 498, KED 1047.
In Mong. cf. siaqai slippers (if not < sia knuckle bone).
-snV hole: Tung. *sn; Mong. *sen-.
PTung. *sn needle hole ( ): Evk. sn; Evn. h(n);
Neg. sn; Man. sen; Ul. se(n); Ork. se; Nan. s; Ud. sie.
2, 142.

*sea - *spo

1231

PMong. *sen- hole, handle with hole (, ):

WMong. seni; Kh. sen; Bur. hene; Kalm. seni; Ord. seni; Dag. seni;
S.-Yugh. seni.
KW 324, MGCD 599.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-sea ( ~ -o, -u) fringe, hair lock: Tung. *sene; Mong. *sa-; Turk.
*sAak / -at.
PTung. *sene 1 gill 2 fringe 3 cocks comb (1 2 3
): Evk. senen 1; Evn. hene 1, henen 2; Neg. se
1; Man. segele 3,2; SMan. sl mane; comb, crest (2280); Ul. sene /
see 1, senem bi bearded; Ork. sene 1; Nan. seje 1; Orch. sene 1; Ud. see
1.
2, 143.
PMong. *sa- 1 hair on temples 2 forelock of a horse 3 bang, fringe
(1 2 3 ): WMong. samai 1; (L 672)
sana 2; Kh. sagas bushy or tousled hair; Bur. hanag 1; Kalm. sam,
smg 2; Ord. sam, san 2,3.
KW 313, 317. Mong. > Shor sanm, Kirgh. smaj etc. (see 7).
PTurk. *sAak / -at 1 gills 2 place on neck where the jaw ends 3
beard, barb (of axe) (1 2 , 3 ()): Tat. saaq 1, (dial.) 3; Bashk. haaq (dial.) 3;
Nogh. saaq 1; Oyr. saat, sat 2; Tv. st 2.
7, 222. There is some confusion between this root and *sakak q. v.
sub *eka.

222. A Western isogloss.

-spo to throw, scatter: Tung. *sebu-; Mong. *sib-; Turk. *sabur-; Kor.
*supuk-.
PTung. *sebu- to scatter (e. g. hay for drying) ( (.
)): Man. so-, s- to scatter, sprinkle; Ul. seuseli-;
Nan. seuseli-.
2, 102, 147. With *-p- cf. also Orok sepiti- to spill, sepkedu- to scatter (of
deer) ( 2, 144) - but cf. also *sp.

PMong. *sib- 1 to hit, beat 2 to throw (1 2 ): WMong.

sibqa(i)- 1 (L 696), sib(e)- 2; Kh. avxra- 1; Kalm. iw- 2.
KW 362.
PTurk. *sabur- to winnow, scatter (, , ): Karakh. savur- (MK); Tur. savur-; Az. sowur-; Turkm. sowur-;
Khal. savur-; MTurk. savur- (Pav. C.); Uzb. sawur-; Uygh. sowu(r)-; Krm.
savur-; Tat. suwr-, swr- (dial.); Kaz. suwr-; KBalk. suwur-; KKalp.
suwr-; Kum. suwur-; Nogh. suwr-; Khak. sobr-; Shr. sabr-; Oyr. sobr-;
Tv. sr-; Chuv. svr-.
VEWT 391, EDT 791, 7.

1232

*sepV - *sepa

PKor. *supuk- to heap up, heaping up (, ): MKor. supuk-; Mod. subuk-ha-, sobok-ha-.
Liu 474, KED 1003.
Cf. *sp, *sapV (with a possibility of partial mergers).
-sepV inner fat, entrails: Tung. *sebe; Mong. *sebe-s.
PTung. *sebe 1 inner fat (of animals) 2 to melt fat (1
() 2 ): Evk. sewen 1, sewe- 2; Evn.
hewje one of bears names; Ork. seine 1; Orch. sewe- 2; Ud. sewesi- 2.
2, 135.
PMong. *sebe-s entrails of animals; cud; spittle of camels ( ; ; ):
WMong. sebes(n), sebs(n) (L 679); Kh. sevs; Bur. hebhe(n); Kalm.
sewsn; Ord. sewesu(n); S.-Yugh. swsn.
KW 327, MGCD 596.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps mod. Turkic forms like Turk.
suuq entrail etc. - perhaps < PT *sab-uk.
-sp to grip: Tung. *sepe-; Mong. *si(re)-; Jpn. *spr-.
PTung. *sepe- 1 handful 2 to pinch, take a handful 3 to clutch (1
2 3 , ): Man. sefere 1, sefere- 2;
SMan. sefr-, sevr- to grip, to grasp (1542); sevrk handful, fistful
(2830); Nan. sefele- 3 (Bik.).
2, 402 (confused with *opa-).
PMong. *si(re)- to grip, seize (): WMong. sigr(e)- (L 703);
Kh. re-; Bur. re-; Kalm. r-, -; Ord. r-; Dag. r-; S.-Yugh. r-;
Mongr. - gagner (jeu, procs), ri- insrer (SM 386), r btonnets
dont on se sert pour manger (SM 385), rda-.
KW 372, MGCD 727.
PJpn. *spr- to touch (): MJpn. sfr-; Tok. swar-; Kyo.
swr-; Kag. sawr-.
JLTT 748.
. 41. Cf. *pa.
-sepa ( ~ -o) to wave, sway: Tung. *sep-; Mong. *sebe-; Turk. *sap-.
PTung. *sep- to sway, shake (branches) ( ()): Evk. sepine-.
2, 144. Attested only in Evk., but having probable Turk. and Mong. parallels.
PMong. *sebe- to wave, sway (): WMong. sebe-, sebi- (L 679);
Kh. seve-; Bur. hebi-; Kalm. sew- (); Ord. sewe-.
PTurk. *sap- to sway, wave, shake up (, , ): Karakh. sab- (MK); Kirgh. sapr-; Kaz. sapr-; KKalp. sapr-;
Nogh. sapr-; Shr. sabr- to blow (of wind).
EDT 785. A possible derivative is sapan sling (see 7).
A Western isogloss.

*sp - *sera

1233

-sp side, inner side: Mong. *saba; Jpn. *smp; Kor. *sp.
PMong. *saba frontier, limit; any container, internal organs (; , ): MMong. saba vessel,
dish (HY 20); WMong. sab, saba (L 653); Kh. sav; Bur. haba; Kalm. saw.
KW 315. Mong. > Kaz. saba etc. ( 7).
PJpn. *snp side (, ): MJpn. sb; Tok. sba; Kyo. sb;
Kag. sob.
JLTT 529.
PKor. *sp inner side ( ): MKor. sp.
Nam 310.
The etymology seems to be satisfactory both phonetically and semantically.
-sp ( ~ -) stick, rod: Mong. *sibsi-rga; Turk. *sp; Jpn. *sp-dai.
PMong. *sibsi-rga, *sib-ka- 1 stick, rod (used for punishment);
cudgel 2 to hit, beat with a switch (1 , ( ); 2 , ): WMong. sibsira 1, sibsiurda-, sibqai-,
sibqaurda- (2) (L 695, 696); Kh. avraga 1; Kalm. iwr 1; Ord.
iwxada- 2.
KW 362. Mong. > Man. sibsiqa. Manchu also has uwaran, uwaran rod, whip,
probably also borrowed from Mong. *sibkaur(ga) (cf. also uwaraa- to punish with
sticks < sibsiur-).

PTurk. *sp handle (, ): Karakh. sap (MK); Tur. sap;

Gag. sap; Az. sap; Turkm. sap; MTurk. sap (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. sp; Uygh.
sap; Krm. sap; Tat. sap; Bashk. hap; Kirgh. sap; Kaz. sap; KBalk. sap;
KKalp. sap; Kum. sap; Nogh. sap; SUygh. sap; Khak. sap; Oyr. sap; Tv.
sp; Chuv. sb; Yak. up; Dolg. up.
EDT 782, 119, 7, Stachowski 245.
PJpn. *sp-dai a long straight twig, switch ( , ):
OJpn. supa-je; MJpn. sf-j.
JLTT 535.
Originally opposed to *spi (q.v.) as a long twig or stick with a
handle (used for punishment etc.).
-sera ( ~ -u, -o) a k. of garlic: Tung. *sergu- ( ~ --); Mong. *sar-; Turk.
*sarmsak.
PTung. *sergu- ( ~ --) wild garlic ( ): Man. seulen.
2, 137. Attested only in Manchu, with probable cognates in Turk. and Mong.
PMong. *sar- 1 Lilium tenuifolium 2 turnip (1 2 ):
WMong. sarana 1, sarmug 2 (L 675, 676); Kh. sarna 1, sarmag 2; Bur. harna 1; Ord. sarnaG 1.
Mong. > Russ. saran, see 484.
PTurk. *sarmsak 1 garlic 2 rhubarb (1 2 ): Karakh.
sarmusaq, samursaq 1 (MK); Tur. sarmsak 1; Gag. sarmusaq 1; Az.

*seri - *sri

1234

sarmsaG 1; Turkm. sarmsaq 1; Sal. samsax 1; Khal. sarmsaq 1; MTurk.

sarmsaq 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. sarimsq 1; Uygh. samsaq 1; Krm. sarmsaq 1;
Tat. sarmsaq 1; Bashk. harmhaq 1; Kirgh. sarmsaq 1; Kaz. sarmsaq 1;
KBalk. sarsmax 1; KKalp. sarmsaq 1; Kum. samursaq 1; Nogh. sarmsaq 1;
SUygh. samsaq 1; Tv. sarapsa 2.
VEWT 404, EDT 853, 144, 7. Turk. > Mong. sarimsa (see TMN 3,
248, 1997, 144). Cf. also Khak., Oyr. saraj , Kirgh. sargaldak a k. of
plant with yellow flowers, Kaz. saraldaq tulip.

A Western isogloss.
-seri table, prop: Tung. *seri; Mong. *siree; Turk. *ser; Jpn. *s(n)t;
Kor. *sri.
PTung. *seri decking, covering ( ( )): Man. saru
shelf; Ul. seri; Nan. seri.
2, 66, 145.
PMong. *siree table (): MMong. ir (MA); WMong. sirege(n)
(L 716); Kh. ir; Bur. er; Kalm. ir; Ord. ir(n); Dag. ir (. .
184); Dong. re, r / ir; Bao. ele, il; S.-Yugh. ere; Mongr. ir (SM
399).
KW 359, MGCD 719. Mong. > Chag. ir etc. (see TMN 1, 367-368, 1997,
210); > Evk. ir (see Doerfer MT 128).

PTurk. *ser shelf in the house ( ): Karakh. ser (MK);

Tur. seri (dial.); Kirgh. sere shelf, penthouse; Khak. sr (Kyz.); Oyr. seri
(Leb.) a box for storing nuts; Tv. seri shed, penthouse.
EDT 844 (read as saru which is hardly the case), 520. Turk. > WMong. sr
support, prop (L 732).

PJpn. *s(n)t a k. of table, prop ( , ): MJpn.

sd.
JLTT 528.
PKor. *sri a prop, canterbury, shelf (, , ): MKor. sri; Mod. sir.
Nam 327, KED 1036.
Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM), 520. The Kor.-Jpn. tones are irregular, perhaps because of some interaction between this root and
*sru, *ri q.v.
-sri ( ~ z-, --) thread, embroidery: Tung. *ser-; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *ser- 1 to embroider 2 threads (for embroidering) 3 embroidery (1 2 ( ) 3 ): Evk.
ser- 1, ser 3; Evn. her- 3; Man. sereme 2.
2, 146.
PKor. *sr thread, silk thread (, ): MKor. sr;
Mod. sil.
Liu 499, KED 1055.

*s[]rko - *sero

1235

A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. It resembles the silk / China ser-/senWanderwort, so it can actually go back to OC *sen (MC sjen) - but
rendering MC -n with Kor. -r is extremely strange.
-s[]rko a k. of blossoming bush: Tung. *sekr; Mong. *surgar; Jpn.
*skra; Kor. *srk.
PTung. *sekr a k. of bush, (): Evk. sekir;
Evn. hekje; Neg. sekij; Man. sekiri an . ; Ul. sekure;
Ork. sekkure; Nan. skure; Orch. seki; Ud. sekie.
2, 143.
PMong. *surgar ledum, Labrador tea (ledum; ): WMong. surar (MXTTT 491); Kh. surgar.
PJpn. *skra sakura (): OJpn. sakura; MJpn. skr; Tok.
skura; Kyo. skr; Kag. sakra.
JLTT 517. Modern dialects point rather to *skr, but RJ has a low tone on the final
syllable. The word can hardly be separated from *sk- to blossom (OJ sak-, Tokyo sk-,
Kyoto sk-, Kagoshima - with an irregular tone - sk-).

PKor. *srk peach, apricot (, ): MKor. srk; Mod.

salgu.
Nam 291, KED 896.
The etymology seems plausible, despite some phonetic problems,
both explainable as metatheses in an expressive plant name: Mong.
surgar instead of an expected *sargur, and TM *sekr instead of an
expected *serk-(?). Cf. *sro, with a possibility of contaminations.
-sero to be curved, coiled: Mong. *sariwu; Turk. *sr-; Jpn. *sr- ( ~ -ua-);
Kor. *sr- / *sr-.
PMong. *sariwu curved, winding (, ):
WMong. sariu, sariu (L 676); Kh. sariu; Bur. ha; Kalm. sar, sar;
Mongr. sar (: mur ~) tortueux (SM 328).
KW 314.
PTurk. *sr- to wind around (, ): Karakh.
saru- (MK); Tur. sar-; Gag. sar-; Az. sar-; Turkm. sara-; MTurk. sar- (AH,
Pav. C.); Krm. sar-, sar-; Tat. sar-; Khak. sar-; Chuv. sr-.
EDT 844, VEWT 402, 7. Turk. *sar-k > WMong. sari, Kalm. sri ring for
binding a horse (cf. Chag. sar-a, Khak. sar-n id.), see KW 318-319, VEWT 403.

PJpn. *sr- ( ~ -ua-) to be curved, bent (): MJpn. sor-; Tok.

sr-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 756. Accent is not quite clear: Tokyo points to *sr-, Kagoshima - to *sr-.
PKor. *sr- / *sr- to coil, curl, wind (, ):
MKor. sr-, sr-; Mod. sari-, sri-.
Liu 432, 449, KED 873, 936.
SKE 224. The vowel in Kor. is aberrant (one would expect *); otherwise quite regular.

1236

*seru(kV) - *sse

-seru(kV) ( ~ z-) a k. of box or bag: Tung. *seruk; Mong. *sarku; Jpn.

*sr(u); Kor. *srk.
PTung. *seruk 1 bag 2 dish made of birch bark (1 2 ): Evk. seruk 1; Evn. hruk 1,2; Neg. sjux 1; Ork. seruku 1.
2, 146.
PMong. *sarku vessel, kitchen dish (, ):
WMong. sarqu; Kalm. sarx.
KW 313. Mong. > Man. saru.
PJpn. *sr(u) a bamboo box for travelling (
): OJpn. suri; MJpn. sr.
JLTT 534.
PKor. *srk a k. of box ( ): MKor. srk; Mod. slgi.
Nam 301, KED 950.
Tone correspondences are not quite clear; the Kor. word is alternatively compared (see Lee 1958, 117) with Manchu ulu basket. Cf.
*sra.
-sr buttock, to defecate: Tung. *seri(gi); Mong. *sari-; Turk. *sr- ~
*sar-; Jpn. *sr.
PTung. *seri(gi) 1 buttocks 2 coccyx, waist vertebra (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. sergi 2, sirgin (Uchur) 2; Evn.
heri 1.
2, 145.
PMong. *sari- to urinate (of a dog) ( ( )): WMong.
sari- (L 675: to urinate in an irregular manner); Kh. sari- (Gomb.); Bur.
hari-; Kalm. s-; Ord. sari-.
KW 319. Mong. > Kirgh. sar- id.
PTurk. *sr- ~ *sar- to defecate (of a dog) ( ( )): OTurk. sr- ~ sar- (MK).
EDT 845.
PJpn. *sr buttock (): OJpn. siri; MJpn. sr; Tok. shir; Kyo.
shr; Kag. shir.
JLTT 526.
Because of the uncertainty of Turkic vowel the vocalic reconstruction is not quite certain.
-sse to order, threaten, incite: Tung. *sesu-; Turk. *ses; Jpn. *ss-; Kor.
*ssk-.
PTung. *sesu- to order, ask to do smth. (, ,
-. ): Ul. sesu-; Ork. sesu-; Nan. sesu-.
2, 144.
PTurk. *ses 1 threat 2 to threaten (1 2 ): Tur. seksen-, segsen- (dial.); Az. sksn- 2; MTurk. sesken- 2 (Pav. C., AH); Uzb.
seskn- 2; Uygh. sskin- 2; Krm. sesken- 2; Tat. siskn- 2; Bashk. hikn- 2;

*ssi - *si

1237

Kirgh. ses 1; Kaz. ses 1, sesken- 2; KKalp. sesken- 2; Nogh. sesken- 2; Oyr.
seste- 2; Chuv. szr-lan-dr- 2.
7.
PJpn. *ss- to allure, incite (, ): MJpn.
sosor- to be excited, nervous; sosonokas-; Tok. sosr- / ssor-, sosonoks-;
Kyo. ssr-, ssnks-; Kag. sosr-, sosonoks-.
JLTT 756.
PKor. *ssk- 1 to contest, contend 2 to quarrel, be annoying (1 , 2 , ): MKor. ssk- 1;
Mod. sik:rp- 2.
HMCH 333, Nam 327.
A suffixed form *sse-kV is reflected in PT *ses-ke-n- and PK
*ss-k-.
-ssi deer, wild animal: Tung. *sesi-n; Turk. *ss-na- (?); Jpn. *sisi; Kor.
*ssm.
PTung. *sesi-n herd (of deer, wild animals) ( (,
)): Evk. sesin; Evn. hesn; Neg. sesin; Man. sesi-le-ge; Ork.
sesi(n); Nan. ses.
2, 146.
PTurk. *ss-na- pig (): Chuv. ssna.
2, 77.
PJpn. *sisi deer (): OJpn. sisi.
JLTT 527.
PKor. *ssm deer (): MKor. ssm; Mod. sasm.
Nam 284, KED 878.
EAS 102, 79. For the Turk. semantics cf. OJ wi-no-sisi
pig, swine. The Turkic reflex, however, is not quite secure: there is
only an isolated Chuvash word and the vowel reflex seems aberrant;
also unclear is the phonology of the Hung. ( < Bulg.) loanword diszn
(presupposing *isna, see MNyTESz 1, 646-647).
-si thou: Tung. *si; Turk. *s-; Jpn. *si.
PTung. *si; *s 1 thou 2 you (your, yours) (pl.) (1 2 ()):
Evk. si 1, s (su-n) 2; Evn. h 1, h (hu-n) 2; Neg. s 1, s (su-n) 2; Man. si
1, suwe (suweni) 2; SMan. (2873) 1, s, so (2874) 2; Ul. si 1, sue (sun) 2;
Ork. si 1, s (su-n) 2; Nan. i 1, sue (sun) 2; Orch. si 1, su (su-n) 2; Ud. si 1,
s (su-n) 2; Sol. i 1, s (su-n) 2.
2, 72-73, 115.
PTurk. *s- thou (): OTurk. sen (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. sen
(MK); Tur. sen; Gag. sn; Az. sn; Turkm. sen; Sal. s(n); MTurk. sen
(Pav. C.); Uzb. sen; Uygh. sn; Krm. sn; Tat. sin; Bashk. hin; Kirgh. sen;
Kaz. sen; KBalk. sen; KKalp. sen; Kum. sen; Nogh. sen; SUygh. sen; Khak.
sin; Shr. sen; Oyr. sen; Tv. sen; Tof. sen; Chuv. ez; Yak. en; Dolg. en.

*sbi - *sbi

1238

VEWT 409, EDT 831-832, Stachowski 45, 7. See ibid the reflexes of PT *si
you (pl.).
PJpn. *si thou (2d p. pron.) (): OJpn. si.
OJ si is not frequent and is sometimes hard to distinguish from the deictic / emphatic particle si; however, there are several text examples firmly identifying its function
as a 2d p. pronoun. It is used parallelly with the far more frequent na, but never occurs in
compounds or with suffixes -re or -no; it is thus probable that it originally functioned as
the direct stem as opposed to na as the oblique stem in a suppletive paradigm. See more
detailed discussion in Murayama 1950, Miller JOAL and Itabashi 1998 (pace the latter
author, however, we must say that the coincidence of si thou and si deictic / emphatic
pronoun and particle must be just a coincidence).

EAS 72, 52, 284.

-sbi bitter, bitter plant: Tung. *sipa ( ~ -b-); Mong. *sibag; Turk. *sibt;
Jpn. *smp- / *sp-; Kor. *ps-.
PTung. *sipa ( ~ -b-) garlic (): Man. sifa maa; SMan. suand
(317).
2, 100. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sibag Artemisia (): WMong. siba (L 693); Kh.
awag; Kalm. awg , (); Ord. awaG artemisia
campestris.
Mong. > Chag. ibag a k. of plant.
PTurk. *sibt dill, coriander (, ): Karakh. sibt
(MK).
EDT 785. (If not < Pers.)
PJpn. *smp- / *sp 1 astringent, tart 2 salt (1 ,
2 ): OJpn. sibu- 1, sip(w)o 2; MJpn. sb- 1, sf 2; Tok. shib- 1, shi 2;
Kyo. shb- 1, shjo 2; Kag. shib- 1, shi 2.
JLTT 522, 525, 840. The words seem to be related, but the reason for voicing in sbis not quite clear.

PKor. *ps- 1 liver (KED: gall-bladder, gall) 2 bitter (1 2

): MKor. psrki 1, ps- 2; Mod. s:lg 1, s:- 2.
Nam 319, 321, KED 1024, 1027.
For the usage of the root to denote bitter plants cf. also OJ
sibu-kusa sorrel; perhaps also MKor. psk Artemisia (which is tempting to identify with Mong. sibag). In Kor. we have a secondary metathesis < *sp-, like psr- < *spr- < *pV sweep q.v.
-sbi to tuck up, tie up: Tung. *sib-; Mong. *siu-; Turk. *sib- (*sb-);
Jpn. *smpr-.
PTung. *sib- 1 to turn up (sleeves) 2 to spin, twist 3 to wrap (1 (, ) 2 , 3 , ): Evk. sipku- 3; Evn. hipku- 3; Man. sibere- 2; Ul. sbar- 1; Ork. sipku3; Nan. sbr- 1; Orch. sibari- 1.
2, 74, 92.

*sibo - *sa

1239

PMong. *siu- to tuck up (): WMong. siu-, uu- (L 700);

Kh. -; Bur. -; Kalm. rd- (); Ord. -; Dag. s-; Bao. ur-;
Mongr. -.
MGCD 725.
PTurk. *sib- (*sb-) 1 to spin (thread) 2 to pull out fibre 3 thread, fibre (1 () 2 3 , ): Tur.
sj-, sv- (dial.) 1, 2, smek, sjm 3; Gag. smek 3; Az. smx (dial.) 3;
Turkm. sj- 2, smek, sjm 3; Chuv. svem (svem) 3.
7.
PJpn. *smpr- to tie, bind (): OJpn. sibar-; MJpn. sbr-;
Tok. shibr-; Kyo. shbr-; Kag. shbr-.
JLTT 749.
The Jpn. form may be actually a combined reflex of PA *sbi, *suba
and *po, all distinguished only in the Western Altaic branch.
-sibo ( ~ z-) wedge, to wedge: Tung. *siba-; Mong. *sibaga; Kor.
*sobija-ki.
PTung. *siba- 1 to beat a wedge in 2 wedge (1 2
): Evk. siwa- 1, siwak 2; Neg. swax 2; Man. sia 2; SMan. iv (683)
wedge, peg, plug; Ul. swal 2; Ork. swal 2; Nan. swar 2; Ud. soai 2
(. 286).
2, 75.
PMong. *sibaga wedge; lot (; ): WMong. sibaa(n) (L
693); Kh. avga lot; Bur. abxa guns cock; Kalm. awx.
KW 352. Mong > Kirgh. sbaa etc.
PKor. *sobija-ki wedge, sharp stick (, ): MKor.
sijk, sojaki; Mod. s:wgi.
Nam 311, KED 995.
Despite Doerfer MT 69 hardly a loan in TM from Mong.
-sa ( ~ *-) nut, cone: Tung. *sisi; Turk. *s[]a-kaj; Kor. *s / *s.
PTung. *sisi nut (): Man. sisi, sisiri; Jurch. sisi (128); Nan. ssqta;
Sol. ikta.
2, 426-427. Cf. also Sol. su cedar nut ( 2, 132).
PTurk. *s[]a-kaj 1 cone 2 nut tree (1 2 ): Oyr.
oooj 1; Chuv. k 2.
VEWT 113, 1972, 174. Cf. perhaps Yak. sihik, Dolg. sisik alder (Stachowski 210).

PKor. *s 1 fir tree, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. 2 cone, pine nuts

(1 2 , ): MKor. s-namo 1, s 2;
Mod. n-namu 1, t [s] 2.
Liu 646, 653, KED 1400, 1430.
Because of assimilations the original initial consonant is not quite
clear.

1240

*sid - *sido

-sid ( ~ -) to suspend: Mong. *sidur-; Turk. *sdre-; Jpn. *sinta-r-; Kor.

*sd-.
PMong. *sidur- 1 to pull the reins by stretching the head forward or
downward (of a horse); to straighten 2 straight, honest (1
; 2 , ): MMong. idurxu (HY 54) 2,
iduru 2 (MA); WMong. sidur- (L 698) 1; Kh. udra- 1, udraga 2; Kalm.
udr 2 (); Ord. udurGa 2.
PTurk. *sdre- 1 to pull, tug 2 belt for fastening loads (1 ,
2 ): Tur. sr-; Turkm. sjre-;
Sal. sure-; MTurk. sre- (Bud.), sjre- (Ettuhf.), sdr- (R.); Uzb. sudr-;
Uygh. sr-; Tat. sjr-; Bashk. hjr-; Kirgh. sjr-; Kaz. sjre-; KBalk.
sjre-; KKalp. sjre-; Kum. sjre-; Nogh. sjre-; Khak. szr-; Tv. sdrt1, sdrge 2; Chuv. sdr-; Yak. t 2; Dolg. t 2.
VEWT 435, 7, Stachowski 202.
PJpn. *sintar- to droop, hang down (): OJpn. sida-r-, tr.
sida-; MJpn. sida-r-.
JLTT 750.
PKor. *sd- to load (): MKor. st- (-r-); Mod. st- (sr-).
Nam 327, KED 1055.
The Turk. form must go back to *sidre- ( = Mong. sidur-). In TM
cf. perhaps Man. sidara- to stretch, straighten, sii(r)un straight
( 2, 79), if not < Mong., as suggested by Rozycki 181).
-sido ( ~ -u, *sudu, -) tassel, string: Mong. *siim, *sidem-; Turk. *sd-;
Kor. *sti.
PMong. *siim, *side- 1 thin string, rope 2 to sew with wide stitches
(1 2 ): WMong. siim,
sideme-s(n) (L 697, 722) 1; Kh. iim 1, id- 2; Bur. eem 1; Kalm. im,
idmsn 1, id- 2; Ord. iim 1; Dag. ii- 2 (. . 183); Dong. iie- 2.
KW 355. Mong. > Turk. siim etc. ( 7), Man. siin (Doerfer MT 138, Rozycki
180); Oyr. id-; Yak. sitim, Dolg. hitim (Ka. VIII 82, Stachowski 105).

PTurk. *sd- 1 skirt, lap 2 to tuck up (sleeves, skirts) (1 ,

2 (, )): Karakh. s 1, sta- 2 (MK); Tur.
si, sij, siji (dial.) 1, sa-, dial. sa- 2; Gag. suva-, sua- 2; Turkm. sj 1; Tat.
sjr- 2 (dial.); Khak. szm band on a shamans beater; Chuv. ra tassel (on the end of belt); coating (on skirt edges).
EDT 799-800, 7.
PKor. *sti belt (): MKor. sti; Mod. t:i.
Nam 177, KED 550.
SKE 239. Note Khak. szm = PM *siim, but hardly a loan from
Mongolian, and pointing to a common derivative *sido-mV.

*sidu - *sg

1241

-sidu ( ~ -o, -a) to rub off, peel off: Tung. *sidu-; Mong. *sidur-; Turk.
*sdr-.
PTung. *sidu- to rub off, peel off (): Evk. sidi-; Evn.
sd-; Neg. sidu-; Man. sidu-, udu-; Ul. sd-; Nan. sdo-; Orch. sdi-.
2, 79.
PMong. *sidur- to rub off (, , ): WMong.
sidur-; Kh. udar-; Bur. udar-; Kalm. udr-.
KW 367. Mong. > Kirgh. sdr- etc., see 7.
PTurk. *sdr- to rub off, peel off (, ): Karakh. sr(MK); Tur. sjr-; Gag. sjr-; Az. sijir-; Turkm. sr-; Khal. sdur-, szr-;
MTurk. sjr- (AH); Tat. sjr- (dial.); Kirgh. sjr-; Kaz. sjr-; KBalk. sjr-;
Nogh. sjr-; SUygh. szr-; Khak. szr-; Shr. szr-; Oyr. sjr-, sr-; Chuv.
jr-.
EDT 802, VEWT 414, 380, 7. The Turk. derivative *sdrm > (MK)
srm, Ogh. srm was probably probably borrowed in Mong. sirin unworked leather.

KW 367, 380-381, Doerfer MT 50-51, Rozycki 180 (but

hardly borrowed in TM < Mong.). A Western isogloss.
-sidV ( ~ z-, -a-) young boy or girl: Tung. *sida-; Kor. *str.
PTung. *sida- 1 young boy 2 young (of a bear, tiger) (1 2
, ( )): Man. sidan 1; Ud. sa 2.
2, 79.
PKor. *str girl, daughter (, ): MKor. str; Mod. t:al.
Nam 142, KED 401.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-sg border, interval: Tung. *sig-; Turk. *sgra; Jpn. *skp.
PTung. *sig- interval (): Evk. sigdil; Evn. hidla; Neg.
sigle; Man. si, sidu; SMan. idn (2575); Sol. igd.
2, 76.
PTurk. *sgra 1 valley 2 interval between two fingers (1 2
): Karakh. sra 1 (MK - Oghuz), sraq
(AH) 2.
VEWT 415, EDT 815.
PJpn. *skp border (): OJpn. sakapji; MJpn. skf; Tok.
saki; Kyo. sk; Kag. saka.
JLTT 516.
The root is very sparsely attested in Turkic, but the attestations
are archaic and the root seems generally reliable.
-sg ( ~ z-) sigh, holding breath: Tung. *sigu-; Mong. *sere-s; Jpn.
*skr.
PTung. *sigu- 1 to become silent (stop breathing or talking) 2 to stop
crying 3 to breathe loudly (of a dog) (1 ( -

1242

*sg - *sig

, ) 2 3 ( )): Evk.
siuna- 1, 3; Evn. h- 2; Nan. siien- 1.
2, 78.
PMong. *sere-s 1 sigh 2 to pant (1 2 , ): MMong. seurel- 2 (SH); WMong. sigres(n), segres(n) 1 (L
703); Kh. srs, rs 1; Kalm. kr- (); Dag. srese 1 (MD 213); Mongr.
sur (SM 365).
PJpn. *skr hiccough (): MJpn. skr; Tok. shakkuri.
JLTT 517.
Cf. *soge.
-sg ( ~ z-) to look, search: Tung. *sig-; Mong. *sigia-; Jpn. *snk-; Kor.
*h-.
PTung. *sig- 1 to peep, look out, spy 2 to appear (1 ,
2 ): Evk. siin- 1; Evn. hi- 2; Neg. siin- 1;
Man. a- 1; Ul. si-len- 2; Ork. sgbadda- to frown; Ud. sikpesi-, ssi- 1; Sol.
ig- 1.
2, 76, 77-78. The Manchu form, despite Rozycki 192, is hardly borrowed from
Mong. sia- (actually sigia- with a stable -g-).

PMong. *sigia- to look, spy (, ): MMong.

ixauue a spy (HY 32); WMong. sigia- (L 721: sia-, siqaa-); Kh.
ag-; Bur. ag-; Kalm. a-; Dag. ig- (. . 183); Mongr. sge- (SM
346), sGe-.
KW 344, TMN 1, 355 (although derivation from sika- to press is of course impossible).

PJpn. *snk- to search (): OJpn. sagur-; MJpn. sgr-; Tok.

sgur-, sgas-; Kyo. sgr-, sgs-; Kag. sagr-, sags-.
JLTT 745.
PKor. *h- to search, look for (): MKor. h-; Mod. hat[ha-].
Nam 449, KED 1576.
2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *h- is an assimilation < *sVh- = PJ *s(n)kas-.
-sig ( ~ z-, -e, -o) rain, (snow) storm: Tung. *sig-; Mong. *siurga; Jpn.
*sinkrai.
PTung. *sig- 1 deep fog, mist 2 to cover (of fog, mist) 3 autumn (1
() 2 () 3 ): Evk. siglamt- 2,
sielese(n) 3; Man. siGan 1; Ud. siga- 2.
2, 78, 79.
PMong. *siur- 1 to blow (of snow storm) 2 snow storm (1 ( ) 2 ): MMong. iuran 2; WMong. siur- 1,
siura(n) 2 (L 701); Kh. ra- 1, rga 2; Bur. rga 2; Kalm. r- 1, rn
2 (); Ord. rGan 2; Dag. rg 2; S.-Yugh. rGa 2; Mongr. rGa 2.

*sg - *sg

1243

MGCD 724. Mong. is the probable source of Turkm. srn, Oyr. srn, Tat. sraw
etc. (see 49), as well as of Man. urga- (see Rozycki 196).
PJpn. *sinkrai drizzling rain (in autumn) (
()): OJpn. sigure; MJpn. sgr; Tok. shgure; Kyo. shgr; Kag.
shigur.
JLTT 523. Accent is not quite clear: RJ and Kagoshima suggest *s(n)kri, but
Kyoto and Tokyo - rather *s(n)kri.

Miller 1976, 378; 1985, 149.

-sg thick growth: Tung. *sig; Mong. *siguj; Jpn. *snki-.
PTung. *sig thick growth (): Evk. si; Evn. h; Neg. siw;
Man. a, uwa; Ul. su; Ork. s; Nan. so; Orch. siai; Ud. siai, siampai
(. 284).
2, 77.
PMong. *siguj thick growth (, ): MMong. ikui (SH);
WMong. siui (L 700); Kh. uguj; Bur. ug; Kalm. u; Ord. ux; Dag.
ig (. . 163: sig).
KW 367, MGCD 726. Mong. > Evk. i, see Poppe 1972, 102.
PJpn. *snki- thick growth, grow thickly (, ,
): OJpn. sige-r-, sige- (adj.); MJpn. sige-r-, sg- (adj.); Tok. shigr-,
shgemi / shigem; Kyo. shgr-, shgm; Kag. shgr-, shigem.
JLTT 750, 840. The noun *si(n)kai-mi reveals unclear accent variation in Kyoto and
Tokyo.

KW 367, Poppe 30, 58, 79, Rozycki 197. The TM form is

classified as a borrowing from Mong. by Doerfer MT 47, which cannot
be excluded.
-sg deer, horned animal: Tung. *sig- / *seg-; Mong. *seenek ( ~ -i-);
Turk. *sg-; Jpn. *sika.
PTung. *sig- / seg- wild deer ( ): Evk. segen, dial. sekserge; Nan. segi herd of wild swine; Ud. sigisa .
1, 325, 327; 2, 136.
PMong. *seenek ( ~ -i-) he-goat (2 years old) ( (2 )):
WMong. segenek (L 684: sejing); Kh. sijneg; Bur. hneg castrated
he-goat; ox; Kalm. snk.
KW 328.
PTurk. *sg- 1 deer, male maral 2 large bovine (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. sun 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. sun
1, sr 2 (MK); Tur. sn 1, sr 2; Gag. sr 2; Az. sn 1, sr 2; Turkm.
sun 1, sr 2; Sal. sxr 2; Khal. sr 2; MTurk. suun, sojun (Pav. C.),
sn (AH), sjn (Ettuhf.) 1, sr (AH) 2; Uzb. sujun 1 (dial.), sigir 2;
Uygh. sigir, sijir 2; Krm. suvun 1, sjr 2; Tat. sjr 2; Bashk. hjr 2; Kirgh.
sjr 2 (dial.); Kaz. sjr 2; KKalp. suwn 1, sjr 2; Kum. sr, sjr 2; Nogh.

1244

*sg - *sj

sjr 2; SUygh. suun, soun 1; Khak. sn 1; Shr. sn 1; Oyr. sn, sn 1;

Tv. sn 1.
EDT 811, 814-815, VEWT 414, 415, 152-153, 435, 7. The forms of the
sun type most probably go back to *sg-gun - which may explain both the Turkm.
length (sun) and forms like Chag. sojun.

PJpn. *sika deer (): OJpn. sika; Tok. shka, shka; Kyo. shk;
Kag. shik.
JLTT 523. Significant accent variation in dialects does not allow to reconstruct a
common accent pattern.

KW 329, 153, Miller 1985, 146, 1986, 49. Cf. *ska and
*sku.
-sg ( ~ *-) to insert: Mong. *sia-; Turk. *sg-; Jpn. *snk-.
PMong. *sia- to beat in (a nail, peg etc.) ( (,
..)): WMong. sia- (L 699); Kh. -; Bur. -; Kalm. -; Ord. -; Dag.
- (MD 213); Mongr. iG-.
KW 353, MGCD 701.
PTurk. *sg- to enter, fit into (): OTurk. s- (OUygh.);
Karakh. s- (MK); Tur. s-, s-; Gag. s-; Az. s-; Turkm. s-; Sal. sx-;
MTurk. s- (Pav. C.); Uzb. si-; Uygh. si-; Krm. s-; Tat. sj-; Bashk.
hj-; Kirgh. sj-; Kaz. sj-; KKalp. sj-; Kum. sj-; SUygh. s-; Oyr. sj-.
EDT 804, 7.
PJpn. *snk- to insert, fasten into a hole (, ):
MJpn. sg-; Tok. sge-; Kyo. sg-; Kag. sug-.
JLTT 757.
VEWT 418. Cf. *sku. Mong. has also sige-, siged- to get stuck, become inserted - which is compared in KW 356 with PT *sik- coire.
-sj gift, offer: Tung. *siu-; Mong. *sj; Turk. *sj; Jpn. *snp-.
PTung. *siu- 1 gift 2 to present (1 2 ): Ul. sna(n)2, snaq 1; Nan. sile-, sule- (Bik.) 2, sule-ku (Naikh.) 1; Ud. suula- 2.
2, 119, 128.
PMong. *sj tax, marriage price ( ): WMong. si (L
741); Kh. sj; Bur. hjte: hjte xubita intended (bride); Kalm. s, s; Ord.
sj.
KW 328. Mong. > Tuva suj.
PTurk. *sj gift (from an inferior to a superior) ( ( ); ): Karakh. sit (MK) a gift without
a return gift; Tur. sj-l respected (dial.); Turkm. s-la- to respect;
MTurk. sj-la- to pay respect (CCum.); Uzb. sj (dial.); Krm. sj; Tat. sj;
Bashk. hj; Kirgh. sj; Kaz. sj; KBalk. sj; KKalp. sj; Kum. sj; Nogh. sj;
SUygh. si-la- to treat, entertain (), su-luk; Khak. sj, sjx; sj-la- to
treat, entertain; Shr. sj; Oyr. sj; Tv. s-a- to treat, entertain; Tof. s-ato treat, entertain; Chuv. (sj < Tat.).

*sjp - *siju

1245

EDT 836, VEWT 415, 350, 7.

PJpn. *snp- to present, offer (to gods etc.) (, ): OJpn. sonapa-; MJpn. snf-; Tok. sona-,
sone-; Kyo. sn-; Kag. sn-.
JLTT 755.
Mong. *sj probably (with a rather usual vowel interaction) <
*sij.
-sjp to press, knead: Tung. *sip-; Mong. *sibka(r)-; Turk. *sjpa-; Jpn.
*smp-r-; Kor. *sp-pi-.
PTung. *sip- 1 to knead, squeeze, press 2 to bend under a heavy
load (1 , (); , 2 ): Evk. siparga- 2; Man. sibere- 1; Ork. siperu- 1.
2, 74, 93. In Manchu the root has merged with sibere- spin, roll < *sip- (v. sub
*spu).

PMong. *sibka(r)- to squeeze out, press (, ):

WMong. sibqar- (L 696); Kh. avxra-; Bur. avxa-; Kalm. awxr-, owxr-;
Ord. iwara-; Bao. ia-; Mongr. Gur- (SM 378).
KW 352-353, 366, MGCD 702.
PTurk. *sjpa- to knead, caress (, , ):
Turkm. spa- (sjpa-); MTurk. sipa- (R.); Uzb. sijpa-; Uygh. sipa-; Krm.
spa-; Tat. sjpa-, spr-; Bashk. hjpa-, hpr-; Kirgh. sjpa-; Kaz. sjpa-;
KBalk. sjpa-; KKalp. sjpa-; Kum. sjpa-; Nogh. sjpa-; Khak. sjba-; Shr.
sba-, sba-; Oyr. sjma-; Tv. sujba-.
VEWT 415, 7.
PJpn. *smp-r- to press, squeeze (, ): MJpn. sbr-;
Tok. shibr-; Kyo. shbr-; Kag. shbr-.
JLTT 749.
PKor. *sp-pi- to rub, squeeze (, ): MKor. sppi-.
Nam 267.
Ozawa 220-221. Kor. has a usual vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop.
-siju ear-ring: Tung. *sia-kan; Mong. *sji-ken; Turk. *srga.
PTung. *sia-kan pendants on ear-ring ( ( )): Neg.
sxan; Ork. sa; Nan. sqa(n).
2, 69.
PMong. *sj-ken ear-ring ( ): MMong. sjke (IM), sujke
(MA); WMong. siken, (L 742) sike, sik; Kh. sjx; Bur. hxe; Kalm. sk;
Ord. sje; Dag. sujhe (MD 212); Mongr. sge (SM 357).
KW 328. Mong. > Man. suiun (see Rozycki 189).
PTurk. *srga ear-ring (): Tur. sra (dial.); Az. sra; Turkm.
sra; Sal. sra; MTurk. sra (AH), sra (IM, Pav. C.), asira (Houts.);
Uzb. isira; Krm. sra; Tat. sra; Bashk. hra; Kirgh. sra; Kaz. sra;

1246

*sju - *ske

KBalk. sra; KKalp. sra; Kum. sra; Nogh. sra; SUygh. srqa; Khak.
zra; Shr. sra; Oyr. sra; Tv. sra; Yak. tra.
VEWT 419, 7. The word is attested late and presents some problems. Most
forms point to *srga which may reflect an original suffixed form *s(j)-rga ( = Mong.
sji-ke-); but some forms reflect *srga or *asrga - perhaps under a secondary influence of
*as- to hang. Turk. > Russ. , (attested since XIVth c.)

A Western isogloss. It looks as if it were derived from *sju bite,

break q.v. - lit. an ear-biter (?).
-sju ( ~ -o) to bite, break: Tung. *sia-; Mong. *sji-; Turk. *s-.
PTung. *sia- 1 to chew 2 to bite (1 2 ): Evk. s- 1; Evn.
h-; Neg. s- 1; Man. saj- 2; SMan. ia- 2 (1533); Ul. s- 1; Ork. s- 1; Nan.
- 2; Orch. s- 1; Ud. sa- 1.
2,69.
PMong. *sji- to be destroyed, broken (, ):
WMong. si-d-, si-re- (L 741, 742); Kh. sjde-, sjre-; Bur. hjd harm,
ruin; Ord. sjd-; Dag. sujte- (MD 212).
PTurk. *s- 1 to break, damage, harm 2 to be broken (1 , , 2 ): OTurk. s- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh.
s- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. s- 1; Gag. sn- to be defeated; Az. sn- 2; Turkm.
s-n- 2; Sal. sun- 2; sndr- 1 (); Khal. si- 1; MTurk. (MKypch.) s(AH) 1; Uzb. sin- 2; Uygh. sin- 2; Krm. sn- 2; Tat. s-n-dr- 1; Bashk. hn2; Kirgh. sn- 2; Kaz. sn- 2; KBalk. sn- 2; KKalp. sn- 2; Kum. sn- 2;
Nogh. sn- 2; Khak. sn- 2; Shr. sn- 2; Oyr. sn- 2; Tv. sn- 2; Tof. sn- 2;
Yak. ? r- to tear.
VEWT 413-414, EDT 782.
A Western isogloss. Mong. *sji- is a usual metathesis < *sij-. Cf.
also *siju ear-ring.
-ske ( ~ -k-) a detail of the house entrance: Tung. *siK-; Mong. *seg;
Turk. *sek; Jpn. *skm.
PTung. *siK- 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into which the
door heel is inserted) (1 , 2 ( , )): Man. sixin 1, siaqu 2.
2, 80-81. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *seg tent (): WMong. seg; Kh. seg (); Kalm.
seg.
KW 321.
PTurk. *sek stone bench, pedestal (
, , ): Karakh. sek (MK); Tur. seki; Az. ski;
Turkm. seki; Tat. ski; Bashk. hik; Kirgh. seki; Chuv. sag; Yak. ee
knolls.
VEWT 408, TMN 3, 262, EDT 819, 519. Turk. > Pers. sak id. (despite EDT,
not vice versa); > Hung. szk chair (Gombocz 1912).

*sk - *sk

1247

PJpn. *skm threshold (): OJpn. sikjimji; MJpn. skm; Tok.

shkii; Kyo. shk; Kag. shiki.
JLTT 523. Modern shikii is actually a merger of OJ skjmj threshhold and sikiwi
(attested only in MJ) rush plant.

Cf. *sgi.
-sk ( ~ -, *sk) a plant with specific smell or taste: Mong. *sikr; Jpn.
*skmi.
PMong. *sikr names of plants with specific taste (1 2 , ): WMong.
sikr (XTTT) 1; Kh. xer 1; Bur. xer, exer 2.
Mong. > Chuv. xre fern, see 2000.
PJpn. *skmi Illicium anisatum (a tree with poisonous fruits) (
): OJpn. sikjimji; MJpn. skm; Tok. shikimi.
JLTT 523.
Cf. Kor. sikt Pleioblastus Simoni. The root also means umbrella in Mong., and as such may be actually identical to *ske detail
of the house (perhaps as an old name of some umbellate plant?).
-sk ( ~ -) to press: Mong. *sika-; Turk. *sk-; Jpn. *sk-m-; Kor.
*sk-.
PMong. *sika- to press (, ): MMong. iqa- (SH, HYt);
WMong. siqa- (L 721); Kh. axa-; Bur. axa-; Kalm. ax-; Ord. axa-; Dag.
aga- (. . 182); Dong. Ga-; S.-Yugh. Ga-; Mongr. G- (SM 377),
iG-.
KW 344, MGCD 711. Mong. > Man. sixa-, see Doerfer MT 136, Rozycki 180.
PTurk. *sk- to press (, ): OTurk. sq- (OUygh.); Karakh.
sq- (MK); Tur. sk-; Gag. sq-; Az. sx-; Turkm. sq-; Khal. sq-; MTurk.
sq- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. siq-; Uygh. siq-; Krm. sq-; Tat. sq-; Bashk. hq-;
Kirgh. sq-; Kaz. sq-; KBalk. sq-; KKalp. sq-; Kum. sq-; Nogh. sq-;
SUygh. sq-; Khak. sq-; Oyr. sq-; Tv. sq-; Yak. k-; Dolg. k- to milk.
EDT 804-805, VEWT 415-416, 7, Stachowski 259.
PJpn. *sk-m- to press, shrink (): MJpn. skm-; Tok.
sukume-.
JLTT 758.
PKor. *sk- to get thin, diminish (, ):
MKor. sk-; Mod. k:a-.
Nam 17, KED 6.
EAS 154, KW 344, 324, Poppe 30, 55. Mong. is
hardly a borrowing, despite 1997, 147. The Jpn. form is a partial contamination with *slgu q. v.

1248

*sikV - *sila

-sikV ( ~ z-, -k-) evening, dream: Tung. *sikse; Kor. *sk-m.

PTung. *sikse evening (, ): Evk. sikse; Evn. hsr; Neg.
sikse; Man. sikse yesterday; SMan. iks, eks (2712); Jurch. sih-ser
(84); Ul. sikse; Ork. sekse; Nan. sikse; Orch. sikse; Ud. sikie.
2, 81.
PKor. *sk-m dream (): MKor. sk-m; Mod. k:um.
Nam 63, KED 219.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-sl (almost) completely, additionally: Tung. *sila; Mong. *sila; Turk.
*sil ?; Jpn. *sr.
PTung. *sila scarcely (, ): Neg. sla; Man. saan; Ul. sla; Nan.
sl; Orch. sla; Ud. sla.
2, 82.
PMong. *sila completely, utterly (, ): WMong.
sila (L 748: al); Kh. al; Bur. al; Kalm. al (); Ord. al; Dag. al
(. . 182).
PTurk. *sil horse that eats too little food (
): OTurk. sil at (MK); sil kii abstemious person.
OT = Mong. sila buli ideku to eat without appetite
PJpn. *sr additionally, also, newly (, , ): OJpn.
sara-sara; MJpn. sr; Tok. sra; Kyo. sr.
JLTT 518.
276. Martin (1966, 237) compares the Jpn. form with
Kor. si new, but this word has probably a different origin (see *zja).
The Turkic form is very poorly attested (only in MKs phrase) and
somewhat dubious.
-sila dew, liquid; hoar-frost: Tung. *sile-; Mong. *sil-; Turk. *sil-; Kor.
*sr.
PTung. *sile- dew (): Evk. sile-kse; Evn. hli; Neg. sile-kse; Man.
sile-gi; Jurch. sie-le-un (10), cf. siel-hi spring (48) (2-431); Ul. silemse;
Ork. ile-ke; Nan. sile-mse; Orch. silese; Ud. silihe; Sol. iliki.
See 2, 85-86.
PMong. *sil- 1 slime 2 saliva 3 to get wet 4 slobbery (1 2 3 4 ): WMong. silaj 1 (L 749: alai watery stool,
diarrhea), sil-s(n) 2 (L 708), sil-boji- 3, silkei 4 (L 708); Kh. alaj 1, ls
2, olboj- 3, lxij 4; Bur. lhe(n) 2; Kalm. lsn 2 , lk 4 (); Ord.
ls, ls 2; Dag. uls 2 (. . 184: ulse, ille), ulese (MD 218);
Mongr. orgo salive, bave (SM 397).
MGCD 729. Mong. silkej > Turk. (Turkm. slekej etc.).
PTurk. *sil- 1 spittle, saliva 2 slime (1 , 2 ): Tur.
sel, selik (dial.) 1; Az. selik 1; MTurk. silik (Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. ilik 2; Uygh.
ilim, illik 2; Kirgh. silmgj (R.) 1; Kaz. slemej 1.

*sla - *slg

1249

See 7. Most of the Turkic words for saliva are attested late and look like
borrowings < Mong. sil-kej; Yak. sil must also be borrowed (because of initial s-), perhaps from Mong. sil-s (with secondary loss of suffix?). The above forms, however, can
be hardly explained as mongolisms.
PKor. *sr frost (): MKor. sr; Mod. sri.
Nam 299, KED 936.
SKE 230, EAS 71-72, VEWT 435. Cf. also Old Koguryo *salgan
frost (Miller 1979, 8).
-sla to rub, clean: Tung. *silk-; Mong. *silu-; Turk. *sl- / *sla-; Jpn.
*sr-; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *silk- to wash, clean (, ): Evk. silki-; Evn.
hilq-; Neg. slk-; Man. sila-; Ul. silu-; Ork. siltu-; Nan. slqo-; Orch.
sikki-; Ud. siki-.
2, 84.
PMong. *silu- to rub off, peel (, ): WMong. silu-,
ulu- (L 757); Kh. ula-; Bur. ula-; Kalm. ul-; Ord. ulu-; Mongr. uli(SM 385), (MGCD ul-).
KW 367, MGCD 727. Mong. > Oyr. l- etc.
PTurk. *sl- / *sla- 1 to wipe, rub 2 clean (1 , , 2 ): OTurk. sil- 1, silig 2 (OUygh.), silik 2 (Orkh.); Karakh.
silig 2 (MK); Tur. sil- 1, sili 2; Gag. sil- 1; Az. sil- 1; Turkm. sl- 1; Khal.
sl- 1; MTurk. sil- 1 (IM), sla- 1 (Abush.), sil- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. sil- 1;
Uygh. sila- 1; Krm. sil-, sla- 1; Tat. sla- 1; Bashk. hla- 1; Kirgh. sla- 1;
Kaz. sla- 1; KBalk. sla- 1; KKalp. sla- 1; Kum. sla- 1; Nogh. sla- 1; Tv.
sili- to become clean; Chuv. l- 1.
EDT 824-825, 826-827, VEWT 416, 421, TMN 3, 265, 7. Turk. > Kalm. ilkick or sweep away with ones foot (KW 357). Turk. *silig / *slg clean, clear (see
7) > Mong. siluun plain, simple, pure ( > Evk. ilun id.).

PJpn. *sr- 1 to whiten, bleach 2 to clean (bottom of smth.) (1 2 ): OJpn. saras- 1; MJpn. srs- 1; Tok. sras- 1, sra- 2;
Kyo. srs- 1, sr- 2; Kag. sars- 1, sar- 2.
JLTT 747.
PKor. *sr- to wash, clean (, ): MKor. sr-; Mod.
sl-gt- (--).
Liu 450, KED 950.
EAS 72, 124, 150, SKE 230, . 42.
-slg to tremble, quiver, be benumbed: Tung. *silg-; Mong. *silgee-;
Turk. *silk-; Jpn. *skm-; Kor. *sir-.
PTung. *silg- to tremble, shake (from fever, cold etc.) ( (
, ), ): Evk. silgin-; Evn. hilgn-; Neg.
silgin-; Man. urge-; Ul. silun-; Ork. sildun-; Nan. sirgun-; Orch. siggina-.
2, 83, 430.

1250

*silV - *slV

PMong. *silgee- to shake, tremble (): MMong. ilgut(SH); WMong. silgege-, silge- (L 706); Kh. ilg-; Bur. elg-; Kalm. ilg-;
Ord. ilg-; S.-Yugh. g-; Mongr. irg-, urg- se secouer pour faire
tomber lapoussire ou leau qui adhre aux poils (animaux), branler
violemment (tte) (SM 398).
KW 357, MGCD 717.
PTurk. *silk- to shake (, ): OTurk. silk- (OUygh.);
Karakh. silk- (MK); Tur. silk-; Gag. silk-; Az. silk-; Turkm. silk-; Khal.
silk-; MTurk. silk- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. silki-; Uygh. silki-; Krm. silk-; Tat.
slk-; Bashk. hlk-; Kirgh. silk-; Kaz. silki-; KBalk. silk-; KKalp. silki-; Kum.
silk-; Nogh. silk-; Khak. slk-; Oyr. silki-; Tv. silki-; Yak. ilk-.
EDT 826, VEWT 422, 7.
PJpn. *skm- to become numb (): MJpn. skm-; Tok.
skum-, sukm-; Kyo. skm-; Kag. sukm-.
JLTT 758.
PKor. *sir(h)- 1 to be cold (of hands, feet etc.) 2 to quiver, shake (1
( ) 2 , ): Mod. siri- 1, silluk
ha- 2.
KED 1036, 1056.
EAS 71, 122, KW 357, SKE 233, 235, Poppe 30, 76. Mong. is hardly
borrowed from Turkic, despite 1997, 144; Tung. is hardly borrowed from Mong., despite Doerfer MT 46. The meaning in Kor. and
Jpn. may reflect the influence of another root, PA *sai q.v.; in Jpn. there
is an additional contamination with *sku press q.v.
-silV ( ~ z-, --) strap, yoke, dewlap: Tung. *sil-; Mong. *sila.
PTung. *sil- 1 yoke belt 2 breakwater 3 dewlap 4 chock-boot 5
breast ornament (1 2 3 4
5 ): Evk. iliptin boot straps (dial.);
Neg. siliptin 2; Man. selxe 3, selxen 4; Ul. sele 5; Nan. siliptun 1 (.);
Orch. silipke 2; siliktauka interlacement of sledge straps.
2, 84, 140, 426.
PMong. *sila hip strap and breeching in harness, harness, yoke,
dewlap (; ): WMong. ala (L 749); Kh. alan; Kalm.
al.
KW 347.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-slV ( ~ z-, --) a k. of vessel: Tung. *silV; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *silV 1 plate 2 k. of basket (1 2 ): Nan.
sla 1, (Bik.) silfo 2.
2, 84.
PKor. *sr earthenware jug ( ): MKor. sr; Mod.
siru.

*sa - *sa

1251

Nam 325, KED 1036.

A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. The root is poorly attested and rather dubious.
-sa sharp stick; tooth: Tung. *sila(-bun); Mong. *sid; Turk. *s / *s;
Jpn. *ss-, *ss; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *sila(-bun) spit (): Evk. silawun; Evn. hln; Neg.
slawn; Man. olon; Ul. slop(n); Ork. slop(n); Nan. slp; Orch. sil(n);
Ud. silou(n); Sol. ila- to roast.
2, 82. Most languages also reflect the verb *sila- to roast on a spit, to put on a
spit.

PMong. *sid tooth (): MMong. idun (HY 45), idu, sudu (SH),
sidon (IM), idun, sidun (MA), sidn (LH); WMong. sid(n) (L 698); Kh.
d(en); Bur. de(n); Kalm. dn; Ord. d; Mog. sdn; Dag. ide (.
. 183, MD 215), id; Dong. dun; Bao. ()do, hdo; S.-Yugh. dn,
dn; Mongr. di (SM 371).
KW 370, MGCD 728.
PTurk. *s / *s 1 tooth 2 sharp stick (1 2 , ): OTurk. s 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. s 2 (MK); Tur. i 2; Az. i 2;
Turkm. 2; MTurk. s 2 (Sangl.); Uygh. i 2; Krm. 2; Tat. e 2;
Bashk. e 2; Kirgh. i 2; Kaz. is 2; KBalk. i 2; KKalp. is 2; Kum. i 2;
Khak. ss 2; Shr. 2; Oyr. i 2; Tv. i 2; Tof. i 2; Chuv. l 1.
VEWT 424, TMN 3, 324, EDT 856-7. Turk. > Kalm. i, i (KW 442). An interesting
common Turkic derivative is *s-le > *sle (fish name), as fish with teeth (Turkm.
sle, Chuv. la etc., see 7; Turk. > Hung. sll, see MNyTESz 3, 628): such derivation may be postulated on analogy with KKalp. tsli, Uzb. tili (baliq) , lit. fish with
teeth.

PJpn. *ss-, *ss to prick, stab; sharp stick (, ;

): OJpn. sas-, sasi; MJpn. ss-, sasi; Tok. ss-, sash; Kyo. ss-;
Kag. ss-.
JLTT 748.
PKor. *sr arrow; sting (; ): MKor. sr; Mod. sal.
Liu 436, HMCH 277, KED 895.
EAS 108, VEWT 424, Doerfer TMN 3, 325-326 (with quite unjustified doubts), MT 240 (Turk.-Tung.), Miller 1970, 129, Street 1980, 300,
288, 13, . 41-42, 228. The comparison with Kor. and Jpn. seems very probable, although here we
have a rather rare case of tonal irregularity: one would expect a low
tone in Kor. and a high tone in Japanese. In Jpn. the tonal irregularity
could be explained by a contamination with some different root - e.g.,
with the root reflected in PT *san- to pierce ( 7); but the Kor.
high tone is still unexplained. It is interesting to note the common
Turkic-Mongolian derivative meaning 2-year-old sheep or camel:
Turkic *siek / *diek (see VEWT 424), MMong. ilegu, Khalkha ilbe, Bur.

1252

*sm - *simo

lge (certainly not a loan in Mong. < Turk., despite Rona-Tas 1970, 215
with a detailed analysis of the words, see Poppe 1974, 123). The variant
*diek (attested in MK tiek and in Yak. tisege, see EDT 563) is an obvious
innovation in a part of Old Turkic dialects, following the replacement
of *si tooth by *di q.v., just like WMong. sidle 2-year-old sheep is
an innovation following the replacement of original *sil tooth by the
suffixed formation *sil-d > sid.
-sm a k. of bird: Tung. *sim-; Mong. *similen; Turk. *sm; Jpn. *smi
( ~ -i).
PTung. *sim- 1 kingfisher 2 a k. of woodpecker 3 a k. of titmouse 4
eagle-owl (1 2 3 4 ): Evk.
sennekn, dial. sendekn 2; Man. simari, simatun 3; Ul. sindi 1; Ork.
simiktu 4.
2, 86, 88, 143.
PMong. *similen a k. of bird of prey ( ):
WMong. similen (); Kh. imelen a dark bird of prey with a
white head.
Cf. also somara titmouse.
PTurk. *sm grouse (): Karakh. sini (KB) (? = simni) a k. of
songbird; Khak. sm; Shr. snma; Oyr. smda; Chuv. ngr starling;
Yak. m crossbill, slg mta wagtail.
500, VEWT 416.
PJpn. *smi ( ~ -i) a k. of hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
japonicus ( ): MJpn. sm; Tok. shim; Kyo. shm; Kag.
shim.
JLTT 524.
It is hard to determine the original meaning of the root - some
kind of middle-sized bird, probably with a big beak.
-simo ( ~ -u) to be silent, whisper: Tung. *sim-; Turk. *sm-.
PTung. *sim- to be silent, whisper (, ): Evk.
siml-; Evn. hmn-; Neg. sm-; Ul. sim-; Ork. sm-; Nan. simu-; Ud.
sim-sim; Sol. sin-gad silently.
2, 88.
PTurk. *sm- 1 to talk unintelligibly 2 to whisper (1 2 ): Karakh. suml- (MK, KB) 1; Turkm. sm-sm 2; Khak.
sm silence; Tv. smran- 2; Tof. smra- 2 (); Chuv. smpltet.
EDT 829.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

*smta - *sira

1253

-smta to meet an obstacle: Mong. *simda-; Turk. *smta-; Jpn. *smta-.

PMong. *simda- 1 to endeavour, make effort 2 to rush, hurry (1 , 2 ): WMong. simda- 1, 2 (L 709);
Kh. amda- 1, 2; Bur. amda- 2; Kalm. amd- 2 ().
PTurk. *smta- to neglect, be careless about (smth.) (,
): OTurk. smta- (OUygh.).
EDT 828.
PJpn. *smta- to hinder (): OJpn. sama-taga-; MJpn.
sm-taga-; Tok. smatage-, samatag-; Kyo. smtg-; Kag. samatag-.
JLTT 747 (Reasons for accent vacillation in Tokyo are unclear).
Despite EDT 828, the Mong. verb cannot be < Turkic.
-sni ( ~ -e, -o) to suffer, endure: Tung. *sini-; Mong. *sinal-; Jpn.
*sn-(m)p-, *snu-(n)k-.
PTung. *sini- 1 to be sorry 2 to offend, do wrong 3 to be poor, distressed 4 mourning 5 sad (1 2 , 3
, 4 5 ): Evk. sini- 1, sini- 3; Neg.
siin- 1, siije- 2; Man. sigira- 2, sinaGan 4; Jurch. sin-na-lar 5 (375);
Ul. sigere- 2, sineu-, sinewli- 3; Ork. sigere- 2, snedu- 3; Nan. sigere- 2,
sinei- 3; Orch. sigere- 2, sinei- 3; Ud. sunuge-si- 2, sineh 4.
2, 89, 90, 91.
PMong. *sinal- to be sad, bothered (, ):
WMong. sinal(a)- (L 710); Kh. anal-; Bur. anal-; Kalm. anl-; Ord. inalga- (causative); Mongr. nli- (SM 374).
KW 348.
PJpn. *sn-(m)p-, *snu-(n)k- to endure (, ):
OJpn. sinob-, sinwog-; MJpn. sng-; Tok. shing-; Kyo. shng-; Kag.
shng-.
JLTT 751, 752. On the distinction between *snu- and *snu- see under *snu-p- (v.
sub *si).

The root is rather difficult to distinguish from *si and *sae q.v.
-sira double bone (of animals): Tung. *sire-; Mong. *siira; Turk.
*sr-.
PTung. *sire- 1 elbow bone 2 shin bone (1 2 ): Evk. sirk, sirk 1; Evn. hirmt 1; Neg. sijimte 1; Man. sira 2;
Ork. simuse calf of leg; Nan. sireme 1; Orch. simikte shoulder bone;
Ud. simikta, simukta 1; Sol. irm 1.
2, 94, 97.
PMong. *siira double bone (of animals) ( ,
()): MMong. ijira hoof (SH); WMong. sigira, sigere (L 702);
Kh. ijr; Bur. re; Kalm. r; Ord. ra; Dag. irem; Dong. Gara foot
(. .); S.-Yugh. ra; Mongr. ir (SM 397).
KW 363, MGCD 713.

1254

*sri - *s

PTurk. *sr 1 double shin bone (1 2 ): Tur. srnak (dial.) 2; Az. sr (dial.) 1; Turkm. sraq, srnaq 2;
MTurk. saraq (Pav. C.), sraq (AH) 2; Krm. sra ; Tat. sjraq 2,
() srsxan 1; Bashk. sraq 2; Kirgh. sjra ; Kaz. sjraq 2;
KKalp. sjraq 2; Kum. sjraq 2; Nogh. sjraq 2; Khak. srsax 1; Tv. sr
, sr , sraq 2; Yak. rx 2.
EDT 803, 7, 147-148, 287. In some languages the reflex may have
merged with *sdr-gak (v. sub *sudu).

EAS 120, 313-314, 287. A Western isogloss, but cf.

*siu: the form may be an archaic derivative.
-sri sinew: Tung. *sire-; Mong. *sinda-su; Turk. *siir; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *sire- sinew, thread (, ): Evk. sirekte; Evn. siren (Arm.); Neg. sijekte, sijn; Man. sirge / sirxe, siren; SMan. irx fiber
(269); Ul. siri, sirekte; Ork. sirekte; Nan. sirikte (Kur-Urm.), sr; Orch. sije,
sijekte; Ud. sie, siekte; Sol. irikte, iritte.
2, 97. Despite superficial resemblance and Doerfer MT 26, the word has nothing to do with Mong. *sirm- / *sirb- sinew (which is = TM *sumu-, see under *sorme).

PMong. *sinda-su sinew (, ): WMong. sindasu(n) (L

710); Kh. andas; Bur. andha; Kalm. andsn (); Ord. indasu.
PTurk. *siir sinew (, ): OTurk. siir (OUygh.);
Karakh. siir (MK); Tur. sinir; Gag. sinir; Turkm. siir; MTurk. siir
(AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. siir; Krm. sinir; Tat. seer; Bashk. hr; Kaz. siir;
KBalk. siir; KKalp. siir; Kum. siir; Nogh. siir; Khak. sr; Oyr. siir;
Tv. sr; Chuv. nr; Yak. ir; Dolg. ir.
EDT 841, VEWT 423, 264, 7, Stachowski 127.
PKor. *sr string, sinew; bow string (, ; ):
MKor. sr; Mod. siwi.
Nam 326, KED 1040.
EAS 120, . 43, 264.
-s bone; shin bone: Tung. *sia-; Mong. *sia; Turk. *sik / *sok;
Jpn. *sni; Kor. *sin.
PTung. *sia- 1 pelvis, pelvis bone 2 swelling of deers joints (1 ,
2 ): Evk. aalran (Sym.) 1,
siargaaran 2.
2, 90, 424. The forms are attested only in several Evk. dialects, but have rather
plausible external parallels.

PMong. *sia knucklebone, anklebone (, ):

MMong. ia (HY 48, SH), ai (LH), a (Lig.VMI); WMong. sia(n),
aa(n), siai (L 747); Kh. , agai; Bur. agaj; agaba, agajba stockings,
socks; Kalm. bones for divination, a (); Ord. ; Mongr.
(SM 393) cheville du pied, osselets avec lesquels jouent les enfants,
G jambe (de lhomme ou des animaux) (SM 378).

*spa - *spa

1255

Cf. also WMong. siu, Kalm. (Mongor r, MGCD 721) ein Knochen im Handgelenk; Wrfelknochen (KW 366). Mong. > Man. santu ( = Mong. agantu), see Doerfer MT
138.
PTurk. *sik bone (): OTurk. sk (Orkh.), sk (OUygh.);
Karakh. sk (MK, KB); Tur. sk, sek, smk (dial.); Az. smk;
Turkm. sk, sjek; Sal. senix; Khal. simik; MTurk. sek (Abush.,
Sangl.); Uzb. sujak; Uygh. sk; Tat. sjk; Bashk. hjk; Kirgh. sk;
Kaz. sujek; KBalk. sjek; KKalp. sjek; Kum. sjek; Nogh. sjek; SUygh.
smk; Khak. sk; Shr. sk; Oyr. sk; Tv. sk; Tof. sk; Chuv. m; Yak.
uuo; Dolg. ouok.
VEWT 437, EDT 838-839, 260-261, 7, Stachowski 195. With different
suffixation cf. Uygh. sg thigh, hip, thigh bone; Yak., Dolg. rges cartilage (Stachowski 200).

PJpn. *sni 1 shin 2 marrow (1 2 ): OJpn.

sune 2; MJpn. sune 1, 2; Tok. sun 1; Kyo. sn 1; Kag. sun 1.
JLTT 534.
PKor. *sin shin, thigh (, ): MKor. sin-tr.
Nam 323.
KW 440, 285, 314-315, . 42. Cf.
*siri.
-spa clay, to smear: Tung. *siba-; Mong. *siba-; Turk. *sba-; Jpn. *sp.
PTung. *siba- 1 to smear (with clay) 2 bog, marsh 3 to poultice (1
() 2 , 3 ): Evk. siwa- 1;
Evn. hwta 2; Man. abarGan gida- 3.
2, 74. Cf. also Oroch sibiki- to scrape, plane (?).
PMong. *siba- 1 to smear (with clay) 2 clay (1 () 2
): MMong. ibar (HY 3, SH), ibar (IM), ibar (MA) 2; WMong. siba1; sibar 2 (L 693, 694); Kh. ava- 1, avar 2; Bur. aba- 1, abar 2; Kalm. aw1, awr 2; Ord. awa- 1, awar 2; Mog. ZM b- (5-1b); Dag. awar (.
. 182), aure (MD 214), aur 2; Dong. uva- 1, uva 2; Bao. bar, hbar 2;
S.-Yugh. bar 2; Mongr. awar (SM 369), ura 2.
KW 352, 353, MGCD 701, 722. Mong. > Kirgh. sabr dirt.
PTurk. *sba- to smear (): OTurk. suva- (OUygh.); Karakh.
suva-, suval-, suva- (MK); Tur. sva-; Gag. suwa-; Az. sua- (dial.); Turkm.
suwa-; Sal. suva-, sova-; Khal. sva-; MTurk. suwa- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. suwa-;
Uygh. suwa-.
EDT 785, 789, 793, VEWT 414, 7. Cf. also the toponym Sva. The root is
somewhat confused with *sba- to water, irrigate (a derivative of *sb water q.v. sub
*suba), but they should be certainly kept distinct.

PJpn. *spa 1 bog, marsh 2 to dip; to smear with lacquer (1 2

; ): OJpn. safa 1; MJpn. sf 1, safa-s- 2; Tok. saw
1, sawas- 2; Kyo. sw 1; Kag. swa 1.

*sipa - *spe

1256

JLTT 520, 748. Modern dialects point unanimously to *sp, but RJ shows high tone
in the 2d syllable.
KW 352, Poppe 30, 46. Correspondences are quite regular, and
there is hardly any need in assuming (despite Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer
MT 123) Tung. < Mong. However, Mong. may be borrowed from
Turkic (see 1997, 148-150), in which case a reconstruction *sba
is also possible.
-sipa ( ~ -, -u, -o) worm, insect: Mong. *sibai; Turk. *sbugan.
PMong. *sibai insect (): WMong. abai, sibai (L 747);
Kh. a; Bur. abxaj worm; Kalm. iv.
KW 361.
PTurk. *sbugan earth-worm (, ): Karakh.
sovuan (MK); Tur. soluan; Gag. soluan; Az. soxulan; Turkm.
soulan; Sal. suulun; MTurk. soulan (AH, Pav. C.), solunan (AH);
Uzb. uwala; Uygh. uwala; Krm. suwalan, swalcan; Tat. sualan;
Bashk. slwsn; Kirgh. slan, sjlan; KBalk. suwalan; Kum. suwalan;
Nogh. lawan; Khak. ssxan (dial.), somsxan; Oyr. ojloqon; Tv.
jlaqn; Chuv. vrlan, len, vlen.
VEWT 425, EDT 793-794. The PT form can be reconstructed despite numerous expressive irregularities.

A Turko-Mongolian isogloss.
-spe swamped ground, swamp vegetation: Tung. *sbe; Mong. *siber;
Turk. *seb-; Jpn. *smp / *smp.
PTung. *sbe horse-tail, swamped ground where it grows (,
, ): Evk. sw; Evn. hwe; Neg.
siwu-kte; Man. sia / sibe; Ul. siu-kte; Nan. siu-kte.
2, 76.
PMong. *siber swamped forest ( ): WMong. siber,
sibir (L 695); Kh. iver; Bur. eber; Kalm. iwr; Ord. iwer terrain humide
et o il y a du gazon touffu.
KW 362. Cf. also Khalkha ivers Lycopodium.
PTurk. *seb- spurge, euphorbia (): Turkm. sv-dek.
Attested only in Turkm., but having probable external parallels.
PJpn. *smp / *smp turf (): MJpn. sb; Tok. shba / shb; Kyo.
shb; Kag. shba.
JLTT 522. RJ has sb, but modern dialects show variation between *sb and *sb (
> Tok. shba, Kyo. shb).

2, 76, 79. Despite Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer MT 52,

TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. The irregular voicing in Jpn. ( <
PA *-p-) must be due to a confusion with a very similar root, *smp ~
*smp firewood < PA *sp; Jpn. dialects show a great deal of confusion between these two roots.

*spi - *sipV

1257

-spi ( ~ z-, -o) to whisper, cough: Tung. *sibu-; Mong. *sibi-; Jpn. *spa-.
PTung. *sibu- to whisper (): Evk. siwut-; Evn. hwln-;
Neg. swt-; Man. u-sina-; Ul. sw-.
2, 75-76.
PMong. *sibi- 1 to whisper 2 whispering (1 2 ):
WMong. sibine-, sibene-, sibegene- 1, sibir, siber, sibenel 2 (L 694, 695); Kh.
ivne- 1, iver, ivnel 2; Bur. ebene- 1 eber 2; Kalm. iwr 2 (); Ord.
iwene- 1, iwer 2; Dag. abkli- 1; S.-Yugh. abr- 1.
MGCD 714. Mong. > Kirgh. sbr.
PJpn. *spa- to cough (): OJpn. sipa-buk-; MJpn. sfa-bk-;
Tok. shiwabuk-.
JLTT 753.
Poppe 46. An expressive root, cf. *sbi.
-sp ( ~ *z-) a k. of tree: Tung. *sibu-; Mong. *sibr; Jpn. *sp; Kor.
*sp(h), *sphr.
PTung. *sibu- 1 nut tree 2 cone (1 2 ): Evk. suwuki 1; Nan. siuix 2; Ud. seutigi 2.
2, 117, 147.
PMong. *sibr bush-oak, Quercus ( ): WMong. sibr (L
697).
PJpn. *sp a k. of beech-like eternally green tree, Lithocarpus Sieboldii Makino ( ): OJpn. sipji; MJpn. sf; Tok.
shi; Kyo. sh; Kag. shi.
JLTT 523. The Tokyo form has an irregular accent (probably due to contraction).
PKor. *sp(h), *sphr wood, forest, thicket (, ): MKor.
sp(h), sphr; Mod. sup [suph], suphul.
Liu 476, 479, Nam 314, KED 1011, 1022.
Korean reflects a suffixed form like *sipo-kV. Cf. perhaps Nan.
Gbora black birch (which would change the reconstruction to *-).
-sipV ( ~ z-, -b-) a k. of small bird: Tung. *sibi; Mong. *sibawu.
PTung. *sibi swallow (): Man. sibirGan; Jurch. sih-biar-xun
(183).
2, 398 - the root should be distinguished from *ipi- q. v. sub *p[] (although with some difficulty).

PMong. *sibawu bird (): MMong. ibaun (HY 13, SH), ibn
(IM), ibawun (MA); WMong. sibau(n), sibau (L 693); Kh. uv; Bur.
ub(n); Kalm. own; Ord. iw, uw; Dag. ow; S.-Yugh. n; Mongr.
(SM 383), (MGCD au).
KW 366, MGCD 725. Mong. > Chag. ibaun ( 1997, 209).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; a Turkic parallel could be found in Russ.
peregrin (considered to be Turkic [ 278], but the
source is actually unknown). Cf. *p[u].

1258

*sp - *sira

-sp a k. of pipe: Mong. *sib-; Turk. *spek; Jpn. *simpai.

PMong. *sib- 1 to perforate 2 tattooing needle, perforator 3 smoking
pipe (1 2 , 3 ): WMong. sibe- 1, sibegr 2, sibsir 3 (L 694, 695), sibsira
lextrmit dune baguette de correction; Kh. ive- 1, ivr 2, ivr 3;
Bur. ebr; Ord. ive- 1; Mongr. iur mche de fouet (SM 401).
PTurk. *spek 1 infants urinal in a cradle 2 pivot (of a hand-mill
etc.) 3 corn-cob (1 2 ,
( ..) 3 ): Karakh.
sibek 1, 2 (MK); Tur. sbek 1, 2, 3; Uzb. sbk 3 (dial.).
EDT 788, 7. Modern languages reveal some very irregular reflexes like Kaz.,
KKalp. sobq 3, Tur. smek, smek 1, 2, 3 (with -m- also in Kum. smek, Nogh. simek, Uzb.
sumak 1, 2 etc.; some languages have variants with - or - like Kirgh. mk 3, imek 1, 2).
These all can be either irregular expressive variants with secondary diffusion or reflect
contaminations with some other (not quite clear) roots.

PJpn. *simpai heart of rice straw ( ): MJpn.

sibe; Tok. shibe.
Cf. also PT *spgu flute ( 7). In TM one may note Neg.
swsaxawn wire (for pipe cleaning), Nan. sosaqo wire (for burning a
hole), sosan- to burn (a hole with a wire), Oroch siapti mouthpiece
(of a tobacco pipe) ( 2, 74, 75). These words are hardly borrowed
from Mong. sibsir, but are rather reflexes of original *sibe- pull out,
pick out (see *zupi) influenced by the Mong. word.
-spi ( ~ z-, -p-) to spy; slander: Tung. *sipki-; Mong. *sibsi-; Jpn. *sp-.
PTung. *sipki- 1 to spy, peep 2 to slander (1 2 , , ): Evk. sipkit- 1, sipku- 2; Evn. hpq1; Neg. spkt- 1; Man. sibki- 1; SMan. ifa- to study (1853); Ork. sipkii- hide; Orch. sippii- 1; Sol. irki- listen, hearken.
2, 92, 93.
PMong. *sibsi- to blemish, defame (, ): WMong.
sibsi- (L 695); Kh. ivig (Gomb. 808) shame, disgrace; Kalm. iw-.
KW 362.
PJpn. *sp- to slander (): OJpn. sipu-; MJpn. sfu-; Tok.
shi-; Kyo. sh-; Kag. shi-.
JLTT 750. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
A good Mong.-Tung.-Jpn. verbal match.
-sira ( ~ -u) hill, high mountain: Tung. *sirk-; Mong. *siru- / *siro-; Turk.
*srt.
PTung. *sirk- 1 a small hillock 2 cape (1 , 2 ): Evk.
sirkun (Uchur) 2; Nan. sirge 1 (.).
2, 95.

*sra - *sire

1259

PMong. *siru- / *siro- 1 rock, cliff 2 high mountain (1 , 2

): WMong. siru 1, oro 2 (); Kh. urag 1, oron 2.
PTurk. *srt 1 back, spine (of animal) 2 tableland, mountain ridge (1
, () 2 ): Karakh. srt-lato climb up a small valley (MK); Tur. srt 1, 2; Az. srt (dial.) 2; Turkm.
srt 2; MTurk. srt (AH) 2, sirt (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. sirt 1, 2; Uygh. sirt 1;
Krm. srt 1; Tat. srt 1, 2; Bashk. hrt 1, 2; Kirgh. srt 2; Kaz. srt 2; KBalk.
srt 1; KKalp. srt; Kum. srt 1, 2; Nogh. srt back part; Khak. srt 1; Oyr.
srt 1; Tv. sirt 1, 2; Tof. srt 1, 2; Chuv. rt 1, 2.
VEWT 419, EDT 847, 268, 7. Turk. > Hung. szirt (see Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 756).

. 45-46. A Western isogloss.

-sra ( ~ -u, -o) to quilt, sew together: Tung. *sira-; Mong. *siri-; Turk.
*sr-.
PTung. *sira- to sew together, piece down (, ):
Evk. sira-; Evn. hirq-; Neg. sja-; Man. sira-; SMan. ira- to connect, to
tie together, to join (1699, 1763, 2959); Jurch. sir(a)-ru inherit (425); Ul.
sra-; Ork. sra-; Nan. sra-; Orch. sija-; Ud. se-.
2, 94.
PMong. *siri- to quilt, stitch (, ): WMong.
siri- (L 717); Kh. ire-; Bur. ere-; Kalm. ir- (); Ord. ire-, iri-; Dag.
iri- (. . 184: ire-), ire (MD 217); Dong. ri-; S.-Yugh. ir-;
Mongr. iri- contre-pointer (SM 399), ir-.
MGCD 720. Mong. > Kirgh. r- id.
PTurk. *sr- to sew tightly, quilt, smock (, ,
): Karakh. sr- (MK); Tur. sr- (dial.); Az. sr-; Turkm. sra-;
MTurk. sr- (R.); Uygh. sr- (dial.); Tat. sr-; Bashk. hr-; Kaz. sr-;
KKalp. sr-; Kum. sr-; Nogh. sr-; Khak. sr-; Oyr. sr-; Tv. sr-.
VEWT 418, 419, EDT 845, 7.
Tekin 1969, 70. A Western isogloss.
-sire a measure of length or width: Tung. *siru; Turk. *sere; Jpn. *sir.
PTung. *siru span between the big finger and index finger ( ): Man. uru; Ul.
siru(n); Ork. sirobgi, sirogbi; Nan. siru; Orch. sijo; Ud. s.
2, 80.
PTurk. *sere span between the big finger and index finger ( ): Tur. sere; Gag. ser;
Turkm. sere; Uzb. sr (dial.); Kirgh. sere; Kaz. sere.
VEWT 411, 7.
PJpn. *sir a unit of field width ( ): OJpn.
siro.

*sirpa - *siu

1260

JLTT 526.
7.
-sirpa (~-o,-u) thick hair, bristle: Tung. *sirpa-kta; Mong. *ser- / *sir-;
Turk. *srt.
PTung. *sirpa-kta horses hair, bristle ( , ):
Neg. stpakta; Man. siqa; SMan. ik tail horse-hair, horsetail (2292); Ul.
srpaqta; Nan. srbaqta ~ srpaqta; Orch. sipakta, sppakta.
2, 99-100.
PMong. *ser- / *sir- 1 crest 2 long rod, switch 3 bristle 4 to bristle,
stand on end 5 spine ramification 6 sticking out, protruding (1 ,
; 2 , 3 , 4
, 5 6 , , ): MMong. irun uneven, rugged (MA 336); WMong.
serbege, serbe 1 (L 688), sirbegr, sirbigr, sirbegl (L 715) 2, sirke(g) 3 (L
718), serbeji-, sirbeji- 4 (L 689), serte 5, (L 691) 6; Kh. servn 1, irvl 2,
irxeg 3, servij- 4, serten 5, sertger, sertij- (V.) 6; Bur. herb 1, erxeg 3,
herteger 6; Kalm. serw 1, irk, irkg 3; arw- in die Hhe ragen (die
Haare), sertgr 6; Ord. serw- 4, serteger sticking out (about ears); Dag.
irg 3.
KW 326, 351, 360, MGCD 721. Mong. sirkeg > Oyr. rkk.
PTurk. *srt thick hair, bristle ( , ): Karakh.
srt (MK); Tat. srt (dial.); Bashk. rt ( < Chuv.?); Chuv. rt.
EDT 846, VEWT 419-420, 7. Turk. > Hung. serte bristle (Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 526).

KW 360, . 45, 268. A Western isogloss.

Mong. sirke-, serte- may belong here if they go back to *sirp-ke-, *serp-te(cf. the TM and Turkic forms). See also notes to *sajri stick out, protrude.
-siu ( ~ -o) pain: Tung. *sir; Mong. *sir-; Turk. *s-; Kor. *srm.
PTung. *sir sharp pain (in ones joint) ( ( )): Ul.
sir; Nan. sir.
2, 95.
PMong. *sir- 1 inner pain 2 contagious disease (1
2 ): WMong. sira 1, sirig 2; Kh. ar 1; Bur. ara heartburn; Kalm. ar 1, irg 2.
KW 349.
PTurk. *s- 1 to feel pain 2 pain, suffering (1 ,
2 , , ): Karakh. szla- (MK) 1;
Tur. sz- 1, sz 2; Gag. sz 2; Turkm. szla- 1; MTurk. sizgi 2 (R.); Tat. ss
2 (dial.); Kirgh. sz 2; Kaz. sz 2; Chuv. srltat- to feel ague (?).
EDT 863, VEWT 420.

*ssu - *st

1261

PKor. *srm worry, trouble (, ): MKor. srm; Mod.

sirm.
Liu 495, KED 1036.
KW 349.
-ssu ( ~ z-) to baste, cloth: Tung. *sise-; Mong. *sisegej; Jpn. *ssu; Kor.
*ss-.
PTung. *sise- 1 to baste 2 list (of clothes) (1 , 2 ): Man. sise- 1, sisexen 2.
2, 99. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sisegej felt (): MMong. sisgai (HY 22, SH), isgai
(SH), siskj, sisukej (MA), sseke (Lig.VMI); WMong. isegei, esegei (L 416);
Kh. esgij, isgij; Bur. hej / hegej; Kalm. ik; Ord. eseg; Mog. siskei
(Weiers); Dag. iseg, ideg (. . 184), idehe (MD 215); S.-Yugh. sk;
Mongr. sg (SM 346), sg.
KW 211, MGCD 413. Mong. > Man. sisxe etc., see Doerfer MT 80, Rozycki 185.
PJpn. *ssu lap, skirt (): OJpn. suswo; MJpn. ss; Tok. sso;
Kyo. ss; Kag. sus.
JLTT 535.
PKor. *s- to baste (): MKor. ss-; Mod. sihi-.
Nam 322, KED 1042.
Lee 1958, 117.
-st ( ~ z-) to think, worry, be anxious: Tung. *sita-; Mong. *sit-; Jpn.
*stp-; Kor. *strp-.
PTung. *sita- 1 be embarrassed, perplexed 2 to tarry (1 2
): Evk. sita- 1; Man. ita- 2.
2, 99.
PMong. *sit- to trust, believe (, ): MMong. itu (HY
38); WMong. sit- (L 720); Kh. te-; Bur. te-; Kalm. t-; Ord. t-;
Dag. ute- (. . 184, MD 218); S.-Yugh. tn object of worship;
Mongr. den pice dtoffe rouge ou jaune quon met aux idoles pour
les vnrer (SM 371).
KW 372, MGCD 729.
PJpn. *stp- to be anxious, to miss, to care (, ,
): OJpn. sitap-; MJpn. stf-; Tok. shta-; Kyo. sht-; Kag. shit-.
JLTT 753.
PKor. *str- 1 to tire, be tired 2 to be emaciated, wither 3 to be displeased, disinclined; to be unsatisfactory (1 2 ,
3 , ; ): MKor. str- 2, strp- 1; Mod. sidl- 2, sidl-ha- 3.
Nam 324, KED 1035.
In MKor. cf. also str- to be emaciated, wither.

1262

*st - *sbi

-st ladder, framed wall: Tung. *sitk; Mong. *sita; Jpn. *stmi; Kor.
*satri.
PTung. *sitk wall, side (of tent) ( ()): Evk. sitk; Evn.
hitki; Neg. sitk; Sol. tt 'summer panelling (of tent)'.
2, 99, 426.
PMong. *sita stairs (): MMong. atu (MA 407); WMong.
atu(n) (L 754); Kh. at(an); Bur. ata; Kalm. at; Ord. atu; S.-Yugh. t.
KW 351, MGCD 710. Mong. > Chag. atu etc. (despite Doerfer TMN 3, 317, Turk. >
Mong. is impossible because of initial -).

PJpn. *stmi blinds, shutter (, ): OJpn. sit(w)om(j)i;

MJpn. stm; Tok. shitomi.
JLTT 528.
PKor. *satri stairs (): MKor. satri; Mod. sadari, sadak-tari.
Nam 282, KED 870.
KW 351, SKE 217. The etymology seems plausible, despite Doerfers (TMN 3, 318) doubts (Zusammenhang der kor. Form mit der
t.-mo. scheint zweifelhaft) - although the Korean vocalism is in fact
not quite clear.
-sit ( ~ z-, -) bands tied to sacrifices: Mong. *seter; Jpn. *sintai (~-ia).
PMong. *seter bands tied to sacrificial animals (, ): WMong. seter (L 692); Kh. seter;
Bur. heter; Kalm. setr heilig, geweiht; geweihtes Opfervieh; Ord. seter
consecration dune pice de betail une divinit; Mongr. sder (SM
335).
KW 327. Lessing writes: from Tib. seter, but we were unable to identify such a
word. Sukhbataar 1997 derives the word from Tib. che thar eternity, immortality (?),
which seems rather far-fetched, both phonetically and semantically.

PJpn. *sintai (~-ia) tassels tied to sacrifices (, ): MJpn. side; Tok. shide.
Formally derived from *sinta- to let hang down, but etymologically hardly separable from Mong. seter.

A rather striking Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Evk. itarn- , (, ) ( 2, 400); Sol. tt
( 2, 426).
-sbi to sew, perforate, awl: Tung. *sibi-; Mong. *sibge; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *sibi- to thread (): Evk. iwikme, uwikme (Sym.); Neg. swla-; Man. sujfun awl ( <*sibi-pun); Ul.
s-; Ork. swi-; Nan. s-; Orch. siwi-; Ud. sla stick for stringing fish
(while drying).
2, 117, 121, 428.
PMong. *sibge awl (): MMong. ibuge (SH), sebg (IM), ibug
awl, sibig sting (MA); WMong. sibge(n) (L 696); Kh. vg; Bur.

*sbo - *sjr

1263

bge; Kalm. wg; Ord. wg; Dag. eugu (. . 183); Dong.

sumeGe, sum; Bao. sebgu (MGCD sbk); S.-Yugh. wae; Mongr.
ubuge, ge (SM 383, 384), (MGCD ge).
KW 367, MGCD 723. Mong. > Man. sibke etc., see Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer MT 132.
PKor. *h- to sew, broad-stitch ( ( )):
MKor. h-; Mod. h-.
Nam 490, Liu 755, KED 1840.
The root is actively (esp. in Mongolian) contaminating with *spi
pipe (as something which may be poked, perforated).
-sbo a k. of stick: Tung. *sba; Mong. *sel; Jpn. *swa.
PTung. *sba bough, stick (for hanging kettle over fire) ( (
, )): Neg. swa; Nan. sogbin
(.).
See 2, 103.
PMong. *sel oar (, ): WMong. sel (L 683);
Kh. sl; Kalm. sl.
KW 342. The root is homonymous with *sel tail (v. sub *sbu), but certainly different historically; although now it is almost obsolete (but noted both in Lessings and
Ramstedts dictionaries), it is certainly archaic. Mong. > Oroch sui(l), Nan. sol, Neg.
se(w)ul etc. (see 2, 120).

PJpn. *swa pole (, ): OJpn. sawo; MJpn. sw; Tok. sa;

Kyo. s; Kag. sa.
JLTT 518.
Cf. *sp , *sp (with possible contaminations in Mongolian).
-sgi a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *siakta; Mong. *sier; Turk. *segt.
PTung. *siakta willow (): Evk. skta; Evn. ht; Neg. skta; Man.
sajuwa; Orch. skta, siakta; Ud. sakta.
2, 70.
PMong. *sier nut tree ( ): WMong. eger (L 754);
Kh. r.
PTurk. *segt willow (): OTurk. sgt tree (OUygh.); Karakh.
sgt; Tur. sjt, st; Gag. st; Az. sjd; Turkm. swt; Khal. sjt;
MTurk. sgd (Pav. C.); Uzb. sgt; Uygh. swt; SUygh. sgt, segt;
Khak. st; Yak. t; Dolg. t.
EDT 819, VEWT 429, 126, 7, Stachowski 252.
VEWT 429, 11. A Western isogloss. Length is reconstructed
to account for *-ia- (after a fricative) in TM.
-sjr nit, louse: Tung. *sire-; Mong. *sirke; Turk. *sirke; Jpn. *srm(u)i;
Kor. *hj.
PTung. *sire- 1 louse 2 helminth 3 worm (1 2 3 ):
Evk. sirikte 2; Neg. sekki 3; Ul. slma 1.
2, 85, 95, 138.

1264

*sjri - *sjri

PMong. *sirke louse (of animals) ( ( )): MMong.

srke nit (MA 323); WMong. sirke (L 718: a k. of flea); Kh. irx; Bur.
erxe; Kalm. irk; Ord. ire.
KW 360.
PTurk. *sirke nit (): OTurk. test; Karakh. sirke (MK); Tur. sirke;
Gag. sirk; Az. sirk; Turkm. sirke; Khal. sirk; MTurk. sirke (IM); Uzb.
srk; Uygh. s(r)k; Krm. sirke; Tat. srk; Bashk. hrk; Kirgh. sirke; Kaz.
srke; KBalk. sirke; KKalp. sirke; Kum. sirke; Nogh. sirke; Khak. srge; Oyr.
sirke; Tv. sirge; Tof. sirxe; Chuv. rga.
VEWT 423, EDT 850, 182, 7. Turk. > Hung. serke, see Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 523-524.

PJpn. *srm(u) louse (): OJpn. siram(j)i; MJpn. srm; Tok.

shrami; Kyo. srm; Kag. srm.
JLTT 525.
PKor. *hj nit (): MKor. hj; Mod. skh.
Nam 488, KED 939. Modern skh is a dialectal form < *hj-kai.
KW 360, 73, 83, 87, 276 (confused with the reflexes of
*suru q.v.), 182, Whitman 1985, 168. In Turkic a secondary
narrowing (*sirke < *serke or *sarke) occurred. Mong. may be < Turkic.
In Kor. we have to suppose *sjri > *hj (with tone modified because of
contraction).
-sjri white: Tung. *siar-; Mong. *sira; Turk. *siarg; Jpn. *sru-; Kor.
*hi-.
PTung. *siar- 1 lightning, rainbow 2 light (1 , 2
, ): Evk. sr-n 1; Man. ari 2; Ork. srro, sro 1.
2, 72, 381.
PMong. *sira yellow (): MMong. ira (HY 41, SH), ir (IM),
ir (MA); WMong. sira (L 714); Kh. ar; Bur. ara; Kalm. ar; Ord. ara;
Mog. ira; ZM sir (13-7); Dag. ara, ar (. . 183), ari (MD 214);
Dong. ra, ra; Bao. ira; S.-Yugh. ra; Mongr. ira (SM 397).
KW 349, MGCD 707. Mong. > Manchu sira (see Rozycki 184).
PTurk. *siarg 1 yellow 2 white (1 2 ): OTurk. ar
(Orkh.), sar (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. sar (MK); Tur. sar 1; Gag. sar 1; Az.
sar 1; Turkm. sr 1; Sal. sar 1; Khal. sru orange; MTurk. sar 1
(Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. sariq 1; Uygh. seriq 1; Krm. sar 1; Tat. sar 1;
Bashk. har 1; Kirgh. sar 1; Kaz. sar 1; KBalk. sar 1; KKalp. sar 1; Kum.
sar 1; Nogh. sar 1; SUygh. sar 1; Khak. sar 1; Oyr. sar 1; Tv. sar 1;
Tof. sar 1; Chuv. or 2; Yak. araas 1; ar butter; Dolg. ar butter.
VEWT 403-4, EDT 848, 601, 2 462-463, 7, Stachowski 37.
Vowel length in Turkm. and Khal. must be secondary (influenced by forms like Mong.
sral yellowish?). Bulg. > Hung. sr, srga, dial. srog yellow, see Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 227.

*saku - *sk

1265

PJpn. *sru- white (): OJpn. sirwo-; MJpn. sr-; Tok. shir-;
Kyo. shro-; Kag. shiro-.
JLTT 840.
PKor. *hi- white (): MKor. hi-; Mod. hi-.
Nam 482, KED 1898.
KW 349, 146, 318, Lee 1958, 117, 26, 73,
86, 278, . 195. Mong. is not borrowed from Turkic, despite
1997, 144 (Doerfer TMN 3, 221 says: aus lautlichen Grnden
unwahrscheinlich (?)); the meaning yellow, however, may be secondarily induced by the Turkic forms - since the original meaning of the
root, preserved also in Chuvash, was most certainly white. Medial *-jis reconstructed to account for the loss of *-r- in Kor. Cf. also Old
Koguryo *ilap white (see Miller 1979, 7).
-saku ( ~ z-) chaff, husks: Tung. *suK-; Mong. *saga-; Jpn. *suku-m;
Kor. *skr.
PTung. *suK- pods or buds (of elm tree) (, ()):
Man. suqi.
2, 122. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *saga- different sorts of buckwheat ( ): WMong. saa, saada(i) (L 656); Kh. sagag, sagadaj; Kalm. saks,
saks; Ord. saGat, saGaG rye, buckwheat; Mongr. saGa (SM 318).
KW 308.
PJpn. *suku-m turf; rice husks (; ): MJpn.
suku-mo dead parts of water plants or weeds; Tok. sukumo.
JLTT 533.
PKor. *skr forage (, ): MKor. skr; Mod. k:ol.
Nam 51, KED 157.
Korean has a rather frequent loss of vowel between a fricative and
a stop (*skr < *sVkor).
-sk to think, worry: Tung. *siaK-; Mong. *sege-, *seke-; Turk. *sik-;
Jpn. *sk-; Kor. *ski-.
PTung. *siaK- 1 to speak within oneself 2 to respond, call back (1 2 ): Evk. sikine- 1 (Nep.); Orch. sijau- 2; Ud.
sieu- 2.
2, 80, 81.
PMong. *sege-, *seke- 1 to recover (ones senses) 2 intelligence (1
2 , ): WMong. seke(ge)- 1, segee 2 (L
681, 685: seke, sege, sekege, segege); Kh. sexe- 1, sex, seg 2; Bur. hegr- 1,
heg(n) 2; Kalm. segn 2; Ord. seg 2; Dag. sekn (. . 162) 2
(MGCD seg).
KW 321, MGCD 602.

1266

*salo(-kV) - *salo(-kV)

PTurk. *sik- 1 to think, contemplate, worry 2 to miss 3 intelligence

4 thought, worry 5 to read 6 to remember 7 mourning, sad remembrance (1 , , 2 3 4 ,
5 6 7 , ): OTurk. saq- 1, saq 4 (OUygh.); Karakh. saq-, san- 1, saq 4 (MK);
Tur. sa 7; Turkm. sGn- 2; MTurk. san- (Bud.) 2, sa (Pav. C.) 1;
Uzb. sin- 2; Uygh. sein- 2; Krm. san- 1, 2; Tat. sa 4, san- 2; Bashk.
han- 2; Kirgh. san- 2; Kaz. san- 2; KKalp. san- 1, 2; Kum. san- 2;
Nogh. san- 2; Khak. san- 2; Tv. san- 2, 6, sa 3; Chuv. o 4; Yak.
x- 5, an- 2, 6; Dolg. k- 5, agn- 2, 6.
113-114, VEWT 395, EDT 813, 2, 464, Stachowski 28, 41 (confused
with *sk-, from which it is often really hard to distinguish), 7. Voicing of medial
-k- is regular after a long vowel (but it is somewhat strange in MKs text - note also its
absence in saq).

PJpn. *sk- clever, intelligent (, ): OJpn. saka-si;

MJpn. sk-si; Tok. sakash-; Kyo. sksh-; Kag. sakshi-.
JLTT 839. RJ and Kagoshima point to high tone, while Tokyo is aberrant.
PKor. *ski- to awake (): MKor. ski-; Mod. k:-.
Nam 29, KED 68.
. 195. Cf. *sku. The variant with *-g- in Mong. is
obviously assimilative.
-salo(-kV) a k. of small fur animal: Tung. *solki; Mong. *sile-s;
Turk. *sialk; Kor. *sra-.
PTung. *solki 1 kolinsky 2 ferret (1 2 ): Evk. soli
(dial.) 1; Man. silixi / soloxi 2; Nan. so 1; Ud. sol 1; Sol. sligi 1.
2, 109 (some forms - but not all - are borrowed from Mong. soluga).
PMong. *sile-s lynx (): MMong. ileusun (HYt); WMong.
silegs(n), silgs(n) (L 708); Kh. ils; Bur. elhe(n); Kalm. ilsn,
lsn; Ord. ls; Dag. uls (. . 184); Mongr. le (SM 374).
KW 371. Mong. > Kum. silewsn etc. ( 1997, 210, 7), Man. silun
(Rozycki 182).

PTurk. *sialk a k. of squirrel, chipmunk ( , ):

Tat. ulan ( < *Chuv.); Shr. sal ; Oyr. salq (dial. - Leb.); Chuv.
*olxan > Mari ulgan (TLT 65).
165.
PKor. *sra- lynx (): Mod. srasoni.
KED 1024.
165. The Kor. form is somewhat unclear morphologically; the -- vowel may be a distortion of the expected *-- or *-u- in a
long form. Cf. *slukV.

*same - *sa

1267

-same ( ~ -i, -o-) wound, pain: Mong. *sim-si-; Kor. *hmr.

PMong. *sim-si- to feel gnawing pain ( ):
WMong. simsire-, simsirid- (L 710); Kh. imire-; Bur. emer-; Kalm.
imr- (); Ord. imire-.
PKor. *hmr scar, wound; fault, mistake (, ; ,
): MKor. hmr; Mod. hmul.
Nam 484, KED 1821.
A Mong.-Kor. isogloss.
-si to be distressed, think with sadness: Mong. *sinu-; Turk. *si(~-j-); Jpn. *snu-p-.
PMong. *sinu- to covet, yearn, be greedy (, ): WMong. sinu- (L 713); Kh. una-; Bur. una-; Kalm. un-; Ord. inorxo-, onorxo-, ono- to desire.
KW 368.
PTurk. *si- (~-j-) 1 poor, distressed 2 to be distressed, anxious,
fearful 3 to squander 4 to pain, be sore (of a foot) 5 distress 6 beggar (1
, 2 , , 3 () 4 ( ) 5 6
, ): Karakh. saj-pa- 3; Turkm. sjl 1; MTurk. saj-pa- 3;
Uygh. saj- 4; KKalp. sajl 6; Oyr. sajl 1 (dial.), sajaq 5 (dial., R - Kumd.);
Tv. sajmaara- 2; Chuv. ujan- 2.
EDT 859, . XVII, 111.
PJpn. *snu-p- to be sad, think with sadness ( ): OJpn. sinwo-p-; MJpn. snb-; Tok. shinb-, shnob-; Kyo. shnb-;
Kag. shnb-.
JLTT 751, 752. OJ has a distinction between sinwop- think with sadness and sinobendure which have been hopelessly confused in modern dialects. We also have OJ sinwog- endure. RJ has sng- (regularly reflected as Tokyo shing-, Kyoto shng-, Kagoshima shng-), but snb- endure (by Heian sinwop- and sinob- had already merged), the
accent trace of which is the Tokyo variant shnob-. One should probably reconstruct
*snu-p- think with sadness opposed to *sn-(m)p-, *snu-(n)k- endure with subsequent inevitable confusions.

Cf. *sni and *sae: the roots are sometimes different to distinguish.
-sa a k. of big fish: Tung. *siaa-; Jpn. *sama-i.
PTung. *siaa- 1 burbot 2 eel (1 2 ): Evk. sn 1; Evn.
hn; Nan. sasa, dial. sia, sn 1; Ud. se 1, dial. saasa 2.
2, 71.
PJpn. *sama- shark (): OJpn. same; MJpn. sm; Tok. sme,
sam; Kyo. sm, sm; Kag. sme.
JLTT 517. Original accent is not quite clear.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.

1268

*se(rV) - *sarpu

-se(rV) ( ~ z-) yellowish, greyish: Tung. *sia(r)-; Mong. *saar-.

PTung. *sia-(ri-) yellow, yellowish (, ): Evk.
siama, siarn; Evn. haa; Neg. sajn; Sol. iar.
2, 90.
PMong. *saar-al greyish, ash-grey (): WMong. saaral (L
657); Kh. sral; Bur. hral light-bay; Kalm. sral light-bay (); Ord.
sral; Dag. sral, slal (. . 162), srele (MD 204); S.-Yugh. sral.
MGCD 584. Mong. > Man. sarla (see Rozycki 175).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-sp ( ~ z-) to wither, rot: Tung. *siaba- ( ~ -p-); Mong. *sebesre-; Jpn.
*smpm-.
PTung. *siaba- ( ~ -p-) 1 rotten wood 2 to rot, coagulate (1 , 2 , ): Evk. swaksa 1; Evn. hws 1;
Man. ubure- 2.
2, 69, 428.
PMong. *sebesre- to rot, decay (of vegetables) (,
( )): WMong. sebisre- (L 679: sebesre-); Kh. sevsre-.
PJpn. *smpm- to wither (): OJpn. sib(w)om-; MJpn. sbm-;
Tok. shbom-; Kyo. shbm-; Kag. shibm-.
JLTT 749.
Correspondences are quite regular, and the root seems reliable.
-sp to add, addition: Tung. *sup-; Turk. *sep-; Jpn. *smpa-.
PTung. *sup- 1 to gather in a crowd 2 completely 3 all (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. sup- 1, suwl 3; Neg. sup 2;
Ul. sup 2; Ork. sup 2; Nan. sup 2.
2, 117, 128.
PTurk. *sep- 1 to equip, fit out, add 2 addition; dowry (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. sep- 1(OUygh.);
Karakh. sep 2 (MK); Tur. sep 2; Turkm. sep-li with a dowry; Uzb. sep 2;
Uygh. sp 2; Krm. sep 2; Tat. sip 2; Kirgh. sep 2; Kaz. sep 2; Kum. sep 2;
Nogh. sep 2; Oyr. sep 2; Chuv. sap-la- to compensate; Yak. ep- 1, eb
more, additionally; Dolg. eb more, additionally.
EDT 783, 784, VEWT 410, Stachowski 43. Turk. > WMong. seb, see KW 320.
PJpn. *smpa- bring many into one, to unify, control (,
): OJpn. suba-; MJpn. sba-; Tok. sub-; Kyo. sb-; Kag.
sub-.
JLTT 757. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
A probable Jpn.-Turk.-TM match.
-sarpu scar, wound: Tung. *surba-kta; Mong. *sorbi; Kor. *hr-.
PTung. *surba-kta pimple, ulcer, scab (, , ): Evk.
surbakta; Evn. hrbt; Man. surgi.
2, 129.

*si - *si

1269

PMong. *sorbi scar, wound (, ): WMong. sorbi (L 729);

Kh. sorvi; Bur. hobo; Kalm. srw (); Ord. sorwi.
PKor. *hr- to be worn out, sore, develop a boil ( ,
, ): MKor. hr-; Mod. hl-.
Nam 485, KED 1826.
Cf. perhaps some Turkic forms: Karakh. (MK) sor-, sort- to
wrinkle, Tuva sortla- to be painful, sortl dimple, Khak. sortx hollow cheeks (although one would rather expect *a-vocalism and preservation of labial in Turkic).
-si earth, sand; marsh: Tung. *siru-; Mong. *sirau; Turk. *sia; Jpn.
*situ; Kor. *hrk.
PTung. *siru- sand (): Evk. sirug; Neg. sijun; Jurch. sir-xe (67);
Ul. siru(n); Nan. siro(n); Orch. sija; Sol. irukt.
2, 96.
PMong. *siro- earth (): MMong. irau (HY 2), iroai (SH), iru
(IM), irw, ira- (MA); WMong. sirau, sirua(i), siroi (L 719); Kh. or,
oroj; Bur. orj; Kalm. or, or; Ord. or; Dag. ir, irtal (. .
184), iretele (MD 217); Dong. ura; Bao. iro, iru; S.-Yugh. r; Mongr.
ir (SM 400).
KW 365, MGCD 722. Cf. also WMong. sirke, sirki, Kalm. irk hard earth (with
sand) (KW 360).

PTurk. *sia marsh, dirt (, ): MTurk. saz (Houts.); Uzb.

sz; Uygh. saz; Tat. saz; Bashk. ha; Kirgh. saz; Nogh. saz; Khak. sas; Oyr.
sas; Chuv. or().
It is not quite clear whether the Oghuz name for reed (Tur. saz, Turkm., Gag. sz,
see 135, 7) and swamp as reed growth (Tur. sazlk, Turkm. szlq) belongs here, too, or else reflect a different root. In the former case one should prefer the
reconstruction *si. See VEWT 406, TMN 3, 222, 93, 2, 462, 7.
Bulg. > Hung. sr dirt, see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 487-488.

PJpn. *situ damp place, dampness (, ):

MJpn. situ; Tok. shitsu.
The word is usually considered to be an on-reading of the Chinese character MC
ip. The latter should normally have a reading MJ sifu, mod. sh (which exists), while
situ/shitsu, attested in separate usage since Middle Japanese, appears quite irregular phonetically for a Chinese loan. We should rather think of a genuine *situ, misconceived as a
Chinese loanword.

PKor. *hrk earth (): MKor. hrk; Mod. hk [hlk].

Nam 480, KED 1894.
KW 365, Poppe 30, 60, 114, VEWT 406 (without the Korean parallel), AKE 8, EAS 155, Miller 1985b, 205, 291, 11, . 195, 93. Despite Poppe 1972, 100, Doerfer MT 65,
the TM form is hardly borrowed from Mong. The Turk.-Mong. match is
characterized by Doerfer (TMN 3, 222), in his usual style, as lautlich

*ssa - *sobe

1270

und semantisch unsicher. In Kor. cf. perhaps also MKor. hr- dirty (
< *hri with vowel assimilation?).
-ssa noise, sound: Tung. *siasi-n; Turk. *ses; Jpn. *ss-.
PTung. *siasi-n noise, sound (, ): Ul. ss(n); Ork. ss(n);
Nan. sas.
2, 72.
PTurk. *ses voice, sound (, ): Tur. ses; Gag. ses; Az. ss;
Turkm. ses; Khal. ss, sas; Uzb. ss (dial.); Krm. ses; Kaz. ses; KKalp. ses;
Kum. ses; Nogh. ses; Chuv. saz.
VEWT 413, 7.
PJpn. *ss- to whisper (): OJpn. sasajak-; MJpn. ssjak-;
Tok. sasayk-, ssayak-; Kyo. ssyk-; Kag. sasayk-.
JLTT 748. Kagoshima accent is aberrant (pointing to a variant *ss-, also reflected
in Tokyo ssayak-). Cf. also OJ sasa-mek-, saza-mek-, mod. szamek- to shout, rustle, make
an uproar (with the same accent aberration in Kagoshima).

An expressive root, but probably of common Altaic origin.

-sata to ill-treat, betray: Mong. *sadur; Turk. *siat-ga-.
PMong. *sadur treacherous, vile (, ): WMong.
sadur (L 656); Kh. sadar (Gomb.); Bur. hadan flippant, rakish; hadarxaj
hasty, reckless (of words); Kalm. sadr.
KW 307.
PTurk. *siat-ga- 1 to oppress, ill-treat 2 to be ill-treated 3 to rave, be
confused (1 -., , 2
(-.) 3 , ): OTurk. sata- (OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. sata- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. sata-- 1; Gag. sata- 1; Az. sata-- 1;
Turkm. sata-- 2; MTurk. (MKYpch.) sata- (CCum.) 1; Krm. sata- 1;
Tat. sata- 3; Bashk. hata- 3; Kum. sata- 1; Nogh. satas- 3; Chuv. ot
trouble, anxiety (but 2, 463 derives it < Russ. ); Yak.
ataasta-.
VEWT 405, EDT 800.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-sobe ( ~ -p-) freckles, pimples: Tung. *subgu; Mong. *seb; Turk. *seb-.
PTung. *subgu 1 fish skin 2 skin, bark (1 () 2 , ): Evk. subgu 1; Neg. sobg 1; Man. suku 2; SMan. soq 2 (145, 2132,
2284); Jurch. su-gu (514) 2; Ul. sugbu 1; Ork. subgu/sugbu 1; Nan. sobGo 1;
Orch. subbu 1; Ud. sugbu 1.
2, 115, 116.
PMong. *seb 1 defect, scab 2 freckles (1 , , 2 ): WMong. seb 1 (L 678), sebegi 2 (L 679: sebke); Kh. sev 1, sevx 2;
Kalm. seb 1, sewg 2; Ord. seb 1, sebe, sewe; S.-Yugh. seb.
KW 320, 327, MGCD 596. The form sebke, as well as MMong. (MA) sebkil freckles
may be < Turkic.

*s[]i - *soga

1271

PTurk. *seb- freckles (, ): Tur. sivil; Az. spgi; Turkm.

sepgil (dial.); Uzb. sepkl (dial.); Uygh. spk, spk; spgn (dial.); Tat.
sipkl; Bashk. hipkl; Kirgh. sepkil; Kaz. sekpil; KBalk. sepkil; KKalp. sepkil;
Kum. sepkil; Khak. sikpe; Tv. sekpil; Yak. ebir.
VEWT 411, KW 327, 7. Turk. > Hung. szepl, see Gombocz 1912.
A Western isogloss. The Mong. root noun *seb makes the inner
Turkic derivation < *sep- to scatter (see e.g. 7) rather improbable. The TM form presupposes a semantic development skin defect >
wrinkled skin > fish skin; cf. for it, however, alternatively WMong.
sabkin dressed leather.
-s[]i to flee; to pursue: Tung. *sua-; Mong. *soi-; Turk. *su-; Jpn.
*st-(n)kap-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *sua- to flee (, ): Evk. sua-; Evn. h-;
Neg. soa-; Man. suu-; SMan. sui- (1231); Nan. oa-; Orch. oa-, ua-;
Ud. susa-; Sol. aa-.
2, 132.
PMong. *soi- to fear, be afraid of (): MMong. soi-, oi(SH); WMong. soi-, oi- (L 193); Kh. coi-; Bur. soo-; Kalm. co-, o-;
Ord. oi-; Dag. oi- (. . 182), oi- be amazed, astonished (MD
130); S.-Yugh. oi-; Mongr. sai- (SM 317), (MGCD ai-).
KW 431, 444, MGCD 577. Mong. > Chag. o- (see 1997, 202); Yak. sohuj-,
Dolg. hohuj- (Ka. MEJ 92, Stachowski 107).

PTurk. *su- to flee, shy away from smth. (): Karakh. su(MK); MTurk. suu- (Qutb.).
EDT 795. Cf. perhaps also *su fault, avoiding to do smth. (VEWT 431, EDT 794,
7).

PJpn. *st-(n)kap- to follow (): OJpn. sita-gap-; MJpn.

st-gaf-; Tok. shtaga-; Kyo. shtg-; Kag. shitag-.
JLTT 753.
PKor. *h- 1 to follow, pursue 2 trace (1 , ): MKor. h- 1, hi 2; Mod. ot- [oh-] 1, ahwi 2.
Nam 411, 431, KED 1384, 1488.
KW 444, 407, SKE 41; Martin 232, 77.
The root seems quite reliable, although not devoid of phonetic pecul iarities: the Jpn. form seems to points to a diphthong, while the Turkic
and Mong. forms would be better derived from a form like *suu or
*suo.
-soga cross-bow, arrow: Tung. *sug-; Mong. *saali; Turk. *sAg[u]n;
Jpn. *sa; Kor. *hor.
PTung. *sug- 1 spear, arrow 2 fish fork 3 a k. of knife (1 , 2 3 ): Ul. sugbe 3; Nan. sugbe 2; Orch. suggudi 1.
2, 118.

*sga - *sga

1272

PMong. *saali cross-bow (): WMong. saali (L 657); Kh. s;

Bur. hli; Kalm. s.
KW 317. Mong. > Neg. sala prop for a cross-bow arrow.
PTurk. *sAg[u]n arrow, arrow head (, ):
MTurk. saan (AH); Khak. soan; Shr. soan; Oyr. soon, sn; Tv. soun.
VEWT 426, 7. Stachowski (193) relates here also Yak. ono-os, Dolg. ono-gos
arrow, which may be right if onoos < *sagun-ga with secondary vowel shortening (although the root should be kept distinct from *sokm / *sokan, derived from *sok- to pierce,
hit - medial *-g- cannot be explained). See also notes to *sAgut vessel.

PJpn. *sa arrow (): OJpn. sa.

JLTT 515 (despite Martin, the word is also attested separately, not just within compounds; its relation to soja a k. of arrow is not at all obvious).

PKor. *hor bow and arrow ( ): MKor. hor; Mod. hwal.

Liu 758, KED 1862.
Note an identical derivative in Mong. and Jpn.: Mong. *saadag
quiver (WMong. saada, Khalkha sdag, L 656, KW 316-317, MGCD
584; Mong. > Chag. sadaq, Oyr. sadaq etc., see TMN 1, 337,
1997, 209, 567, 7) = PJ *sj sheath (OJ sj, JLTT 520).
-sga back, back skin: Tung. *sogda-nsa; Mong. *sajir / *saari; Turk.
*sagr; Jpn. *s- / *s-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *sogda-nsa back (): Evk. sogdonno; Ud. sogdh; Sol.
ogdon ().
2, 103.
PMong. *sajir / *saari 1 shagreen, callus 2 back (1 , 2 ): MMong. saari 1,2 (SH), sr Ein Leder aus der
Haut des Hinterteils eines Pferdes oder Esels (LH); WMong. sajir,
saari(n) 1 (L 657, 660); Kh. sajr 1; Kalm. sr verschiedene Hautstcke;
Mog. sairin thick skin (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. sr; Bao. sirG; S.-Yugh.
sr; Mongr. sari peau poils courts, fourrure (SM 328).
KW 319, MGCD 588. Mong. > Man. sarin, see Doerfer MT 136, Rozycki 175; cf.
487.

PTurk. *sagr 1 croup skin, shagreen 2 back of horse (1 , 2 ): Karakh. sar 1 (MK); Tur. sr, sar 1, 2;
Az. sar 2; Turkm. saGr 1, 2; MTurk. sar (AH, IM) 2, sari (Pav. C.) 1,
2; Uzb. sari 1, 2; Uygh. sara 1, 2; Tat. sawr 2; Bashk. hawr; Kirgh. sru
1, 2; Kaz. sawr 2; KKalp. sawr 2, sawr 1; Kum. savru, sawur 2; Nogh.
sawr 2; SUygh. sar; Oyr. sru, sr; Chuv. sran worked leather of
bovines.
EDT 815, VEWT 393, 385-386, 119, 2, 30 (but with another
etymology), 7. Bulg. *suran is the probable source of Tat. suran and Mong. sur(an)
leather strap - whence Manchu sur strap.

PJpn. *s- / *s- back (): OJpn. se (so-); MJpn. s; Tok. s; Kyo.
s; Kag. s.

*sgd - *sge

1273

JLTT 521. High tone in Tokyo is irregular.

PKor. *h- 1 waist 2 shagreen, skin (of snake etc.) (1 2
, ( etc.)): MKor. hr 1, hr 2; Mod. hri,
h-guri 1, hmul 2.
Nam 484, 486, KED 1821.
KW 319, 306, TMN 3, 225 (doubting the common origin of
the Turk. and Mong. forms). Kor. hri was originally attributed (see
PKE 54, Martin 245, 76, 289) to PA *ke; it seems, however,
that the root is just *h-, and it is better to derive it from *sga, both for
this reason and because of an apparent lack of development *k- > h- in
Korean.
-sgd ( ~ z-) vein, sinew: Tung. *sigde; Mong. *sudal; Jpn. *snt.
PTung. *sigde 1 spinal vertebra, sinew 2 fil 3 mountain ridge (1
, 2 3 ):
Evk. sigde 1, 2; Neg. sigde 3; Ul. sigde 1; Ork. sigderi yukola; Nan. sigde
1; Orch. sigde 1.
2, 76-77. Evk. > Dolg. higde, sigde (Stachowski 103).
PMong. *sudal vein, sinew (, , ): MMong. sudasun (HY 48), suiasu, suijasu (SH); sudun grass root (SH), sdsun,
sdason (LH), sudasun, sudusun (MA), sodsn (Lig.VMI); WMong. sudal,
suda-su(n) (L 734); Kh. sudal, sudas; Bur. hudaha(n) vein; hudal pulse;
Kalm. sudsn (); Ord. sudal; Dag. sodol (. . 163); Dong. sudan,
sdasun; S.-Yugh. dsn, ldasn; Mongr. sd (SM 331), ds (Huzu),
sdar racine secondaire, radicelle (SM 332).
MGCD 612, 723. Mong. > Evk. sudasun, Man. sudala etc., see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 188.

PJpn. *snt vein, sinew (, ): OJpn. sudi; MJpn. sd;

Tok. sji; Kyo. sj; Kag. suj.
JLTT 535.
A good common Altaic anatomical term.
-sge wart; pock-mark: Tung. *sogi-; Mong. *sel; Turk. *s[e]gl ( /
*sgil); Kor. *hk.
PTung. *sogi- pock-mark (): Man. soa.
2, 103. Attested only in Manchu, but having good Turk. and Kor. parallels.
PMong. *sel wart (): WMong. sgel; Kalm. sl; Ord. sl
ugly, unpleasant (?).
KW 335.
PTurk. *s[e]gl ( / *sgil) wart (): OTurk. sgl (OUygh.);
Karakh. sigil (MK); Tur. sigil; Az. zijil; Turkm. siil; Khal. sijil; MTurk.
sigil, skl, sjl (Pav. C.); Uzb. sugl; Uygh. sgl; Krm. svel; Tat. sjl;
Bashk. hjl; Kirgh. sl; Kaz. sjel; KKalp. jel; Kum. sjel; Nogh. jel;
Khak. sl; Oyr. sl; Tv. sl; Tof. sl; Chuv. kl, gl (dial.).

1274

*sgu - *sgu

VEWT 429, EDT 820, 7. Some irregularities are due to the roots expressive
nature.
PKor. *hk wart (): MKor. hk; Mod. hok.
Liu 757, KED 1845.
VEWT 429, KW 335, 213, 285. The Mong.
form can be borrowed from Turkic, but the Tungus and Korean forms
are evidently genuine. The variation *sigl / *sgl in Turkic points perhaps to original *segl (which would be the expected form).
-sgu shallow, shallow place: Tung. *sigi-; Mong. *sia-r; Turk. *sg;
Jpn. *s.
PTung. *sigi- ice-hole (): Evk. sigi-ln frazil; Evn. hln;
Neg. siin ~ sijin; Ul. si(n); Ork. s(n); Nan. s; Orch. sla snow crust;
Ud. s(n).
2,78.
PMong. *sia-r dreg, sediment (, ): WMong. siaru(n),
siaru (L 699); Kh. r; Bur. ra; Kalm. r, ar; S.-Yugh. ar; Mongr.
r (SM 395), r.
KW 353, MGCD 700.
PTurk. *sg shallow (): OTurk. sq (s) (OUygh.); Karakh. s,
sq (MK); Tur. s; Tv. sk.
VEWT 415, EDT 804, 7.
PJpn. *s shallow place, sandbank (): OJpn. su; MJpn. s;
Tok. s, s; Kyo. s; Kag. s.
JLTT 531. RJ s points to *s, supported by the Tokyo variant s; however, Tokyo
s and all other dialect forms go back to *s. A possibility of being borrowed from Middle Chinese is not excluded - although not very significant (the word is attested in
archaic texts containing very few Chinese loanwords).

Delabialization in Turkic is not quite clear (*sug would be expected).

-sgu sun; sky: Tung. *sign; Jpn. *su-r; Kor. *hi.
PTung. *sign sun (): Evk. sin; Neg. siun; Man. un;
SMan. un, sun (2033); Ul. siu(n); Ork. su(n); Nan. siu(n); Orch. seu(n);
Ud. s(n); Sol. ig.
2, 78.
PJpn. *su-r sky (): OJpn. swora; MJpn. sr; Tok. sra; Kyo.
sr; Kag. sor.
JLTT 530.
PKor. *hi sun; year (; ): MKor. hi; Mod. h.
Nam 482, KED 1808.
Lee 1958, 118, 49, 81, 292. An Eastern isogloss. It is also
interesting (cf. Whitman 1985, 148-150) to note MKor. hnr sky,
which may, together with PJ *sur id., go back to a complex form
*sog[u]n-lV.

*sje - *sjri

1275

-sje to consider, count: Tung. *s-; Mong. *si-; Turk. *s(j)-; Kor.
*hji-.
PTung. *s- 1 to mark 2 sign (1 2 ): Evk. s- 1; Evn.
h-r 2; Man. so omen; Orch. s- 1; Nan. s talisman (On.)
2, 101, 115. The isolated Manchu se- say, speak may actually reflect the same
root (with the vowel reduced in weak syntactic position, or < *su-j with a frequent development uj > e).

PMong. *si- to judge, examine (, , ): WMong. sig- (L 702); Kh. -; Bur. -; Kalm. -; Ord. -;
S.-Yugh. -.
KW 372, L 702, MGCD 728, TMN 1, 364-365.
PTurk. *s(j)- to count, to consider (): Karakh. sa- (MK); Tur.
saj-; Gag. saj-; Az. saj-; Turkm. sj-; MTurk. sa- (AH, IM), saj- (Ettuhf.);
Krm. saj-; Kaz. saj-; Chuv. su-, sv-; Yak. -.
VEWT 390, EDT 781-782, 7, 2, 53. A common Turkic derivative is
*s-n number, count (VEWT 390, 400, 7), whence *sna- to count, determine >
Mong. sana- think (cf. 1997, 144). Turk. > Hung. sm number, figure, szn - to
pity (Gombocz 1912).

PKor. *hji- to count (): MKor. hji-; Mod. hjari-, dial. h-.
Nam 489, KED 1829, 1830.
Exceptional preservation of length in a monosyllabic stem in TM.
-sjri to suck, to lick: Mong. *soru-; Turk. *sr-; Jpn. *st; Kor. *hj,
*hr-h-.
PMong. *soru- to draw in, suck in (): WMong. soru-, sor(L 729); Kh. soro-; Bur. horo-; Kalm. sor-; Ord. soro-; S.-Yugh. soro-.
KW 332, MGCD 607. Mong. > Sol. soro- to suck, Evk. sorl mouthpiece.
PTurk. *sr- to suck (): OTurk. sor- (OUygh.); Karakh. sor(MK); Tur. soru-; Az. sor-; Turkm. sr-; Khal. suor-; MTurk. sor- (AH,
Houts.); Uygh. ora-; Tat. sur-; Bashk. hur-; Kirgh. sor-; Kaz. sor-; KKalp.
sor-; Kum. sor-; Nogh. sor-; Khak. sor-; Shr. sor-; Oyr. sr-, sor-, soru-; Tv.
sor-.
EDT 843.
PJpn. *st tongue (): OJpn. sita; MJpn. st; Tok. shit; Kyo.
sht; Kag. shit.
JLTT 527.
PKor. *hj, *hr-h- 1 tongue 2 to lick (1 2 ): MKor. hj
1, hr-h- 2; Mod. hj 1, hat- [halth-] 2.
Nam 479, 487, KED 1801, 1831.
KW 332, VEWT 429. The Jpn. and Kor. forms (compared in Whitman 1985, 168, 236, and additionally in Vovin 2000 - although his further attempts to link the Kor.-Jap. root to PA *kli should be rejected)
seem to fit here phonetically (although there is a tone discrepancy); as
for semantics, one should probably reconstruct the original meaning

1276

*sjru - *sk

suck, whence lick and tongue in the Eastern area. Medial *-j- has to
be reconstructed to account for the loss of resonant in Kor.; it had also
probably caused a dissimilation in the Western area (*sjri > *sjri),
which explains the -o-reflex in Turkic.
-sjru pole, tent made of poles: Tung. *siara; Mong. *surgaag; Turk.
*sruk / *srk; Kor. *hj.
PTung. *siara stake (): Evk. sra; Evn. hr; Neg. sja.
2, 72.
PMong. *surgaag pole, shed made of poles (, ,
): WMong. suraa (L 739); Kh. surgg; Bur. hurgg.
PTurk. *sruk / *srk stake, pole (): OTurk. sruq (OUygh.);
Karakh. sruq (MK); Tur. srk; Gag. srq; Az. sr (dial.); Turkm. srq;
Khal. srq; MTurk. srq, suruq (Pav. C.), sruq (AH); Krm. srq; Bashk.
hrq (dial.); Kaz. srq; KKalp. srq; SUygh. suruq; Khak. sra; Oyr. srq,
sra; Tv. sra; Yak. uraas.
EDT 848, VEWT 420, 7. Turk. > Mong. irug (KW 369; TMN 3, 311-312),
whence again Kirgh. rq.

PKor. *hj a house rafter (, ): MKor. hj; Mod.

sk:ar, dial. hjk:ar.
Nam 488, KED 933.
Medial *-jr- is reconstructed because of the Korean reflex. Some
confusion was possible between this root and the synonymous *ri
q.v.
-sku ( ~ z-) loop, lace: Tung. *siaKu; Mong. *segel-dereg; Jpn. *suki.
PTung. *siaKu- loop, hinge ( ( , )): Ul. aq(n),
s(n); Nan. soor.
2, 57. The nature of the intervocalic velar is unclear.
PMong. *segel-dereg / *sagal- loop, lace (, ): WMong.
segeldereg (L 657: saaldura string for attaching objects to the saddle or
for fastening a hat under the chin); Kh. segeldreg, sagaldraga; Bur. hagaldarga ( ); Kalm. segldr- ( ); S.-Yugh. saldrGa.
KW 321, MGCD 587.
PJpn. *suki swaddling cloth, belt for fastening a child (, ): OJpn. sukji.
The match seems plausible, despite somewhat scanty attestation.
-sk small, few: Tung. *siKe-; Jpn. *sk- / *sku-; Kor. *hk-.
PTung. *siKe- short (, ): Man. sixete.
2, 81. Cf. also Man. saqa few. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable
external parallels.

*sk - *sle

1277

PJpn. *sk- / *sku- few (, ): OJpn. suku-na-,

sukwo-si; MJpn. sk-na-, sk-s; Tok. sukun-, sukshi; Kyo. skn-,
sksh; Kag. sukun-, sukshi.
JLTT 533, 841.
PKor. *hk- small, few MKor. hk-.
Nam 492.
Vovin 2000 (comparing *sku- and *hk; but his attempt to separate PJ *sk-na- and *sku- is hardly successful). An Eastern isogloss.
-sk to be hollow, crack: Tung. *six-; Mong. *sekee / *segee; Turk.
*suk-; Jpn. *sk-; Kor. *sk-m, *sk-.
PTung. *six- 1 hollow vessel, whistle 2 to put into, insert (1 ,
2 -.): Neg. siku- 2; Man. siGan / sian 1;
Nan. sa(n) 1.
2, 80-81.
PMong. *sekee / *segee crack, hole (, ):
WMong. sekege (L 685); Kh. sex; Bur. heg.
Cf. also seg interval, sek- to lift, make an opening by lifting. It is also interesting
to note the derived sekr brimmed hat (hat with liftable brims) = OT (MK) suqarla
brk t hat.

PTurk. *suk- 1 to stick in, insert 2 hollow wood, whistle (1 ,

2 , ): OTurk. suq- (OUygh.) 1;
Karakh. suq- 1, suqm 2 (MK); Turkm. soq- 1; MTurk. suq- (Qutb,
Houts.); Kirgh. suq- 1; Kaz. su- 1; KBalk. su- 1; Khak. sux- 1; Oyr. suq1; Tv. suq- 1; Yak. uk- 1.
VEWT 432, EDT 805, 811.
PJpn. *sk- 1 to be hollow 2 crack, hole (1 2 , ): MJpn. sk- 1, suki 2; Tok. sk-, ski 2; Kyo. sk-, sk 2; Kag.
sk-, ski 2.
JLTT 758.
PKor. *sk-m, *sk- 1 crack 2 to insert, to sheath (1 2 ): MKor. sk-m 1, sk- 2; Mod. k:- 2.
Nam 74, 80, KED 262.
Cf. *sgu, with a possibility of mergers.
-sle to make, put: Turk. *sal-; Jpn. *s-; Kor. *h-.
PTurk. *sal- 1 to put, throw 2 to drop, lower 3 tax 4 heavy (1 ,
2 3 4 ): OTurk. sal- 1 (OUygh.);
Karakh. sal- 1,2 (MK, KB); Tur. sal- 1, salgn 3; Gag. sal- 1; Az. sal- 2;
Turkm. sal- 1; Sal. sal- 1; Khal. sal- 1; MTurk. sal- 1 (Pav. C., Abush.);
Uzb. sl- 1; Uygh. sa(l)- 1; Krm. sal- 1; Tat. sal- 1, sal-m 3; Bashk. hal- 1;
Kirgh. sal- 1; Kaz. sal- 1; KBalk. sal- 1; KKalp. sal- 1; Kum. sal- 1; Nogh.
sal- 1; SUygh. sal- 1, sal 4; Khak. sal- 1, salm 4; Shr. sal- 1; Oyr. sal- 1;
Tv. sal- 1; Tof. sal- 1; Chuv. sol- 1, solm heaviness.

1278

*slo - *slu

VEWT 397, EDT 824, 2, 57, 7. Several derivatives with a velar suffix
are used in Turk. for denoting downward motion or hanging: cf. OT sal taxes, Kirgh.
salq taxes; hanging down, limp; SUygh. sal heavy; Tur. salk weak, lax, Kirgh. salq,
Uzb. slqi- be loose, hang down (see TMN 3, 265-266, 7).
PJpn. *s- make, auxiliary verb (, ): OJpn.
s-u; MJpn. s-u; Tok. s-; Kyo. s-; Kag. s-.
JLTT 759.
PKor. *h- to make, auxiliary verb (, ):
MKor. h-; Mod. ha-.
Nam 470, KED 1781.
SKE 59 (without the Turk. parallel), Whitman 1985, 168, 235,
286. Mongolian parallels (both in SKE 59 and in KW 309,
VEWT 397) are highly dubious. For the Auslaut relations cf. *gle: one
of the possible PA monosyllabic verbal roots (*sl).
-slo some internal organ: Tung. *silu-kta; Mong. *sl-; Turk. *solak.
PTung. *silu-kta intestine ( ()): Evk. silu-kta; Evn.
hlt; Neg. slta; Ork. sl-qta; Orch. sulukta; Ud. sulukta; Sol. ilkta.
2, 85. Evk. > Dolg. hlukta (Stachowski 118).
PMong. *sl- testicles (testiculi): Kalm. slz.
KW 333.
PTurk. *solak 1 spleen 2 gills (1 2 ): Karakh. solaq
(MK); Khak. palx sulaz (., Kach.); Chuv. sola 1,2.
VEWT 427, EDT 826, 7, 2, 57.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *i (with possible contaminations).
-slu easy, quick, smart: Tung. *siali-; Mong. *sila-magai; Jpn. *sura-;
Kor. *hr-.
PTung. *siali- diligent, smart, quick (, , ): Man. silin; Nan. sl.
2, 70.
PMong. *sila-magai prompt, quick, smart; bold, reckless (,
; , ): WMong. silamaai, alamaai, alama (L
749); Kh. alamgai; S.-Yugh. alamGa.
MGCD 703. Derivation (or influence) from *sila completely, utterly (q. v. sub *sl)
is not excluded.

PJpn. *sura- easy, quick (, ): MJpn. sura-ri; Tok.

surri, surar, srasura; Kyo. srr, srsr; Kag. surri, surasur.
PJ accent is not quite clear (low tone is most probable, but the word is expressive
and reveals some irregularities).

PKor. *hr- to charm, bewitch, seduce (, ):

MKor. hr-; Mod. huri-, hori-.
Nam 494, KED 1877.
2, 70 (TM-Mong.). In Korean one must suppose a semantic
development to be quick, smart > to charm, seduce.

*se - *smi

1279

-se to mock, slander: Tung. *sulu; Mong. *sila-; Turk. *si-; Jpn.
*ssr- ( ~ *susr-); Kor. *hr-.
PTung. *sulu 1 rogue 2 to mock (1 2 , ):
Ul. sulu 1, sulu-de- 2; Ork. sl-da- 2.
2, 125.
PMong. *sila- to talk nonsense; to squander ( ; , ): WMong. ali- (L 750); Kh. ali-; Bur.
ali-; Kalm. -; Ord. aligla- to talk nonsense.
KW 354.
PTurk. *si- 1 wild 2 to be astonished 3 to slander (1 2
3 ): Karakh. sa 1 (MK); Tur. a- 2; Az. a- 2;
Turkm. - 2; Khal. aqa- 3; Chuv. uldra pert.
VEWT 405.
PJpn. *ssr- ( ~ *susr-) to slander (): OJpn. s(w)osir-;
MJpn. ssr-; Tok. soshr-; Kyo. sshr-; Kag. soshr-.
JLTT 756. The Tokyo accent is aberrant.
PKor. *hr- to slander (, ): MKor. hr-.
Nam 478.
EAS 109, KW 354.
-sm ( ~ z-) wet snow, hoar-frost: Tung. *sumu; Mong. *simarga; Jpn.
*sm.
PTung. *sumu wet snow, rain with snow ( ,
): Evk. sumu.
2, 126. Attested only in Evk., but with good parallels from Mong. and Jap.
PMong. *simarga wet snow ( ): WMong. simara, simergen, amara (L 709); Kh. amarga; Bur. amarga(n); Kalm. amr; Ord.
imarGa, imarxaG grsil.
KW 348.
PJpn. *sm frost, cold rain (, ): OJpn.
sim(w)o; MJpn. simo; Tok. shim; Kyo. shm; Kag. shim.
JLTT 524.
The match with Japanese is both phonetically and semantically
precise, so the root seems quite reliable (despite sparse attestation in
TM).
-smi ( ~ z-) to close, bind tight: Tung. *sm-; Mong. *sima-; Jpn.
*sm-r-.
PTung. *sm- 1 to close 2 to hide (1 2 ()): Evk.
sm- 1; Evn. hm- 1; Neg. sm- 1; Man. somi- 2; SMan. omi-, omi- (1556);
Jurch. so-mi-biar (819) 2; Ul. som- 1; Ork. som- 1.
2, 109.
PMong. *sima- to press, bind tight; to wrap up, to tuck (,
; , ): WMong. sima-la-,

1280

*sna - *sono

-ra- (L 709: simala-, simali-); Kh. amla-, amra-; Bur. amar-, ama-; Kalm.
aml- (); Ord. ima- to roll up ones sleeve, to beat someone; Dag.
amla- (. . 182); Mongr. m; mli- arrire-fax; retrousser,
relever (SM 374).
Mong. > Chag. imal- etc. (see 7).
PJpn. *sm-r- to be closed, shut ( , ):
OJpn. sima-r-; MJpn. sima-r-; Tok. shimr-; Kyo. shmr-; Kag. shmr-.
JLTT 751.
Jpn. *sm-r- may reflect both *smi-lV (Mong. *sima-la-) and
*smi-rV (Mong. *sima-ra-).
-sna one, single: Tung. *soni; Mong. *sondu-; Turk. *s[]ar ( <
*s(i)an-gar); Jpn. *sa-, *sane; Kor. *hnh.
PTung. *soni single, odd (, ): Man. soni-on,
soo.
2, 111. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sondu- odd (): WMong. sonduai (L 726); Kh.
sondgoj.
PTurk. *s[]ar ( < *s(i)an-gar) one of a pair, one of two sides (
, ): OTurk. sar (Orkh., Ouygh.); Karakh.
sar (MK); Tur. snar; Khal. sjar; Uzb. siar; Tat. sar; Kirgh. sar; Kaz.
sar; KKalp. sar; Kum. sar; Nogh. sar; SUygh. sar; Shr. sr; Oyr.
sar, saar; Tv. sr; Yak. aar; Dolg. aar.
EDT 840-841, VEWT 417, 7, Stachowski 34.
PJpn. *sa-, *sania 1 a prefix of reciprocal action 2 completely, definitely (1 2 , ):
OJpn. sa- 1, sane 2.
JLTT 515. In some cases the meaning of the prefix is quite uncertain (euphonic?), e.
g. sa-wi wild boar, sa-jwo night etc.; but with verbs it usually denotes reciprocal or
combined action (e. g. sa-ne- sleep together, sa-narabe- put together on one line etc.).

PKor. *hnh one (): MKor. hn (hnh-); Mod. hana.

Nam 469, KED 1780.
SKE 60, 2,11, 296.
-sono ( ~ z-) night: Tung. *sik; Mong. *sni.
PTung. *sik dark night ( ): Evk. sik; Evn. hiku;
Neg. sikelten; Ork. sikkew, sikkelte; Ud. sikeu- to shine (of full moon)
(. 286).
2, 91.
PMong. *sni night (): MMong. sueni (HY 5, SH), suni (IM),
suni (MA); WMong. sni (L 732); Kh. n; Bur. hni; Kalm. s, sn; Ord.
sni, sn; Mog. sni; ZM sni (19-7a); Dag. suni (. . 164, MD
213); Dong. ieni; Bao. sone; S.-Yugh. sn; Mongr. soni (SM 353).

*sore - *sp

1281

KW 335.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-sore vertebra, spine ramification: Tung. *soro-ptun; Mong. *seer;
Turk. *sEir.
PTung. *soro-ptun 1 breast bone ramification 2 stomach (1 2 ): Evk. soroptn 1; Evn. horpn 2.
2, 113-114.
PMong. *seer spine, vertebra, rib ends; mountain ridge (, , ): WMong. seger (L 682); Kh. sr(en)
breast part of spine; Bur. hr; Kalm. sr; Ord. sr; Dag. sr; S.-Yugh.
sra, sr.
KW 328, MGCD 596. Mong. > Man. seire.
PTurk. *sEir 1 outer angle 2 protruding edge of a mountain or wall
(1 2 ): OTurk. seir 1, 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. seir 2 (MK); Tur. senir (dial.) hill between valleys,
ridge between mountains; Kirgh. seir 2; Kaz. seir 2; Oyr. seir 1.
VEWT 410, EDT 840, 98, 7.
KW 328, 250-251, Poppe 73, EAS 119. A Western
isogloss: on a possible Kor. match see under *soga.
-spe ( ~ -i) rib: Tung. *subi-; Mong. *sbe-; Turk. *sabar.
PTung. *subi- 1 false rib 2 rib gristles (1 2
): Evk. suwin 1; Evn. hwna 1; Neg. swna 1; Man. sibexe 2; Ud.
suepti 1; Sol. su tel short rib.
2, 117. The Manchu form is qualified as borrowed < Mong. by Rozycki 179,
but is more probably genuine.

PMong. *sbe- 1 side, flank 2 false rib (1 2 ):

MMong. subee Lendenhhlung, die Weichen (SH); WMong. sbege 1
(L 741), sbergen 2 (L 741: sternum); Kh. sv 1, svreg 2; Bur. hb 1,
hebergedehen rib gristles; Kalm. sw the two lower ribs; Bao. sbd 1.
KW 341, MGCD 615. Mong. > Kirgh. sb etc., see VEWT 436, 7.
PTurk. *sabar 1 brisket with ribs 2 side (1 2
): Oyr. sabar 1; Tv. saar 2.
Cf. also Yak. sabar eagles breast ( < OTuva?).
KW 341; Doerfer MT 61-62 (Mong.-Tung.: schwierige Verhltnisse). A Western isogloss. Phonetically a good match would be Kor.
hpha lung, but the meaning raises some doubts.
-sp sideway, to follow by sideway: Tung. *supti-; Turk. *sap-; Jpn.
*sp-.
PTung. *supti- 1 to leave behind 2 to stay behind (1 2 , ): Evk. supti- 1; Evn. hpt- 2.
2, 128-129.

1282

*sp - *spu

PTurk. *sap- 1 to leave the way, go astray, deviate 2 sideway 3

dodge, trick (1 , 2 3
, ): Tur. sap- 1; Gag. sap- 1; Az. sap- 1; Turkm. sap 3, sap- to
change; MTurk. sap- 1 (AH, CCum.) , sapa deviating (Pav. C.), sapaq 2
(Vam.); Tat. sap- 1; Kaz. sap- 1; Chuv. sup- 1.
VEWT 402, EDT 784, 7, . XI, 187, 2, 64.
PJpn. *sp- to follow (): OJpn. s(w)op-; MJpn. sf-; Tok. s-;
Kyo. s-; Kag. s-.
JLTT 756.
The original meaning is well reconstructable as to follow by
sideway, possibly an element of hunting terminology.
-sp thorn, thorny bush: Tung. *sup-; Mong. *sje; Turk. *sipan; Jpn.
*spna.
PTung. *sup- 1 to prick 2 prickly thorn, bush 3 to stick into (1 2 ; 3 , ): Evk.
sup- 1, supir 2; Neg. sup- 1, supukta 2; Man. sifi- 3.
2, 100, 128.
PMong. *sje / *seg 1 offshoot from root, sprouts 2 bush (1 , 2 ): WMong. sje(ge) 1 (L 742), seg 2; Kh.
sje 1, sg 2; Bur. hg 2; Kalm. sj 1.
KW 340.
PTurk. *sipan 1 straw 2 thorn (1 2 ): OTurk.
saman (OUygh.); Karakh. saman (MK Cigil); Tur. saman; Gag. saman; Az.
saman; Turkm. sman; Khal. sabana spike beard; MTurk. saman (Pav.
C.,Ettuhf., Houts.); Uzb. smn; Uygh. saman; Krm. saman; Kirgh. saman,
(R) samal; Kaz. saban; KKalp. saban straw, sabat sedge; Kum. saman;
Nogh. saman; Khak. sabal branches of coniferous trees; Tv. sava;
Chuv. ma angelica.
VEWT 399 (borrowed in Kalm., KW 316), TMN 3, 335-336, EDT 829, 7.
PJpn. *spna ear of corn ( ): MJpn. sfna; Tok. shiina.
A suffixed form *sp-nV is reflected in PT *sipan and PJ *spna.
-spu oval-shaped, conus-shaped: Tung. *sip-; Mong. *sibo-; Turk.
*sup.
PTung. *sip- 1 oval-shaped, conus-shaped 2 narrow (1 , 2 ): Man. sibsiun 1, 2; Nan. sikpi 2.
1, 466.
PMong. *sibo- conus-shaped, sharpened (, ): WMong. oboar, oboji- (L 754: obuur, obuji-); Kh. ovoj-;
Bur. obogor; Kalm. owr (); Ord. owoGor.
PTurk. *sup 1 conus-shaped 2 oval, long (1 2
, ): Karakh. sub 1 (MK); MTurk. subu, sub

*sorekV - *srme

1283

(AH); Uzb. spq 2; Kirgh. sopaj long person, sopaq conus-shaped cylinder; Kaz. sopaq 2; KKalp. sopaq 2.
EDT 784-785. Turk. > WMong. suba, Kalm. sow, KW 332). Cf. also Tur. sopa big
stick.

A Western isogloss.
-sorekV ( ~ -i-) female or gelded ungulate animal: Tung. *surki; Mong.
*serke; Turk. *sark.
PTung. *surki pregnant female animal ( ( )): Evk. surki; Man. sui; Ork. sui; Nan. surki; Ud. suki (.
288).
2, 130.
PMong. *serke gelded goat ( ): WMong.
serke (L 691); Kh. serx; Bur. herxe; Kalm. serk (); Ord. sere; Dag.
selek, selke (. . 162); S.-Yugh. serke.
MGCD 601. On Turkic loans < serke (Kirgh. serke etc.) see TMN 1, 341, 429,
7.

PTurk. *sark 1 sheep 2 a k. of tailless sheep (1 2

( )): Tat. sarq 1; Bashk. harq 1; Kaz. sarq 2; KKalp. sarq 2;
Khak. sara-dax a 2-year-old maral, sar-tax young of a roe (.); Tv.
sara-daq a 2-year-old maral; Chuv. sorx 1.
432, 7, 2, 66.
. 67. A Western isogloss.
-sri to flow, be soaked: Tung. *sora-; Jpn. *st-t-; Kor. *hr-.
PTung. *sora- 1 to be soaked, wet 2 to rinse, wash (1 , 2 ): Neg. soj- 1; Man. sura- 2; Nan. soro- 1.
2, 104, 129.
PJpn. *st-t- to drop, leak (, ): OJpn. sita-ta-,
sita-da- (tr.); MJpn. st-ta-; Tok. shitatr-; Kyo. shttr-; Kag. shttr-.
JLTT 753.
PKor. *hr- to flow (): MKor. hr-; Mod. hr-.
Nam 496, KED 1890.
An Eastern isogloss; cf. notes to *si, *u. In Korean we would
rather expect *-- or *-u-/-o-; -- may be a result of vowel assimilation.
-srme sinew: Tung. *sumu-; Mong. *sirm- / *sirb-; Kor. *hm.
PTung. *sumu- sinew (): Evk. sumu; Evn. hum; Neg. sumu;
Man. sube; SMan. suvu tendon (170); Ul. sumul; Ork. sumu ~ xumu;
Nan. sumul; Orch. sumu(l); Ud. sumul(i); Sol. sumul.
2, 126. Note also Evk. sura vein ( 2, 129).
PMong. *sirm- / *sirb- sinew (, , ): MMong.
irmusu (SH), irbusun (HY 48), sirbou, sirboson (IM), irbusun (MA);
WMong. sirbs(n), sirms(n) (L 716); Kh. rms(n), rbs,
rvs(n); Bur. rbehe(n), rmehe(n); Kalm. rwsn, ir(w)sn; Ord.

1284

*ssu - *sti

rws, rws; Dag. irbes, irbus (. . 184); Mongr. bu (SM

370), ulu (SM 385), (MGCD urbus).
KW 371, MGCD 723. Oyr. iri < Mong. (?)
PKor. *hm sinew; strength (; ): MKor. hm; Mod. him.
Nam 500, KED 1901.
In Turkic cf. perhaps *srme womens plait (VEWT 438), Chuv.
srme kobz violin (string instrument). See SKE 63.
-ssu to scoop; to wash: Tung. *sisa-; Turk. *sus-; Jpn. *ss-k-; Kor.
*ss-, *ss-.
PTung. *sisa- to scrape, grub, rummage, pick out (, ): Man. sia-; Ul. ssa-.
2, 98.
PTurk. *sus- 1 to scoop 2 bucket 3 scoop (1 2 3 ): Karakh. susq 2, susaq 3 (MK); Tur. susak jar, jug; Gag. susaq 3;
Turkm. sus-; Uygh. us-; Krm. sus-; Tat. ss- 1, ssqaq 3; Bashk. hs-;
Kirgh. suz-; Khak. sus-; Shr. sus-; Oyr. sus-; Tv. us-; Chuv. s- (s-); Yak.
usjax 3.
EDT 856, VEWT 434, 7.
PJpn. *ss-k- to wash (): OJpn. susu-k-; MJpn. ss-k-; Tok.
ssugu; Kyo. ssg; Kag. susg-.
JLTT 759.
PKor. *ss-, *ss- 1 to wash 2 to cleanse, wipe off (1 2 ,
): MKor. ss- 1, ss- 2; Mod. s:it- [s:is-] 1, 2.
Nam 322, 328, KED 1065.
The Kor. reflex is irregular (we should expect *h-), perhaps due to
the influence of the second -s-. It is alternatively possible to reconstruct
*sisu with an irregular labialized reflex in PT (instead of *ss-), on analogy with *sub < *sb water. One should also keep in mind that Middle
Korean has actually two forms (ss- wash and ss- cleanse, wipe off)
that have merged in modern s:it-, so we may in fact be dealing with a
confusion of two original roots.
-sti ( ~ *z-) behind, bottom: Tung. *soti; Mong. *sido; Jpn. *st; Kor.
*st(h).
PTung. *soti tail fin ( ): Ul. sot; Nan. so.
2, 114.
PMong. *sido short and thin tail (, , (
)): WMong. odu-, oduji- (L 755); Kh. odo-; Bur. odon, odogor;
Kalm. od-; Ord. odoGor short, sticking out (of a tail, branches of a
tree, or of a plait).
KW 364.
PJpn. *st (the place) below (, ): OJpn. sita; MJpn.
st; Tok. shta; Kyo. sht; Kag. sht.

*ste - *suba

1285

JLTT 527. All dialects point to *st, but RJ has a low tone on the 2d syllable.
PKor. *st(h) earth (): MKor. st (sth-); Mod. t:a.
Nam 133, KED 413. The addition of - in modern Korean is not quite clear.
Martin 248, 296. In Kor. earth < bottom (cf. the
meaning in Jpn.); *st- reflects a usual reduction < *st-(gV).
-ste ( ~ *satu) thigh, hip: Turk. *satan; Kor. *hti(h).
PTurk. *satan thigh, hip (): Tur. satan; Turkm. satan; MTurk.
satan (Pav. C.); KKalp. satan; Chuv. sodan buttocks, behind.
VEWT 405, 7, 281, . XI, 211.
PKor. *hti(h) foot, leg (): MKor. hthi.
Nam 485.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss.
-s[o]e sharp stick: Tung. *sua-ku; Mong. *sei-; Turk. *sje-.
PTung. *sua-ku 1 stick, prop, support 2 ski stick (1 , , 2 ): Evk. suax 2; Neg. sa 1; Man.
suaqu 1, sua- to support; SMan. sua- to support, to hold up (1642);
Ork. saq 1; Nan. soa a gun support, soaqo a hanger made of three
poles (On.); Ud. suu-fine- to stand on ones elbows and knees.
2, 120.
PMong. *sei- 1 to butt with horns, gore 2 margin, hem, slit (1 2 , ): WMong. sei- 1, seigr 2 (L 692, 693); Kh.
sei- 1, ser 2; Bur. hee- to shake (ones head); Kalm. se- 1; Ord. sei1.
KW 321.
PTurk. *sje- 1 to prop, lean, support 2 support, supporting stick 3
door-post (1 , 2 , 3 ): Tur. sjen, sen (dial.) 2, sken-, svken- (dial.) 1; Gag. svn, sv,
sv 2; Az. sjkn- 1; Turkm. sje- 1, sje, sjget 2; MTurk. sje- 1, sje 2
(Pav. C.), sjen- (Ettuhf.) 1; Uzb. suja- 1; Uygh. sj- 1; Tat. sj- 1;
Bashk. hj- 1; Kirgh. sj-, sn- 1; Kaz. sje- 1; KBalk. sje- 1; KKalp.
sje- 1; Kum. sje- 1; Nogh. sje- 1; Shr. sjbe, sjge 3; Tv. sg 3; Chuv.
sven- to stick to, cling to; Yak. j- 1; Dolg. jn- 1.
VEWT 435, 7, Stachowski 198. Many forms reflect derivatives *sj-ke-(n)- /
*sj-ge-(n)-.

A Western isogloss. Preservation of labial vowel in Turk. is exceptional: *seje- would be normally expected.
-suba ( ~ -u) water: Mong. *usu; Turk. *sb.
PMong. *usu water (): MMong. usun (HY 3, SH), oun, uun
(IM), uun (MA); WMong. usu(n) (L 887); Kh. us; Bur. uha(n); Kalm. usn;
Ord. usu(n); Mog. usun; ZM osun (15-5b); Dag. oso, os (. . 160), ose
(MD 203); Dong. usu; Bao. se; S.-Yugh. qusun, Gusun; Mongr. fuu (SM
102), su (MGCD u).

1286

*sbi - *sbu

KW 452, MGCD 682, TMN 1, 167.

PTurk. *sb water (): OTurk. ub (Orkh.), sub, suv (OUygh.);
Karakh. suv (MK); Tur. su; Gag. su; Az. su; Turkm. suv; Sal. su; Khal.
suw; MTurk. su (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. suv; Uygh. su; Krm. su; Tat. sw;
Bashk. hw; Kirgh. s; Kaz. su; KBalk. s; KKalp. suw; Kum. suw; Nogh.
suw; SUygh. su; Khak. su; Shr. su; Oyr. s; Tv. su; Tof. su; Chuv. v;
Yak. ; utax thirst < *sub-sak; Dolg. .
VEWT 431, TMN 3, 281-2, EDT 783-4, 88, 7, Stachowski 247. The reconstruction of * is conditioned by the Chuv. palatalization. Cf. also *sbu- to become
watery, *sbu-k watery, liquid ( 7). Other Common Turkic derivatives are *sb-sto become watery and *sb-sa- to be(come) thirsty, see the analysis in 7 and EDT
792. The derivative *sb-s a watery decoction (not attested as such, but cf. OT suvsu id.
(EDT 792)) was borrowed in Mong. as sub(a)su id. (L 733), Khalkha suvs watery. Modern
Kypchak and Siberian forms like Chag. susn, Kirgh. ssun etc. may reflect a secondary
loan from Mongolian.

160, 27, 284. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Mong. *u-su can be explained as a normal dissimilation < *su-su ( <
*sub-su); cf. similar cases in *sisegeji > *isegeji felt, *s(t)-s > *-s
milk, *sus- > *us- disappear, perish. The relationship of the Mong.
and Turk. forms is strengthened by the presence in Turkic of archaic
derivatives *sb-s-, *sb-sa-.
-sbi ( ~ *z-) to be hoarse (of voice): Tung. *sb-; Mong. *se-; Jpn.
*siwa-(n)kara- ( ~ -p-); Kor. *sb-.
PTung. *sb- to become hoarse (): Evk. sw-; Evn. hiw-ken-;
Neg. sije-; Ul. s-; Ork. s-; Nan. sije-; Ud. si-.
2, 74.
PMong. *se- to become hoarse (): WMong. sge- (L 730);
Kh. s-; Bur. hlde-; Kalm. s-; Ord. s-.
KW 335.
PJpn. *sipa-(n)kara- ( ~ -w-) to be hoarse (): Tok. shiwagare-.
PKor. *sb- to become hoarse (): MKor. si-; Mod. sw-.
Liu 480, KED 1022.
An expressive root, cf. *spi.
-sbu end: Tung. *sube-; Mong. *sel; Turk. *sb-ri; Jpn. *sw-i; Kor.
*sbr.
PTung. *sube- 1 end, edge 2 top (1 , 2 ):
Evk. suwer 1, 2; Evn. hre 1, 2; Neg. suwej 2; Man. subexe 1; Ul. suwe 2;
Ork. suwe 2; Nan. suwe, sue 2; Orch. su-e 1, 2; Ud. sue 2; Sol. sugur 1, 2.
See 2, 118 (with an alternative comparison - Mong. sibge(n) awl, which
seems less probable).

PMong. *sel tail; end (; ): MMong. seul (HY 15, SH),

sl, sbl (IM), sul, siul (MA); WMong. segl (L 683); Kh. sl; Bur. hl;

*suu - *sudu

1287

Kalm. sl; Ord. sl; Mog. sl; ZM sul (20-9); Dag. seuli, seul (. .
163); Dong. ien, ian; Bao. ienix, anig; S.-Yugh. sl; Mongr. sr (SM
363), (MGCD sl).
KW 342, MGCD 615. Mong. > Evk. sl, see Doerfer MT 127.
PTurk. *sb-ri sharp, sharp-edged (, ): OTurk.
svri (OUygh.); Karakh. svri (MK); Tur. sivri; Gag. sivri; Az. sivri;
Turkm. sjri; Krm. sivri, svr; Kirgh. sjr; Kaz. sjir; KKalp. sjri,
sjir; Oyr. sr, sri; Tv. sr; Chuv. vr; Yak. rbe.
EDT 791, VEWT 438, 7.
PJpn. *sw-i end, edge (, ): OJpn. suwe; MJpn. sw;
Tok. se; Kyo. s; Kag. se.
JLTT 532.
PKor. *sbr edge (, ): MKor. sr, srk; Mod. siul
(arch.), sul.
Liu 497, KED 1018, 1040.
70, 295, . 46. Turk. *sb-ri < *sb-ri (with a
frequent fronting > i).
-suu diarrhoea: Tung. *sosa-; Mong. *ia-ga; Turk. *s-; Kor. *hi-.
PTung. *sosa- 1 diarrhoea 2 to have diarrhoea 3 birds dung (1 2 3 ): Man. soso- 2; Ul. soso 1;
Ork. soso 1; Nan. soso 3; Orch. soso 1.
2, 114.
PMong. *ia-ga diarrhoea (): MMong. ii- to defecate
(MA); WMong. iaa (L 175); Kh. acga; Bur. ee- to have diarrhoea,
eehe(n); Ord. iaGa .
PTurk. *s- to defecate (): Karakh. s- (MK); Tur.
s-; Gag. s-; Az. s- (dial.); Khal. s-; MTurk. s- (AH, IM); Tat. -,
t-; Kirgh. -; Kaz. t-; KKalp. t-; Kum. -; Shr. -; Oyr. -; Chuv.
ss-.
EDT 795, VEWT 414, 7.
PKor. *hi- to have diarrhoea ( ): MKor. hi-;
Mod. hi-.
Nam 438, KED 1538.
EAS 96, 144, SKE 36-37. Mong. is hardly < Turk., despite
1997, 145. Mong. and Kor. have an assimilation (*s- > *-), usual for this
type of roots. In Jpn. cf. perhaps OJ susu-pana, MJ ss-bn snivel from
the nose (cf. mod. hana-kuso, lit. nose faeces).
-sudu ( ~ -a) a hoof deformation: Tung. *sudu; Mong. *sdrge; Turk.
*sdr-gak; Jpn. *sia ( ~ *sai).
PTung. *sudu bulging part of the shin ( ):
Man. sudu.
2, 120. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.

1288

*suga - *sjro

PMong. *sdrge hoof disease ( ): WMong. sdrge

(L 730); Kh. sdrg; Kalm. sd-gl- to limp slightly.
KW 339.
PTurk. *sdr-gak 1 a cloven hoof 2 double shin bone (1 2 ): Karakh. sraq (MK) 1; Uzb.
siraq 1; Khak. szro fork; Yak. tara
(.).
EDT 803. Cf. *sr-.
PJpn. *sia ( ~ *sai) shaggy hoof ( ): MJpn. se.
JLTT 521.
An interesting common Altaic body part name. The final vowel is
difficult to reconstruct because of contraction in Jpn.
-suga a k. of bird: Tung. *sog-; Mong. *sojir; Turk. *sgrk; Kor. *si.
PTung. *sog- bullfinch (): Ud. soduu.
2, 103. Attested only in Ud., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sojir black-cock (): WMong. sojir (L 724); Kh. sojr;
Bur. hojr wood cock.
Mong. > Yak. suor raven > Evk. sr id. (?).
PTurk. *sgrk 1 grouse, hazel-hen 2 starling (1 , 2 ): Karakh. sruq 1 (MK); Tur. srk 2; Gag. srq 2;
Az. srn 2; MTurk. siiriq, siiruq, siirin (R.); Tat. sraq, srq,
jrq 2; Bashk. sjrsq 2; Kirgh. jrq 2; Kum. sjrt 2; Khak. sraj
bullfinch; Tv. sra oriole; Chuv. gr 2.
VEWT 415, EDT 816, 7.
PKor. *si bird (): MKor. si; Mod. s.
Nam 295, KED 919.
Cf. also MKor. sirk a k. of bird. The Kor. word (with an unsuccessful etymology in SKE 218) was compared with Turk. *sar in 295; but the latter should be rather compared with Kor. sr, see
*sru.
-sjro yellowish, light: Tung. *sr-; Mong. *sirga; Turk. *sr; Kor. *sji-.
PTung. *sr- 1 yellowish, greyish 2 reddish 3 white (horse) (1 , 2 , 3 ( )): Evn. hraan 1; Man. suru morin 3; Nan. sr- 2 (.); Ud. s yellow
paint.
2, 95, 131. Length in the dialectal Nanai form (quoted from Onenko) is unclear, probably a misrecording. The Manchu form is peculiar: one would wish it to be <
Mong. sira morin white horse, but the vocalization is extremely strange. On the other
hand, Kor. sjra mr (see Lee 1958, 119) makes it quite probable that such a form did,
indeed, exist in Manchu, but probably got mixed up later with the original root *sr-.

PMong. *sirga yellow (of a horse) (): MMong. irqa (SH),

ira (MA 336); WMong. sira (L 716); Kh. arga, argal; Bur. arga, argal;

*s[k]i - *sli

1289

Kalm. ar (); Ord. arGa , arGul white horse with

black eyes and hooves; light brown; Dag. arga, arag (. . 183).
Mong. > Evk. sirga etc., see Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer MT 100, Rozycki 184.
PTurk. *sr grey (, ): Turkm. sr; Krm. sur; Tat. sor;
Bashk. hor, hr; Kirgh. sur; Kaz. sur; KKalp. sur; Kum. sr; Oyr. sur;
Chuv. sr.
VEWT 433, TMN 3, 287, 7.
PKor. *sji- whitish (): MKor. sji-; Mod. s-.
Nam 306, KED 963.
Doerfer MT 241. The Mong. vocalism is not quite regular: perhaps
-i- instead of u~o under the influence of the following *-j- (which has to
be reconstructed to account for Kor. -i-).
-s[k]i ( ~ *-) a k. of bird: Turk. *sglin; Jpn. *snk; Kor. *sku.
PTurk. *sglin pheasant (): Karakh. sglin, svlin (MK); Tur.
sln; Turkm. slgn; MTurk. slgn, sgln (Pav. C.); Uzb. slgn;
KKalp. sjlin (dial.); Khak. slen heron; Shr. len heron, stork (?).
VEWT 435, EDT 820-821, 7.
PJpn. *snk woodcock, snipe (, ): OJpn. sigji;
MJpn. sgi; Tok. shgi; Kyo. shg.
JLTT 523.
PKor. *sku pheasant (): MKor. sku; Mod. k:w.
Nam 64, KED 225.
Korean has a frequent loss of vowel between a fricative and a
stop. The medial consonant is not quite clear: perhaps Turk. *sglin <
*sklin with a secondary voicing.
-sku ( ~ -a) to copulate, insert: Tung. *sKn; Mong. *sige-d-; Turk.
*sik-.
PTung. *sKn 1 copulation 2 to copulate (1 , 2
): Evk. skn 1; Ud. soni- 2.
2, 105.
PMong. *sige-d- to get stuck, be inserted (, ):
WMong. siged- (L 701); Kh. igde-; Bur. egede-; Kalm. igd- (); Ord.
iged-.
PTurk. *sik- 1 to copulate 2 penis (1 , coire (cum
femina) 2 penis): Karakh. sik- 1, sik 2 (MK); Tur. sik- 1, sik 2 (R.).
EDT 818, TMN 3, 312-313.
A Western isogloss. In Turkic one would rather expect --, so the
vocalism is not quite regular.
-sli a k. of worm: Tung. *silV-; Turk. *sl-.
PTung. *silV- helminth, worm (, ): Neg. silikte; Ul.
silimbu, silekte; Ork. siloqta; Orch. silikte; Ud. silikte.
2, 95.

*sli - *sumi

1290

PTurk. *sl- leech (): Tur. slk, dial. slmen, slen; Gag.
slk; Az. slx (dial.); Turkm. slk; MTurk. slk (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb.
zuluk; Uygh. zlk; Krm. slk; Tat. slk; Bashk. hlk; Kirgh. slk,
zlk; Kaz. slk; KKalp. slk; Kum. slk; Nogh. slk; Oyr. lk;
Chuv. slk.
VEWT 436, 425, 185, 7. Initial z- in some forms may be due to the
influence of Pers. zalu leech (> Az. zli).

185. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

-sli ( ~ z-, --) gall: Tung. *s, *sl-se; Mong. *sl-s.
PTung. *s, *sl-se gall (): Evk. s; Neg. silte; Man. silxi; SMan.
ilixi gall bladder (93); Jurch. si-li-xi (516); Ul. silte, slte; Ork. slte; Nan.
silte, silt; Ud. silihe; Sol. lde.
2, 73.
PMong. *sl-s gall (): MMong. uelsun (HY 47), slsu (SH),
slsn (IM); WMong. ss(n), sls(n) (L 732); Kh. ss; Bur. hlhen; Kalm.
sn () (?); Ord. s (?); Dag. ulei spleen, gall bladder? (MD
131) (?); Dong. iensun; Bao. selso; S.-Yugh. ssun; Mongr. sr (SM
364), sl.
MGCD 618. The Kalm. and Dag. forms may reflect a formation like *sl-in with assimilations.

2, 73, Rozycki 182. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. The root tends

to merge with *li juice, fluid (q.v.).
-sulu ( ~ *z-, --) conifer, pine tree: Tung. *sol-; Mong. *silme-s; Kor.
*sr.
PTung. *sol- pine tree (): Evn. holtn.
2, 332. Attested only in Evn., with possible external parallels.
PMong. *silme-s needles of a conifer (): WMong. silmegs(n), silmgs(n), silbegs(n), silbs(n), silms(n) (L 707); Kh.
ilms; Bur. elbhe(n), elbehe(n); Kalm. ilwsn (K).
PKor. *sr pine tree (): MKor. sr; Mod. sol, so-namu.
Nam 310, KED 970, 990.
SKE 240.
-sumi dark, obscure: Tung. *sim-; Mong. *sme-; Turk. *sm.
PTung. *sim- shadow, dark place (, ): Evk.
simun; Evn. himn; Neg. simun; Man. silmen; Ork. simgu(n); Nan.
sim.
2, 87.
PMong. *sme- obscure, indistinct, faint, dull (, ,
): WMong. smeg, smeger, (v.) smeji- (L 743, 744); Kh. smeg,
smger, smij-; Mongr. sumoko vaporations des hautes montagnes
(SM 359).
PTurk. *sm darkness, shadow (, ): Chuv. sm.

*s[]mki - *sna

1291

An isolated Chuvash form.

Rsnen 1955. A Western isogloss.
-s[]mki cough: Tung. *simki-; Turk. *simk, *simki-; Jpn. *sik- ~
sik-.
PTung. *simki- to cough, cough (, ): Evk. simki-;
Evn. himk-; Neg. simki-; Ul. sibi-; Ork. sipki-; Nan. sibi-, simki-; Orch.
simpi; Ud. simpi-; Sol. simki-.
2, 87.
PTurk. *simk, *simki- 1 snot, nose phlegm, mucus 2 to blow ones
nose (1 2 ): Karakh. sereg (MK) continuously discharging mucus from ones nose; Tur. smk 1, smkr- 2; Gag. smk
1, smkr- 2; Turkm. smk 1, smgr- 2; MTurk. smk 1, smkr- 2
(AH, Pav. C.); Krm. siir- 2; Tat. simgir 1, sgr- 2; Kirgh. simbir- 2; Kaz.
sbr- 2; KKalp. sbr- 2; Nogh. simgir- 2; Khak. sr- 2; Tv. simir- 2;
Chuv. ngar- (ngar-) 2.
VEWT 436, EDT 841, 7.
PJpn. *sik- ~ sik- to cough (): MJpn. sek-; Tok. sk-; Kyo.
sk-; Kag. sk-.
JLTT 749.
An expressive root with some vocalic irregularities.
-smu a k. of grass, flower: Tung. *sum-; Mong. *sim-; Jpn. *sm-.
PTung. *sum- grass or berry names ( ): Evk.
sumui (-; Man. somina orxo a grass name.
2, 110, 126.
PMong. *sim- various grass names (1 2
, ): WMong. simarsu 1, simeldeg 2
(L 709: dracocephalum fruticulosum, dracocephalum peregrinum); Kh.
amars 1, imeldeg 2; Bur. amarha(n); Kalm. imndG weisse Nieswurz,
imgG Lamium album?.
KW 358.
PJpn. *sm- 1 violet 2 Prunus sallicina Lindley (a k. of plum) (1 2 ): OJpn. sumjire 1, sum(w)om(w)o 2; MJpn. smre 1,
smmo 2; Tok. smire 1, smomo, summo 2; Kyo. smr 1, smm 2;
Kag. sumir 1, sumom 2.
JLTT 534.
The root must have denoted some blossoming berry or shrub.
-sna to hear, observe: Mong. *sonos-; Turk. *sn; Kor. *s(j)n-.
PMong. *sonos- hear (): MMong. sonos- (HY 32, SH), on(IM), sunas- (MA); WMong. sonus-; Kh. sonso-; Bur. honor
; Kalm. sons-; Ord. sonos-; Mog. sonusu-; ZM sonas (7-4b); Dag.
sonso- (. . 163), sonse- (MD 211), sonsu-; Dong. sonosu-; Mongr.
sunos- (SM 362).

1292

*sni - *sni

KW 331, MGCD 606. Cf. also WMong. sonin, Kalm. son interesting, peculiar (KW
331), MMong. (SH) sonin new, Dag. sonin fresh, virgin, strange, new (MD 211) ( > Evk.
sonin etc., see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 187).
PTurk. *sn 1 observation, test 2 to test (1 , 2 ): OTurk. sna- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. sna- 2 (MK); Tur. sna- 2;
Az. sna- 2; Turkm. sn 1, sna- 2; Khal. sn- 2; MTurk. sin 1 (R.), sna- 2
(Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sin 1, sina- 2; Uygh. sini- 2; Krm. sn explorer;
Tat. sna- 2, sn explorer; Bashk. hn 1, hna- 2; Kirgh. sn 1, sna- 2;
Kaz. sn 1, sna- 2; KBalk. sna- 2; KKalp. sn 1; Kum. sna- 2, sn
prophet; Nogh. sna- 2; Khak. sna- 2; Oyr. sna- 2.
EDT 835, VEWT 417, 7 (the root should be distinguished from *sjn body,
idol q. v. sub *snu, although they tend to contaminate). Turk. > Mong. sina-, see 1997, 145.

PKor. *sjn- to be interesting, startling; boring ( ,

; ): Mod. sngpta (orth. sjn-).
KED 943.
Basically a Turk.-Mong. isogloss; the Kor. form is late attested and
somewhat insecure. Cf. perhaps also Manchu suen clever, smart ( <
*perceiving?).
-sni fade, extinguish: Tung. *s- ( ~ --); Mong. *sn-; Turk. *sn-; Jpn.
*sn-.
PTung. *s- ( ~ --) extinguish (, ): Evk. s-; Evn. h-w-;
Neg. s-w-; Orch. s-wi-; Sol. -g-.
2, 73.
PMong. *sn- fade, extinguish, be ended (, ,
): MMong. sun- (MA), snoe- (tr.) (SH); WMong. sn- (L
732); Kh. sn-; Bur. hne-; Kalm. sn-; Mongr. sun- (SM 361), (MGCD
sun-).
KW 333, MGCD 609.
PTurk. *sn- to fade, disappear (, ): OTurk. sn(OUygh.); Karakh. sn- (MK); Tur. sn-; Az. sn-; Turkm. sn-; MTurk.
sn- (IM, Abush.); Krm. sn-; Tat. sn-; Bashk. hn-; Kaz. sn-; KKalp.
sn-; Kum. sn-; Nogh. sn-; Chuv. sn-.
EDT 834, VEWT 430, 7. The Chag. and Old Osm. form sjn- id. is not quite
clear ( and may suggest PT *sjn-). Turk. > Hung. szn-ik- to weaken, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *sn- die (): OJpn. sin-; MJpn. sn-; Tok. shn-; Kyo.
shn-; Kag. shn-.
JLTT 752.
EAS 71, KW 333, Poppe 30, 70, Ozawa 231-232, 72, 274.
Mong. is hardly < Turk., despite 1997, 147.

*sni - *snu

1293

-sni a k. of knife or lance: Tung. *sia-; Mong. *sumun; Turk.

*sg; Kor. *sn.
PTung. *sia- big knife (on a shaft) ( ( )):
Neg. sia-pun; Ul. snas; Ork. snas; Nan. sa-so; Orch. sina-ku.
2, 91.
PMong. *sumun arrow (): MMong. sumun (HY 19), sumu(n)
(SH), smn (Lig.VMI), sm (IM), sumun (MA); WMong. sumu(n) (L
737); Kh. sum(an); Bur. homo(n); Kalm. sumn; Ord. sumu(n); Dag. som
(. . 163), some (MD 211), somo; Dong. sumu; Bao. smo; S.-Yugh.
smn; Mongr. sumu (SM 359).
KW 337, MGCD 612.
PTurk. *sg lance, spear (, ): OTurk. sg (Orkh.),
s (OUygh.); Karakh. s (MK); Tur. sg; Gag. sg; Az. sg;
Turkm. sgi; MTurk. sg (IM, Pav. C.); Krm. sg; Tat. sg;
Bashk. hg; Kaz. sg; KBalk. s; Kum. s; Nogh. sg; Chuv.
sn; Yak. .
EDT 834-835, VEWT 437, TMN 3, 279, 569, 7.
PKor. *sn bow (): MKor. sn; Mod. swenwe.
Nam 307, KED 995.
Possibly connected etymologically with *se fight.
-snu ( ~ z-) island, shallow place: Tung. *sun-; Mong. *sinaa-; Jpn.
*sn.
PTung. *sun- tussock (in a swamp) ( ( )): Evk.
sunk, sumnk; Neg. semke; Ul. supu(n); Ork. sui; Nan. sup,
sumk, suku(n); Orch. sompo.
2, 128. -m- in some forms is probably due to assimilation.
PMong. *sinaa- 1 island 2 bend of a river; ridge, mountain ridge (1
2 ; ): MMong. sinaa (SH) 1;
WMong. sinaa (L 710) 2; Kh. an 2; Ord. in a salient part of the
chain of mountains.
PJpn. *sn sand (): MJpn. suna-gwo; Tok. sna; Kyo. sn;
Kag. sna.
JLTT 534.
The meaning shallow place explains the semantic developments
( > island, sand; tussock in a swamp).
-snu form, shape: Mong. *sne-s; Turk. *s(j)n; Jpn. *sn-kata.
PMong. *sne-s soul (): MMong. sunsu breast (MA);
WMong. sne-s(n) (L 744); Kh. sns; Bur. hnehe(n); Kalm. smsn,
snsn; Ord. snes, snes; Dag. sumse (. . 164), sumese (MD 213),
sumsu; S.-Yugh. sunesn; Mongr. sun (SM 361), (MGCD suns).
KW 340, MGCD 617. Mong. > Evk. sunesun, see Poppe 1966, 197, Doerfer MT 128.

1294

*se - *se

PTurk. *s(j)n 1 body, stature 2 monument, tomb 3 the exterior 4

idol 5 foreign person (1 , 2 , 3 4
5 ): OTurk. sn 1,2 (OUygh.); Karakh. sn 1,2 (MK), 5
(KB); Tur. sin 2, 3; MTurk. sin 2 (R.); Uzb. sin 1; Tat. sn 4; Bashk. hn 2,
4; Kirgh. sn 1; Kaz. sn, sjaq 1; KBalk. sn 2; KKalp. sn 1, 2; Kum. sn 2;
Nogh. sn 1; Khak. sn 1; Shr. sn 1; Oyr. sn 1; Tv. sn 1.
EDT 832, VEWT 418, 422, 7 (with a great deal of confusion - but probably a
single root), 266.

PJpn. *sn-kata form, shape (, ): OJpn. sugata; MJpn.

sgt; Tok. sgata; Kyo. sgt; Kag. sugat.
JLTT 532. A compound with *kt form, shape.
Originally probably a shamanistic term (soul, shape).
-se hoar-frost: Tung. *s-; Mong. *s; Turk. *se; Jpn. *sns-;
Kor. *s- / *sn- / *sn-.
PTung. *s- 1 frost, hoar-frost, snow grains 2 cold (1 , 2 ): Evk. sii-kse 1; Evn. h-lgn 1; Man. su()- to
be covered by frost; Jurch. siu-hun (91) 2; Nan. sugu 1.
2, 90-91.
PMong. *s frazil, small floating pieces of ice (): WMong. s
(L 731); Kh. sn; Bur. h; Kalm. s; Ord. s.
KW 333.
PTurk. *se frazil (, ): Turkm. se (dial.); MTurk.
se (B); Uzb. s (dial.); Kaz. se; KKalp. se; Nogh. se; Chuv. san.
VEWT 410 (without Chuv.; the Kypch. forms may be borrowed from Mong.),
7.

PJpn. *sns- cool (): OJpn. suzu-si; MJpn. sz-si; Tok.

suzush-; Kyo. szsh-; Kag. suzush-.
JLTT 841.
PKor. *s- / *sn- to be chilly ( , ):
MKor. snr-h-, snr-h-; Mod. sig sig ha-, snr-ha-, sanr-ha-.
Nam 282, 299, KED 869, 935, 1065.
KW 333, SKE 234, 81. The vowel in Turkic is unclear.
Cf. also Old Koguryo *li zephyr (see Miller 1979, 7). The Kor. and
Jpn. form reflect a derived form *s(e)V.
-se fight, wrestling: Tung. *sk-; Turk. *s- / *s-; Jpn.
*smp.
PTung. *sk- 1 luck (in hunting) 2 hunters talisman 3 hunters
protecting spirit (1 ( ) 2 3 - ): Evk. sikn 1; Neg. sikn 2,3; Ul. suke(n), su(n)
~ s(n) 2; Ork. sukke(n) 2; Nan. s ~ s 2; Orch. sike(n) 3.
2, 91.

*s[]u - *su

1295

PTurk. *s- / *s- battle (): OTurk. s / s (Orkh.,

OUygh.); Karakh. s (MK).
EDT 842, VEWT 437 (hardly derivable from *s spear).
PJpn. *smp wrestling (): MJpn. smf; Tok. sm; Kyo.
sm; Kag. sum.
JLTT 534. In MJ attested also as a verb sumaf- to wrestle.
An element of common Altaic hunting or warrior terminology.
-s[]u to sink: Tung. *suta; Mong. *sige-; Turk. *si-; Jpn. *sntm-.
PTung. *suta deep (): Evk. suta; Evn. hnt; Neg. sota;
Ul. sta; Ork. sqta; Nan. sota; Orch. suta; Ud. suta; Sol. snta.
2, 128.
PMong. *sige- to soak, dissolve (, ):
WMong. sige- (L 711); Kh. inge-; Bur. enge-; Kalm. ig-; Ord. ige-;
Dag. ing- (. . 184: ige-, ig-); Bao. g-; S.-Yugh. eg-;
Mongr. g- (SM 377), ing-.
KW 359, MGCD 718. Mong. > Man. sige- (Doerfer MT 136, Rozycki 183).
PTurk. *si- to sink, submerge ( , ):
OTurk. si- (OUygh.); Karakh. si- (MK); Tur. sin-; Gag. sin-; Az. sin-;
Turkm. si-; Sal. si-; MTurk. si- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. si-; Uygh. si-;
Krm. sin-; Tat. s-; Bashk. h-; Kirgh. si-; Kaz. si-; KBalk. si-; KKalp.
si-; Kum. si-; Nogh. si-; SUygh. s-; Khak. s- to fit into; Shr. sto fit into; Tv. si-; s- to fit into; Chuv. n-; Yak. i-.
EDT 833-834, . 43, 7. The Khak., Shor and Tuva forms may
have been influenced by *sg- to fit into (v. sub *sg).

PJpn. *sntm- to sink (): OJpn. sidum-; MJpn. sdm-;

Tok. shzum-; Kyo. shzm-; Kag. shzm-.
JLTT 754.
KW 359, 173, Poppe 31, 72, 116 (Turk.-Mong.),
. 43. Mong. sige- may be borrowed from Turk. (see 1997, 144), but cf. also WMong. suu-, ua-, Kalm. sug-, ugto dive, Dag. ungu- (KW 337, 368, MGCD 726; Mong. > Kirgh. sgetc., see 7) < *siV-kV. The Jpn. form fits here rather well (*snt= TM *su-ta), but we would rather expect *-u-.
-su to whine, weep: Tung. *soa-; Turk. *si- (~ --); Jpn. *sn-.
PTung. *soa- to weep (): Evk. soo-; Evn. ho-; Neg. soo-;
Man. soGo-; SMan. so- (190); Ul. soGo-; Ork. soo-, soGo-; Nan.
soGo-; Orch. soo-; Ud. soo-; Sol. soo-.
2, 111-112.
PTurk. *si- (~ --) 1 whining or buzzing noise 2 to whine, moan (1
, 2 , , ): Karakh. si 1, siile- 2; Tur.
sinle-, dial. senele- 2; Bashk. h-qlda- to sob; Kaz. sr 1, s-qlda- 2;

1296

*sV(-kV) - *sra

Khak. s 1, sla- 2; Tv. sla- 2; Chuv. ngr 1, ngrdat- 2; Yak. iersijto neigh, coo (.).
EDT 832, 840.
PJpn. *sn- to pout, frown (, ): Tok. sun-; Kyo.
sn-; Kag. sn-.
JLTT 759.
An onomatopoeic root, but with quite good correspondences. Cf.
also notes to *si.
-sV(-kV) a k. of flying insect: Tung. *ske; Mong. *simaul; Turk.
*siek; Jpn. *sim ( ~ -ia-).
PTung. *ske beetle (): Nan. suk; Ud. sike.
2, 91.
PMong. *simaul 1 mosquito 2 insect (1 2 ):
MMong. imuul (HY 12), imul fly (MA); WMong. simaul, simuul 1, 2
(L 710); Kh. uml 1; Bur. uml 2; Kalm. oml, umsn; Ord. imli;
Dag. oml (. . 184) omle (MD. 217) 1.
KW 364.
PTurk. *siek 1 mosquito 2 fly (1 2 ): Karakh. siek 1,2
(MK); Tur. sinek 2; Gag. sinek 2; Az. sink 1; Turkm. siek 2; MTurk.
siak, sigek 2 (Pav. C.); Krm. sinek 2; SUygh. sgek gad-fly; Khak. sik,
sk 2; Oyr. sk 1; Tv. sk 2; Chuv. na 2.
EDT 838, VEWT 422-423, 185, 7. Cf. also Yak., Dolg. ra bee,
wasp (Stachowski 261). Turk. > Hung. szunyog mosquito, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *sim ( ~ -ia-) cicada (): OJpn. semji; MJpn. sm; Tok.
smi; Kyo. sm; Kag. smi.
JLTT 521. The tone in Tokyo is irregular (pointing to *sim).
. 42-43, 186. An insect name, with tabooistic irregular vocalic changes.
-sra arrow; fight, battle, success in battle: Tung. *sori; Mong. *sur;
Turk. *sr-; Jpn. *satu-i; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sori 1 fight, battle 2 victim 3 to shoot arrows into each other
(1 , 2 3 ): Man. sori3, sori 2; Jurch. sori (455) 1; Ul. sor 1; Ork. sor(n) ; Nan. sor 1; Orch. sri.
2, 113.
PMong. *sur competition in bow-shooting ( ): WMong. surin (L 738: sur archers target, 739: surin archer);
Bur. hura arrow; Kalm. sur.
KW 338. Mong. sur archers target is being confused with sur(an) leather belt,
strap (borrowed from Turkic, see under *sga) and sometimes glossed as archers target made of leather straps - most probably a result of folk etymology.

*suru - *se

1297

PTurk. *sr- 1 arrow, tip of an arrow 2 sabre 3 fight (1 , 2 3 ): Turkm. srma 2; Khak. sr 1; Chuv.
rm 3; Yak. rba 1.
VEWT 418 (Khak.)
PJpn. *satu-i success in hunting ( ): OJpn. sati; MJpn.
sati; Tok. schi; Kyo. sch; Kag. schi.
JLTT 519. Accent is not quite clear: Kyoto and Kagoshima point to *sti, but Tokyo
is aberrant. For *-u- cf. OJ satu-ja hunting arrow.

PKor. *sr- to capture ( ): MKor. sr-p- (to take

captive); Mod. saro-ap-.
Nam 283, KED 872.
The Korean reflex is somewhat dubious, being traditionally derived < *sr- to live (sar-ap- = to take alive). This, however, may be a
secondary folk etymology, the original meaning of the compound being to take booty.
-suru ( ~ z-, --) ant, insect eggs: Tung. *sura; Mong. *sirgoli; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sura (sora) 1 flea 2 to lay eggs in deers nose 3 insect laying
eggs in deers nose 4 bumble-bee 5 eggs of flies, insects 6 pollen (1 2 3 , 4 5 , 6 ): Evk. soro- 2, soroki / sereki 3, soroptun / sereptin 4; Neg. sja 1; Man. suran 1, soroa 4, sere 5; SMan. suran 1
(2254); Ul. sra 1, sora 6; Ork. sra 1; Nan. sora 1, 6; Orch. sa 1; Ud. sua 1
(. 288); Sol. sora 1.
2, 112, 113. Man. soroa > Dag. soro (. . 164); TM > Dag. sura flea
(ibid.).

PMong. *sirgoli ant (): MMong. iroxalin (HY 12);

WMong. iroli, (L 717) siruli(n); Kh. orgl; Bur. orglzo(n), orglo(n); Kalm. orln; Ord. urGuli, urGli, orGoli; Dag. suaigli
(. . 164), suajhalei (MD 212); Mongr. orGoin (SM 397).
KW 365. Mong. > Evk. rgoli (see Poppe 1972, 101).
PKor. *sr- to lay eggs (of insects, fish) ( (
)): MKor. sr-; Mod. sl-.
Liu 487, KED 1027. Cf. also mod. swi eggs of fly (with a consonant alternation
similar to the one in the reflexes of PA *mro q. v.).

Cf. *sjr.
-se sound: Tung. *sr-; Mong. *sr- / *sur-; Turk. *s; Kor. *sri.
PTung. *sr- 1 to creak, screak 2 to shout, cry (1 ( ) 2 , ): Evk. sirgi- 1; Man. sure- 2; SMan. sur-, suru- 2
(192).
2, 95, 131.

1298

*si - *si

PMong. *sr- / *sur- 1 to cry out 2 to sound, make noise (of wind) (1
2 , ( )): WMong. sre- 2, sura- 1,
srkire- 2 (L 745); Kh. sr, srxre- 2; Kalm. sur- 1, sr 2.
KW 338, 340. The root should be distinguished from WMong. sr majesty, militancy (despite Doerfer TMN 1, 344, who posits a quite improbable semantic development: imponierendes Aussehen > jemandem durch Schreien imponieren).

PTurk. *s word, speech (, ): OTurk. sz (OUygh.);

Karakh. sz (MK); Tur. sz; Gag. sz; Az. sz; Turkm. sz; Sal. sz; Khal.
sez, sz; MTurk. sz (AH, IM, Ettuhf.); Uzb. sz; Uygh. sz; Krm. sz; Tat.
sz; Bashk. h; Kirgh. sz; Kaz. sz; KBalk. sz; KKalp. sz; Kum. sz;
Nogh. sz; SUygh. sz; Khak. ss; Shr. ss; Oyr. ss; Tv. ss; Yak. s;
Dolg. s.
EDT 860, VEWT 430, 7, Stachowski 200-201. One should also mention PT
*sr-ek tale, story, fairy tale (see 7).

PKor. *sri voice, sound (, ): MKor. sri; Mod. sori.

Nam 307, KED 972.
KW 338, Lee 1958, 119. Despite Doerfer s criticism in TMN 3, 296
the comparison seems reliable.
-si to flow, drip: Tung. *sir-; Mong. *sr-; Turk. *s-.
PTung. *sir- 1 spring, well 2 to strain, press out 3 to milk (1 ,
2 3 ): Evk. sir- 2, 3; Evn. hr- 3; Neg. sij- 3; Man.
eri 1, siri- 2; SMan. eri, seri 1 (2085); Ul. sr- 2, 3; Ork. sr- 2, 3; Nan.
sire (Bik.) 1, sr- 2; Orch. s- 3; Ud. sie bay with spring water; s- 2, 3.
2, 93, 101.
PMong. *sr- to rain in small drops, sprinkle (, ):
WMong. sri- (L 744); Kh. ri-, sri-, sri-; Kalm. sri-; Dag. ? sur
pour (water) (MD 213).
KW 341.
PTurk. *s- 1 to strain, filter 2 to swim, float 3 to walk in water (1
, 2 3 ): OTurk. sz- 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. sz- 1 (MK); Tur. sz- 1, szl- 2; Gag. sz- 1; Az. sz1, 2; Turkm. sz- 1; Khal. sz- 1; MTurk. sz- 1 (AH, Pav. C.), 2 (Pav. C.);
Uzb. suz- 2; Uygh. sz- 1; Krm. sz- 1; Tat. sz- 1, (dial.) 2; Bashk. h- 1;
Kirgh. sz- 1, 2; Kaz. sz- 1; KBalk. sz- 1; Kum. sz- 1; Nogh. sz- 1; Tv.
ss- 3; Chuv. sr- 1, to catch fish by a drag-net.
EDT 861, 4, 261; 7; VEWT 420 (the root should be distinguished from *s- to
ooze, q.v. sub *u), 411, . XI, 311-312, 314, 2, 44-45. The meanings to strain, filter and to swim, float go back to a common meaning *to flow (additionally the semantic development > swim could have been influenced by *j- to
swim q.v. sub *ne). Bulg. > Hung. szr- to ooze, see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3,
812-813.

*suo - *stu

1299

A Western isogloss. The root may in fact be the same as *sri (reflected in the Eastern area) q.v., but modified under the influence of a
synonymous *u q.v.
-suo to drag; sleigh: Tung. *siru-; Turk. *so-; Jpn. *sr ( ~ *-ui, -i);
Kor. *sri.
PTung. *siru- to rotate, roll, glide (, , ): Evk. sirun-; Evn. hirun-; Neg. siwun-; Man. urde-; Ork. siso-lo-.
2, 96-97, 430. The meaning in Manchu (roll, rotate) is secondary < move
quickly. One is also tempted to relate here Manchu seen carriage that can be treated as
an assimilation < *sien < *sir-gen; all other TM forms (Nan. se, Ul. seen etc., see 2,
137) in that case should be considered borrowed < Manchu.

PTurk. *so- to drag (): Az. soz-; Turkm. soz-; Uygh. soz-; Tat.
sus-; Bashk. hu-; Kirgh. soz-; Kaz. soz-; KBalk. soz-; Kum. soz-; Yak. sos-;
Dolg. hohun-.
VEWT 429, Stachowski 107.
PJpn. *sr sleigh (): Tok. sri; Kyo. sr; Kag. sr.
JLTT 531. The Tokyo accent is irregular (sor would be expected) and may be due to
borrowing.

PKor. *sri carriage, cart (): MKor. sri; Mod. sure.

Nam 315, KED 1001.
Lee 1958, 118 (Kor.-TM).
-ssa a k. of bamboo: Tung. *sus-gde; Turk. *ss; Jpn. *ss; Kor. *ssr.
PTung. *sus-gde a k. of plant (willow with yellow bark) ( ( )): Orch. susgde.
2, 131. Attested only in Oroch, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *ss a k. of grass (): Oyr. ss qomuraj, qomuraj
(qomuraj pipe).
Attested only in Oyrot, with possible external parallels.
PJpn. *ss small bamboo ( ): OJpn. sasa; MJpn. ss;
Tok. ssa; Kyo. ss; Kag. ssa.
JLTT 518.
PKor. *ssr bamboo chip, lot ( , ): MKor.
ssr; Mod. sat [sas].
Nam 284, KED 906 (in modern Korean mixed with *sat thin mat, on which see
under *zakti).

The root is very sparsely attested and thus not quite reliable.
-stu ( ~ *z-) to throw out, push out: Tung. *sut-; Mong. *side-; Jpn.
*sta-; Kor. *st-.
PTung. *sut- 1 to scatter, throw about 2 to hit out, push out (1 , 2 , ): Evk. sutig- 2; Man.
sota- 1.
2, 114, 131.

1300

*sti - *suakV

PMong. *side- to throw, fling (, ): WMong. side- (L

697); Kh. ide-; Bur. ede-.
PJpn. *sta- to throw out (): OJpn. suta-; MJpn. sta-;
Tok. ste-; Kyo. st-; Kag. sut-.
JLTT 760.
PKor. *st- to throw out, pour out, empty (, ,
): MKor. st-; Mod. s:ot-.
Nam 310, KED 990.
Lee 1958, 117 (Kor.-TM).
-sti (~ -t-) milk, a k. of liquid: Tung. *site-; Mong. *-s-n; Turk. *st;
Kor. *st-.
PTung. *site- 1 to soak (intr.) 2 slightly trickling (of womans milk)
(1 2 , ( )): Neg.
site- 1; Nan. sit (On.) 2; Ul. site- 1.
2, 100.
PMong. *-s-n milk (): MMong. sn (SH), sn (IM), su
(MA), sn (Lig.VMI); WMong. s(n) (L 744), sn; Kh. s(n); Bur. hn,
dial. he(n); Kalm. sn, sn; Ord. s(n); Mog. sn; ZM sun (15-5a); Dag.
s (. . 164, MD 213); S.-Yugh. sun; Mongr. sun (SM 360).
KW 340, 460, MGCD 614. Mong. > Manchu sun (see Rozycki 190).
PTurk. *st milk (): OTurk. st (OUygh.); Karakh. st (MK);
Tur. st; Gag. st; Az. sd; Turkm. st; Sal. st; Khal. st; MTurk. st
(AH, Abush.), sd (Pav. C.); Uzb. sut; Uygh. st; Krm. st; Tat. st;
Bashk. ht; Kirgh. st; Kaz. st; KBalk. st; KKalp. st; Kum. st; Nogh.
st; SUygh. st, st; Khak. st; Shr. st; Oyr. st; Tv. st; Chuv. st; Yak.
t.
EDT 798, VEWT 438, 448-449, 7.
PKor. *st-m 1 sweat 2 water after washing rice (1 2
): MKor. st-m 1, st-mr 2; Mod. t:am 1, t:mul 2.
HMCH 209, Liu 249, KED 409, 526.
449. Mong. cannot be a Turkic loanword, despite 1997, 150. The form must be traced to *st-sn > *s-sn (with a
regular dissimilative development > *sn). Kor. has a frequent loss of
vowel between a fricative and a stop. The original meaning must have
been liquid or milk-like liquid (with drops or bubbles on the surface)
- whence, on the one hand, sweat and soak, on the other - milk
(in the Turk.-Mong. area).
-suakV a k. of small animal: Tung. *suak; Mong. *iaguli; Turk.
*sgan.
PTung. *suak cat (): Evk. suak (Urm.).
2, 120.

*sdV - *sg

1301

PMong. *iaguli mole; gopher, prairie squirrel (; ):

WMong. iaulin (L 175); Ord. ara ili espce de rat des champs.
It is interesting to note Krm. (K.) savul rat - a mongolism?
PTurk. *sgan rat, mouse (, ): OTurk. san (OUygh.);
Karakh. san (MK); Tur. san; Gag. san; Az. san; Turkm. san;
Khal. sn; MTurk. san (Pav. C.), san (AH, IM); Uzb. sqn; Uygh.
saqan, aqan; Krm. san; Tat. sqan, tqan; Bashk. ssqan; Kirgh. qan;
Kaz. tqan; KBalk. ccxan; KKalp. tqan; Kum. qan; Nogh. qan;
SUygh. an; Khak. ssxan; Shr. qan; Oyr. qan; Chuv. i, (r)i;
Yak. s.
EDT 796, VEWT 414, 167, 7. Turk. > Hung. cickny field mouse, see
Gombocz 1912.

EAS 96, TMN 3, 308; 168. A Western isogloss. The root

seems plausible, but has some phonetic irregularities. Instead of Evk.
suak one could perhaps compare Tung. *olik ferret ( 2, 405).
Shor olasaa, Khak. olana , (VEWT 115) is probably <
TM.
-sdV ( ~ z-, --) to scoop: Tung. *sda; Kor. *st-.
PTung. *sda 1 scoop-net 2 to scoop (1 2 ): Man. odo2, odoqu 1; Nan. sd 1.
2, 104.
PKor. *st- to scoop, ladle (): MKor. st-; Mod. t:-.
Nam 173, KED 523.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Korean has a frequent vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop, which explains the -t-reflex.
-sg ( ~ -u-) drunken, alcoholic drink: Mong. *sogta-; Turk. *sUg-; Jpn.
*sk-i; Kor. *sr.
PMong. *sogta- to get drunk (, ): MMong. soxta(HY 35, SH), oxta- (IM), suqta- (MA); WMong. sota-, sotu- (L 723); Kh.
sogto-; Bur. hogto-; Kalm. sokt-; Ord. soGt; Dag. sorto- (. . 164),
soget, soret a drunk (MD 211) soretu-; Dong. sodo-, sudo-; Bao. soxte-;
S.-Yugh. soGt-, soGd-; Mongr. soGd- (SM 351), sd-.
KW 329-330, MGCD 603.
PTurk. *sUg- 1 to procure cheese 2 dried cheese (1 2
): Karakh. su- 1, suut 2 (MK).
EDT 805-806. For suut cf. Hung. sajt (rather than to Chuv. gt - despite Gombocz 1912, 2, 400 et al.).

PJpn. *sk-i sake, alcoholic drink (): OJpn. sake; MJpn. sk;
Tok. ske; Kyo. sk.
JLTT 517. Modern sakana fish is a late word, going back to MJ saka-na food (orig.
vegetables) taken together with sake; it is not attested in OJ.

1302

*soge - *sog

PKor. *sr wine, alcoholic drink (, ):

MKor. sr, sr; Mod. sul.
Nam 314, KED 1018.
275. The Jpn.-Kor. comparison see in Martin 235 (with a
somewhat fantastic reconstruction). Actually Korean drops -g- quite
regularly, while -r is an obvious suffix; the vowel -u-, however, is a
problem (*-a- would be expected), and should be probably explained as
a result of contraction (thus *sr < *sagV-bVr or the like). Existing TM
forms (see 2,106) are clearly borrowed from Mongolian, see Doerfer MT 39, Rozycki 186. Cf. also Karakh. sud winter parties, arranged by turns.
-soge to breathe, breath: Tung. *sug-; Mong. *sji-; Turk. *sogl-; Kor.
*si-.
PTung. *sug- 1 breath 2 vapour 3 soul 4 sacrifice 5 hurricane, wind 6
to breathe (1 2 3 , 4 5
, 6 ): Evk. su 5, suina- 6; Evn. hj 5; Neg. sugde
4, so 5; Man. suqdun 1,2,3, su 5; SMan. suvdun, suvudun air, vapor,
steam (351); Ul. sugdu- to place a sacrifice before an idol, s 5; Ork.
sugditi- to place food in front of a deceased, s 5; Nan. sugdu(n) 2, s
5; Orch. si 5; Ud. sogdo 2; Sol. sw 5.
2, 118-119.
PMong. *sji- 1 to pant 2 to blow (1 , 2
): WMong. sile- 1 (L 742); Kh. sjle- 1; Bur. hje- 2; Kalm. skn- 1,
sg- 2 (); Ord. sjle- 1.
PTurk. *sogl- to breathe heavily, pant ( , ): Tur. solu-; Gag. solu-; MTurk. solu- (Pav. C., IM); Krm. solu-; Tat.
sula-; KBalk. solu- to rest; Kum. solu-; Nogh. solq-; Oyr. slu-; Chuv.
svla-; Yak. uoluj- to be very scared.
VEWT 426, 6.
PKor. *si- to breathe; to rest (; ): MKor. si-; Mod.
sw-.
Nam 316, KED 1022.
7. Cf. *sga.
-sog a k. of meat dish: Tung. *sugul-n; Mong. *suumaj; Turk. *sgl-;
Jpn. *suki-jaki.
PTung. *sugul-n meat prepared for boiling (, ): Evk. suuln.
2, 119. Attested only in Evk., but having interesting external parallels.
PMong. *suumaj a k. of meat dumplings ( ): WMong. suumai (XTTT); Kh. smaj.
PTurk. *sgl- 1 to roast meat 2 roasted meat, meat for roasting (1
() 2 , ): OTurk. sgl- 1

*sogV - *sog

1303

(OUygh.); Karakh. sgl- 1 (MK), sg 2 (MK Oghuz); Tur. (dial.)

sgr-, svr- 1, svi, sg 2; Turkm. sv 2; MTurk. sgl- 1 (AH),
sg 2; Yak. l- 1; Dolg. l- 1.
EDT 821, 823, 7, Stachowski 251.
PJpn. *suki-jaki a k. of meat dish ( ): MJpn.
sugi-jaki; Tok. sukiyaki.
A compound with *jak- burn.
Note the morphological match between Evk. suuln and PT
*sg-l- (or *sg--).
-sogV a k. of onion: Tung. *seKule ( < *soKule?); Mong. *sogina
(*soogina); Turk. *sogan; Kor. *s.
PTung. *seKule garlic (): Man. segule, sekule, semkele;
SMan. semkl scallion (318).
2, 143. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sogina onion (): MMong. soogina (HY 8), sunqin
(MA); WMong. sogina (L 727); Kh. songin; Bur. hongino; Kalm. sogin;
Ord. soginoG; Dong. sunguna; Mongr. suGunoG.
KW 331. Mong. > Man. sogina (see Rozycki 191).
PTurk. *sogan onion (): OTurk. soun (OUygh.); Karakh. soun
(MK); Tur. soan; Gag. suvan, suan; Az. soan; Turkm. soan; Sal. soan,
son; Khal. soan; MTurk. soan (AH, IM, Pav. C.); Uygh. soan; Tat.
suan; Bashk. huan; Kirgh. soan, soon; KBalk. soxan; Kum. soan;
Nogh. soan; SUygh. soxan; Chuv. soan.
EDT 812, VEWT 425, 141, 465, 7, 2, 69-70. Forms like Oyr.
soono, sno, Tuva souna may be < Mong.

PKor. *s 1 lotus seed 2 bud, bunch (1 2 ,

): MKor. s 1; Mod. soi, soari 2.
Nam 310, KED 994.
KW 331, 10. Despite 1997, 166, hardly a borrowing
in Mong. < Turk. Hypotheses about the Chinese origin of the word
(KW 331, 166-167) are hardly grounded: one has to suppose Chin. > Mong., with a secondary addition of the Mong. plant suffix -gina, with a subsequent borrowing Mong. > Turkic (which is hardly
plausible because of old attestation within Turkic); the Manchu parallel
also speaks against borrowing from Chinese. See also notes on *sugu
weed (there may have been some confusion of these two roots in
Kor.-Jpn. and in Turkic).
-sog to search, choose: Tung. *sugele- (/ *segule-); Mong. *sogu(*soogu-); Turk. *sogra- ?; Jpn. *sunkur-.
PTung. *sugele- (/ *segule-) to search, search through (, ): Man. suwele-, seole-; Ul. sewlu-; Nan. seule-.
2, 134.

1304

*sjk - *sjk

PMong. *soogu- to choose (): MMong. soagu (HY 34),

soonkuul- (SH ); WMong. sogu- (L 726); Kh. sogo-; Bur. hunga-;
Kalm. su- (); Ord. suGu-; Dag. sogo- (. . 164); Dong.
sunu- (. .).
PTurk. *sogra- ? 1 to search (through) 2 to ask (1 2
): Karakh. sorut- 1 (MK); MTurk. sora- 1, soraaq search,
perquisition (Pav. C.); Chuv. ra- 2.
EDT 816. 2, 466-467 derives the Chuv. form < *sr(a)- ask (v. sub *sra),
but the initial - remains unclear in both cases. Because of this, and because of the Hapax
nature of the OT form the it is actually not quite clear whether the root *sogra- exists at
all. An argument in its favour is the semantic match between OT and Chagatai and the
resulting semantic distinction (*search (through)) from *sr(a)- ask.

PJpn. *sunkur- to choose, select (, ): MJpn.

sgr-; Tok. sugr-; Kyo. sgr-; Kag. sgr-.
JLTT 758. Accent not quite clear: modern dialects point rather to *s(n)kr-.
Ozawa 233-234.
-sjk to curse: Tung. *sujKu-; Mong. *sgee- / -k-; Turk. *sk-; Jpn.
*sikar-.
PTung. *sujKu- 1 to curse 2 to caper (1 , 2 ): Man. sujxu- 2 ( > Nan. sujxu-, sojxo- id.); Nan. so-, (Kur.-Urm.)
soqola- 1.
2, 104, 121.
PMong. *sgee- / -k- to curse, rebuke (, ): MMong.
soko- (HY 35), suke- (MA), suge- (IM); WMong. sgege- (L 730); Kh. sx-;
Bur. hge-; Mog. suka- (Weiers); Mongr. sg- maudire, injurer, faire des
imprcations (SM 348).
Cf. also WMong. o joke, Dag. (?) ok id. (. . 181).
PTurk. *sk- to curse, swear (, ): OTurk. sk(OUygh.); Karakh. sg- (MK); Tur. sw-; Gag. s-; Az. sj-; Turkm. sg-;
MTurk. sg- (AH, Pav. C.), sk- (Houts., Ettuhf.); Uzb. sk-; Uygh. sk-;
Krm. sk-; Tat. sk-; Bashk. hk-; Kirgh. sk-; Kaz. sk-; KKalp. sk-;
Kum. sk-; Nogh. sk-; Khak. sk-; Shr. sk-; Oyr. sk-; Yak. x-; Dolg.
k-.
EDT 818-819, VEWT 429-430, 7, Stachowski 251.
PJpn. *sikar- to curse (): MJpn. sikar-; Tok. shkar-, shikr-;
Kyo. shkr-; Kag. shkr-.
JLTT 750. Original accent unclear (both *skr- and *skr- are possible).
KW 333, Poppe 109. Hardly borrowed in Mong. < Turk., despite
1997, 147. Medial *-j-, preserved in Manchu, explains the
vowel -i- in Jpn. (otherwise *suk- would be expected).

*soke - *sokV

1305

-soke to kneel, be inclined: Tung. *suku-; Mong. *sgd-; Turk. *sk-.

PTung. *suku- to abut feet (in boat) ( ( )): Ul. suepu(n) (n.); Nan. sikup (n.); Orch. sukule-; Ud. suku- to
kick.
2, 123.
PMong. *sgd- to kneel ( ): MMong. sogat- (HY
35), sogot- (SH)-, suked- (MA); WMong. sgd- (L 731); Kh. sgd-; Bur.
hgde-; Kalm. sgd-, skt-; Ord. sgd-; Dag. sugdu-; S.-Yugh. sgd-;
Mongr. sogodi- (SM 352), (MGCD sugod-).
KW 333, MGCD 608. Cf. also sg an order for a camel to kneel.
PTurk. *sk- to kneel ( , ):
OTurk. sk-, skit- (OUygh.), skr- (Orkh.); Karakh. sk- (MK, KB),
skit- (MK); Tv. sgej-, sgr-.
EDT 819, 820, 822, VEWT 430. Turk. *sk-r- > WMong. skre-, Kalm. skr- (KW
333).

EAS 71, 148, KW 333, Poppe 30. A Western isogloss. The Mong.
forms may be < Turkic (cf. OT skit-); but cf. also Mong. sosuji-, Kalm.
soks- ( > Oyr. soqsoj- etc., VEWT 426) to sit without motion (KW 329).
-soke ( ~ -u-, -k-) to split: Turk. *sk-; Jpn. *snk-.
PTurk. *sk- to split, tear apart (, , ): OTurk. sk- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. sk- (MK); Tur. sk-; Gag.
sk-; Az. sk-; Turkm. sk-; MTurk. sk- (AH, IM, Abush.); Uzb. sk-;
Uygh. sk-; Krm. sk-; Kirgh. sk-; Kaz. sk-; KBalk. sk-; KKalp. sk-;
Kum. sk-; Nogh. sk-; Khak. sk-; Oyr. sk-; Tv. sk-.
EDT 819, 7.
PJpn. *snk- to chop, split off (, ): MJpn. sg-;
Tok. sg-; Kyo. sg-.
JLTT 755.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Mong. segre- to be torn to
pieces (although delabialization is unexplainable).
-sokV stuffed guts: Tung. *sokta; Mong. *sugu-; Turk. *sogut / *soktu.
PTung. *sokta 1 yukola (part from fishs back) 2 fat, grease (1
(, ) 2 , ): Neg. soktou 2;
Orch. soqto 1.
2, 106.
PMong. *sugu- 1 stuffed guts, stuffed stomach 2 fish bladder (1
, 2 ): WMong. suui, subui (L 734) 1; Kh. suv 1; Bur. hugaba 1;
Kalm. soi 1, sol 2.
KW 329. Variants suui / subui point to *sugu-bi (preserved in Bur. hugaba).

1306

*ske - **sko

PTurk. *sogut / *soktu stuffed guts, sausage ( , ): Karakh. sout, soqtu (MK); Kirgh. soqto; Kaz. soqta; Tv.
sk-xan.
EDT 806.
A Western isogloss.
-ske to be harmed, deceived: Tung. *sk-; Mong. *sge; Turk.
*skel; Kor. *sk-.
PTung. *sk- 1 to err, be mistaken 2 to caper, rough-house (1 2 , ): Evk. skto- 1; Evn. hta- 1; Ork. soqodo2; Nan. sdo- 2.
2, 105, 106.
PMong. *sge lack of powers, disability ():
WMong. sgge (XTTT); Kh. sg.
PTurk. *skel ill (): Karakh. skel (MK); Tur. skel; Az. skl
(dial.); MTurk. skl (AH), skl (Pav. C.).
EDT 820, 7. The deriving stem is probably preserved in Turkm. sk- to
weaken.

PKor. *sk- 1 to err, be deceived 2 to deceive (1 , 2 ): MKor. ski- 2; Mod. sok- 1, sogi- 2.
Nam 307, KED 980, 984.
Korean has a usual verbal low tone. Cf. *sko.
*sko ( ~ -k-) to hit, harm: Tung. *suK-; Mong. *sogug; Turk. *sok-; Jpn.
*sk-nap-.
PTung. *suK- 1 to break, crush 2 to harm, spoil 3 edge of ski stick 4
arrow-head (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. suku- 2, suka- 1; Evn. hak- 1; Ork. skpe,
spke 3; Nan. sokpi-so 4 (On.).
2, 123.
PMong. *sogug flaw, defect (, ): WMong. sou
(MXTTT); Kh. sogog.
PTurk. *sok- to hit, beat, crush (, , ): OTurk.
soq- (OUygh.); Karakh. soq- (MK); Tur. sok-; Turkm. soq-; MTurk. soq(Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. sq-; Uygh. soq-; Krm. so-; Tat. suq-; Bashk. huq-;
Kirgh. soq-; Kaz. soq-; KBalk. soq-; KKalp. soq-; Nogh. soq-; SUygh. soq-;
Khak. sox-; Shr. soq-; Oyr. soq-; Tv. soq-; Tof. soq-; Chuv. sx-; Yak.
ous-; Dolg. ogus-.
EDT 805, 396, 7, Stachowski 190. Homonymous *sok- to pierce,
stick into and *sok- to weave, knit (see ibid.) may represent originally different
roots.

PJpn. *sk-nap- 1 to harm, damage 2 to deceive (1 2 ): OJpn. s(w)ok(w)o-nap- 1; MJpn. sk-naf- 1, 2; Tok. sokon- 1;
Kyo. skn- 1; Kag. sokon- 1.

*slo - *slukV

1307

JLTT 755. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular (perhaps influenced by literary Jpn.).

Cf. *ske, *ku, *ska.
-slo to be lax, loose: Tung. *sula-; Mong. *sula; Turk. *sl; Jpn. *sra- ( ~
-ua-); Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sula- to leave (, ): Evk. sula- / sul-;
Evn. hl-; Neg. sola-pa-; Ul. solao-; Ork. slaw-; Nan. sol-; Orch. sulagi-.
2, 124.
PMong. *sula loose, lax, vacant (, ):
MMong. sula (MA), sulara- to loosen (SH); WMong. sula (L 736); Kh.
sul; Bur. hula weak, lax; Kalm. sul; Ord. sula; Dag. sual, sol (. .
163), suale (MD 212); Dong. sula weak; Bao. sla; S.-Yugh. sula; Mongr.
sl (SM 342), (MGCD sul).
KW 336, MGCD 577, 612. Mong. > Evk., Manchu sula id. (see 2, 124, Rozycki
190).

PTurk. *sl left (): OTurk. sol (OUygh.); Karakh. sol (MK);
Tur. sol; Gag. sol; Az. sol; Turkm. sl; MTurk. sol (Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb.
sl; Uygh. sol; Krm. sol; Tat. sul; Bashk. hul; Kirgh. sol; Kaz. sol; KBalk.
sol; KKalp. sol; Kum. sol; Nogh. sol; SUygh. sol, sl; Khak. sol; Shr. sol;
Oyr. sol; Tv. sol.
EDT 824, VEWT 426, 7. Also *slak, whence WMong. solaai, Kalm. sol (KW
330, 1997, 166), whence again Kaz. solaqaj etc. (VEWT 427).

PJpn. *sra- ( ~ -ua-) to deviate (): MJpn. sora-; Tok.

sor-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sor-.
JLTT 755. Accent is not clear: Kagoshima points to *sr-, but Kyoto and Tokyo
rather to *sr-.

PKor. *sr- to fit loosely, be shaky ( ,

): Mod. salgapta (orth. sl-gpta).
SKE 221.
KW 336, SKE 221 (the Kor. form is found only there and thus
questionable). Despite Doerfer MT 26, TM forms are hardly borrowed
from Mong.
-slukV ( ~ z-, --, -ak-, -k-) a k. of small fur animal: Tung. *sulak;
Mong. *soluga; Kor. *srk.
PTung. *sulak fox (): Evk. sulak; Evn. hl; Neg. solax; Ul. sl;
Ork. sl; Nan. sol; Orch. sulaki; Ud. sulai (. 289); Sol. slaki, slaxi.
2, 124.
PMong. *soluga kolinsky (): MMong. solaqa weasel
(SH); WMong. solua (L 726: Siberian marten, weasel); Kh. sologo;
Bur. hologo; Kalm. solg; Ord. soloGo; Mongr. suloGo (SM 358).
KW 330. Mong. > Evk. solog etc., see Doerfer MT 39.

1308

*slV - *snu

PKor. *srk badger; wild cat (; ): MKor. srk;

Mod. sak [salk].
Nam 292, KED 901.
SKE 221, Lee 1958, 117, Poppe 1950, 579, Miller 2000, 62 . Cf.
*salo(-kV).
-slV yellow, bleak: Tung. *s-; Turk. *sol-.
PTung. *s- yellow (): Man. suwajan, soon; SMan. sujan,
suajan (2423); Jurch. so-gian (618); Ul. sgo(n), som; Ork. sogdo, som;
Nan. soj, sG, sl, sm; Orch. sogo; Ud. soligi reddish (of hair).
2, 103-104.
PTurk. *sol- to wilt, wither (, , ): Karakh.
solu- (MK); Tur. sol-; Gag. sol-, solu-; Az. sol-, solux-; Turkm. sol-; Khal.
suluq-; Uzb. sl-; Krm. sol-, solu-; Tat. sul-; Bashk. hul-; Kirgh. solu-;
Kaz. sol-; KKalp. sol-, sol-; Kum. sol-, solu-; Nogh. sol-.
EDT 828, VEWT 427, 7.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-sm (~ z-) gore, gusset: Tung. *soma; Mong. *sumu; Jpn. *sm; Kor.
*smi.
PTung. *soma tail fin, belly fin ( (, )): Ud. somo.
2, 110. Attested only in Ud., with possible external parallels.
PMong. *sumu lap (in womans garment) ( ): WMong. sumu (); Kh.
sum.
PJpn. *sm inner angle ( ): OJpn. sumji; MJpn.
sm; Tok. smi; Kyo. sm; Kag. sum.
JLTT 533.
PKor. *smi sleeve (): MKor. smi, smi; Mod. som.
Nam 287-288, KED 973/
The original meaning was probably inner angle in a robe (hence
right lap in Mong. and sleeve in Kor.), with a generalization ( > inner angle) in Japanese; the TM match is semantically plausible (a further development gusset > fish fin), but very scantily attested and
thus dubious.
-snu trace, back, behind: Tung. *soka ( ~ *sonV-ka); Mong.
*sun-du-; Turk. *so; Jpn. *sm-.
PTung. *soka ( ~ *sonV-ka) trace (): Man. soqo; SMan. soq,
soqu (2384).
2, 111. Attested only in Manchu; but cf. perhaps also Sol. son-i- to ride
(ibid.), perhaps < sit behind the rider (cf. the meanings in Mong. *sun-du-).

PMong. *sun-du- 1 to ride sitting behind the rider 2 to follow one

another (1 2 ): MMong.

*snu - *snu

1309

sundu-la- 1, sundu-r- 2 (SH), sundula- (MA); WMong. sundula-, sundala- 1

(L 737); Kh. sundla- 1; Bur. hundalda- 1; Kalm. sundl- 1; Ord. sundala- 1.
KW 337, TMN 1, 348. Mong. > Manchu sundala- etc. (see Rozycki 190-191).
PTurk. *so back, end, after ( , , ): OTurk.
so (OUygh.); Karakh. so (MK); Tur. son; Gag. sonu; Az. son; Turkm.
so; Sal. son; Khal. soj; MTurk. so (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. s; Uygh.
so; Krm. so, son; Tat. s; Bashk. hu; Kirgh. so; Kaz. so; KKalp. so;
Kum. so; Nogh. so; SUygh. so; Khak. so; Shr. sn, s; Oyr. so; Tv.
so, s.
EDT 832-833, VEWT 428, TMN 3, 337, 7. Cf. also Karakh. (MK) sarsuk back
side of the horse.

PJpn. *sm- to end (): MJpn. sm-; Tok. sm-; Kyo. sm-;
Kag. sm-.
JLTT 759.
EAS 119, KW 337 (the Turk.-Mong. match seems valid despite
criticism in TMN 1, 348).
-snu dog hunt, dog rope: Tung. *suna; Turk. *sonar; Jpn. *sn-tr-;
Kor. *snhi.
PTung. *suna dog rope ( ( )):
Evk. suna; Evn. hkan; Man. suna; Ul. sna; Ork. suna; Nan. sona; Orch.
sna shamans posterior belt.
2, 127. Since the archaic meaning must have been hunting with dogs, it
seems possible to connect also Manchu sunte-, suntebu- to destroy the enemy ( 127)
(whence Dag. suntu- id., . . 164). Evk. > Dolg. hunakn (see Stachowski 111).

PTurk. *sonar hunting (with dogs) ( ( )): Tur. (Kurdak) sumar-la- to hunt (R.); Tat. sunar; Bashk. hunar; Kirgh. sonor; Kaz.
sonar-la- to trace (); Chuv. (Bulgar) somor dog; Yak. sonor.
VEWT 428, 7 (here related to *son untouched snow or grass which is rather
dubious). Tat. > Chuv. sunar id. ( 2, 63).

PJpn. *sn-tr- to fish ( ): OJpn. suna-tor-; MJpn.

sn-tr-; Tok. sunador-.
JLTT 759.
PKor. *snhi hunting (): MKor. snhi; Mod. sanja.
Nam 289, KED 869. In KED it is explained as a Chinese borrowing: going to
the mountains, which is probably a folk etymology: in Middle Korean the word is usually not spelled with Chinese characters (see HMCH 307), means all sorts of hunting,
while the Chinese compound does not denote hunting at all (just mountain trip).

The Kor. form is a secondary derivative from an unattested verb

*sn-h-, which explains the verbal low tone (although the -a-vowel is
not quite expected, possibly - a dissimilation from *sn-h-). The Jpn.
meaning is obviously secondary (hunting > fishing).

1310

*sra - *s

-sra to ask, inform: Tung. *sure; Mong. *sori-; Turk. *sr(a)-; Jpn. *st( ~ -ua); Kor. *srb-.
PTung. *sure wise (, ): Man. sure; SMan. sur (1991);
Jurch. su-re (753).
2, 117.
PMong. *sori- to try, test, attempt (, ): MMong.
sori- (SH); WMong. sori- (XTTT); Kh. sori-; Bur. hori-; Kalm. sr(); Ord. sori-.
PTurk. *sr(a)- to ask (, ): OTurk. sor(OUygh.); Karakh. sor- (MK); Tur. sor-; Gag. sor-; Az. sor-; Turkm. sra-;
Sal. sor-, sur-; MTurk. sor- (Sangl.); Uzb. sra-; Uygh. sora-; Krm. sor-;
Bashk. hra-; Kirgh. sura-; Kaz. sura-; KBalk. sor-, sura-; KKalp. sora-;
Kum. sora-; Nogh. sora-; SUygh. sura-; Khak. sur-; Oyr. sura-; Tv. sura-.
EDT 843-844, VEWT 56, 7. Turk. > Mong. sur- to learn, sura- ask (see TMN
3, 239-242, 1997, 145; note that at least part of modern Turkic forms like suramay be borrowed back < Mong.), whence Evk., Man. sura-, see Doerfer MT 131.

PJpn. *st- ( ~ -ua) wise (): OJpn. sat(w)o-; MJpn. st-; Tok.
sat-; Kyo. st-; Kag. sto-.
JLTT 839. The accent in Tokyo is aberrant, but RJ and Kagoshima point to *st-.
PKor. *srb- to speak, tell (, ): MKor. srp- (-w-);
Mod. sarwe-.
Nam 292, KED 872.
Martin 234 (Turk.-Mong.-Kor.).
-sra ( ~ z-, -u-, --) a k. of dish, basket: Tung. *sora; Jpn. *sr; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sora basket (): Man. oro; SMan. sor (656); Ul. soro;
Nan. soro.
2, 113.
PJpn. *sr plate (): OJpn. sara; MJpn. sr; Tok. sra; Kyo.
sr; Kag. sr.
JLTT 518. The form is sometimes considered to be borrowed from Sanskr. arva,
which is rather dubious.

PKor. *sor- 1 dish, vessel 2 bamboo basket (1 , 2 ): MKor. sr ~ sr 1, sor 2; Mod. sor a k. of saucer.
Nam 307, Liu 462, 467, KED 972.
SKE 242, Martin 250. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps Khak. sara
a vessel for sifting flour.
-s well, very, extremely: Tung. *s; Mong. *su; Jpn. *su; Kor. *su.
PTung. *s very, verily, significantly (, , ): Evk. s 1; Evn. h 1; Neg. s 1; Orch. so word added after addressing smn..
2, 101.

*suba - *suba

1311

PMong. *su 1 hail, blessing 2 distinction, genius (1 ,

2 , ): MMong. su 1 (HP, SH,
HYt), su-tu blessed, happy (HYt, SH); WMong. su 1, (L 740) suu 2; Kh.
s 2; Kalm. s; Ord. sudu.
KW 339, TMN 1, 342.
PJpn. *su very, quite, straight (pref.) (, ,
(.)): OJpn. su; MJpn. su; Tok. su.
JLTT 531.
PKor. *su pure, simple (pref.) (, (.)): MKor.
su-; Mod. su-t- [su-s-].
Liu 473, KED 1020.
A common Altaic monosyllabic root.
-suba ( ~ -bg-) steam, odour: Tung. *subgi-; Mong. *sabsa-; Turk.
*sogul-.
PTung. *subgi- steam, smoke (, ): Evk. subgin; Evn. hebgi;
Neg. subgin; Ul. subgi(n); Ork. subgi(n); Nan. subg.
2, 115-116.
PMong. *sabsa- to rise (of steam, smoke) ( ( ,
)): WMong. sabsa- (L 654); Kh. savsa-; Bur. habha-; Kalm. sabsal().
PTurk. *sogul- to dry off, peter out (of liquids) (, , ( )): OTurk. soul- (suul-) (OUygh.);
Karakh. soul- (suul-) (MK); Tur. soul-; MTurk. sovul- (Ettuhf.), soal-,
sual- (R., Bud.); Tat. suwal- (dial.); Bashk. hwal-; Kirgh. sl-; Kaz. suwal-; Nogh. suwal-; SUygh. soul-; Khak. sl-; Shr. sl-; Oyr. sl-; Tv. sl-;
Chuv. sval-; Yak. uol-; Dolg. uol-.
VEWT 425, EDT 809, Stachowski 244.
A Western isogloss.
-suba ( ~ -o, -u) to tie, bind: Tung. *sub-; Mong. *soji-; Turk. *sub-luk
(*sb-luk).
PTung. *sub- 1 to tie, bind 2 string, rope 3 harness strap 4 mouthpiece (1 2 , 3 ( -) 4
): Evk. suptilgi 2; Evn. huhti 2, (Arm.) sovar 3; Neg. soptn- 1;
Man. subexe 2; Ul. supsien- 1, sptaG 2, soi 4; Ork. s- 1; Nan. sopsn- 1,
soptaG 2; Orch. supti(n) 2, so 4.
2, 114, 116-117, 129.
PMong. *soji- to tie up a horse, to keep a horse tied ( ): WMong. soji- (L 724); Kh. soj-; Bur. hoj-; Kalm. s(); Ord. so-; S.-Yugh. soi-.
MGCD 603. Mong. > Man. soj- to keep a horse tied (see Rozycki 188). It is also interesting to note Sol. sowi- id. See 2, 103.

1312

*subV - *si

PTurk. *sub-luk (*sb-luk) horses bit (): Tur. suluk (dial.);

Turkm. suwluq (dial.); MTurk. suluq (Pav. C.); Uzb. suluq, suwliq; Tat.
swlq (dial.); Kirgh. sluq, slduruq; Kaz. suwlq; KKalp. suwlq; Nogh.
suwlq; SUygh. suluq; Khak. sulux; Shr. suuluq; Oyr. suluq, sluq; Tv.
suluq.
7.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *spi, *po. The three roots are very difficult to sort out; *suba seems to be particularly connected with harnessing.
-subV ( ~ z-, -p-) a 1-year-old animal: Tung. *sube; Mong. *subaj.
PTung. *sube 1 a 1-year-old deer 2 a roe (with thin legs) (1 - 2 ()): Evk. sujkn 1, dial. uwien
2; Ork. suwe, sue 1.
2, 117, 121, 428.
PMong. *subaj female animal (cow, mare etc.) which has not born a
foal (or calf) during the year ( (, )): WMong. subai
(L 733); Kh. suvaj; Bur. hubaj; Kalm. suwrx, suw, suw; Ord. suw.
KW 338, 339. Mong. > Sol. suvi gg ( 2, 117).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-su ( ~ *so, *z-) soot, coal: Mong. *ual(i) / *iula; Jpn. *ss; Kor.
*ssk.
PMong. *uali / *iula fire-brand (): WMong. uali (L
205), iula; Kh. cucal; Bur. susal; Kalm. cucl; Ord. uali remplace le
mot Gal feu chez les personnes qui observent la coutume du nere
Glaxu.
KW 434.
PJpn. *ss soot (): OJpn. susu; MJpn. ss; Tok. ssu; Kyo.
ss; Kag. sus.
JLTT 535.
PKor. *ssk coal (): MKor. ss (ssk-); Mod. sut [suh].
Nam 316, KED 1021.
Martin 242. Mong. has an assimilation *u- < *su-, usual in roots
of this type.
-si sweet: Mong. *gej; Turk. *si-.
PMong. *gej cream (): WMong. gei (); Kh.
ccgij; Bur. sseg.
PTurk. *si- sweet (1 2 ): OTurk.
sig sweet (Orkh.), sg wine; sweet (OUygh.); Karakh. si- to be
sweet (MK, KB), scig (MK, KB, IM) wine, sweet; Tur. si (Osm.),
s wine; Turkm. sji 1, sje- 2; MTurk. sg sweet, wine (Qutb,
Houts.); Uzb. suuk ~ uuk sweet, insipid, uu- 2; Uygh. sk ~ k

*suda - *sg

1313

1, - 2; Tat. te insipid, sweet; Bashk. ss insipid, ss- 2; Kirgh.

1.
EDT 795, 796-797, 7.
A Turko-Mongolian isogloss.
-suda to spit out, spurt: Mong. *sadara-; Turk. *sud-.
PMong. *sadara- to spurt, jet ( ): WMong. sadara- (L 655:
to leak heavily over a wide surface); Kh. sadra-; Ord. sadara-.
PTurk. *sud- to spit out (): OTurk. su/od- (OUygh.);
Karakh. su/o- (MK); Khak. *suz- (Koib. > Kam. suz-, Joki 1952, 276-277);
Chuv. sor-.
VEWT 431, EDT 799, 196, 2, 65.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.
-sug a k. of water-bird: Tung. *sugen ( ~ -b-); Jpn. *sank; Kor. *si.
PTung. *sugen ( ~ -b-) 1 gull 2 heron (1 - 2 ):
Man. suwan / suwen 1; Jurch. su-wen (181) 2.
2, 117.
PJpn. *sank heron (): OJpn. sag(j)i; MJpn. sagi; Tok. sgi, sgi;
Kyo. sg; Kag. sg.
JLTT 515. Variants *s(n)k (reflected in most dialects) and *s(n)k (cf. Tokyo sgi)
can be reconstructed.

PKor. *si kingfisher (): MKor. si-si.

Nam 311.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. Karakh. sgi a k. of bird (?) (EDT 819).
-sg ( ~ -o-) inside, deep inside: Tung. *sug-; Mong. *suu(wu); Turk.
*sogl-; Jpn. *sk; Kor. *sook.
PTung. *sug- 1 to place properly 2 to put a child into the cradle (1
2 ): Evk. sui- 1;
Ork. sat- 2.
2, 118, 119.
PMong. *suu(wu) armpit (): MMong. suu (HY, SH),
suw (IM); WMong. suu(n), suu (L 734); Kh. suga; Bur. huga; Kalm. s,
s; Ord. s; Dag. s (. . 163); Dong. su, sunGo; Bao. soo;
S.-Yugh. s; Mongr. s aisselle (SM 355).
KW 339, 341, MGCD 609.
PTurk. *sogl- to thrust the hand (into ones bosom) ( ( )): Karakh. sol- (MK).
EDT 810.
PJpn. *sk bottom (): OJpn. soko; MJpn. sk; Tok. sko; Kyo.
sk; Kag. sko.
JLTT 530.
PKor. *sook deep inside (, ): MKor. sook; Mod.
sk.

1314

*sug - *sjli

Nam 307, KED 979.

Martin 247 (Kor.-Jpn.). It is hard to choose between *-u- and *-o-:
Turkic and Korean evidence is not decisive (in Turkic - only MK; in
Kor. sook could well be an assimilation < *sok).
-sug ( ~ -o-) a k. of weed: Tung. *suga-kta; Mong. *suji-ka; Jpn. *sunkai,
*suKaN-; Kor. *sa.
PTung. *suga-kta wormwood (): Neg. soakta; Man. suku;
Ul. soaqta; Ork. saqta; Nan. saqta; Orch. suakta.
2, 105.
PMong. *suji-ka wormwood (): WMong. sujiqa (L 735); Kh.
suix; Ord. sujGa.
Mong. > Man. suixa (Doerfer MT 145, Rozycki 189); not vice versa despite Sukhebaatar 172.

PJpn. *sunkai 1 sedge 2 sorrel (1 2 ): OJpn. suge 1;

MJpn. suge 1; Tok. sge 1, sukampo, suiba 2; Kyo. sg; Kag. sug.
JLTT 532. Accent in PJ is not quite clear.
PKor. *sa sorrel (): MKor. sa; Mod. sa.
Liu 489, KED 1031.
2, 105, Doerfer MT 145. Cf. also Kalm. so a k. of big plant;
a k. of reed (KW 329). In the Kor.-Jpn. area there may be some confusion between the reflexes of this root and PA *sogV onion: Kor. sa
and modern Jpn. forms like sukampo and suiba may actually go back to
the latter.
-suji ( ~ z-, suju) sour: Tung. *suje-; Jpn. *s-; Kor. *si-, *si-.
PTung. *suje- 1 lye 2 liquid strained from wine ferment (1 2
(, )): Man. sujen.
2, 121.
PJpn. *s- sour (): OJpn. sujur- to pickle, make sour; MJpn.
s-; Tok. s-; Kyo. s-; Kag. s-.
JLTT 840. Cf. also MJ s ( < *su-i) sorrel.
PKor. *si-, *si- 1 sour 2 to become sour (): MKor. si-, si1, si- 2; Mod. si- 1, sw- 2.
Nam 296, 322, Liu 479, KED 1022, 1035.
Martin 242. An Eastern isogloss.
-sjli green plants, edible plants: Tung. *sol-gi; Mong. *sl; Turk. *suli /
*sli; Kor. *si.
PTung. *sol-gi 1 vegetables 2 sprouts (from a root) (1 , 2 ( )): Man. sogi 1, solo 2; SMan. og, ogi
greens, leafy vegetables (303); Jurch. sol-i (524) 1; Ul. sol 1; Nan. solg
1; Orch. soggixa 1; Ud. sogh 1.
2, 103, 108.

*sku - *sku

1315

PMong. *sl grass having preserved its green colour (, ): WMong. sl, sl (L 731); Kh. sl;
Kalm. sl.
KW 333.
PTurk. *suli / *sli oats (): Turkm. sle; MTurk. suvlu spelt
(CCum.); Uzb. suli; Uygh. sulu; Krm. sl; Tat. sol; Bashk. holo; Kirgh.
sulu; Kaz. sul, sli; KKalp. sul; Kum. sulu; Nogh. sul; Khak. sula, sulu;
Oyr. sula; Tv. sula; Chuv. sl.
VEWT 432, 464, 7. Turk. > WMong. suli, Kalm. su (KW 336).
PKor. *si crops (, ): MKor. si.
Nam 316.
Medial *-j- should be reconstructed to explain loss of *-l- in Kor.
The root seems to be a Wanderwort (see . 3, 194-195, C- 1972, 31, NCED 965), but may be reconstructable for PA.
-sku to scoop, bucket: Tung. *soKa-; Mong. *sugu-; Turk. *sogur-; Jpn.
*skp-; Kor. *sok-kori.
PTung. *soKa- to scoop, ladle (): Evk. soko-; Evn. hq-;
Neg. soxo-; Ul. s-su-; Ork. s-; Nan. s-lo-; Orch. soko-; Ud. so-lo- (.
287).
2, 105.
PMong. *sugu- 1 to take out 2 to fall out, slip out (1 2
, , ): WMong. suula- 1, suura- 2
(XTTT); Kh. sugul- 1, sugura- 2; Bur. hugal- 1, hugar 2; Kalm. sul- 1
(); Ord. suGul- 1; Mongr. sli-; sr- tirer hors de, retirer, arracher
1; sorti en se dtachant 2 (SM 358, 363), soGor sillon, conduit dea
foss (SM 352).
PTurk. *sogur- to take out, pull out (, ):
Karakh. sour- (suur-) (MK) to gulp down; Turkm. sour-; Sal. soxur-;
MTurk. sour-, suwur- (Pav. C.); Uzb. suur-; Uygh. suu(r)-; Krm. suwur-; Tat. sur-; Bashk. hur-, hur-; Kirgh. sr-; Kaz. suwr-; KKalp.
suwr-; Kum. suwur-; Nogh. suwr-; Khak. sr-; Shr. sr-; Oyr. sr-.
VEWT 432, EDT 816 (confused with sogur- to drain off, dry off - probably a different root, see *sog-, *sogul-), 7.

PJpn. *skp- to scoop (): MJpn. skf-; Tok. sku-; Kyo.

sk-; Kag. suk-.
JLTT 758.
PKor. *sok-kori a k. of basket ( ): MKor. sok-kori (kori
basket); Mod. sokhuri.
Liu 464, KED 978.
KW 336, 15. Cf. *uga(lV) (with possible contaminations).

*sku - *suke

1316

-sku deer, female deer: Tung. *sog-e-; Mong. *sogu(a); Turk. *skak;
Jpn. *su(n)karu.
PTung. *sog-e- wild deer ( ): Evk. sogon (.); Ud.
suelihe .
See 2, 120, 136.
PMong. *sogu-(a) female deer (, ): WMong. sou (L
724); Kh. sog; Bur. hog(n); Kalm. so; Dag. sug (. . 164), su a
female elk in advanced pregnancy (MD 212).
KW 329. Despite Sukhebaatar, not a borrowing from Turk. sgun (which denotes a
male maral; see *sgo).

PTurk. *skak antelope, deer (, ): OTurk. suqaq

(OUygh.); Karakh. suqaq (MK, KB); Turkm. saq (dial.); MTurk. soqaq
(AH), sqaq (Pav. C.); Krm. soaq, soax.
EDT 808, 7.
PJpn. *su(n)karu a k. of deer ( ): MJpn. sugaru ~ sukaru.
JLTT 594. The word is not attested in modern dialects, and its traditional reading
sugaru is based on a wrong association with sugaru digger wasp.

Cf. *ska and *sg.

-suku ( ~ z-, -o-) a k. of fish: Tung. *sugansa; Mong. *sogou; Jpn.
*sukai.
PTung. *suga-nsa 1 salmon 2 fish (1 2 ): Evk. suganna
1; Evn. hnr 1; Neg. sogana 1; Ul. sgdata 2; Ork. sundata 2; Nan.
soGdata 2; Orch. sugasa 2; Ud. sugeh 2; Sol. sganda burbot.
2, 118-119.
PMong. *sogou sea fish with golden cheeks ( ): MMong. soqosun a k. of fish (SH); WMong. soou (L
724: souu a k. of salt water fish); Kh. sogoc (MXTT).
Man. soxoo is rather < Mong. than vice versa, despite Sukhebaatar.
PJpn. *sukai a k. of fish, large salmon (): OJpn. suke; Tok.
suke.
JLTT 532.
The comparison with Jpn. sakana fish in JOAL 98 should certainly be rejected (the only meaning of sakana attested in OJ is food
(vegetables) eaten with sake, thus the modern meaning fish is obviously secondary). Cf. *sk.
-suke branches, tamarisk: Tung. *suK-; Mong. *sukaj; Turk. *sksk;
Kor. *sak-.
PTung. *suK- 1 dry cedar 2 branch 3 stalk (of lily etc.) (1 () 2 3 ( ..)): Ul. suktu 2; Ork. suktu 1, soqto
2; Nan. sktu 2, sksu 4 (.).
2, 122, 123, 137.

*suk - *sme

1317

PMong. *sukaj 1 tamarisk 2 red willow (1 2 ):

MMong. suqai (MA); WMong. suqaj 1 (L 741); Kh. suxaj 1; Bur. huxaj 2;
Kalm. sux (); Ord. sux 1; Dag. suahe (MD 212).
Mong. > Evk. sukai etc., see TMN 1, 347-348, Doerfer MT 132, Rozycki 189.
PTurk. *sksk tamarisk ( , ):
OTurk. sksk (OUygh.); Karakh. sksk (MK); MTurk. sksk (Abush.,
. ., Pav. C.); Uzb. sksk firewood; Uygh. sksk; Oyr. sskn
spiraea; Tv. sskn spiraea.
VEWT 430, 435, EDT 823, 7.
PKor. *sak- dry branch ( ): Mod. sak.
KED 889 (saki).
The Turkic and Mongolian forms basically denote tamarisk or
tamarisk branches, but whether this meaning was original is not quite
clear. Perhaps the root just denoted dry branches (used basically as
firewood).
-suk ( ~ *-, *z-, *siku) village: Jpn. *suki; Kor. *sk-.
PJpn. *suki village (): OJpn. sukji.
PKor. *skr province, village (, ): MKor. skr,
skr, skwr, skr; Mod. sigol.
Nam 317, KED 1033.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss. Suffixation in Korean is not quite clear: perhaps a compound with kor district q.v.
-suma nose, part of nose: Tung. *sogi-; Mong. *samsaa; Turk. *sum-.
PTung. *sogi- 1 nose 2 tip of nose 3 nose ring (1 2
3 ): Man. sogia, sogin, sugin 2, 3; Jurch. sogi (501) 1.
2, 61. Cf. Nan. (.) son bears nose.
PMong. *samsaa wing of nose ( ): WMong. samsaa (L
668: samsa nasal septum); Kh. sams; Bur. hamg gills (dial.) (?); Kalm.
samsaj (); Ord. sams.
PTurk. *sum- nose (): Chuv. smza.
VEWT 399, 181, 2, 24 (but not to tumuk!). An isolated Chuvash
form with possible external parallels.

A Western isogloss. Rather sparsely represented and not quite reliable.

-sme a k. of weed, hemp: Tung. *sum-; Mong. *sm-s; Turk. *sm- ?;
Jpn. *sua; Kor. *sm.
PTung. *sum- name of a wormwood-like plant (. , ): Man. sumpa.
2, 126.
PMong. *sm-s vegetable brew, decoction ( ,
): WMong. sms(n), smes(n) (L 731); Kh. sms; Ord. ms,
ms; Dag. sumus.

1318

*sume - *sna

PTurk. *sm- ? 1 a k. of weed 2 a sort of wheat with very light

grains (1 2 ): Tur. smter 2; Turkm. smsle 1.
The root is poorly reflected and hardly reliable.
PJpn. *sua hemp (): OJpn. swo.
JLTT 529.
PKor. *sm hemp (): MKor. sm; Mod. sam.
Nam 293, KED 901.
Martin 233. Jpn. *sua presupposes a suffixed form *sm(e)-gV. The
root can be traced in all branches, but everywhere is rather scantily
represented and thus not quite reliable; the exact sort of the denoted
plant is also not quite clear.
-sume ( ~ z-) piece of wood: Mong. *sumun; Jpn. *suama.
PMong. *sumun hub or centrepiece of a plow or wagon, cross-beam
( ): WMong. sumu (XTTT);
Kh. sum; Bur. huma dial. ( ).
PJpn. *suama timber (, ): OJpn. swoma;
MJpn. soma; Tok. soma.
JLTT 530.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-sn seed, grain: Turk. *sunu; Jpn. *sni.
PTurk. *sunu caraway seed ( ): OTurk. sunu (OUygh.
med.); Karakh. sunu (MK).
EDT 834. Clauson considers the Arabic translation nz to be a loan from Persian;
the Persian form ganz (> modern East Iranian languages, see - 1982,
75), on the origin of which see Henning 1963, 195-199, of course cannot be the source of
Turkic forms.

PJpn. *sni kernel, seed (, ): OJpn. sane; MJpn. sn;

Tok. sane.
JLTT 518.
280. A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. The root is rather dubious
(because of its scarce attestation and specific meaning in Turkic borrowing from some unknown source is not excluded).
-sna ( ~ z-, --) crest, hair lock: Tung. *sna; Mong. *sanig.
PTung. *sna plait, crest ( (), (
)): Man. sonoo, sonoqdon, sonoqton; Nan. sno, snoo.
2, 111.
PMong. *sanig hairlock on the temples ( ):
MMong. saniq (MA); WMong. sani (L 671); Kh. sanig; Bur. hanag;
Kalm. sanig ().
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. also Mong. sonubtur ( ) - either < *sanu-btur or secondarily borrowed from Manchu.

*snu - *sre

1319

-snu ( ~ -o) to stretch: Tung. *sn-; Mong. *sunu-; Turk. *sn-.

PTung. *sn- 1 to stretch out 2 become lean 3 stretched (adv.) 4 to
faint, lie without consciousness (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. sn- 1; Evn. hn- 1; Neg. su-gumi 3;
Man. su-gi- 2; Ul. su-gua- 4; Ork. sun- 4; Nan. su-gure 3; Orch.
suguremdi 3; Ud. s- 1.
2, 126-127. Nanai has secondary vowel shortening.
PMong. *sunu- to stretch out (()): MMong. sun(MA), sonaa (Lig.VMI); WMong. suna-, sunija- (L 738: sunu-, sunija-),
suga- (Kow. II, 1382a); Kh. suna-; Bur. huna-; Kalm. sun-; Ord. sun-;
Mog. suntu- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. son- (. . 163), sonu-; Dong.
sumu-; S.-Yugh. sun-; Mongr. sun- (SM 360).
KW 337, MGCD 613.
PTurk. *sn- to stretch, stretch out (): OTurk. sun(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. sun- (MK); Tur. sun-; MTurk. sun- (Pav. C.,
AH); Uygh. sun-; Krm. sun-; Tat. son-; Bashk. hn-; Kirgh. sun-; Kaz.
sn-; KKalp. sn-; SUygh. sun-, sn-; Khak. sun-; Oyr. sun-; Tv. sun-;
Yak. n-.
EDT 834, VEWT 432, 7.
KW 337, Poppe 30, 70. A Western isogloss, and a quite exceptional
case of a : correspondence between PT and PTM (expressive root?
or an old loanword, cf. Doerfer MT 46 ?). On the possibility of Mong. <
Turk. see 1997, 147.
-sre sour, acid, stinking: Tung. *sr-; Mong. *sori-; Turk. *sirke; Jpn.
*suarasi; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sr- 1 different kinds of grass 2 fragrant 3 stinking (1 2 3 , ): Man.
suro, sursen, surseri 1, sur 2; Ul. sr 3; Nan. sr 3.
2, 113, 129. Man. > Nan. sur.
PMong. *sori- different kinds of wild onion ( ): WMong.
sorisun, (L 729: sorisu); Kh. sors; Kalm. sorsn; Ord. sorisu; Mongr. soro
(SM 355).
KW 332. Mong. > Man. sorson, Nan. sorso ( 2, 114, Rozycki 187).
PTurk. *sirke vinegar (): OTurk. sirke (OUygh. - late); Karakh.
sirke (MK, IM); Tur. sirke; Gag. sirk; Az. sirk; Turkm. sirke; MTurk.
sirke (MKypch. - AH, CCum.); Uzb. sirka; Uygh. sirk; Krm. sirke; Tat.
serk; Bashk. herk; Kaz. sirke; KBalk. sirkesuw; KKalp. sirke; Kum. sirke;
Nogh. sirkesuv; Chuv. arak bitter, salted.
VEWT 423, EDT 850. Turk. > Pers. sirk.
PJpn. *suarasi a k. of sorrel (Ligusticum chinensis (); Nothosmyrnium japonicum): OJpn. sworasi.
JLTT 531.

1320

*sri - *s

PKor. *sr- raw, unripe (, , ):

Mod. sl-.
KED 950.
Cf. also Evk. sirahun whey (possibly reflecting an unattested
Mong. *sira-sun). MMong. irxe vinegar (HY) is most probably borrowed < Turk., see 1997, 145. The vowel in Turkic is not quite
clear (*srke or *srke would be expected); cf. also Karakh. (MK) sorqu
(perhaps sarq or srqu - vocalization is uncertain) a k. of spicy plant
(chicory?), see EDT 848.
-sri to go away, drive away: Tung. *suru-; Turk. *sr-; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *suru- to go away (): Evk. suru-; Evn. hr-; Neg.
sjiwuk dowry ( = Evk. surwuk, Evn. hruk).
2, 130.
PTurk. *sr- to drive away (, ): OTurk. sr- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. sr- (MK); Tur. sr-; Gag. sr-; Az. sr-; Turkm. sr-;
Sal. sr-; Khal. sr-; MTurk. sr- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. sur-; Uygh. s(r)-;
Krm. sr-; Tat. sr-; Bashk. hr-; Kirgh. sr-; KBalk. sr-; KKalp. sr-;
Kum. sr-; Nogh. sr-; Khak. sr-; Shr. sr-; Oyr. sr-; Tv. sr-; Chuv.
sir-; Yak. r-; Dolg. r-.
EDT 844, VEWT 437, 7, Stachowski 255. Shortness in Turkm. is not clear;
perhaps under the influence of *sr- smear; pull (?).

PKor. *sr- to vanish, fade (, ): MKor. sr-; Mod.

sl-.
Nam 320, KED 1027.
SKE 237, EAS 71, Martin 245. Doerfer (TMN 3, 252) protests
against comparing Turk. and Tung. because TM *u (Benzings *) does
not correspond to PT *. This is of course not true; but the root still has
a slight irregularity, namely, high tone in Korean (generally not typical
for a verbal root, and not corresponding to Turkic length).
-surV ( ~ z-, --) root (of tooth), fang: Tung. *surka; Mong. *surbali.
PTung. *surka fang (): Evk. surka; Evn. hrq; Neg. sojka; Man.
suun wejxe; Ul. sa; Ork. stta; Nan. soqa; Orch. sokka; Ud. suka.
2, 130.
PMong. *surbali root (of tooth etc.) ( ( )):
WMong. surbali; Kh. surval; Bur. horbolo; Kalm. urwln.
KW 338.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-s ( ~ *-) this, that (3d pers. pronoun): Turk. *-s/-si; Jpn. *s-.
PTurk. *-s possess. suffix (3d person) (
3- ): OTurk. -s; Karakh. -s; Tur. -s; Gag. -s; Az. -s; Turkm. -s;
Sal. -s; MTurk. -s; Uzb. -s; Uygh. -s; Krm. -s; Tat. -s; Bashk. -h;

*s - *s

1321

Kirgh. -s; Kaz. -s; KBalk. -s; KKalp. -s; Kum. -s; Nogh. -s; SUygh. -s;
Khak. -s; Shr. -s; Oyr. -s; Tv. -z; Tof. -z; Chuv. -; Yak. -ta.
PJpn. *s- a deictic root (this) ( ()): OJpn.
so-; MJpn. s-; Tok. s-re; Kyo. s-r; Kag. si.
JLTT 529. Cf. also the widely used OJ deictic / emphatic particle and pronoun si.
277. The root is rare in Altaic, but has reliable external
parallels (see , 1, 7). It may also be represented in Turk. *sajeach, every, Mong. sajiki the same).


- a k. of soup: Tung. *asi-kan ( ~ -i-, --); Jpn. *ss; Kor. *s.
PTung. *asi-kan ( ~ -i-, --) a k. of soup ( ): Man. asia(n),
aan, sase.
2, 425. Attested only in Manchu, but having plausible Kor. and Jpn. parallels.
Man. > Dag. sasgan (. . 162).

PJpn. *ss a k. of meal ( ( )): OJpn. susi;

MJpn. ss; Tok. sush, sshi; Kyo. ssh; Kag. sush.
JLTT 535. Dialectal reflexes point to variants *ss and *ss.
PKor. *s pickled food (,
): MKor. s; Mod. t [s].
Liu 653, KED 1449.
An Eastern isogloss (Kor. *s is = *, an assimilation < *s).
-ke ( ~ *-) small finger, index finger: Tung. *gdi ( ~ *-); Mong.
*sige- / *ige-; Turk. *ka-.
PTung. *gdi ( ~ *-) index finger ( ): Evk.
gdi.
2, 376.
PMong. *sige- / *ige- 1 small finger 2 to pick (with a finger) (1 2 ): MMong. i 1 (SH),iqi 1 (MA), uqi-la- 2 (MA
137); WMong. sigei, sigeei, igeei 1 (L 701); Kh. igij, igij 1, igi-le- 2;
Bur. eg, egdej, egegej, egegeldej 1, ege- 2; Kalm. iki, iki, ikig 1, ikl- 2; Ord. igei 1.
KW 439, 440, 356.
PTurk. *ka- small finger (): Tat. canaq parmaq (Sib.);
Bashk. sanaq, sansaq (dial.); KBalk. qanaj; Chuv. aGan cocks
spurs, knots on horses front legs; Yak. kja (with irregular phonology).
323, 257.
323, 257. A Western isogloss.
-ka white: Tung. *k-; Mong. *agaan; Turk. *akr.
PTung. *k- 1 white 2 wall-eye (1 2 ): Man. aun 1,
2; Ul. ga(n) 1, aq 2; Ork. tagda(n); Nan. G 1, q 2; Ud. caga 1
(. 309); Sol. i 1.

*lpu - *lpu

1323

See 2, 380-382 (several different roots are united there, among which, e.g.,
Man. aan is obviously < Mong., but other forms are genuine - despite Doerfer MT 116).
Note that Manchu aun as well as Nan. G, Ul. ga(n) and Orok tagda(n) may also
reflect suffixed forms of *()- white (v. sub *u).
PMong. *agaan 1 white 2 to become white (1 2 ):
MMong. axan (HY 41), aqan, aqaan (SH) 1, aiji- (SH) 2, aan (IM) 1,
aan, ian (MA) 1; WMong. aan 1 (L 158), aji- 2 (L 160); Kh. cagn 1,
caj- 2; Bur. sagn 1, saj- 2; Kalm. can 1, c- 2; Ord. agn 1, - 2; Mog.
an; ZM a (13-7), KT an (18-4a); Dag. ign (. . 181, MD
129) 1; - 2; Dong. Gan 1; Bao. ixa 1; S.-Yugh. an 1; ei- 2; Mongr.
iGn (SM 447) 1, - (SM 441), - (SM 447), ai- (Minghe) 2.
KW 419, 425, MGCD 557, 560, TMN 1, 177. Cf. *ege-en light, white (KW 426).
Mong. > Man. agan white, white paper, books (see Rozycki 42).

PTurk. *akr light grey, greyish blue (-, -): Karakh. aqr (MK, Tefs.) (of eyes); Tur. akr; Gag. aqr;
Turkm. aqr dried in the sun, bleached; Khal. aqr yellow; MTurk.
aqr (Sangl.); Uzb. air-qant a white-eyed dunbird,
; Uygh. eqir (of eyes); Tat. ar (of eyes); Bashk. ar
whitish; Kirgh. ekir grey (of eyes), wall-eye; Kaz. ar grey (of eyes,
horses), egir grey (of eyes); KBalk. ar variegated; KKalp. egir (of
eyes); Nogh. ar colourless (of eyes).
VEWT 96, TMN 2, 77, EDT 409, 2 387. Despite Fedotov okur variegated
is not related, it is < Mong. obkur (v. sub *op). Despite Rsnen borrowed from Mong.
can be only Yak. akr white (of a horse) (cf. also Dolg. akr, see Stachowski 72), and
perhaps the front-row forms (Kirgh. ekir, Kaz. egir, KKalp. egir - because of their restriction to the Kypch. area); but Mong.. akir / ekir whitish is itself an obvious Turkism
(see TMN ibid., Clark 1977, 134 with doubts). The root should be distinguished from
nasalized forms: Oyr. aqr, Chuv. senker, Yak. egir, egir, Kirgh. enkil, al with the
same set of meanings (whitish, blue, often of eyes) = Mong. (Khalkha) cenxer id.; those
should be compared with Tokh. A, B tsem blue (of eyes), Pers. zangr verdigris, whence
Tat. zgr (from Pers. zang rust, further derived with *zto leave, remain, Sak. ysy
rust, Osset. zg, see Bailey 348-349). This is most probably an Iranian loanword in
Turkic, Tokh. and Mong. (although a Chinese origin - cf. MC chie blue - is also possible). Cf. VEWT 104 (Turk. < Mong.), 531.

248, 1984, 12-13, 293. A Western isogloss. The Mong. variants *aji- / *eji- reflect most probably a
merger with the root *u clear, light q.v.
-lpu a celestial body: Tung. *albaka ( ~ -); Mong. *olbun; Jpn.
*smpr.
PTung. *albaka ( ~ -) half moon, crescent (): Evk. albaka.
2, 380. Cf. perhaps also Man. ilan name of a constellation ( < *albikan ?).

1324

*aku - *u

PMong. *olbun Venus (): WMong. olmun, olman, olbun (L

197); Kh. colmon; Bur. solbon(g); Kalm. colw, colwn; Ord. olmon, ulmun; Dag. olpon (. . 182); S.-Yugh. olbon; Mongr. olba.
KW 429, MGCD 575. Mong. > Tat. ulpan etc. (see 50-51).
PJpn. *smpr Pleiades (): OJpn. subaru; MJpn. sbru;
Tok. sbaru, sbaru; Kyo. sbr; Kag. subru.
JLTT 531.
Phonetically OJ subaru is a quite satisfactory match for Mong. and
TM forms, so Millers (Miller 1988) attempts to derive it either from
Arabic al-zubra mane (name for the two stars of the 11th lunar station)
or from MKor. spr horn are probably not necessary.
-aku a k. of berry: Mong. *agis; Turk. *a; Jpn. *sunkuri.
PMong. *agis a k. of cranberry ( ): WMong. agis (L
164); Kh. cagis.
PTurk. *a guelder rose, viburnum (): Kaz. egel; Khak.
sas, ss; Shr. a, aa; Oyr. a.
VEWT 99, 401.
PJpn. *sunkuri currant (): Tok. suguri.
Basically a Turk.-Jpn. isogloss; Mongolian may be < Turkic.
-u clear, light: Tung. *()-; Mong. *a; Turk. *A; Jpn. *sm-.
PTung. *()- white, become white (, ): Man. aan,
a-li-bu-; SMan. aan (2426); Jurch. a-gian (619); Ul. a-m, a-ln-; Nan.
-m, -l bi; Orch. -m; Ud. a-m bie, a-li-gi.
2, 380-382 (confused with *k- q. v. sub *kV).
PMong. *a 1 whitish, blond, grey (of hair) 2 white colour (1 , 2 ): WMong. akir , ekir 1, a hoar-frost
(L 164); Kh. ca hoar-frost; Bur. sanxir 1; Kalm. ca 2; Ord. a
hoar-frost.
KW 421. Mong. ekir > Yak. eke, Dolg. eke, eke clear, transparent (see Ka.
IV 88, Stachowski 78).

PTurk. *A 1 morning dawn 2 mist (1 2 ,

): Karakh. a ( ~ ) () 1; Tur. en 2 (dial.) (?); Az. n, dial.
a 2; Uygh. a 2 (dial.); Bashk. adaq glow in the sky (from celestial
phenomena or from fire), dial. sart ; Khak. samarax
; Chuv. an-/avn-talk weather, climate ( 2 84-85;
the second part = Tat. twlek day, 24 hours).
139, 35, 36. A somewhat dubious root. The words meaning mist
may go back to a separate root, PT *e dust. Other forms (including the late OT one)
can be < Mong., but semantics is rather against assuming such a loan.

PJpn. *sm- to become clear, limpid ( , ):

OJpn. sum-; MJpn. sm-; Tok. sm-; Kyo. sm-; Kag. sm-.
JLTT 759.

*o - *eka

1325

Mong. has also *aji- / *eji- be white, whitish, associated in the

modern language rather with *aga-an white (see *ka), but phonetically rather going back to *ai- < *au. Despite Rozycki 193, the TM
forms are hardly borrowed < Mong.
-o to scatter, pour out: Tung. *[e]e-; Mong. *sau- / *au-; Turk.
*s-; Jpn. *ss-k- (~ -ua-); Kor. *hi-.
PTung. *[e]e- to scatter, spatter (, ): Evk. iew-;
Neg. sesexen- to flow, stream; Man. sisa-; Nan. iikle-; Bik. sese-.
2, 147, 386-7. Forms with -a-vocalism (Manchu au-, aure-, aia-, Evk.
au-) are borrowed from Mongolian, see Doerfer MT 100.

PMong. *sau- / *au- to scatter, sow, spatter (, ,

): MMong. sau- (SH), ai- (MA 129); WMong. sau-,
au- (L 655); Kh. cac-, sac-; Bur. sasa-; Kalm. cac-; Ord. sauGla-; Dag.
ai- (. . 181); Mongr. sai- (SM 317), sair-, ir- saura-, aura- (SM 318).
KW 423. Cf. also MMo, WMong. sauli, Khalkha caca libation > Evk. aal etc.
(Poppe 1966, 195, 2, 386-387).

PTurk. *s- to scatter, spatter, sow (, ):

OTurk. sa- (OUygh.); Karakh. sa- (MK); Tur. sa-; Gag. sa-; Az. sa-;
Turkm. sa-; Khal. sa-; MTurk. sa- (AH, Pav. C.); Uzb. s-; Uygh. a-;
Krm. sa-, a-; Tat. -; Bashk. ss-; Kirgh. a-; Kaz. a-; KBalk. a-;
KKalp. a-; Kum. a-; Nogh. a-; SUygh. sa-; Khak. sas-; Shr. a-;
Oyr. a-; Tv. a-; Yak. s-; Dolg. s-.
EDT 794, VEWT 392, Stachowski 262.
PJpn. *ss-k- (~ -ua-) to pour (): OJpn. s(w)os(w)ok-; MJpn.
ssk-; Tok. ssog-, sosg-; Kyo. ssg-; Kag. sosg-.
JLTT 756.
PKor. *hi- to sneeze (): MKor. hi-; Mod. h-gi (n.).
Nam 415, KED 1415.
KW 423, Poppe 63 (Turk.-Mong.). Mong. is not < Turk., despite
TMN 3, 217, 1997, 144. There are some phonetic uncertainties:
Korean has also a variant - to soak (see PKE 30); in TM one observes a variation between *-i- and *-e-.
-eka upper part of throat: Tung. *eKe- ( ~ -); Mong. *sakau; Turk.
*sakak.
PTung. *eKe- ( ~ -) upper part of throat (, ): Evk. eken, ekekte.
2, 420. Attested only in Evk., but having probable parallels in Turk. and
Mong.

PMong. *sakau farcy, glanders, diphtheria, craw illness (,

, ): WMong. saqau (L 677); Kh. sag; Bur. hag-

1326

*r - *ero

sar- to be ill (of children); Kalm. sax; Ord. sax a k. of horses illness;
S.-Yugh. saG.
KW 308, MGCD 595. Mong. > Kirgh. saqau etc. (see 221, 7).
PTurk. *sakak 1 place between the neck and the chin 2 gills 3 beard,
barb (of axe) (1 2 3 ()): Karakh. saqaq (MK) 1; Tur. sakak 1; Turkm. saqaq 1;
MTurk. saqaq 1 (Abush., . ., Pav. C.); Uzb. saqaq 1 (dial.); Tat.
saaq 3; Bashk. haaq 3; Kirgh. saaq 1; Kaz. saaq 1; KBalk. saaq 2;
KKalp. saaq 1, 2; Oyr. saanaq 3; Chuv. sua, saa (Anatri), pol soal
(Viryal) 2.
EDT 807-808, 7, 220-222, 2, 68, . IX, 279, XI, 216.
There is some confusion between this root and *saak (v. sub *sea). Turk. > WMong.
saa, Kalm. sag (KW 308). PT *sakkal beard (full list of reflexes see in 7) is a
probable derivative ( > MMong. (SH) saal, WMong. saqal, Kalm. saxl, KW 308; > Hung.
szakl, see Gombocz 1912; Mong. > Evk. sakal etc., see Doerfer MT 100).

221. A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps MKor. sjk bridle.

-r sparrow: Tung. *[i]u-kn; Turk. *sere; Jpn. *snsma.
PTung. *[i]u-kn wagtail, small bird (, ): Evk.
iakn; Evn. asqn; Neg. axn; Man. eike; SMan. iik (2239); Jurch.
sihixie sparrow (158); Ul. o(n); Nan. ; Orch. ioku; Ud. cikcigi
(. 310).
2, 401, 422. Manchu has - as a result of assimilation, but Jurchen shows that
*- was the initial consonant. TM > Yak. x, Dolg. k, Tof. ek small bird (see Stachowski 77), probably also Yug iik, Selk. iik small bird (see Starostin 1995, 217 - although the Ket (tqt) and Kott. (iaba) forms should be regarded separately, as well as
other Uralic and Caucasian forms quoted ibid.).

PTurk. *sere sparrow (): Karakh. see (MK); Tur. sere; Az.
sr; Turkm. sere; Sal. sia, si; MTurk. ser (Pav. C.); Chuv. eri.
EDT 795, VEWT 412, 7.
PJpn. *snsma sparrow (): OJpn. suzume; MJpn. szm;
Tok. szume; Kyo. szm; Kag. suzum.
JLTT 535.
The root is expressive, but well reconstructable for PA.
-ero to bake, boil: Tung. *ere- ( ~ *-); Mong. *sira-; Kor. *sr-m-.
PTung. *ere- ( ~ *-) to bake (close to fire) ( ( )):
Evk. ere-.
2, 422. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sira- to roast, broil (, ): MMong. iraxasam
roasted (HY 24), ir- (IM); WMong. sira- (L 714); Kh. ara-; Bur. ara-;
Kalm. ar- (); Ord. ara-; Dong. ra- (. .); Mongr. ir- (SM
397).
KW 350.
PKor. *sr-m- to boil (): MKor. srm-; Mod. sm- [salm-].

*ru - *ki

1327

Nam 292, KED 901.

The etymology appears plausible despite poor attestation in TM.
-ru lattice, cross-bars: Tung. *erin; Mong. *sara-; Turk. *sar-; Jpn.
*sntare; Kor. *sr.
PTung. *erin helmet visor ( ( )): Man. erin.
2, 431. Attested only in Manchu, but having plausible external parallels.
PMong. *sara- 1 shed 2 lattice 3 a net to cover hair 4 visor (1 2 3 4
): MMong. arboi visor (IM), sarbimin 4 (Lig);
WMong. sarabi 1 (L 674), sarbai 3 (L 675), saraali 1, sarabi(n) 4 (Kow.
II, 1333b); Kh. sarav 1, 4, sarl 2; Bur. haraba 1; Kalm. sarp; Ord.
sarabi 1; Dag. sarbi; Mongr. sar toit en saillie, avant-toit, auvent (SM
328).
KW 314, MGCD 594. Mong. > Oyr. sarapn; Yak. arap, Dolg. arap, harap (see
Ka. MEJ 49, Stachowski 72); > Manchu sarbaan visor on a helmet (see Rozycki 174).

PTurk. *sar- a k. of lattice or cross-beam ( ):

Tur. sarak carved frieze, torus; Kirgh. sarap stringer beam, sar
wooden frame of a frame-house; Chuv. surban dial. window blind;
Yak. arg cross-bar for drying things.
Cf. also Tuva (Todzh., ) arga lattice for drying wild onions (perhaps <
Yak.).

PJpn. *sntarai ( ~ -ia) bamboo blinds; striped cloth (

; ): OJpn. sudare; MJpn.
sdr; Tok. sdare; Kyo. sdr; Kag. sudar.
JLTT 532. Usually analysed as *s + *tarai reed screen hanging, which contradicts
accentology and is probably a folk etymology.

PKor. *sr reed net; lattice, cross-bars ( ; ): MKor. sr; Mod. sal.
Liu 437, KED 895.
A common derivative *ru-pV- is reconstructable for
Turko-Mongolian (PT *sara-p, *sara-pa-n, PM *sara-b-i). The root evidently denoted some sort of lattice used in construction.
-ki / *k-di urine, to urinate: Tung. *iK-n; Mong. *sie-; Turk. *sk;
Jpn. *sit (~-ua); Kor. *st.
PTung. *iK-n urine (): Evk. ikn; Evn. ikn; Neg. ixn;
Man. sike; SMan. ik (108); Ul. ige(n) / (n); Ork. ie(n); Nan. i; Orch.
-i- urinate; Ud. cige (. 310), e-kta- urinate; Sol. ix.
2, 392. Despite Poppe 1972, 96, 102, not a borrowing < Mong. Also reflected
are derivatives: *ikelte- / *ikte- to urinate (Evk. ikelte-, Ud. ekta-, Man. site-), *ike-iid. (Neg. ixt-/--, Oroch i-, Ul. iei-, Nan. iei-).

PMong. *sie- 1 to urinate 2 urine (1 2 ): MMong.

ie- (SH) 1, sise 2 (IM), isun 2 (MA); WMong. sige- 1 (L 701), siges(n) 2
(L 702); Kh. - 1, s 2; Bur. - 1, he(n) 2; Kalm. -, sn 1; Ord. - 1,

1328

*mi - *mi

s(n) 2; Mog. seisn; ZM sei (3-6a) 2; Dag. s- (MD 204) ; s-, ss 1;

Dong. e- 1, esun 2; Bao. ie- 1, ieso 2; S.-Yugh. 1, sn 2; Mongr. 1, 2 (SM 373), (MGCD s) 2.
KW 355, MGCD 711.
PTurk. *sk 1 urine 2 to urinate (1 2 ): OTurk. sid- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. si- 2 (MK); Tur. sij- 2; Az. sij- 2; Turkm. sdik 1;
Khal. sd- 2; MTurk. si- (AH, IM); Uzb. sij- 2; Krm. sij- 2; Kirgh. sij- 2;
KBalk. sij- 2; Kum. sij- 2; Nogh. sij- 2; SUygh. siz-, sez-, sz- 2; Khak. side2; Shr. si- 2; Oyr. sij- 2; Tv. sidik 1; Chuv. k 1, r- 2; Yak. k 1; Dolg. k
1.
EDT 799, VEWT 421, 7, Stachowski 130. Only Yak. and Chuv. reflect the
original *sk; all other languages reflect a derivative *sg-t- / *sg-d- (present also outside
Turkic) > *sd-. Also widely reflected is the secondary derivative *sd-dik urine ( >
Turkm. sdik etc., see 7).

PJpn. *sit (~-ua) urine (): MJpn. sito.

PKor. *st excrements (): MKor. st; Mod. t:o.
Nam 161, KED 485.
KW 355, 198, Poppe 31, 62, 17,
. 40-41, 44. Irregular voicing in Mong. can be explained by the
roots expressive nature. Cf. also Mong. sii a person urinating in his
bed - probably reflecting the derivative *gdi < *kdi, attested also in
Turkic, TM, Korean and Japanese.
-mi to suck, soak: Tung. *ime-; Mong. *sime; Turk. *sim-; Jpn. *sm-;
Kor. *smi-.
PTung. *ime- to soak; suck (; ): Evn. ml-;
Man. ime-; Ul. ime-; Nan. ime-.
2, 394.
PMong. *sime 1 juice, sap 2 to suck 3 to soak (1 2 3 ): MMong. imi- 2 (SH), imi- 3 (MA 333); WMong. sime 1, sime-,
simi- 2, simed- 3 (L 709); Kh. im 1, ime- 2, imde- 3; Bur. eme 1, eme- 2;
Kalm. im; im-, m- 1; Ord. ime 1, ime- 2; Mog. imi- 2; Dag. im;
ime- 1 (. . 183), imi- 1, ime (MD 216); S.-Yugh. me 1, me- 2;
Mongr. ime (SM 396), (MGCD imn) 1, me-, mu- (SM 374), (MGCD
imu-) 2.
KW 357-358, 371, MGCD 717. Cf. also *sim-bu- to dive. Mong. > Man. simi- etc.
( 2, 87; Doerfer MT 119; Rozycki 183). Mong. > Yak. sim-.

PTurk. *sim- / *sm- to suck, swallow (): Karakh. simr(MK); Tur. sm-, smr-; Az. smr-; Turkm. smr-; MTurk. smr(Pav. C., IM); Uzb. simir-; Uygh. smr-; Bashk. hmr-; Kaz. simir-;
KKalp. simir-; Nogh. simir-; Chuv. sim, sm honey drink.
VEWT 422, 2, 50, EDT 829, 7.
PJpn. *sm- to soak (, ): OJpn. sim-;
MJpn. sm-; Tok. shmi-; Kyo. shm-; Kag. shim-.

*imuV - *pV

1329

JLTT 751.
PKor. *smi- to soak, permeate (, ):
MKor. smi-; Mod. smi-.
Nam 318, KED 1025.
Ozawa 223, KW 358, Lee 1958, 117, 17, Martin 242,
Whitman 1985, 127, 212, Martin 1996, 82. Korean has a not quite clear
high tone; otherwise correspondences are quite regular.
-imuV small finger: Tung. *imuken; Turk. *m-.
PTung. *imuken small finger (): Evk. imikn; Evn. imen; Neg. mkan; Man. simxun, umxun; SMan. umuxun finger (73); Ul.
omoon; Nan. umu; Orch. omoko; Ud. cimcaa (. 310); Sol.
cimitk, imrk.
2, 395.
PTurk. *m- small finger (): OTurk. amuq (OUygh.);
Karakh. amuq (MK); Uzb. imalq; Uygh. imalik; Kirgh. malaq;
Khak. smalx, malx; Shr. malq; Oyr. mal (dial.); Tv. uma.
322-323, 256. See ibid. a number of other forms, probably going
back to the same stem, but restructured phonetically because of the roots expressive
nature.

322, 257. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. *- in Turk. is due

to assimilation.
-pV to sweep: Tung. *ipi- (~-,--); Mong. *sir-; Turk. *sipr-; Kor.
*psr-.
PTung. *ipi- (~-,--) to sweep; to scrape ( (); ):
Evk. ipi-.
2, 398. Attested only in Evk., but having plausible external parallels.
PMong. *sir- broom, besom (, ): MMong. iur- to
sweep, iurge (HY 38, 20), iwur-, iur (MA); WMong. sigr (L 703); Kh.
r; Ord. rde- to sweep; Dong. u, iu-; Bao. ir, ire-; S.-Yugh. r;
Mongr. - (SM 383), (MGCD r).
MGCD 727.
PTurk. *sipr- to sweep (, ): OTurk. sipir(OUygh.); Karakh. spr- (MK); Tur. spr-; Gag. spr-; Az. spr-;
Turkm. spr-; Khal. sipir-; MTurk. spr- (IM, Pav. C.); Uzb. supur-;
Uygh. spr-; Krm. sibir-; Tat. spr-, sbr-; Bashk. hepere-; Kirgh. spr-;
KBalk. sibir-; KKalp. spr-; Kum. sibir-; Nogh. spr-; Khak. sbr-; Oyr.
sibir-, sbr-; Tv. sivir-; Chuv. br broom.
EDT 791, VEWT 437, 7. Turk. > Hung. seper sweep (Gombocz 1912,
MNyTESz 3, 518-519).

PKor. *psr- to sweep, wipe (): MKor. psr-; Mod. s:l-.

Nam 321, KED 1027.

1330

*rV - *bu

EAS 150, 212, Poppe 30, 47, . 43-44.

Mong. cannot be explained as a loanword, despite 1997, 144,
or as bloer Zufall, despite TMN 4, 288. In Kor. one has to suppose a
secondary development *psr- < *spr-.
-rV ( ~ --) to melt: Tung. *ri-; Mong. *siri-.
PTung. *ri- red copper, bronze ( , ): Evk.
rikte; Evn. rit; Neg. jikte; Man. sirin; Jurch. [i]ri (573); Ul. rikte;
Ork. irikte; Nan. rikte; Orch. kte; Ud. cikte (. 310).
2, 399. The Manchu and Jurch. forms may be borrowed from Mong. irin.
PMong. *siri- 1 bronze, copper 2 cast iron 3 to melt (1 ,
2 3 ): MMong. iremun 3 (HY 26, SH); WMong. sirin (L
718) 1, siri- 3 (L 717), sirem(n), sirim, sireme(n) 2; Kh. ire- 3, irin 1,
irem(en) 2; Bur. erem 2; Kalm. iremn 2, ir- to forge, chill metal
(); Ord. iremel molten; Dag. irem 2 (. . 184); Mongr. rili(SM 377) 3.
Mong. > Evk. sir- etc. ( 2, 97, Doerfer MT 111). On the other hand, Mong. sirin
cast iron can be borrowed < Manchu (hardly vice versa, despite Rozycki 185).

EAS 72, 112, . 44, 411. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (but cf. also OUygh. serit- to melt (butter)).
-bu to sit; be seated, implanted: Mong. *sau-; Jpn. *sw-; Kor.
*s-r.
PMong. *sau- to sit (): MMong. sau- (HY 35, SH), u- (IM),
sau- (MA); WMong. sau- (L 658); Kh. s-; Bur. h-; Kalm. s-; Ord. su-;
Mog. sau- (Weiers), s-; ZM sou- (40-10); Dag. sau- (. .162, MD
204 ), s- (. . 162); Dong. sau-; Bao. s-, seu-; S.-Yugh. suu-;
Mongr. s- (SM 355).
KW 339. Cf. also sau-ri- to set (of sun, moon).
PJpn. *sw- 1 to plant, insert 2 to sit (1 , 2 ): OJpn. suwa- 1; MJpn. suwa- (RJ sf) 1, suwar- 2; Tok. se- 1,
swar- 2; Kyo. s- 1, swr- 2; Kag. su- 1, suwr- 2.
JLTT 757, 760.
PKor. *s-r chair (): MKor. sr.
Nam 285.
277. Initial *- must be reconstructed because of Kor. *s-.
Kor. sr appears to be genuine (cf. the match with Jpn. *sw-r-), but
a loan from Mong. sauri(n) seat (whence certainly Manchu srin)
cannot be excluded, see Lee 1964, 192-193.
-bu small, narrow: Tung. *oba- ( ~ -p-); Mong. *saa-; Turk. *sEb-re-;
Jpn. *smp-.
PTung. *oba- ( ~ -p-) narrow (): Man. ofojn.
2, 427.

* - *k

1331

PMong. *saa- to diminish (, ):

WMong. saa- (L 656); Kh. s-; Bur. h-; Kalm. s-; Ord. s-.
KW 317.
PTurk. *sEb-re- to diminish (, ): Karakh. sevre(MK).
498.
PJpn. *smp- to get narrow, contract (, ):
MJpn. subom-, subor-, subar-, subomar-; Tok. sbomar- (itr.), sbome- (tr.);
Kyo. sbmr- (itr.), sbm- (tr.); Kag. subomr- (itr.), subom- (tr.).
JLTT 756, 757.
The root is rather sparsely attested in Turk. and TM, and the vocalic reconstruction is not quite secure (note that Jpn. -mp- speaks
rather against the reconstruction of diphthong - unless the form is not
actually a contraction of *swu-mp- with a labial suffix).
- a k. of rope, fabric: Tung. *ee; Turk. *sauk; Jpn. *s(n)t; Kor.
*sh.
PTung. *ee patch, rag (, ): Evk. ee; Evn. ee; Neg.
ee; Man. ee silk fabric.
2, 422.
PTurk. *sauk fringe, handkerchief with a fringe (,
): Karakh. sau (MK); Tur. saak; Az. saaG; Turkm. saaq a
k. of table-cloth; MTurk. saaq (Pav. C., Sangl.); Uzb. saq; Krm. saaq;
Tat. aaq; Kirgh. saaq hand towel; Kaz. aaq; KBalk. aaq; KKalp.
aaq; Kum. aaq; Nogh. aaq; Oyr. aaq.
VEWT 392, EDT 795, 796. Turk. *saak > WMong. saa, aa, Kalm. cacg (KW 423).
PJpn. *s(n)t a specific embroidered fabric ( ):
OJpn. situ; MJpn. situ; Tok. shtsu, shzu.
JLTT 528.
PKor. *sh cord (, ): MKor. sh; Mod. sk:i.
Nam 294, KED 920.
The TM form is somewhat irregular: we would rather expect *ii.
Note, however that in Manchu we may be dealing with assimilation
(ee < *ee), while other TM forms may in fact be borrowed from Manchu.
-k to see badly, have bad eyesight: Tung. *oKa-; Mong. *sokar;
Turk. *sk-; Jpn. *sk-; Kor. *sjkj.
PTung. *oKa- 1 one-eyed 2 be purblind, sandblind 3 to shut eyes,
blink (1 , , 2 , ( ) 3 , ): Evk. okot, okoro 1; Evn.
oqa 1; Neg. oktoxo 1; Man. sogi- ~ soxi- 2; Ul. qto 1; Ork. toqto 1;
Nan. mian- 3.

1332

* - *[]m

2, 404, 105. Manchu may be borrowed < Mong. soqui- (see Rozycki 186); if this
is the case, the reconstruction may be *oka- or *oka-.
PMong. *sokar blind (): MMong. soxar (HY 49), soqor (SH),
oor (IM), suqar (MA); WMong. soqur (L 730); Kh. soxor; Bur. hoxor;
Kalm. soxr; Ord. soxor; Mog. ZM sox-sox hallucination (4-6b); Dag.
sogor, sogur, sokor (. . 163), sohore (MD 211); Dong. suGo; Bao.
soxor; S.-Yugh. soGor; Mongr. soGor (SM 352), suGor.
MGCD 608, KW 329 (cf. also soqu-i- (L 730), Kalm. sox- be blind or have a bad eyesight). Mong. > MTurk., Koman soqur (see 1997, 209, 7); > Evk. sokor (see
Doerfer MT 128).

PTurk. *sk- mirage (): Karakh. saq (MK), saq- to appear

faintly (MK); Tur. san; Bashk. han; Kirgh. saqm; Kaz. sam; KKalp.
sam; Kum. san; Nogh. san.
EDT 808, 22, 7. Cf. perhaps also Khak. sagl- to emit rays.
PJpn. *sk- to be transparent ( ): MJpn. sk-; Tok.
sk-; Kyo. sk-; Kag. sk-.
JLTT 758.
PKor. *sjkj blind (): MKor. sjkj; Mod. sgj.
Nam 312, KED 969.
17.
- piece of meat, flesh: Tung. *ilki ( ~ -); Mong. *silbi; Jpn. *ss;
Kor. *srh.
PTung. *ilki ( ~ -) 1 muscle, biceps 2 front leg of a bear (1 ,
2 ): Evk. ilk 1; Evn. lqa 1; Neg. lk 2.
2, 394. Evk. > Dolg. lk (see Stachowski 76).
PMong. *silbi shin, shin muscles (, ):
MMong. ilibi (HY 48), ilbi, ili (MA 178, 333); WMong. silbi (L 705); Kh.
ilbe; Bur. elbe; Kalm. ilw; Ord. ilbi (ilbe); Dag. ilem (. . 183).
KW 357.
PJpn. *ss meat (): OJpn. sisi; MJpn. ss.
JLTT 527.
PKor. *srh flesh, meat; skin (; ): MKor. sr [srh-]; Mod.
sal.
Nam 290, KED 895.
311 (Mong.-Tung.); Martin 232, Miller 1986a, 49,
95, 279 (differently). The root must be kept distinct from *slo q.v., but
contaminations were possible.
-[]m island; forest: Tung. *umi ( ~ -); Turk. *simek; Jpn. *sm; Kor.
*sjm.
PTung. *umi ( ~ -) 1 foreland, shallow place 2 tussock (1 , 2 ): Evk. umi 1, umdikn, ummik 2 (. 529); Neg.
mxn 1; Ud. simo 2 (An.).
2, 86, 414.

*mu - *t

1333

PTurk. *simek forest, jungle (, ): OTurk. simek (OUygh.).

EDT 828-829.
PJpn. *sm island (): OJpn. sima; MJpn. sm; Tok. shim;
Kyo. shm; Kag. shim.
JLTT 524.
PKor. *sjm island (): MKor. sjm; Mod. sm.
Nam 305, KED 953.
EAS 155, Martin 234, Miller 1976, 370-371, 1979b, 17-31, Martin
1996, 35. The parallel seems quite plausible (on a similar interchange
between island and forest see, e.g., under *rV), but vocalism raises
some doubts. The reconstruction *mi is possible if one assumes PT
*simek < *semek (which is quite possible, because the word is only attested in OUygh. and may have actually been semek), and PTM *umi <
*imu (cf. the Udehe (An.) form simo - perhaps archaic).
-mu sack: Tung. *m-; Mong. *sumal; Turk. *sAmar; Kor. *sjm.
PTung. *m- 1 bag 2 sack (1 2 ): Evk. mpu, emtu,
empuli, ompuli 2; Man. uma, uman 1.
2, 109, 420. Manchu uma(n) should be distinguished from Manchu sumala(n)
< Mong. Manchu > MKor. mn pocket, sack (but note also the variants with -: Man.
umagi, Bur. um, see 1, 274, Lee 1958, 113 - are these backloans from Korean?)

PMong. *sumal long leather sack ( ):

WMong. sumal (L 737); Kh. sumal; Kalm. suml; Ord. sumal; Mongr.
sma(r) besace, petit sac oblong (SM 359).
KW 337. Mong. > TM sumala(n) sack ( 2, 109), see Doerfer MT 145, Rozycki
190.

PTurk. *sAmar 1 sack, saddle pack 2 big wooden vessel (1

2 ): MTurk. samar 1 (Pav. C.);
Bashk. hamar 2; Kaz. samar 2; KKalp. samar 2; Yak. ampara () (.) ?.
VEWT 399.
PKor. *sjm straw bag, measure of grain ( , ): MKor. sjm; Mod. sm.
Nam 305, KED 953.
PKE 176, KW 337.
-t to set fire, burn: Tung. *ta (~-); Mong. *sita-; Jpn. *sit-ki; Kor.
*sti-.
PTung. *ta ( ~ -) burned coals, ashes ( , ): Evk.
t; Neg. ta.
2, 386.
PMong. *sita- to catch fire (): MMong. ita-, sita- (MA);
WMong. sita- (L 719); Kh. ata-; Bur. ata-; Kalm. at-; Ord. itallumer, mettre le feu , prparer au feu; ita-; Dag. ita-, xita- (.

1334

*bi - *a

. 176), it-, xit- (. . 184), ate-, it- (MD 214, 217); Dong.
tara-, idaraa-, dra-; S.-Yugh. d-, dara-; Mongr. sd- (SM 331),
da-.
KW 351, MGCD 710.
PJpn. *sit-ki rice cakes offered to gods ( ): MJpn. sitoki, sitogi.
JLTT 528.
PKor. *sti-, *stk 1 to solder, tinker; to make fire 2 rice cake (1 , ; 2 ): MKor. sti- 1, stk 2;
Mod. t:u- 1, t:k 2.
Nam 147, 152, KED 432, 445.
Mong. s- points to a following front vowel or diphthong, so one
should reconstruct *-; in TM *-- and -ia- are frequently neutralized
after a palatal. Jpn. *sitki = Kor. *stk; both forms reflect a derivative
with a velar suffix (*ti-kV smth. burned, baked); borrowing Jpn. <
Kor. or Kor. < Jpn. is not excluded (see Martin 1996, 45).
-bi wrinkle, gills: Tung. *oba- ( ~ -p-); Jpn. *sw.
PTung. *oba- ( ~-p-) 1 wrinkle 2 to wrinkle (1 2 ): Evk. owor- 2; Man. ufa- 2, ufan 1.
2, 402, 430.
PJpn. *sw wrinkle (): OJpn. siwa; MJpn. sw; Tok. shiwa.
JLTT 528.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. also Kalm. sb, sw wart quoted in
1912, 213.
-a a k. of metal: Tung. *uu; Mong. *as; Turk. *si.
PTung. *uu 1 copper 2 dark red (1 2 -): Evk.
uin 2; Evn. rm 1; Man. uu 2; SMan. sus, u (fian) violet, purple (2425).
2, 418, 430.
PMong. *as tin (, ): WMong. as; Kh. cas; Bur. sad
brass; Kalm. cas; Ord. as.
KW 428.
PTurk. *si 1 white copper, tin 2 pan (1 2 ):
Karakh. sa 2 (MK); Tur. sa 2; Gag. saaq tripod; Az. sa 2; Turkm. s
2; MTurk. sa (AH), sa (Pav. C.) 2; Chuv. v, u, o 1.
EDT 794, VEWT 391-392, 406, 7, 2, 438-439.
406. A Western isogloss. Mong. and TM have an assimilation (Mong. *sa > *a > *as, TM *usu > *uu), usual in roots of this
type.

*e - *ko

1335

-e hair (of head), feather: Tung. *oa-; Turk. *s(i)a; Kor. *h.
PTung. *oa- 1 to arrange hair in a bunch 2 bunch, knot of hair (1
2 , ): Man. oo- 1,
ooon 2.
2, 427-428. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *s(i)a 1 hair (of head) 2 hair 3 hair (on back of head) 4 root
(1 () 2 3 ( ) 4 ): OTurk. sa 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. sa 1 (MK, KB); Tur. sa 1; Gag. sa 1; Az. sa
1; Turkm. sa 1; Sal. sa 1; sa 3; Khal. sa: 1; MTurk. sa, sa 1 (Pav. C.,
Sangl.); Uzb. s 1; Uygh. a 1; Krm. sa 1; Tat. 1; Bashk. ss 1;
Kirgh. a 1; Kaz. a 1; KBalk. a 1; KKalp. a 1; Kum. a 1; Nogh. a
1; Khak. sas 1; Shr. a 1; Oyr. a 1; Tv. a 1; Tof. 1; Chuv. 2;
Yak. as 3; Dolg. as 2.
VEWT 391, EDT 794, 197, 7, Stachowski 38.
PKor. *h feather (): MKor. s, h.
Nam 445, 446.
287, 197. Kor. has an assimilation, usual for
roots of this type; Manchu also demonstrates an assimilation (oa- <
*osa- which would be regularly expected).
-ko young of domestic animals: Tung. *iukta; Turk. *ka; Kor.
*ssk.
PTung. *iukta a young domestic animal (
): Evk. iuha (Barg.) domestic goat; Man. suutu a
2-year-old foal.
2, 133, 401.
PTurk. *ka 1 young pig 2 child, boy 3 pig (1 2 , 3 ): Karakh. ouq (MK) 1; Tur. ouk 2; Gag. ouq
2; Az. oGa 1, 3; Turkm. uq 1 (cf. colloq. a camel); MTurk. oa 1
(Sangl.), (OKypch.) oqa (Houts.) 1; Uzb. uuq 2; Uygh. oqa 3; Krm.
(K) oqa 3, ouq jata afterbirth; (T) oxa young boy (not a Karaim),
(H) cocka 2; Tat. uqa 3; Bashk. sosqa 3; Kirgh. oqo 1; Kaz. oqa 1;
KBalk. oxa 3; KKalp. oqa 3; Kum. oqa 3; Nogh. oqa 3; Khak. sosxa
3; Shr. oqa 3; Oyr. oqo 3; Tv. oqa 3.
VEWT 113, 4, 28, EDT 400. See Stachowski 1985 with an extensive list of material but with a strange conclusion that the word onomatopoetischer Herkunft ist und
somit durch Autogenese zustande kam.

PKor. *ssk young of animals ( ): MKor. ssk;

Mod. sk:i.
Nam 294, KED 920.
9.

*ogo - *ju

1336

-ogo cold: Tung. *ig-; Turk. *sog-k; Jpn. *sj; Kor. *sik-.
PTung. *ig- 1 to freeze, get cold 2 cold (1 2 ):
Evk. ig- (dial.) 1; Man. axurun 2; SMan. ahurun, sahurun 2 (2061);
Jurch. siuhun 2.
2, 389,423.
PTurk. *sog-k cold (): OTurk. soq (OUygh.); Karakh.
soq (KB); Tur. souk; Gag. sq; Az. sojuG; Turkm. sovuq; Sal. so; Khal.
sovuq; MTurk. sawuq/sawu (Sangl.); Uzb. svuq; Uygh. soaq; Krm. sq;
Tat. swq; Bashk. hwq; Kirgh. sk; Kaz. suwq; KBalk. sq; KKalp. suwq;
Kum. sowuq; Nogh. suwq; SUygh. soq; Khak. sx; Shr. sq; Oyr. sq; Tv.
sk; Tof. sq; Chuv. siv.
Derived from PT *sog- to cool, get cold, see VEWT 425, EDT 808 (*sog-k), 806
(*sog-), 7, 15.

PJpn. *sj gentle, cool (of wind) (, ( )):

OJpn. sojo; MJpn. sojo; Tok. soyo.
PKor. *sik- to cool off (): Mod. sik-.
KED 1045.
281, 11. Other comparisons of the above roots
(Poppe 61, KW 335, VEWT 425a, SKE 233,240) are quite unreliable. The
Kor. form sik- may go back to *sig-Vk- (cf. Turk. *sogk); a similar prototype can explain Manchu axurun < *ig-ak-urun. It is also interesting to
note WMong. (L 658) sasura hoar-frost ( < *sug-sarga or *sua-surga).
-gV juice: Tung. *kse; Mong. *si-s; Kor. *skr.
PTung. *kse juice (): Evk. kse; Evn. s; Neg. xse; Man.
ugi(n) ~ uxi(n); Ork. skse ~ tkse; Orch. kse; Ud. ki; Sol. sre.
Cf. also Evk. kin rare (of meat). 2, 411, 428.
PMong. *si-s juice (): MMong. iu-su food, provisions (HP,
SH); WMong. sigs(n) (L 704); Kh. s; Bur. he(n); Kalm. sn; Ord.
s, s juice of meat; Dag. s (. . 182).
KW 373. Mong. > Man. usu, Chag. ssn (see TMN 1, 362, Rozycki 196). Cf. also
*si-der dew > MMong. (SH) iuder, (HY 2) iuderen WMong. igder, Khalkha der,
Mongr.deri (401), ( > MTurk. igdrin, Chag. drn etc., see 39-40).

PKor. *skr honey (): MKor. skr, pskr; Mod. k:ul.

Nam 63, KED 217. The attested variant pskr is probably a result of hypercorrective
spelling.

199, 17. Korean has a usual vowel reduction between a stop and a consonant.
-ju to skin, peel: Tung. *- ( ~ *-) ( < *ij-); Mong. *sial-; Turk. *soj-.
PTung. *- ( ~ *-) to scrape off, skin (, ):
Evk. -.
2, 388. Attested only in Evk., with probable parallels in Turk. and Mong.

*l - *e

1337

PMong. *sial- to skin, peel ( , ): WMong. aal(L 748); Kh. l-; Kalm. l- ().
PTurk. *soj- to skin, peel ( , ): OTurk. soj(OUygh.); Karakh. soj- (MK); Tur. soj-; Gag. soj-; Az. soj-; Turkm. soj-;
Khal. suv-; MTurk. soj- (Ettuhf., Pav. C.); Uzb. sj-; Uygh. soj-; Krm. soj-;
Tat. suj-; Bashk. huj-; Kirgh. soj-; Kaz. soj-; KKalp. soj-; Kum. soj-; Nogh.
soj-; SUygh. soj-, so-; Khak. soj-; Shr. soj-; Oyr. soj-; Tv. soj-; Chuv. s-.
VEWT 425, EDT 858, 7.
A Western isogloss.
-l juice, fluid: Tung. *la; Mong. *sil; Turk. *sl; Jpn. *sr.
PTung. *la 1 soup 2 juice (1 2 ): Man. ula 2; Ul. lo(n) 1;
Nan. l 1; Ud. olo 1.
2, 405, 429. Man. ola- / la- to roast, broil (in a kettle is most probably a result of interdialectal borrowing. The TM languages reflect also *sile / *silu soup (see
2, 85, 138) which is a loanword from Mong., see Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer MT 26.

PMong. *sil soup (): MMong. ulen (HY 24, SH), l (IM), iln
(MA); WMong. sil(n) (L 708), l; Kh. l; Bur. len; Kalm. ln, ln;
Ord. l; Dag. il soup; juice (. . 183), ile (MD 216); Dong. ulie
soup; juice; Bao. ile soup; juice; S.-Yugh. len; Mongr. ul (SM 385).
KW 371, MGCD 723, 728. Mong. > Chag. sln, siln, Man. sile etc. (see TMN 1,
369-370, Rozycki 181).

PTurk. *sl 1 juice in meat, lymph 2 soup, bouillon (1 ,

2 , ): OTurk. sl (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. sl (MK) 1; Tur.
sl (dial.) 1; Tat. sl, sl-gn 1; Bashk. hl 1; Kirgh. sl 1; Kaz. sl 1;
KKalp. sl 1; Nogh. sl 1; SUygh. sl rams blood; Chuv. l (dial.),
(XIX c., Bible) 2; Yak. l 2.
VEWT 430, EDT 824, 7.
PJpn. *sr juice; soup; pus (; ; ): OJpn. siru; MJpn. sr;
Tok. shru; Kyo. shr; Kag. shir.
JLTT 526.
EAS 155, Ozawa 111, Murayama 1962, 110, . 41. The
Turkic vocalism is quite irregular, probably due to contamination with
*sli gall, pus q.v. (a similar merger occurred in PJ).
-e scoop, vessel: Tung. *-; Mong. *sinaga; Turk. *seek.
PTung. *- 1 scoop, box, dishes 2 place for dishes (1 , , 2 ): Evk. 1, l 2; Evn. l 2;
Neg. al 2; Man. aaa 1; Ul. une 1; Ork. ool 2.
2, 406, 425. Evk. > Dolg. oal, uol (see Stachowski 74-75).
PMong. *sinaga ladle, scoop (): MMong. inaa (MA 333);
WMong. sinaa (L 710); Kh. anaga(n); Bur. anaga; Kalm. an ();
Ord. inaGa; Dong. naGa; Mongr. naGa.
Mong. > Evk. dial. inak ( 2, 395).

1338

*opa - *uga(lV)

PTurk. *seek jar, mug (): Karakh. seek (MK - Oghuz); Tur.
seek; Az. senek.
EDT 838, VEWT 410.
A Western isogloss. One should also mention segesn drinking
vessel (KW 410), either an old variant or a modified Turkic loanword.
-opa claw, to claw: Tung. *opa-; Mong. *sabur.
PTung. *opa- 1 claws 2 to claw (1 2 ): Evk.
owo-mo 1, owl- 2; Neg. owo-k 1; Man. oforo 1, oforo- 2; SMan.
sovrq, sovrqu claw (2288); ovr-, sovuru- to grab (1541); Nan.
cofola- (Bik.) to compress; Orch. opokto 1, opoktolo- 2.
2, 402.
PMong. *sabur birds claws; fork ( ; ): WMong.
sabur, (L 653) sabar; Kh. savar; Bur. habar; Kalm. sawr; Ord. sawar; Dag.
sabr; S.-Yugh. sabar; Mongr. sawar (SM 330).
KW 316, MGCD 585. Mong. > Oyr. sabar etc.
. 41. Cf. *spa.
-ri ( ~ *ro) stake, pole: Tung. *ra; Mong. *siro; Turk. *s(i)ar-a.
PTung. *ra pole, tent made of poles (, ):
Evk. rama; Evn. ra; Neg. ram; Man. uruqu boat pole, uru- to
swim using poles; Nan. ro; Ud. lo.
2, 408, 430. Man. oron tatan pole tent is probably a recent loan from some
TM language (Nanai or Evk.).

PMong. *siro spit, skewer (, ): MMong. iro (SH),

irie (HY 21), sire (IM); WMong. siro, (L 756) oru, siru; Kh. or, ir; Bur.
oro; Kalm. or; Ord. oro; Dag. or (. . 184), orti; S.-Yugh. oro.
KW 365, MGCD 722.
PTurk. *s(i)ar-a tethering post (): MTurk. sara (R); Khak.
sarn (folkl.); Tv. sarn (R - Soj.).
R 4, 336-337, VEWT 403 (suggesting a derivation from sar-, saru- to tie round which is also not excluded).

EAS 71, SKE 235, Poppe 30 (with some confusion of this root and
*sru q. v.). A Western isogloss; but cf. notes to *seri.
-uga(lV) bucket: Tung. *ugle-; Mong. *saulga; Turk. *sugu.
PTung. *ugle- 1 water bucket made of birch bark 2 woven basket (1
2 ): Evk. ulen 1; Man.
ulxu 2.
2, 410, 429.
PMong. *saulga bucket (): MMong. sauluqa (SH); WMong.
saula (L 659); Kh. slga; Bur. hlga; Kalm. sl (); Ord. slGa;
Dong. saua (. .), soo; Bao. sulGe (. .), solG; Mongr. srGa
(SM 364), saulGa.
MGCD 609. Mong. > Manchu solxa (see Rozycki 186).

*j - *ku

1339

PTurk. *sugu water bucket ( ): MTurk. suur (Pav.

C.); Uygh. sua; Shr. s (.); Tv. s bucket made of birch bark; Tof.
s bucket made of birch bark.
VEWT 431.
A Western isogloss, with some vocalic irregularities (the reconstruction *uga would contradict, however, the consonant reflex *s- in
Turkic and Mongolian). Cf. *sku.
-j thorn, (pine) needle: Tung. *je; Mong. *sojua; Turk. *sojagu;
Jpn. *sj; Kor. *si.
PTung. *je 1 needle of a coniferous tree 2 a hair fallen out 3 to become intertwined (of hair, fur) 4 branch, firewood 5 a needle made of
horn 6 fetlock (1 () 2 3 , ( ) 4 , 5 6 (
)): Evk. je 1, 2; Evn. ja- 3; Neg. ja 2; Man. suja, sujaa 4,
sujon / sojon 5, sojlo 6.
2, 104, 121, 390.
PMong. *sojua fang, sprout, hook (, , ): WMong.
sojua (L 724); Kh. soj; Bur. hoj; Kalm. soj(n); Ord. soj; Dag. soj (.
. 163); Dong. soj; S.-Yugh. sio.
KW 329, MGCD 604. Mong. > Yak. sojuo needle, see 499-500.
PTurk. *sojagu 1 cocks spur 2 pine needle, toothpick 3 a sharp object (1 2 , 3
): Karakh. sojau 1 (MK); Kirgh. soj 3; Kaz. sojaw 2; Kum. sojaw
a metallic pendant on a Caucasian belt; Oyr. sojoq mountain top;
young horn; Tof. soj wire for pipe-cleaning (< Mong.?); sojaq
mountain ( 227).
VEWT 425, EDT 859. All Kypchak forms may also be < Mong.
PJpn. *sj arrow (): OJpn. soja; MJpn. sj; Tok. soya.
JLTT 531. May be a compound with ja arrow, but so alone is not attested.
PKor. *si straw (): MKor. si; Mod. s straw thatch.
Nam 295, KED 919.
EAS 72, KW 329, SKE 219.
-ku sharp instrument: Tung. *uK-; Mong. *ske; Jpn. *sk.
PTung. *uK- 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt,
strike 4 notches on bow ends (1 , 2 , 3 , () 4 , ( )):
Man. uki- 3, ukun 4; Nan. uktuli- 2 (.); Orch. ku, tku 1.
2, 403, 429.
PMong. *ske axe (): MMong. suke (HY 18, SH, IM); WMong.
ske (L 742); Kh. sx; Bur. hxe; Kalm. sk; Ord. se; Dag. sugu (.
. 164), suhe (MD 212), sug; Dong. sugie; S.-Yugh. sge; Mongr. sugo
(SM 352).

1340

*po - *p

KW 340, MGCD 618. Mong. > Chag. sk etc. (KW 435), Yak. sge, Dolg. hge (see
Stachowski 115), Man. suxe etc. ( 2, 123), see Doerfer MT 40, Rozycki 189.
PJpn. *sk plough (): OJpn. sukji; suk- to plough; MJpn. sk;
sk- to plough; Tok. ski; Kyo. sk; Kag. ski.
JLTT 532.
The etymology seems plausible, although the precise meaning of
the root in PA is not quite clear (some sharp instrument used for carving, chopping or ploughing).
-po to twist, twisted threads: Tung. *ba; Mong. *subu-; Turk.
*sub-luk (?).
PTung. *ba 1 to spin, twist (threads) 2 thread 3 fringe (1
() 2 3 ): Evk. wa- 1, wa 2; Evn. swa 2 (Arm.);
Neg. wa- 1, wa 2; Man. uwase 3; Orch. iwa 2; Ud. ua 2.
2, 389, 428.
PMong. *subu- to unravel, unstring (, ):
WMong. subu-, suba-, subi- (L 733); Kh. suva-; Bur. huba-, hubi-.
Mong. > Evk. sw-, Man. su- untie etc. (see 2, 103).
PTurk. *sub-luk (?) turban (): Karakh. suvluq (MK).
EDT 788.
A Western isogloss. Cf. *suba, *sbi.
-p to suck, hold in mouth: Tung. *upa- (~-); Mong. *si-; Turk.
*sp-; Jpn. *sp-; Kor. *sp-r-.
PTung. *upa- (~-) to suck (): Evk. upku- suck out; Neg. opon- kiss, pka- soak; Orch. op(o)ko- kiss.
2, 408, 415.
PMong. *si- to filter, strain (): MMong. u- (MA
337); WMong. si- (L 702); Kh. -; Bur. -; Kalm. - (); Ord. -.
PTurk. *sp- to swallow greedily ( , ):
Tur. sp-; Az. sfar- (dial.); MTurk. sipqar- (Pav. C., . .); Tat.
spr-; Bashk. hpr-.
VEWT 418, 423, 7. The Chag. form may have been secondary influenced by
Mong. sibqar- to press, squeeze.

PJpn. *sp- to suck, inhale (, ): OJpn. suf-; MJpn. sp-;

Tok. s-; Kyo. s-; Kag. s-.
JLTT 760.
PKor. *sp-r- to suck (): MKor. sp-r-; Mod. p:al-.
Nam 247, KED 725.
Whitman 1985, 181, 233 (Kor.-Jpn.). Korean has a usual vowel reduction between a fricative and a stop.

*r[e] - *ru

1341

-r[e] to rub, polish: Tung. *r- (/*ur-); Mong. *sri-; Turk.

*sr(-t)-; Jpn. *sr-; Kor. *srh-.
PTung. *r- (/*ur-) 1 to rip (with claws) 2 to whet; rip off (skin,
flesh) 3 knife for carving ornaments (1 () 2 ;
(, ) 3 ): Evk. uri- 1;
Man. uru- 2; Ul. re(n) 3; Nan. ru 3; Sol. irx 3.
2, 416, 426, 430.
PMong. *sri- to rub (, ): MMong. suri- (MA 329,
330); WMong. sri- (L 744); Kh. sri-; Kalm. sr-; Ord. sri- oindre.
KW 341.
PTurk. *sr(-t)- to rub, smear (, ): OTurk. srt(OUygh.); Karakh. srt- (MK); Tur. sr-, srt-; Gag. srt-; Az. srt-;
Turkm. sr-, srt-; MTurk. sr- (Pav. C.), srt- (IM), srt- (AH); Uzb.
surt-; Krm. srt-; Bashk. hr-, hrt-; Kirgh. sr-, srt-; Kaz. srt-; KBalk.
srt-; KKalp. sr-, srt-; Kum. srt-; Nogh. sr-, srt-; SUygh. srt-;
Khak. srt-; Oyr. srt-; Tv. sr-; Chuv. sr-; Yak. r-.
EDT 846, VEWT 437, 188, 382, 7.
PJpn. *sr- to rub, whet, polish (, , ):
OJpn. sur-; MJpn. sr-; Tok. sr-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 759. Modern dialects reflect *sr- - due to a merger of *sr- rub and *srprint, close up which are clearly distinguished in RJ.

PKor. *srh- to polish, rub off (): MKor. srh-; Mod. s:l[s:lh-].
Nam 322, KED 1028.
SKE 238. Mong. may be < Turk., see 1997, 198. The genuine reflex may be Mong. *sir- (Khalkha rge-, Kalm. rg- to rub off,
WMong. sirg-, KW 371; Khalkha irn, Kalm. rn, WMong. siren
rough, shaggy; WMong. sirbe- to sweep) - although the -i- vowel here
is not quite clear. The root generally displays some variation between
*re and *ru.
-ru beads: Tung. *uri- / *ur- ( ~ -); Mong. *sir; Turk. *srga.
PTung. *uri- / *ur- ( ~ -) 1 beads 2 fringe (1 , 2 ): Evk. urikta 1, urkte 2; Evn. rt 1; Neg. ujkte 2; Nan. ruktu (On.) metal horns on cap.
2, 416-417.
PMong. *sir beads, coral beads (, ): WMong. sir, r (L 719); Kh. r; Bur. re; Kalm. r coral;
Ord. r(n); Dag. sur (. . 184: ur); Bao. ir; S.-Yugh. ur, ur;
Mongr. uru (SM 402), ur.
KW 371, MGCD 729.

1342

*u - *mo

PTurk. *srga glass, rock crystal (, ):

Karakh. sra (MK), srna (KB); Tur. sra; Gag. sra; Turkm. sra
enamel; MTurk. sra (AH, IM), sir (Pav. C.); Chuv. ra bead.
EDT 846, VEWT 419, 7.
A Western isogloss.
-u to leak, ooze: Tung. *urg- ( ~ -); Mong. *sir-; Turk. *s-.
PTung. *urg- ( ~ -) to flow, drip (, ): Evk. urg-;
Evn. rg-; Ul. or-; Nan. orgi- (On.).
2, 409, 416.
PMong. *sir- 1 to strain, filter 2 to drizzle (1 , 2 ): WMong. sirle-, sir-g- 1; (L 716) sirbigine- 2; Kh.
irvegene- 2; Bur. erbe- 2; Kalm. irl-, ir- 1; Mongr. surGu- enduire (SM
364).
KW 360, 361.
PTurk. *s- 1 to ooze 2 to melt (1 , 2 , ): Karakh. sz- 1, 2; Tur. sz- 1; Gag. sz- 1, 2; Az. sz- 1; Turkm. sz1; MTurk. sz- 1, 2 (AH); Uzb. siz- 1; Uygh. ss- 2; Tat. sz- 1, 2; Kirgh. sz1; Kaz. sz- 1; Oyr. ss- 1, ssqr- 2; Tv. szl- 1, ss-qa- to strain; Chuv.
ran- 2, rat- to strain.
EDT 861, VEWT 420, 7.
. 44-45. A Western isogloss; cf. *si, *sri.
-mo to dive, submerge, scoop: Tung. *om-; Mong. *omu; Turk. *om/ m-; Jpn. *sm-; Kor. *sm-.
PTung. *om- 1 deep 2 scoop 3 to pour water over oneself 4 to submerge, fall under ice (1 2 , 3 4
, ): Evk. omko 2; Evn. umku- 3; Man.
umin 1; SMan. umin, sumin 1 (2617); Jurch. u-mi-gi (695) 1; Ud. ompo4.
2, 406, 414, 429. TM > Dag. somog (. . 163).
PMong. *omu scoop (): WMong. omu, om (L 197: omu
wine cup, goblet); Kh. com; Bur. sobxon; Kalm. cm; Dag. om (.
. 182).
KW 431. Mong. > Evk. omo, Man. oman, omo (see Doerfer MT 61; but note that
forms like Evk. omko are genuine).

PTurk. *om- / *m- 1 to dive 2 to swim 3 to scoop 4 to immerse,

dip 5 scoop (1 , 2 , 3 4
5 , ): OTurk. om- = m- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh.
om-, m- 1 (MK), me 5 (MK Oghuz); Tur. me 5; Az. m 5; Sal.
um- (m-) 1, 2 (); MTurk. om- 1 (Abush.); Uzb. m-(mq) 1, mi
5; Uygh. om-, om-ul- (pass.) 1, m 5; Krm. (K) m- 1, (T) om- 1, 2,
(H) com- 1, to flow; (K) om, (T) m 5; Tat. um- 1, me 5; Bashk.
sum- 1, smes 5; Kirgh. omul-/ml- 1, 2, m- 1, m- 4, m 5;

*e - *e

1343

Kaz. om-l- (pass.) 1, 2, mi 5; KBalk. m 5; KKalp. om-l- (pass.) 1,

2, mi 5; Kum. om- 4, omu 5; Nogh. om-l- (pass.) 1, 2, omaqa , mi
5; SUygh. om 5 (); Khak. som- 1,2, somnax spoon; Shr. om- 2;
Oyr. m- 1, 4, omjaq pannier made of birch bark; Tv. m-n- (refl.) 1;
Tof. om- 1, omuq a small trough made of birch bark; Chuv. m- 1 (
< Tat.?; m jar may be < Pers., see 2, 401); Yak. som-us- 3.
VEWT 115, TMN 3, 95-99, EDT 422, 319. Cf. also *amak / -- big spoon
(VEWT 98; < *om-ak?). Various forms meaning to squat may belong here as well (cf.:
Tur. mel-, Az. ml-, Gag. mel-, Turkm. ommal-, Tat. m-, Kaz. mej-, KBalk.
mel- (trip over; cf. also mel-t- to turn over; dip someone into water), with a secondary semantic development (dip, dive > fall or sit down, squat); cf. similar semantic
shifts in PT *k-.

PJpn. *sm- to dip, dye (, ): OJpn.

soma-; MJpn. sm-; Tok. sme-; Kyo. sm-; Kag. som-.
JLTT 755.
PKor. *sm- 1 to swallow 2 to penetrate (1 2 ,
): MKor. smsk- 1, sms-, smh- 2; Mod. samkhi- 1,
samu-hi- 2.
Nam 287, 293, KED 874, 905.
SKE 21, EAS 64, 141.
-e ( ~ -i) deep, hollow: Tung. *o-; Mong. *og- / *k-; Turk.
*-.
PTung. *o- 1 hole, hollow, cave 2 pool, pond (1 , ,
2 ): Evn. n 2; Neg. odoxo 1; Man. onto, uku 1; Ul.
d 1; Ork. todo 1; Nan. od 1; Orch. od, odoko 1.
2, 407, 429. Man. ondoo < South. TM.
PMong. *og- / *k- 1 hole, uneven ground 2 deep (of water) 3
pool 4 hollow, cave 5 bag, pouch 6 small bag (1 ,
2 ( ) 3 , 4 , 5 ): WMong. our 1 (L 198), okijal (L 198) / ogijal 2, grg
4, ke 5 (L 209); Kh. congor 1, conxiol 2, cnxl 3, cnx 5; Bur. snxereg
pool, basin, pond; Kalm. col 2, coxg pit (); Ord. r 1.
Mong. > Chag. l Wassertmpel, Kaz. gl tiefe Stelle im Wasser; *ukur
tief, Vertiefung (VEWT 120); > Evk. uur, Man. uguru navel, cavity etc., see Doerfer
MT 38; > Evk., Evn. ugun hollow, cave.

PTurk. *- 1 leather bucket for milking 2 to submerge 3 hollow,

deep 4 pool, pond (1 2 3 , 4 , ): Karakh. ek 1; Tur. gl 4; Kirgh.
ke a metal vessel (); Shr. r 3; Oyr. , 3, - 2.
EDT 426.
KW 428, 430. A Western isogloss.

1344

**op - **op

*op freckles, spots: Mong. *ob, *ow-kur; Turk. *ap-, *opur; Jpn.
*smpa-.
PMong. *ob, *ow-kur 1 small spot, freckle 2 spotted, variegated (1
, 2 , ): WMong. ob 1, ouqur 2
(L 199); Kh. covd 1, cxor 2; Bur. sxor 2; Kalm. cxr 2; Ord. xor; Dag.
xor, kor 2 (. . 182), kore (MD 130).
KW 429, 431. Mong. > MTurk. oqur (see 1997, 203), Evk. kur etc. (Doerfer MT 101, Rozycki 49).

PTurk. *ap-, *opur 1 pock-marked, variegated 2 badly bred,

sloppy 3 to appear (of rash, furuncles) (1 , 2 , 3 ( , )): Tur. opur 1; Gag.
bar- 3; Az. opur 1; Turkm. opur 1; MTurk. ubar cheval gris de fer,
ibar grey, mottled (horse) (Pav. C.); Uzb. ipr 1; Uygh. ipa(r) 1; Krm.
bar, cbar 1; Bashk. sbrt- to appear (of rash on lips), sbar 1; Kirgh.
obur 2; Kaz. ubar 1; KBalk. apr- 3, ubar 1; KKalp. ubar 1; Kum. apr3, opur 1, ubar variegated; Nogh. ubar 1; Tof. ubar 1.
VEWT 116, 118-119, 320, 2, 403. An expressive and late attested
root; appears, however, to be reconstructable for PT. The original shape is probably *ap(preserved in ap-r- to appear (of rash), with further labial assimilation into *opur. The
frequently attested variant upar > ubar is most probably a result of contamination *opur
and *ubar (reflected in Tat. uwar, Kirgh. r that can only reflect *-b-).

PJpn. *smpa freckles (): Tok. sobakasu.

KW 429, 255. Cf. also Neg. aw, aw rash ( <
Mong.?). An expressive root, with a number of contaminations and
irregularities.

T
-tb ( ~ -p-) a k. of fish: Tung. *dab; Mong. *dabka; Jpn. *tp.
PTung. *daba salmon (): Neg. daw; Ul. dawa; Ork. dawa; Nan.
dawa; Orch. dawa; Ud. dawa.
1, 185. Man. dafaa id. corresponds irregularly and is most probably < Mong.
(despite Doerfer MT 143, Rozycki 53, suggesting an opposite direction).

PMong. *dabka a k. of fish (Doerfer: quadratschnuzige Meerbrasse) ( ): WMong. dabqa (L 214: sheatfish, catfish, Silurus),
dabqurul (L 215: a k. of fish resembling the carp); Kh. davx, davxral.
PJpn. *tp name of various kinds of perch (.
): OJpn. tapji; MJpn. tf; Tok. ti; Kyo. t; Kag. ta.
JLTT 538 (sea-bream).
For Jpn. cf. alternatively TM *tab(u) ( 2, 149) or *topV ( 2,
198).
-tbi bad wind, infectious disease: Tung. *d(b)-; Mong. *djiren; Turk.
*dabul.
PTung. *d(b)- to be infected (): Evk. d(w)-; Evn. dw-;
Neg. d-; Ul. d-; Ork. d-; Nan. d-; Ud. d-.
1, 184.
PMong. *djire typhus (): WMong. dire (); Kh.
djren; Bur. djren ben.
PTurk. *dabul storm, strong wind (, ): Tur.
(dial. ) dal; Turkm. dowul; MTurk. dawul (Pav. C.); Krm. tawul; Tat.
dawl; Bashk. dawl; Kirgh. dobul, dl; Kaz. dawl; KKalp. dawl; Nogh.
dawl; Oyr. tl (dial.); Chuv. tvl; Yak. tal; Dolg. tal.
VEWT 476, 46-47, Stachowski 236-237.
A Western isogloss. Mong. *dji-ren < *dej-ren, with a frequent
metathesis of labialization.
-tabu trade, barter: Mong. *da-; Turk. *dab-; Jpn. *tpji; Kor. *tbi.
PMong. *da- to present, make a gift, distribute (,
, ): MMong. daul- (SH); WMong. dajila- (L 222);
Kh. dajla-; Kalm. dl-; Mongr. dbla- vnrer par des sacrifices, offrir,
sacrifier (SM 38).
KW 82.

1346

*tb - *tde

PTurk. *dab- 1 wares 2 goods, livestock 3 cattle 4 to sell, trade (1 2 3 4 , ): OTurk. tabar 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. tavar 1, 2 (MK, KB), 3 (KB), tav- 4 (KB); Tur. davar 3;
Az. davar 3; Turkm. dovar 3; MTurk. tavar (Pav. C.) 1, 3; Uzb. tvar 1;
Uygh. tavar 1; Krm. tuvar 3; Tat. tuwar 1; Bashk. tawar 1; Kirgh. tabar 1 (<
Russ.?); KBalk. tuwar 3; KKalp. tawar 1 (< Russ.?); Kum. tuwar 3.
VEWT 451-452, 3, 114-117, 327-328, 336. Turk. > WMong. tawar,
Kalm. tawr (KW 385, 1997, 150), Russ. .

PJpn. *tpji expense (, ): MJpn. tfj.

PKor. *tbi barter, trade (): MKor. ti.
Nam 157.
An interesting common Altaic economical term. Let us note, however, that non-standard affixation in Japanese, as well as irregular tone
correspondence, may suggest a borrowing from Korean.
-tb to endure, obey: Tung. *dbu-; Mong. *daa-; Jpn. *tmpnai.
PTung. *dbu- 1 to obey 2 to sacrifice 3 to envy (1 2
3 ): Evn. dabda- 3; Man. dobo- 2 ( > Nan.
dbo-); SMan. diovi- (766) 2; Ul. db- 1; Ork. db- 1; Nan. dbo- 1.
1, 184, 211. The Nan., Ul. and Orok forms look as if they are borrowed from
Manchu (original *-b- should regularly yield -w- here). TM > Dag. dbo- to sacrifice (.
. 137).

PMong. *daa- to endure, take responsibility (, , ): MMong. daa-, daus- (SH); WMong.
daa(a)- (L 216); Kh. d-; Bur. d-; Kalm. d-; Ord. d-; Dag. d- (.
. 134); Dong. da-; S.-Yugh. d-; Mongr. d- (SM 37).
KW 81, MGCD 183.
PJpn. *tmpnai slave, servant (, ): MJpn. tbne.
JLTT 553.
The root reveals quite regular correspondences and is semantically plausible (Jpn. servant = one who obeys, endures).
-tde trap, to obstruct: Tung. *dad-; Mong. *idr; Turk. *dd-; Kor. *tt.
PTung. *dad- ferret trap (, ): Man.
dadari.
1, 190. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PMong. *idr hobbles, fetters (, ): MMong. ido[r] (IM),
idr- (MA); WMong. idr (L 178); Kh. dr; Bur. der; Kalm. dr;
Ord. dr; Dag. ider (. . 183); S.-Yugh. dr; Mongr. udor (SM
460).
KW 444, MGCD 577. Mong. > Chag. idr etc. (VEWT 110); > Evk. idar etc., see
Poppe 1966, 198, Doerfer MT 38, Rozycki 180.

PTurk. *dd- to hinder, obstruct (, ):

OTurk. td- (OUygh.); Karakh. t- (MK); Turkm. dj-, d- stop;

*tagi - *tagi

1347

MTurk. tj- (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. tij-; Krm. tj-; Tat. tj-; Bashk. tj-;
Kirgh. tj-; Kaz. tj-; KBalk. tj-; KKalp. tj-; Nogh. tj-; Khak. ts-; Oyr.
tijin- to restrain (oneself); Chuv. ar-; Yak. tt- touch; Dolg. tttouch.
VEWT 477, EDT 450, . 36, 2, 391, Stachowski 239.
PKor. *tt trap (): Mod. tt [th, ts].
KED 451, 454.
Final -h in Kor. orthography is probably secondary, as in a number of other cases; for Kor. SKE notes also a variant tot. Cf. also Oroch
toti trap ( 2, 201) < Kor.?
-tagi complete: Tung. *dagu- ~ -b-; Mong. *deren; Turk. *degl.
PTung. *dagu- ( ~ -b-) 1 content 2 to pour (1 2 ): Man. d-la- 2; SMan. dol-, dolu- 2 (598); Ul. daw, da 1; Ork. daw,
da 1.
1, 187.
PMong. *dre- 1 to be full, complete 2 full (1 , 2 ): MMong. duuren (HY 53) 2, duur- (SH) 1,
dorun (IM), duran (MA) 2; WMong. dgr-, degre-, (L 278: dgr-,
degr-) 1, dgre, degre, degren 2 (L 279); Kh. dr- 1; Bur. dren 2;
Kalm. dr- 1; Ord. drge- (caus.); Mog. dur- 1 (Weiers); ZM dorgn
(24-11a) 2; Dag. dre- 1 (. . 138, MD 139); Dong. duru- 1; Bao.
derge- (caus.); S.-Yugh. dre-, dr- 1; Mongr. dri- (SM 57), (MGCD
diur-) 1.
KW 107, MGCD 243.
PTurk. *degl is not (, ): Karakh. tegl (MK Oghuz); Tur.
degl, dejil; Az. dejil; Turkm. dl; MTurk. degl (Pav.C.); Krm. dugu; Tat.
tgil; Bashk. tgil; Kirgh. tgl; Kaz. tgil; KKalp. twe; Kum. tgl;
Nogh. tuwl.
EDT 480, 3, 213-214.
KW 107. A Western isogloss. All forms reflect a morphological derivative *tagi-gu(r/l) (which explains both labialization in the second
syllable and front row in Mong.). The Turkic form deserves special
comment: Ramstedt 1924 derived it from *tke- be exhausted (see under *tuk), i.e. being exhausted, having come to an end = is not. The
semantic derivation seems quite probable, but PT *degl is phonetically
not derivable from *tke-; it appears rather to be derived from an otherwise unattested PT *deg- < PA *tagi, but with the same semantic
shift. There is yet another possibility available: regarding -()l in Turkic
as a remnant of the negative particle = PM *l not, i.e. *degl = not
filled, incomplete.

1348

*tago - *tag

-tago sharp, to cut: Tung. *da(ga)-; Mong. *daa-; Turk. *dogra-.

PTung. *da(ga)- 1 sharp 2 to cut (1 2 ): Man. da-un 1;
SMan. daun 1 (1735); Jurch. da-u-gi 1 (801); Ul. d-qar 1; Nan. d-r- 2.
1, 191.
PMong. *daa- 1 to be able to cut 2 cuttability (1 ( ,
) 2 ): WMong. daa- 1; Kh. d- 1; Bur. d- 1,
dsa 2; Kalm. d-; Dag. d- 1 (MD 131); Bao. da-; S.-Yugh. d-; Mongr. dentrer dans (SM 37).
KW 81, MGCD 183. The root has merged with daa- to be able, endure, but seems
to preserve its old meaning.

PTurk. *dogra- to cut into slices, small pieces ( ,

): Karakh. tora- (MK); Tur. dra-; Gag. dora-; Az. doGra-;
Turkm. doGra-; Khal. tora-; MTurk. tora- (Sangl.); Uzb. tra-; Uygh.
tora-; Krm. doGra-, tuvra-; Tat. tura-; Bashk. tura-; Kirgh. tra-; Kaz.
tura-; KBalk. tuwra-; KKalp. tuwra-; Kum. tuwra-; Nogh. tuwra-; SUygh.
tora-; Khak. tora-; Shr. tora-; Oyr. tura-; Tv. dra-; Tof. dra-; Chuv.
tura-; Yak. trot-.
EDT 472, 3, 248-249, . XIV, 151, 2, 251.
A Western isogloss.
-tag root, grass root: Tung. *daga; Mong. *degne- / *dagna-; Turk.
*TAgna; Jpn. *tuku-nai.
PTung. *daga root (): Evk. daan; Neg. d; Man. da; SMan.
d (2144); Jurch. da (120); Ul. da(n), dni; Ork. dta(n); Nan. d, d;
Orch. daha; Ud. d, daha; Sol. dagas, dags.
1, 188-189.
PMong. *degne- / *dagna- turf (): WMong. degne-gl (L 252:
denegl) / dagna-sun; Kh. degnl; Bur. dagnaha(n), degnl.
PTurk. *TAgna 1 turf 2 stem, stalk 3 a k. of plant (1 2 ,
3 ): Karakh. tana java 3 (al-mahrut) (MK); Oyr.
dial. tun 1 (.); Chuv. tona 2.
EDT 471, 1, 247. The OT word is questionable: an OT Hapax, but the second part (java) is also a plant root. Tana java was added to sour milk in order to colour
it. Cf. Sak. ttumgara, Tokh. B tvnKrai, Tib. (Khotan) don-gra ginger. Bailey derives from
Iran. *tuvam-kara, i.e. made thick, but a Turkic origin (with Sak. suffixation) is also possible. If the Oyr. and Chuv. forms belong here the approximate PT reconstruction could
be *Tagna root, stalk. Turk. > Mong.: Khalkha tna .

PJpn. *tuku-nai a k. of yam ( ): Tok. tsukune (imo).

A designation for some root-crop or grass root. Mong. deg-ne-,
Karakh. ta-na (although its PT antiquity is somewhat dubious, see
above) may reflect a common derivative *tag-nV. The resemblance of
Jpn. tsuku-ne also may be not accidental (although synchronically -ne is,
of course, analysable as ne root).

*taja - *tjV

1349

-taja to lean on: Tung. *daja-; Mong. *daji- (?); Turk. *daja-; Jpn. *taj-r- (
~ -ua-).
PTung. *daja- to lean (, ): Man. daja-.
1, 199. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *daji- to bend, sway (, ):
WMong. daji-bal-, (L 221) dajiba-; Kh. dajba- quake, shake; Bur. dajbagar
club-footed; Kalm. dwl-; Ord. dwali-; Mongr. dwl- (MGCD 190).
KW 83. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. dajb- (Ka. JW 182, Stachowski 77).
PTurk. *daja- 1 to prop 2 to lean (1 , 2 ): Karakh. taja- 1 (MK); Tur. daja- 1, dajan- 2; Gag. daja- 1, dajan- 2;
Az. daja-; Turkm. daja- 1, dajan- 2; MTurk. taja- 1 (Sangl.), 2 (Pav. C.);
Uzb. taja- 1, tajan- 2; Uygh. tajan- 2; Krm. taja- 1; Tat. tajan- 2; Bashk.
taja- 1, tajan- 2; Kirgh. taja- 1, tajan- 2; Kaz. taja- 1; KBalk. tajan- 2;
KKalp. taja- 1, tajan- 2; Kum. taja- 1, tajan- 2; Nogh. taja- 1, tajan- 2;
SUygh. tajan- 2; Khak. tajan- 2; Shr. tajan- 2; Oyr. taja- 1, tajan- 2; Tv.
dajan- 2; Tof. daaq staff (. ); Chuv. tuja staff [tajan- 2 < Tat.];
Yak. taj- 1, tajan- 2; Dolg. tajan- 2.
VEWT 455, EDT 567, 3, 125-127, Stachowski 215. Turk. *daja-k staff [perhaps rather *dajna-k because of Tof. and Yak. forms: Yak. tajax, taax, Dolg. tajax, taak, see
Stachowski 215, 216) > WMong. taja, Kalm. tajg (KW 374-375, TMN 2, 445,
1997, 152).

PJpn. *taj-r- ( ~ -ua-) to lean on, rely on (,

): MJpn. tajor-; Tok. tayr-; Kyo. tyr-; Kag. tayr-.
JLTT 766. Original accent not quite clear.
71. The Mong. form is somewhat dubious here for semantic reasons. Cf. perhaps also MKor. ti- mast ( < stick, prop).
-tjV big, good: Tung. *dji; Mong. *daja-; Turk. *daja-gu.
PTung. *dji 1 big 2 size of (1 2 ): Evn. d- 2;
Neg. d- 2; Ul. d 1; Ork. di 1; Nan. d 1; Ud. d-ki 2.
1, 190, 202. The antiquity of all listed forms is somewhat dubious: they all
may be borrowed < Manchu daj < Chinese.

PMong. *daja- 1 all 2 big, great (1 2 ): MMong. dajir 2

(SH); WMong. dajaar, dajan 1 (L 223); Kh. dajr 1; Kalm. dajr 1; Ord.
dajan 1; S.-Yugh. dajr 1 (MGCD 192).
KW 73. Turkm. dajav huge may have a Mong. source.
PTurk. *daja-gu 1 young, elegant, fastidious man 2 good, nice 3 robust, healthy, strong (man) (1 , , () 2 , 3 , , ( )): Karakh. tajuq er 1 (MK); Tur. daj (dial.) 2; Turkm. dajav 3.
EDT 568.
12. A Western isogloss, rather unreliable: the etymology is
acceptable if the TM forms are not < Chinese.

*tjV - *tku

1350

-tjV elder in-law, elder relative: Tung. *d; Turk. *dj-; Jpn. *dia ( ~
*dai).
PTung. *d 1 in-law 2 elder in-law 3 elder brother of father; grandfather (1 2 3 ; ): Evk. d 2; Evn. d 2; Neg. dta 1; Man. danan 1; Nan. d-mn
3.
1, 183-184, 188-189.
PTurk. *dj- uncle (): OTurk. taaj maternal uncle (OUygh.);
Karakh. taaj maternal uncle (MK); Tur. daj; Az. daj; Turkm. dj;
MTurk. taaji maternal uncle (Sangl., MA); Uzb. ta; Uygh. taa;
Kirgh. taj, taa; Kaz. taa (dial.); KKalp. daj; Kum. daj; SUygh. taj;
Khak. taj, taj, tj; Shr. taj; Oyr. tj, taj; Tv. dj; Yak. tj.
VEWT 455-456, TMN 3, 196, EDT 474, 3, 127-129, 296. Some forms
go back to a suffixed *dja-kaj.

PJpn. *dia ( ~ *dai) elder brother or sister, elder relative (

, ): OJpn. je.
JLTT 392.
Cf. Bur. Olkh. dajdaj auntie.
-tke ( ~ d-) snake, lizard: Tung. *dakV (?); Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *tirj.
PTung. *dakV sheat-fish (): Neg. dx; Nan. doaqa; Sol. dxi.
1, 192.
PJpn. *tk- lizard (): MJpn. tkg; Tok. tkage; Kyo.
tkg; Kag. tokge.
JLTT 548. RJ, Tokyo and Kagoshima point to *tk-, but Kyoto - to *tk-. Cf. also
Ryukyu: Yonaguni tgr snake.

PKor. *tirj lizard (): MKor. tirj; Mod. toro-njo.

Nam 162, KED 464.
Basically a Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; the Tungus parallel is dubious.
-tku to attach, touch, reach: Tung. *dak-sa-; Mong. *duku-; Turk.
*dAk-; Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *dak-sa- to stick to (, ): Ul. daqsa-;
Ork. daqsa-; Nan. daqsa-.
1, 192.
PMong. *duku- to almost reach; to barely pass through ( ; ): WMong. duqu- (L 278); Kh. duxa-; Bur. duxa(dial.) to penetrate.
PTurk. *dAk- to bind to, add to (, ):
OTurk. taq- (OUygh.); Karakh. taq- (MK - Oghuz); Tur. tak-; Gag. daq-;
Az. tax-; Turkm. daq-; MTurk. taq- (Sangl., MA); Uzb. taq-, dial. Xwar.
daq-; Krm. taq-; Tat. taq-; Bashk. taq-; Kirgh. taq-; Kaz. taq-; KBalk. taq-;
KKalp. taq-; Kum. taq-; Oyr. taq- (dial. - Tuba).
VEWT 456, EDT 464, 3, 129-130.

*talo - *tl[u]

1351

PJpn. *tk- to touch, to reach; be attached, attach (, ; , ): OJpn. tuk-; MJpn. tk-;
Tok. tsk-; Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsk-.
JLTT 774.
PKor. *th- to touch, reach to (, ): MKor. th-, thi-;
Mod. t- [tah-], t-.
Liu 197, 204, KED 418, 422.
A secure common Altaic root.
-talo wing, shoulderblade: Mong. *dalu, *dali; Jpn. *t-i; Kor. *tri.
PMong. *dalu, *dali 1 shoulderblade 2 wing (1 2 ):
MMong. lum (IM) 1, dalu (MA) 1; WMong. dalu 1, dali 2; Kh. dal 1, da
2; Bur. dala 1, dali 2; Kalm. dal 1; Ord. dalu 1; Mog. dlu; ZM dl (2-7a);
Dag. dal 1 (. . 134), dale 1 (MD 132); Dong. daleu, taleu, dale 1;
Bao. dali 1; S.-Yugh. dl 1; Mongr. dl (SM 42), dalu (Minghe) 1.
KW 73, MGCD 193. Mong. > Chag. dalu etc. (see 3, 131-132); > Evk. dalu
(Poppe 1966, 195, 1974, 121).

PJpn. *t-i hand, arm (): OJpn. te; MJpn. t; Tok. t; Kyo. t;
Kag. t.
JLTT 545.
PKor. *tri wing (of a saddle) ( ()): MKor. tri; Mod.
tar.
Nam 141, KED 382 (deriving the word from tr- hang, which is dubious).
The Japanese word may belong here if it goes back to *tal(V)-gV ( =
MKor. tri, but tone correspondence is irregular).
-tl[u] to be together: Tung. *dali-; Mong. *dali-; Turk. *delim; Jpn.
*tr-; Kor. *tr-, *tr-m-.
PTung. *dali- 1 help 2 due to (1 2 ): Ul. dal(n) 1;
Nan. dalndo 2; Ud. dalindini 2.
1, 194.
PMong. *dali-m 1 suitable occasion 2 all together (1
2 ): WMong. dalim 1 (L 226); Kh. dalim 1; Bur. dalin 2;
Ord. dalim maniere, mode.
PTurk. *delim many (): OTurk. telim (OUygh.); Karakh. telim
(MK); Tur. delim (Osm.).
VEWT 472, EDT 499-500.
PJpn. *tr- to go together with, bring as company ( ,
): MJpn. tr-; Tok. tsre-; Kyo. tsr-; Kag. tsur-.
JLTT 775.
PKor. *tr- 1 to be together with 2 to be similar (1 2
): MKor. tr- 1; Mod. teri- 1, tam- 2 (orth. tlm-).
Nam 136, KED 408, 456.

1352

*tlV - *tb

EAS 110, SKE 257, Martin 225. Vocalism is insecure (Kor.-Jpn.

point rather to *tlu).
-tlV to lick: Tung. *dala-; Mong. *dol[u]a-; Turk. *dla-.
PTung. *dala- 1 to lap, swill 2 to feed (animals) (1 2
()): Evk. dala- 1; Evn. dal- 1; Neg. dala- 1; Ul. dala-n- 2; Nan.
dalo- 2; Orch. dalau- 2; Ud. dala- 1.
1, 193.
PMong. *dol[u]a- to lick (): MMong. dulom- (IM), dula(MA); WMong. dolua-, dolija- (L 259); Kh. dol-; Bur. do-; Kalm. dol-;
Ord. dol-; Mog. ZM dl (15-6b, 28-12); Dag. dol- (. . 137, MD
137); Dong. dolu-; Bao. dol-; S.-Yugh. dl-; Mongr. dli- (SM 59).
KW 94, MGCD 224.
PTurk. *dla- to bite (): Tur. dala-; Gag. dala-; Az. dala-;
Turkm. dla-; MTurk. tala- (MKypch.: AH, Ettuhf.); Tat. tala-; Chuv.
tula-, recipr. tola--.
3, 134-136, . XIV, 120. This root should be strictly distinguished from
PT *tla- to rob, with which it is confused in VEWT 458 and in EDT 492.

EAS 50-51, Poppe 22, 74, 13, . 186; TMN 4, 186

(lautgesetzlich unwahrscheinlich). A Western isogloss. The Turk.
reflex of the root is usually assumed to be *jlga- to lick - which, however, also matches very well PA *lu saliva, swallow and should be
rather attributed there. In Pre-Turk. we have to postulate a semantic
shift 1) lick > bite; 2) saliva(te) > lick.
-tb other side, outer side: Tung. *dalba; Turk. *da; Jpn. *ds; Kor.
*tr-.
PTung. *dalba 1 side 2 near (1 2 ): Evn. dalb 2;
Man. dalba 1; SMan. dalf, dalv (2570); Jurch. dalba-la (605) 1.
1, 193.
PTurk. *da outer side (, ): OTurk. ta (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. ta (MK, KB); Tur. d; Gag. dar; Az. dar; Turkm.
da; Sal. da (Kakuk); Khal. ta; MTurk. ta (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. t;
Uygh. ta; Krm. t; Tat. t; Bashk. t; Kirgh. t; Kaz. ts; KBalk. t;
KKalp. ts; Kum. t; Nogh. ts; SUygh. tas; Khak. tas; Shr. tat exterior
side; Oyr. t; Tv. t; Chuv. tol; Yak. tas; Dolg. tas.
VEWT 466, EDT 556-557, TMN 2, 511, 3, 164-167, . XIV, 115, 2,
243-244, Stachowski 218. -- in some languages is not quite clear.

PJpn. *ds other side ( , ): OJpn.

joso; MJpn. joso; Tok. yos; Kyo. ys; Kag. yso.
JLTT 578.
PKor. *tr- other (): MKor. tr-; Mod. tar-.
Nam 129, KED 382.

*tbe - *t[o]

1353

76. Jpn. has *-- instead of *-a- because of bad compatibility of *a and * in PJ.
-tbe harness: Mong. *delbeg; Turk. *dua-; Jpn. *dsp-.
PMong. *delbeg reins (): MMong. delbeget (SH); WMong.
delbeg (L 247); Kh. delbeg.
Mong. > Chuv. tilpxepe, see Rna-Tas 1971-1972.
PTurk. *dua- 1 to hobble 2 hobble (1 2 ): Karakh.
tu a belt buckle (MK, KB), tua- 1 (KB), tuaq 2 (MK); Tur. dua- (dial.);
Turkm. duaq 2; MTurk. (MKypch.) tua- 1, tuaq 2 (AH); Uzb. tuw 2;
Uygh. u- 1; Tat. taw 2; Bashk. ta- 1; Kirgh. tua- 1; Kaz. tusa- 1;
KKalp. tusa- 1; Nogh. tsaw 2; Khak. tuza- 1; Shr. tua- 1; Oyr. tua- 1;
Tv. dua- 1; Tof. dua- 1; Chuv. tl 2; Yak. thta clothing buckle (?).
3, 306, EDT 558 (OT tu buckle), 561, 562. Turk. > MMong. tuaa, WMong.
tua-, tusi- hobble, see Clark 1980, 42, 1997, 159, whence Evk. tus etc., see Doerfer MT 131, 190.

PJpn. *dsp- 1 to equip 2 equipment (1 , 2

): OJpn. josop-, josop(w)op- 1, josopji 2; MJpn. jsf-, jsff- 1,
jsf 2; Tok. yos-, yos- / yso- 1, yosi 2; Kyo. ys-, ys- 1, ys 2; Kag.
yos-, yos- 1, yosi 2.
JLTT 578, 787. Modern dialects reflect also a variant with high tone: it must be secondary, under the influence of *ds outer side (interpreted as a compound *ds + pput clothes on the outer side).

In Turk. one would expect *--; the reflex -u- is probably due to the
effect of the original labial in -b-. Note that some forms (Tat., Bashk.,
Yak.) actually reflect *--, so perhaps for PT one should rather assume
here a form like *do-.
-t[o] mat, mattress: Tung. *dli; Turk. *de-.
PTung. *dli mat made of birch-bark ( ): Neg.
dl; Ul. dl; Nan. dl; Orch. dli.
1, 194.
PTurk. *de- 1 to spread out (as mat) 2 mat, mattress (1
() 2 , , ): OTurk. te- 1, tek 2, (?)
tlet 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. te- 1, tek 2 (MK); Tur. de- 1, dek 2; Gag.
de- 1, dek 2; Az. d- 1, dk 2; Turkm. de- 1, dek 2; MTurk. te1, tek 2 (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. tak 2; Uygh. tk, k 2; Krm. te1, tek 2; Tat. t- 1, tk 2; Bashk. t- 1, tk 2; Kirgh. t- 1, tk
2; Kaz. ts- 1 (R); KBalk. tek 2; KKalp. tse- 1, tsek 2; Kum. tek 2;
Nogh. tse- 1, tsek 2; SUygh. tsek 2; Khak. tze- 1, tzek 2; Shr. te- 1,
tek; Oyr. t- 1, tk 2; Tv. de- 1, dek 2; Tof. the-n- 1, thek 2;
Chuv. tek 2.
EDT 494, 561, 563, VEWT 495, TMN 2, 617, 3, 333-335.

1354

*tn - *to

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. The semantic match is perfect, but front

row vocalism in Turkic is unclear (*do- would be expected).
-tn to bind, rope: Tung. *da-; Turk. *da-; Jpn. *tn; Kor. *tan.
PTung. *da- tight, bound tight, stuffed tightly (, ): Evk. daama; Man. dan trap, snare.
1, 196. Cf. also Man. deneen strips (on footwear) ( 1, 235).
PTurk. *da- to bind together (): Karakh. ta- (MK);
Turkm. da-; MTurk. ta- (Abush., Sangl.); Kirgh. ta-; Kaz. ta-; KKalp.
ta-; SUygh. ta-; Oyr. ta-; Tv. do-na-; Yak. ta-; Dolg. ta- to put on.
VEWT 461, EDT 514, 3, 145-146, Stachowski 216. Turk. > Kalm. tan- to plait,
knot.

PJpn. *tn rope (): OJpn. tuna; MJpn. tn; Tok. tsun; Kyo.
tsn; Kag. tsun.
JLTT 556.
PKor. *tan bundle (): MKor. tan; Mod. tn.
Nam 197, KED 393.
SKE 254-255, 3, 146. Cf. *ti.
-to to love, long for: Tung. *daa-la-; Jpn. *tnu-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *daa-la- to joke, mock (, ): Ul. daala-.
1, 196. Isolated in Ul., but having possible external parallels.
PJpn. *tnu- 1 pleasant, glad 2 to ask (1 , 2
): OJpn. tanwo-si- 1, tano-m- 2; MJpn. tnw-si- 1, tn-m- 2; Tok.
tanosh- 1, tanm- 2; Kyo. tnsh- 1, tnm- 2; Kag. tanosh- 1, tnm- 2.
JLTT 763, 841.
PKor. *t- to love (): MKor. ts- (t-).
Nam 144.
An Eastern isogloss.
-ta shelf: Tung. *dsa; Jpn. *tn.
PTung. *dsa 1 plank 2 saddle shelf 3 leather sole (1 2 3 ): Evk. dnne 2; Evn. dr 1; Man.
danaan 3; Ul. dana 1; Ork. danda 2; Nan. da 1.
1, 196. Shortness in Nanai is unclear.
PJpn. *tn shelf (): OJpn. tana; MJpn. tn; Tok. tna; Kyo.
tn; Kag. tna.
JLTT 541.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; seems plausible, despite irregular tone correspondence. Cf. Chuv. tigl, tegl bench.
-to pig: Tung. *du-; Turk. *dou; Kor. *toa-.
PTung. *du- a k. of seal ( ()): Neg. d; Ul.
daGar(); Ork. do, danar; Orch. daugai.
1, 196.

*tapV - *tpV

1355

PTurk. *dou pig (): OTurk. touz (OUygh.); Karakh. touz

(MK); Tur. domuz; Gag. domuz; Az. donuz; Turkm. douz; Sal. toas;
MTurk. touz (Sangl.); Uzb. tnis; Uygh. touz; Krm. touz, domuz;
Tat. duz; Kirgh. douz; Kaz. doz; KBalk. touz; KKalp. doz; Kum.
douz; Nogh. doz; SUygh. doiz.
VEWT 488, EDT 527, 3, 267-268, TMN 2, 585-586.
PKor. *toa- pig (): Mod. twi.
KED 496. The form is not phonetically deducible from MKor. tt (q.v.) and must
represent a different root.

SKE 272, EAS 141, 9.

-tapV to hurry, gallop: Tung. *dab-; Mong. *dab-; Turk. *dabra-.
PTung. *dab- mettled (of a horse) (, ( )):
Man. dabdali, dabduri.
1, 184. Attested only in Manchu, with parallels in Turk. and Mong.
PMong. *dab- 1 to spur on a horse 2 to hurry along, gallop 3 to advance 4 to attack (1 2 , 3 4 ): MMong. dobtul- (MA) 2; WMong. dabi- 1, dabki2 (L 212), dabsi- (L 213); Kh. davi- 1, davxi- 2, davi- 3, dovtlo- 2, 4; Bur.
dabxi- 2; Kalm. dabki- 2 (); Ord. dabi- 1; S.-Yugh. dabil- 3, dabtal2; Mongr. debi- 3.
MGCD 186, 188.
PTurk. *dabra- to hasten, be in a hurry (): OTurk. tavra(OUygh.); Karakh. tavra- (MK); Tur. davran-; Khak. tabra-; Shr. tabraq
quickly; Tof. dra-q quick.
3, 112-114, EDT 443. Turkm. dbra- is a result of contamination with dbalato trample (v. sub *tpV).

3, 114. A Western isogloss.

-tpV to stamp, press: Tung. *dap-; Mong. *dabta-; Turk. *dp-.
PTung. *dap- to flatten, press (, ): Evk.
dapa-; Ork. dapw-.
1, 197-198.
PMong. *dabta- to forge, hammer (, ): MMong.
dabta- (SH) ; dabi- to knock, hit (SH); WMong. dabta- (L 213); Kh.
davta-; Bur. dabta-; Kalm. dawt- KPC 175; Ord. dabta-; Dag. dabete- (MD
131); S.-Yugh. dapta- (MGCD 186).
Mong. > Kirgh. tapta- etc.; Evk. dapta- etc., Doerfer MT 101.
PTurk. *dp- to trample (): Karakh. tabr- to jump about
(about a camel) (MK); Turkm. dbala- to trample (of a camel), dbrato ride, stamp; Tat. tapa- (dial.); Bashk. tapa-; Kaz. tapa-; KKalp.
taplda-; Oyr. tabar- to fall upon; Yak. tabj- to hit with front hooves
(of a horse); Dolg. tabn- to scratch with a hoof.

1356

*tara - *tro

EDT 443, 3, 111-112, Stachowski 214. The Tat., Kaz., Bashk. and KKalp. reflect a variant *dapa- (or perhaps expressive *dppa-, to account for the lack of voicing -p> -b- after a long vowel).
Poppe 104, Menges 1982, 105, 13. A Western isogloss. There
exists also a not quite reliable variant *tabi id. (Mong. tab clinch, rivet;
TM *tabi- to forge ( 2, 149, with yet another variant *tabi-ti- >
*tapti- / *tipti- id., see ibid. and 2, 186).
-tara swelling, hardening, tumour: Tung. *darga; Mong. *dar-; Jpn. *tari.
PTung. *darga 1 tumour, growth (of neck glands) 2 throat, larynx (1
( ) 2 ): Evk. darg 1; Evn. darg 2.
1, 199.
PMong. *dar- to become stiff, hard or solid; to become rough, uneven, hard (, ): WMong. daraji-, darsaji- (L 232,
233); Kh. daraj-, darsaj-.
PJpn. *tari tumour (): OJpn. tari.
The root is not widely attested, but seems quite reliable.
-tra a k. of plant, reed: Tung. *daragan; Mong. *darki; Turk. *dr-g;
Kor. *tr.
PTung. *daragan 1 quitch 2 reed, cane (1 2 ): Man.
darGan 2; Nan. dar 1.
1, 198-199.
PMong. *darki brushwood (, ): WMong. darki (L
233); Kh. darxi; Bur. darxi.
PTurk. *dr-g millet (): OTurk. tar (OUygh.); Karakh. tar
(MK); Tur. dar; Gag. dar; Az. dar; Turkm. dar; Sal. dar; MTurk.
(MKypch.) tar (CCum., AH); Uzb. tariq; Uygh. teriq; Krm. tar, dar; Tat.
tar; Kirgh. tar; KBalk. tar; KKalp. tar; Kum. tari; SUygh. tar; Khak.
tar; Shr. tar (possibly < Mong.); Oyr. taral angelica (?); Tv. tar (possibly < Mong.); Tof. dar (possibly < Mong.); Chuv. tr corn.
VEWT 464, EDT 537-538, TMN 2, 480-482, 3, 157, 456-457. Turk. >
Hung. dara grain, groats, see Gombocz 1912.

PKor. *tr reed (): MKor. tr; Mod. tl.

Liu 198, KED 401.
Lee 1958, 107 (TM: Kor.), 10. PT *dr-g is usually regarded
as derived < *TAr- to cultivate (ground) (see sub *tra) which is not
excluded.
-tro to stretch, spread: Tung. *dr-; Mong. *dar-; Turk. *dar-; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *dr- 1 to stretch 2 fathom (1 2 ): Evk.
dr 2; Evn. dr 2; Neg. d 2; Man. da 2, dara- 1; Ul. d(l) 2; Ork. d(ra) 2;
Nan. d(r) 2; Orch. d 2; Ud. d 2.
1, 198.

*trV - *trV

1357

PMong. *darba- 1 to gape, open wide 2 width of the palm of the

hand, width of the finger (1 , 2 , ): WMong. darbaji- 1 (L 232), daruma 2 (L 235); Kh. darvaj1, daram 2; Bur. darbaj- 1; Kalm. darw- 1; Ord. darw- 1; Dag. darbali- 1
(. . 135), darbi- 1 (MGCD 202).
KW 79.
PTurk. *dar- 1 to go apart, scatter, spread 2 to branch, be forked 3
branch 4 claw 5 finger (1 , , 2 , 3 4 5 ):
Karakh. tarmaq 4, tarmaqla- 2, tar- 1 (MK); Tur. darga- 1 (dial.); Az.
darma-dan scattered; Turkm. dara- 1; MTurk. tar- to put an end to
smth. (Qutb); Uzb. tarvaj- 2, tarmaq 3; Uygh. tarmaq 3; Tat. tar- 1 (dial.),
tarmaq 3; Bashk. tarba- 2, tarmaq 3; Kirgh. tarba- 2, tarmaq 3; Kaz. tarmaq
3; KKalp. tarba- 2, tarmaq 3; Kum. tarmaq 3; Nogh. tarma- 2, tarmaq 3;
SUygh. tarmaq 5; Khak. tarba- 2; Tv. darba- 2; Chuv. torat 3; Yak. tarbax 5,
tar- 1; Dolg. targat- 1 (tr.).
VEWT 463, EDT 529, 3, 150-151, 312, 256, 2, 251,
Stachowski 218. Widely spread modern Kypchak forms like Kirgh. tara-, tarqa- to become scattered etc. are most probably < Mong. tara-, tarqa- (see under *tjri), since the
(rather scanty) Oghuz evidence points to *d-, so Clauson (EDT 529) may be right in thinking that there is no etymological connection between PT *dar- and Mong. tara-, tarqadisperse. It is also probable that the common Turkic derivatives *darma- to scrape, rake
up; to scatter, disperse in different directions, as well as *dara- to comb ( 3,
147-149, Stachowski 217) can belong here - although both roots tend to contaminate actively with PT *dra- to scrape (q. v. sub *ru).

PKor. *tr- to pull (, ): MKor. tri-; Mod. tari(arch.).

Nam 135, KED 383.
256, Lee 1958, 107 (Kor.-TM). Cf. *tjri.
-trV follow, follow in a row: Tung. *d-, *dara-n; Mong. *daraa; Turk.
*dr-.
PTung. *d-, *dara-n 1 to follow, chase, track 2 row, in a row (1 , 2 , ): Evk. d- 1, daran 2; Evn. da- 1,
darn 2; Neg. d- 1, dajan 2; Man. dara- 1, doran 2; Ul. da- 1, darn 2; Ork.
d- 1, daram 2; Nan. d- 1, dar 2; Ud. d 2 (. 226).
1, 184, 198-199. Cf. also PTM *de(ri)- to arrange in a row ( 1, 230).
PMong. *daraa- after, following, in a row (, ,
): MMong. darun (SH), cf. daruj-dur (HY 55) now, at this moment;
WMong. daraa (L 231), darua, daru; Kh. dar, daram; Bur. dar; Kalm.
darn; Ord. dardai the one who is after; Dag. dar; S.-Yugh. dar-lal;
Mongr. darla- laisser aprs soi, instituer (SM 46).
KW 77, MGCD 199.

*t - *tb

1358

PTurk. *dr- to touch, fall upon, attack (, ):

Tur. (Osm.) dar- (14 c.); Az. dara-; Turkm. dra-; MTurk. dar- (Pav. C.);
Tat. tar-; Bashk. tar-; Yak. trj-.
3, 149. Despite VEWT 133, hardly a mongolism (but Kaz., Nogh., KKalp.
dar- are probably < Mong. daari-). One should perhaps link also *dAr-n-, *dAr-l- to
become angry, offended ( 3, 161-162 - pass. or medial forms, i.e. *to be touched,
approached).

EAS 51, Poppe 22, 79. A Western isogloss. The Jpn. reflex could
have merged with *u q. v. TM *daran can be borrowed < Mong. (see
Doerfer MT 73), but *d- (with preservation of length in a monosyllabic
stem after the loss of -r-) is certainly genuine.
-t to say, sound: Tung. *de(b)-; Mong. *dawu-; Turk. *d-.
PTung. *de(b)- 1 song 2 to shamanize 3 tune (2 2 3
): Evk. dewej 1, dew-eki- 2; Man. dejegu 3; Orch. d-sago chorus
in shamanizing.
1, 228, 230.
PMong. *dawu- sound, voice, song (, , ): MMong.
dauun (HY 42), dauu (SH), daulaxi singer (HY 30), da (IM); WMong.
dau(n), dauu, duu (L 219, 278); Kh. d(n); Bur. d(n); Kalm. dn; Ord.
d(n); Mog. daun (Weiers), dn; ZM doun (5-6a); Dag. dau (. .
135, MD 133); Dong. don, duan voice, song; Bao. do, dun; S.-Yugh.
dn; Mongr. d (SM 62), dau (Minghe).
KW 104, MGCD 233. Mong. dau-la- > Evk. dawl etc., see Doerfer MT 61.
PTurk. *d- to say (, ): OTurk. te- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. te- (MK, KB) 1; Tur. de-; Gag. de-; Az. de-; Turkm. d-; Sal. dij-;
MTurk. di- (Abush.), te- (MA); Uzb. de-; Uygh. d-; Krm. de-; Tat. di-;
Bashk. ti-; Kirgh. te-; Kaz. de-; KBalk. de-; KKalp. de-; Kum. de-; Nogh.
de-; SUygh. di-; Khak. t-; Shr. te-; Oyr. de-; Tv. de-; Tof. de-; Chuv. te-;
Yak. die-; Dolg. die-.
VEWT 467-8, EDT 433-4, 3, 221-224, Stachowski 79. Kypchak and some other
languages preserve voiced d- due to the words grammaticalized usage.

A Western isogloss. One of several monosyllabic verbal roots.

-tb pelvis, lower part of body: Tung. *debu(k); Jpn. *tmp.
PTung. *debu(k) 1 pelvis 2 lower part of back 3 side (1 2 , 3 ): Evk. duwuk, dewuk 1, 2; Evn. dewki 1, 2;
Neg. dx, dewex 1, 2; Man. du, d 1; Ul. dewe 1; Ork. dewe 1, 2; Nan.
dewe 1; Ud. deuxi 1; Sol. debexi, dewexi 3.
1, 218.
PJpn. *tmp 1 vulva 2 arse (): MJpn. tb 1.
JLTT 552. The meaning arse is attested in Ryukyu dialects (Shuri ibi etc., see
ibid.).

A Tung.-Jap. isogloss.

*tga - *tga

1359

-tga high; top, mountain: Tung. *deg-; Mong. *dee-; Turk. *dg; Jpn.
*tk-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *deg- 1 to fly (v.) 2 bird (1 2 ): Evk. deg- 1, degi
2; Evn. de- 1, dei 2; Neg. de- 1, de 2; Man. deje- 1, dei 2; SMan. dei-,
dii- to fly (2300); Ul. degde- 1; Nan. degde- 1; Orch. deili- 1; Ud. dieli- 1;
Sol. degel- 1, deg 2.
1, 228-229. TM > Dag. deg bird (. . 136).
PMong. *dee- 1 above, up 2 to fly 3 to jump, leap (1 , 2 3 , ): MMong. deere (HY 50, SH),
dr (IM), dir (MA) 1; WMong. dee- 1 (L 242, 243), degde- 2 (L 241),
degli- 3 (L 245); Kh. d- 1, degde- 2, dlle- 3; Bur. dr(e) 1, degde- 2; Kalm.
d- 1, degd- 2; Ord. d- 1, degde- 2; Mog. dr auf, oben, dki aufwarts,
mehr, besser; ZM dei-ra (7-1b), dei-du (24-3b) above, dek- (41-2) to
come up; Dag. dre 1, derede-, degede- 2 (MD 135), d- (. . 136),
derd- 1, (MGCD, . . 136) dr, derde-; Dong. ier, iedu; Bao.
de-Go 1; S.-Yugh. dre, dd; Mongr. dre (SM 49), d-di (SM 50), te- (SM
418) 1, digin- sauter sur un pied (SM 51), dli- sauter, bondir, danser,
battre (coeur) (SM 56).
MGCD 206, 211, KW 84, 91.
PTurk. *dg mountain (): OTurk. ta (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
ta (MK, KB); Tur. da; Gag. d; Az. da; Turkm. dG; Sal. d; Khal. t;
MTurk. ta (MA), ta, a (Pav. C.); Uzb. t; Uygh. ta; Krm. da; Tat.
taw; Bashk. tau; Kirgh. t; Kaz. taw; KBalk. tau; KKalp. taw; Kum. taw;
Nogh. taw; SUygh. ta; Khak. ta; Shr. ta (.); Oyr. t; Tv. da; Tof.
da, ta; Chuv. tu; Yak. ta taiga, wood; Dolg. ta land, tundra.
VEWT 454, TMN 2, 439-440, EDT 463, 3, 117-118, 94, 111, Stachowski 236.

PJpn. *tk- 1 high 2 mountain (1 2 ): OJpn. taka- 1,

take 2; MJpn. tk- 1; Tok. tak- 1, tak 2; Kyo. tk- 1, tk 2; Kag. tak- 1,
tak 2.
JLTT 539, 841.
PKor. *t- still more, moreover ( , ): Mod. t.
KED 439.
Poppe 58, 89 (Mong.-Tung.; on Turk. *jg- see under *dge), SKE
260, EAS 51, 145, 1972, 4 (but *d top, above cannot belong here for phonetic reasons), Miller 1985, 143, 283. TM
cannot be borrowed from Mong., despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 58.
Korean parallels for Jpn. taka-, take in Martin 236 are improbable; but
cf. also Kor. thj up in compounds, see SKE 48; another old derivative
may be Kor. tt- to rise = Mong. degde-]. A different etymology proposed for PT *dg is the comparison with WMong. tajia forest (see
e.g. VEWT 454). The etymology as such cannot be accepted (because of

1360

*tg - *teg

the wrong correspondence PT *d- : Mong. t-), but Turkic may in fact
have merged two originally different roots - which would explain an
abnormal correspondence of Turkic long vowel to PJ low tone.
-tg ( ~ -o) mushroom: Tung. *degunkte; Jpn. *tki.
PTung. *degun-kte mushroom (): Evk. deinkte; Evn.
dewunit; Neg. dewuekte; Ork. dewekte; Orch. deuekte.
1, 229-230. Evk. > Dolg. deginmekte (see Stachowski 78).
PJpn. *tki mushroom (): OJpn. tak(j)e; MJpn. tk; Tok. take.
JLTT 539.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-teg (/*teg) round: Mong. *tg/krig; Turk. *deg- / *dg- / *dog-; Jpn.
*tnka; Kor. *th- / *th-.
PMong. *tgrig round (): MMong. togarik (HY 53), togorigai (SH), tugrig (MA); WMong. tgrig, (L 832) tgrig, tgerig, tgrig;
Kh. tgrg, dugarig, dgreg; Bur. txerig; Kalm. tgrg, dur; Ord.
tgrk; Dag. tukurin, (. . 169) tukuen; S.-Yugh. tgrg.
KW 406, MGCD 236. Cf. also tge (Kalm. tg) wheel, circle (KW 405).
PTurk. *deg- / *dg- / *dog- round (): OTurk. tegirmi
(OUygh.); Karakh. tegirme (MK); Tur. degirmi circle; Az. djirmi;
Turkm. tegelek, toGalaq; MTurk. tekirme, tekirmi (Pav. C.); Uzb. tgarak;
Uygh. dglk; Krm. togerek; Tat. tgrk; Bashk. trk; Kirgh. tegerek;
KBalk. tgerek; KKalp. dgelek; Nogh. tgerek; SUygh. doGr; Khak.
tolax; Shr. toalaq; Oyr. tooloq; Tv. tgerik; Tof. trej; Chuv. tgr
mirror; Yak. trem (poet.) round, tier- to turn round; Dolg. tier- to
turn round.
3, 176-179, 281-282, Stachowski 222, 227. One of several expressive common
Turkic roots meaning round and displaying phonetic irregularities. Some modern
Turkic forms (not listed above) are probably borrowed from Mongolian: cf., in particular,
Yak. tgr, tgrk, Dolg. tgrk ( > Evk. tuuruk). Cf. also 400 (with forms reflecting PT *teker). Bulg. > Hung. tkr mirror, see MNyTESz 3, 1010.

PJpn. *tnka hoop, rim (): Tok. tag; Kyo. tg; Kag. tga.
JLTT 537.
PKor. *th- / *th- 1 reel, spool 2 to spin, turn round (1 2
): MKor. thi 1, thr- 2; Mod. the 1, thl- 2.
Liu 713, 718, KED 1704, 1724.
Poppe 14, 40-41, 285 (with some confusion of this root
and *tke q.v.). An expressive root with some violation of correspondences; but borrowing in Mong. from Turkic is hardly acceptable, despite 1997, 154. In Mong., a variant *to- may be present in
*touri- go round (MMong. (SH) toori-, KW 408, Dag. tri-; > Man.
torgi-, 2, 204), tojira- id.; a variant *dug- in WMong. duuj,
Khalkha duguj, Kalm. duu wheel, ring (L 271, KW 101), whence Tur.

*teg[u] - *tla

1361

dial. toaj, Kum., KBalk. toaj ring, part of wheel hoop. Cf. also PA
*tkV curved, also a possible source of contaminations.
-teg[u] to make knots, tie to a hook: Tung. *deg-; Mong. *degee; Turk.
*dg-.
PTung. *deg- 1 to tie with a rope 2 hanger (for drying fish) 3 ski
rope (1 2 ( ) 3 ( )): Ork. dg- 1; Nan. degbimu 2; Ud. degumu
2, degsei 3.
1, 230.
PMong. *degee < (*dee-e) 1 hook 2 to be hooked up, suspended
2 to hang up, suspend (1 2 , 3 ): WMong. degege 1 (L 242), degi- 2, degi-le- 3 (L 246); Kh.
deg 1, dle- 3; Bur. deg 1, del- 3; Kalm. deg1, dl- 3; Ord. deg; Dag.
deg (. . 136) 1; S.-Yugh. deg 1; Mongr. dege boGodi
clopin-clopant, dle- pendre, suspendre, se pendre (SM 56).
KW 85, MGCD 212. Mong. > Evk. deg etc., see Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki 57.
PTurk. *dg- 1 to tie in a knot, make a loop 2 button 3 knot (1 , 2 3 ): OTurk. tg- 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. tg- (MK) 1; Tur. dj-; Gag. d-m-k 3; Az. dj-;
Turkm. dv- 1; Khal. tin 3; MTurk. tg- 1 (Sangl.); Uzb. tug- 1; Uygh.
tg- 1; Krm. tjm 3; Tat. tj-m 2; Bashk. tjn 3; Kirgh. tj- 1; Kaz. tj1; KBalk. tj- 1; KKalp. tj- 1; Kum. tj- 1; Nogh. tj- 1; Khak. tme 2;
Shr. tn 3; Oyr. tj- 1; Tv. dj- 1; Tof. d- 1; Yak. t-m- 1, timex 2; Dolg.
tmk knot, timk, timek 2.
EDT 477, 3, 307-308, VEWT 503, Stachowski 223. On Mong. loans see SKE
264, TMN 3, 203.

A Western isogloss. Turkic -- is quite strange here ( < *deg-?), so

the Turkic match is somewhat dubious.
-tla to become loose, faint, tire: Tung. *del(u)-; Turk. *dl-; Jpn. *tar(a)-;
Kor. *tarh-.
PTung. *del(u)- 1 to become faint, dissolve 2 lose consciousness (1
( ), ( ) .. 2 ):
Evn. dl- 1; Nan. delu- 2.
1, 231.
PTurk. *dl- to lose strength, to faint, lose consciousness ( , ): OTurk. tal- (OUygh.); Karakh. talan ig epilepsy (MK);
Tur. dal-; Turkm. dl- (dial.); MTurk. tal- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. tl-;
Uygh. tal-; Krm. tal-; Tat. tal-; Bashk. tal-; Kirgh. tal-, tal-; Kaz. tal-;
KBalk. tal-; KKalp. tal-; Kum. tal-; Nogh. tal-; Shr. tal-; Oyr. tal-; Tv. dal-;
Tof. dal-; Yak. tl-.
VEWT 457, EDT 490, 3, 133-134.

1362

*tlki - *tlo

PJpn. *tar(a)- 1 to tire 2 loose, lax, tired 3 to become loose, lax (1 2 , 3 ): MJpn. tara- 1, 3,
taru- 2; Tok. dar- 2, trum- 3; Kyo. dr- 2, trm- 3; Kag. dar- 2, tarm3.
JLTT 764, 847. An expressive root with irregular voicing and somewhat unclear accent correspondences.

PKor. *tarh- to tire, wear away (, ): MKor.

tarh-; Mod. tal- [talh-].
Nam 200, KED 408.
A good common Altaic verbal root.
-tlki decking, duck-boards: Tung. *delk-; Mong. *deleg; Turk. *Tel;
Jpn. *(d)k(n)ta; Kor. *trkur.
PTung. *delk(n) wooden platform for storing (,
): Evk. delkn; Neg. delk-xen; Ul. de-su; Ork.
delke(n); Nan. deke; Orch. deke(n); Ud. deke(n).
1, 233.
PMong. *deleg cross planks in a boat ( ):
WMong. deleg (L 248); Kh. deleg.
PTurk. *Tel decking, covering (): Turkm. telr canopy;
MTurk. telek a double ceiling for storing goods (Pav. C.); KKalp. telek
crib, barn; Yak. tel a mat, plank covering in a sleigh (. 3, 2619).
VEWT 471. Yak. telg- to lay, put in a row, Tuva delgeg shop window; exhibition
may be < Mong. delge- ,

PJpn. *(d)k(n)ta raft (): OJpn. ikada; MJpn. kda; Tok. kada;
Kyo. kd; Kag. ikda.
JLTT 422.
PKor. *trkur 1 raft 2 stump (1 2 ): MKor. trkur 1, 2;
Mod. tgl 2.
Nam 174, KED 546.
Jpn. and Kor. may reflect a common derivative *tlki-rV (although
the source of -u- in the second syllable in Korean is not quite clear).
Most languages point to the original meaning board covering, probably duck-boards in a boat or raft (with a secondary development >
plank covering in a sleigh in Turkic.
-tlo wild, mad, dumb: Tung. *dele-; Turk. *dl(b)-.
PTung. *dele- 1 wild 2 dumb (1 , ( )
2 , ): Evk. del(e)m 1; Evn. delmi 1, (?) dl- 2; Neg. delemi 1.
1, 206, 233.
PTurk. *dl(b)- mad, stupid (, ): OTurk.
telve (OUygh.); Karakh. telve (MK, KB); tel (MK-Oghuz); Tur. deli; Gag.
deli; Az. dli; Turkm. dli, telbe; MTurk. telve (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. telba;
Uygh. tlv sporty; Krm. deli, teli; Tat. tile, () tilb; Bashk. tile,

*telV - *tma

1363

tilb stagger; Kirgh. teli; delbe stagger; Kaz. delbe stagger; KBalk. teli;
KKalp. delbe stagger; Kum. deli; Nogh. teli; delbe stagger; Tof. telemir,
tele; Chuv. tiler- to become mad, enraged.
EDT 493, VEWT 472, 3, 214-216, TMN 3, 660-662. The forms meaning stagger reveal some irregularities (notably, voiced d- in some Kypchak forms), perhaps due
to interdialectal borrowing.

12. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

-telV to split, strike: Tung. *del-; Mong. *dele-; Turk. *del-.
PTung. *del- 1 to split, divide 2 be divided (1 , 2 ): Evk. delki- 1; Evn. delk- 1, deldk- 1; Man. dende- 1,
delxe- 2; SMan. dend- 1 (2622) 1200 1713; Jurch. del-xe (390) 2, deN-de(739) to understand; Nan. delki- 1; Ud. deki- 1 (. 229), dekte- 2.
1, 232, 233.
PMong. *dele- to strike, beat, hit (, ): MMong. delet(HY 38), dolt- (IM), dilt- (MA); WMong. deled-, deles- (L 248, 249); Kh.
dele-, delde-, delse-; Bur. deli-; Kalm. del-.
KW 86.
PTurk. *del- 1 to bore through 2 to cut 3 to open (1 2 ): OTurk. tel- 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. tel- 1 (MK); Tur. del- 2;
Gag. del- 1; Az. dl- 2; MTurk. tel- 1 (Sangl., Abush.); Krm. del- 1; SUygh.
telk opening; Tof. del- 1; Yak. tel- 3.
VEWT 471, EDT 490, 3, 185-186, TMN 2, 657.
A Western isogloss.
-teV ? female: Tung. *delku-; Turk. *dii.
PTung. *delku- (to arrange marriage): Nan. delxu-.
1, 233.
PTurk. *dii 1 female 2 woman (1 2 ): OTurk. tii 1
(OUygh.); Karakh. tii (MK, KB) 1; Tur. dii 1; Gag. dii 1; Az. dii 1;
Khal. tii 1; MTurk. tii (Abush., Sangl.) 1; Krm. dii, tii 1; KBalk. tii 1;
Kum. tii 1; SUygh. tese 1; Khak. tz 1; Shr. tii 1; Oyr. tii 1; Tv. dii 1;
Yak. th 2; Dolg. th 2.
VEWT 482, EDT 560-561, 3, 244-245, 315, Stachowski 237.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; dubious because of very scarce attestation
in TM.
-tma in vain, (scarcely) sufficient: Tung. *dem-; Mong. *demej, *dm-;
Turk. *dmin; Jpn. *tm; Kor. *tmi-n.
PTung. *dem- trick, roguery (, ): Man. demun.
1, 234. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels
(trick, eccentricity < trying in vain).

PMong. *demej in vain (): WMong. demei (L 250); Kh.

demij; Bur. dem; Kalm. demir- to become worse than smth.; Ord. dem;
Dag. dem (. . 136).

1364

*tmo - *tm

KW 87, 98. Mong. > Evk. demej in vain etc. ( 1, 234), see Doerfer MT 96; >
Turk. Tel., Bar. temej (VEWT 472).
PTurk. *dmin 1 enough 2 immediately (1 2 , ): OTurk. temin 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. temin (MK) 2; Tur.
demin 2; Gag. demin 2; Khal. temi 1; Krm. demin (K) 2; Tv. dem 2, demin
2; Tof. d:min 2; Chuv. taman 1, 2.
EDT 507, 3, 187-188.
PJpn. *tm occasional(ly), rare(ly) (, ): MJpn. tm;
Tok. tma; Kyo. tm; Kag. tam.
JLTT 539. One can also mention Jpn. dame in vain (accent correspondences point
to *tm-i) - a late word with an irregular voiced initial, but very probably having the
same origin.

PKor. *tmi-n rarely, only (, , ): MKor.

tmin; Mod. taman.
Nam 130, KED 384.
Martin 240 (Kor.-Jpn.), 1, 234.
-tmo to drip, soak: Turk. *dam; Jpn. *tmr-; Kor. *tm-.
PTurk. *dam 1 drop 2 to drop (1 2 ): Karakh. tam- 2
(MK); Tur. dam- 2; Gag. dam-na 1; Az. dam- 2; Turkm. dam- 2; MTurk.
tam 1 (Abush.), tam- 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. tm-; Uygh. tam- 2; Krm. tam- 2;
Tat. tam- 2; Bashk. tam- 2; Kirgh. tam- 2; Kaz. tam- 2; KBalk. tam- 2;
KKalp. tam- 2; Kum. tam- 2; Nogh. tam- 2; Oyr. tam- 2; Tv. dam-d 1; Tof.
tam-d 1; Chuv. tom-la- 2; Yak. tammax 1.
VEWT 459, EDT 503, 3, 139-140, 2, 245. There is also a variant *dm
wetness ( 3, 294).

PJpn. *tmr- to accumulate (of water) ( (

.)): OJpn. tamar-; MJpn. tmr-; Tok. tmar-; Kyo. tmr-; Kag. tamr-.
JLTT 762.
PKor. *tm- to soak, immerse (, ): MKor. tm-; Mod.
tamg-.
Nam 142, KED 409.
In Turkic one would rather expect *dm: perhaps the variants *dam
and *dm reflect original *dm with later interdialectal borrowings.
-tm ( ~ -a) root; strength, soul: Mong. *da-gi ( < *dam-gi); Turk.
*dmor; Jpn. *tm.
PMong. *dagi root; origin, generation (; ,
): WMong. dagi; Kalm. dg.
KW 82.
PTurk. *dmor 1 vein, artery 2 root (1 , 2 ):
OTurk. tamar, tamr 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. tamur (MK, KB), tamar
(MK-Oghuz) 1; Tur. damar 1; Gag. damar 1; Az. damar 1; Turkm. damar 1;
Sal. tamr 1; MTurk. tamur 1, 2 (Sangl., Abush., MA); Uzb. tmir 1; Uygh.
tomur, temir 1, 2; Krm. tamur 1, 2; Tat. tamr 2; Bashk. tamr 1, 2; Kirgh.

*tgu - *tp

1365

tamr 2; Kaz. tamr 1, 2; KBalk. tamr 1, 2; KKalp. tamr 1, 2; Kum. tamur

1, 2; Nogh. tamr 1, 2; SUygh. tamr 1; Khak. tamr 1, 2; Oyr. tamr 1, 2;
Tv. damr 1; Tof. damr 1; Chuv. tmar 1, 2; Yak. tmr 1; Dolg. tmr 1.
VEWT 460, EDT 508, 3, 143-144, 107-108, 264-265, Stachowski 238.
There are also some forms with -o-: Oyr. tomur- to uproot, Kirgh. tomor name of a plant,
from the root of which dye is produced, Kaz. tomar id., KKalp. tomar root - possibly
contaminations with *Tomar block, log (v. sub *tome).

PJpn. *tm soul (): OJpn. tama; MJpn. tmsf; Tok. tmashii;
Kyo. tmsh; Kag. tamashi.
JLTT 539, 540.
285, 264-265. Mong. tamir sinew; strength,
force is borrowed from Turkic (to judge from its phonology; see 1997, 153); but the comparison with dagi root may be accepted
only if one assumes a secondary assimilation *dam-gi > dagi.
-tgu axle, spindle: Turk. *degil; Kor. *th.
PTurk. *degil axle (): Tur. dingil; Gag. dingil; MTurk. tigil
(MA); Krm. tegil; Tat. teel (); Chuv. tnl.
VEWT 474, 3, 235-236, 2, 216-217. Turk. > Hung. tengely axle, see
Gombocz 1912.

PKor. *th axle (): MKor. th; Mod. (sal-)tho.

Liu 716, KED 900.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss; Mong. tekeleg axle is probably < Turkic.
Kor. *th < *th.
-tp to wave, flap; fly: Tung. *dep(-si)- / *dapsi-; Mong. *debi-; Turk.
*depre-; Jpn. *tmp-.
PTung. *dep(-si)- / *dapsi- to flap (wings), wave ( (), ): Evk. dawsi-; Evn. daws-; Neg. daws-; Man. debsi-,
debdere-; Ul. depsi-; Ork. daps-; Nan. depsi-; Orch. depse-; Ud. defi-.
1, 186-187, 228. Cf. also *deb-di- / *deb-ke- scatter ( 1, 227).
PMong. *debi- 1 to wave, flap, winnow 2 fan (1 , 2 ): WMong. debi-, debis-, debs-, debl- 1, debigr 2 (L 238, 239, 240); Kh.
deve- 1, devr 2; Bur. deje- (Alar) 1, debr 2; Kalm. dew- 1, dewr 2; Dag.
deuse- 1 (. . 136); delbur (. . 136) 2; Mongr. d(w)s-,
d(w)li- (SM 68).
KW 90. Cf. also WMong. degli-, Khalkha dlle- to jump, leap (L 245).
PTurk. *depre- to move, stir, shake ((), ()):
OTurk. tepre- (OUygh.); Karakh. tepre- (MK, KB); Tur. depre-, tepre-;
Gag. depre-, tepre-; Az. dbr-, trpn-; Turkm. depre-, terpen-; Khal. tepre-;
MTurk. tepre- (Sangl.); Uzb. tebra-; Uygh. twr-; Krm. tebre-; Tat. tibrn-;
Bashk. tirb-l-; Kirgh. terbe-l-; Kaz. terbe-l-; tebire-n- ;
KBalk. tebre-; KKalp. terbe-; Kum. terbe-n-; Nogh. terbe-l-; SUygh. terwe-;
Khak. tibre-; Chuv. tapra-n-.

1366

*tre - *tr

VEWT 474, 3, 201-202, EDT 443-444, 2, 173-174.

PJpn. *tmp- to fly (): OJpn. tob-; MJpn. tb-; Tok. tb-; Kyo.
tb-; Kag. tb-.
JLTT 768.
KW 90, Poppe 23, 45, Ozawa 247-248, Miller 1985, 150, 1985a, 82,
1, 217-218, 110, 275. Borrowing in TM from Mong.
(Doerfer MT 117) is hardly acceptable.
-tre ( ~ -o) phlegm, secretion: Tung. *derbe-; Turk. *dr; Jpn. *dnt-ri,
-rai.
PTung. *derbe- 1 wet, damp 2 to dampen (1 , 2 ): Evk. derbe-kin 1, derbw- 2; Evn. drbut- 2; Neg. dejbew- 2;
Man. derbe-xin, derbu-xun 1, derbe- 2; Ul. delbi- 2 (tr.); Ork. delbiti- 2 (tr.);
Nan. derbi-ktu 1, derbe- 2; Orch. debbi- 2 (tr.); Ud. degbi- 2 (tr.) (.
229).
1, 236-237.
PTurk. *dr sweat (): OTurk. ter (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ter
(MK, KB); Tur. ter; Gag. ter; Az. dr (dial.); Turkm. der; Sal. ter; Khal. ter;
MTurk. ter (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. ter; Uygh. tr; Krm. ter; Tat. tir;
Bashk. tir; Kirgh. ter; Kaz. ter; KBalk. ter; KKalp. ter; Kum. ter; Nogh. ter;
Khak. tir; Shr. ter; Oyr. ter; Tv. der; Chuv. tar, tr (NW); Yak. tir-it- to
sweat.
VEWT 474, EDT 528, 3, 203-204. Chuvash dialects show a variation between
e/.

PJpn. *dnt-ri, -rai drivel (, ): OJpn. jodari; MJpn.

jdr; Tok. ydare; Kyo. ydr; Kag. yodre.
JLTT 575.
The TM and Jpn. forms may be alternatively compared with PT
*jr saliva (see 4, 134).
-tr surface, skin; color: Tung. *dre; Mong. *iraj; Turk. *dri; Jpn.
*(d)r.
PTung. *dre 1 surface 2 face (1 2 ): Evk. dr, dere
1, 2; Evn. dere 2; Neg. deel 2; Man. dere 2; SMan. der 2 (52); Jurch.
der-hel (491) 2; Ul. dere() 2; Ork. dere(l) 2; Nan. dere, derel 2; Orch. d 2;
Ud. dgdi 2; Sol. derel 2.
1, 236 (cf. also Evk. dial. deri skin from deers head - cf. the semantic development in Turk.)

PMong. *iraj face, outlook (, ): MMong. irai (SH,

HYt), irai (MA); WMong. irai (L 191); Kh. caraj; Bur. araj; Kalm. ir;
Ord. ar; Dag. ar, (. . 183), cari, ari (MD 128, 214) ar, ar;
Mongr. ir (SM 457), ir (Huzu).
KW 441, MGCD 563. Mong. > Tat. raj etc. (KW 441, VEWT 109), not vice versa,
despite 1997, 113 (the cited OT ra face is actually Kypch. (13th century), and

*terta - *tru

1367

obviously borrowed from Mong., not from Iranian (?)); > Yak. sirej, Dolg. hraj (Stachowski 119); > Man. ira, see Doerfer MT 137, Rozycki 48.

PTurk. *dri skin (): OTurk. teri (OUygh.); Karakh. teri (MK);
Tur. deri; Gag. deri; Az. dri; Turkm. deri; Sal. cry; Khal. teri; MTurk. teri
(MA, Abush.); Uzb. teri; Uygh. ter; Krm. ter; Tat. tire; Bashk. tire;
Kirgh. teri; Kaz. teri; KBalk. teri; KKalp. teri; Kum. teri; Nogh. teri;
SUygh. ter; Khak. tr; Shr. tere; Oyr. tere; Tof. tere (. ); Chuv.
tir; Yak. tir; Dolg. tir.
VEWT 475, EDT 530, 3, 207-208, 383, Stachowski 223.
PJpn. *(d)r color (): OJpn. iro; MJpn. r; Tok. ir; Kyo. r;
Kag. ir.
JLTT 426.
284, 383.
-terta to pull: Tung. *derde-; Mong. *tata-; Turk. *dart-.
PTung. *derde- tag (of boots); rowlock, thole ( ( ); ): Man. derde-xun.
1, 237. Attested only in Manchu, with probable external parallels.
PMong. *tata- to pull (): MMong. tata (HY 38, SH), oa- (IM),
tata-, tt- (MA); WMong. tata- (L 785); Kh. tata-; Bur. tata-; Kalm. tat-;
Ord. data-; Mog. tata-; ZM tat- (4-4a); Dag. tata- (. . 166), tate
(MD 221); Bao. d-; S.-Yugh. tata-; Mongr. ida- (SM 444), (MGCD hd-),
tidr (SM 416) conduit deau, foss.
KW 383-384, MGCD 627. Mong. > Manchu tata- (see Rozycki 204).
PTurk. *dart- to pull; to hang (; , ):
OTurk. tart- (OUygh.); Karakh. tart- (MK, KB); Tur. tart-; Gag. dart-; Az.
dart-; Turkm. dart-, tart-; Sal. tat- (); MTurk. tart- (Abush., Sangl.);
Uzb. trt-; Uygh. ta(r)t-; Krm. tart-; Tat. tart-; Bashk. tart-; Kirgh. tart-;
Kaz. tart-; KBalk. tart-; KKalp. tart-; Kum. tart-; Nogh. tart-; SUygh.
tart-; Khak. tart-; Shr. tart-; Oyr. tart-; Tv. trt-; Tof. trt-; Chuv. tort-;
Yak. tart-; Dolg. tart-.
VEWT 465, EDT 534, 3, 154-156, 2, 254, Stachowski 218.
EAS 123, KW 384. A Western isogloss. Mong. cannot be < Turk.,
despite 1997, 154, and the Turk.-Mong. match cannot be rejected on phonetic grounds, despite Doerfer TMN 2, 437. However, in
this case we must suppose a secondary assimilation in Mong.: tata- <
*data-.
-tru ( ~ -) to gather, collect: Mong. *dar-ta-; Turk. *dr-; Jpn. *ttup-.
PMong. *dar-ta- to accumulate, pile up (, ):
WMong. darta- (L 233); Kh. darta-; Bur. darsa-.
PTurk. *dr- to collect, gather (): OTurk. ter- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tr- (MK, KB); Tur. der-; Az. dr-, der-; Turkm. tr-;
Sal. tre- (); MTurk. tr- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. ter-; Uygh. tr/j-; Tat.

1368

*ttu - *ttu

tir-, tijr- (); Bashk. tir-; Kirgh. ter-; Kaz. ter-; KKalp. ter-; Nogh.
ter-; SUygh. ter-; Khak. tir-, tr-; Shr. tr-; Oyr. ter-; Tv. deri; Yak. terij-; Dolg. terij-.
EDT 529, VEWT 475, 3, 204-205, Stachowski 221. Turkm. has an irregular
devoicing (old Kypchak influence?).

PJpn. *ttup- 1 to gather (intr.) 2 to gather, collect (tr.) (1 2 ): OJpn. tudwop- 1, tudwopa- 2; MJpn. ttf-, tdf- 1; Tok.
tsud- 1; Kyo. tsd- 1; Kag. tsud- 1.
JLTT 772. Most sources point to low tone, but Kagoshima reflects rather *ttap-.
Low tone in Jpn. is irregular (but see above on dialectal reflexes of
*ttap-).
-ttu respect, care: Tung. *ddu-; Mong. *ida-; Turk. *det-; Jpn. *tt-.
PTung. *ddu- to care, like, love (, , ):
Neg. ddelu-; Ul. ddu(n); Nan. ddu; Orch. deduli-.
1, 230.
PMong. *ida- to be able ( ): MMong. ida- (HY 37,
54, SH, MA); WMong. ida- (L 176); Kh. ada-; Bur. ada-; Kalm. ad(); Ord. ida-; Mog. ida- (Weiers); ZM idn power, strength
(2-7a); Dag. ad- (. . 182 ada-), ade- (MD 214); Dong. da-;
S.-Yugh. da-, hda-; Mongr. sda- (SM 331), da- (Huzu); ida- (Minghe).
MGCD 556. Mong. > Chag. da- etc. (see Doerfer 1, 316, 1997, 202); Chuv.
t- to endure (see Rna-Tas 1971-1972); Yak. sat-, Dolg. hat-, see Ka. MEJ 22, Stachowski 98.

PTurk. *det- 1 to strive, exert 2 bold, hero 3 clever, reasonable 4

cheerful, vigorous (1 , , 2
, 3 , , 4 ): OTurk. tetik
(OUygh.) 3; Karakh. tet-, tetin- (MK) 1, tetik, teti-l- to become clever
(MK); Tur. didin- 1, tetik 3; Gag. didin- 1; Turkm. tetrik support, help
(?); MTurk. tetik (Abush., Sangl.) 3; Uzb. tetik 4; Uygh. tetik 4; Tat. tti
good (nursery word); Bashk. ttj good thing (nursery word); Kirgh.
tetik 3; Kum. tetek pleasure; Khak. ttn- 1; Oyr. tidim 2, ted satisfied,
sorrowless; Tv. didin- 1, didim 2; Tof. titim 2; Yak. tetinex 4.
VEWT 476, EDT 450, 455, 456, 3, 218. Cf. perhaps also Kaz. etc. tetik device,
mechanism, Tat., Bashk. tte (guns) cock, Gag. tetik id.; virgins hymen, KKalp. tetik
mechanism, essence, Az. ttig trigger. Some forms reveal secondary assimilatory devoicing.

PJpn. *tt- be shy, respectful ( , ,

): OJpn. tutu-sim-, tutu-simar-; MJpn. tt-sim-; Tok. tsutsushm-; Kyo. tstsshm-; Kag. tstsshm-.
JLTT 776.
Tungus-Manchu has -d- as a result of regular assimilation after
*d- (cf. *tti and *d-du- lie < *d-tV).

*tto - *tdu

1369

-tto ( ~ -a, -u) swamp, water pool: Tung. *detu; Turk. *TAdgun.
PTung. *detu swamp, mossy meadow (, ):
Evk. det; Evn. det; Neg. det; Man. detu steppe; Ul. detu; Ork. detu; Nan.
detu; Orch. detu; Ud. deti (. 230).
1, 238.
PTurk. *TAdgun a k. of big river (, ): Karakh. taun (MK).
EDT 453: Clauson suggests a reading toun (deriving the word from to- fill), but
there is no waw in the text.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-tblka a k. of blossoming bush: Tung. *dbekte; Mong. *ibaga; Turk.
*d(i)ablku; Jpn. *tmpk.
PTung. *dbe-kte 1 dwarf birch tree 2 black birch (1 2 ): Evk. dwekte 1; Evn. diwu 1, diwuke 1; Neg.
diwegde 1; Ul. diwegde 2; Ork. duwete 2; Nan. diwegde 2; Orch. duokte 2;
Ud. duekte 2 (. 229).
1, 203.
PMong. *ibaga jujube (): MMong. ibuqan (HY 7); WMong.
ibaa(n), ibua (L 174); Kh. avga; Bur. abga dried fruit; Kalm. iwg,
ipk; Ord. iwaga; Dong. uuGa; Bao. ima; S.-Yugh. xGan; Mongr.
uGa (SM 439).
KW 442, MGCD 554. Mong. > late OT bqan jujube (EDT 396).
PTurk. *d(i)ablku 1 Spiraea 2 jujube (1 2 ): OTurk.
tavlqu 1 (OUygh. - YB); Karakh. tavlqu, tavlu 2 (MK); Tur. davlga,
davulgu (dial.) 1; Az. tuvulu (dial.); MTurk. tabulu, tubulu (Pav. C.)
; Tat. tubl 1; Bashk.
tubl 1; Kirgh. tabl 1; Kaz. tobl 1; Kum. toburu 1; Khak. tabl 1;
Oyr. tabl 1; Yak. tobuluoskaj 1.
EDT 441, 134. Turk. > Mong. tabilqa, tabila id., whence again most modern Turkic forms (Tat. tubl, Turk. tabulga, Yak. tamlan, Chuv. tuplxa); see (somewhat
differently) 521.

PJpn. *tmpk Camelia (): OJpn. tubakji; MJpn. tbk;

Tok. tsbaki; Kyo. tsbk; Kag. tsubak.
JLTT 552. It is interesting to note MKor. topik, mod. tobk camelia: it is regarded as Sino-Korean, but written as winter cypress (), a character and meaning
combination unattested in Chinese. With a great probability, therefore, MKor. topik is
borrowed from Jpn. (not vice versa, as suggested by Martin ibid.).

In Turkic one has to suppose vowel metathesis in a trisyllabic

word (*dablku < *dbulka). An interesting common Altaic plant name.
-tdu elevation: Tung. *dd ( ~ -); Jpn. *ttm; Kor. *ttn.
PTung. *dd ( ~ -) mountain ridge ( ): Evk. di,
dial. didi; Evn. gidan (Okh.) (? = /didan/); Man. idun; Ul. d; Ork.
d(n); Orch. idi.

1370

*tki - *tilV

1, 256. TM > Bur. zudan id. The Evk. form di (with - instead of the regular
*d-) probably reflects interdialectal borrowing.
PJpn. *ttm dike (, ): OJpn. tutumji; MJpn. ttm;
Tok. tsutsumi.
JLTT 558.
PKor. *ttn hill, elevation (, ): MKor. ttn;
Mod. tud, tudk.
Nam 163, KED 503.
Lee 1958, 113 (Tung.-Kor.). An Eastern isogloss. The Korean form
is aberrant in several respects (-u- instead of expected --, -t- instead of
expected -r-, low tone instead of expected high), and one may suspect it
in being borrowed < Japanese.
-tki to plant vertically: Tung. *dK-; Mong. *ike; Turk. *dik-.
PTung. *dK- to hide (()): Evk. dk-; Evn. dikn-; Neg.
dix-n-; Ud. dige-.
1, 205.
PMong. *ike straight, vertically (, , ):
WMong. ike, eke (L 180); Kh. ix; Bur. sexe; Kalm. ik; Ord. ixe.
KW 439. Cf. also WMong. ig, Kalm. ig straight (KW 438). Mong. ike > Oyr. ike
etc.

PTurk. *dik- 1 to plant vertically 2 vertical (1 , 2 ): OTurk. tik- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tik1, tik 2 (MK); Tur. dik- 1, dik 2; Gag. dik- 1, dik 2; Az. dik 2, dik--l- (refl.)
1, tik- to build; Turkm. dik- 1, dik 2; Khal. tik- 1; MTurk. tik- 1, tik 2
(Sangl.); Uzb. tik- 1, tik 2; Uygh. tik- 1, tik 2; Krm. tik- 1, tik 2; Tat. tek- 1,
tek 2; Bashk. tek 2, tek- , ; Kirgh. tik- 1,
tik 2; Kaz. tik- 1, tik 2; KBalk. tik ; KKalp. tik- 1, tik 2; Kum. tik1, tik 2; Nogh. tik- 1, tik 2; SUygh. tk- 1; Khak. tk- to set up a house;
Chuv. ik- 1; Yak. tik-, tk- to sting; to sew; Dolg. tik- to sew.
EDT 475-476, 3, 224-227, 325, 2, 417-418, Stachowski 223.
EAS 50, 150, KW 85, 439, Poppe 16. A Western isogloss. In Mong.
we also have Kalm. dek- to stick in; coire (KW 85), which Ramstedt
(ibid.) compares with the Turkic and TM word; if this were the true
cognate, we would have to think that Mong. *ig, *ike is borrowed <
Turkic (as suggested in TMN 2, 659). The poor attestation of Mong.
deke-, however, raises doubts (so does the final -e in Mong. ike, hardly
to be expected in a Turkic loanword), so the traditional comparison
(Turk. *dik : Mong. *ike) might be the best solution after all.
-tilV tongue; voice: Tung. *dilga-; Turk. *dl / *dil.
PTung. *dilga-n voice (): Evk. dilgan; Evn. dlgn; Neg. dlga-n;
Man. ilGan; SMan. ilhan (42); Ul. dla(n); Ork. lda(n); Nan. lG;
Orch. digga(n); Ud. digana- speak; Sol. dilg.

*tire - *tri

1371

1, 206. Without the suffixed *-ga(n) cf. Evk. dila-mkn, Neg. dlamkn high,
thin (voice).
PTurk. *dl / *dil tongue; language (): OTurk. tl (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tl (MK, KB); Tur. dil; Gag. di; Az. dil; Turkm. dil; Sal.
cil; Khal. til; MTurk. til (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. til; Uygh. til; Krm. tl, til;
Tat. tel; Bashk. tel; Kirgh. til; Kaz. til; KBalk. til; KKalp. til; Kum. til;
Nogh. til; SUygh. dl; Khak. tl; Shr. til; Oyr. til; Tv. dl; Tof. dl, tl;
Chuv. le; lx ; Yak. tl; Dolg. tl.
VEWT 478, EDT 489-90, 3, 228-229, 323, 227, Stachowski
237.

284, . 38, 70, 228. A Turk.-Tung.

isogloss.
-tire to sink, enter: Tung. *diri-; Turk. *deri; Jpn. *(d)r-; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *diri- to sink (): Ul. diri-; Nan. irie-.
1, 208.
PTurk. *deri deep (): OTurk. teri (OUygh.); Karakh.
teri (MK); Tur. derin; Gag. derin; Az. drin; Turkm. der (dial.); MTurk.
teri (Sangl.), tere (MA); Uzb. teran; Krm. teren; Tat. tirn; Bashk. trn;
Kirgh. tere; Kaz. tere; KBalk. teren; KKalp. tere; Kum. teren; Nogh.
teren; Khak. tire; Shr. tere; Oyr. tere; Tv. tere; Tof. dere; Chuv. tarn;
Yak. diri.
VEWT 475, EDT 551, 3, 208-209, 2, 179.
PJpn. *(d)r- to enter (): OJpn. ir-; MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo. r-;
Kag. r-.
JLTT 698.
PKor. *tr- to enter (): MKor. tr-; Mod. tl-.
Nam 174, KED 534.
Martin 231. High tone in Kor. is quite exceptional for a verb root
and irregular.
-tri thick, plenty: Tung. *dir-; Mong. *irgau; Turk. *dri-; Jpn. *(d)ita-.
PTung. *dir- 1 thick 2 plentiful (of food) 3 gullet (1 2
( ) 3 ): Evk. diram 1, dirga 3; Evn. drm 1;
Neg. djam 1; Man. iramin 1, iraun firm, stout; SMan. iram 1
(2413); Ul. dram 1, drgan 2; Ork. ram 1; Nan. ram 1, rg 2; Orch.
dijami 1; Ud. demi 1, diga- to eat, feed; Sol. dirami 1.
1, 207-208.
PMong. *irgau taut, hard, stiff (, ): WMong. irgau
(L 191: irauu); Kh. arg.
PTurk. *dri- 1 to live 2 alive 3 to revive (1 2 3 ): OTurk. tirig 2, tiri-l- 3 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tirig 2, tiri-l- 3
(MK, KB); Tur. diri 2, diri-l- 3; Gag. diri 2; Az. diri 2, diri-l- 3; Turkm. dri
2; MTurk. tiri (Abush.), tirik, tirig (Sangl.) 2, tiri-l- 3 (Sangl.), (MKypch.)

1372

*tre - *toke

tiri1 (AH); Uzb. tirik 2; Uygh. tirik 2; Krm. tiri 2; Tat. tere, terek 2; Bashk.
tere 2; Kirgh. tiri, tirik, tir 2, tiri-l- 3; Kaz. tiri 2; KBalk. tiri 2; KKalp. tiri
2; Kum. tiri 2; Nogh. tiri 2; SUygh. terik 2; Khak. trg 2; Shr. tirig 2,
tiri-l- 3; Oyr. tir 2, tiri-l- 3; Tv. dirig 2, diri-l- 3; Tof. dirig 2; Chuv. r 2;
Yak. tilin- to revive; Dolg. tillij- to revive.
VEWT 481, EDT 529, 543-544, 547-548, 3, 240-242, 324, 414,
Stachowski 223.

PJpn. *(d)ita- plentiful, strong (, ): OJpn.

ita-; MJpn. ita-.
JLTT 829.
13.
-tre narrow; short: Tung. *ir-; Turk. *d(i)r; Kor. *tjr-.
PTung. *ir- 1 dense, without intervals 2 close, near (1 ,
, 2 , ): Man. ira 1; Ul. a 2 ( <
*ir-g-); Nan. a 2 ( < *ir-g-).
1, 256, 259.
PTurk. *d(i)r narrow (): OTurk. tar (OUygh.); Karakh. tar
(MK); Tur. dar; Gag. dar; Az. dar; Turkm. dr; Sal. dar; Khal. tr; MTurk.
tar (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. tr; Uygh. tar; Krm. tar; Tat. tar; Bashk. tar;
Kirgh. tar; Kaz. tar; KBalk. tar; KKalp. tar; Kum. tar; Nogh. tar; SUygh.
tar; Khak. tar; Shr. tar; Oyr. tar; Tv. tar; Tof. dar (. ), tar; Yak. tr.
VEWT 463, EDT 528, 3, 146-147, 159-160; cf. 2, 179.
PKor. *tjr- short (): MKor. tjr-, tjr-; Mod. :ap- [:alp-],
:p- [:lp-].
Nam 154, KED 1395.
297.
-toke to touch, reach: Mong. *dk-; Turk. *dg-.
PMong. *dk- to approach, move closer ():
WMong. dk- (L 266); Kh. dx-; Bur. dxe-; Kalm. dke- ().
PTurk. *dg- to touch, to reach (, ): OTurk.
teg- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. teg- (MK, KB); Tur. dej-; Gag. di-; Az. dj-;
Turkm. deg-; Khal. tj-; MTurk. teg- (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. deg-; Uygh.
tg-; Krm. tij-; Tat. tij-; Bashk. tej-; Kirgh. tij-; Kaz. tij-; KBalk. tij-;
KKalp. tij-; Kum. tij-; Nogh. tij-; Khak. tig-; Shr. teg-; Oyr. tij-; Tv. deg-;
Tof. deg-; Chuv. tiv-; Yak. t-j-; Dolg. tj-.
VEWT 468-469, EDT 476, 3, 173-175, Stachowski 224. Sal. de-, dial. te-, tejito burn must be derived from the same root (to reach fire). A very complicated issue
is the relationship of this root to PT *dk, *dki- to, up to (usually acting as a postposition) - see 2, 182-185, EDT 477 (added should be also Yak. dieki in the direction of,
Dolg. diek, diegi side, see Stachowski 79). The phonology here is quite puzzling: one
would be tempted to regard the medial -k- as an archaism (see below on the irregularity
of *-g- in Turkic), but the open long *-- presents great difficulties (since the verbal root
itself most definitely has a short closed *--). A possible solution is to correct the recon-

*tle - *t

1373

struction *dk(i) to *dge-ki and regard the *-k(i) as an original locative suffix; this seems
plausible because another attested form of the postposition is *dgi-n (cf. especially reflexes like Tat. dial. ti, KKalp. dejin, Kaz. dejn, Nogh. dejim).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; not quite reliable, because in Turkic one

has to suppose assimilative voicing (*dg- < *dk-). In Korean and Japanese the reflexes of the root could have merged with those of *taku
(q.v.)
-tle spleen: Tung. *(l); Mong. *delin; Turk. *d(i)lak; Jpn. *(d) ( ~
*(d)-i); Kor. *tira ( ~ -).
PTung. * gall (): Evk. ; Evn. ; Neg. ; Ork. ; Nan. l;
Orch. ; Ud. (. 233).
1, 260.
PMong. *delin spleen (): MMong. deliun (HY 47), doln
(IM), dilun (MA), dlkun (LH); WMong. delign (L 250: delig); Kh.
deln; Bur. deln; Kalm. deln; Ord. del; Dag. delu(kin), (. . 136)
delkin, delig; S.-Yugh. dln; Mongr. dl, dil (SM 55).
KW 86, MGCD 215. Mong. > Evk. delkin etc., see Poppe 1966, 192, 1972, 96, Doerfer
MT 38, Rozycki 58.

PTurk. *d(i)lak spleen (): OTurk. tal (OUygh.); Karakh.

talaq (MK); Tur. dalak; Gag. dalaq 1; ; Az. dalaG;
Turkm. dlaq; MTurk. talaq (Sangl.); Uzb. talq; Krm. talaq; Tat. talaq;
Bashk. talaq; Kaz. talaq; KBalk. talaq; KKalp. talaq; Kum. talaq; Nogh.
talaq; Yak. tl.
VEWT 457, EDT 495, 3, 137-138, 279. Tat. > Chuv. talak.
PJpn. *(d) ( ~ *(d)-i) liver (): OJpn. i; MJpn. .
JLTT 420 (gives the meaning gall bladder).
PKor. *tira ( ~ -) spleen (): Mod. ira, ir.
KED 1529.
14, 279. Jpn. *(d)-i goes back to a suffixed
form *tl(e)-gV ( = Mong. deli-n).
-t stone: Tung. *ola; Mong. *ilau; Turk. *di; Jpn. *(d)s; Kor.
*trh.
PTung. *ola stone (): Evk. olo; Evn. ol; Neg. olo; Ul. olo;
Ork. olo; Nan. olo; Orch. olo; Ud. olo; Sol. olo.
1, 263. Evk. > Dolg. olo-ptin (see Stachowski 90).
PMong. *ilau stone (): MMong. ilaun (HY 4, SH);
WMong. ilau(n) (L 182); Kh. ul; Bur. ul(n); Kalm. oln; Ord. il;
Dag. ol (. . 182, MD 130); S.-Yugh. l.
KW 444, MGCD 582.
PTurk. *di stone (): OTurk. ta (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
ta (MK); Tur. ta; Gag. ta; Az. da; Turkm. d; Sal. da; Khal. t;
MTurk. ta (MA); Uzb. t; Uygh. ta; Krm. ta; Tat. ta; Bashk. ta;

1374

*tubu - *tubu

Kirgh. ta; Kaz. tas; KBalk. ta; KKalp. tas; Kum. ta; Nogh. tas; SUygh.
das; Khak. tas; Shr. ta; Oyr. ta; Tv. da; Tof. ta, da; Chuv. ol; Yak. ts;
Dolg. ts.
VEWT 466, TMN 2, 437-8, EDT 557, 3, 167-168, 326, 2,
421-422, Stachowski 219.

PJpn. *(d)s stone (): OJpn. isi; MJpn. s; Tok. ish; Kyo. shi;
Kag. shi.
JLTT 426.
PKor. *trh stone (): MKor. tr (trh-); Mod. tol.
Nam 159, KED 478.
EAS 49, 108, KW 444, 145, Poppe 15, 77, Poppe
1974, 133-134, Martin 243, Miller 1970, 129, Street 1980, 301, 1985, 646,
37-38, 71, 92, 277, 11, . 196. Certainly not
borrowed in Mong. from Turk., despite 1997, 154. Counterarguments against the etymology by Doerfer (TMN 2, 437-438) are not
convincing.
-tubu two: Tung. *ube-; Mong. *iwrin ~ *uirin; Turk. *TVbVr-; Kor.
*tubu, *tuburh.
PTung. *ube- two (): Evk. r; Evn. r; Neg. l; Man. uwe;
SMan. (2736); Jurch. uwe (637); Ul. uel(i); Ork. d; Nan. , uer;
Orch. ; Ud. ; Sol. r.
1, 276-277.
PMong. *iwrin ~ *uirin 1 two 2 pregnant (lit. of two parts) (1
2 (. )): MMong. i-rin (SH) 1; WMong.
iren (L 1060: irin) 1; Kh. irin () 1, ire-msen 2; Bur. ermehe(n)
2; Kalm. irmsn 2 (); Ord. irmesen 2; Dag. r() pair (. .
145); Mongr. uru (SM 96) 1.
KW 84.
PTurk. *TVbVr- second (): OTurk. Bulg. tvirem; Chuv. tebr,
tebrew.
Chuv. -b- is secondary, on analogy with prem first.
PKor. *tubu, *tuburh two (): MKor. tr (trh-), tuur, t-; Mod.
tl, t-.
Nam 166, KED 501, 509. The variant *t- (*tubu-) is attested as the first member of
numerous compounds, both in Middle and Modern Korean.

Poppe 28 (Mong.-Tung.), Lee 1958, 113, 19, 33, 292,

Rozycki 128. In Mong. one would rather expect *- in front of -i- as the
result of palatalization of *t-; preservation of the voiced consonant may
be due to the interaction of expected variants *iwrin ~ *duirin. The root
is no doubt a very archaic one; it is probably attested also in several
common Altaic derivatives. Cf. PTM *du-dgu couple, spouses = OJ
t(w)otug- to marry (*tub-tu-); PM *dab-ku- twice, double, layer ( >

*tke - **tm(k)u

1375

Chag. tapqur, Evk. dapkur etc., see Poppe 1966, 195, TMN 2, 429, Doerfer
MT 101), also reflecting a --less form like *tub-kV-; PTM *pti
(*ub(i)-pti) id.
-tke to pour: Turk. *dk-; Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *tahi-.
PTurk. *dk- to pour out (, ): OTurk. tk- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tk- (MK, KB); Tur. dk-; Gag. dk-; Az. tk-; Turkm.
dk-; Sal. t- (); Khal. tk-, tek-; MTurk. tk- (Sangl.); Uzb. tk-;
Uygh. tk-; Krm. tk-; Tat. tk-; Bashk. tk-; Kirgh. tk-; Kaz. tk-; KBalk.
tk-; KKalp. tk-; Kum. tk-; Nogh. tk-; SUygh. tk-; Khak. tk-; Shr. tk-;
Oyr. tk-; Tv. tk-; Tof. tk-; Chuv. tk-; Yak. tox-; Dolg. tok-.
VEWT 492-493, EDT 477, 3, 273-274, Stachowski 225.
PJpn. *tk- to pour (, ): MJpn. tk-; Tok. tsg-; Kyo.
tsg-; Kag. tsg-.
JLTT 772. Modern dialects point to *tnk-, which is probably a result of phonetic
merger with *tnk- to continue, inherit.

PKor. *tahi- to pour, irrigate (, ): MKor. tahi-; Mod. t-.

Nam 133, KED 423.
Cf. also Evk. ik- to wash away (shores), possibly < *k- (see
1, 256).
-tu ( ~ *-) wedge, peg: Tung. *ul-; Turk. *d.
PTung. *ul- wedge (): Evk. ulamaptin; Evn. ulmti; Ul.
ilemee; Ud. olomopti (. 234).
1, 272.
PTurk. *d tooth (): OTurk. ti (OUygh.); Karakh. t (MK), ti
(KB); Tur. di; Gag. di; Az. di; Turkm. d; Sal. ci; Khal. t; MTurk. ti
(MA, Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. ti; Uygh. ti, i; Krm. t; Tat. te; Bashk.
te; Kirgh. ti; Kaz. tis; KBalk. ti; KKalp. tis; Kum. ti; Nogh. tis; SUygh.
ds; Khak. ts; Shr. ti; Oyr. di; Tv. di; Tof. di; Yak. ts; Dolg. ts.
VEWT 481, EDT 557, 564-5, 3, 242-244, 228, Stachowski 224. Cf. also
PT *d-le- to bite.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Mong. duldaj stick, staff.

*tm(k)u silent, calm: Tung. *duk-; Mong. *d-; Turk. *dm-.
PTung. *duk- 1 dark, sullen 2 to bow the head 3 to knit the brows
4 to bow the head and slumber 5 to become silent, calm 6 quiet, peaceful (1 , 2 3 4 ( ) 5 6 , ): Evk.
dukin- 2; Evn. dukun- 2, 3; Man. dugi, duki 1; Ul. dugu 6; Ork.
dGal- 4; Nan. dugirien- 5 (.), dugu 6.
1, 223, 224.
PMong. *d- to become dull, murky (of sky), sullen, melancholic
(, , , ): WMong. dsi- (L 281);

1376

*todV - *tg

Kh. dns-; Bur. dnj-; Kalm. dg-, dg- be silent, ds-; Ord. d
obscur.
KW 105.
PTurk. *dm- 1 to be silent 2 silently (1 2 ): Turkm.
dm- 1; MTurk. tn- 1 (. - . ., MKypch. - Ettuhf.); Tat. t-k
silent person (); Bashk. dm- 1; Kirgh. tim, tm 2; Kaz. tm 2;
KKalp. tm 2; Khak. tml- 1, tm 2; Oyr. tm- 1, tm 2; Chuv. tamal- 2
(with aberrant vocalism).
VEWT 478, 3, 340-341.
1, 223. A Western isogloss; cf. perhaps Jpn. tsumbo deaf.
-todV to be full (of stomach, belly): Tung. *tude-; Turk. *dod-.
PTung. *tude- to be constipated ( ( )): Evk.
tude-.
2, 205. An isolated Evk. form, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *dod- become satiated, full (, ):
OTurk. tod- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. to- (MK); Tur. doj-; Gag. doj-; Az.
doj-; Turkm. doj-; Sal. toj-; Khal. tod-; MTurk. toj- (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb.
tj-; Uygh. toj-; Krm. toj-; Tat. tuj-; Bashk. tuj-; Kirgh. toj-; Kaz. toj-;
KBalk. toj-; KKalp. toj-; Kum. toj-; Nogh. toj-; SUygh. toz-; Khak. tos-;
Shr. tos-; Oyr. toj-; Tv. tot-; Tof. dot-; Chuv. tran-; Yak. tot-; Dolg. tot-.
VEWT 483, EDT 451, 3, 251-252, Stachowski 227.
Cf. perhaps also Mong. to-sun melted fat ( < *tod-su-n ?).
-tg ( ~ -, -k-, -u-) wild, ferocious: Mong. *dog-si-; Jpn. *tki-.
PMong. *dog-si- wild, ferocious (, ): WMong.
dosin (L 256); Kh. dogin; Bur. doxon; Kalm. dokn; Ord. dogin, doin;
Dag. dorin, dogin (. . 137), dogein (MD 136); Dong. doun;
S.-Yugh. doa; Mongr. doGn (SM 58), doGin.
KW 93, MGCD 222. Mong. > Oyr. toqn; Man. doksin, see Doerfer MT 137, Rozycki
61.

PJpn. *tki- wild, ferocious; brave (, ; ):

OJpn. takje-si-; MJpn. tk-s-; Tok. takeshi (arch.).
JLTT 841.
Ozawa 242, JOAL 68. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. In Turkic cf. perhaps
Turkm. doGum courage; Kirgh. tuulu courageous, skillful; Oyr.
tragar wild, mad, ferocious.
-tg ( ~ -, -u-) falcon: Turk. *dogan; Jpn. *tk.
PTurk. *dogan falcon (): OTurk. toan (OUygh.); Karakh. toan
(MK); Tur. doan; Gag. duan; MTurk. toan (Abush., Sangl.); Uygh.
toan; Krm. tuan.
VEWT 483, TMN 3, 351-352, 3, 247-248, 169. Cf. also *Togrl hunting falcon (VEWT 484, TMN 3, 346-347).

*tg - *tj-

1377

PJpn. *tk falcon (): OJpn. taka; MJpn. tk; Tok. tka; Kyo.
tk; Kag. tka.
JLTT 538.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. The root should be distinguished from
*tb q.v.
-tg ( ~ -u-, -u) mound, dam: Tung. *dug[i]-; Jpn. *tk; Kor. *tuk.
PTung. *dug[i]- 1 channel, island 2 straight road (1 ,
( ) 2 ): Evk. duin, duu 1; Man. doqo 2; Ud. duala
old channel.
1, 219.
PJpn. *tk dam, mound (): OJpn. tuka; MJpn. tk; Tok.
tsuk; Kyo. tsk; Kag. tska.
JLTT 554.
PKor. *tuk mound, dam (, ): MKor. tuk; Mod. tuk.
Liu 241, KED 507.
Miller 1986, 54. An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Chag. tg-ba
Steinplatte auf einem Grab.
-togV a k. of fish: Tung. *duk; Mong. *dogdur; Turk. *Tog.
PTung. *duk a k. of fish ( ()): Evk. duk; Evn.
dqa.
1, 221.
PMong. *dogdur pike, perch (L) (): WMong. dodur (L 256);
Kh. dogdor.
PTurk. *Tog a k. of fish ( ): Tat. to sturgeon ();
Shr. to perch; Oyr. tl .
A Western isogloss.
-tj- four: Tung. *dgin; Mong. *dr-ben, *d-in; Turk. *drt; Jpn. *d-.
PTung. *dgin four (): Evk. di; Evn. dii; Neg. di; Man.
dujn; SMan. duin (2738); Jurch. dujin (639); Ul. dui(n); Ork. n; Nan. du;
Orch. d; Ud. d; Sol. dig.
1,204. Cf. also *deki fourty ( 1, 215; despite Doerfer MT 78-79, cannot be
borrowed from Mong. *d-in).

PMong. *dr-ben, *d-in 1 four 2 forty (1 2 ):

MMong. dorben (HY 42, SH), dorbn (IM), durbn (MA) 1, doin (HY 43),
duin (IM), duin (MA) 2; WMong. drbe(n) (L 268) 1, di(n) (L 266) 2;
Kh. drv 1, d(in) 2; Bur. drbe(n) 1 de(n) 2; Kalm. drwn 1, dn 2;
Ord. drw 1, di 2; Mog. drbn; ZM dorbn (25-1b); Dag. durub, durb
1, dui(n), du 2 (. . 138), dui 2 (MD 138), durube(n) 1 (MD 139);
Dong. ieruan, ieron 1; Bao. dero, dera 1; S.-Yugh. drwn, drwen 1,
din 2; Mongr. dran (SM 52), dren 1, tin, tein (SM 417) 2.
KW 100, TMN 1, 329, MGCD 231, 232.

1378

*tok - *tokV

PTurk. *drt four (): OTurk. trt (OUygh.); Karakh. trt

(MK); Tur. drt; Gag. drt; Az. drd; Turkm. drt; MTurk. trt (. .,
Pav. C.); Uzb. trt; Uygh. t(r)t; Krm. drt; Tat. drt; Bashk. drt; Kirgh.
trt; Kaz. trt; KBalk. trt; KKalp. trt; Kum. drt; Nogh. drt; SUygh.
drt, trt; Khak. trt; Shr. trt; Oyr. trt; Tv. drt; Chuv. tvad; Yak.
trt; Dolg. trt.
EDT 534, VEWT 495, 3, 284-286, Stachowski 235.
PJpn. *d- four (): OJpn. jo-; MJpn. jo-; Tok. y-; Kyo. y-;
Kag. y-.
JLTT 578. Accent unclear (as in other numerals).
EAS 146, KW 100, 360, Poppe 110, Ozawa 154-156,
Murayama 1962, 108, JOAL 35-36, TMN 1, 329-330), 71. In
TMN 2, 608 Doerfer tries to deny the comparison with TM (es gibt
kein Lautgesetz mo. = tu. ), which is not justified.
-tok base of a horn, callosity: Tung. *dokta-; Mong. *duku; Turk. *Tok;
Jpn. *takua.
PTung. *dokta- forehead (of an animal) ( (
), ): Evk. doktonno; Man. doqian.
1, 213.
PMong. *duku 1 back of the head 2 forehead (1 2 ):
WMong. duqu (L 278); Kh. duxa 1, 2; Bur. duxa 2, 1 (Agin.); Kalm. dux 1,
2; Ord. duxu 2; Dag. dox 1.
Cf. ZM doqei knob, nodosity (2-8a). KW 101.
PTurk. *Tok 1 hummel 2 base of a horn 3 with a shaved head (1 2 3 ): Karakh. toq 3 (MK); Khal.
? toq Gipfel, Spitze; MTurk. toqal (R) 1; Uzb. tql 1, 3; Uygh. toqal 1;
Krm. toqal ; Bashk. tuqal 1; Kirgh. toqol 1; Kaz. toqal 1,
2; KBalk. toqal 1; KKalp. toqal 1; Nogh. toqal, toqalaq 1, 3; Tv. toqpaq
(), doqpaq ; Tof. ? toq
.
VEWT 485, 486 (but not < Mong., despite Rsnen); EDT 464.
PJpn. *takua callosity (): Tok. tako.
The meaning base of a horn attested in some Turkic languages is
probably original and explains well the semantic development elsewhere ( > callosity; forehead (of an animal) etc.).
-tokV ( ~ -k-) to plait, weave: Tung. *duKu-; Turk. *doku-; Kor. *th-,
*th-r-.
PTung. *duKu- to strand, plait ( ()): Neg. dukte-; Ul. d-;
Nan. d-.
1, 220-221.
PTurk. *doku- to weave (): OTurk. toqu- (OUygh.); Karakh.
toqu- (MK); Tur. doku-; Gag. doqu-; Az. toxu-; Turkm. doqa-; Khal. toqu-;

*tole - *tlu

1379

MTurk. toqu- (Sangl.); Uzb. tqi-; Uygh. toqu-; Krm. tox-; Tat. tuq-;
Bashk. tuq-; Kirgh. toqu-; Kaz. toq-; KBalk. ? toustun . ,
. ; KKalp. toq-; Nogh. toq-; SUygh. toq-.
VEWT 484-5, EDT 467, 3, 253-254 (to distinguish from *tok- to beat), 395. Turk. > WMong. toki-, Kalm. tok- to plait (KW 398).

PKor. *th-, *th-r- 1 to plait, weave 2 to twist, wind (1 ,

2 , ): MKor. th- 1, thr- 2; Mod. t:a- [t:ah-] 1, thl- 2.
Nam 145, Liu 718, KED 418, 1724.
15.
-tole quiet, languid: Tung. *dulu-; Mong. *dli-gen / *dl-gen; Turk.
*dle-.
PTung. *dulu- quiet, peaceful, easy (, ): Evk.
dulu-mkn; Evn. dlm.
1, 223.
PMong. *dli-gen / *dl-gen quiet, peaceful (, ): MMong. dolejen (HY 52); WMong. dligen, dlgen, dlgen (L
267); Kh. dlgn ( < WMong.); Bur. dlgn ( < WMong.); Kalm. dln;
Ord. dl(n).
KW 98.
PTurk. *dle- tranquil, sedate, quiet (, , ):
Karakh. tlek (MK); Tur. dle-k, dlen-; Uzb. tlek (Chag.); Chuv. tlek.
EDT 498, VEWT 504.
1, 223 (TM-Mong.), 13. A Western isogloss.
-tle ( ~ -o-, -a-) progeny, generation: Turk. *dl; Jpn. *d.
PTurk. *dl 1 progeny, breed 2 new-born animals (1 2
): OTurk. tl 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. tl (MK Oghuz.) season
when animals give birth to their young; the newborn young; Tur. dl 1;
Az. dl 2; Turkm. dl 2, sperm; MTurk. tl 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. tl 2; Uygh.
tl 2; Tat. tl bird ovary; Bashk. tl ;
; Kirgh. tl 2; Kaz. tl 2; KBalk. tl 2, generation; KKalp. tl 2;
Kum. tl 2; Nogh. tl 2; Khak. tl 1; Shr. tl 1; Oyr. tl-d- to breed; Tv.
tl 1.
3, 274-276; EDT 490. Turk. > Mong. tl new-born young animals.
PJpn. *d generation, age (, ): OJpn. jo; MJpn. j;
Tok. y, y; Kyo. y; Kag. y.
JLTT 575.
A Turkic-Jpn. isogloss; not quite reliable, because the Jpn. form
can have many possible protoforms.
-tlu ( ~ tlo) to spin, turn round: Turk. *dolga-; Jpn. *dr-; Kor. *tr- /
*tr-.
PTurk. *dolga- to twist, to wrap round (, ):
Karakh. tola- (MK); Tur. dola-; Az. dola-; Turkm. dola-; Khal. tola-n- to

1380

*tu - *tu

walk around; MTurk. tola- (Abush., MA); Uzb. tla-; Uygh. tolu-;
Krm. tola-; Tat. tola-n- (refl.); Bashk. tula cloth; Kirgh. tolo-; Kaz.
tola-; Kum. dola-n- to tinker with smth.; Shr. tolaj turn; Oyr. tolo-;
Tv. dola-; Tof. dola-; Chuv. tla, tlla cloth, petersham.
VEWT 486, EDT 497, 3, 259-260, 2, 187-188, . XIV, 254-255, 259.
PJpn. *dr- to twist (, ): OJpn. jor-; MJpn. jr-; Tok.
yr-; Kyo. yr-; Kag. yr-.
JLTT 787.
PKor. *tr- / *tr- 1 revolve 2 surround (1 2 ):
MKor. tr-ka- return, tr-p- look back, tr- 1, tr- 2; Mod. tol- 1,
tur- 2.
Liu 223, 229, 239, KED 479, 504.
Martin 245.
-tu birch bark, vessel made of birch bark: Tung. *duri; Mong.
*duru-sun; Turk. *T; Jpn. *tr(m)pi; Kor. *turi.
PTung. *duri cradle made of birch bark ( ): Evn.
dr; Neg. duj; Man. duri; SMan. ur (516); Ul. duri; Nan. duri; Orch. duji;
Ud. di.
1, 217.
PMong. *duru-sun liber, bast, bark (specif. birch bark) (, ): WMong. duru-sun (L 276); Kh. durs; Bur. durhan; Kalm. dursn; Ord.
durusu.
KW 103.
PTurk. *T birch bark 2 birch cover (for a bow) 3 vessel made of
birch bark (, ): OTurk. toz (OUygh.);
Karakh. toz (MK); Tur. (Osm.) toz
; MTurk. toz , (Sangl.); Uzb. ts ,
; Tat. tuz; Bashk. tu; Kirgh. toz ; Kaz. toz;
KKalp. toz; Khak. tos, dial. to; Shr. tos; Oyr. tos; Tv. tos; Tof. dos; Yak.
tuos; Dolg. tuos x.
VEWT 491-2, EDT 571, 103. Turk. > WMong. tous, toos, Kalm. ts, see
Clark 1980, 39.

PJpn. *tr(m)pi bucket, pail (, ): OJpn. turub(j)e;

MJpn. trb; Tok. tsrube; Kyo. tsrb; Kag. tsurbe.
JLTT 557. A rare accent class in MJ: HHL; its modern reflexes are not quite clear.
PKor. *turi bucket, scoop (, ): Mod. ture.
KED 503.
KW 103, TMN 2, 612 (was nicht ganz unmglich wre), 103.

*tb - *tg

1381

-tb ( ~ -o-) end, edge: Tung. *dub; Mong. *daus-; Jpn. *tp; Kor.
*tih.
PTung. *dub end (, ): Evk. duw; Evn. duwet; Neg. duwe;
Man. dube; SMan. duwe, duwu tip, point, end (2604); Ul. duwe; Ork.
duwe; Nan. due; Ud. due.
1, 218. TM > Dag. duw (. . 137).
PMong. *daus- to finish (): MMong. daus- (SH), duson
complete (IM), dawus- (MA); WMong. daus- (L 220); Kh. dsa-, dla-;
Bur. dha-, dda-; Kalm. ds-; Ord. ds-; Dag. dausa- (. . 135);
S.-Yugh. ds-.
KW 104, MGCD 233.
PJpn. *tp finish (, ): OJpn. tupji; MJpn. tf; Tok.
tsi(-ni); Kyo. tsi(-ni); Kag. tsu(-ni).
JLTT 554. Modern accentuation is not quite clear (probably due to the adverbial
status of the word).

PKor. *tih behind, back, North (, , , ): MKor.

ti (tih-); Mod. tw.
Nam 168, KED 512.
SKE 275-276, 71, 12. Cf. perhaps Karakh. (MK)
tuvur- to prick (ears).
-td ( ~ -o-) to sound, howl: Tung. *dudu-; Mong. *ddne-; Jpn. *tt-.
PTung. *dudu- to growl, howl (, , ): Evk.
duduke-; Evn. dudli-; Neg. dudu-; Ork. dudi-.
1, 219-220.
PMong. *ddne- to howl, growl (, ): WMong.
ddne- (L 278); Kh. ddne-; Kalm. ddn-, dadn-; Ord. ddne-.
KW 71, 104.
PJpn. *tt- to murmur, whisper (, ): OJpn. tutum(j)ek-; MJpn. ttjk-, tutumek-.
JLTT 776.
1, 220. An onomatopoeic root, but with good correspondences.
-tg to pound: Tung. *dug-; Mong. *tgsi-; Turk. *dg-; Jpn. *tk-; Kor.
*th-.
PTung. *dug- 1 hit, beat 2 batter 3 thresh (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. du- 1, 2; Evn. d- 2, du- 1; Neg. dw- ~ d- 2,
dukte- 1; Man. du- ~ d- 1,3; Jurch. du-u-mij (464) 1; Ul. d-- 2; Ork. d1, d- 2; Nan. d- 1, d- 2; Orch. d- 1, 2; Ud. d- 2, dukte- 1.
1, 218-219.
PMong. *tgsi- to thresh (): WMong. tgsi- (L 850: tgse-);
Kh. tgi-; Kalm. tk-; Ord. dgi- battre avec violence (coeur); Dag.
turi-.

1382

*tjk - *tjp

KW 414, MGCD 657.

PTurk. *dg- to pound (, , ): Karakh. tg(MK); Tur. dv-; Gag. d-; Az. dj-; Turkm. dv-; MTurk. (MKypch.) tw(AH), tj- (At-Tuhf.); Krm. tj-; Tat. tj-; Bashk. tj-; Kaz. tj-; KBalk.
tj-; KKalp. tj-; Kum. tj-; Nogh. tj-; Chuv. t- / tv-.
EDT 477, 3, 270-272, VEWT 492.
PJpn. *tk- to pound (): OJpn. tuk-; MJpn. tk-; Tok. tsk-;
Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsk-.
JLTT 774.
PKor. *th- to pound (): MKor. th-; Mod. :i- [:ih-].
Nam 182, KED 1560.
Mong. has t- due to contamination with tog-si- to hit, knock q.v. ;
Kor. has th- with irregular vowel (low tone is usual in verbs) due to
contamination with tk- to dip down, imprint q.v.
-tjk to make a sign: Tung. *duK-; Mong. *doki-; Turk. *Tkrag; Jpn.
*tnk-; Kor. *tjk-.
PTung. *duK- to write (): Evk. duk-; Evn. dq-; Neg. duki-.
1, 221.
PMong. *doki- to make a sign ( ): WMong. doki- (L 257);
Kh. doxi-; Bur. doxi-; Kalm. dok-; Ord. doi-.
KW 93.
PTurk. *Tkrag (?) royal sign manual ( ):
Karakh. tura (MK - Oghuz), tura (IM); Tur. tura; Uzb. tur.
VEWT 496. EDT 471, TMN 3, 342-343. The word may belong here if it is not derived < tg banner ( < Chin.).

PJpn. *t(n)k- to let know, inform (): OJpn. tuga-; MJpn.

tga-; Tok. tsge-; Kyo. tsg-; Kag. tsug-.
JLTT 772.
PKor. *tjk- to note down, to write (): MKor. tjk-; Mod.
k-.
Nam 155, KED 1424.
All meanings are well explainable from the original make, produce a sign; the diphthong -j- in Korean is somewhat unexpected and
makes us reconstruct PA *tjk (otherwise *tku would serve just as
well).
-tjp ( ~ d-) hill, top: Tung. *d- ( ~ *db-); Mong. *dobu / *dbe; Jpn.
*(d)p.
PTung. *d- ( ~ *db-) 1 top 2 mountain top 3 taiga region (1 2
3 , ): Evk. d- 1; Evn. d- 1;
Man. de-n, de-le 1; SMan. den tall, high (2399, 2615); Ul. duwu 3; Ork.
duww 3; Nan. duje 3; Orch. di-xi 3; Ud. d- 3.
1, 202-203.

*tuju - *tlu

1383

PMong. *dobu / *dbe 1 hill 2 to be convex, protuberant (1 2

): WMong. dobu(n) (L 256: dobu), dbe(n); Kh. dov 1,
dovoj- 2; Bur. dobo 1; Kalm. down, dwn 1; Ord. dowo 1; Mongr. toboi- 2
(MGCD 221).
MGCD 221.
PJpn. *(d)p rock, cliff (): OJpn. ipa; MJpn. f; Tok. iw; Kyo.
w; Kag. wa.
JLTT 429.
Medial -j- should be postulated to account for the vowel (*) in
PTM and for the otherwise irregular fronting *u > i in Jpn. For a possible reflex in Turkic see under *tepa.
-tuju to listen, perceive: Tung. *duja; Mong. *duul-; Turk. *duj-; Jpn.
*tua-p-.
PTung. *duja noise; to shout, cry (; , ): Evn.
dja, dja-.
1, 220. Attested only in Evn., but having possible external parallels.
PMong. *duul- listen (, ): MMong. dla- (MA),
duulqa- (SH) verknden, bekanntgeben; WMong. duul- (L 271); Kh.
dla-; Bur. dla-; Kalm. dl- (caus.); Ord. dl-.
KW 104.
PTurk. *duj- to perceive (by ears or nose), notice (, ,
): OTurk. tuj- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tuj- (MK); Tur. duj-;
Gag. duj-; Az. duj-; Turkm. duj-; MTurk. tuj- (Sangl.); Uzb. tuj-; Uygh.
tuj-; Krm. duj-, tuj-; Tat. toj-; Bashk. toj-; Kirgh. tuj-; KKalp. tuj-; Nogh.
tuj-; SUygh. tuj-; Chuv. tuj-, refl. tojn-.
VEWT 497, EDT 567, 3, 290-291, 2, 241, . XIV, 92-94. Chuv.
may be < Tatar.

PJpn. *tua-p- to ask (): OJpn. twop-; MJpn. tf-; Tok. t-,
t-; Kyo. t-; Kag. t-.
JLTT 771. Accent is not quite clear (Kag. t- and the Tokyo variant t- point to
*tup-).

The isolated Even parallel is somewhat dubious, but the rest of

the forms are well explained by the original meaning perceive
(whence both listen and ask) and correspond well to each other.
-tlu ( ~ -o) barren: Tung. *dla-; Turk. *dul(k); Kor. *tur-.
PTung. *dla- barren, farrow ( ( )): Evk.
dlai; Nan. (?) dolboan young, unripe (of fruits, vegetables) (.).
1, 221. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PTurk. *dul(k) widow, widower (, ): OTurk. tul (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tul (MK); Tur. dul; Gag. dul; Az. dul; Turkm. dul;
MTurk. tul (Pav. C.); Uzb. tul; Uygh. tul; Krm. tul; Tat. tl; Bashk. tl;
Kirgh. tul; Kaz. tl; KKalp. tul; Kum. tul; Shr. tul; Oyr. tul; Tv. dulujaq;

*tdi - *te

1384

Tof. tuluaq; Chuv. tlx orphan; Yak. tuljax orphan; Dolg. tuljak
widow; orphan.
EDT 490, VEWT 497, 3, 292-293, 293, . XIV, 258-259,
2, 189, Stachowski 230.

PKor. *tur- barren (, ): Mod. tul-, tol-.

KED 478.
KW 409, TMN 3, 349.
-tdi to hear: Tung. *dld-; Turk. *d-n-; Kor. *td-.
PTung. *dld- to hear (): Evk. dld-; Evn. dld-; Neg.
dldi-; Man. doni-; SMan. oni- (182); Jurch. doldi-sun (351), doldi-u
(354); Ul. dldwu; Ork. doli-; Nan. dld-; Orch. dgd-; Ud. dogdi-; Sol.
dldi-.
1, 214-215.
PTurk. *d-n- to think, understand (, ): OTurk.
t-t-le-n-il- (OUygh.), tn- (OUygh. - USp.); Tur. dn-; Gag.
dn-; Az. dn-; Turkm. dn-; MTurk. dn- (Pav. C.); Uzb.
tuun-; Uygh. tn-, n-; Krm. tn-; Tat. ten-; Kirgh. tn-; Kaz.
tsin-; KKalp. tsin-; Kum. tn-; Nogh. tsin-; Oyr. t-met intelligent, reasonable; Yak. ts serious, reasonable.
VEWT 507, EDT 562, 335-336.
PKor. *td- to hear (): MKor. tt- (-r-); Mod. tt- (-r-).
Nam 173, KED 532.
48, 290. Korean has a verbal low tone.
-te clear sky, noon: Tung. *dl; Mong. *dli; Turk. *d.
PTung. *dl clear, open sky ( ( ), ): Evk.
dl; Evn. deld.
1, 215.
PMong. *dli middle (of day, night) ( (, )):
MMong. duli (SH, HY 5), d[]li (IM); WMong. dli (L 280); Kh. dl;
Mongr. dur midi, milieu du jour (SM 66).
PTurk. *d noon (): Karakh. t (MK, KB); Tur. d (dial.);
Turkm. d (dial.); MTurk. t (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. tu; Uygh. ;
Krm. t; Tat. t; Bashk. t; Kirgh. t; Kaz. ts; KBalk. t; KKalp. ts;
Kum. t; Nogh. ts; Oyr. t; Tv. d; Tof. d.
VEWT 507, EDT 559, 78-79. Turk. > Hung. dl South, noon, see
MNyTESz 1, 606-607.

366, 79. A Western isogloss.

-te ( ~ -i) to bend down, fall: Tung. *dl-; Mong. *dli-; Turk. *d-.
PTung. *dl- 1 to bend 2 to contort (1 2 ): Evk.
dld- 1; Ork. doltdda- 2.
1, 215.

*tumi - *tua

1385

PMong. *dli- to bend backwards ( ): MMong.

dolusgu- (SH); WMong. dli- (L 267: dlg slightly inclined); Kh. dl-;
Bur. dle-; Kalm. dli-.
KW 98.
PTurk. *d- to fall, move down (, ): OTurk.
t- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. t- (MK); Tur. d-; Gag. d-; Az. d-;
Turkm. d-; MTurk. t- (. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. tu-; Uygh.
t-; Krm. t-; Tat. t-; Bashk. t-; Kirgh. t-; Kaz. ts-; KBalk. t-;
KKalp. ts-; Kum. tu-; Nogh. ts-; SUygh. ts-; Shr. t-; Oyr. t-; Tv.
d-; Yak. ts-; Dolg. ts-.
EDT 560, VEWT 507, 3, 330-333, Stachowski 235. Turk. (Bulg.) > Hung. dl
(MNyTESz 1, 668-669).

A Western isogloss.
-tumi drum: Mong. *dgr; Turk. *dm-; Jpn. *tuntumi.
PMong. *dgr shamans drum ( ): WMong.
dgr (L 281); Kh. dger.
Mong. > Chag. tr etc.
PTurk. *dm- drum (): Karakh. tmrg (MK Oghuz.); Tur.
dmr (Osm.), dmbek; MTurk. dmbek.
EDT 509, VEWT 504-505.
PJpn. *tuntumi drum (): OJpn. tudumji; MJpn. tdm; Tok.
tsuzum; Kyo. tszm; Kag. tsuzum.
JLTT 559. Modern dialects point uniformly to *tntm, but RJ has high tone.
An expressive root, reduplicated in Japanese.
-tmu ( ~ -, -i, u-o, a-u) cold, snot: Turk. *dum; Jpn. *tm-.
PTurk. *dum 1 cold 2 cold, flu (1 2 ): OTurk.
tuml 1 (OUygh.), tumau 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. tum, tuml 1 (MK),
tumau (MK) 2; Tur. duma, duma 2, (Osm.) tumlu 1; Turkm. dmev 2;
MTurk. tumaq 2 (MA); Uygh. tumu 2; Tat. tomaw 2; Khak. tmo 2; Tv.
dum 2; Tof. tum 2; Yak. tmn 1, tum 2; Dolg. tmn 1.
VEWT 498, EDT 503, 505, 506, 3, 326, 14-15, Stachowski 238. Turk. >
WMong. tomuu, Khalkha tom influenza. A probable derivative is Turk. *duman fog
( 3, 295-296, 33, Stachowski 230), see TMN 2, 568.

PJpn. *tm- cold (): MJpn. tumeta-; Tok. tsmetai; Kyo.

tsmt-; Kag. tsumta-.
JLTT 842.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss.
-tua cold, frost: Tung. *doota; Mong. *daara-; Turk. *do.
PTung. *doota 1 cold, frost 2 to ice up, freeze (1 2 , ): Evk. dooto 1; Neg. dooto- 2; Ul. doqomd- 1; Ork.
doGdo hoard of frozen fish.
1, 216.

1386

*t - *tpe

PMong. *daara- to freeze, become cold (, ):

MMong. dara- (MA); WMong. daara- (L 218); Kh. dra-; Bur. dra-;
Kalm. dr-; Ord. dra- 120; Dag. dra- (. . 135), dre- (MD 131);
Dong. daGara-; Bao. dr-; S.-Yugh. dr-; Mongr. dra- (SM 44).
KW 82, MGCD 182.
PTurk. *do 1 cold 2 frost 3 frozen 4 freeze, be frozen (1
2 3 4 ): OTurk. to- 4 (OUygh.); Karakh.
to 2, 3 (MK); Tur. don 2; Az. don 2, don- 4; Turkm. do 3, do- 4; MTurk.
to- 4 (Pav. C.); Uygh. to- 4, to 2, 3; Tat. tu 2; Kirgh. to 2, to- 4;
SUygh. tot 1; Khak. t-r- 4; Tv. do 3, do- 4; Tof. do 3, do- 4; Chuv.
tm 2 frost; Yak. to- 4, to 3; Dolg. to- 4, to 3.
VEWT 488, EDT 513, 515, 3, 265-267, 17, Stachowski 226.
1, 216, 286, 11. A Western isogloss.
-t relative by marriage: Tung. *du-; Turk. *dr; Jpn. *tm.
PTung. *du- coeval (, ): Man. duGami.
1, 224. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *dr a relative by marriage (1 , ,
2 ): OTurk. tr 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. tr 2
(MK); Tur. dnr 1, dial. dn ; Gag. dnr
; Yak. tr 2.
EDT 523, 1955, 172. Yak. > Evk., Evn. tuur 2 ( 2, 217).
PJpn. *tm spouse (, ): OJpn. tuma; MJpn. tm;
Tok. tsma; Kyo. tsm; Kag. tsma.
JLTT 555. The Tokyo accent is aberrant (*tsum would be expected).
The isolated Manchu parallel is somewhat dubious semantically
(not a relative by marriage, but a coeval), but the Turkic and Jpn.
forms correspond well to each other.
-tpe ( ~ *tpi, *-) bottom: Mong. *dow-; Turk. *dp.
PMong. *dow- below (): MMong. dora (HY 50), doro (SH), dur
(IM), dur (MA); WMong. doura, doru (L 266); Kh. dor; Bur. doro, dro;
Kalm. dor; Ord. doro; Mog. dora; ZM dr (6-8b); Dag. duar, dorn, drn
(. . 137); dore (MD 137); Dong. dodu, dura, daura, doura; Bao.
doGo; S.-Yugh. dra, duGr; Mongr. dro (SM 57, 61).
KW 95, MGCD 220, 225.
PTurk. *dp bottom; root (; ; ): OTurk. tp
(tb) (OUygh.); Karakh. tp (tb) (MK); Tur. dip; Gag. dip; Az. dib;
Turkm. dp; MTurk. tb (Pav. C.), tp (Abush.); Uzb. tub; Uygh. tp;
Krm. tp; Tat. tp; Bashk. tp; Kirgh. tp; Kaz. tp; KKalp. tp; Kum.
tub; Nogh. tp; SUygh. tp, top; Khak. tp; Shr. tp; Oyr. tp; Tv. dp;
Tof. dp; Chuv. tp; Yak. tgex (?); Dolg. tgek (?).
EDT 434-435, VEWT 505, 3, 317-319, TMN 2, 652-654 ( > Mong. tb, tb), 108-109, Stachowski 234.

*turi - *tri

1387

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *d- to sit down

(of birds), suggested in 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be
dealing here with an archaic case of *-p-suffixation.
-turi face: Tung. *duru-n; Mong. *dri; Turk. *dr; Jpn. *tura.
PTung. *duru-n 1 form, outlook 2 pattern, design 3 picture (1 , 2 3 ): Evk. durun 2; Neg. dujun / dujin 1; Man. durun 1, duru-Gan 3; SMan. durun 1 (2341); Ul. duru(n) 1; Ork. duru(n) 1;
Nan. dur 1 (On.); Orch. d(n) 1; Ud. d(n) 1; Sol. dur 1.
See 1, 225-6.
PMong. *dri form, outlook (, ): WMong. dri (L 282); Kh.
dr; Bur. dre; Kalm. dr, drsn; Ord. dri; Mog. ZM dor (7-6b) affection; Dag. dur (. . 138), dure (MD 139).
KW 105, MGCD 245, 246. Mong. > Man. dursun (Rozycki 64).
PTurk. *dr 1 sort, kind, shape 2 various (1 , , 2
): OTurk. trlg 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. trlg 1
(MK, KB); Tur. trl 1, 2; Gag. trl 1, 2; Az. drl (dial.) 2; Turkm. drli
2; MTurk. trlg 1 (Sangl.); Uzb. turli 2; Krm. trl 2; Tat. trli 2; Bashk.
trl 2; Kirgh. tr 1; Kaz. trli 2, tr 1; KBalk. trl 2; KKalp. trli 2;
Kum. trl 2; Nogh. trli 2; Chuv. trl 2.
EDT 546-547, 3, 327-328 (loan of forms like Kaz. tr < Mong. dri is hardly
acceptable, despite EDT ibid.).

PJpn. *tura face (): OJpn. tura; MJpn. tr; Tok. tsur; Kyo.
tsr; Kag. tsra.
JLTT 556. Modern dialects suggest a reconstruction *tr; however, the form attested in RJ is tr.

KW 105, 165, EAS 51, Poppe 23, 82, Miller 1996,

151, 71, 12, 207 (but PT *j is to be separated,
despite all the above sources). The TM forms may be < Mong. (see Doerfer MT 76, Rozycki 65), but not necessarily so.
-tri to wrap, fold: Mong. *drseji-; Turk. *dr-; Jpn. *ttm-.
PMong. *drseji- to shrink, shrivel; be folded (, , ): WMong. drsji- (XTTT); Kh. drsij-; Kalm. drsKPC 212.
PTurk. *dr- to fold, roll together (, ): OTurk.
tr- (OUygh.); Karakh. tr- (MK); Tur. dr-; Gag. dr-; Az. drmk ; Turkm. djr-; Sal. tr-; MTurk. tr- (MA,
Pav. C.); Uzb. turmak-la-; Uygh. t(r)-; Tat. tr-; Bashk. tr-; Kirgh. tr-;
Kaz. tr-; KKalp. tr-; Nogh. tr-; Khak. tr-; Shr. trgek ; Oyr.
tr-; Tv. dr-; Tof. dr-; Yak. tr-.
VEWT 506, EDT 530-531, 3, 319-320. Turk. > Hung. tr- to tuck, see Gombocz 1912.

1388

*tru - *tti

PJpn. *ttm- to wrap (): OJpn. tutum-; MJpn. ttm-;

Tok. tsutsm-; Kyo. tstsm-; Kag. tstsm-.
JLTT 776.
A good match, but with irregular tone in Jpn.
-tru ( ~ *tro) crane: Turk. *durunja; Jpn. *tr; Kor. *trm.
PTurk. *durunja crane (): OTurk. turuja; Karakh. turna
(MK); Tur. turna; Az. durna; Turkm. durna; Tat. torna; Kirgh. turuna;
Kaz. trna; Tv. duru; Tof. duru, turuja; Chuv. trna, (dial. Verkh.)
trne; Yak. turuja.
VEWT 501, TMN 3, 199, EDT 551, 3, 301-302, 173.
PJpn. *tr crane (): OJpn. turu; MJpn. tr; Tok. tsru;
Kyo. tsr; Kag. tsur.
JLTT 557.
PKor. *trm crane (): MKor. trm; Mod. turumi.
Liu 238, KED 504.
Martin 229, Murayama 1962, 110, 71, 173. Cf.
also (phonetically unclear) Mong. touriun crane (KW 397).
-tti tube, round vessel: Tung. *doda-ka(n); Turk. *dtk; Jpn. *tt.
PTung. *doda-ka(n) a vessel made of birch bark ( ):
Neg. dodoxon; Ork. dodo, dd; Orch. dod, dodoko.
1, 212.
PTurk. *dtk pipe (, ): Karakh. ttek a spout of an
ewer (MK), ddk reed pipe, flute (IM); Tur. ddk; Gag. ddk; Az.
ddk; Turkm. tjdk; Sal. ttlx (); MTurk. (OKypch.) ddk
(AH); Uzb. tutak; Kirgh. ttk; Kaz. ttik; KKalp. tte; Kum. ddk;
Nogh. ddik.
VEWT 507, EDT 455.
PJpn. *tt tube (): OJpn. tutu; MJpn. tt; Tok. tstsu, tsuts;
Kyo. tsts; Kag. tsuts.
JLTT 558. RJ tt, Tokyo tstsu and Kyoto tsts point directly to *tt. However,
the Tokyo variant tsuts and Kagoshima tsts may indicate a variant *tt.

On TM *-d- see under *ttu.

T
-t (*t) that: Tung. *ta-; Mong. *te-re; Turk. *ti-(k); Jpn. *t-; Kor. *tj.
PTung. *ta- that (): Evk. tar, tari; Evn. tar; Neg. taj; Man. tere;
SMan. ter (2878); Ul. tw, t; Ork. tari; Nan. taja; Orch. t, tei; Ud. tei,
teji; Sol. taj, tari.
2, 164-167.
PMong. *te-re that (): MMong. tere (SH, HY), tr (IM), tir (MA);
WMong. tere (L 804); Kh. ter; Bur. tere; Kalm. ter; Ord. tere; Mog. t; ZM
ti (26-5); Dag. tere (. . 167, MD 224); Dong. tere; Bao. ter; S.-Yugh.
tere; Mongr. te (SM 416).
KW 393.
PTurk. *ti-(k) that (): Gag. te bu this here, te o that there;
Turkm. (dial.) -tki,tki, bitiki (Akhaltek.); Sal. d, t;
MTurk. (OKypch.) tigi (Bulgat), tik (Ettuhf.); Tat. tege; Bashk. tege;
Kirgh. tigi; Kaz. tigi (dial.); Khak. tege; -di so, thus; Tv. d; Tof. t; Yak.
i-ti this; Dolg. i-ti this.
VEWT 479, Rsnen 1957, 36, 1962, 142, Stachowski 129.
PJpn. *t- that way (, ): MJpn. to-ni-kaku-ni, tzm-k-zm.
Attested since Heian, and only in the above expressions meaning anyway, all directions (lit. that way - this way). JLTT 550, 551.

PKor. *tj that (): MKor. tj; Mod. .

Nam 154, KED 1417.
EAS 126, KW 393, Lee 1958, 118, 52, 289, Rozycki 207,
Doerfer MT 26 (Elementarverwandtschaft). Cf. Mong. tertee on that
side, terse inimical, adverse = Turk. tetr opposite side, ters perverse, wrong.
-tb foot, footwear: Tung. *tabu-; Mong. *tabag; Turk. *dpan; Jpn.
*tmp(u).
PTung. *tabu- fur footwear ( ): Evk. tawur, taubun;
Evn. twun; Nan. toa-ma a k. of footwear made of fish skin (.).
2, 149, 171. TM > Dolg. tbin leichte Hausschuhe (Stachowski 221).

1390

*tabi - *tg

PMong. *tabag foot, paw (, ): WMong. taba (L 760); Kh.

tavag, tavxaj; Bur. tabgaj; Kalm. tawg (); Ord. tawaG; Mongr. tawaG
(SM 412).
Mong. > Kaz. tawa, VEWT 451, Man. taba, 2, 149, Doerfer MT 136.
PTurk. *dpan foot, sole (, ): Karakh. taban (MK); Tur.
taban; Gag. taban; Az. daban; Turkm. dban; MTurk. taban (Sangl.); Uzb.
tbn; Uygh. tapan; Krm. taban; Tat. taban; Bashk. taban; Kirgh. taman;
Kaz. taban; KBalk. taban; KKalp. taban; Kum. taban; Nogh. taban; SUygh.
tawan; Oyr. taman; Tv. davan; Tof. daman; Chuv. toban (Anatri).
VEWT 462, EDT 441, 3, 110-112, 289, 2, 249.
PJpn. *tmp(u) a k. of socks ( ): MJpn. tb; Tok. tbi;
Kyo. tb; Kag. tab.
JLTT 536.
KW 385, 289. Cf. *topu. The Turkic form is quite irregular - very probably a distortion of the expected *tban under the influence of *dp- to trample q.v.
-tabi ( ~ -o) to pick up, collect: Tung. *tab-; Mong. *te-.
PTung. *tab- to pick up, collect (, ): Evk. taw-;
Evn. taw-; Neg. taw-; Ul. taw-; Nan. tao-san-; Orch. taw-; Ud. tai-; Sol.
tawia-.
2, 148.
PMong. *te- to pick up, collect (, ): MMong.
tu- (MA 359); WMong. teg- (L 794); Kh. t-; Bur. t-; Kalm. t- ();
Ord. t-; S.-Yugh. t-.
MGCD 656.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-tg to unfasten, disentangle: Tung. *taga-; Mong. *tajila-; Jpn. *tk-.
PTung. *taga- to hitch, become entangled (, ):
Evk. taa-; Neg. t-; Man. ta-; SMan. ta- (420, 1647); Ul. t-; Ork. t-; Nan.
t-; Orch. t-; Ud. ta-; Sol. t-w-.
2, 149-150.
PMong. *tajila- to untie, unfasten (): MMong. ajl- (IM);
WMong. tajila- (L 768: tajil-); Kh. tajla-; Bur. tajla-; Kalm. tl- (); Ord.
tl-; Dag. taila- (. . 165), tajle- (MD 219); Mongr. tli- (SM 414).
PJpn. *tk- to untie, unfasten (, ): OJpn.
tok-; MJpn. tk-; Tok. tk-; Kyo. tk-; Kag. tk-.
JLTT 769.
Cf. also TM *tagd- to pull out ( 2, 150-151), PT *dga- to
stray, disperse, diverge ( 3, 119-120) - either a different root, or a
variant of the above.

*tgo - *tjr

1391

-tgo dirt (dust, clay): Tung. *tksa; Turk. *Tog.

PTung. *tksa clay (): Evk. tksa; Evn. ts; Neg. tksa; Ul.
toaqsa; Ork. tqso; Nan. toaqsa; Ud. take.
2, 154.
PTurk. *Tog dust (): OTurk. to (OUygh. - late, Lig. VSOu);
Karakh. to (MK, KB); to- to rise (of dust); MTurk. to (Pav. C.,
Abush.); Uygh. to (dial., Malov - Xami); Khak. tla- to crumble; Tv.
to-la- to crumble.
VEWT 483, EDT 463.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-tja to float, slide: Tung. *tia- (*taj-); Mong. *taji-tu-; Turk. *tj-; Jpn.
*taju-.
PTung. *tia- (*taj-) to swim, float (): Evk. t- / - to slip,
slide; Evn. t-; Neg. tu-.
2, 172-173, 174.
PMong. *taji-tu- to slide, drag ones feet ( , ):
WMong. tajituji-, tajitula- (L 769: tajitala-, tajitaana-), tajitgar
(); Kh. tajitgar ; ;
Kalm. tti-, ttlz-; Mongr. dbra- marcher en chancelant (cf.
WMong. tajibala-) (SM 48).
KW 389.
PTurk. *tj- to slide (): OTurk. taj- (OUygh.); Karakh. taj(MK); Tur. taj- (dial.); Turkm. tj-; MTurk. taj- (Sangl.); Uzb. tj-; Uygh.
taj-; Krm. taj-; Tat. taj-; Bashk. taj-, taj-; Kirgh. taj-; Kaz. taj-; KBalk. taj-;
KKalp. taj-; Kum. taj-; Nogh. taj-; SUygh. taj-; Khak. taj- (dial.); Shr. taj-;
Oyr. taj- (dial. Kumd., Leb.); Tv. taj-; Tof. taj-.
VEWT 455, EDT 567.
PJpn. *taju- to float ( ( )): OJpn. taju-tap-.
KW 389. Suffixed forms are perhaps Mong. tesi- slide, TM *tisaswim ( 2, 188).
-tjr a k. of vessel: Mong. *torku; Turk. *TAr; Jpn. *trp; Kor. *tj.
PMong. *torku barrel (, ): WMong. torqu (MXTTT); Kh.
torx; Bur. torxo.
PTurk. *TAr raft made of skins ( ): Karakh. tar
(MK); Tur. tar wooden raft (dial.); MTurk. (OKypch.) tar (AH).
VEWT 463, EDT 528, 537.
PJpn. *trp a k. of vessel, wash-tub ( , ): MJpn.
trfi; Tok. trai; Kyo. tr; Kag. tara.
JLTT 542. The Tokyo accent is irregular (reflecting a variant *trp). Cf. also *taru
(not attested in OJ, and with irregular accent correspondences) barrel, vat.

PKor. *tj wash-tub (): MKor. tj; Mod. tja.

Nam 132, KED 430.

1392

*tjri - *taklu

Martin 246. Medial *-j- accounts for -j- in Kor.; Mong. has a frequent secondary labialization *torku < *tarku.
-tjri to scatter, disperse: Mong. *tara-, *tarka-; Jpn. *tr-; Kor. *t-.
PMong. *tara-, *tarka- to disperse, scatter (, ): MMong. tara scattered (SH), tarxa- be scattered (SH); WMong.
tara-, tarqa- (L 789, 782); Kh. tara-; Bur. tara-; Kalm. tar-; Ord. tar-; Dag.
tare- (MD 221), tar-; S.-Yugh. tar-.
KW 380, MGCD 624. Mong. > Chag. tarqa- etc. (EDT 529, see also under *tro); Evk.
tara- (Doerfer MT 126).

PJpn. *tr- to fall (of leaves, flowers) (, , ): OJpn. tir-; MJpn. tr-; Tok. chr-; Kyo. chr-; Kag. chr-.
JLTT 768.
PKor. *t- to fall (of flowers) ( ( )): MKor. t-; Mod.
i-.
Nam 178, KED 1527.
Ozawa 245-246. Despite TMN 1, 253, 1997, 154, Mong. is
hardly borrowed from Turkic (the OT form is tar-, while modern Kypchak forms like tara-, tarqa- are most probably borrowed < Mong.); on
Turk. *dar- see under *tro. Medial *-j- is reconstructed to account for
the loss of *-r- in Kor.
-tki log, rafter: Tung. *tkan; Turk. *TEk-; Jpn. *ti(n)kui ( ~ -i); Kor.
*thr.
PTung. *tkan log, causeway (, , ): Evk. tken;
Evn. tqn; Neg. tkan; Man. tuan; Ork. t, to; Nan. tq; Orch. tka;
Ud. ta (. 292).
2, 155-156.
PTurk. *TEk- ? 1 yurt poles 2 small yurt (1
2 ): Kirgh. aq tiger 1, tegirtmek 2; Kaz. aq tr 1; Khak. tek pole, post (for tying horses) (Abakan,
.).
502.
PJpn. *ti(n)kui ( ~ -i) outstanding rafter edges ( ): OJpn. tigi; MJpn. tigi; Tok. chigi.
PKor. *thr frame (): MKor. thr; Mod. thl.
Liu 718, KED 1724.
Basically an Eastern isogloss: the Turkic parallels are late attested
and somewhat dubious. A common Altaic derivative *tki-rV is reflected in PT *TEkir- (?), PK *thr and PJ *ti(n)ki-ri.
-taklu a k. of (foliage) tree: Tung. *talgg; Mong. *togli; Jpn. *tunkai.
PTung. *talg-g ( ~ -g) brushwood, forest with brushwood (, ): Evk. talg; Evn. tlg; Neg. talgx.
2, 157.

*tkta - *takV

1393

PMong. *togli a k. of willow ( ): WMong. toli (L 814);

Kh. togil.
Cf. also Khalkha tgle grove.
PJpn. *tunkai box tree (): OJpn. tug(j)e; MJpn. tuge; Tok.
tsge; Kyo. tsg; Kag. tsug.
JLTT 553. Tokyo and Kyoto point to *tnki, but Kagoshima is irregular.
Phonetically plausible (although containing a rare cluster *-kl-),
but, as in many cases, the original sort of the tree is difficult to establish.
-tkta to be angry, swear: Tung. *tagda-; Turk. *Tata-; Jpn. *ttr-.
PTung. *tagda- 1 to be angry 2 to be amazed (1 2 , ): Neg. tagda- 1; Man. taqda- 2; Ul. taGda- 1; Ork. taGda1; Nan. taGda- 1; Orch. tagda- 1; Ud. tagda- 1.
2, 150, 153.
PTurk. *Tata- 1 to become angry 2 irascible (1 2
, ): Kirgh. tatar- 1; Tv. tad-la- to
nicker, guffaw; Yak. tatas 2.
VEWT 467. Cf. Khalkha tataj an interjection of hate, loathe, perhaps originally <
Turkic; the Mong. form = Khak., Oyr., Yak., Kirgh. tataj, Tuva dadaj.

PJpn. *ttr- to swear, damn (, ): OJpn. tatar-;

MJpn. ttr-; Tok. tatr-; Kyo. ttr-; Kag. tatr-.
JLTT 765. The Tokyo accent is irregular.
The Jpn. suffixed form may reflect either *tkta-lV (cf. Tuva tadla-)
or *tkta-rV (cf. Kirgh. tatar-).
-tk to repair: Tung. *taku-; Turk. *Tagra-; Jpn. *tkr-.
PTung. *taku- to repair (): Evk. taku-; Evn. taq-; Ul. taq-;
Ork. tw-; Nan. taGo-.
2, 155.
PTurk. *Tagra- to repair (, , ): Khak. tara-;
Shr. tara-; Tv. taara-; Tof. dra- , .
VEWT 454, . 90.
PJpn. *tkr- 1 to make 2 to repair (1 2 ): OJpn. tukur1, tukurop- 2; MJpn. tkr- 1, tkrf- 2; Tok. tsukr- 1, tsukur- 2; Kyo.
tskr- 1, tskr- 2; Kag. tskr- 1, tskr- 2.
JLTT 774.
15.
-takV completely: Tung. *taKa-; Mong. *tag; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *taKa- 1 completely 2 until, for a while (1 2 ,
): Man. taqa 2; Jurch. ta-ka (434) 2; Sol. taxati 1.
2, 153.
PMong. *tag completely (, ): WMong. tag (L
762); Kh. tag; Kalm. tag; Ord. taG.

1394

*tk - *taki

KW 374. Mong. > Turk. taq (VEWT 456).

PKor. *t- all, completely, exhaust (, , ): MKor. t-, tao-; Mod. t.
Liu 195, KED 377.
The root is not widely spread, but phonetically and semantically
plausible.
-tk ceremony, sacrifice: Tung. *taKu-; Mong. *taki-; Turk. *toku; Jpn.
*tk-p-.
PTung. *taKu- to shamanize (; ): Neg. tako-; Nan.
tao-.
2, 154.
PMong. *taki- 1 to respect 2 to sacrifice (1 2
): MMong. taki- (SH, HYt); WMong. taki- (L 770); Kh. taxi- 1, 2;
Bur. taxi- 2; Kalm. tak-, tk- 2; Ord. dai- 1,2; Dag. taki- (. . 165)
1, (MGCD) tai- 2; S.-Yugh. dak- 2.
KW 375, 387, MGCD 628.
PTurk. *toku rite, ceremony ( (, )):
OTurk. toqu (OUygh.); Karakh. toqu (KB); Tur. toka wedding present
(dial.), handshake; MTurk. toqa (Sangl.), toqal the least respected wife
(Pav. C.); Uzb. tql second wife; Uygh. toqal younger wife; Kirgh.
toqol younger wife; KBalk. toqal first wife in respect to others; KKalp.
toqal younger wife; Chuv. txla matchmaker.
EDT 466, 241 (derives from F.-U. or from txm progeny - both quite dubious morphologically), VEWT 485. The semantic development is rite, ceremony >
wedding > matchmaker / younger wife.

PJpn. *tk-p- to swear (): OJpn. tikap-; MJpn. tkp-; Tok.

chka-; Kyo. chk-; Kag. chik-.
JLTT 767.
In Turkic one has to suppose *toku < *taku, with secondary labialization.
-taki ( ~ -u) knee bow, knee cap: Tung. *taxi; Mong. *takim; Turk.
*TaK().
PTung. *taxi knee, knee cap (, ): Man.
taa; Ul. ta.
2, 153.
PMong. *takim knee bow ( ): WMong. takim (L 770);
Kh. taxim; Bur. taxim; Kalm. takm, tkm.
KW 375, 387. Mong. > Kypch. taqm etc.; > Evk. takim (see Doerfer MT 111; but not
Manchu taa, Ul. taxi!) There is also a verb taki-(ji)- to have crooked limbs (KW ibid., L
770: become bent, crippled).

PTurk. *TaK() part of horses leg ( ): OTurk.

ta- (OUygh.- YB, acc.).

*tk - *tk

1395

425, VEWT 457.

KW 387, Poppe 13, 55. A Western isogloss.
-tk a k. of aquatic animal: Tung. *txVr; Jpn. *tku.
PTung. *txVr 1 shell, shelled animals 2 crab-octopus 3 horned beetle (1 , 2 - 3 -): Evk. tkre 3; Man. taura 1; Ul. tajra 1; Ork. ta 2; Orch. taira 1;
Sol. txir 1.
See 2, 154.
PJpn. *tku octopus (): OJpn. takwo; MJpn. tk; Tok. tko;
Kyo. tk; Kag. tk.
JLTT 539. The Tokyo form reflects a variant *tku.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also WMong. taqu a k. of fish (
> Man. taqu, Nan. taq ).
-tk a k. of tree: Tung. *takti-kn; Jpn. *tki; Kor. *tk.
PTung. *takti-kn 1 cedar 2 yew 3 fir (1 2 3 ): Evk.
taktikn 1; Man. taqta m 3; Ud. taktia 2.
2, 154. 1991, 88 proposed a borrowing < Sam. *tt, which is
hardly acceptable.

PJpn. *tki a k. of tree (Zelkwa) ( ()): OJpn.

tuki; MJpn. tk; Tok. tsuki.
JLTT 554.
PKor. *tk a k. of tree (paper mulberry) (
(Broussonetia)): MKor. tk; Mod. tak.
Liu 197, KED 390.
An Eastern isogloss; cf. also Chag. taq Name eines Baumes, der
langsam brennt, see SKE 250 (Kor.-Turk.; but it may be < Pers., see
TMN 2, 439 and Bailey 42). Possibly more than one root: cf. also OJ
tuga, mod. toga a k. of fir tree.
-tk to use: Tung. *taKura-; Mong. *toki; Jpn. *tkp-; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *taKura- 1 to use 2 to send on service (1 2 ): Man. taqura- 2; SMan. taqur-, taquru- (1615) 1;
Jurch. tah-xew-ra-xaj (401) 2; Ud. taula- 1.
2, 155. Man. > Nan. taqora- etc. (see ibid.).
PMong. *toki comfort, order (, ): WMong. toki (L
820); Kh. to; Kalm. tox- to put in order; to recover ().
Khak. togun- work (VEWT 483) may be borrowed < Mong. (cf. tokino-).
PJpn. *tkp- to use (): OJpn. tukap-; MJpn. tkf-;
Tok. tska-; Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsuk-.
JLTT 773.
PKor. *th- to get (money), be paid for service ( (,
)): MKor. th-; Mod. tha-.

*tk - *tlV

1396

Nam 456, KED 1685.

The root is rather abstract, but seems quite reliable.
-tk ( ~ -k-) (?) salt, to pickle: Tung. *taK(V); Jpn. *tk-.
PTung. *taK(V) salt, bitter substance (, ):
Evn. taq; Neg. daksun; Man. taqan mustard; Orch. daksu.
See 1, 186 (where for the most part Mongolian borrowings are presented), 2,
153. In Negidal and Oroch the initial d- should be apparently explained by Mongolian
influence (although the forms cannot be actual Mongolisms because of medial -k-).

PJpn. *tk- to pickle (, ): Tok. tske- (tr.), tskar(itr.); Kyo. tsk- (tr.), tskr- (itr.); Kag. tsuk- (tr.), tsukr- (itr.).
The root should be probably distinguished historically from *tk- to soak (q.v.).
A somewhat dubious Tung.-Jpn. isogloss: the comparison is possible only if Jpn. *tk- pickle is distinct from *tk- soak (see *tku ).
-tla to plunder, seduce: Mong. *tala-; Turk. *tla-; Jpn. *tr-s-; Kor.
*tri-.
PMong. *tala- to rob (): MMong. tala- (SH); WMong. tala- (L
771); Kh. tal-; Bur. tal success; Kalm. tal-; Ord. tala-; Dag. tale- (MD
220).
KW 376. Mong. > Man. tala- confiscate, see TMN 2, 543, Rozycki 200.
PTurk. *tla- 1 to rob, plunder 2 to harm, slander (1 2 , ): OTurk. tala- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. tala- 1 (KB); Tur.
tala- 1; Az. tala- 1; Turkm. tla- 1; MTurk. tala- 1 (Abush., Sangl.); Uzb.
tala- 1; Uygh. tala- 1; Krm. tala- 1; Tat. tala- 1; Bashk. tala- 1; Kirgh. tala1; Kaz. tala- 1; KKalp. tala- 1; Kum. tala- 1; Nogh. tala- 1; SUygh. tala- 1;
Khak. tala- 1; Oyr. tala- 1; Chuv. tula- 2; Yak. tal- 1 (. 3, 2533).
VEWT 458, TMN 2, No 923, . XIV, 119-120, EDT 492 (should be distinguished
from *dla- to bite).

PJpn. *tr-s- to deceive, lure (, ): MJpn.

tr-s-; Tok. taras-.
PKor. *tri- to lure, seduce, coax (, ):
MKor. tri-; Mod. tall-.
Nam 139, KED 404.
KW 376. Mong. may be < Turk (see TMN 2, 543, 1997,
152); but Turk. hardly < Samodian, despite Helimski 1995.
-tlV ( ~ --) open place, open sea: Tung. *tlgi-; Mong. *tala, *tal-b-.
PTung. *tlgi- 1 far from the shore, open sea 2 bay 3 quiet sea surface 4 to become quiet (of wind, weather) (1 , 2 3 4 ( )): Evk. tlgu- 4; Evn. talargn- 4, talgn 2, 3; Man. talGan 3; Ul. tal 1;
Ork. talda 1; Nan. talga 1, talGa 2, tal-tal 3; Orch. tagga-la, tagga-si 1;
Ud. tag 1.

*tapV - *tma

1397

2, 150, 157. Nan. has probably a secondary vowel shortening; but cf. also *tala
well, with a possibility of contaminations.
PMong. *tala, *tal-b- 1 steppe, open place 2 quiet, peaceful (1 ,
2 , ): MMong. tala face (SH);
WMong. tala 1 (L 771), talbiun 2 (L 773); Kh. tal 1, talbiu(n) 2, talbaj
square; Bur. tala 1, tan meadow; small lake, talmaj meadow,
square; Kalm. tal; Ord. tala; Dag. tal (. . 165), tale (MD 220) 1;
S.-Yugh. tala; Mongr. tal.
KW 375, MGCD 622. Mong. > MTurk. tala, Yak. tla etc. (VEWT 458); > Man. talfa,
Nan. talbon (Doerfer MT 145, Rozycki 200).

A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-tapV thigh, hip: Tung. *talpi; Mong. *talbag; Turk. *taak.
PTung. *talpi thigh, hip (): Ul. tarp; Ork. talp, talp; Nan.
talp.
2, 169.
PMong. *talbag cushion for sitting ( ):
WMong. talba (L 772); Kh. talbag; Kalm. talwg.
KW 376. Mong. > Kirgh. talpaq etc. ( 387).
PTurk. *taak scrotum (): Karakh. taaq MK, IM; Tur. taak;
Gag. taaq; Khal. taaq; MTurk. (MKypch.) taaq (CCum., Ettuhf., Tel.,
Houts., AH); Uygh. (dial.) taaq (); Krm. taaq; Kirgh. taaq; KBalk.
taaq; Khak. (dial.) taax (Kach.), tazax (Sag.) (Joki 1952, 318); Oyr. taaq;
Yak. tasa.
VEWT 466 (should be distinguished from *di stone), EDT 562. (D-T 199 think
that the Khal. geminate is compensating for vowel length in *di, which would be rather
unprecedented in Turkic).

46. A Western isogloss. The old meaning of the Turk. form

can be reconstructed on the basis of the Mong. loanword taaa hip
(Khalkha ta(n) hip, thigh; piece inserted between cloth laps, Bur.
tan hip, side, Kalm. ta id., Ord. da id., but Mongor taaG scrotum), see 1992. The Turkic form is sometimes derived from *di
stone, with a semantic parallel in Finn. kivi stone - kives testiculi; let
us note, however, both a phonetic discrepancy (*di stone has voiced
*d- and a long vowel), as well as a semantic inconclusiveness: Finnish
kives is a diminutive with the first meaning plummet on a net,
whence metaphorically testicle, whereas no plummet or sinker
meanings are attested anywhere in Turkic.
-tma to taste, munch: Tung. *tami-; Mong. *tamsija-; Jpn. *tmis-.
PTung. *tami- 1 to munch 2 to inhale 3 to swallow (1 2 3 (, )): Evk. tam- 1; Evn. tam- 2; Neg. taman ; Nan. tam- 3.

1398

*tma - *tma

2, 158, 159.
PMong. *tamsija- to munch; to taste (, ):
WMong. tamsija-; Kh. tam-; Bur. tam-; Kalm. tam-; Ord. tamsuG,
tasuG tasty.
KW 377. Mong. > Manchu tamia- (see Rozycki 201).
PJpn. *tmas- to try (): OJpn. tam(j)esi example; MJpn.
tames-; Tok. tams-; Kyo. tms-; Kag. tms-.
JLTT 763.
KW 377, Doerfer MT 55 (onomatopoetisch-verdchtig). Cf. Oyr.,
Khak. tam taste. Jpn. *tamias- may be alternatively derived from
*temV q.v.
-tma wall, roof: Tung. *tamV-; Mong. *tama; Turk. *Tm; Jpn.
*tmru; Kor. *tm.
PTung. *tamV- shed, cover (for a hut) (, ): Evn. tamana; Nan. tamx.
See 2, 159.
PMong. *tama wall (): WMong. tama; Kalm. tam.
KW 377.
PTurk. *Tm 1 roof 2 wall 3 hut (1 2 3 ):
OTurk. tam 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tam 2 (MK), 1 (IM); Tur. dam 1,
3; Gag. dam shed, barn; Az. dam 1, 3; Turkm. tm 2, 3; Sal. tam 2; Khal.
dm 1 ( < Ogh.); MTurk. tam 1 (Abush.), 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. tm 1, 3; Uygh.
tam 2; Tat. tam 2 (); Kirgh. tam 2, 3; Kaz. tam dug-out, grave;
KKalp. tam hut; Kum. tam 2; Nogh. tam 2; SUygh. tam 2; Khak. tam
layer (of earth).
VEWT 459 (the root has an irregular *t-/*d- variation), 529. TMN 2, No 834.
Turk. > Bao. dem wall.

PJpn. *tmru plot; camp (; ): OJpn. tamura; MJpn.

tmr; Tok. tamur, tmuro; Kyo. tmr; Kag. tamur.
JLTT 541. Dialects reflect a variation between *tmru and *tmru.
PKor. *tm wall (): MKor. tm; Mod. tam.
Liu 200, HMCH 230, KED 408.
EAS 116, KW 377. Mong. (Kalm.) tam may be < Turkic. Although
semantically quite plausible, phonetically there are difficulties: PT has a
secondary voicing and Kor.-Jpn. have irregular tone (not corresponding to PT length). See VEWT 459.
-tma ( ~ -o) to bestow, pay: Tung. *tama-; Jpn. *tmp-.
PTung. *tama- 1 to pay 2 price (1 2 ): Evk. tama- 1;
Evn. tam- 1; Neg. tama- 1; Ul. tama- 1; Ork. tama- 1; Nan. tam 2; Orch.
tama- 1; Ud. tama- 1; Sol. tama- 1.
See 2, 158-159.

*tmu - *tnV

1399

PJpn. *tmp- 1 to present (pol.) 2 to eat (1 2 ):

OJpn. tamap-, tab-; MJpn. tmf- 1; Tok. tab- 2; Kyo. tb-2; Kag. tab- 2.
JLTT 760. The meaning eat is a late specialization < present (politely).
Miller 1981, 857, 275. A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Ramstedt
(SKE 254) compares the TM root with different material (Kor. tam- to
fill, put into etc.), but we prefer this comparison (for Kor. tam-, Manchu tama-, tami- to collect cf. rather Jpn. tum- to fill, put into, see
*tamu).
-tmu to put into, gather: Tung. *tama-; Mong. *tama- / *tem-; Jpn.
*tm-; Kor. *tm-.
PTung. *tama- to gather, collect (, ): Man.
tama-; Nan. tama-.
2, 148.
PMong. *tama- / *tem- to gather, collect (): MMong. temgu(SH); WMong. tama- (L 774); Kh. tama- , ; (); Mongr. tugu- ramasser,
recueillir (SM 432).
PJpn. *tm- to put into, onto (, ): OJpn.
tum-; MJpn. tm-; Tok. tsm-; Kyo. tsm-; Kag. tsm-.
JLTT 774.
PKor. *tm- to put (into a dish, etc.) (, ): MKor.
tm-; Mod. tm-.
Nam 142, KED 409.
EAS 116, SKE 254, Lee 1958, 118, 70, Martin 233. Rozycki 201 considers TM < Mong., which is not excluded.
-tn to plunder: Tung. *tana-; Mong. *tonu-; Jpn. *tm.
PTung. *tana- to capture, plunder ( , , ): Evn. tann-; Neg. tanan-; Ork. tna-; Ud. taasi-.
2, 161.
PMong. *tonu- to plunder (): MMong. tono- (SH); WMong.
tonu- (L 825); Kh. tono-; Bur. tono-; Kalm. ton-; Ord. tono-.
KW 400. Mong. > Chag. tona- etc. (VEWT 488, 1997, 211).
PJpn. *tm sin, crime (, ): OJpn. tumji; MJpn.
tm; Tok. tsmi; Kyo. tsm; Kag. tsum.
JLTT 556.
Cf. Turk. *Tan- deny, disclaim, be treacherous (EDT 513-514).
-tnV to count, recite: Tung. *ta-; Mong. *tana-; Turk. *tnu-.
PTung. *ta- to read, count (, ): Evk. ta-; Evn. ta-;
Neg. t-; Orch. ta-, tai-; Ud. tai-.
2, 161-162.

1400

*tno - *tnV

PMong. *tana- to search, spy (): WMong. tana- (L

777); Kh. tagna-; Bur. tagna-; Dag. tansl-; Dong. tani-; S.-Yugh. tang-;
Mongr. tang-.
MGCD 621.
PTurk. *tnu- know, get to know (, ): Karakh. tanu, (MK); Tur. tan-; Gag. tan-; Az. tan-; Turkm.
tan-, (dial.) tn-; Sal. tan-, tn-; MTurk. tan- (Abush.); Uzb. tani-;
Uygh. tonu-, tani-; Krm. tan-; Tat. tan-; Bashk. tan-; Kirgh. tn-; Kaz.
tan-; KBalk. tan-; KKalp. tan-; Kum. tan-; Nogh. tan-; SUygh. tani-;
Khak. tan-; Shr. tan-; Oyr. tan-; Tv. tan-; Tof. tan-; Chuv. tn witness.
VEWT 461, EDT 516. Turk. > MMo, WMong. tani- (see 1997, 153).
Cf. also Kor. t- to tell, indicate, confess (SKE 249, EAS 120);
MMong. taul- (HY 40) to understand, distinguish ( < *taul-).
-tno to stretch, pull: Tung. *tn-; Mong. *teneji-; Jpn. *tana-pik-; Kor.
*t-ki-.
PTung. *tn- to stretch, pull (): Evk. tn-; Evn. tn-; Man.
tagiqu device for stretching the bow string; Ul. tan-; Ork. tn-; Nan.
toan-; Orch. tna-; Ud. tana-; Sol. tan-.
2, 160.
PMong. *teneji- to stretch (oneself), be stretched (()):
WMong. teneji-, teniji- (L 804); Kh. ten-; Bur. ten-; Kalm. ten-; Ord.
tenere-, ten-.
KW 391. Mong. > Yak. tenij- be stretched, tenit-, Dolg. tent- stretch (Stachowski
220).

PJpn. *tana-pik- to be stretched, spread (): OJpn.

tana-pjik-; MJpn. tn-fik-; Tok. tanabk-; Kyo. tnbk-; Kag. tanabk-.
JLTT 763. A compound with *pik- pull. Accent is not quite clear: RJ and Kagoshima seem to point to high tone, but Tokyo - rather to low.

PKor. *t-ki- to stretch, pull (, ): MKor. tki-;

Mod. tagi-.
Nam 145, KED 414.
SKE 256. Cf. also Karakh. te half cubit (i.e. big hand-span, cf.
Slav. pd id. < p-t to stretch, pull).
-tnV ( ~ --) (?) nose, part of face round nose: Mong. *tanaa; Turk.
*T(i)na.
PMong. *tanaa nose wings, part of face round nose ( ,
): WMong. tanaa; Bur. xamaraj tan; Kalm.
tan.
KW 378.
PTurk. *T(i)na- nostril (): Tat. tanaw; Bashk. tanau nose;
Khak. tan; Tv. tanaq; Yak. tan.

*taa - *te

1401

VEWT 460, 218. Because of late attestation borrowing from Mong. is not
excluded; but it is not quite probable for phonetic reasons.
Poppe 13, 69, 289, KW 378, VEWT 460. A rather complicated case. Both Turkic and Mongolian forms are attested late, and can
be borrowed from each other. If Mong. < Turk., then one could perhaps
consider instead a possibility of comparing PT *T(i)na with Mong.
*talaji palate (whence again Chag. talaj etc., see KW 379, VEWT
461-462, and Evk. tailai, see Doerfer MT 128). However, Mong. *talaji
may be alternatively compared with Turk. *damgak palate ( 3,
142; thus in 285, 230) - if one supposes a secondary assimilative change *t- > *d- in Turkic. PT *damgak palate; gills
may be, in its turn, alternatively compared with Evk. algama a piece of
skin from deers chin. This knot of etymological problems is yet to be
untangled.
-taa a big number: Tung. *tagu; Jpn. *tamura.
PTung. *tagu hundred (): Neg. tag; Man. tagu; SMan. ta
(2781); Jurch. tan-gu (663); Ul. taG; Ork. taG; Nan. taGo; Orch.
tagu; Ud. tagu; Sol. tangu.
2, 163.
PJpn. *tamura group, crowd (, ): OJpn. tamura.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Somewhat dubious, because in Jpn. the root
is confused with *tamura plot, camp, encampment (see *tma), while
in TM the form may be derived < *ta- count (see *tnu).
-te admiration; condolence: Mong. *ta-; Turk. *t; Jpn. *tm-rp-.
PMong. *ta- 1 delicate, tender 2 to wonder, admire (1 ,
2 , ): WMong. taki 1, tana-, tasi- 2
(L 777, 778); Kh. tan 1, tagna-, tani- 2; Bur. tangil effeminate, high-fed;
Kalm. tasg 1, tanl- to be tender; Ord. tai 1.
KW 378, 379.
PTurk. *t 1 wonder, surprise 2 wonderful 3 to be surprised (1
2 3 ): OTurk. ta 1, tasuq 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. ta 1, tasuq 2 (MK, KB); Tur. tan- 3, tansk 2; da 1
(dial.); Az. da 1 (dial.); Turkm. t 2; Khal. t 2; MTurk. ta 1, tasuq 2
(Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. t 1; Uygh. ta 1; Krm. tasq 2; Tat. ta 1, tansq,
() tasq 2; Bashk. ta 1, tahq 2; Kirgh. ta 1, tasq 2; Kaz. ta 1,
tasq 2; KKalp. ta 1, tasq 2; Nogh. tasq 2; Khak. tana- 3; Oyr. ta 1;
Chuv. tonsax 2; Yak. tosuk, tomsuk 1.
VEWT 461, 462, TMN 2, 570, EDT 510-511, 525-526, 8, 2, 248. Turk.
> WMong. tasu, tasu > Man. tasu.

PJpn. *tm-rp- to condole, mourn for; to visit (,

; ): OJpn. t(w)oburap-; MJpn. tmrf-, tbrf-;
Tok. tbura-; Kyo. tbr-; Kag. tobur-.

1402

*tagiri - *tan
JLTT 770.
KW 378 (Turk.-Mong.).

-tagiri oath, God: Tung. *tagura-; Mong. *tagarag; Turk. *teri /

*tar; Jpn. *tinkir-.
PTung. *tagura- 1 to bow (in front of gods while praying) 2 to tell
fairy-tales (1 ( ) 2 ): Evn. tarn- 2; Man. tanura- 1.
2, 161, 163.
PMong. *tagarag oath (): WMong. taara (L 776: taari);
Kh. tagarag; Bur. tangarig; Kalm. targ (); Ord. taGarik; Dag.
tagarag (. . 165).
Mong. > Sol. taarag, Man. tagarik, takari, see Doerfer MT 139, Rozycki 202.
PTurk. *teri / *tar 1 god 2 sky, heaven (1 2 ): OTurk.
teri 2 (Orkh.), 1, 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. teri 1, 2 (MK, KB); Tur. tanr 1;
Az. tanr 1; Turkm. tar 1; Sal. tanru () 1; MTurk. teri 1 (Sangl.,
MKypch. - CCum., AH et al.); Uzb. tari 1; Uygh. tri 1; Krm. tar,
teri 1; Tat. tre 1; Bashk. tre 1; Kirgh. teir 1, 2; KBalk. tejri 1, 2;
KKalp. tir 1; SUygh. teer 2; Khak. tigr 2; Shr. tegri 2; Oyr. teeri 1, 2;
Tv. dr 2; Tof. dre 2; Chuv. tora 2; Yak. taara 1; Dolg. taara 1.
VEWT 474, TMN 2, 577, EDT 523-524, 2, 252, Stachowski 217. Turk. >
Mong. tegeri > Evk. tieri, Sol. teer (see Doerfer MT 236).

PJpn. *tinkir- to swear (): OJpn. tig(j)ir-; MJpn. tgr-; Tok.

chigr-; Kyo. chgr-; Kag. chgr-.
JLTT 767. Modern dialects point rather to *tnkr-.
An interesting common Altaic religious / juridical term. The proposed etymology presumes that the meaning sky in Turkic is secondary ( < God); if it is not the case, one could accept S. Georgs thesis
about a loan in Turkic < Yenisseian *tgVr- high (see Georg 2001) although we must admit that other loans from Yenisseian are unknown
to us.
-tan shell, pearl: Tung. *taa; Mong. *tana; Jpn. *tm; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *taa bone (whitened from time) ( (
)): Evk. taa.
2, 162. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *tana mother of pearl (): MMong. tana (HY 26,
SH); WMong. tana (L 776); Kh. tana(n); Bur. tana; Kalm. tan; Ord. tana;
Dag. ta (. . 165), (M) tane; Mongr. tan (SM 408).
KW 377-378. Mong. > Man. tana etc., see Doerfer MT 142; > Kypch. tana. Hardly <
Pers. dn fruit stone, despite VEWT 460. 532.

PJpn. *tm pearl, jade (, ): OJpn. tama; MJpn. tm;

Tok. tam; Kyo. tm; Kag. tam.
JLTT 539. The Kyoto accent is not quite regular (pointing rather to *tm).

*tu - *tp

1403

PKor. *tr shell (): MKor. tr.

Nam 145.
In Jpn. the root has partially contaminated with *m(b)a round
q.v. (which may explain the accent disagreement with Kor.). In Turkic
cf. Dolg. (Stachowski 216) tana alter, ausgetrockneter Rentierknochen:
semantically most close to the Evk. word (see below), but -n- is strange
for a loanword < Evk. taa.
-tu a k. of black bird: Tung. *tau-; Mong. *tau; Jpn. *tnkm(u).
PTung. *tau- 1 jackdaw 2 bird (1 2 ): Man. taGua 1;
Nan. taGa 1; Ud. tuni 2.
2, 163, 213.
PMong. *tau jackdaw (): MMong. alax taun (HY 13) daw,
jackdaw; WMong. tau (L 766); Kh. t; Bur. tn; Dag. tgu (. .
165).
Mong. > Evk. tg, Sol. t (see Poppe 1966, 191); Dag. tgu is most probably a
backloan < TM.

PJpn. *tnkm(u) blackbird (): MJpn. tgm; Tok. tsgumi;

Kyo. tsgm; Kag. tsugum.
JLTT 553. The Kyoto accent is aberrant.
One of common Altaic bird names.
-tp to trick, caper: Tung. *tabsa-; Mong. *tebede-; Turk. *Teb; Jpn.
*tp-.
PTung. *tabsa- to caper (, ; (
)): Evk. tawha-, tapsn-; Evn. tawsa-; Ork. taps-; Nan. tapsani
get away from me! (On.)
2, 149.
PMong. *tebede- to fuss, dither; hurry (; ):
WMong. tebede- (L 789); Kh. tevde-; Bur. tebde-.
Mong. > Yak., Dolg. tietej- (see Ka. VIII 88, Stachowski 222).
PTurk. *Teb trick, device (, ): OTurk. teblig tricky
(Orkh., OUygh.), teb (OUygh.); Karakh. tev (MK), tevlig tricky (MK,
KB).
VEWT 468, EDT 434.
PJpn. *tp- to caper, frolic (, ): OJpn. tapa-k-,
tapa-r-, tapabur-; MJpn. tfbr-; Tok. tawak-, tawamur-; Kyo. twk-,
twmr-; Kag. tawak-, tawamur-.
JLTT 766. The Tokyo accent is aberrant (pointing to a variant *tp-).
The final vowel is not clear: Turk. points to *-i, but Jpn. - to *-a or
*-o; otherwise quite regular.
-tp to worship: Tung. *tap-; Mong. *taji-; Turk. *tap-; Jpn. *tptu-.
PTung. *tap- to encourage, advise (, ): Man. tafula-; SMan. tavl- to soothe, to console, to comfort (1506).

1404

*tp - *tpo(rV)

2, 172.
PMong. *taji- to sacrifice ( ): WMong. taji- (L
767); Kh. taj-; tavig sacrifice; Bur. taj-; Kalm. t-; Ord. tawik sacrifice.
KW 388, MGCD 620. Mong. taji- > Oyr. tai- etc.
PTurk. *tap- to serve, worship (): OTurk. tap(OUygh.); Karakh. tap- (MK, KB); Tur. tap-n-; Az. tapn-; Turkm. tap-;
MTurk. tap- (Sangl., Pav. C.); Uzb. tp-in-; Uygh. tev-in-; Krm. tabn-;
Tat. tabn-; Bashk. tabn-; Kirgh. tabn-; Kaz. tabn-; KBalk. tabn-; KKalp.
tabn-; Nogh. tabn-; Yak. tap-t- to love, like; Dolg. tap-t- to love,
like.
VEWT 462, EDT 435, Stachowski 217.
PJpn. *tptu- to honour, revere (, ): OJpn. taputwob-; MJpn. tftb-; Tok. tattb-, ttb-; Kyo. tttb-; Kag. tattb-.
JLTT 765.
KW 388, 271, Poppe 13, 42, 47, 15 (the root is
frequently confused with *tbo q.v.). Mong. is hardly < Turk., despite
1997, 153 and, despite Doerfers (TMN 2, 433) attempts at
criticism.
-tp to go through: Tung. *tap; Mong. *tawul-; Turk. *Top-; Jpn.
*tpr-.
PTung. *tap through (, ): Evk. tapamnak; Evn. tabd;
Neg. tap; Ul. tap; Ork. tap; Nan. tap; Sol. tawakki- to pierce.
2, 164.
PMong. *tawul- to go through ( , ): WMong.
tuul-, taul-, toul- (L 766), tauli- (); Kh. tl-; Kalm. tl-; Ord.
tl-; Mongr. t- pousser devant soi, emporter (eau, vent) (SM 427).
KW 413. Cf. also WMong. taura-, Kalm. tr- come through (KW 413).
PTurk. *Top- to go through ( ): OTurk. topul- to
pierce (OUygh.); Karakh. topul- to pierce (MK, KB); KKalp. topl- , , ; Khak. tobr-; Yak. tobul- , ; Dolg. tobul-.
VEWT 489, EDT 440, Stachowski 224.
PJpn. *tpr- to go through ( ): OJpn. top(w)or-;
MJpn. tfr-; Tok. tr-; Kyo. tr-; Kag. tr-.
JLTT 770.
211, Poppe 47, Miller 1981, 854, Street 1985, 640,
67. In Turk. *-- would be expected; perhaps *topul- is a result
of secondary labialization < *tpul- (*tpol-).
-tpo(rV) earth, dust: Tung. *tap-; Mong. *tour-; Turk. *topra-k.
PTung. *tap- to become dirty (): Evk. tapar-; Orch. tapti
clay.
2, 164.

*trba - *tari

1405

PMong. *tour- 1 earth, soil 2 dust (1 2 ): MMong.

toosun 2 (HY 3, SH), sun 2 (IM); WMong. tousu(n); toura 2 (L 817,
818); Kh. ts 2; Bur. trog 2; Kalm. tsn, tr 1; Ord. tsu, ts 2, ? tsxo
terre cuite, brique; Dag. tural (. . 169), tuse (MD 226), tuarl,
tus 2; Dong. tura 1.
KW 405, MGCD 636. Mong. > Evk. tra, see Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki 211.
PTurk. *topra-k earth, soil (, ): OTurk. topraq (OUygh.);
Karakh. topraq (MK, KB); Tur. toprak; Gag. topraq; Az. torpaG; Turkm.
topraq; Sal. to(:)r; Khal. turpaq; MTurk. topra/q, tofra/q (Sangl.); Uzb.
tuprq; Uygh. tofraq, topraq; Krm. topraq, toprax; Tat. tufraq; Bashk. tupraq; Kirgh. topuraq; Kaz. topraq; KBalk. topraq; KKalp. topraq; Kum.
topraq; Nogh. topraq; SUygh. durvaq; Khak. tobrax; Shr. tobraq; Oyr. tobraq; Tv. dovuraq; Tof. topraq; Chuv. tpra; Yak. toburax.
Derived from PT *topra- to turn into dust, dry out. See VEWT 489, EDT 443, 444,
99. Turk. > WMong. tobrag, Kalm. towrg (KW 404).

210. A Western isogloss. Mong. has a frequent secondary assimilative labialization (tour- < taur-). Cf. also OT (Suv.)
(kir) tapa .
-trba a k. of small animal: Tung. *targa; Mong. *tarbagan; Turk.
*Tabrga; Jpn. *ttka.
PTung. *targa 1 beaver 2 tigers cub (1 2 ): Man.
tarGan 2; Ul. tarGa 1; Nan. tarGa 1.
2, 168.
PMong. *tarbagan tarbagan (): MMong. tarbaqan (SH);
WMong. tarbaa(n) (L 780); Kh. tarvaga; Bur. tarbaga(n); Kalm. tarwn;
Ord. tarwaGa; Dag. tarbg, (. . 165) tarbag, tarbug; S.-Yugh.
taruan; Mongr. trGa (SM 424), tarbuGa.
KW 381, MGCD 625. Mong. > Manchu tarbaxi, tarbixi etc. (see Rozycki 203).
PTurk. *Tabrga musk-deer (): Khak. tabra tarbagan,
tabran flying squirrel; Shr. tabr; Oyr. tr; Tv. tru; Tof. tru.
VEWT 452. Turk. > Russ. , see 230, 519, 600.
PJpn. *ttka a k. of badger, racoon-dog ( , ): OJpn. tatake; MJpn. ttk.
JLTT 542.
The root must have denoted some small wild animal (marmot or
racoon-like).
-tari a k. of water bird: Tung. *tarm; Mong. *irkej; Turk. *tArakaj.
PTung. *tarm a k. of duck ( ): Evk. tarm; Neg. tajm; Man.
tarmin exe; Ul. tarm; Nan. tarm; Orch. taum; Ud. taum.
2, 169.
PMong. *irkej a k. of duck ( ): WMong. rg (L 210);
Bur. rx teal; Kalm. rk teal ().

1406

*taso - *tatkV

Mong. > Oyr. rkj, Kaz. rgj etc. (see VEWT 121), whence again Kalm. rg
(KW 366-367).
PTurk. *tArakaj 1 snipe 2 hawk 3 a k. of lark 4 a k. of duck () 5 corncrake 6 merganser (1 2 3 4 - 5 6 ): Karakh. tartar a bird like the turtle dove, a water-fowl (MK); Tur. taraaj 2; MTurk. taraaj 3; Uzb.
trq 4; Kirgh. tartar 5; Kaz. taraq steppe bird, tartar 5; Khak. taraaj
1, trt 5; Oyr. tarqat 6; Tof. tarhat 6 ( 233).
VEWT 463, EDT 536. There are two distinctive formations: *tara-kaj (a k. of steppe
bird, but not quite clear - which), and *tartar (basically corncrake, but attested in MK
with the meaning a bird like turtle dove, water-fowl). They may be related, but the latter may also represent a borrowing < Sak. tatara partridge (cf. also Armen. tatrak turtle-dove), see Bailey 122.

A Western isogloss. Some Turkic forms may have been influenced

by *torgaj lark (q.v.).
-taso wild, wild animal: Tung. *tasaka; Mong. *tosi-; Turk. *tosun.
PTung. *tasaka tiger (): Man. tasa; SMan. tash (2214); Jurch.
tasxa (136); Sol. tasax.
2, 169-170. TM > Dag. tasga, tasxa (. . 166).
PMong. *tosi- to be wild, ferocious ( , ):
WMong. tosi-; Kh. toigro- to scold, disparage (Gomb.); Kalm. to-.
KW 403.
PTurk. *tosun wild, undisciplined (, ):
OTurk. tosun (OUygh.); Karakh. tosun (MK); Tur. tosun bull-calf; young
man; Az. tsun (dial. 385); Turkm. tosun; MTurk. tusan (.);
Uygh. tosun; Kirgh. tusap-sa quarrelsome; Kaz. tosn unexpectedly,
tosrqa- to stand aloof; Chuv. tos- to rave.
EDT 555-556, VEWT 491, TMN 2, 613-614, . XIV, 175, 180, 2, 255-256.
A Western isogloss.
-tatkV to hit, fight: Tung. *tatki-; Jpn. *tatak-; Kor. *tth-.
PTung. *tatki- to hit the target ( ): Nan. tatk-.
2, 171. Attested only in Nan., with possible Jpn. and Kor. parallels.
PJpn. *ttk- 1 to hit 2 to fight (1 , 2 ): OJpn.
tatak- 1, tatakap- 2; MJpn. ttk- 1, ttkf- 2; Tok. tatk- 1, tatak- 2; Kyo.
ttk- 1, ttk- 2; Kag. ttk- 1, ttk- 2.
JLTT 764.
PKor. *tth- to fight, struggle (, ): MKor. tth-;
Mod. tathu-.
Nam 137, KED 389.
Martin 231. An Eastern isogloss.

*tte - *tatV

1407

-tte to reach, arrive at, stay at: Tung. *tata-; Jpn. *tntk-; Kor. *tt-d-.
PTung. *tata- to stop, make a camp (, ): Man. tata-; Jurch. tata- (286).
2, 171.
PJpn. *tntk- to reach, attain (): MJpn. toduk-; Tok. todk-;
Kyo. tdk-; Kag. tdk-.
JLTT 768. Cf. also the earlier attested *tntk-pr- (OJ todokop(w)or-, modern todokr-) to be delayed, fall behind (possibly, however, related rather to *tntm- stop
q.v.).

PKor. *ttd- to arrive, reach, attain (): MKor. ttt(ttr-); Mod. tatar-.
Nam 128, KED 380.
Lee 1958, 107. An Eastern isogloss.
-ttu rash, scabs: Tung. *tuta-ril-; Mong. *tair; Turk. *tt (/*tt); Jpn.
*tt-(n)k; Kor. *tti.
PTung. *tuta-ril- to get scabs ( ): Evk. tutaril-.
2, 223. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *tair having scanty hair ( , ): WMong. tair (L 762); Kh. tair; Bur. taar; Kalm. tar.
KW 385. Mong. *tatir > Kirgh. tatr steppe.
PTurk. *tt (/*tt) 1 rust 2 rash (1 2 ):
Karakh. tat 1 (totq- to get rusty) (MK); Tur. tatu 1 (dial.); MTurk. tot
(Pav. C.), (MKypch.) tat 1 (At-Tuhf.); Krm. tot, tut 1; Tat. tut 1, 2, tat
() spot; Bashk. tut 1, 2, dial. tat scurf in a bucket; Kirgh. dat 1;
Kaz. tot 1, suntan; KBalk. tot 1; KKalp. tat 1; Kum. tot 1; Nogh. tot 1, 2,
tat spot; SUygh. dad 1; Khak. tat 1; Shr. tat 1; Oyr. tot sun-tan, tat 1;
Tv. dat 1; Tof. tadarq 1; Chuv. tut, tud 2, todx 1, 2; Yak. tatr 2.
VEWT 466, EDT 449, 262, 2, 256, 411-412. Length may be
reconstructed because of the lack of pharyngealization in Tuva-Tof.

PJpn. *tt-(n)k illness caused by ticks (, ): MJpn. ttg; Tok. tsutsuga.

JLTT 558.
PKor. *tti rash, scab (, ): MKor. tti; Mod. tdei.
Nam 148, KED 440.
412. An expressive reduplicated root, perhaps with variants *ttu and *ttu (cf. Turk. *tt and Evk. tuta-).
-tatV to cut, chop: Tung. *tagd-; Mong. *tata-; Kor. *ttm-.
PTung. *tagd- to pull out, tear out, uproot (, ): Evk. tagd-; Evn. td-; Neg. tagd-; Man. tadu-, tadura-; Ul. taGd-;
Nan. tadora-; Ud. tagdi-.
2, 150-151.
PMong. *tata- to chop, grind (, ): WMong. tata- (L
786); Kh. tata-; Bur. tata-; Kalm. tata- ().

1408

*tba - *tb

PKor. *ttm- to trim, prune (, ): MKor. ttm-;

Mod. tadm-.
Nam 128, KED 381.
The TM form can be compared with Mong. and Kor. if it is a contraction of a suffixed form *tatV-gV-. On a possible Japanese reflex see
under *ro.
-tba time: Mong. *tew-ke; Turk. *Teb; Jpn. *tmp.
PMong. *tew-ke history (): WMong. teke, tegke (L 808);
Kh. tx; Bur. txe; Kalm. tk story, legend (); Ord. te(n) livre
dhistoire.
PTurk. *Teb 1 time 2 day and night (*Teb-lk) (1 2 ):
MTurk. tewlk 2; Uzb. tvlik 2; Tat. twlk 2; Bashk. tw at first, twlk
2; Kaz. tevlk 2; KKalp. tevlik 2; Shr. tep 1; Tv. teppie earlier; Chuv.
talk 2.
VEWT 468, 229, 69.
PJpn. *tmp time, turn (, , ): OJpn. tabji; MJpn. tb;
Tok. tab; Kyo. tb; Kag. tbi.
JLTT 536.
256, Poppe 44, VEWT 468, 69.
-tb to run: Tung. *tb-; Mong. *tawlai; Turk. *tabgan; Jpn. *tapasir-.
PTung. *tb- 1 to catch up with 2 to walk behind 3 to run in leaps (1
2 -. 3 ): Evk. twul- 1;
Evn. tewut- 2; Ud. tau-mna- 4.
2, 172, 226.
PMong. *tawlai hare (): MMong. taulai (HY 11, SH), taulaj, tulaj
(MA), twalai (Lig.VMI); WMong. taulai, tulai (L 788); Kh. tlaj; Bur.
tlaj; Kalm. tl, tl; Ord. tl; Mog. ZM itoul (21-1); Dag. tau (.
. 166), tau; Dong. taulei, taoli; Bao. toli; S.-Yugh. tl; Mongr. tl
(SM 430), tol.
KW 413, MGCD 649, TMN 1, 276. Mong. > Evk. tlai, see Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *tabgan hare (): OTurk. taban (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. tavan (MK, IM), tavan (IM); Tur. tawan; Gag. tawan; Az.
dowan; Turkm. towan; Sal. ten (); Khal. dovuan; MTurk.
tawuqan (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. tqan; Uygh. toqan; Krm. tawan;
KKalp. tawan; Kum. tawan; Nogh. tawan; SUygh. tsqan; Yak.
tabsxan.
VEWT 453, EDT 447, 1961, 136, 164.
PJpn. *tapasir- to run (): OJpn. tapasir- (tabasir-).
The word is traditionally analysed as ta- (pref.) + pasir- run (v. sub *po), but no
prefix ta- seems to be attested. The original stem *tapas- ( = Turk. *tab-) must have been
secondary influenced by *pasir- run.

*tbo - *tebV

1409

EAS 109, KW 413, 255, Poppe 13, 44, 77,

1972, 123-124, 164, Miller 1970, 128, JOAL 118. Both in Turk.
and Mong. there exist also verbal roots (PT *tab- to run, e. g. Chag.
tau-, tawu- etc.; WMong. tauli-, tauli- to chase, pursue, see EAS 109,
TMN 1, 276, 2, 616). Despite TMN 1, 277, 1997, 151, one can
hardly speak about borrowing in Mong. from Turkic.
-tbo to help, assist, serve: Tung. *teb-; Mong. *tab; Jpn. *t(m)pa-p-;
Kor. *tb-.
PTung. *teb- 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect (1 ( )
2 , ): Evk. tewej- 1; Ud. tegbese- 2.
2, 226.
PMong. *tab 1 pleasure 2 find pleasure in something 3 to love (1
, 2 , 3
): MMong. tab 4, taji- 2, taala- 3 (SH), tla- 3 (Lig.VMI), taalam 3
(HY 37), ala- 3 (IM), tla- 3 (MA); WMong. tab 1 (L 760), taala- /
tab(a)la- 2 (L 761, 763), tabsi- choyer (enfant); Kh. t, tav 1; tla- 3; Bur.
t-taj 1, tla- fondle, strode, kiss; Kalm. tab 1, tawl- 2; Ord. tt agreeable; Mog. tla- 3 (Lig.VMI 67); Dag. tla- 2 (. . 165), tle- 3 (MD
218); Mongr. t 1, da- choyer (enfant) (SM 47).
KW 373, 386, 388, MGCD 618, 620.
PJpn. *t(m)pa-p- to protect, help in conflict (, ):
MJpn. tbf-, tff-.
JLTT 760.
PKor. *tb- to help (): MKor. tp- (-w-); Mod. tp- (-w-).
Nam 160, KED 484.
KW 373, 388, Poppe 13, 42, 47, 15 (the root is often confused
with *tpa q.v.).
-tebV to put: Tung. *teb-; Mong. *tee-; Turk. *debir-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *teb- to put, place (, ): Evk. tew-; Evn. tew-;
Neg. tew(u)-; Man. tebu-; Ul. tew-i-; Ork. tewe- / teu-; Nan. teu-; Orch.
tewu-, teu-; Ud. teu-.
2, 224-225.
PMong. *tee- to transport, load (on a carriage) (, ( )): MMong. tee- (HY 38, SH); WMong. tegege- (L
792); Kh. t-; Bur. t-; Kalm. t-; Ord. t-; Dag. t- (. . 166, MD
222); Mongr. t- (SM 416).
KW 395, MGCD 629. The second -ge- in WMong. is purely orthographic.
PTurk. *debir- to capsize, subvert (, ):
OTurk. tevir- (OUygh.); Tur. devir-; Gag. devir-; Az. devir-.
3, 172-173.
PKor. *t- to put, place (, ): MKor. t-; Mod. tu-.

1410

*td - *tg(-rV)
Nam 163, KED 502.
Poppe 14, Rozycki 205-206. Cf. *tepa , *tjbo.

-td to transmit: Tung. *ted-; Mong. *teije-; Jpn. *ttp-.

PTung. *ted- to relate, transmit (, , ): Evk. tedw-; Neg. tedew-; Man. todo-lo omen, admonition; Ork.
tede- to notice; Orch. tedu- teach.
2, 228.
PMong. *teije- to feed, nourish; raise, educate (; , ): MMong. teeemel (~ koun) educated child (HY 32),
teie-, teije- (SH); WMong. teije-, teige- (L 808); Kh. te-; Bur. te-;
Kalm. te- (); Ord. te-; Dag. te- (. . 166, MD 223); Dong.
i-; Bao. i-; Mongr. i- (SM 446), t-.
MGCD 630.
PJpn. *ttp- to relate, transmit (, ): OJpn.
tutapa-; MJpn. ttfa-; Tok. tstae-; Kyo. tst-; Kag. tsuta-.
JLTT 775.
All branches may reflect a common Altaic derivative *td-bV.
-tg ( ~ -o) to sit; bed: Tung. *tege-; Jpn. *tk; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *tege- to sit (, ): Evk. tege-; Evn. t-; Neg.
teet-; Man. te-; SMan. te- (505); Jurch. teh-biar (423); Ul. twu; Ork. t-;
Nan. ts-; Orch. t-; Ud. t-; Sol. tege-.
2, 226-228.
PJpn. *tk bed (): OJpn. toko; MJpn. tk; Tok. tko; Kyo.
tk; Kag. tko.
JLTT 548.
PKor. *th- to ride ( ): MKor. th-.
Nam 456, KED 1684.
Lee 1958, 118, 292. As a noun the PTM root has the
meaning seat, bench, which makes the comparison with Japanese
quite plausible. An Eastern isogloss - but cf. notes to *tg(-rV) edge,
border.
-tg(-rV) edge, border: Tung. *teg-r (/-n); Mong. *teg; Turk. *Tegre;
Jpn. *tkr; Kor. *th.
PTung. *teg-r /-n 1 lower edge 2 edge (1 2 ):
Evk. ter (dial. ten) 1; Neg. teen 1; Man. ten 2; Ul. tene beginning;
Ork. t(n) / tee(n) 1,2; Nan. t 2; Orch. t 1; Ud. t(n) 1.
2, 228.
PMong. *teg 1 middle 2 side, direction (1 2 , ): WMong. teg 1, tege 2 (L 792); Kh. teg 1; Bur. teg 1.
PTurk. *Tegre surroundings (, ): OTurk. tegre
(OUygh.); Karakh. tegre (MK); MTurk. tegre side (Pav. C.); Uzb. tegra;
Chuv. tavra; Yak. dieri to, towards; Dolg. dieri to, towards.

*tja - *tjbo

1411

EDT 485, VEWT 469, 2, 178-179, Stachowski 80.

PJpn. *tkr place (): OJpn. tokoro; MJpn. tkr; Tok. tkoro;
Kyo. tkr; Kag. tokro.
JLTT 548.
PKor. *th edge, border, foundation; yard (, , ;
): MKor. th (thh-); Mod. th.
Nam 457, KED 1699.
Lee 1958, 118, Martin 238. The root seems to be homophonous to
*tg sit, bed and may be in fact derived (edge, place < sitting place.
The Turkic reflex here seems probable, but rather controversial: the
word - if it continues PA *tgrV - has been heavily influenced both by
PT *deg-ir- round < PA *tega (hence surroundings) and *dg- to
touch, reach ( < *toke q.v.).
-tja calm, quiet: Tung. *teje-; Mong. *tajibu-; Jpn. *tj-, *tj-.
PTung. *teje- 1 to live 2 to be quiet, rest (1 2 , ): Evk. tiwn- 1; Evn. tiwn- 2; Neg. tejewan- 1; Man. teje2; Nan. tein- 2 ; Orch. tkui- (caus.).
2, 174-175, 236.
PMong. *tajibu- quiet, calm (, ): WMong. tajibuu,
tajibu (L 767); Kh. taiv; Bur. tajban peace; calm; Ord. tw.
Cf. also taibu-ra-, taibusi-ra- to be quiet, taibu peace (borrowing from Chinese is
hardly possible).

PJpn. *tj-, *tj- 1 to interrupt (of breath); stop 2 to be tired, lazy

(1 ( ), 2 , ):
OJpn. taja- 1; MJpn. tj- 1, tj-m- 2; Tok. ta- 1; Kyo. t- 1; Kag. t- 1.
JLTT 761, 766.
Mong. and TM reflect a common derivative *tja-bV.
-tjbo to put, set: Tung. *tb-; Mong. *tabi-; Kor. *tbi-.
PTung. *tb- to set, place (, ): Evk. tw-; Evn. tw-;
Man. teben ; Jurch. tej-bew (437).
2, 225.
PMong. *tabi- to put, set (, ): MMong. talibi (HY 39),
talbi- (SH), talbi-/tabi- (MA), al- (IM), talb- (LH); WMong. tabi- (L 760),
talbi- DO 651; Kh. tavi-; Bur. tabi-; Kalm. tw-; Ord. tawi-; Mog. tali(Weiers); Dag. tawi-, taw- (. . 165); Dong. tai-; Mongr. t- (SM
413).
KW 387-388. The origin of -l- in MMong. forms is not quite clear (talbi- < *tabi-li-? or
a different root?).

PKor. *tbi- to become (): MKor. tw-, ti-; Mod. twe-.

Nam 136, 137, KED 497.
Medial *-jb- should be reconstructed to account for -b- (not --) in
Mong. corresponding to *-b- in Kor. Cf. *tebV.

1412

*tk - *tk

-tk piece, tear into pieces: Tung. *teke-; Turk. *tik; Jpn. *tnkr-; Kor.
*th-.
PTung. *teke- to tear, burst (, ): Evk. tek-; Evn.
tkk-, tkl-; Ul. tek-; Nan. tek-.
2, 230.
PTurk. *tik slice, piece (, ): Karakh. tik (MK); Tur. tike;
Az. tik; Turkm. tike; Khal. tike; MTurk. tike (Pav. C.); Kirgh. bir tike a
little bit.
TMN 2, 918, EDT 478.
PJpn. *tnkr- to tear (into pieces) (, ): MJpn.
tigir-; Tok. chigr-; Kyo. chgr-; Kag. chgr-.
JLTT 767.
PKor. *th- to slaughter animals ( ): MKor. th-.
Liu 197.
Korean has a usual verbal low tone.
-tk to become thick (of liquids): Tung. *tekti; Jpn. *tka-; Kor.
*tth-b-, *ti-.
PTung. *tekti thick (of liquids) ( ( )): Neg. tekti;
Ul. tekti(n); Nan. tek; Orch. tekse; Ud. tekti.
2, 230. Cf. perhaps also *teke- , .
PJpn. *tk()- to soak (, , () ): OJpn. tuk-, tuka-; Tok. tske- (tr.), tskar- (itr.); Kyo. tsk- (tr.),
tskr- (itr.); Kag. tsuk- (tr.), tsukr- (itr.).
JLTT 773.
PKor. *tth-b-, *ti- be thick (of liquids) ( ( )): MKor. tthp-, tthp- (-w-), ti-; Mod. tuthp- / tuk:p- (-w-), tw-.
Nam 167, Liu 234, KED 498, 501, 507.
An Eastern isogloss; see notes to *tku.
-tk ( ~ -k-) kind, equal, level: Mong. *teg-si; Turk. *teki ; Jpn. *tnk-.
PMong. *teg-si equal, level (, ): MMong. tegusi (HY
54); WMong. tegsi (L 794); Kh. teg; Bur. tege; Kalm. tek; Ord. degi;
Dag. ter, (. . 166) tegi, teri.
KW 390, MGCD 631. Mong. > Man. teksi etc., see Doerfer MT 100, Rozycki 206; Yak.
dexsi, Dolg. deksi (Ka. MEJ 43, Stachowski 78).

PTurk. *teki level (): Turkm. tekz; MTurk. tekiz (Pav. C.);
Uygh. tekiz; Krm. tegiz; Tat. tigez; Bashk. tige; Kirgh. tegiz; Kaz. tegis;
KKalp. tegis; Nogh. tegis; Chuv. tagr.
VEWT 468, 470. 2, 165-166 connects the Chuv. form with PT *takr level,
smooth (which is possible if Chuv. < Tat.), in which case the Chuvash form should be
removed from this etymology.

PJpn. *tnk- 1 kind, class 2 mutually, each other (1 , 2 , ): OJpn. tagupji 1, tagapji (ni) 2; MJpn. tgf 1, tgf

*tk - *telbu

1413

(ni) 2; Tok. tgui 1, tgai ni 2; Kyo. tgi 1, tg ni 2; Kag. tagu 1, taga ni

2.
JLTT 537, 538. Cf. also OJ tgp- to differ from one another - probably the same
root as tgpji ni, but influenced by tgp- to differ (v. sub *tk).

KW 390. Despite Doerfers (TMN 2, 660) criticism, the

Turk.-Mong. match seems quite probable.
-tk ( ~ -k-) separate, solitary: Mong. *ig; Turk. *tk; Jpn. *tnkp-.
PMong. *ig separately (): WMong. i, i i (L 178-179);
Kh. ig.
PTurk. *tk 1 odd 2 only, solitary 3 understanding nothing 4 zero 5
vain, in vain (1 2 , 3 4 5 , ): OTurk. tek 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. tek 2 (MK, KB); Tur. tek 1, 2; Gag. tek 1, 2; Az. tk 1, 2; Turkm.
tk 1, 2; MTurk. tek 2 (Sangl.); Krm. tek 2; Tat. tik 2; Bashk. tik 2; Kirgh.
tek 5; Kaz. tek 2; KBalk. tegaran 2; KKalp. tegin 2; Kum. tek 2; Nogh. tek 2;
Khak. tik 3; Shr. tek 5; Tv. tik 3, tek 3, 4.
VEWT 470, TMN 2, 660, EDT 475. Turk. > Mong. Khalkha teg zero, Kalm. teg
kurz, niedrig (KW 389).

PJpn. *tnkp- to differ (): MJpn. tgf-; Tok. chga-; Kyo.

chg-; Kag. chig-.
JLTT 767.
The etymology appears quite plausible both semantically (in Jpn.
differ < to be separate from) and phonetically.
-tko bottom, foundation: Tung. *texn; Mong. *taka; Turk. *Tk.
PTung. *texn root, foundation (, ): Evk. tekn, tekr; Evn. teken; Neg. teken; Ul. texe; Ork. tekke(n); Nan. texe; Orch. teke(n);
Ud. tge.
2, 230-231. The stop -k(k)- in Orok is not clear (old interdialectal loan?).
PMong. *taka horseshoe (): WMong. taqa (L 788); Kh. tax;
Bur. taxa; Kalm. tax (); Ord. daxa; Dag. tak (. . 165), take
(MD 219); S.-Yugh. daG.
MGCD 627. Mong. > Evk. taka etc. ( 2, 153, Rozycki 197), Chag. taqa etc.
PTurk. *Tk bottom, lower part (, ): Turkm. tej;
Khal. t; MTurk. teg (Sangl.); Uzb. tag; Uygh. tg; Kirgh. tek; Kaz. tek
origin; KKalp. tek species, origin.
EDT 475. Voicing *-k > *- (-j) in Oghuz points to an original long vowel.
A Western isogloss. Lee 1958, 118 cites MKor. takar horseshoe
which we were unable to locate.
-telbu dirt: Tung. *telbe; Mong. *tolbu; Turk. *TAlagu; Kor. *trb-.
PTung. *telbe dirt, dirty (, ): Neg. telbe; Ul. telbeni;
Ork. telbenuli; Ud. telbeni.
2, 180.

1414

*tl - *tl

PMong. *tolbu spot (): WMong. tolbu (L 821); Kh. tolbo; Bur.
tolbo; Kalm. tolw (); Ord. tolbo, tolmo.
Mong. tolbutai spotted > Manchu tolbotu a grey horse with circular markings on
its side (see Rozycki 210).

PTurk. *TAlagu 1 deadly poison 2 diarrhoea 3 ulcer disease (1

2 3 , ):
Karakh. talau 1, 2; MTurk. dalau 1 (Pav. C.); Tat. talaw a k. of horse
disease; Bashk. talaw (dial.) Siberian plague; Kirgh. tal-lo-n- to become covered by red blots; Kaz. talau Siberian plague; KBalk. talaw
anthrax, plague; Kum. talaw malignant tumour; Nogh. talav pest,
plague.
VEWT 458, EDT 496. Despite Clauson, hardly derived from tala- to harm, rob.
Modern Oghuz forms (Tur. dial. dalak Siberian plague, Az. dial. dalax cattle disease,
Turkm. dlaq camel disease) are restructured on analogy with *d(i)lak spleen (v. sub
*tle). A similarly reinterpreted form is Chuv. talak some inner disease of cattle - borrowed from Tatar talawu (see above), but restructured under the influence of the borrowed talaq spleen.

PKor. *trb- to be dirty ( ): MKor. trp- (-w-); Mod.

trp- (-w-).
Nam 149, KED 442.
In Kor. the reflex is hard to distinguish from that of *tu q.v.
-tl string, spreader, to spread: Tung. *tel-; Mong. *tele-; Turk. *tl;
Jpn. *tr.
PTung. *tel- 1 to cock (a cross-bow) 2 to spread a carcass, to skin 3
spreader (1 (), () 2 , 3 ): Evk. telbe- 1, telge2; Evn. telg- 2; Neg. telge- 2; Ul. telei- 2; Ork. telde- 2, telbe 3; Nan. telgei- 2; Orch. tegge- 2; Ud. tegesi- 2.
2, 231.
PMong. *tele- to protract, spread (skins, clothes) (
(, , )): WMong. tele-, teli- (L 797); Kh. tele-; Bur. telr
litter, stretcher; Kalm. tel-; Ord. tele-; Mongr. terge- (SM 418).
KW 390.
PTurk. *tl 1 wire, string 2 thong 3 strand (1 , , 2 , 3 ,
): Karakh. tili 2 (MK); Tur. tel 1; Gag. tel 1; Az. tel 1;
Turkm. til 1; Kum. tel 1; Nogh. tel 1; Chuv. tal 3.
VEWT 471, EDT 491. Turk. > NPers., Kurd., Osset. tel etc. Bailey 129 cites Saka ttla
thread, wire and considers it the source of Turkic forms, tracing it back to *tarrya - cf.
Pers. tr < *tarra. However there are no direct Iranian parallels for the Saka form (cf. .
3, 288, maintaining that the Osset. and Kurd. form do not go back to Proto-Iranian but are
borrowed from neighbouring languages); so the word may well be a Turkism in Saka
and other Iranian languages. The Turkic origin is also corroborated by the Chuv. parallel.

*tlV - *tma

1415

PJpn. *tr bow-string (): OJpn. turu; MJpn. tr; Tok. tsur;
Kyo. tsr; Kag. tsur.
JLTT 557.
Despite Doerfer MT 52, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-tlV young lamb, calf: Mong. *tlge; Turk. *Tl.
PMong. *tlge last years lamb ( ):
WMong. tlge, (L 834) tlge(n); Kh. tlg, tlg; Bur. tlge(n); Kalm.
tlg (); Ord. tlg; Dag. tulgu; S.-Yugh. tlge.
MGCD 646.
PTurk. *Tl 1 to put the kid or calf to a different milch-ewe or cow 2
a kid or calf sucking two milch-ewes or cows (1
2 , ): Karakh. tel- (MK)
1; Tat. tile- 1; Bashk. tile- 1; Kirgh. teli- 1, tel 2; Kaz. tel- 1, tel 2; KKalp.
teli- 1; Oyr. telkin roe (female); Tv. tel 2; Yak. tl 2, tilij- 1.
EDT 490 (sub to pierce), VEWT 471. Turk. > MMo, WMong. tel, telee id. (see
1997, 166).

A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Mong. has -- under the secondary influence of tl newborn young animals ( < Turk. *dl q. v.).
-tlV ( ~ --) to sober up: Tung. *tl-; Mong. *telere-.
PTung. *tl- to sober up, come to ones senses (,
): Evk. tl-; Evn. tel-; Ork. tli-.
2, 231.
PMong. *telere- to sober up, come to ones senses (, ): WMong. telere- (XTTT); Kh. telre-; Bur. teler-.
2, 231. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-tma ( ~ -o) net string, net needle: Tung. *teme-; Mong. *tamasu; Turk.
*temen; Jpn. *tamua.
PTung. *teme- 1 big needle 2 axle 3 sledge stick 4 net 5 to hang the
net (1 2 3 -, 4 5
): Evk. temek 3; Neg. teme 1, temti 4; Man. temene ulme 1, temun 2,
tomoo 1; Ul. temti 4; Ork. temeti ; Nan. temiku 4, temnegu- 5.
2, 196, 234, 235. Man. temene may be < Mong. < Turk. (cf. Doerfer MT 142), but
for other forms it is unlikely.

PMong. *tamasu coating, hand seam, net string (,

(), ): WMong. tamasu (XTTT); Kh. tams;
Bur. tamha; Mongr. tamu- filer, tordre du fil, des cordes (SM 408).
PTurk. *temen big needle ( ): OTurk. temen (OUygh.);
Karakh. temen jigne (MK, IM); Tur. tebene (dial.); Az. tmn; Turkm.
temen; Khal. temen; MTurk. teben (Pav. C.), (MKypch.) temen (CCum.);
Uzb. temen; Uygh. tmn; Bashk. tibn en; Kirgh. temene; Kaz. teben;
KKalp. teben; Nogh. teben; Khak. tibe e; Oyr. temene, tebene; Tv. tevene.

*tme - *tmu

1416

VEWT 472, EDT 507. Turk. > WMong. tebene, temene id. (KW 391, TMN 4, 278-279,
1997, 154).
PJpn. *tamua a k. of net ( ): Tok. tamo.
Most sources indicate that the root was used as a fishing term (either a string in the net or a needle for the net). Morphologically cf. the
match between PT *temen and Manchu temene ~ temun.
-tme ( ~ -o-) scarce, rare: Tung. *temu-; Jpn. *tm-; Kor. *tmr-.
PTung. *temu- 1 in vain 2 barely, scarcely (1 2 , ): Evk. tomokn 1; Ul. tembu 2.
2, 196, 233.
PJpn. *tm(p)- scarce, poor (, ): OJpn. tomo-si;
MJpn. tm-si; Tok. tobosh-, tboshi-; Kyo. tbsh-; Kag. tobshi-.
JLTT 842. Kagoshima and one of the Tokyo variants point to a variant with high
tone in PJ.

PKor. *tmr- rare (): MKor. tmr-; Mod. tmul-.

Nam 171, KED 526.
Whitman 1985, 126, 218. An Eastern isogloss.
-tmo ( ~ t-) to burn, kindle: Turk. *Tm-; Jpn. *tm-s-.
PTurk. *Tm- 1 to burn (tr.) 2 to kindle 3 to become excited (1
2 3 4 ): OTurk. tam- 4, tamdur- 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. tamur- 2 (MK); Uygh. tamet- 2 (Lobn.); Tat. tamz- 2
(dial.); Kirgh. tam- 4, tamz- 2; Kaz. tamz- 2; KKalp. tamz- 2; Nogh.
tamz- 2; SUygh. tam- 4, tam-dr- 1; Khak. tam-l- 4, tams- 2; Yak. tmt- 3,
tm-tk .
VEWT 459b, EDT 504, 363. Clauson thinks the root is < Chin., but this is
highly improbable.

PJpn. *tm-s- to burn, light (): OJpn. tomos-; MJpn. tomos-;

Tok. tmos-, toms-; Kyo. tms-; Kag. tms-.
JLTT 770.
286. A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps TM: Ud. tumpali
capsule, Evn. tumtej star ( 2, 213).
-tmu boat, raft: Tung. *tmu; Mong. *tamara-; Jpn. *tumu.
PTung. *tmu 1 raft 2 boat (1 2 ): Evk. tmu 1; Evn. tem 1;
Neg. tem 1; Man. temiku 2; Ul. temu(n) 1; Ork. temu 1; Nan. temu 1,
temi 2; Orch. temmu 1, temtie 2; Ud. temtige 2.
2, 234.
PMong. *tamara- to float, to swim (): Bur. tamara-.
Attested only in Bur., but having probable external parallels.
PJpn. *tumu big boat ( ): OJpn. tumu.
Phonetically and semantically plausible, but rather sparsely attested in Mong. and Jpn.

*temV - *t

1417

-temV to grope, search: Tung. *temi-; Mong. *temteri-.

PTung. *temi- to grope (): Evk. temi-; Evn. temi-; Neg.
temikte-; Ul. temuru-; Ork. temiri-; Nan. temiri-; Ud. teme- (. 298).
2, 233-234.
PMong. *temteri- to grope, search by feeling (,
): WMong. temteri- (L 800); Kh. temtre-; Bur. temter-; temge
; Kalm. temtr- (); Ord. temtere-; Dag. temil-, (. . 167)
teml-; Dong. ianilu-; Mongr. tendili- (SM 415), temdl-.
MGCD 631. Cf. also *temi- to strive (KW 391) > Man. teme- etc.; Tel. tmdn-.
The Dag. form may be < TM.

SKE 261, 2, 234. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; but for a possible

Jpn. parallel see *tama, and for a possible derivative reflected in Turkic
and Japanese see *tnta.
-tea to kick, shake: Tung. *te-; Mong. *taga-; Turk. *TE-.
PTung. *te- to flutter, shake, wave; throw; jump (, ; ; ): Man. tegele-, teki-, tene-; Jurch. ti-da-mai
to release (400).
2, 236.
PMong. *taga- 1 to kick 2 to be overthrown (1 2 ): WMong. taara- 1 (); Kh. tagara- 1; Bur. tagar- 1,
tagaj- 2; Ord. taG- tre couch sur le dos; Mongr. taG- tre couch sur le dos (SM 409).
PTurk. *TE- to soar, fly (): Karakh. te- (MK); Tur. (dial.)
t-.
EDT 514. See also 1984 , 4, p. 78-81.
An expressive Western isogloss.
-t lowland: Tung. *t-; Turk. *tE; Jpn. *tn.
PTung. *t- 1 plain, lowland 2 low bank 3 pool 4 wide lake (1 2 3 4 ): Evk. tn 1, tek 1;
Evn. tek forest; Neg. te 2; Man. tegin 4; Ork. teesi mountain pass;
Nan. tki 3; Orch. teki 3.
2, 235, 236. Evk. > Dolg. tn plain (Stachowski 221).
PTurk. *tE 1 pool 2 big river (1 2 ): Karakh. (?)
te (MK) 1; Tur. (Osm.) ten 2; MTurk. tin 2 (R.).
VEWT 473, EDT 512. Chag. > Kalm. te Don.
PJpn. *tn valley (): OJpn. tani; MJpn. tn; Tok. tan; Kyo.
tn; Kag. tan.
JLTT 541.
Turk. *degi sea ( 3, 194-195; > Mong. tegis, see Clark
1980, 39) may also belong here (with a secondary voicing). See SKE 280,
EAS 145. Cf. *toe air or water space.

1418

*to - *tp

-to a k. of flying insect: Tung. *teer- / *toor-; Jpn. *tm-; Kor.

*toi.
PTung. *teer- / *toor- 1 a k. of butterfly 2 spider (1 .
2 ): Neg. toorawk 1; Ork. tnei, tegeneni 2; Orch. teeje 2; Ud.
tee 2.
2, 198, 237.
PJpn. *tm- dragon-fly (): MJpn. tombau, tombo; Tok. tmbo;
Kyo. tb; Kag. tomb.
JLTT 550.
PKor. *toi gad-fly (): MKor. toi.
Liu 233.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. perhaps Mong. temeel-irgene dragonfly
(folk-etymologically merging with temeen camel).
-tp to catch, embrace, armful: Tung. *tbe-; Mong. *teberi-; Jpn.
*tmp; Kor. *tpr-.
PTung. *tbe- 1 to catch 2 to embrace (1 2 ): Evk.
tewe- / tw- 1; Evn. tew- 1, tewel- 2; Neg. tewen- 1; Man. tebee- 2; SMan.
tivl-, tevil- (1494).
2, 226.
PMong. *teberi- 1 to embrace, grasp 2 armful (1 ,
2 ): MMong. tbr- (IM), tibri- (MA), teberi- (SH), tebri- (LH);
WMong. teberi-; Kh. tevri- 1, tever 2; Bur. teber(i)-; Kalm. tewr-; Ord. tewere- 1; Dag. teu- (. . 167, MD 224) 1, teur 2; Dong. ieru(iaoru-); Bao. tre-; S.-Yugh. tewerde- 1, tewer 2; Mongr. twri-, tri- (SM
425, 437) 1, (MGCD tr-), tr 2.
KW 395, MGCD 629, 630.
PJpn. *tmp bundle (): MJpn. taba; Tok. tba; Kyo. tb; Kag.
tab.
JLTT 536.
PKor. *tpr- to lead, take smn. with (, ): MKor.
tpr-; Mod. tbul-.
Nam 150, KED 443.
Poppe 14, 45. Despite Doerfer MT 52, TM c annot be borrowed
from Mong. The Kor. verb has a typical low tone. Kor. tabal bundle,
bunch (see Martin 227), which we have attributed to PA *tp, seems
to be a better match for Jpn. *t(n)p, but Jpn. also has *ta(m)pua knot of
hair, and the two roots actively interacted in the Kor.-Jpn. area.
-tp tuft (of hair): Tung. *teb-; Mong. *tab, *tebeg; Turk. *tep (-);
Jpn. *tampua; Kor. *tapar.
PTung. *teb- 1 rags 2 tail on shamans belt (1 2
): Evk. tewduk 1; Sol. tabxa 2.
2, 148, 225.

*tep - *tep

1419

PMong. *tab, *tebeg 1 tuft of hair attached to a metal ring (for play);
shuttlecock 2 long hair on back of head (1 , ( ); 2 , ): WMong. tebeg 1, 2 (L 789), tab 2 (L 760); Kh. teveg 1, tav
2; Bur. tebeg 1; Kalm. tewg 2 (); Ord. teweg 1; S.-Yugh. tebeg.
MGCD 629. Cf. also tobi, Khalkha to .
PTurk. *tep (-) hill, top; top of head (, ): OTurk.
tp; Karakh. tepe (Tefs.), tp (KB); Tur. tepe, dial. depe; Gag. tepe; Az.
tp; Turkm. depe; MTurk. tepe, tpe (MA, Pav. C.); Uzb. tepa; Uygh. tp;
Krm. tebe; Tat. tb; Bashk. tb; Kirgh. tb; Kaz. tbe; KBalk. tbe;
KKalp. tbe; Kum. tbe; Nogh. tbe; Oyr. tb; Tv. tej; Chuv. tb, tbe
(NW); Yak. tb; Dolg. tb.
VEWT 494, 505, TMN 2, 450-452, EDT 436, 3, 197-199, 201, Stachowski 227. The original meaning was probably crest, top of head: cf. Kirgh. tpk
, Chuv. tbek crest, top of head. Forms with d- in Oghuz may be a trace of a
different root (see below); but Kirgh. db and Uygh. dw are most probably < Mong.
dbe.

PJpn. *tampua knot of hair on back of head ( ): MJpn. tabo; Tok. tabo.
JLTT 537.
PKor. *tapar bundle, bunch (): Mod. tabal.
Nam 385.
258. The root is rather difficult to distinguish from
*tpa to catch, embrace and from *tpu round, clot : an expressive
sound shape, liable to mergers. Note that within Turkic there may have
also been a confusion of this root with PA *tjp hill, top, cf. some
Oghuz forms with d- (Doerfer TMN 1, 450-452 attempts to connect
Turk. *tepe with Mong. dee- above, which has a different, quite plausible etymology). The original meaning of *tepa could be top of head
(whence tuft of hair on top or back of head): cf. the common
Turk.-Mong. derivative *tepa-lV spot on the forehead of an animal
(WMong. tgele, Khalkha t; Turkm. depel, Az. tpel, Kirgh. tbl etc.),
see 213, KW 408, 3, 200.
-tep to cover, obstruct: Tung. *tepku; Jpn. *tapa-; Kor. *tph- / *tph-.
PTung. *tepku sheath, sack (, ): Evk. tepku; Evn.
tpkun; Neg. tepke; Man. tebku uterus; Ork. tupo; Orch. tekpu, tepku; Ud.
tekpu.
2, 237. TM > Dag. tebke sack, sheath (. . 166).
PJpn. *tapa- to obstruct, shut (, ): OJpn.
tapa-; MJpn. tafa-.
JLTT 761.
PKor. *tph- / *tph- to cover (): MKor. tph-, tph-, tp-;
Mod. tp- [tph-].

1420

*tpa - *tp

Nam 153, 168, KED 454.

SKE 263, PKE 203, EAS 49. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. *tebV and Bur.
tebtr cover (of pot) - a word of obscure origin. For Jpn. cf. alternatively: WMong. eger, Khalkha cr taboo, prohibition, Turk. eper
fence, protecting fender, see 211-212; cf. also Oroch
eppe- to sin?.
-tpa to hit, tip over: Tung. *tep-; Mong. *ta- / *tuji-; Turk. *Tap-la-;
Jpn. *tp-.
PTung. *tep- 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot (1 ( ); () 2 3 4 , 5 ): Evk. tep- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4; Evn. tepsen- 2; Neg. tepekele- 5; Nan. tepete- 3.
2, 237, 238. Cf. also an expressive variant *tapta- to clap ( 2, 164).
PMong. *ta- / *tuji- 1 to dump, capsize 2 to cut, sharpen (1 (), 2 , ): MMong. tujla (MA 354); WMong. tujila- (L 840) 1 , taari- (L 765), tajiri(KW) 2; Kh. tujla- 1, tajra- 2; Bur. tajra- 2; Kalm. t- 1, tr- 2; Ord. tuila1, tri- 2; Dag. tri- 2; S.-Yugh. tr- 2.
KW 388, 413, MGCD 622.
PTurk. *Tap-la- 1 to chop off splinters 2 to forge, hammer (1
2 3 ): Az. tapdala- 2; MTurk. tapla- ,
(Pav. C.); Uzb. tpta- 3; Uygh. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Krm. tapta- 1,
2, 3; Tat. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Kirgh. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Kaz. tapta- 1, 2, 3; KBalk. tablato hammer; Kum. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Nogh. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Khak. tapta- 2, 3;
Oyr. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Tv. tapta- 1, 2, 3; Chuv. tupta- 2, 3; Yak. taptaj- 2, 3.
VEWT 462, 2, 108-109, . XIV, 48.
PJpn. *tp- 1 to tip over, collapse 2 to dump, capsize, topple (1
, 2 ): OJpn. tapura- 1, tapus- 2; MJpn. tfra- 1, tafus- 2; Tok. taor- 1, tas- 2; Kyo. tr- 1, ts- 2;
Kag. tr- 1, ts- 2.
JLTT 763.
The root should be distinguished from *tpV and *tpe q.v., although they certainly tend to be confused.
-tp to endure, abstain: Mong. *tebi-; Turk. *TEpi; Jpn. *tp-.
PMong. *tebi- to abstain from, abandon ( , ): MMong. tebi- hingeben (HYt); WMong. tebi- (L 789); Kh.
tewi-; Bur. tebe-; Kalm. tew- to endure (); Ord. debi-.
Mong. > Manchu tebi- to endure, to suffer (see Rozycki 204).
PTurk. *TEpi envy (): Karakh. tepiz, tepze- to envy (MK,
KB).
EDT 448.

*tepV - *tra

1421

PJpn. *tp- to endure (): OJpn. tapa-; MJpn. tf-; Tok. ta-;
Kyo. t-; Kag. t-.
JLTT 761.
The parallel seems plausible, with the semantic developments
*endure > envy; *endure > shun, abstain.
-tepV warm, to burn: Tung. *tepe-; Turk. *tpi-; Kor. *tb-.
PTung. *tepe- 1 to catch fire, to burn 2 to burn through (1 , 2 , ): Man. tefe- 2; SMan. tiav- 1;
Nan. tepe- 1.
2, 238.
PTurk. *tpi- 1 to dry, become dry 2 to suffer from heat (1 2
): Az. tpi- 1; Turkm. tebi- 1; Chuv. tip- 1, 2.
Rsnen (VEWT 253) and (2, 233) think that the Chuv. form reflects PT
*kep-, but this is impossible for phonetic reasons.

PKor. *tb- be warm ( ): MKor. tp- (tw-); Mod. tp(-w-).

Nam 153, KED 451.
The parallel seems reliable, although voicing in Korean is not clear
(note a similar case in *tpa).
-tra pair, to compare: Tung. *tr; Jpn. *ttap-.
PTung. *tr 1 couple, pair 2 equal (1 2 ): Evk. tr
1; Evn. tri 1; Neg. tj 1; Nan. terini 2; Orch. tj 1; Ud. tie 1.
2, 239.
PJpn. *ttup- to compare (, ): OJpn.
tat(w)op(a)-; MJpn. ttf(a)-; Tok. tato-; Kyo. tt-; Kag. tt-.
JLTT 765.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-tra ( ~ -u) hair, wool, thread: Tung. *terge-; Turk. *TAram; Kor.
*trh().
PTung. *terge- 1 deerskin, cloth made of deerskin 2 footwear made
of deerskin (1 , 2 ): Evk. tergekse 1; Evn. tergs 1; Neg. tergemi 2.
2, 238-239.
PTurk. *TAram 1 sinew, sinew thread 2 strand (1 ,
2 , ()): Uzb. taram 2; Uygh. taram (R) 1;
Tat. taram 2; taram () 1; Bashk. taram 1; Kirgh. taram 1; Kaz.
tarams 1; KKalp. tarams 1; Nogh. tarams 1; Shr. taram 1; Oyr. taram
(R) 1.
VEWT 463. Usually considered to be derived from *tar- to be divided, go apart,
which is rather strange semantically.

PKor. *trh- 1 hair 2 feather (1 2 ): MKor. thr, thrk;

Mod. thl 1.

*trb - *ta

1422

Nam 458, KED 1702.

SKE 280, 296. This comparison seems better than relating the Korean word to Turk. *tel wire (SKE 282). Equally unconvincing is Doerfers (TMN 1, 244) attempt of deriving the Turk. forms from
an Iranian source.
-trb a big cutting instrument: Tung. *terin; Mong. *tarbagaj; Turk.
*trpi-g; Jpn. *tt.
PTung. *terin back of axe ( ()): Evk. terin; Evn. tern;
Neg. tejin; Man. teru ; anus; Ork. terkile- hit with
back of axe; Nan. teri(n).
2, 239.
PMong. *tarbagaj carpenters axe ( ): Bur. tarbagaj hxe.
PTurk. *trpi-g file, rasp (): Karakh. trpig (MK); Tur.
trp; Gag. trp; Az. trp; Turkm. trpi; MTurk. drbi (Pav. C.); Bashk.
trp (dial.); Kirgh. trp; Kaz. trpi; KKalp. trpi; Nogh. trpi; Tv.
drb.
VEWT 495, EDT 533.
PJpn. *tt big sword ( ): OJpn. tati; MJpn. tt; Tok.
tchi; Kyo. tch; Kag. tach.
JLTT 543.
One should also note Ul. tarpigda a k. of knife ( 2, 169; from
a Mong. form like *tarpagaj?).
-terko (*terVko) to think: Tung. *terge-; Mong. *tariki; Turk. *TrKe-.
PTung. *terge- 1 to think 2 to doubt (1 2 ): Evk.
terge- 1; Ul. terge- 2; Nan. tergede- 2.
2, 238.
PMong. *taraki / *tariki 1 brain, mind 2 head (1 , 2 ):
WMong. tariki(n), taraki(n) 1 (L 781); Kh. tar 1; Bur. tarxi 1,2; Kalm.
trk; Ord. tarii; Mongr. taraGi (SM 410), taraG 1.
KW 387, MGCD 626.
PTurk. *TrKe- to observe, research (, ,
): MTurk. te/irke- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. terga- to interrogate;
Uygh. trgw examination, inquiry; Krm. terge-; Kirgh. terge-; Kaz.
terge-; KBalk. terge-; KKalp. terge-; Kum. terge-; Nogh. terge-; Chuv. tirgeto judge, discriminate.
VEWT 475, 2, 236-237 (the meaning judge, discriminate cannot be explained from Arab. terk leave).

A Western isogloss.
-ta ( ~ -o) eagle, vulture: Tung. *ter-; Mong. *tarbali; Turk. *dA; Jpn.
*tt.
PTung. *ter- falcon, hawk (, ): Evn. tra, ter.

*teo - *t

1423

2, 239.
PMong. *tarbali a k. of eagle (
): MMong. tarbai a k. of bird (MA); WMong.
tarba(l)i (L 780); Kh. tarval (); Bur. tarba(l)a; Kalm. tarwi.
KW 381. Mong. > Oyr. tarbaln, Man. tarbali, turbeli (see Doerfer MT 131, Rozycki
203).

PTurk. *dA vulture (): Turkm. dazzarkel; Uygh. tasqara

(dial., Malov - Xami); Bashk. taara; Kirgh. tazqara; Kaz. tasqara; Khak.
tasxa owl; Oyr. tas qu (.); Tv. das.
Turk. > Kalm. tas (KW 381-382).
PJpn. *tt dragon (): OJpn. tatu; MJpn. tt; Tok. ttsu; Kyo.
tts; Kag. ttsu.
JLTT 544.
EAS 111. Cf. also WMong. (L 779) tarasu sp. of small eagle. The
root is practically homonymous with *teo bald (q.v.) and may be in
fact a specialization of the latter, as a bald eagle (note that this is the
traditional etymology of the Turkic word).
-teo bald: Mong. *tar-; Turk. *da (~--); Kor. *ti- / trk.
PMong. *tar- 1 bald 2 scab (on head) (1 2 ): MMong.
tarasun bald, naked (HY 48), ra 1 (IM); WMong. tar 1, taraai 2; Kh.
tar having sparse hair (); Kalm. tar 1; Mongr. tarG chauve,
ras (tte), nu (terre).
KW 380. Mong. > Yak. taraaj, Dolg. tarakaj bald (Stachowski 217).
PTurk. *da (~--) bald (): OTurk. taz (OUygh.); Karakh. taz
(MK); Tur. daz; Az. daz; Sal. taz (); MTurk. taz (Sangl.); Uzb. tz;
Uygh. taz; Krm. taz; Tat. taz; Bashk. ta; Kirgh. taz; Kaz. taz; KKalp. taz;
Nogh. taz; Khak. tas; Shr. tas; Oyr. tas; Tv. tas; Tof. tas.
VEWT 467, EDT 570, 3, 124. Turk. > Hung. tar bald, see MNyTESz 3, 847.
PKor. *ti- / trk 1 a bald head 2 cracks (on hands and feet, from
cold) (1 2 ( , )):
MKor. trk 2; Mod. t-mri 1.
Liu 185, KED 426.
EAS 111, KW 380, SKE 250, Poppe 13. Despite 1997, 154
we cannot assume borrowing in Mong. from Turkic. Turkic has a secondary voiced d- (one of the cases of voicing in front of --); but a contamination of two roots is also not excluded: cf. also Mong. dar-gar,
dars-gar (L 233: darsa-ar) rough, warped (of skin). Cf. also notes to
*ta ( ~ -o) eagle, vulture.
-t dirt, dung: Tung. *trgn; Turk. *tEek; Jpn. *tt; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *trg- pool, swamp (, ): Evk. trgn.
2, 239. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

1424

*ti - *tbe

PTurk. *tEek dung (): OTurk. tezek (OUygh. - YB); Karakh.

tezek (MK); Tur. tezek; Gag. tezek; Az. tzk; Turkm. tezek; Sal. tesex, tzex
(); Khal. tzk; MTurk. tezek (Sangl., MA); Uzb. tezak; Uygh. tezk;
Krm. tezak; Tat. tizk, kizk; Bashk. tik; Kirgh. tezek; Kaz. tezek; KBalk.
tezgek; KKalp. tezek; Kum. tezek; Nogh. tezek; Khak. tizek; Shr. tezek; Oyr.
tezek; Tv. des clotted blood; Tof. des clotted blood (. ); Chuv.
? tirs.
VEWT 477, TMN 2, 508, EDT 574, 2, 236. Chuv. > Tat., Bashk. tires.
PJpn. *tt earth (): OJpn. tuti; MJpn. tt; Tok. tsuch; Kyo.
tsch; Kag. tsuch (tsuT).
JLTT 557.
PKor. *tr- dirty, become dirty (, ): MKor. tr-m-.
Nam 153.
Contaminations with *te (in Kor. also with *telbu) were possible.
-ti thou: Mong. *i.
PMong. *i, *ta 1 thou 2 you (pl.) (1 2 (.)): MMong. i, ino
(gen.) (HY 31, SH), i, eni (gen.) (IM), i, inu, ini (gen.) (MA) 1, ta,
tano (gen.) 2 (SH); WMong. i 1, inu (gen.), ta 2; Kh. i, inij (gen.) 1, ta
2; Bur. i, en (gen.) 1, ta, tnar, tnad 2; Kalm. i, in (gen.) 1, tadn 2;
Ord. i, ini (gen.) 1, ta 2; Mog. i-, ini (gen.) 1, to 2; ZM i, inei (gen.)
(26-3, 26-10a); Dag. , in (gen.) 1 (. . 183, MD 215), t 2 (.
. 164, MD 218); Dong. (), ni, ji (gen.), ta 2; Bao. (i), n
(gen.), ose ~ ase (Abl.) 1, ta 2; S.-Yugh. 1, ta 2; Mongr. i, ini (gen.)
(SM 441, 450) 1, ta (SM 404) 2.
KW 438, MGCD 619.
Mongolian has alone preserved the Nostratic 2d p. stem *ti; other
Altaic languages have retained only the other stem *si (*sa), with the
oblique stem *nV.
-tbe camel, elk: Tung. *tiba; Mong. *teme-en; Turk. *debe.
PTung. *tiba male deer, elk (-, ): Evk. tier; Ul.
aa; Orch. tipaa.
2, 185.
PMong. *teme-en camel (): MMong. temeen (SH), temejen
(HY 11), tem (IM), tmn (LH), tmn, timen (MA); WMong. temege(n) (L
800); Kh. temn; Bur. tem(n); Kalm. temn; Ord. tem(n); Mog. tem
(Weiers); Dag. tem (. . 166, MD 223); S.-Yugh. temen; Mongr.
timn (SM 420), tmn.
KW 390, MGCD 631. Mong. > Evk. temen etc., see Poppe 1966, 191, Doerfer MT
77-78, Rozycki 206.

PTurk. *debe camel (): OTurk. tebe (Orkh.), teve (OUygh.);

Karakh. teve (tevej) (MK); Tur. deve; Gag. dev; Az. dev; Turkm. dje;

*tijV - *t[k]

1425

Sal. tje, tv, tvi; MTurk. deve (Pav. C.), teve (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb.
tuja; Uygh. tg; Krm. tje, deve; Tat. dj; Bashk. dj; Kirgh. t; Kaz.
tje; KBalk. tje; KKalp. tje; Kum. tje; Nogh. tje; SUygh. te, ti; Khak.
tibe; Oyr. t, tebe; Tv. teve; Tof. tebe (. ); Chuv. tve; Yak. taba
deer; Dolg. taba deer.
EDT 447-448, VEWT 468, 3, 313-315, 445, Stachowski 214. Turk. >
Hung. teve, see Gombocz 1912.

EAS 88. A Western isogloss. Initial *d- in Turkic is due to assimilation, but borrowing in Mong. from Turk. cannot be accepted, despite
TMN 2, 671, 1997, 154.
-tijV louse: Tung. *ti-kte; Turk. *Ti-.
PTung. *ti-kte louse (): Man. ixe; SMan. ix (2255); Ul. tiqte;
Ork. tikte; Nan. ikte.
2, 179. Derived from a root *ti(:)-, cf. PTM *t-le-/*t-na- to search for lice in
ones hair (see 2, 181 and SKE 165).

PTurk. *Ti- a k. of biting insect ( ):

OTurk. ti-ler (OUygh.).
See EDT 501: the word is located in a list of harmful biting insects, between flies
and ants.

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Very poorly attested in Turkic; but cf. a

further Nostratic etymology (Ural. *tjV, Kartv. *il-) in 335.
-t[k] to stuff into, press into: Tung. *tiki-; Mong. *iki-; Turk. *tk-;
Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *tk-.
PTung. *tiki- to fit, be placed into (, ): Ul. tiki-;
Nan. q-; Orch. tiki-; Ud. tixi-.
2, 178.
PMong. *iki- to stuff into, press into (, ):
MMong. iqiqsan chock-full (MA); WMong. iki- (L 181); Kh. ixe-; Bur.
exe-; Kalm. ik-; Ord. ike-; Mog. ikn packt voll (Ramstedt 1906);
Dag. ike- (. . 181), iki- (MD 129); Dong. qi-, Gi-; Bao. i-;
S.-Yugh. iG-; Mongr. igi- (SM 448).
KW 439, MGCD 573.
PTurk. *tk- to stuff in, press in (, , ):
OTurk. tq- (OUygh.); Karakh. tq- (MK); Tur. tka-; Gag. tqa-; Az. tx-;
Turkm. dq-; MTurk. tq- (Sangl.); Uzb. tiq-; Uygh. tiq-; Krm. tq-; Tat.
tq-; Bashk. tq-; Kirgh. tq-; Kaz. tq-; KKalp. tq-; Kum. tq-; Nogh. tq-;
Khak. tx-; Shr. tqta-; Oyr. tq-; Tv. d-; Tof. t-; Chuv. x-.
VEWT 477-478, EDT 465, 3, 337-340, 75. The Turkm. form with a
voiced d- is quite irregular and probably reflects a merger with *dik- to insert, plant vertically.

PJpn. *tk- to poke, thrust (, ): OJpn. tuk-;

MJpn. tk-; Tok. tsk-; Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsk-.
JLTT 773.

1426

*tikV - *tm

PKor. *tk- to dip down, imprint (, ): MKor.

tk-; Mod. :ik-.
Nam 181, KED 1540.
KW 439, Poppe 15, 16, 55, . 37-38. Cf. also Kor.
tk-mk- = MJpn. t-pam- to peck (lit. press and eat). In TM one
would rather expect *-x-; this means perhaps that we could reconstruct
*tk, with assimilation in Mongolian.
-tikV to fear, hate: Tung. *tiKun-, *tiKul-; Mong. *ikul; Turk. *tik-.
PTung. *tiKu-n-, *tiKu-l- to be angry (): Evk. tikul-, tikun-;
Evn. tql-; Sol. tegul-.
2, 179.
PMong. *ikul rage, irritability, nervousness (, ):
MMong. iqul (HY 54); WMong. iqul, uqul (L 193); Kh. cuxal; Bur.
suxal; Kalm. cuxl (); Ord. uxuldu- to lose countenance, to be troubled.
PTurk. *tik- to hate, fear (, ): Tur. tiksin-; Az. diksin-; Turkm. tiksin-; Kirgh. tikirede- to assault viciously; Kaz. tik-baqaj
stubborn, violent, tikirede- id.; KBalk. tiklik tension (of relations).
Somewhat unclear voicing in Az. See 1991.
14. A Western isogloss.
-tm (low) noise, sound, to make noise: Tung. *tim-; Mong. *imee;
Turk. *Ti(mi); Jpn. *tmr-; Kor. *tamr-.
PTung. *tim- 1 calm (of weather) 2 calm, silent 3 to speak silently,
move lips 4 night silence (in the forest) (1 ( ) 2 , 3 , 4 (
)): Evk. temelken 4; Evn. tmrn 1, timne- (folkl. tnme-) 3; Nan.
mo-mo 2.
2, 182, 235. Cf. also Evk. (Kamn.) tamurga- to become silent.
PMong. *imee sound, noise; noisy (, ; ):
MMong. imeen (HY); WMong. imege(n), ime (L 185); Kh. im; Bur.
em(n); Kalm. imn; Ord. im; Mongr. im.
KW 440, MGCD 570.
PTurk. *Ti(mi) 1 sound 2 to talk 3 to grumble (1 2 3
): Karakh. [tnma do not speak (MK - Oghuz.)]; Tur. tn- 2,
Osm. tn-, dn- 2; Az. din- 2; MTurk. (MKypch.) tn- 2 (Houts.); Tat.
tn-sz wordless; Khak. tmel- 3; Tv. dimi rumble, thunder; Chuv.
n- 2, m-sr wordless; Yak. tiij- to produce loud thumping
sounds.
. 86, EDT 514. Clauson regards the Oghuz verb as a metaphor from
tn- breathe, which is hardly the case (although some contaminations with this root, as
well as with *Tim- silent, were possible).

*tnta - *tire

1427

PJpn. *tmr- to be silent (): Tok. damr-; Kyo. dmr-; Kag.

dmr-.
JLTT 680. Initial voiced d- is secondary (probably expressive).
PKor. *tamr- to close the mouth, be silent ( , ): MKor. tamr-; Mod. tamul-. Liu 193, KED 385.
. 39, 86.
-tnta to search: Turk. *tint-; Jpn. *tntna-.
PTurk. *tint- to search (, ): Tur. (dial.) dindik-le(SDD 1, 440); Turkm. tinte-; MTurk. (MKypch.) tint- (CCum.); Uzb.
tinti-; Uygh. tinti-; Krm. tint-; Tat. tente-; Bashk. tente-; Kirgh. tint-; Kaz.
tinti-; KBalk. tint-; KKalp. tint-; Kum. tnt-, tnt-; Nogh. tint-; Oyr.
tinti-, dial. tnd- (. ., .). VEWT 481, 8.
PJpn. *tntna- to search for, ask (, ): OJpn.
taduna-; MJpn. tdna-; Tok. tazun-; Kyo. tzn-; Kag. tzn-.
JLTT 766.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss: but a possibility exists that the root is actually a contraction < *temi-ta, derived from PA *temV q.v. (for the parallel PT *tint- : Mong. temteri- see KW 391).
-tp ( ~ t-, -e-, -b-, tape, tope, tape) far: Jpn. *tp-; Kor. *pt-.
PJpn. *tp- far (): OJpn. top(w)o-; MJpn. tf-; Tok. t-; Kyo.
t-; Kag. t-. JLTT 842.
PKor. *pt- to be separated, have an interval ( ,
): MKor. pt-; Mod. t:-.
Nam 173, KED 523.
A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss; not quite secure because of vowel reduction
and metathesis in Korean (for a similar case cf. Kor. *psr- sweep < PA
*pV).
-topo straw: Turk. *topon; Kor. *tp.
PTurk. *topon 1 straw 2 chaff, bran (1 2 , ):
Karakh. topun 'wheat chaff' (MK; EDT glosses 'a lump of food', probably incorrectly); Turkm. (dial.) tovn, tofn 1; Uzb. tpn 2; Uygh. topan
2; Krm. toban 1; Tat. dial. tuban 2 ( 216); Kirgh. tpn 2; Kaz.
topan 2; KKalp. topan 2; Shr. toban ' , '.

8; despite Tekin 1969, 65 should be kept distinct from *topraq 'dust'.

PKor. *tp straw (): MKor. tp; Mod. ip. Nam 182, KED 1559.
SKE 35. A Turkic-Korean isogloss; cf. perhaps Evk. tapikkti, teptekkti, topikakta name of a weed ( 2, 164).
-tire ( ~ --, -i) head: Tung. *tiru-; Mong. *terin.
PTung. *tiru- head pillow (, ): Evk. tir; Evn.
tiru; Neg. tij; Man. irku; SMan. unuku (520); Ul. tireptu(n); Ork.
tireptu(n); Nan. ireku; Orch. tireptu(n); Ud. tiu, tieu; Sol. teru.

1428

*tri - *tro

2, 187.
PMong. *terin 1 head 2 before, first (1 2 , ): MMong. teriun (HY 45, SH), trgn (IM), tirun / tirn (LH) 1;
WMong. terign 1, 2 (L 805); Kh. tr, tergn 2; Bur. tr(n) 2; Kalm.
trn 2; Ord. terign 2 <lit.; Dag. turn 1, 2 (. . 169), teregun (MD
224) <lit.; Dong. iaurun, irun 1, 2; Bao. tero 1; S.-Yugh. turn 1, 2;
Mongr. tur (SM 435) 2, turo (SM 436) 1.
KW 416, MGCD 634, 639, 660.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-tri to press, make a support: Tung. *tir-; Turk. *dre-; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *tir- to press, insert, make a support (, ,
, ): Evk. tir-; Evn. tiruke-; Neg. tij-; Man. ir-ge-;
Ul. tire-; Ork. ire-; Nan. ire; Orch. tije-; Sol. tir(e)-.
2, 187-8.
PTurk. *dre- 1 to support 2 support (1 2 ):
OTurk. tirek 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. tire- 1 (MK), tirek 2 (Tefs., IM); Tur.
dire- 1, direk 2; Gag. direk 2; Az. dir- 1, dirk 2; Turkm. dre- 1, drek 2;
Sal. tirk 2 (Kakuk); MTurk. tire- 1, tirek 2 (Sangl.); Uzb. tira- 1, tirak 2;
Uygh. tirk 2; Krm. direk 2; Tat. ter- 1, terk 2; Bashk. ter- 1, terk 2;
Kirgh. tire- 1; Kaz. tire- 1, tirek 2; KKalp. tire- 1; Kum. tire- 1, tirew 2;
Nogh. tire- 1, tirew 2; Khak. tre- 1, treg 2; Chuv. arak 2; Yak. tir-, tirex
2.
VEWT 481, EDT 533, 543, TMN 2, 655, 3, 237-239, 317, 2,
392.

PKor. *tr- to press, to stick (, ): MKor. tr-;

Mod. ir-, :ir-.
Nam 179, KED 1530.
EAS 150, SKE 35, . 36-37. One of the cases of secondary voicing (*t- > *d- before the following *r, *) in Turkic.
-tro to take, snatch: Tung. *t-; Jpn. *tr- (~-ua-); Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *t- to deprive, take away (, ): Evk. t-;
Evn. t-; Neg. t-ajama thief; Ul. t-; Nan. -; Ud. t-; Sol. t-n-.
2, 173-174.
PJpn. *tr- ( ~ -ua-) to take (): OJpn. t(w)or-; MJpn. tr-; Tok.
tr-; Kyo. tr-; Kag. tr-.
JLTT 771.
PKor. *tr- to hold, lift (, ; ): MKor. tr-;
Mod. tl-.
HMCH 336, KED 535.
Martin 233, 279. An Eastern isogloss; Korean has a
usual verbal low tone.

*tiru - *tage

1429

-tiru ( ~ -u-) morning: Tung. *tirga ( ~ --); Jpn. *tut ( ~ -ua).

PTung. *tirga ( ~ --) midday (, ): Evk. tirga; Evn.
trgn; Neg. tdga; Orch. tigga.
2, 186-187.
PJpn. *tut ( ~ -ua) in the morning (, ): MJpn. tt; Tok.
tsto, tsut; Kyo. tst; Kag. tsto.
JLTT 558. Accent not quite clear: modern dialects point rather to *tt.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-tge to run, flee: Tung. *tirg-; Mong. *terge-; Turk. *t-.
PTung. *tirg- 1 to walk 2 (to ride) quickly 3 easily gliding (1
2 , () 3 easily gliding): Evk. tirg- 1; Man.
ir (seme) 2; Nan. irgilieigde (On.) 3.
2, 187, 400.
PMong. *tergil- to run away, flee (): WMong. tergil-, tergid(KW 393); Kh. teregle- (); Bur. tejel-, tergel-, tergede-; Kalm.
tergl-; Mog. ZM tir defile (18-5a); Dag. tergul-.
KW 393.
PTurk. *t- 1 to run away, flee 2 swift; scary, shy (1 2 ; , ): OTurk. tez- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tez- 1
(MK); Tur. tez 2; Az. tz- 1, tz 2; Turkm. tez- 1, tz 2; Khal. tz- 1;
MTurk. (MKypch.) dez- 1 (AH); Uygh. tz- 1; Khak. tis- 1; Tv. des- 1; Tof.
des- 1; Chuv. tar- 1; Yak. teh 2; Dolg. teh 2.
VEWT 477, EDT 572, Stachowski 220. Turk. > Pers. tz (not vice versa, as sometimes
suggested).

KW 393, Poppe 14, 104, 295. A Western isogloss. Cf.

also Turk. *Terk quick, hurry (VEWT 475), WMong. terkei, Kalm. terk
(KW 393).
-tage a k. of vessel: Tung. *tige ( ~ --); Mong. *togua(n); Turk.
*t(i)agar(a).
PTung. *tige ( ~ --) dish(es) (): Evk. tie; Neg. tige.
2, 176.
PMong. *togua(n) kettle (): MMong. toxoan (HY 21), toqoan
(SH), un (IM), tuan (MA); WMong. toua(n) (L 817); Kh. tog; Bur.
tog(n); Kalm. to cook; Ord. toG(n); Dag. tug, tuw (. .
169), tu (MD 226); Dong. tuG(u)an; Bao. tuGu; Mongr. tuG (SM 428).
KW 397. Mong. > MTurk. toan (see 1997, 210).
PTurk. *t(i)agar(a) 1 an earthenware dish 2 trough (1
2 ): Karakh. taara (Tefs.) 1; Tur. agar dish (Osm.);
Turkm. taGara 2; Uzb. taar 1; Tat. taaraq 2; Tv. tqtg barrel.
EDT 471, VEWT 454, 3, 796-797. Should be distinguished from *dagar sack
(confused in 3, 120-122 and TMN 2, 512-519 - here with an additional confusion
with *dabar wares).

1430

*tk - *tku

A Western isogloss. Mong. *toguan must be a case of labial attraction < *tagu-an. But cf. also *tku, as well as Kor. tok earthenware vessel, togani earthenware dish in which metal or glue is melted ( <
Mong.?); cf. also a Wanderwort in Tung. (Ul. tukuru etc. bottle), Ainu
tokkuri, Jpn. tok(k)uri bottle, Kor. tuguri round metal dish.
-tk a k. of vessel: Tung. *tuku- ~ *taku-; Mong. *tagsi; Turk. *tekne;
Jpn. *tk; Kor. *ti.
PTung. *tuku- ~ *taku- funnel (for pouring liquid) ( (
)): Ul. tuq(n), taqu(n).
2, 155. Attested only in Ul., with probable external parallels.
PMong. *tagsi cup (): WMong. tasi (L 766); Kh. tag; Bur.
taga.
Mong. > Kaz. teg, Sib.-Tat. tigc vessel (VEWT 469).
PTurk. *tekne trough, pan (, , ): Karakh. tekne
(MK, IM); Tur. tekne; Gag. tekn; Az. tkn; MTurk. tegene (MA), tegene,
tekene (MKypch. - CCum., AH); Uygh. tl, tn; Krm. tekne; Tat.
tign; Bashk. tgs (dial.); Kirgh. degene (Chuj.); Kaz. tegene,
tege (Dim.) ; KBalk. tegene; Nogh. tekene; Chuv. tagana.
VEWT 470-471, EDT 484, 228, 2, 165. Turk. > Hung. tekn, Mari
tagna (Gombocz 1912, 18, 227).

PJpn. *tk cup, vessel (, ): OJpn. tukji; MJpn. tk; Tok.

(saka-)zuki.
JLTT 554.
PKor. *ti a measure of capacity (1/10 mal); measuring basket (
): MKor. ti; Mod. twe.
Nam 161, KED 496.
Except for open *-e- in Turkic (one would expect *--) correspondences seem regular - but the root is very similar to *tage q.v., as well
as to some regional Wanderwrter, so there may have been some confusion of different etyma.
-tku a horned animal: Tung. *tK; Mong. *togij; Turk. *teke.
PTung. *tK elk (): Evk. tk; Evn. tk; Neg. tk; Man. too; Ul.
t; Ork. t; Nan. t; Orch. tki; Sol. txi.
2, 191-192. Evk. > Dolg. tk (see Stachowski 227).
PMong. *togij grown-up elk ( ): WMong. togij
(); Kh. togi.
PTurk. *teke he-goat (): OTurk. teke (OUygh.); Karakh. teke
(MK, IM); Tur. teke; Gag. teke; Az. tk; Turkm. teke; Khal. tk; MTurk.
teke (Sangl.); Uzb. taka; Uygh. tek; Krm. teke, tege; Tat. tk ,
; Bashk. tk he-goat, ram; Kirgh. teke; Kaz. tek; KBalk. teke;
KKalp. teke; Kum. teke; Nogh. teke; SUygh. teke; Oyr. teke; Tv. dege, te
([dhe]); Tof. tehe; Chuv. taga he-goat, ram.

*tk - *tk

1431

See VEWT 470, EDT 477, 154, 428. Turk. > Mong. teke he-goat (KW 390;
TMN 2, 529, 1997, 154) ( > Man., Sol. texe id., see Doerfer MT 100; Oyr. teke instead of the expected *tege - may be also borrowed back < Mong.). The Tur. dialectal
form deke, despite Doerfer, can hardly justify a reconstruction of PT *d-.
A Western isogloss. See 7, 154. The parallel seems
probable, but PT should rather have a closed *. There may have been
some confusion between this root and another one, represented by PT
*Tag female kulan (OT ta, see EDT 466; Bulg. tox horse) and borrowed in (or corresponding to?) Mong. taki wild horse.
-tk hen; duck: Tung. *tiaku; Mong. *takija; Turk. *tiakgu (/ -u);
Jpn. *tk(m)pi.
PTung. *tiaku 1 hen 2 quail (1 2 ): Evn. tqaqa 2;
Man. oqo 1; SMan. oq chicken (2198); Jurch. tixo (161) 1; Nan. qo 1;
Orch. oko 1.
2, 172, 403.
PMong. *takija hen (): MMong. takija (HY 13, SH), taqija
(LH), taaq (Lig.VMI); WMong. takija(n) (L 770); Kh. ta; Bur. ta;
Kalm. tak(n); Ord. da; Dong. tGa, (. .) tqa; Bao. ta, (.
.) texa; S.-Yugh. daqa, daGa; Mongr. taGau.
KW 375, MGCD 628.
PTurk. *tiakgu (/ -u) hen, fowl (): OTurk. taqu (OUygh.);
Karakh. taqau (MK); Tur. tavuk; Gag. tauq; Az. tojuG; Turkm. towuq;
Sal. tox (Kakuk); MTurk. tauq, tawuq (Sangl.); Uzb. twuq; Uygh. toxa,
toxu; Krm. tawuq; Tat. tawq; Bashk. tawq; Kirgh. tk; Kaz. tawq; KBalk.
tawuq; KKalp. tawq; Kum. tawuq; Nogh. tawq; SUygh. taqa; Khak.
taax, taax; Oyr. taq; Tv. da; Tof. taqqaq (perhaps < Mong.); Chuv.
x.
VEWT 457, EDT 468, TMN 2, 441-442, 321. Turk. > Hung. tyk, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *tk(m)pi teal, duckling (, ): OJpn. takabe;

MJpn. tkb.
JLTT 538.
KW 375, 206, . 199-200. Despite 1997, 152, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk. Doerfers (TMN 2,
443-444) criticism is also hardly substantial.
-tk shelf: Tung. *tuK-; Turk. *tkan; Jpn. *tk-wi.
PTung. *tuK- 1 prop (in a tent) 2 bars, shelves (in a wooden baking
device) (1 ( , ) 2 , ( , )): Evk.
tukta 1; Evn. toqrqan 1; Man. tuqda 2;

2, 191, 209.

1432

*tlo - *tke

PTurk. *tkan 1 trestle, rack 2 tripod 3 kettle (1 , 2

3 ): Karakh. taqan 3 (IM); Tur. daan 2 (dial.); Turkm. tGan 2; Tat. taan 1; Bashk. taan 1; Kaz. taan 2; Khak. taxxan 2 (Kyz. Joki); Oyr. taan 2 (dial. - . .).
Rsnen ( 1955, 134) derives the forms from tak- to adhere, but vowel
length clearly contradicts it. Quite dubious, because of geographic distribution, is the
derivation of the word from Greek tganon frying pan (see 521-522). The Greek
word itself has no satisfactory etymology (see Frisk 2, 845).

PJpn. *tk-wa table (): OJpn. tukuwe; MJpn. tkw; Tok.

tskue; Kyo. tsk; Kag. tsuke.
JLTT 555 (see there on the possibility of reconstructing *tuku-jai).
2, 153.
-tlo to hang, strap: Tung. *tli; Mong. *telej; Turk. *TAlk-; Jpn. *tr-;
Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *tli belt, strap for trousers (, ( )):
Evk. tl; Man. toli; Ud. tolixe.
2, 232-233, . 392.
PMong. *telej belt for trousers ( ): WMong. telei (L
798); Kh. tel, telij.
Mong. > Evk. tele etc., see 2, 232-233 (despite Rozycki 206, who regards the
Mong. and TM forms as genuine cognates).

PTurk. *TAlk- tension of cords ( ): Karakh.

talq; talu poles for fastening burden on animals back, taluq
wedge for fastening the axe blade (MK).
EDT 496.
PJpn. *tr- to hang (): OJpn. tar-; MJpn. tra-; Tok. tar-; Kyo.
tr-; Kag. tr-.
JLTT 764.
PKor. *tr- to hang, fasten (, ): MKor. tr-;
Mod. tal-.
Nam 140, KED 403.
A rare case of high tone in a verbal stem in Korean. The unmistakable identity of PM *telej = PTM *tli suggests that the association of
Mong. teleji belt with tele- to spread is secondary, due to the merger
of the roots *tlo and *tl (q.v.).
-tke to splash, overflow: Tung. *tilka-; Mong. *ilga-; Turk. *d(i)()-.
PTung. *tilka- to splatter, overflow (, ): Evk. tilka-; Evn. tlqn-; Ul. lan-; Nan. lqa-.
2, 180-181.
PMong. *ilga- / *algi- to splash, splatter, overflow (, () ): WMong. ilga-, (L 163) algi-; Kh.
calgi-; Bur. salgi-, alagana-, ald; Ord. algi-.

*tma - *trko

1433

PTurk. *d(i)()- to overflow ( , ): OTurk. ta- (OUygh.); Karakh. ta- (MK); Tur. ta-; Gag. ta-;
Az. da-; Turkm. d-; MTurk. ta- (Sangl.); Uzb. t-; Uygh. ta-; Krm.
ta-; Tat. ta-; Kirgh. ta-; Kaz. tas-; KKalp. tas-; Kum. ta-; Nogh.
tas-; SUygh. tas-; Khak. tas-; Oyr. taqn flood; Tv. da-; Yak. tahj-.
VEWT 466, EDT 559, 3, 169-170.
13. A Western isogloss.
-tma ball, round, curved: Tung. *tiam-; Jpn. *tma.
PTung. *tiam- sledge bow ( ( )): Neg. tmkn; Ul. tmb;
Ork. mbo; Nan. ambo; Orch. tmbua.
2, 172.
PJpn. *tma 1 ball 2 egg (1 2 ): OJpn. tama 1; MJpn. tm
1; Tok. tam 1, tamgo 2; Kyo. tm 1, tmg 2; Kag. tam 1, tamag 2.
JLTT 539, 540. RJ has both tm and tm (the former reflected in Tokyo, the latter
in Kyoto).

An expressive Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; like most words for round,

not quite reliable.
-tame (?) to crush, pound, knead: Tung. *timre; Mong. *imar; Turk.
*Tam-.
PTung. *timre 1 crumbs 2 flour made of dried meat (1 2
): Evk. timre; Evn. tmr; Neg. timne.
2, 182.
PMong. *imar flour kneaded with butter (,
): WMong. imar (); Kh. amar; Bur. amarha(n) fried
flour.
PTurk. *Tam- to churn butter ( ): Karakh. tamn(MK).
A Western isogloss. If Sukhebaatar (212) is right in deriving the
Mong. form < Tib. phye-mar flour and butter, the existence of this Altaic root becomes rather dubious.
-trko a k. of carriage: Tung. *turki; Mong. *terge; Kor. *trk.
PTung. *turki sleigh, narta (): Evk. turku; Evn. trq; Ul. t;
Ork. tt; Nan. tok; Orch. tukki; Ud. tuxi.
2, 220. Evk. > Dolg. turku (Stachowski 232).
PMong. *terge vehicle (): MMong. tergan (HY 17, SH), tirgn
(MA), terge(n); WMong. terge(n) (L 805); Kh. terge; Bur. terge(n); Kalm.
tergn; Ord. terge(n); Dag. terge, tereg (. . 167), terehe (MD 224);
Dong. iege; S.-Yugh. tergen; Mongr. trge (SM 417), trge.
KW 393, MGCD 634. Mong. > Uygh. tergn etc. (see 534); Evk. terge etc.,
see Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki 176, 207.

PKor. *trk light carriage ( ): MKor. trk; Mod.

talgui.

*tru - *ts

1434

Nam 140, KED 402.

SKE 253.
-tru to curse: Tung. *tur-; Mong. *tarki-; Turk. *Trk-.
PTung. *tur- to curse; to speak (, ; ): Evk.
tur-; Evn. tre-; Neg. tj-; Sol. tr-.
2,222.
PMong. *tarki- to curse (, ): WMong. tarki-da(T); Kh. tarxida-; Dag. tareke- fight (MD 221).
PTurk. *Trk- to curse, despise (, ): MTurk. te/irke(Pav. C.); Uzb. terga-; Uygh. trgi-; Tat. tirg-; Bashk. tirg-; Yak. tir- to
threaten.
VEWT 481.
A Western isogloss.
-trV ( ~ --) to melt: Tung. *tiar-; Jpn. *tr-.
PTung. *tiar- to melt (fat), roast ( (), ): Evn. tr-;
Neg. tj-; Man. aru-; SMan. ar- (382); Ork. r-; Nan. ro-; Orch. tiru-.
2, 173.
PJpn. *tr- to melt (): MJpn. toroka-, trms-; Tok. troke-;
Kyo. trk-; Kag. torok-.
JLTT 771.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Not quite secure because of the vocalic correspondence.
-ts very: Tung. *tias-; Mong. *tasu; Turk. *tAs; Jpn. *ts-; Kor. *ts.
PTung. *tias- quite, completely (, , ):
Neg. ts; Ul. ts; Ork. ts; Nan. tas; Orch. ts, tias; Ud. tesi.
2, 173.
PMong. *tasu quite, completely (, ): WMong.
tasu (L 784); Kh. tas; Bur. taha; Kalm. tas; Ord. tas ide de fermet,
dobstination, dintensit; aussi: absolutement, strictement, tout droit.
KW 381.
PTurk. *tAs 1 bad 2 quite (1 , 2 ): Karakh. tas
1 (MK - Oghuz, IM); Turkm. tas 2; MTurk. (MKypch.) tas 1 (Houts., Ettuhf., Bulgat.); KBalk. tas 1; Khak. tas-xara quite dark; Tv. tas excellent!.
VEWT 465, EDT 554.
PJpn. *ts- 1 certainly, verily 2 exact (1 , 2 ): OJpn. tasi-ni 1, tasi-ka 2; MJpn. ts-ka 2; Tok. tshika 2; Kyo.
tshk 2; Kag. tashik 2.
JLTT 542.
PKor. *ts again (, ): MKor. ts; Mod. tasi.
Liu 195, KED 386.

*tolge - *tlo

1435

Irregular tone and vowel in Korean may suggest a possibility of

loan ( < OJ tasi). Cf. also Mong. tasija lie ( > Man. taan, taara- etc., see
Doerfer MT 119).
-tolge a k. of vehicle: Tung. *tolga; Mong. *telegen; Turk. *Tilgen ( ~
-e-).
PTung. *tolga sleigh (with dogs) ( ()): Evk. tolgok; tolgod- to go in a sleigh; Neg. tolgox; Nan. tolk.
2, 194.
PMong. *telegen vehicle (, ): MMong. telege(n) (SH).
PTurk. *Tilgen wheel (): OTurk. tilgen, tilken (OUygh.).
EDT 499.
A Western isogloss. MMong. may be < Turkic (though not necessarily); a Mongolian source is probable for Chag. tlgn, Nogh. dial.
telegen, KKalp. telegen, see 534-535 with literature.
-tlgu moon: Mong. *tergel; Jpn. *tki; Kor. *tr.
PMong. *tergel full moon (): MMong. tergel (SH);
WMong. tergel (L 805); Kh. tergel; Bur. terged hara; Kalm. tergel ().
Mong. > Evn. trkan-.
PJpn. *tki moon (): OJpn. tuki; MJpn. tuki; Tok. tsuk; Kyo.
tsk; Kag. tsT.
JLTT 554.
PKor. *tr moon (): MKor. tr; Mod. tal.
Nam 140, KED 401.
Martin 236, 94, 278, Vovin 2000.
-tlo to shine, reflect: Tung. *t-; Mong. *tolui; Jpn. *tir- ( ~ tar-).
PTung. *t- to become full (of moon) ( ( )):
Evk. t-; Neg. t-.
2, 173.
PMong. *tolui reflecting surface, mirror ( , ): MMong. toli (HY 21), tli (Lig.VMI), tuluj (MA);
WMong. tolui, toli(n) (L 821); Kh. to; Bur. toli; Kalm. tol; Ord. toli metal
mirror; Dag. toli (. . 168, MD 225: a round iron object used by
shamans); S.-Yugh. tl; Mongr. tl.
KW 399, MGCD 639, TMN 1, 274. Mong. > Evk. tln etc., see Doerfer MT 82, Rozycki 210; Chag. toli (Lig. VMI 69).

PJpn. *tir- ( ~ tir-) to shine (): OJpn. ter-; MJpn. tr-; Tok.
tr-; Kyo. tr-; Kag. tr-.
JLTT 767.
The Jpn. diphthong is not quite clear. It is interesting also to mention Turkic data: cf. Karakh. tolun in tolun aj full moon (MK, see EDT
501), with tolun formally being a participle from *dol- to be filled, but
in fact used only in this phrase in the sense of full moon. Modern

1436

*toe - *top

Turkish has dolunaj full moon with d- (just as in dol- be filled), but
the verb tolun- to become full (of moon) - which would correspond
quite regularly to PA *tlo. One should reckon with a possibility of
rather archaic contamination in Turkic (since most languages do not
distinguish between the reflexes of *t- and *d-).
-toe air or water space: Tung. *tu-; Mong. *tk-; Kor. *tah / *th.
PTung. *tu- 1 lake 2 backwater (1 2 ): Evk. tuer 1,
tuuke 2; Evn. tr 1; Neg. tr 1; Man. tugu abyss, deep place; Ud.
toi, tui 1.
2, 215, 217.
PMong. *tk- 1 to hollow out 2 hollow, groove 3 deep valley (1
, 2 3 , ):
WMong. tki- 1, tkilge 2 (L 835); Kh. tnx-, tng- 1, tnxlg 2; Bur.
tnxi- 1; Kalm. tg 3; Ord. t- piquer ou crever coup de bec.
KW 407.
PKor. *tah / *th hollow, empty (, ): Mod. tha,
th.
KED 1694, 1704.
Doerfer (TMN 3, 207) considers the Kalm. form to be the source of
TM, which is hardly plausible. Cf. *ta lowland.
-top to search: Mong. *taa-; Turk. *tp-; Jpn. *tp-; Kor. *toph-.
PMong. *taa- to guess (): MMong. taa jealousy, doubt
(HY 37); WMong. taa- (L 763); Kh. t-; Bur. t-; Kalm. t- (); Ord.
t-; Dag. tauli, tau (. . 166) riddle ( = WMong. taaburi); Dong.
ta-; Bao. t-; S.-Yugh. t-; Mongr. t- (SM 404).
MGCD 619. Mong. taa- > Yak., Dolg. tj-; taaburi > Yak. tbrn, Dolg. tbrn (Ka.
MEJ 56, Stachowski 218-219) > Evn. tbrn ( 2, 149).

PTurk. *tp- to find (, ): OTurk. tap- (OUygh.);

Karakh. tap- (MK); Tur. tap-, dap- (dial.); Az. tap-; Turkm. tap-; Sal. tap(); MTurk. tap- (Sangl.); Uzb. tp-; Uygh. tap-; Krm. tap-; Tat. tap-;
Bashk. tap-; Kirgh. tap-; Kaz. tap-; KBalk. tap-; KKalp. tap-; Kum. tap-;
Nogh. tap-; SUygh. tap-; Khak. tap-; Shr. tap-; Oyr. tap-; Tv. tp-; Tof.
tp-; Chuv. top-; Yak. tap- to hit the target; Dolg. taptar- sich fangen
lassen.
VEWT 462, EDT 435, 2, 248, Stachowski 217.
PJpn. *tp- to woo (, ): OJpn. top-.
PKor. *toph- to search for, to seek everywhere ( , ): Mod. thoph-.
KED 1715.
208, Poppe 13, 47, PKE 222, KW 386. Mong. cannot
be < Turk., despite TMN 2, 429, 1997, 153 (although the vowel

*tp - *topu

1437

correspondence is not quite satisfactory: one would expect -e- in

Mong.).
-tp to trample: Tung. *tubu- ( ~ -p-); Mong. *tee- / *teji- / *tb-;
Turk. *tep- / *dp-; Jpn. *tmp-; Kor. *tjap- (?).
PTung. *tubu- ( ~ -p-) 1 to step, trample 2 stirrup 3 track (1 ,
2 3 ): Evk. t(w)- 1; Evn. t- 1; Neg. tasan 3; Man.
tufon, tufun 2; Jurch. tuw-fu (231) 2.
2, 202-203.
PMong. *tee- / *teji- / *tb- 1 to kick (with a foot, leg), scratch
earth (with a foot) 2 to trample (1 , () 2
, ): MMong. teure- to crush, trample (SH); WMong.
tee-, tejir- 1 (L 797: tejire-), tbr- 2 (L 848: tbere-); Kh. tijre-; Bur. tijre2,1; Kalm. t-, tr- 1, twr- 2; Ord. twer, tewer bruit de sabots
danimaux frappant le sol en courant.
KW 395, 417.
PTurk. *tep- / *dp- to stamp, tramp (, ): Karakh. tep(MK, KB); Tur. tep-, dial. dep-; Gag. tep-; Az. tp-, dp-; Turkm. dep-,
db--e-; Khal. tp-; MTurk. tep- (Sangl.); Uzb. tep-; Uygh. tp-; Krm. tep-;
Tat. tip-; Bashk. tip-; Kirgh. tep-; Kaz. tep-; KBalk. teber-; KKalp. tep-;
Kum. tep-; Nogh. tep-; SUygh. tep-; Khak. tep-, tip-; Shr. tep-; Oyr. tep-;
Tv. tep-; Chuv. tab-; Yak. tep-; Dolg. tep-.
VEWT 474, EDT 435, 3, 195-197, Stachowski 221.
PJpn. *tmp- 1 to be trampled, destroyed 2 to trample, break, destroy (1 , 2 , , ): MJpn. tbra- 1; Tok. tsbure- 1, tsbu-s- 2; Kyo.
tsbr- 1, tsbs- 2; Kag. tsubur- 1, tsubs- 2.
JLTT 772.
PKor. *tjap- (?) to kill, slaughter (, ()):
Mod. ap- (NKor. tjap-).
KED 1398 regards the word as a metaphorical variant of ap- to hold, catch; but
SKE 23 gives a dialectal form tjap- which might suggest a different origin.

272. Cf. *tpV, *tpa (with a possibility of mergers). The Turk. variant *dp- is secondary, probably under the influence
of *dp- < *tpV, but may be rather old: cf. the match PT *dep-se- : PM
*deb-se- to stamp, tramp (a secondary loan is hardly possible in this
case).
-topu limit, completely: Tung. *tiap; Mong. *tujil; Turk. *top.
PTung. *tiap extremely, completely ( , , ): Nan. tap; Orch. tiap; Ud. tofu.
2, 174.
PMong. *tujil end, limit, extremity (, ): WMong. tujil
(L 839); Kh. tujl; Bur. tujl; Kalm. tl (); Ord. tuil.

*tra - *tre

1438

PTurk. *top all, completely; complex, collection (, ; ): OTurk. top (OUygh.), top-la- to collect (Orkh., OUygh. YB); Tur. top; Gag. top; Az. top; Turkm. top; MTurk. top (Pav. C.); Uzb.
tp; Uygh. top; Krm. top; Tat. tuplq place where cattle is lying, tuplato collect; Bashk. tup; Kirgh. top; Kaz. top; KKalp. top; Kum. topla- to
collect; Nogh. top; Yak. tob- to gather.
VEWT 489, EDT 493. Clauson considers the form top (rare in OUygh.) to be contracted < tolp < tolup < tol- to be full, which is quite dubious phonetically.

A Western isogloss.
-tra to cultivate (earth): Mong. *tarija-n; Turk. *TAr-; Jpn. *t.
PMong. *tarija-n crops (): MMong. tarijan (HY 4), tarijat (pl.)
(SH), tarin (IM); WMong. tarijan; Kh. taria; Bur. ta(n); Kalm. tarn
(KW), trn (); Ord. tar; Dag. tar, (. . 165) ta; Dong. taran
(. .); Bao. tara (. .); S.-Yugh. tarlin; Mongr. tar (SM 410).
KW 380, MGCD 625. There exists also a verb WMong. tari- to sow, plant, but this
may be borrowed from Turk. (see TMN 1, 244-245, 2, 480-482, 1997, 153). On the
other hand, the isolated Oyr. dial. tarn millet, crops is most probably < Mong. tarijan.
Mong. tari- > Evk., Man. tari- etc. (see 2, 168, Doerfer MT 77, Rozycki 203).

PTurk. *TAr- to cultivate (ground) ( ()): OTurk.

tar- (OUygh.); Karakh. tar- (MK, KB); MTurk. tar- (Abush., Sangl.);
Uygh. teri- (dial.); SUygh. tar-; Khak. tar-; Oyr. tar-; Tv. tar-; Tof. tar-.
EDT 532, 3, 157-159 (confused with *dr-g millet q. v. sub *tra).
PJpn. *t field (cultivated) ( ()): OJpn. ta; MJpn.
t; Tok. t; Kyo. t; Kag. t.
JLTT 536. Cf. also tagayas- to cultivate, plough (earth).
KW 380, 387, Poppe 62, 181. Jpn. reflects a suffixed form
*tr(a)-gV (cf. Mong. tari-jan). Cf. *tra: if PT *dr-g millet is derived
from this root, then Mong. *tarija-n should be considered a Turkism,
and the reconstruction should be emended to *tVra.
-tre hired labour: Tung. *tr-; Mong. *trije-s; Turk. *ter; Jpn.
*ttu-ma-.
PTung. *tr- 1 wages, dowry 2 to hire (1 , 2 ): Evk. tr 1; Evn. tor 1; Neg. tj 1; Man. turi- 2, turigen, turixen
rent; SMan. uri- 2 (968); Ul. tor(n), turi(n) 1; Ork. tor 1; Nan. tor 1;
Orch. toji 1; Ud. toi 1; Sol. turgund- 2.
2, 199-200, 219. Man. > Nan. tur, Ul. turi(n); > Dag. turgun rent (MGCD 659).
The Manchu form cannot be borrowed < Mong., despite Rozycki 213 (the only similar
form - Dag. turgun - is itself most probably < TM, see above).

PMong. *trije-s rent (, ): WMong. trijes(n) (L 855);

Kh. trs; Bur. trse; Ord. trs.
PTurk. *ter 1 hired labour 2 wages (1 2 ):
Karakh. ter 1, 2 (MK, IM); Tur. ter olan hired worker; MTurk. ter 2

*tr(g)e - *tso

1439

(MA); Kirgh. madaj teri 2 (contamination: lit. forehead sweat); Tv. xol
deri 2 (contamination: lit. arm sweat); Chuv. tar(a) 1; Yak. terij- to organize.
VEWT 474, EDT 528, 353, 2, 176 (the root should be kept distinct
from *der sweat.

PJpn. *ttu-ma- to serve, be hired (, ):

OJpn. tutwoma-; MJpn. ttma-; Tok. tsutom-; Kyo. tstm-; Kag.
tstm-.
JLTT 776.
An interesting Common Altaic term indicating some sort of economic relations.
-tr(g)e support, beam: Tung. *turga-; Mong. *terki-; Turk. *Terki; Jpn.
*tr-(n)ki; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *turga- prop, support (, ): Evk. turga;
Evn. tr; Neg. tojga, tuju; Ul. tak; Nan. tojGa; Orch. tugia- to prop;
Ud. tuga.
2, 218, 220.
PMong. *terki- dais (): Dag. terkin (. . 167).
Cf. Man. terki(n) < Mong.?
PTurk. *Terki table, portable table (): Karakh. tergi (MK, KB);
MTurk. tirki (CCum.); Krm. tirki sacrificial table.
VEWT 475, EDT 544.
PJpn. *tr-(n)ki ceiling beam ( ): MJpn. trg;
Tok. tsurigi.
PKor. *tr cross-beam ( ): MKor. tr; Mod. tori.
Liu 225, KED 465.
On Turk. *dre-, *dre-k see under *tri- (a contamination). The
Mong. (Dagur) and Manchu forms may ultimately have a Turkic origin.
-tso help, benefit: Tung. *tis-; Mong. *tsi-; Turk. *Tus-; Jpn.
*tska-; Kor. *thas.
PTung. *tis- 1 to clear the way for a caravan; help a child learn to
walk 2 to drive deer (1 ;
2 ): Evk. tis- 1; Evn. tssn- 2.
2, 188-189.
PMong. *tsi- to assist, help, rely on (, ):
MMong. ti- belehnen (HYt); WMong. tsi- (L 856); Kh. ti-; Kalm.
t-; Ord. di-.
KW 417, TMN 1, 269.
PTurk. *Tus- 1 profit, benefit 2 to be profitable (1 2 ): OTurk. tusu 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. tusu 1 (MK), tus- 2, tusulu

*tbu - *tudu

1440

good service (KB); Khak. tuza; Oyr. tuza; Tv. duza; Yak. tuha; Dolg.
tuha-l- be helpful, tuhan- use.
VEWT 501, Stachowski 230. Turk. > MMong. (MA) tusa, WMong. tusa help, service (see Clark 1977, 157, 1997, 159; not vice versa, despite Sinor 1970), whence
Man. tusa etc., see Doerfer MT 100, and possibly some modern Turkic forms as backloans.

PJpn. *tska- to help (): OJpn. tasuka-; MJpn. tska-; Tok.

tasuk-; Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsk-.
JLTT 764.
PKor. *thas reason; trust (; ): MKor. thas; Mod. that
[thas] reason; fault.
Liu 712, KED 1694.
Within Jpn. the form is analysed as a compound *ta hand + *sukahelp, which is probably a folk etymology in view of the external evidence; cf. especially Kor. thas which points to *tasVh- = Jpn. *tsk-.
Not quite clear is the position of several forms: WMong. tos- to receive,
encounter (maybe, following Clark 1980, 41 < Turk. *d- to meet although the latter is certainly borrowed as WMong. tus- to hit upon,
fall to ones share, so this would be a somewhat unusual etymological
doublet); Manchu tusu- to marry, celebrate marriage (could be a
Mong. loanword, but the semantics is strikingly different). Finally there
is MKor. tsk- to love, like. This evidence suggests a possibility of a
separate PA root *toso (*tosu) to present to the guest, to celebrate; but
a possibility of later interdialectal loans of the reflexes of *tso should
also be considered.
-tbu stick, staff: Jpn. *twi; Kor. *tp(h)-.
PJpn. *twi staff (, ): OJpn. tuwe; MJpn. tw; Tok.
tse; Kyo. ts; Kag. tsu.
JLTT 553.

PKor. *tp(h)- 1 to carry a cane, stick 2 walking stick (1 ,

2 , ): MKor. tp- 1; Mod. ip- (iph-) 1, iphi 2.
KED 1538, 1559.

SKE 34. A Kor.-Jap. isogloss, with Kor. -ph- < *-bV-k- and
usual verbal low tone. In TM cf. perhaps Ewk. twk stick in a crossbow (cf. the Kor. form), Ulch. tuj-e- to make ready a cross-bow, possibly pointing to PTM *tub(i)- stick in a cross-bow.
-tudu a period of time: Mong. *tui; Turk. *Tdn; Jpn. *tni.
PMong. *tui always; throughout some time (; -. ): WMong. tui (L 848); Kh. tu.
PTurk. *Tdn time, appointed time (): OTurk. tdn (OUygh.);
Karakh. tn; Bashk. tna (3 Sg. Dat.)
.
EDT 457.

*tge - *tgo

1441

PJpn. *tni long-lasting, always (, , ): OJpn. tune;

MJpn. tn; Tok. tsne; Kyo. tsn; Kag. tsn.
JLTT 556.
Jpn. *tuna- < *tuda-n with nasal assimilation ( = OT tdn).
-tge ( ~ -o) quay, harbour: Tung. *tgde-; Mong. *tuguj; Jpn. *t.
PTung. *tgde-l- 1 to cross a bridge 2 bridge, log (1
, 2 , ): Evk. tigdel-, digde- 1, tigdeln 2;
Evn. tildraun 2; Ork. tugdule 2, tugdule- 1.
1, 204; 2, 175-176.
PMong. *tuguj brow, gangway, causeway (, ):
WMong. tuui (XTTT); Kh. tuguj (), duguj-ca- cross a bridge;
Bur. dug.
Mong. > Neg. to quay, harbour, low shore etc. ( 2, 190).
PJpn. *t ford (; ): OJpn. tu; MJpn. t; Tok. ts;
Kyo. ts; Kag. ts.
JLTT 552. Kyoto and Kagoshima point rather to *t, but RJ has a low tone with corresponding high accent in Tokyo.

An interesting Mong.-Tung.-Jpn. match.

-tgo cover: Tung. *tksa; Mong. *tuurga; Turk. *Tugur; Jpn. *tu-i;
Kor. *ti.
PTung. *tksa house cover made of birch bark ( ()): Evk. tiksa; Evn. ts; Neg. tksa; Man. tuqsa; Ul.
tqsa; Nan. tsa (Kur-Urm.); Orch. tuksa; Ud. tuke, tuk.
2, 179.
PMong. *tuurga felt walls (covering) of a house ( ): MMong. tourqa, tuurqa (SH); WMong. tuura (L 839); Kh.
trga; Bur. trga; Kalm. tr; Ord. trGa.
KW 413. Mong. > Oyr. tra. Cf. also WMong. tuurma, Kalm. trm id.
PTurk. *Tugur 1 a k. of tent 2 tent covering (1 2 ): Tur. turluk (dial.) 2; Turkm. durluq 2; MTurk. tuur 1,
tuurluq 2 (Pav. C.); Kirgh. trduq 2; Kaz. tuwrluq 2; KKalp. tuwrluq 2.
515. Tur. turluk, Turkm. durluG show irregular reflexation; we may be
dealing with some interlingual loans here; the quality of the initial dental in PT is thus
not quite clear.

PJpn. *tu-i grass for roof covering ( ( )): OJpn. ti

(tu-); Tok. chi.
JLTT 545. For -u- cf. tu-bana flower of the ti grass.
PKor. *ti covering, cover (, ): MKor. ti;
Mod. t:uk:.
Nam 166, KED 501.
KW 413, 515. In Kor. cf. also thk helmet.

1442

*tukV - *tke

-tukV to fall, drop: Tung. *tK-, *tgde; Kor. *td-.

PTung. *tK-, *tgde 1 rain 2 to fall, drop (1 2 , ): Evk. tigde 1, tik- 2; Evn. td 1, tik- 2; Neg. tigde 1, tik- 2; Man. tuxe2; Jurch. tu-ho- 2; Ul. tugde 1, t- 2; Ork. tugde / tuge 1, t- 2; Nan. tugde
1, t- 2; Orch. tigde 1, t- 2; Ud. tigde; Sol. tiki- 2, tegde- to rain.
2, 175. Derived from *tk- to fall (see ibid. 177-178).
PKor. *td- to fall, drop (, ): MKor. tt- (-r-); Mod. tt(-r-).
Nam 173, Liu 251, KED 532.
PKE 211. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss (both TM and Kor. reflect a suffixed form *tuk-dV).
-tke ( ~ -i) hair (on body): Tung. *tiKi ( ~ --); Mong. *tokum; Turk.
*tk.
PTung. *tiKi ( ~ --) hair on skin ( ): Evk. tikikta;
Evn. tken; Neg. tkta; Orch. tikta.
2, 178.
PMong. *tokum 1 saddle blanket 2 to saddle (1 2 ):
MMong. toxu (HY 39), toquul- 2 (SH), ou- (IM), tuum (LH); WMong.
toqum 1, toqu- 2 (L 829, 830); Kh. toxum, toxom 1, toxo- 2; Bur. toxom 1,
toxo- 2; Kalm. toxm 1, tox- 2; Ord. doxom 1, doxo- 2; Dag. toku, toko 1,
togu- 2 (. . 168 toxo-, togo-), toke 1, tohe-, toke- 2(MD 225); Dong.
toun 1, tou- 2; Bao. to- 2; S.-Yugh. toGom 1, toGo- 2; Mongr. tuGun
(SM 429), tuGum 1, tuGu- (SM 428) 2.
KW 397, MGCD 363, 642, 643. Mong. > Oyr. toq-, toqum etc. (see TMN 1, 272, 274,
544-545); > Evk. toku-, tokum etc. (see Poppe 1966, 196, Doerfer MT 104, Rozycki
209).

PTurk. *tk 1 feather 2 (animals) hair 3 (body) hair 4 fur 5 hair (1

2 () 3 ( ) 4 5 ): OTurk.
t 1, 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. t 3 (MK, KB); Tur. tj 1-5; Gag. tj 1, 2, 3; Az.
tk 1,2,3,5; Turkm. tj 2,3; Sal. tx, x 2 (); Khal. tk 3; MTurk. tk,
tj, tg 3 (Sangl.); Uzb. tuk 3; Uygh. tk 2, 3; Krm. tik, uk 2, 3; Tat. tk 1,
2, 3; Bashk. tk 2, 3; Kirgh. tk 2, 3; Kaz. tk 3; KBalk. tk 1, 2, 3; KKalp.
tk 1, 2, 3; Kum. tk 3; Nogh. tk 1, 2, 3; Khak. tk 1, 2, 3; Shr. tk 1; Oyr.
tk 1, 2, 3; Tv. dk 3, 5; Tof. dk (. ), tk 2, 3, 5; Chuv. tk 1, 3;
Yak. t 1, 2, 3, 4; Dolg. t 1, 2.
VEWT 503; EDT 433 (: originally only body hair, opposed to sa hair of head, kl
hair (in general) and jg feather); 197-198; Stachowski 236. Loss of *-k in OT
and Yak. is not quite clear (perhaps a rather unique development of the final *-k).

282, 10, 198. A Western isogloss.

*tula - *tni

1443

-tula ( ~ -u) to intend, reason: Tung. *tul-; Mong. *tula; Turk. *Tlda-.
PTung. *tul- 1 to promise 2 to contemplate 3 plan, intention (1 2 , 3 , ): Evn. tuleg- 1,
tulbajal- look at smth. peacefully; Man. tulbi- 2, tulbin 3.
2, 210, 212.
PMong. *tula because, for the sake of ( , ): MMong.
tula (SH, HY); WMong. tula (L 840); Kh. tul, tuld; Bur. tula; Kalm. tul;
Ord. tula; Dag. tualda, tual(n) (. . 168), tuale (MD 227); Dong.
dula.
KW 409, MGCD 651, 652.
PTurk. *Tlda- 1 to allow, refer to 2 reason, excuse (1 ,
2 , ): OTurk. tlda- 1, tlda 2 (OUygh.);
Karakh. tlda- 1 (KB), tlda 2 (MK); MTurk. dlda 2 (Houts.); Tat. tldaq
2.
VEWT 478, EDT 494 (but not derived from *dl tongue!).
KW 409. A Western isogloss.
-tule ( ~ -o) to weaken, be exhausted: Tung. *tla-; Mong. *tul-.
PTung. *tla- 1 to become exhausted 2 to stop growing, weaken 3 to
miss time, opportunity (1 , 2
, 3 , ): Evk. tila- 1; Evn.
tl- 2; Man. tuli- 3.
2, 180, 210. Man. > Dag. tuli- to miss (. . 169).
PMong. *tul- 1 weak, powerless 2 to be exhausted 3 lonely 4 awkward, shy (1 , 2 3 4 , ): WMong. tulaki 1 (L 840), tului 3, (L 841) tulur 4;
Kh. tulxi 1, tulgar 4; Bur. tuli- 2; Kalm. tul 3.
KW 409.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-tni night, yesterday, dark: Tung. *tnu-; Mong. *tne; Turk. *tn.
PTung. *tnu- yesterday (): Evk. tnewe; Evn. tniw; Neg. tnuwej; Ork. ine / i; Orch. tinew; Ud. tinenei; Sol. tnu, tnuge.
See 2, 183-184.
PMong. *tne dark (): MMong. tun (SH) thick black forest;
WMong. tne(n) dark, tn forest (L 853); Kh. tner; Bur. tnxij- to
become dark; Kalm. tn dark; forest; Ord. tner, tnir.
KW 415.
PTurk. *tn 1 night 2 yesterday (1 2 ): OTurk. tn 1
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tn 1 (MK, KB), dn, tn night, dark (IM);
Tur. tn 1, dn 2; Gag. dn 2; Az. dnn 1; Turkm. tn 1, dn 2; MTurk.
tn 1 (Abush.), dark (Sangl.); Uzb. tun 1; Uygh. tn 1; Krm. tn 1; Tat.
tn 1; Bashk. tn 1; Kirgh. tn 1; Kaz. tun 1; KBalk. tn 1; KKalp. tn 1;

1444

*tn - *to

Kum. tun, tn 1; Nogh. tn 1; SUygh. tune, tn 1; Khak. tn 1, dark;

Shr. tn 1; Oyr. tn 1; Tv. dn 1; Tof. dn 1; Yak. tn 1; Dolg. tn.
VEWT 505, EDT 513, 3, 315-316, 81, Stachowski 236. Cf. also Yak.
t dark, darkness (< *tn-Vk). The variant *dn, reflected in some languages, is obviously due to a secondary influence of *d dream (v. sub *tke), as well as the archaic
compound *t-gn yesterday (*that day), preserved in: Tur. dial. dhn, SUygh. tugn,
Tuva, Tof. dn.

EAS 148, 165, Poppe 112, 81. A Western

isogloss. Despite TMN 2, 574, not borrowed in Mong. < Turk.
-tn a k. of predator: Tung. *tu-si-; Mong. *inua; Turk. *Toa (?);
Jpn. *tnk.
PTung. *tu-si- 1 bears head 2 bears forehead 3 name of a mythical
predator (fox-like, devouring tigers and dragons) (1 2
3 . ( , )): Evk. tusuku 1; Neg. texseke 2; Man.
tusitun 3.
2, 216.
PMong. *inua wolf (): MMong. ino (HY 10, SH), ana (IM),
ina (MA); WMong. inua (L 190); Kh. ono(n); Bur. ono; Kalm. on;
Ord. ino; Mog. in; ZM en (21-5); Bao. ina, na; Mongr. un, una
(Minghe).
KW 444, MGCD 575. Mong. > Evk. inukaj, see Poppe 1972, 97 (probably with secondary suffixation).

PTurk. *Toa (?) tiger (): OTurk. toa (Orkh.) a military title,
(OUygh.) hero; Karakh. toa (MK).
EDT 515 (with some doubts about the original meaning of the word).
PJpn. *tnk racoon dog ( ): MJpn. tnk; Tok.
tnuki; Kyo. tnk; Kag. tanuk.
JLTT 541.
Mong. -n- points to *-n-; TM *tusi- perhaps < *tunV-si-.
-to ( ~ -e) staff: Tung. *tje(-pun); Mong. *tujiban; Jpn. *tmp.
PTung. *tje(-pun) staff (): Evk. tijewun; Evn. tijun; Neg. tijewun; Man. tejfun; SMan. teifun (676) walking stick, staff; Ul. tinepu(n);
Ork. teigeptu(n); Nan. tunep; Orch. tij, tijeu(n); Ud. tiu, tieu(n).
2, 176.
PMong. *tujiban stick, cudgel (, ): WMong. tujiban
(MXTTT); Kh. tujvan.
PJpn. *tmp sword-guard (): OJpn. tum(j)ipa; MJpn. tmb;
Tok. tsba; Kyo. tsb; Kag. tsub.
JLTT 552.
The *-pV is probably an original suffix, but reconstructable already for PA.

*tupi - *tpo

1445

-tupi dust, smoke; to rise (dust, smoke): Tung. *tip-; Turk. *tpi.
PTung. *tip- 1 to rise (of dust, smoke) 2 dirt, smear (with dirt, clay)
(1 ( , ) 2 , ): Evk. tip- 1, tipa- 2;
Neg. tp- 2; Man. ifa- 2; SMan. iva- 2 (2440); Ul. ptan 2; Ork. pa 2;
Nan. p 2; Orch. tipa 2; Ud. tfakta 2.
2, 180, 185.
PTurk. *tpi 1 high wind 2 dust-storm, storm (1 2
): Karakh. tpi 1 (MK); Tur. tipi 2; Uzb. (dial.) dblj 2; KKalp.
dbelej 2; Tv. dv 2; Tof. tp 2; Yak. tib 1, tip- to blow; Dolg. tib 1,
tip- to blow (of a snowstorm).
EDT 436, VEWT 503, 48, Stachowski 222, 223. The Uzb. and KKalp. forms
may reflect a merger with PT *tge-le(j) (v. sub *tge).

287. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. TM also has variants *tilpa/ *tilba- (see 2, 180) meaning both dirt, smear and snowstorm
and having arisen due to contamination with *telbu q. v.
-tpo nail; hoof: Tung. *tpa, *tp-ken; Mong. *tuwra, *turuu; Turk.
*tuba-k; Jpn. *tm-i; Kor. *tph.
PTung. *tpa, *tp-ken 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail (1 ,
2 ): Evk. tipken 1; Evn. tipkir, tipken 1; Neg. tipkn 1; Ul. tukpe(n) 1;
Ork. tupke(n)/-kpen 1; Nan. tukp 1; Orch. tipa 2, tippe 1; Ud. tikpe(n) 1;
Sol. tikks 1.
2,185-186. A suffixless form *tpa is reflected in Oroch tipa fingernail(vs.
tippe nail, peg). TM > Dag. tibke- to nail, tibks nail (. . 167).

PMong. *tuwra, *turuu 1 hoof 2 lower hard part of hoof (1

2 ): MMong. turuun (HY 15), tar (IM) 1, turwun
(Lig.VMI), turu (MA); WMong. turuu, taura, tuurai 1; tuur(a) 2 (L
839); Kh. tr, traj, tur 1; Bur. tur(n) 1; Kalm. turn 1; tr 2; Ord. tr
1; Dag. tor (. . 168) 1; S.-Yugh. turn 1.
KW 412, 413, MGCD 649. Cf. also tujila- to hit with hooves, feet (of a horse).
PTurk. *tuba-k hoof (): Karakh. tuja (MK), tujnaq (IM);
Tur. dujnak; Turkm. tojnaq; Sal. cna (); MTurk. tuwaq (Sangl.,
Abush.), (MKypch.) tujaq (AH); Uzb. tujq; Uygh. tuwaq; Krm. tujaq;
Tat. tojaq; Bashk. tojaq; Kirgh. tujaq; Kaz. tujaq; KBalk. tujaq; KKalp. tujaq, dojnaq (< Turkm.); Kum. tujaq; Nogh. tujaq; SUygh. tuja, tj; Khak.
tujax; Shr. tujaq; Oyr. tujaq; Tv. duju; Tof. duu (. ), tuju;
Yak. tuax; Dolg. tuak.
VEWT 499-500, EDT 519, 147, 2, 259-260, Stachowski 230. Chag.,
Uygh. tuwaq point to a labial *-b- in the stem, while Yak. -- and -j- in other languages - to
*--: these reflexes can only be reconciled if we accept a cluster like *-b- in the protoform
(perhaps a contraction < *tupi-nak or sim.).

PJpn. *tmi finger-nail, claw (, ): OJpn. tume; MJpn.

tm; Tok. tsme; Kyo. tsm; Kag. tsme.
JLTT 555. Cf. also OJ tubu-busi ( ~ -p-) ankle.

1446

*tre - *turi

PKor. *tph finger-nail, toe-nail (): MKor. thp; Mod.

son-thop.
Nam 459, KED 1708.
EAS 98, 293, Poppe 66 (Turk.-Mong.), Martin 228,
96-97, 278, 147. Despite Doerfers (TMN 2, 647-648)
doubts, the Turk. form cannot be separated from the others, although it
shows a somewhat peculiar phonetic development. PJ *tm- < *tp-n-:
cf. also OJ tubunak(j)i ankle ( = PT *tubak, Evn. tuwnuke).
-tre straps for hanging: Tung. *tr; Turk. *terk ( ~ -i-); Jpn. *tr-;
Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *tr straps (, ): Evk. tir; Evn. tr; Man.
turu.
2, 187.
PTurk. *terk ( ~ -i-) saddle straps (): Karakh. terg (MK);
Tur. terki rear saddlebow; Az. trk place behind the saddle; Turkm.
tirki; MTurk. terki (Pav. C.), (MKypch.) terg (Houts.); Khak. tirg; Shr.
terig; Oyr. terki; Tv. dergi; Chuv. trt back, back side, trt-lx
; Yak. trg.
VEWT 475-476, EDT 544, TMN 2, 499-500. The stem is connected - in a somewhat
unclear fashion - with *tirke- to hitch (derived from tiz- to string in 1986
and 1995, 282 - but the latter should be properly reconstructed as *di-, so this derivation is by no means certain). External evidence suggests that *-i- is original here; the
vowel *-e- in *terk may be due to the influence of *dr-ke- to gather; equip (see *dr-).

PJpn. *tr- to hang (, ): Tok. tsr-; Kyo. tsr-;

Kag. tsr-.
JLTT 775. The root should be distinguished from *tr- to fish, angle (q.v. sub
*tbru).

PKor. *tr- to hang (, ): MKor. tr-; Mod. triu-.

Nam 171, KED 526.
The root seems reliable, although the vocalism is not quite certain:
see above the notes on variation *e/i in Turkic; Kor. -- is also unexpected.
-turi ( ~ *toro, --) fish roe: Tung. *tiru-kse; Mong. *tri-s.
PTung. *tiru-kse fish roe (): Evk. tirukse, tirkse; Evn. ts; Neg.
tise; Man. erguwe, erxuwe; Ork. tersu .
2, 189. Sol., Ul. turse < Mong.
PMong. *tri-s fish roe (): WMong. tris(n) (L 855); Kh. trs;
Bur. the(n); Kalm. trsn.
KW 416.
KW 416, Poppe 112. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; regarded as a loan
in Mong. from Tung. by Doerfer MT 47-48, which is rather dubious.

*tru - *te

1447

-tru to hold, obstruct: Tung. *tr-; Mong. *tor-; Turk. *tr-k; Jpn.
*ttu-m-.
PTung. *tr- 1 to hold, support 2 support (n.) (1 , 2 ): Evk. tr-n 1; Evn. tr- 1; Neg. tuju 2; Ul. turu-wen- 1;
Ork. toro-olo- 1; Nan. turi-n-, tur- 1; Orch. turi- 1; Sol. ter 2.
2,220.
PMong. *tor- to get stuck, to be stopped, to become tangled in smth.
(, , , .-.): WMong.
tor- (L 825); Kh. toro-; Bur. toro-.
PTurk. *tr-k latch, obstruction (, ): Tur. trkaz; Az. trG;
Tv. trq; Tof. trq.
VEWT 479.
PJpn. *ttu-m- to be hindered, blocked ( , ): OJpn. tutum-; MJpn. ttum-.
JLTT 776.
Cf. *tr(g)e support, beam - a source of possible contaminations.
-te leg; knee: Tung. *tr-kse; Mong. *trej; Turk. *d; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *tr-(kse) boot-top (): Evk. tirkse; Neg. tijekse;
Man. ture; Ul. turekse; Ork. tureske; Nan. turekse; Orch. tijekse; Ud. tiehe.
2, 188.
PMong. *trej boot-top (): WMong. trei, tri (L 854);
Kh. trij; Bur. tr; Kalm. tr; Ord. tr; Dag. tur (. . 169), tur;
S.-Yugh. tur; Mongr. tur (SM 434), tur.
KW 415, MGCD 660.
PTurk. *d (*d) knee (): OTurk. tiz (Orkh.); Karakh. tizle(MK) to press with ones knees; Tur. diz; Gag. di; Az. diz; Turkm. dz;
Sal. tzy, tizy; Khal. tz; MTurk. diz (Pav. C., MA); Uzb. tiz; Uygh. tiz;
Krm. tz; Tat. tez; Bashk. te; Kirgh. tize; Kaz. tize; KBalk. tiz; KKalp. dize;
Kum. tiz; Nogh. tiz; SUygh. dz; Khak. tzek; Shr. tize (R., .); Oyr.
tize; Tv. diskek; Tof. tiskek; Chuv. r-pui; Yak. thex.
VEWT 482, EDT 570, 3, 336-337, 323, 284.
PKor. *tr leg (): MKor. tr; Mod. tari.
Nam 129, KED 383.
EAS 112, KW 415, 361, Poppe 112, 6, . 39, 286, Doerfer MT 69-70. Despite 282,
Mongolian and Tungus forms should be still considered as genetically
related to PT *d (*d), and the reconstruction must be changed accordingly. This is one of the few cases of secondary voicing in PT (before *, *r): the original voiceless reflex is preserved within the Common Turkic derivative *tir-sgek elbow ( 247-248) ( = TM
*tr-kse; the latter form, despite Rozycki 213, cannot be borrowed <
Mong.).

1448

*ti - *ttu

-ti to suffer, endure: Mong. *tr-; Turk. *d-.

PMong. *tr- 1 to suffer, be in need 2 to torment (2 ,
2 ): WMong. tr- 1, trege- 2 (KW); Kalm. tr- 1,
tr- 2.
KW 415-416.
PTurk. *d- to suffer, endure (, , ):
Karakh. tz- (MK); Tur. dz- (dial.); Az. dz-; Turkm. dz-; MTurk. tz(MA, Pav. C.); Krm. tz-; Tat. tz-; Bashk. t-; Kaz. tz-; KBalk. tz-;
Nogh. tz-; SUygh. tz-; Oyr. tznk patient.
3, 272-273, EDT 572. Turk. Bulg. > Hung. tr-, see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz
3, 1014 (Chuv. ts- < Tat.).

KW 416. A Turko-Mong. isogloss; in TM cf. perhaps Neg. tojk

death, tojkw- to become ill (unexpectedly).
-tu(k)u quick, swift: Tung. *tur-ku-; Mong. *tr(ge-n); Turk. *d-.
PTung. *tur-ku- 1 to jump 2 to swoop (of a wind gust) (1 2
( )): Evk. turku- 1; Ud. tuku- 2.
2, 220.
PMong. *tr(ge-n) quick, swift (; ):
MMong. turgen (HY 52), turken (MA 359); WMong. tr, trgen (L 854,
855); Kh. tr, trgen; Bur. trge(n); Kalm. trgn; Ord. trgen; Dag.
turegun (MD 228); S.-Yugh. turgen.
KW 416, MGCD 659. Mong. > Evk. turgen etc. ( 2, 219, Doerfer MT 82, Rozycki
213); Yak., Dolg. trgen (Ka. MEJ 20, Stachowski 235).

PTurk. *d- 1 to run away 2 to strive 3 to flounce, squib 4 to dash,

race 5 tumble-weed (1 2 , 3 , 4 5 -): Az. dzx- 1; Turkm. dza- 2; Tat.
tz-bz kil- 3; Bashk. tzdap kit- 1; Kirgh. tz qoj- 4; Kaz. tzlda- 4; KKalp.
tzlda- 4; Nogh. tzban 5.
A Western isogloss.
-ttu a k. of ungulate: Tung. *tte-; Turk. *Titir (~ --); Kor. *tot(h).
PTung. *tte- a 4-year-old elk ( ): Evk. ttekn.
2, 224. Attested only in Evk., but having probable Turk. and Mong. parallels.
PTurk. *Titir (~ --) female camel ( ): OTurk. titir
(OUygh. - YB); Karakh. titir (MK); MTurk. titir (Houts.).
VEWT 482, EDT 458-459.
PKor. *tot(h) pig (): MKor. tot, toth.
Nam 159, 161.
In Turk. one has to accept secondary fronting (*titir < *ttr - if the
attested form is not actually ttr, just wrongly vocalized). It is also
tempting to compare OJ t(w)od(w)o, mod. todo eared seal, Eumetopias

*tbru - *tob

1449

jubatus (for a very similar semantic relation cf. PA *to), but the vocalism is not quite clear.
-tbru net, network: Tung. *turku-; Mong. *towr; Turk. *tor; Jpn. *tr;
Kor. *trh.
PTung. *turku- to get caught (in a trap, net) ( ,
): Evk. turku-; Neg. tojk-; Ul. t-; Ork. tt-; Nan. tojqo-; Orch.
tokko-, tukku-; Sol. tkkt bi.
2, 220.
PMong. *towr net, cage (, ): MMong. tor (IM), tur (MA);
WMong. tour (L 829); Kh. tor; Bur. tor; Kalm. tor; Ord. tor; Mog. tor;
S.-Yugh. tor; Mongr. tr (SM 424).
KW 401, MGCD 641.
PTurk. *tor net for catching birds or fish (): OTurk. tor
(OUygh.); Karakh. tor (MK, KB); Tur. tor; Az. tor; Turkm. tor; Khal. tr;
MTurk. tor (Abush., Sangl.) net, hair net; Uzb. tr; Uygh. tor; Bashk.
tur; Kirgh. tor; Kaz. tor; KKalp. tor; Kum. tor.
TMN 2, No 954, EDT 528, 419-420. The relationship to *duak trap (
3, 289-290, 420-421) is not quite clear.

PJpn. *tr- fishing (with a rod, angle) ( ): OJpn. tur- to

fish; MJpn. tr; Tok. tsri; Kyo. tsr; Kag. tsri.
JLTT 556. One has to suppose a rather natural semantic development: to fish with
a net > to fish (in general) > to fish with a rod, to angle.

PKor. *trh basket (): MKor. trh; Mod. tark:i.

Nam 135, KED 382.
KW 401. Mong. is not < Turk., despite TMN 2, 606-607,
1997, 158, Sukhebaatar.
-tob ( ~ -p-,-i) fruit, cone: Tung. *tube-; Mong. *tour-; Turk. *Tobur-;
Jpn. *tumpu.
PTung. *tube- 1 fruit 2 berry 3 blue-berry (1 , 2 3
, ): Evk. tewukte 2; Evn. twt 2; Neg. tewu-kte 2; Man.
tubixe 1; SMan. ufxi, uvx 1 (323); Jurch. tuwi-xe (525) 1; Ul. tuikte 3;
Nan. uikte 3; Orch. ikte 3; Ud. teukte 3; Sol. tuwik 1.
2, 203, 225-226. TM > Dag. tubig fruit (. . 169).
PMong. *tour- bud or calyx of a flower; cone (,
(); ): WMong. toura, touru (L 817); Kh. trcog; Bur.
trsog; Kalm. trcg.
KW 405.
PTurk. *Tobur- (pine) cone (; ): Tur. tomuruk; Gag.
tmruq; Az. tumuruG; Krm. tomruq; Tat. tubrq; Bashk. tubrsq; Kirgh.
toburuq; Kum. tompur; Shr. torum cedar cone; Oyr. trq; Tv. truq;
Tof. truq; Yak. tuorax.

1450

*tg - *toge

VEWT 482, 115, 121. The Siberian forms clearly point to *-b- (or *-g-);
other forms have been influenced by *top and *dom- / *tom- round q. v. sub *tp ,
*tm. Turk. > Mong. (Kalm.) toburag acorn, cone (KW 404); see Poppe 47.
PJpn. *tumpu grain (): OJpn. tubi; MJpn. tb; Tok. tsbu;
Kyo. tsb; Kag. tsub.
JLTT 553. Modern dialects point rather to *t(m)p.
The root tends to contaminate with *tp round, but still seems
to be clearly distinct in all languages.
-tg ( ~ -u-) to see, beware: Tung. *tuga- (~ -b-); Mong. *toa-; Jpn.
*tk-.
PTung. *tuga- (~ -b-) 1 to see 2 to check 3 to beware (1 2 3 ): Evn. tewui- 3; Man. tuwa- 1; SMan. t- 1 (173);
Jurch. tonu-lar (804) 2.
2, 203, 226.
PMong. *toa- 1 to pay attention, take into account 2 number, count
(1 -., -. 2 , ):
MMong. toan (HY 44), toa (SH) 2, toa- to count (SH), tula- to count,
tun 2 (MA 311, 316); WMong. toa-, toaa- (L 814) 1, toa(n) 2 (L 813);
Kh. t- 1, t 2; Bur. t- 1, t(n) 2; Kalm. t- 1, t 2; Ord. t- 1, t 2; Mog. toa
2 (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. t 2 (. . 167, MD 226), tule to count
(MD 226) te- 1; Dong. tolu- to count (. .); S.-Yugh. tn 2;
Mongr. t (SM 424) 2.
KW 404, MGCD 636, TMN 1, 261. Mong. > Oyr. t, Man. ton (see Doerfer MT 139,
Rozycki 211). A probable derivative is WMong. tuurbi- , Khalkha trvi-, Kalm. trw- to
compile, consider, plan.

PJpn. *tk- to plan, consider (, ): OJpn.

takum-; MJpn. tkm-; Tok. takurm-; Kyo. tkrm-; Kag. tkrm-.
JLTT 762.
The etymology was first proposed in fact by Vullers 1855, but rejected by Doerfer (TMN 1, 263) without due discussion.
-toge ( ~ -i) fire: Tung. *toga; Mong. *ti-; Turk. *Tgen.
PTung. *toga fire (): Evk. too; Evn. to; Neg. too; Man. tuwa;
SMan. tu (476); Jurch. towi (21); Ul. tawa; Ork. tawa; Nan. tao; Orch. t;
Ud. t; Sol. togo.
2, 190.
PMong. *ti- 1 big fire 2 bonfire (1 2 ): WMong.
timr 1 (L 851); tgdeg 2 (L 850); Kh. tjmer 1, tdeg 2; Bur. tjmer 1,
tdeg 2; Kalm. tmr 1; Ord. tjmer 1; Dag. tujmere (MD 227), tuimer,
tuimur 1; S.-Yugh. tmer 1.
KW 418, MGCD 657.

*tg - *toje

1451

PTurk. *Tgen 1 brand 2 tinder (1 2 ): Karakh. tgn

(MK) 1; Tur. (Osm.) dgn tattoo; MTurk. tgen (Abush., Sangl.) 1;
Oyr. tn 2; Tv. dn wick; Yak. tn 2.
EDT 484. Turk. > WMong. tgene, Khalkha tn, Kalm. tn, Dag. tun cauterization
(L 832, KW 408, MGCD 643).

A Western isogloss.
-tg span: Tung. *togar; Mong. *te; Jpn. *tk.
PTung. *togar big span ( ): Evk. toor; Evn. tor; Neg.
tooj; Man. t; Ul. tawali; Nan. tawar; Orch. t; Ud. t.
2, 190-191. Manchu t, because of the absence of -r, may be actually < Mong.
(see Rozycki 200), but borrowing is impossible for most other forms.

PMong. *te big span ( ): MMong. th (IM);

WMong. te (L 832); Kh. t; Bur. t; Kalm. t; Ord. t; Dag. tu; Bao. t;
S.-Yugh. t.
KW 408, MGCD 643.
PJpn. *tk width of 4 fingers ( 4 ): OJpn. tuka;
MJpn. tk.
JLTT 554.
KW 408, Poppe 60, Rozycki 200.
-tgsu to run; hare: Tung. *tuksa-; Mong. *togsi-; Turk. *togus- (?); Kor.
*thsk.
PTung. *tuksa- 1 to run 2 hare (1 2 ): Evk. tuksa- 1,
tuksa-k 2; Evn. ts- 1; Neg. toksa- 1, toksak 2; Man. toqsaqa bastard; Ul.
toqsa 2; Ork. tqsa- 1, tqsa 2; Nan. toqsa 2; Orch. tuksan 2; Ud. tuke- 1,
tuksa 2; Sol. tkn- jump, leap, ttaxi, traxi 2.
2, 208.
PMong. *togsi- to run away jumping (of antelope etc.) (,
( . .)): WMong. togsi- (L 815); Kh. togi-;
Ord. doGi-.
PTurk. *togus- (?) to jump (): Turkm. tovus-; Chuv. (Bulgar)
doxs (year of) mouse.
PKor. *thsk hare (): MKor. thsk; Mod. thok:i.
Nam 459, KED 1705.
In Turkic languages the root may have been partially contaminated with a synonymic *tb run (q.v.) (PT *tabgan hare); but the
traces of PT *togus are still clearly visible.
-toje ( ~ tajo, tujo) to sound, noise: Mong. *tji-; Turk. *tj-; Jpn.
*tj-.
PMong. *tji- 1 to be excited, alarmed 2 to sound, make a noise (1
, 2 , ): WMong. tibe-,
dibe- 1, dibed- 2 (L 279, 851); Kh. tjve-, djve- 1; Bur. tujer- 2; Kalm.
twd- 1 ().

1452

*tk - *tk

PTurk. *tj- to sing (): Tur. tujuq (Osm.); MTurk. tujuq a verse
metre; Uygh. tujuq rhymed verse; Yak. tuoj- to sing, chant, tojuk improvised song.
EDT 568.
PJpn. *tj- to sound, hum, howl (, , ): OJpn. tojom-, tojok-; MJpn. tojom-; Tok. toyom-, doyom-.
JLTT 681.
Ozawa 253-254. An expressive root.
-tk root, edible root: Tung. *tuKala / -ra; Mong. *tgeg; Turk. *Tk;
Jpn. *tkr.
PTung. *tuKala / -ra wild onion, Lilienzwiebel ( , ):
Evk. tukala; Evn. tkr; Neg. toxoj; Man. tua(n) da; Orch. tokoi.
2, 207.
PMong. *tgeg root, root of grass (, , ):
WMong. tgeg (L 832); Kh. tgcg; Bur. tgseg stump.
PTurk. *Tk tree stump (): Khak. tkpes; Shr. tge; Tv. t.
VEWT 493, 495.
PJpn. *tkr yam (): OJpn. tokoro; MJpn. tkr / tkro; Tok. tokoro.
The TM word is usually considered to be borrowed < Samoyed.;
this seems somewhat dubious because the Samoyed. (Selk. togl, Kam.
tuul, see UEW 451-452) words point not to *-- ( < Ural. *suV-lV), but
rather to *-k-, and thus may themselves be borrowed < TM.
-tki ( ~ -k-, -e) to lie, deceive: Mong. *togla-; Turk. *Tkn.
PMong. *togla- to play, frolic, gambol (, , ): WMong. tola- (L 814); Kh. toglo-; Bur. toglo-; Kalm. tog- to play
jumping (); Ord. toGlo-.
PTurk. *Tkn lie, archness (, ): Karakh. tgn
( 433 - KBW, R 3, 1245 - KB); Tat. () tgn, tgen; Kirgh.
tgn; Khak. tgen a voodoo way of curing (arch.); Shr. tgn; Oyr.
tgn; Chuv. tuga tu- to conjure, togatm sorcerer; Yak. tkn,
tkej; Dolg. tkn.
VEWT 493, Stachowski 235, . XIV, 106, 107.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. also WMong. toquu, Khalkha tox
joke, jest, possibly derived from the same root and pointing to PA
*-k-. Not quite clear is the relationship to some scattered TM forms:
Man. taqda- to praise, be surprised at, Evk. tak- to lie.
-tk buckle, button: Tung. *toxan; Turk. *toku; Jpn. *tuku.
PTung. *toxan button, buckle (, ): Neg. toxon;
Man. toon; Ul. too(n); Ork. toqo, too(n); Nan. to; Ud. toho.
2, 192. The variant toqo in Orok is unclear (some old interdialectal loan?).

*tk - *tk

1453

PTurk. *toku buckle (, ): Karakh. toqu (MK); Tur.

toka; Gag. toqa; Az. toGGa; Turkm. toqa; MTurk. toqqa (Sangl.); Uzb. tqa;
Kaz. toa; KKalp. doa, toa; Kum. toa; Oyr. too (dial. Leb.); Chuv.
ta.
VEWT 485, EDT 466-467, TMN 2, 525.
PJpn. *tuku a device on bow to fix the arrow (
): MJpn. tuku.
15. The word may be in fact identical (or derived from)
*tokV curved q. v. Doerfer (TMN 2, 526) tries to dismiss the
Turk.-Tung. match for reasons historical (the Manchu forms means
Chinese buttonbut in fact it means metallic button in general),
semantic Knopf!(?) and phonetic (das -n - but -n is a very frequent TM suffix). The obvious semantic development in TM seems to
have been buckle > button.
-tk ( ~ -k-) to hit, knock, beat: Tung. *tokta-; Mong. *togsi-; Turk.
*tok-; Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *tokta- 1 to hit, knock 2 to chop 3 sound of knocking (1 2 3 ): Evk. tokto- 1,2; Evn. towta- 1,2; Neg. tokto- 2;
Man. toq seme 3; Ul. tqtri- 1; Nan. tokto- 2; Orch. tokto- 1; Ud. tokto- 1.
2, 193.
PMong. *togsi- to strike, beat (, ): WMong. tosi- (L
814); Kh. togi-; Bur. togo-; Kalm. tok-; Dag. tokr hammer (.
. 167).
KW 398.
PTurk. *tok- 1 to hit, knock, strike 2 mallet (1 , 2 3 , ): OTurk. toq- 1 (Orkh., OUygh.), toqmaq 2
(OUygh.); Karakh. toq- 1 (MK, KB), toqmaq 2 (MK, IM); Tur. toku- 1,
doku- 1 (dial.), dokun- 3, tokmak 2; Gag. doqun- 3, toqmaq 2; Az. toGGu- 1,
toxun- 3, tomaG 2; Turkm. toqmaq 2; Sal. toxmax 2 (); Khal. toqu- 1,
toqun- 3, toqmaq 2; MTurk. toqun- 3 (Pav. C.), toqmaq 2 (Sangl.); Uzb.
tqin- 3, tqmq; Uygh. toqun- 3; Krm. toq- to clink (glasses), toqn- 3,
toqmaq 2; Tat. tuq- 1, tuqn- 3, tuqmaq 2; Bashk. tuqlda- 1, tuqmaq 2;
Kirgh. toqmoq 2; Kaz. toql-da- 1, toqpaq 2; KBalk. toqmaq 2; KKalp.
toqlda- 1, toqpaq 2; Kum. toqala- 1, toqmaq 2; Nogh. toqpaq 2; Khak. toasto hit upon > meet, toxpax 2; Shr. toa- to meet; Oyr. toqul-da- 1, toqpoq 2; Tv. toqqu-la- 1, tonur- 3 (< dhon-ur-), doqpaq 2.
VEWT 484-485, TMN 2, 629, EDT 467, 470, 3, 253-254, 256-257. The variants
with *d- may be archaic, see below.

PJpn. *tk- to hit, strike, beat (, , ): OJpn. tuk-;

MJpn. tk-; Tok. tsk-; Kyo. tsk-; Kag. tsk-.
Homonymous with *tk- to poke, thrust, but written differently and probably different etymologically.

1454

*tkV - *tle

PKor. *th- to hit, strike, beat (, ): MKor. th-; Mod. hi-.

Nam 460, KED 1654.
KW 398. There may have existed an expressive variant with *t- (cf.
some Turkic forms, Mong. doki-ur drumstick, doki- to hit, knock
down (KW 93), Evk. (May.) dokto- to hit, chop); see 13. The root
is of course expressive (see TMN 2, 460), but seems reconstructable for
PA, and distinguishable from *tgi to pound.
-tkV curved: Tung. *tox-; Mong. *tokir; Turk. *Tok-.
PTung. *tox- 1 wheel, hoop 2 to go round, turn round 3 curved, bent
(1 , 2 , 3 , ): Evk.
tokor- 2, tokika- 3; Neg. toxoj- 2, tokoka 3; Man. tooro 1; Ork. trol- to
grind; Nan. toxoriq pulley (On.).
2, 192.
PMong. *tokir curved, bent (, ): WMong. tokir (L
820); Kh. toxir; Bur. toxir; Kalm. tokr , .
KW 398. Also Mong. takir id.
PTurk. *Tokum wheel hoop ( ): Uzb. tin; Tat. tum
(dial. d-); Bashk. tun, dial. dun; Kaz. ton 1; KBalk. toun 1; KKalp.
ton 1; Nogh. ton 1; Chuv. togn.
VEWT 483, 485, 8, 2256, 2, 242.
2, 192. A Western isogloss. Cf. *toku and *tkV (see also
notes under *teg). Despite Poppe 1972, 96, 100, Doerfer MT 69, TM is
not borrowed from Mong.
-tle deep water, tide: Tung. *tlg-; Mong. *tlki-; Turk. *tolku-; Jpn.
*tr; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *tlg- 1 deep place close to the bank 2 whirlpool 3 backwater (1 , 2 3 ): Evk.
tlg 1, dial. tlgn 2; Evn. tlgu 3.
2, 194.
PMong. *tlki- rising tide (): WMong. tlkige(n) (L 852); Kh.
tlx(n).
PTurk. *tolku- 1 to beat (of waves) 2 wave(s) (1 ( ) 2
, ): Turkm. tolqn 2; MTurk. tolqun- 1; Kaz. tolqu- 1; KBalk.
tolqan 2.
VEWT 487. The root is attested late (unless a somewhat uncertain OT (MK) tola
snowstorm (see EDT 496) belongs here), but is difficult to explain as a loan from Mong.
dolgijan wave - with which it probably has nothing in common.

PJpn. *tr backwater, deep water (, ): Tok. toro.

PKor. *tr ditch (): MKor. tr; Mod. tora.
Nam 159, KED 463.

*tolu - *tlu

1455

The root should be distinguished from *dla wave, deep place,

*alu sea, to overflow - although some contaminations were possible,
especially in the Kor.-Jpn. area.
-tolu to pierce, skewer: Tung. *tule-; Jpn. *tura-nuk-; Kor. *tr(b)-.
PTung. *tule- to skewer; to set up ( ( -.); ,
): Evk. tule-; Evn. tul-; Neg. tule-; Ul. tule-; Ork. tule-; Nan.
tule-; Orch. tule-; Ud. tule-; Sol. tulu-.
2, 212.
PJpn. *tura-nuk- to pierce (): OJpn. tura-nuk-; MJpn.
tr-nuk-; Tok. tsurank-; Kyo. tsrnk-; Kag. tsurank-.
JLTT 775. Original accent is unclear.
PKor. *tr(b)- to pierce (): MKor. tr-, trp-, trp-; Mod.
t:l- [t:lh-].
Nam 141, 142, Liu 254, KED 510.
Martin 1996, 109. An Eastern isogloss.
-tlu head: Tung. *tl-po-; Mong. *tolugai; Turk. *tul(g)u; Kor. *tikr.
PTung. *tl-po- sinciput, top of head (, ): Ork.
tolpom; Nan. trpo.
2, 217. This Nan.-Orok root has certainly nothing to do with TM *tumu- (v.
sub *tmu).

PMong. *tolugai head (): WMong. toluai (L 822); Kh. tolgoj;

Bur. tolgoj; Kalm. tol, tol; Ord. toloG; S.-Yugh. tolouj; Mongr.
torGw (SM 424), (MGCD tolGui).
KW 399, MGCD 639.
PTurk. *tul(g)u 1 temple 2 plait (1 , 2 ): OTurk. tulu
(OUygh.) 1; Karakh. tulu/n 1 (MK), tulun (IM); Tur. tulun 1; Turkm.
duluq cheek (?); MTurk. tulum 1 (Vam.), (MKypch.) tulum 2 (CCum.,
Houts.), tulu 1 (AH; Tat. tolm 2; Bashk. tolom 2; Kirgh. tulum 2; Kaz.
tulm; KKalp. tulm; Kum. tulum 1 (dial.); Nogh. tulm; SUygh. tuln 2
(); Khak. tulu 2; Shr. tulu 2; Oyr. tulu 2; Chuv. tlm a tuft of
wool left after shearing sheep.
VEWT 498, EDT 501, 585, 203-204. The Turkm. form is not quite
clear: it has an aberrant (although semantically not very remote) meaning, suffix and
voiced d-.

PKor. *tikr forehead (): MKor. tikr; Mod. tguri.

Nam 147, Liu 188.
204. The Kor. word may be analysed as bald+brain
(see *teo and *ko), so it may be necessary to remove it from the
etymology (although a folk-etymological reanalysis was certainly possible); if not, the PA reconstruction should rather be corrected to *t jlu.

*tlV - *ti

1456

-tlV to prop, push: Tung. *tlga-; Mong. *tula-; Turk. *Tol-.

PTung. *tlga- 1 to stop 2 to collide (1 2 ): Evk. tlga- 1; Ork. toldoqpn- 1, 2.
2, 194. TM > Dag. tlg- (. . 167).
PMong. *tula- to prop, lean on (, ):
MMong. tulxa (HY 17) staff; WMong. tula- (L 840: tul-); Kh. tula-; Bur.
tula-; Kalm. tul-; Ord. tul-; Dag. tolu-, (. . 168), tole- (MD 225),
tolo-; Dong. tulu-; S.-Yugh. tulu-; Mongr. tuli- (SM 430), tul-.
KW 409, MGCD 651. The Mong. causative tula- > Evk. tulgu-, see Poppe 1972, 97,
2, 210.

PTurk. *Tol- to push, collide (, ): OTurk. tul(OUygh.); Karakh. tul- 1, (caus.) tuldur- (MK); Sal. tla-
; Uygh. (dial.) tola- to wave, shake (); Bashk. tula- to kick;
KKalp. tolarsaq 2; Yak. toluur- to dangle freely inside an empty
space.
EDT 491, 495, 501. Derived is probably *Tolarsuk knee or heel joint, sinew (VEWT
480, 486, 8: OT (MK) tolarsuq, Yak. toluna (< *tolu-n-a-), Kirgh. tolorsuk, Bashk.
tularhq, KKalp. tolarsaq; Kaz. tilersek, influenced by tirsek knee).

A Western isogloss.
-tlV ( ~ --) bridge, crossing: Tung. *tul-; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *tul- 1 to wade 2 to cross (a mountain ridge) (1
( ) 2 , ( )): Evk. tuldun- 2; Ork. tolo- 1.
2, 195, 210.
PKor. *tr bridge (): MKor. tr; Mod. tari.
Nam 135, KED 383.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-ti ( ~ -e) breast: Tung. *tulu; Turk. *d.
PTung. *tulu ( ~ ) horses breast ( ( )): Man. tulu.
2, 211.
PTurk. *d breast (): OTurk. t (OUygh.); Karakh. t (MK,
IM); Tur. d; Az. d; Turkm. d; MTurk. t (Pav. C., MKypch. CCum., AH); Uzb. t; Uygh. t; Krm. t; Tat. t; Bashk. t; Kirgh.
t; Kaz. ts; KBalk. t; KKalp. ts; Kum. t; Nogh. ts; SUygh. ts;
Khak. ts; Shr. t; Oyr. t; Tv. t, Todzh. d; Tof. d; Chuv. l-lk
; Yak. ts; Dolg. ts.
VEWT 495, TMN 2, 615, EDT 558, 3, 286-287, 326, 271-272,
Stachowski 235.

A somewhat dubious Turk.-Tung. isogloss (with a secondary

voicing *t- > d-), see 272.

*tome - *tm

1457

-tome a k. of board: Tung. *tomka-n; Turk. *Tomar; Jpn. *tm (~-mu);

Kor. *tm.
PTung. *tomka-n boat made of planks ( ): Evk. tomkon ; Evn. tmkin oar.
2, 196, 201.
PTurk. *Tomar 1 block, log 2 to hack, hew 3 to break off, chip off (1
, , 2 , 3 , ): Karakh. tomrum 1 (MK), tomur- 2; Tur. tomruk 1; MTurk.
(MKypch.) tumar (AH) 1; Krm. tomruq 1; Tat. tumar, tumran 1; Bashk.
tumr- 2; Kirgh. tomur- 3; Kaz. tomar 1; KBalk. tomuraw 1, tomur- 2;
KKalp. tomar 1; Oyr. tomur- 2; Tv. domur- 3.
VEWT 499, EDT 509. The root should be distinguished from *dom- / *tom- round
(v. sub *tm). Turk. > Mong. (KW 400) tomurau, Kalm. tomrn rough, loutish.

PJpn. *tm (~-mu) stern (): OJpn. tom(w)o; MJpn. tm; Tok.
tom, tmo; Kyo. tm; Kag. tmo.
JLTT 549. The Tokyo variant tmo and Kagoshima tmo are quite irregular tonally.
PKor. *tm wooden board (for chopping meat), wooden table ( ( ), ): MKor. tm;
Mod. toma.
Nam 157, KED 465.
Accent correspondences between Kor. and Jpn. are irregular: cf.,
however, the irregularity in Jpn. dialects (especially Kagoshima tm,
pointing to original high tone in the first syllable).
-tm to spin, round: Tung. *tomka-; Mong. *tomu-; Turk. *tom-; Jpn.
*tm.
PTung. *tomka- 1 to spin 2 thread (1 () 2 ): Evk.
tomko- 1; Evn. tomko- 1; Neg. tomko- 2; Man. toGo 1; Jurch. to-o (250) 1;
Ul. top- 1; Ork. toqpo- 1; Nan. tompo- 1; Orch. tompo- 1; Ud. tompo- 1;
Sol. toxo- 1.
2, 196. Cf. also *tumu- to spin ( 2, 212).
PMong. *tomu- 1 to spin 2 spheric, convex (1 , 2 , ): MMong. tuma- (MA 340); WMong. tomu-,
tamu- (L 776) 1, tombai, tmbei 2; Kh. tom- 1, tombogor, tmbgr 2; Bur.
tomo- 1; Kalm. tom-; Dong. tomu-; Bao. toml-; S.-Yugh. tumu-; Mongr.
tomu-.
KW 399, MGCD 410.
PTurk. *tom- 1 round, convex 2 ball, smth. round 3 somersault 4
thick, bulging 5 to swell (1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 , ): Tur. tomak 2; Gag.
tombarlaq 1; Az. tombul 4, dombalaG 3; Turkm. tommaq knob, round end
of stick, dommar- / tommar- 5; Sal. tombx blunt (.); Uzb. tmtq
stump, blunt; Krm. tomalaq 1; Bashk. tomraj- (dial.) 5; Kirgh. tompoq 1;

1458

*toe - *toerV

Kaz. tompaq 1; KBalk. tomalaq 1; KKalp. dumalaq 1, tompaq 4, tompaj- 5;

Kum. tompaj- 5, tomaq blunt; Nogh. tompaq 1; Khak. tomr, tombr
blunt; Chuv. tmat stubby; Yak. tomtoro ring-formed ornament.
VEWT 487, 3, 261-262. Variants with *d- in Oghuz are most probably expressive (or reflect a secondary assimilation *dom-ba- < *tom-ba-).

PJpn. *tm 1 spindle 2 to spin (1 2 ): OJpn. tumugji spun cloth; MJpn. tumu 1, tmg- 2; Tok. tsumu, tsumg-; Kyo.
tsmg-; Kag. tsmg-.
JLTT 556, 775.
EAS 50, KW 399, Poppe 14, 68, Ozawa 261-262. Despite Doerfer
MT 27, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-toe ( ~ -i) to bow, bend Tung. *to-; Mong. *toguji-; Turk. *t-; Kor.
*tki (?).
PTung. *to- 1 to bend (a branch) 2 cradles bow 3 cylindric vessel
(1 () 2 3 ):
Evk. too- 1; Man. tugi a k. of bow; Nan. tom 2; Ud. tua 3 (.
297).
2, 197, 215.
PMong. *toguji- to bend, bow (, ): WMong.
touji- (L 824); Kh. togoj-; Bur. togoj-; Kalm. tog-; Ord. toG-; Dag.
togoi- (. . 168); S.-Yugh. toG-; Mongr. toGoi-.
KW 400, MGCD 640. Mong. > Kaz. tokaj- etc. (VEWT 488).
PTurk. *t- to bow (): OTurk. tit- (~--) (OUygh.);
Karakh. tit- (MK, KB); Turkm. ti bent; Tat. t- to be toppled,
turn upside down; Khak. tng convex; Oyr. tkk convex; Yak.
tki-.
VEWT 494, EDT 517, 3, 279-281.
PKor. *tki quiver (): MKor. tki; Mod. tog.
Nam 232, KED 486.
Despite Doerfer MT 82, hardly borrowed in TM from Mong. The
Kor. reflex is questionable, but cf. some semantic developments in TM.
-toerV a k. of foliage tree: Tung. *tude (~-r-); Mong. *towrai; Turk.
*To()gurak; Jpn. *tniari-.
PTung. *tude (~-r-) willow (, ): Ul. tude; Ork. tude;
Nan. tude; Orch. tude; Ud. tude.
2, 215.
PMong. *towrai a k. of poplar ( ): WMong.
touraj; Kh. troj; Kalm. tr, tr.
KW 405.
PTurk. *To()gurak 1 poplar 2 willow (1 2 ): OTurk.
toraq (OUygh. - YB) 1; Karakh. toraq (MK) 1; Tur. doran 2 (dial.); Az.
dara 1 (dial.); Turkm. toGaraq 1, tora 2; MTurk. turaq (Pav. C.) 1,

*tk - *topu

1459

turunqu 2 (. .); Uzb. turai 1; Uygh. toraq 1; Kirgh. traq 1; Kaz.

tora 2; SUygh. toraq 1.
VEWT 484, EDT 472. Not quite clear is the relationship to the isolated Tur. toz poplar.

PJpn. *tniari- ash-tree (): MJpn. tnrko; Tok. toneriko, toneriko.

JLTT 550.
KW 405.
-tk round: Tung. *toal-; Mong. *tke- / *tge-; Jpn. *tnkr;
Kor. *tonkor-.
PTung. *toal- 1 round 2 smth. round (1 2 ,
): Evk. toollo 2; Evn. tolr 2; Neg. togulikin 1; Ork. toGolto
loop; Nan. togokp 1; Orch. tuepke ring.
2, 198. Evk. > Dolg. tooldo (Stachowski 226).
PMong. *tke- / *tge- 1 to be bulgy, bloated or inflated 2 small
bag, sack (1 , 2 ): WMong.
tgreg 2, tgi- 1 (L 853: tkereg, tkeji-); Kh. tgerceg 2; Kalm.
tgrcg 2, tg- 1; Ord. tgerik potbelly; tg- 1.
KW 415. Mong. > Khak. trek etc. (VEWT 505).
PJpn. *tnkr coil (of a rope, snake) (, (,
)): MJpn. toguro; Tok. tguro, togur; Kyo. tgr; Kag. togur.
PKor. *tonkor- round (): MKor. tokori-; Mod. tugl-,
togl-.
Nam 161, KED 487, 511.
Cf. *teg.
-tta ( ~ -u-) straight: Tung. *toda; Mong. *toda-; Jpn. *tnt-.
PTung. *toda straight, honest, true (, , ): Evk. tono; Neg. tono; Man. tondo; SMan. tond (2376, 2484);
Jurch. to-do (407); Ul. todo; Ork. todo; Nan. todo; Orch. tono(n); Ud.
tdo; Sol. tondx.
2, 197-198. Man. > Dag. tondo (. . 168).
PMong. *toda clear, distinct (, ): WMong. toda, todu (L
812); Kh. tod; Bur. todo; Kalm. tod; Ord. todo.
KW 396.
PJpn. *tnt- straight, correct (, ): OJpn. tada-si;
MJpn. td-si; Tok. tadash-; Kyo. tdsh-; Kag. tadash-.
JLTT 841.
Ozawa 22-23.
-topu knee, knee cap: Tung. *top(V)g-; Mong. *tojig, *tuwkai; Turk.
*topk; Jpn. *tu(m)pu-.
PTung. *top(V)g- knee (): Evk. tuwnuke, tuunuke ankle
bone; Man. toba; SMan. ovia, ov (136).

1460

*tp - *tp

2, 189, 204.
PMong. *tojig, *tuwkai 1 knee 2 huckle-bone (of animals) (1
2 ()): WMong. toji 1 (L 819), tuuqai 2 (L 847); Kh.
tojg 1, txaj 2; Bur. tojn 1; Kalm. tg 1; Ord. tog patella, tx , mori; Dag. twalig, (.
. 168) tuareihe (MD 227), tolig, twalig ( < *tualig) 1.
KW 408, MGCD 639. Cf. also (for the Daghur form) WMong. tobilaur, Khalkha
tovlr clavicle, Kalm. toplr das Schlsselbein; das Vorderblatt des Pferdes (KW 401)
- probably a secondary contamination with tobila-ur buckle, clasp, a derivative of
tobila- to buckle. MMong. (HY) tobux knee cap may be a Turkism (see 1997,
157).

PTurk. *topk 1 knee cap 2 knee 3 ankle-bone (1

2 3 ): OTurk. topq 3 (OUygh.); Karakh. topq 3 (MK), 1
(KB, IM); Tur. topuk 3; Gag. topuq 3; Az. topuG 3; Turkm. topuq 3;
MTurk. (MKypch.) topuq (Houts., AH) 3; Uzb. tpiq 3; Uygh. topuq 3;
Krm. tobuq 3; Tat. tubq 1; Bashk. tubq 1; Kirgh. topuq, tomuq 1, 3; Kaz.
tobq 1, 3; KBalk. tobuq 2; KKalp. tobq 3; Kum. tobuq 2; Nogh. tobq 1, 3;
SUygh. tq 1; Khak. tomx 1, 3; Oyr. topuq, tomuq 1, 3; Tv. dowuq 1; Tof.
topuq 1; Yak. tobuk 2; Dolg. tobuk 2.
VEWT 489, EDT 437-8, 286, Stachowski 224. Both Rsnen and Clauson
derive this word from PT *top pellet, round thing, but this is not likely because of external evidence.

PJpn. *tu(m)pu- knee ():

JLTT 553. A Ryukyu root: cf. Nase b, Hateruma supN etc.
KW 408, 271, Poppe 14, 49, 110, 279, 6, 286.
-tp round: Tung. *tup-; Mong. *tob-; Turk. *top; Jpn. *tmp-ra.
PTung. *tup- 1 excrescence on a tree trunk 2 saddle bow (1
2 ): Evk. tupuka 1; Ork. tpqa 2.
2, 217.
PMong. *tob- 1 round, convex 2 hill 3 clot 4 button 5 cone (of conifer) 6 heel-piece (1 2 3 4 5 6
): MMong. towi 4 (IM); WMong. toburuu, (L 812) toburuu 1,
tobi 4 (L 810); Kh. towx 3, tow 4; Bur. tobogor, tobxogor 1, tobo 4, tobxo
5,6; Kalm. towxn (KW) 2, tow 4 (); Ord. towor, tuwur 1, dobi(n),
dobxo 4; Dag. tuar, tori (. . 168) 4 tobei 4 (MD 225); Dong. t 4;
Bao. tobi 4; S.-Yugh. tob 4; Mongr. dei (SM 54) 4.
KW 404, MGCD 637. Mong. tobi > Evk. topi, see Doerfer MT 128.
PTurk. *top round thing (, ): Karakh. top (MK, IM), topq
(MK, KB); Tur. top; Gag. top; Az. top; Turkm. top; Khal. tuop; MTurk. top,
tofuq (Sangl.); (MKypch.) topuraq round (CCum.); Uzb. tp; Uygh. top,
dop; Krm. top; Tat. tup; Bashk. tup; Kirgh. top; Kaz. top, dop; KBalk. top;
KKalp. top; Kum. top; Nogh. top; Chuv. tub.

*tp - *tr[e]

1461

VEWT 489, EDT 434, 437, TMN 2, 596-597, 258, . XIV, 143-144, 2, 249. One should also note OT tevir- to twist, turn - probably a contamination of
*top and *ebr- (OT evir-) id. (see EDT 443). Words meaning cone reflect a partial contamination with PT *Tobur- cone (v. sub *tob).
PJpn. *tmp-r round (): OJpn. tubura; MJpn. tubura; Tok.
tsbura, tsbura; Kyo. tsbr; Kag. tsbr.
JLTT 553.
284. See TMN 2, 596-601 (with a hopeless confusion of
Turk. *top round thing, *toprak earth, dust and *topk knee cap - all
of which have different etymologies). Cf. also *tob fruit, cone (a different root, but a source of some contaminations).
-tp ( ~ -u-) a k. of vessel: Tung. *tupi ( ~ --); Mong. *tobid; Turk.
*Topal; Jpn. *t(m)pa.
PTung. *tupi ( ~ --) woven basket ( ): Man. tubi.
2, 203. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *tobid trough (): WMong. tobid (MXTTT); Kh. tod.
PTurk. *Topal round vessel made of bark (, (, )): Tat. tubal; Bashk. tubal.
VEWT 489.
PJpn. *t(m)pa jar (): OJpn. tup(w)o; MJpn. tf; Tok. tsbo;
Kyo. tsb; Kag. tsbo.
JLTT 552.
The root seems well reconstructable, although not very widely
spread.
-tr[e] post, pole, tower: Tung. *turu; Turk. *tr; Kor. *trk.
PTung. *turu pole, mast; sacred pole, place (, ; , ): Evk. turu; Neg. tojo; Man.
tura; SMan. tur post (460); Jurch. tur-ra (208); Ul. tra; Ork. toro; Nan.
toro, tora; Orch. t; Sol. tr door-post.
2, 221 (some forms were possibly influenced by Mong. tura < Turk. tura, but
on the whole loan is hardly acceptable, see Doerfer MT 38). Evk. > Dolg. tur sacred
pole (see Stachowski 233).

PTurk. *tr honorary place in the house ( ):

OTurk. tr (OUygh.); Karakh. tr (KB), tre (MK); Tur. dr (dial.); Az.
dr (dial.); Turkm. tr; MTurk. tr (Pav. C.), tre (Abush.); Uzb. tr;
Uygh. t(r); Krm. tr; Tat. tr; Bashk. tr; Kirgh. tr; Kaz. tr; KBalk. tr;
KKalp. tr; Kum. tr; Nogh. tr; SUygh. tr, tri; Khak. tr; Shr. tr; Oyr.
tr; Tv. dr.
VEWT 494, EDT 528-529, TMN 2, 607, 514.
PKor. *trk tower, upper story (, ): MKor.
trk; Mod. tarak.
Liu 192, KED 382.

1462

*tri - *tro

Poppe 14, 79. In Kor. -- would be expected; -a- is possibly a result

of vowel assimilation.
-tri to be born, copulate: Tung. *tur-; Mong. *tre-; Turk. *tre-; Jpn.
*tr-(m)p-.
PTung. *tur- 1 to be born, grow 2 to go out 3 herd of deer during
coupling 4 bear family (1 , 2 3 4 ): Evk. turku- 2, tur 3;
Evn. tri 4; Man. tui- 1, 2; SMan. tiui- emerge, appear (1184); Jurch.
tuj-ti-mij (714) 2.
2, 202, 219, 221.
PMong. *tre- to be born (): MMong. tore- (SH, HYt);
WMong. tre- (L 836: tr-); Kh. tr-; Bur. tre-; Kalm. tr-; Ord. tr-;
Mog. tr- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. turu-, (. . 169) ture- (MD 228);
S.-Yugh. tr-; Mongr. turo- (SM 435).
KW 407, MGCD 648. Mong. trel kin > Evk. turul, see Doerfer MT 126.
PTurk. *tre- to be born, originate (, ):
OTurk. tr- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tr- (MK, KB); Tur. tre-; Az.
tr-; Turkm. dre-; MTurk. tr-, tre- (Sangl., Abush.); Krm. tre-; Tat.
tr- (dial.); Kirgh. tr-; KKalp. dre-; Khak. tr-; Oyr. tr-; Tv. tr-;
Tof. dr-; Yak. tr-; Dolg. tr-.
VEWT 495, EDT 533, 3, 283-284, Stachowski 228. The Turkm. voicedness is
unclear.

PJpn. *tr-(m)p- to copulate (): OJpn. turub-; MJpn.

trb-; Tok. tsurum-.
JLTT 775.
KW 407, 322, 13. Mong. may be < Turk. (see
1997, 158).
-tro to be weak, hungry, unable: Tung. *turku- / *turke-; Mong. *tura-;
Turk. *Tr-; Jpn. *tr- ( ~ ua).
PTung. *turku- / *turke- be unable ( ): Evk. turku-; Evn.
turku-; Neg. tujku-; Ul. teten-; Ork. teten-.
2, 220.
PMong. *tura- be lean, meagre ( , ): MMong.
tura-, turu- (SH); WMong. tura- (L 843); Kh. tura-; Bur. tura-; Kalm. tur-;
Ord. turu-; Dong. turi-; Mongr. turGan (SM 433).
KW 411, MGCD 653. Mong. > Khak. tura par- to be tired.
PTurk. *Tr- 1 to become lean, hungry 2 lean, hungry (1 ,
2 , ): OTurk. turuq 2 (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. tr- (?) 1 (MK), turuq 1 (MK); MTurk. turun fatigu (Pav.
C.); Uygh. tory 2; Bashk. torma 2 (dial.); Kirgh. toruq- 1; Kaz. torq- 1;
SUygh. tor 2; Oyr. torn- (. - Tel.); Tv. dor- 1; Yak. tuor- 1, tuor 2.
VEWT 489, EDT 530, 539, Clark 1977, 157.

*tro(-kV) - *toru

1463

PJpn. *tr- ( ~ ua) languid, slack, remiss (, ):

MJpn. toro-; Tok. toro-.
JLTT 842.
KW 411. Despite 1997, 159, hardly a borrowing in Mong.
< Turk.
-tro(-kV) a k. of bird: Tung. *turk; Mong. *turau; Turk. *torgaj; Jpn.
*tr; Kor. *trk.
PTung. *turk crow, rook (, ): Evk. turk; Evn. trq;
Neg. torx; Nan. tork; Orch. tuaxi, tuwaki; Ud. tuai; Sol. turki.
2,218 (sub - ).
PMong. *turau raven, crow (): MMong. turaun (HY 13);
WMong. turau, turula, turala (L 843: turla rook); Kh. xar tor; turliax ; Bur. turlg; Kalm. torg, torlg; Ord. xara tur, alaG tur.
KW 401, 402.
PTurk. *torgaj 1 small bird 2 lark (1 2 ): OTurk. tora 1; Karakh. turumtaj a predatory bird used for
hawking (MK); Tur. turgaj 2; Az. toraaj; Turkm. torGaj 2; Tat. turaj 2;
Kirgh. toroj 2; Khak. pos-taraj 2; Chuv. tri 2; Yak. tujr 1.
VEWT 490, EDT 550, TMN 2, 482-3, 176. Turk. > Kalm. tor (KW 401).
PJpn. *tr bird (): OJpn. tori; MJpn. tr; Tok. tri; Kyo. tr;
Kag. ti.
JLTT 550.
PKor. *trk fowl (, ): MKor. trk; Mod. tak [talk].
Nam 142, KED 407.
KW 402, 70, 274, 8, Martin 228, 176.
-toru a k. of black berry: Tung. *turi-; Turk. *Tor-; Jpn. *tuta; Kor. *tri.
PTung. *turi- 1 gooseberry; black currants 2 peas, beans (1 ; ; 2 , ): Evk. turikta 1;
Man. turi 2.
2, 219. Man. > Neg., Nan. turi (etc.), see ibid.
PTurk. *Tor- 1 cranberry, bilberry 2 elder 3 moss (1 , 2 3 ): Khak. torslas 2 (Sag.), torbas 3; Shr. torsla 2, torbas 3,
torbas estegi 1; Oyr. torbos 1, 3.
VEWT 490, 181, 192. A local Siberian word with somewhat unclear
morphological structure.

PJpn. *tuta wild grape ( ): MJpn. tuta; Tok. tsut,

tsta; Kyo. tst; Kag. tsta.
JLTT 557. Accent is unclear: Tokyo tsut and Kyoto tst may reflect *tt or *tt;
the Tokyo variant tsta and Kagoshima tsta point rather to *tt.

PKor. *tri currants, (KED) fruit of the Actinidia arguta (): MKor. tri; Mod. tar.
Nam 135, KED 382.

1464

*trV - *te

The precise berry denoted by the root is of course unknown (notice the meaning currants in TM and Korean).
-trV young animal: Tung. *toro-k; Mong. *toruj; Turk. *trum.
PTung. *tora-k (~-) boar (): Evk. torok; Neg. torok.
See 2, 200. Yak. toroku boar < TM (not vice versa).
PMong. *toruj young pig (): WMong. torui (L 827); Kh.
toroj; Bur. toroj; Kalm. tor; Ord. tor young donkey.
KW 401. Mong. > Chag., Kirgh. torai.
PTurk. *tr-um 1 young camel 2 a young calf 3 a goat that has
yeaned early 4 young 5 a cow that has not calved yet (1
2 3 , 1 4 (
, ) 5 ): Karakh. torum 1, torp 2 (MK); Tur. deve
torun 1, torum (dial.) 1; torbu (dial.) 3, (?) toru (dial.) 4; Gag. (?) tor unbroken (of a horse), untrodden (of a path); Turkm. trum 1; Sal. tor
foal (); MTurk. torum 1 (Sangl., Pav. C.), torbaq 2 (MA 126); Uygh.
topaq 2, topaq-torum young calves; Tat. trbaq () 2; Bashk.
tana-turpaq 2; Kirgh. torpoq 2; Kaz. torpaq 2; Khak. torbax 2; Oyr. torboq 2,
torbo (dial. Kumd.) 5; Tv. dorum 1; Yak. torbos, torbuax 2.
EDT 533, 549, VEWT 491. Turk. > WMong. torum, Kalm. torm (KW 402,
1997, 158, Clark 1977, 155-156. The Tur. dial. dorum is a result of contamination with
dour- to bear. Forms like torp-ak are diminutives in -ak (with almost always regular
cluster development). Forms like Tur. torun grandchild, as well as Tur. dial. tor young
may be Iranisms (but not Armenisms, as suggested in . 1, 747 - Armen. torn grandchild is itself obviously < Iranian) - see . 3, 280.

2, 200 (TM-Mong.), 7. A Western isogloss.

-te law, regulation: Tung. *turgun; Mong. *tre; Turk. *t; Jpn.
*tt-np-.
PTung. *turgun reason, cause (): Evk. turgun; Man. turgun;
SMan. turuxun (2915); Jurch. tu-ru-wen-; Ul. turgu(n); Nan. turg.
2, 218-219. TM > Dag. turgun (. . 169).
PMong. *tre order, regulation, matrimony, marriage (, , ): MMong. tore (HY 49, SH); WMong. tre, (L 835) tr;
Kh. tr; Bur. tre; Kalm. tr; Ord. tr; S.-Yugh. turo; Mongr. tur (SM
434).
KW 407, MGCD 647.
PTurk. *t 1 foundation, root 2 origin, ancestors (1 2 , , , ): OTurk. tz (OUygh.) 2;
Karakh. tz (MK, KB) 2; MTurk. tz 1 (root of the ear - Sangl.), 2 (Pav.
C.); Tat. tz 2 (dial.); Bashk. tz 2 (dial.); Kirgh. tz, ts 2; Khak. ts
original spirits, ts-te- to lay ground; Shr. ts 2, ts-tk tree trunk;
Oyr. ts 2; shrub; original spirits; Tv. ds 1, 2, shrub; Tof. ds, ts 1;
Chuv. tre object of dedication; spirit; Yak. trt 2; Dolg. trt.

*te - *tsi

1465

VEWT 495, TMN 2, 612, EDT 571, 109, 2, 264, Stachowski 228.
PJpn. *tt-np- to be arranged, in order ( ,
): OJpn. toto-nop-; MJpn. tt-nf-; Tok. toton-; Kyo. ttn-;
Kag. toton-.
JLTT 771. The accent in Kagoshima is aberrant.
Turk. *tr law is probably an old derivative of *t: *trg, with
an early disappearance of *-g-: cf. Hung. trvny < Old Chuv., pointing
to *-g-. Mong. *tre may be < Turk. (see TMN 1, 266), though not necessarily so.
-te soil, dust: Tung. *turV; Mong. *tor-; Turk. *t; Kor. *tr.
PTung. *turV 1 earth 2 lump of earth (1 2 ): Evk.
tur 1(dial.); Evn. tr; Neg. tj 1; Nan. tur-qa 2.
2, 217-218.
PMong. *tor- 1 snuff, tar 2 flying dust; black and blue spot, bruise (1
, 2 ; ): WMong. tortag (L 827: tortu) 1,
toru 2 (L 827); Kh. tortog 1; Bur. tortog 1; Kalm. tortg 1.
PTurk. *t dust (): OTurk. toz (OUygh.); Karakh. toz (MK);
Tur. toz; Gag. tz; Az. toz; Turkm. tz, tozan; MTurk. toz (Sangl.), tos
(Pav. C., Abush.); Uzb. tzn; Uygh. toz; Krm. toz; Tat. tuzan; Bashk. tuan; Kirgh. toz; Kaz. toz; KKalp. toz; Nogh. tozan; SUygh. tos; Khak.
tozn; Shr. tozun; Oyr. tozn.
VEWT 492, EDT 580-1, 99-100. Cf. also Yak. tor soot. Despite ,
the stem tozan is rather not a deverbative in -an from the verb toz- (cf. the absence of any
traces of --), but a denominative (like er - eren); this would explain the lack of length in
Turkm. This may also be a noun in -n derived from a denominative verb in -- (Turkm.
toza- to become dusty, also without length).

PKor. *trh field, steppe (, ): MKor. tr (trh-); Mod. tl.

Nam 171, KED 533.
KW 405, 19, 70, 91, 274 (but Jpn. *tti should be rather
attributed to PA *tu), 11. Cf. Jpn. doro dirt (PJ *tr; attested
late and initial not clear). Contaminations with *tu were possible.
-tsi ( ~ -e) face, shape, spot on forehead: Tung. *tsa-; Mong. *ts.
PTung. *tsa- white spot on animals forehead (
): Evk. tsa-ln, dial. tha-kta; Man. tosi.
2, 200. Evk. > Yak. tuosaxta id.
PMong. *ts form, shape, appearance (, ): WMong. ts,
tsge (L 837); Kh. ts, ts; Bur. th(n) , ; Kalm.
tsw plan (); Ord. ds.
Mong. > Chag. ts, Turkm. tjs etc. (see VEWT 507).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.

1466

*tot - *tb

-tot to run: Tung. *tut[a]-; Jpn. *tanta-juap-; Kor. *td-.

PTung. *tut[a]- to run (): Evk. tutu- crawl away; Evn. tut-;
Neg. tutu- crawl; Ul. tt-; Ork. tta-; Nan. tutu-; Orch. tutu-; Ud.
tutu-; Sol. tute-.
2, 223-224.
PJpn. *tanta-juap- to float, ramble (, ): OJpn.
tada-j(w)op-; MJpn. td-jof-; Tok. taday-; Kyo. tdy-; Kag. tdy-.
JLTT 761. Modern dialects point rather to *tnt-, so the original accent is not quite
clear.

PKor. *td- to run (): MKor. tt- (-r-); Mod. tat- (-r-).
Nam 139, KED 401.
SKE 269. An Eastern isogloss. In Kor. cf. also tthi- to move
away, apart.
-tu five: Tung. *tu-ga; Mong. *ta-bu-; Jpn. *-t-; Kor. *t-.
PTung. *tu-ga five (): Evk. tuna; Evn. tnn; Neg. toa /
tua; Man. suna; SMan. sun (2739); Jurch. una (640); Ul. ta;
Ork. tnda; Nan. tojga; Orch. tua; Ud. tua; Sol. toa.
2, 214.
PMong. *ta-bu- 1 five 2 fifty (1 2 ): MMong. tabun
(HY 43, SH), bun (IM), tabun (MA) 1, tabin (HY 43), abin (IM) 2;
WMong. tabu(n) 1 (L 761), tabi(n) 2 (L 760); Kh. tav 1, ta 2; Bur. taba(n);
Kalm. tawn; Ord. tawu(n) 1, tawi 2; Mog. tabun, tbun; ZM tbun (25-1b);
Dag. tw(an) (. . 164, MD 219), tbu 1, tabi (MD 219), ta 2; Dong.
tavuan, tawun 1; Bao. tavo 1; S.-Yugh. twn 1, tawn 2; Mongr. twn
(SM 412), twun 1, tajin (SM 412) 2.
KW 385, MGCD 619, 620.
PJpn. *-t- five (): OJpn. itu-; MJpn. t-; Tok. its-; Kyo. ts-;
Kag. its-.
JLTT 428, 429. Initial i- is not quite clear; it is used on its own with the meaning
fifty, and in i-po five hundred (if this is not a contraction < *it(u)-p).

PKor. *t- five (): MKor. t-, t-ss; Mod. tast [tass].
Nam 131, KED 386.
KW 385, SKE 259, Lee 1958, 117, 70. Cf. perhaps Bulg.
(Mudrak) et five (cf. the Jpn. form).
-tb a k. of bird of prey: Tung. *tuba; Mong. *tojigun; Jpn. *tmp ( ~
-ua-); Kor. *tbk.
PTung. *tuba jackdaw, rook (, ): Ul. towa, twa.
2, 218. Attested only in Ul., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *tojigun falcon (): WMong. tuiun, (L 819) tojiun; Kh.
tojgon, tojxon; Kalm. tn, tn.
KW 413, TMN 2, 658. Mong. > MKor. thuikon (see Lee 1964, 192); > Chag. tojan,
Yak. tojon, Kaz. tujn, Nogh. tujn (should be distinguished from the common Turkic
*dogan, on which see under *toga!).

*tu - *tge

1467

PJpn. *tmp ( ~ -ua-) kite (): OJpn. t(w)ob(j)i; MJpn. tb;

Tok. tbi; Kyo. tb; Kag. tbi.
JLTT 547. The Kyoto and Tokyo accents are irregular, pointing to a variant *t(m)p;
RJ and Kagoshima reflect high level tone.

PKor. *tbk a k. of bird of prey ( ): MKor.

twk; Mod. t:aogi crested ibis; tok-suri eagle.
Nam 132, KED 387, 473 (tok-suri is explained as bald eagle, but tok- may well be a
contraction of *tabak-).

The root evidently denoted some big bird of prey (kite, eagle or
falcon); the isolated Ul. form fits in well phonetically, but not so well
semantically.
-tu ( ~ -o-) axe, hammer: Tung. *tuu-n / *uu-n; Mong. *e; Jpn.
*tt; Kor. *thi.
PTung. *tuu- / *uu- 1 to scrape (skin) 2 scraper (1 2
): Evk. uu-l- 1, uu-n 2; Evn. t-le- 1, u-n 2; Neg. oo- 1,
oon 2; Ork. tottolo- 1, totto-, tuttu- 2; Nan. tuu-le- 1, tu 2; Orch.
oo-lo- 1, oo(n) 2.
2, 418. Evk. > Yak. tn, n scraper.
PMong. *e chisel (): WMong. e (L 209); Kh. cc.
Mong. > Yak. t, chisel.
PJpn. *tt mallet (): OJpn. tuti; MJpn. tt; Tok. tsuch;
Kyo. tsch; Kag. tsuch.
JLTT 557. In Tokyo *tschi would be expected.
PKor. *thi axe (): MKor. thi, thi; Mod. tk:i.
Nam 158, KED 461.
Whitman 1985, 141, 217. Mong. and part of TM forms reveal an
assimilation; it is not excluded that TM forms like uu-n are secondarily borrowed < Mong.
-tge storm, dust: Tung. *tuge-; Mong. *tuji-; Turk. *tge-.
PTung. *tuge- 1 cloud 2 winter (1 2 ): Evk. tksu, tkse
1, tue 2; Evn. tein 1, tue-ni 2; Neg. tokso 1, tuwe, tue 2; Man. tugi 1,
tuweri 2; SMan. tukusu (2009), uxi (2010); Jurch. tuje-i (6), tu-e-li 2; Ul.
tewekse 1, tue 2; Ork. teweske 1, tuwe 2; Nan. tukse 1, tue 2; Orch. tokso 1,
tuwe, tue 2; Ud. tok 1, tue 2; Sol. tuku 1, tugu 2.
2, 204-205, 208-209.
PMong. *tuji- thin falling snow, dust-snow ( ):
WMong. tujau, tujil-dasu; Kh. tujldas; Kalm. tuj.
KW 409.
PTurk. *tge-le- whirlwind, (snow-)storm (, () ):
Az. tlex (dial.); Turkm. tvelej; Shr. tlek (.).
44-45. The root is local, but for phonetic reasons should be kept distinct
from *tpi wind, storm q.v. sub *tupi (with which it is linked in EDT 436).

A Western isogloss.

1468

*tja - *tji

-tja to give, give a feast: Tung. *tuju-; Mong. *tau-; Turk. *toj.
PTung. *tuju- 1 to give 2 to give a feast (1 2 , ): Evk. tuju- 2; Evn. tj- 2; Neg. tojo- 2; Man. tuwe-de-, teo-de- to
resell, exchange; Jurch. tuju-xe 1 (428); Ul. tuju- 2; Ork. tojo- 2; Nan.
tuju- 2; Orch. tojo- 2; Ud. tuju- 2.
2, 203, 206. Man. > Nan. taoda-, Ul. tada-, Oroch tauda- to pay, repay (
2, 171); > Dag. tauda- id. (. . 166).

PMong. *tau- to give, distribute (, ): MMong.

taul- (SH).
PTurk. *toj feast; community (, ): OTurk. toj
(OUygh.); Karakh. toj (MK, KB); Tur. toj; Gag. toj; Az. toj; Turkm. toj;
Sal. tj (); MTurk. toj (Sangl., Abush.); Uzb. tj; Uygh. toj; Krm. toj;
Tat. tuj; Bashk. tuj; Kirgh. toj; Kaz. toj; KBalk. toj; KKalp. toj; Kum. toj;
Nogh. toj; SUygh. toj; Khak. toj; Shr. toj; Oyr. toj; Tv. doj; Tof. toj; Chuv.
toj.
EDT 567, 309.
SKE 269 (Turk.-Tung.), 14. A Western isogloss. The
Turk.-Tung. match seems quite probable, despite TMN 3, 355 (rein
zufllig).
-tujbu ( ~ -o-) to carve, engrave, whet: Tung. *tujba-; Mong. *tobi-; Jpn.
*tu.
PTung. *tujba- adze, scraper (, , ): Evn. tbaq;
Man. tujbalaqu, tujpan; Ul. tjba(n); Nan. tojb; Orch. tba; Ud. tbo, tuibo.
2, 174.
PMong. *tobi- to carve, engrave (): WMong. tobi- (L
811); Kh. tovi-.
PJpn. *tu whetstone ( ): OJpn. two; MJpn. t;
Tok. to.
JLTT 547.
The cluster *-jb- (in this case preserved explicitly in TM) accounts
for the preservation of *-b- in Mong. and for the development *-b- > -w(-0-) in Japanese.
-tji thick: Mong. *td- / *tjit-; Turk. *Tujug; Jpn. *tj-.
PMong. *td- / *tjit- convex, bulging, thick (, ): WMong. tgdi-, tgdger (L 849); tit-, tgdeg; Kh. tgdij-,
tgdger, tdeg; Bur. tgdeger ; Kalm. tt- to be thick and
swollen.
KW 418.
PTurk. *Tujug whole, complete (): OTurk. tujun high
official (Orkh.); Tat. () tojoq; Kirgh. tujuq; Shr. tujuq; Oyr. tuj
compact, solid; (dial.) tuja 1 (R - Leb.); Yak. tuj(u)gun excellent, tujul- to reach a high degree (.).

*tju - *tuk

1469

VEWT 497, EDT 568.

PJpn. *tj- strong (): OJpn. tujo-; MJpn. tj-; Tok. tsuy-;
Kyo. tsy-; Kag. tsuy-.
JLTT 843.
A good Turk.-Mong.-Jpn. match.
-tju ( ~ -o-) to gleam, shine: Mong. *tuja-; Jpn. *tj.
PMong. *tuja- ray, gleam (, ): WMong. tuja, tujaa(n) (L
840); Kh. tuj; Bur. tuj(n); Kalm. toj, tuj; Ord. tuj.
KW 398, 409. Mong. > Evk. tujan, see 2, 206.
PJpn. *tj glaze, glitter (): MJpn. tuja; Tok. tsya; Kyo. tsy;
Kag. tsya.
JLTT 558.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-tuk to come to an end, be exhausted: Mong. *tgs-; Turk. *tke-; Jpn.
*tuku-.
PMong. *tgs- to come to an end (): MMong. tugebe quite enough, tegus completely (SH); WMong. tgs-, tegs- (L
796); Kh. tgs-; Bur. tgese-; Kalm. tgs-; Ord. tgs-; Bao. tgsa
complete, full.
KW 406, MGCD 644.
PTurk. *tke- to come to an end (, ): OTurk.
tke- (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. tke- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. tken-; Gag.
tken-; Az. tkn-; Turkm. tken-; Khal. tiken-; MTurk. tken- (Sangl.);
Uzb. tuga-, tugan-; Uygh. tg-; Krm. tgen-, tigen-; Tat. tgen-; Kirgh.
tgn-; Kaz. tges-; KBalk. tgen-; Kum. tgen-; SUygh. tke-; Khak.
tgel-; Shr. tgen-; Oyr. tgen-; Yak. tks, tgs enough, completely.
VEWT 504, EDT 479, 484.
PJpn. *tuku- 1 to come to an end, be exhausted 2 to exhaust (1 (), () 2 , ): OJpn. tuku1, tukus- 2; MJpn. tk- 1, tks- 2; Tok. tsuk-, tski- 1; tsuks- 2; tsukarebe tired, exhausted; Kyo. tsk- 1, tsks- 2; Kag. tsk-1, tsuks- 2.
JLTT 773, 774. Accent is very diverse and hardly reconstructable in this root.
KW 406, 154, Poppe 57, Miller 1981, 863
(Turk.-Jpn.). Despite 1997, 160, not borrowed in Turk. < Mong.
It seems worth mentioning Evk. dial. tko- to die (of exhaustion),
starve - which may, however, be a derivative of tik- to fall.
-tuk ( ~ -o-) to transmit, continue: Mong. *tge-; Jpn. *tnk-.
PMong. *tge- 1 to be spread, transmitted 2 to transmit, distribute
(1 (), () 2 , , ): MMong. tugee-, tukee- 2 (SH), tuke- 2 (MA); WMong.
tge- 1, tgege- 2 (L 849); Kh. tge 1, tg- 2; Bur. tge- 1; Kalm. tg- 1,
tg- 2 (); Ord. twe- 1, tw- 2.

1470

*tukV - *tukV

PJpn. *tnk- to continue, be transmitted, succeed (, ): OJpn. tug-; MJpn. tg-; Tok. tsg-; Kyo. tsg-; Kag. tsg-.
JLTT 772.
Ozawa 255-256. A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss.
-tukV calf, lamb: Tung. *tuKu-; Mong. *tugul; Turk. *tokl.
PTung. *tuKu- 1 calf, young of deer 2 to bear (1 ,
2 ): Evk. tuku-n 1; Evn. t- 2; Man. tuqan 1.
2, 210.
PMong. *tugul calf (): MMong. tuqul (HY 10, SH), ool (IM);
WMong. tuul (L 838); Kh. tugal; Bur. tugal; Kalm. tul; Ord. tuGul;
Mog. tuul (Weiers); Dag. toku, (. . 167) tokoli (MD 225), tokoli,
toko; Dong. tuGun; Mongr. tuGur (SM 429), tuGul.
KW 409, MGCD 650.
PTurk. *tokl lamb (6m. old) ( ): Karakh. toql
(MK, IM); Tur. toklu; Gag. toqlu; Az. toGlu; Turkm. toql; Khal. tol;
MTurk. tol (Pav. C.),(MKypch.) toql (Houts.); Uzb. tqli; Tat. tuqt;
tu a 1-year-old elk (); Bashk. tuqt; Kirgh. toqtu; Kaz. toqt;
KBalk. toqlu; KKalp. toql; Kum. toqlu; Nogh. toql; SUygh. toqt; Tv.
todu; to 1-year-old elk; Tof. do 1-year-old elk (. ); Yak. tugut calf, foal; Dolg. tugut calf, foal.
VEWT 485, TMN 2, 524, EDT 469, 434, Stachowski 229. Turk. > Hung. tokly lamb, see Gombocz 1912.

KW 409, 7, Sinor 1962, 321, 434. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer MT 104, hardly borrowed in TM from Mong.
The Turk.-Mong. parallel is dismissed by Doerfer (TMN 2, 525), because lautgesetzlich ist t. -q- nicht = mong. -- (?).
-tukV ( ~ -k-) dam, fishing net: Tung. *tuki-; Mong. *togsija-; Turk.
*Tug.
PTung. *tuki- to fish (): Ul. tkii- ; Nan. tukiei-.
2, 207.
PMong. *togsija- 1 net for catching birds 2 to fish with a net (1
2 ): WMong. tosija- 2, toa 1 (L
815); Kh. tog- 2, tog 1.
PTurk. *Tug dam, fish trap (, ): OTurk. tu (Orkh.);
Karakh. tu (MK); Uygh. tu; Bashk. dial. tw; Kirgh. tuq; Khak. tu; Shr.
tu; Tv. du-da- to make a partition; Tof. du; Yak. t.
VEWT 496, EDT 463-464, . 175, 420.
14. A Western isogloss. The Turk. form may reflect a contamination with *togi mound, dam q. v.

*tk - *tule(kV)

1471

-tk ( ~ -o-) to grasp, seize: Tung. *tux-; Jpn. *tkm-; Kor. *th-.
PTung. *tux- to take into arms ( , ):
Evk. tuk-; Evn. tk-; Ul. twu-le-; Nan. tuxi-si-; Ud. tugele-.
2, 206-207.
PJpn. *tkm- to grasp, seize (): OJpn. tukam-; MJpn. tkm-;
Tok. tsukm-; Kyo. tskm-, tskm-; Kag. tskm-.
JLTT 773.
PKor. *th- to receive (): MKor. th-; Mod. tha-.
Liu 710, KED 1685.
Martin 225. Korean has a usual vowel reduction in the first syllable. An Eastern isogloss.
-tkV clavicle, elbow: Tung. *tkre; Mong. *tokaj.
PTung. *tkre 1 clavicle 2 upper rib (1 2 ):
Evk. tkre 1; Evn. tkr 1; Neg. tuxse 2; Ud. tuhe 1.
2, 208.
PMong. *tokoj elbow (): MMong. toqai (HY 46), twoqai
(Lig.VMI), tuqai (MA); WMong. toqoi (L 829: toqui, toqai); Kh. toxoj; Bur.
toxoj; Kalm. tox, tox; Ord. dox; Mog. toqai; ZM toqai (Lig.VMI 69);
Dong. toi; Bao. toui; S.-Yugh. doGnoG; Mongr. tuGw (SM 429).
KW 397, MGCD 642. Mong. > Yak. toonox, Dolg. togonok (Stachowski 225).
Despite Poppe 14, 55 the root should be distinguished from *tokV
curved q.v.
-tule(kV) fox; wolf: Tung. *tulge; Turk. *tlki / tilk; Jpn. *tur.
PTung. *tulge wolf (): Sol. tlge.
2, 210. The relationship of this word to Evk. tle bear ( 2, 181) is not
quite clear.

PTurk. *tlki / tilk fox (): OTurk. tilk (OUygh.); Karakh. tilk
(MK, Tefs., IM), tilki (KB); Tur. tilki; Gag. tilki; Az. tlk; Turkm. tilki;
Sal. tiligu (Kakuk), tligu (); Khal. tilk, tlk; MTurk. tlk
(Sangl.); Uzb. tulki; Uygh. tlk; Krm. tlk; Tat. tlke; Bashk. tlk;
Kirgh. tlk; Kaz. tlki; KBalk. tlk; KKalp. tlki; Kum. tlk; Nogh.
tlki; SUygh. tolo (); Khak. tlg; Shr. tlg; Oyr. tlk; tilg (dial.
- Tuba); Tv. dilgi; Tof. dilgi; Chuv. til.
See VEWT 480, EDT 498-499, 1961, 135, 161.
PJpn. *tur tiger (): OJpn. twora; MJpn. twr; Tok. tra; Kyo.
tr; Kag. tra.
JLTT 550.
See 70, 161. Jpn. high tone does not correspond to PTM length (the latter, however, is reconstructed only on the
basis of the Sol. form and thus not reliable).

1472

*tulu - *ti

-tulu ( ~ -o) torn and scraped skin: Tung. *tul-; Mong. *tulum; Turk.
*tul- (*tol-); Kor. *turumaki.
PTung. *tul- 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large torn ram
skin (1 , () 2 3 (
)): Evk. tulduli- 2; Evn. tldq- 1; Man. tulxu 3.
2, 210, 211.
PMong. *tulum leather bag ( ): WMong. tulum (L
841); Kh. tulam; Bur. tulam; Kalm. tulm (); Ord. tulum; Mog. tulum
(Weiers).
Mong. > Yak., Turk. tulum, probably also Karaim tulup etc. (see VEWT 498); > Manchu tulume, tulum a cow- or sheepskin filled with air that is used to aid a person crossing
the river (see Rozycki 212).

PTurk. *tul- (*tol-) 1 skin container 2 scraped skin (1 2 , ): OTurk. tolquq (OUygh.) 1; Karakh.
tolquq (MK) 1; Az. tuluG 1; Oyr. tulaq 2.
EDT 496, VEWT 497-498, 387.
PKor. *turumaki overcoat (): Mod. turumaki.
KED 504 (says a compound noun - but the components are unclear).
Lee 1958, 118, Poppe 1950, 580, 10. Doerfer (TMN 2,
550-553), and similarly 1997, 157, regard the Mong. forms as
borrowed < Turkic, where he derives all the above forms from *tulabgesperrt sein (a poorly attested reflexive form of the equally poorly
attested *tu- absperren): hardly acceptable. Since only the velar derivatives (in -kuk, -uk) are early attested in Turkic, it seems more plausible to regard forms like tulum / tulup as borrowed from Mongolian.
-tulV (~ -o-, --) to burn: Tung. *tola-; Mong. *tle-.
PTung. *tola- to kindle (a torch) ( ()): Man. tolo-.
2, 200.
PMong. *tle- to burn (): MMong. tul- (IM), tul- (MA), tul(SH), tle- (Lig.VMI); WMong. tle- (L 852); Kh. tle-; Bur. tli-, tle-;
Kalm. tl-; Ord. tle-, tli-; Mog. tln firewood; ZM tuln (19-2a) id.;
Dag. tule- (. . 169, MD 227), tulu-; Dong. tulie-; Bao. tule-;
S.-Yugh. telee-; Mongr. tul- (SM 431).
KW 414, MGCD 658. Mong. > Oyr. tl- etc. ( 364).
Manchu may be borrowed from Mong. (despite vocalic differences), thus the Proto-Altaic antiquity of the root is dubious; see, however, a Nostratic etymology in 341.
-ti external side: Tung. *tul-; Mong. *tlb; Turk. *d.
PTung. *tul- exterior, external side ( ,
): Evk. tul-n; Evn. tl-de-; Neg. tulgi-; Man. tul-gi-; SMan.
tiuli- (2590, 3028); Jurch. tuli-le (601); Ul. tuli; Ork. tulie(n); Nan. tulie;
Sol. tulergi, tul-dl.

*tui - *tke

1473

2, 211.
PMong. *tlb form, shape (, ): WMong. tlb (L 833:
tlb); Kh. tlv; Bur. tleb; Ord. tlbt ayant une forme; tlbr, telber.
PTurk. *d 1 companion 2 aim 3 meeting 4 side, direction 5 match,
equal 6 opposite side (1 2 3 4 , 5 , 6 ):
OTurk. tu 1; Karakh. tu 5, 6; Tur. d (dial.) 3; Az. tu 3; Turkm. d 3;
MTurk. tu (Pav. C.) 3; Tat. t 4; Bashk. t (dial.) 4; Kirgh. tu 4, 6;
Kaz. ts 6; KKalp. tus 6; Nogh. tus 4; Khak. tus 4; Oyr. tu 3, 6; Tv. du 4,
6; Chuv. tl 2; Yak. tus 4; Dolg. tus 4.
VEWT 501, EDT 558, 3, 303-305, Stachowski 233, 2, 214. Also a verb
*d- to meet ( > WMong. tus(u)-, Kalm. tus-, KW 412).

A Western isogloss (with secondary voicing before - in Turkic).

-tui ( ~ -e) seed, eggs: Tung. *tola; Turk. *T.
PTung. *tola frog eggs ( ): Neg. tolo; Orch. tolo; Ud.
toli.
2, 195.
PTurk. *T fruit, seed (, ): OTurk. t (OUygh.); Tat. t;
Bashk. t; Chuv. t > Komi tu, NW tr.
EDT 558-559, VEWT 507, 114, 2, 225, 249.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. Mong. tl newborn animals may reflect a
merger of this root with a borrowing from Turk. *dl q.v.; but cf. perhaps tulbaa(n) (Khalkha tulbn) fry of the Siberian salmon, tulu Siberian salmon - which can belong here if the meaning salmon fry was
original in Mongolian (with a later development > salmon and consequent formation of the new derivative for salmon fry).
-tke ( ~ -i) dream, divination: Tung. *tolki-n; Mong. *tlge; Turk. *d
(/*dl).
PTung. *tolki-n dream (): Evk. tolkin; Evn. tolqn; Neg. tolkn;
Man. tolgin / tolxin; SMan. olixin (529); Jurch. tol-xin (356); Ul. tol(n);
Ork. tol(n); Nan. tolk; Orch. tokki; Ud. tosi- to dream (. 296);
Sol. tolki- to dream.
2, 195.
PMong. *tlge prediction, divination (, ):
MMong. tolge (SH), tolegei prophet, priest (HY 27), tulke- to augur,
divine (MA 353); WMong. tlge; Kh. tlg; Bur. tleg; Kalm. tlg; Ord.
tlg.
KW 406. Mong. > Oyr. tlg, Yak. tlk etc. (see Rna-Tas 1972, 234).
PTurk. *d (/*dl) dream (): OTurk. tl; te- to dream
(OUygh.); Karakh. t; te- to dream (MK); Tur. d, dial. t; Gag.
d; Az. t (dial.); Turkm. d; Sal. tel; MTurk. t (. ., Abush.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. du; Uygh. t, ; Krm. t; Tat. t; Bashk. t; Kirgh.

1474

*tumgi - *tmi

t; Kaz. ts; KBalk. t; KKalp. ts; Kum. t; Nogh. ts; Khak. ts; Shr.
t; Oyr. t; Tv. d; Tof. d; Chuv. tlk; Yak. tl; th- to dream;
Dolg. tl; th- to dream.
VEWT 507, TMN 3, 211, EDT 559, 561, 490, 3, 323-324, Stachowski 234, 236.
See also Rona-Tas 1972 on Old Uyghur tlek supernatural power.

KW 406, 15, . 70; not borrowed in Mong. <

Turk., despite Rona-Tas 1972, 232. A Western isogloss. PT has *d- here
because of secondary voicing before *, as in a number of other cases;
despite 97, 276 this (more traditional) comparison seems
now preferable for us.
-tumgi ( ~ -e) base of tree trunk or grass stalk: Mong. *tge; Turk.
*Tmgek; Kor. *tu-.
PMong. *tge rough and long steppe grass (
): WMong. tge; (L 853: tke overgrowth of feather
grass); Kh. tnge, tnx (); Kalm. tg.
KW 415.
PTurk. *Tmgek stump (): Turkm. te; Uzb. tngak; Krm.
tngek; Tat. tmgk; Bashk. t/dgk, tmkk; Kaz. digek; KBalk. tgek;
KKalp. digek; Kum. tngek; Khak. dial. tkbe (Joki - Kyz.); Oyr. t;
Tof. dh; Chuv. tm,tmeke; Yak. trgs, tgrgs; Dolg. trges.
VEWT 493, 3, 279-281, 215, Stachowski 228.
PKor. *tu- base of tree trunk ( ): Mod. tuhi,
(SKE) tukhgi.
KED 511.
KW 415. Cf. OJ twoma mat made of grass (miscanthus)?
-tmi a k. of edible root: Tung. *tma; Mong. *tm-sn; Turk.
*tum-gu-.
PTung. *tma a k. of plant similar to potato (. , ): Orch. tma.
2, 196. Attested only in Oroch, but having probable parallels in Turk. and
Mong.

PMong. *tm-sn edible root ( ): WMong.

tms(n) (MXTTT); Kh. tmsn bulbous plants, potatoes (Gomb. 509);
Bur. tmhe(n) ; Ord. tms, tms cereal, grains.
PTurk. *tum-gu- 1 water nut 2 water-lily (1 2 ): Karakh. tumujun (IM) 1; Tur. tumaan (Osm.) 1; MTurk.
(MKypch.) tumjuq (Ettuhf.); Tat. tnbjek,
() tomqjq 2; Bashk. tombojoq 2; Kaz. tumbujuq (R) 1; Oyr. tumajaq
2 (Tel.).
VEWT 499.

*tmu - *tmu

1475

A Western isogloss. Cf. perhaps various OJ plant names (tumi,

tumama), although they do not refer specifically to plants with edible
roots.
-tmu head, top of head: Tung. *tumu-; Mong. *tom-; Turk. *tum-; Jpn.
*tum-.
PTung. *tumu- top of head (): Evk. tuulkn, temulkn; Evn.
teelek, tuelek; SMan. tuun; Nan. tembilku; Orch. tumaxa; Ud. temuge.
2, 217.
PMong. *tom- 1 chief, first 2 to appoint, nominate 3 hat (1 ,
2 ( ) 3 ): MMong. tumbula- (SH)
2; WMong. tomi 1 (L 822), tomila- 2 (L 823), tumurli 3, tumulai 3; (L 824:
tomura muzzle for animals); Kh. tomil- 2, tumlaj 3; Bur. tomil- 2;
Kalm. tumrlg 3; Ord. tomi 1, tumulai 3 (petit bonnet), tomilo- to be
ahead of; Mongr. tumbu, tombu le premier petit quun animal met bas
(SM 431).
KW 410.
PTurk. *tum- 1 hat, cap 2 snout 3 beak 4 nose (1 2 3
4 ): OTurk. tomaa 1 (OUygh. - XIV ), tumuq 3 (OUygh.);
Karakh. tumuq 3 (MK, KB); Tur. tomuk 3; Turkm. tumuq 2; MTurk.
tumaq 1 (Pav. C.), tumuq (MA, Abush.) 3; Uzb. tumq 1, tumuq 2, 3, 4;
Uygh. tumaq 1, tumuq 2, 3, 4; Tat. tumaq 1 (), tomq 3, () 4;
Bashk. tomoq 2, 3; Kirgh. tumaq 1, tumuq 2, 3; Kaz. tmaq 1, tumsq 2, 3;
KKalp. tumaq 1, tumsq 2, 3; Nogh. tumsq 2; SUygh. tmsq 3; Khak.
tumzux 2, 3, 4; Shr. tunuq 2, 3; Oyr. tubaq 1 (Leb.), tumuq 2, 3, 4; Tv.
dumuq 3, 4; Tof. tunuq 3; Yak. tumus 2, 3; Dolg. tumus cape.
VEWT 499, TMN 2, 642, EDT 509-10, 216, 483, Radloff 3, 1518, Stachowski
230.

PJpn. *tum- top; head (, ; ): MJpn. tuburi, tumuri; Tok. tsumur; Kyo. tsmr; Kag. tsumur.
JLTT 556. Accent reconstruction is not quite clear (although most of the forms point
to high tone).

109, 279, Ozawa 130, 483. Turk. *tumak > Kalm.

tom, whence again Kirgh. tomaa etc. (a similar source is probable for
Manchu tomoran), see TMN 1, 258.
-tmu ( ~ -o-) clever, to plan, understand: Tung. *tum-; Mong. *tomi-;
Jpn. *tmr-.
PTung. *tum- 1 clever 2 to understand (1 2 ): Evk.
tumna 1; Neg. tumku-n 1; Orch. tumne- 2.
2, 213.
PMong. *tomi- 1 notion, expression, term 2 to appoint, commission
(1 , , 2 , -

1476

*tmV - *te

): WMong. tomi-ja(n) (L 822) 1, tomi- 2; Kh. tomj-n 1, tomila- 2; Bur.

tomjr- to calculate; Ord. tom intelligence; sense; Dag. tomil- 2.
MGCD 639. Mong. > Man. tomila- (Rozycki 210).
PJpn. *tmr- to intend (): OJpn. tum(w)or-; MJpn.
tmr-; Tok. tsmor-, tsumr-; Kyo. tsmr-; Kag. tsumr-.
JLTT 774.
? Cf. Turk. *tolma translator.
-tmV ( ~ -o-) spittle: Tung. *tumin; Jpn. *t.
PTung. *tumin spittle (, ): Evk. tumin; Evn. tumnin;
Neg. tomon; Ud. tumii- to spit out; Sol. tom.
2, 213.
PJpn. *t spittle, saliva (): MJpn. t.
JLTT 552.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss; the Jpn. form reflects a suffixed *tm(V)-gV.
-te window in roof, funnel, door: Tung. *tuke; Mong. *touna; Turk.
*t-; Jpn. *ta.
PTung. *tuke 1 cover of kettle 2 roof (1 2 ): Man. tuxe 1; SMan. tux pan lid, kettle lid (586); tue 2; Nan. tuke
1.
2, 216.
PMong. *touna funnel, window in roof, cross-beam (, , ): WMong. touna, tounu (L 817); Kh.
tno; Bur. tno; Kalm. tn (); tnln cross-shaped (KW); Ord.
tno(n); Dag. cf. tungal buttonhole.
KW 405. Mong. > Man. dono ~ tono funnel, window in roof ( 1, 215), Kirgh.
toun id. (see TMN 1, 376, 276). WMong. also has a word touna horn
button on the end of an arrow; a k. of arrow - which, despite TMN 1, 375, should be
rather kept apart.

PTurk. *t- funnel, window ( , ): OTurk.

tgnk (OUygh. - YB), tnlk (late OUygh. - Lig. VSOu); Karakh. tlk
(MK), t/dnlk (IM); Tur. tjnk; Turkm. tjnk; Sal. tmlx; MTurk.
tjnik (Pav. C.); Uzb. tujnuk; Uygh. tlk; Tat. tnlk; Bashk. tnlk;
Kirgh. tndk; Kaz. tdik; KKalp. tlik; Kum. tlk; Nogh. tnlik;
SUygh. tndk; Khak. tnk; Shr. tndk; Oyr. tnk; Tv. dndk; Tof.
dnk; Chuv. tn; Yak. tnnk; Dolg. tnnk.
VEWT 505, TMN 2, 643-645, EDT 520, 506-507, 516, Stachowski 234.
PJpn. *ta door (): OJpn. two; MJpn. t; Tok. t; Kyo. t; Kag.
t.
JLTT 547.
Jpn. reflects a suffixed *t(e)-gV.

*tue - *tpi

1477

-tue to inform: Tung. *tu-; Mong. *tu-; Turk. *T-; Jpn. *tuanap-.
PTung. *tu- 1 to warn 2 to know 3 to tell (1 2
3 ): Evk. tun- 1, tue- 2; Man. togi- 3.
2, 197, 216.
PMong. *tu- 1 to call, invoke 2 appeal (1 , 2
): MMong. tuxa- (HY) 1, tuqaq 2 (); WMong. tua
2; Kh. tunxag 2; Bur. tunxag 2; Kalm. tugg 2; Ord. tuGak 2.
KW 410-411. Mong. > MTurk. tuql, tul, see 1997, 212.
PTurk. *T- 1 metaphor 2 summary, conclusion 3 interpreter 4 reality (1 , 2 , 3 4 ):
Uygh. ti 3; KBalk. tn 4; Oyr. t 1 (.), tej ; Tv.
t 2; Yak. tet- , ; Dolg. tehe ein Brauch,
dem gem ein Jger das Fleisch des von ihm erlegten Rentiers den
Nachbarn schenkt und fr sich selbst nur den Rentierkopf behlt, welcher ihm Glck bringen soll.
VEWT 505, Stachowski 235.
PJpn. *tuanap- to proclaim, narrate (, ):
OJpn. twonap-; MJpn. tnf-; Tok. tona-; Kyo. tn-; Kag. tona-.
JLTT 770. Accent is not quite clear: modern dialects point rather to low tone.
A good common Altaic root.
-ti ( ~ -o-) rope, to bind: Mong. *tge; Jpn. *tnk-; Kor. *to-.
PMong. *tge strap, tether (, ): WMong. tge; Kh.
tge; Bur. tge straps for bootlegs; Kalm. tg.
KW 415.
PJpn. *tnk- to bind together, join (, ): OJpn.
tug-; MJpn. tg-; Tok. tsg-; Kyo. tsg-; Kag. tsg-.
JLTT 772.
PKor. *to- 1 bundle 2 to bind (1 2 , ):
MKor. to 1; Mod. to 1, toi- 2.
Liu 232, KED 484, 493.
Mong. > Evk. tua, tui. Cf. *tnu.
-tpi spit, spittle: Tung. *tupi-; Turk. *tpkr-; Jpn. *t(m)pk-.
PTung. *tupi- to spit, spittle (, , ): Man. ife-le-;
SMan. ivl- (36, 408); Ul. tp(n); Ork. tpn; Nan. topn-; Orch. tupin-.
2, 213. The variant *tipu- reflected in Manchu and Ul. is probably secondary.
PTurk. *tpkr- to spit (): Karakh. tfkr- (Tafs.); Tur.
tkr-; Az. tpr-; Turkm. tjkr-; MTurk. tkr- (Pav. C., Ettuhf.); Uzb.
tupur-, tup-la-; Uygh. tkr-, tkr-; Krm. tkr-; Tat. tker-; Bashk.
tkr-; Kirgh. tkr-; Kaz. tkir-; KBalk. tkr-; KKalp. tkir-; Kum.
tkr-; Nogh. tkir-; Khak. tkr-; Shr. tkkr-; Oyr. tkr-; Tv. dkpr-;
Tof. tkkr-.
VEWT 504.

1478

*trmV - *t[u]t

PJpn. *t(m)pk- 1 to spit 2 spittle (1 2 , ):

OJpn. tupak- 1, tupak(j)i 2; MJpn. tfk 2; Tok. tsubaki 2.
JLTT 552.
An onomatopoeic root, but seems well reconstructable for PA (including the morphological derivative *tpi-kV > PT *tbk-r-, PJ
*t(m)p-k-).
-trmV a k. of vegetable: Tung. *terbe ( ~ *turbe); Mong. *torum(a);
Turk. *turup / *turum.
PTung. *terbe ( ~ *turbe) name of an edible plant (.
(, , )): Evk. terwe.
2, 238. Found only in Evk., with possible parallels in Turkic and Mongolian.
PMong. *torum(a) turnip (): MMong. turma (HY); WMong.
torom (); Kh. torom.
PTurk. *turup / *turum turnip (): Karakh. turma (MK); Tur.
tur(u)p; Turkm. turp.
VEWT 501, EDT 549 (the Pers. forms are more probably < Turkic).
A Western isogloss: the PA antiquity is rather dubious because of
late attestation and possible loans. Mong. may be < Turk., cf. TMN 2,
505, 1997, 159. The Turk. form itself is somewhat doubtful because of a strange variation -m/-p (see TMN 2, 504-505, with a suggestion of an Iranian origin). A possible source can be Chin. tuluan,
MC thlwn, OC thrhn yam, lit. earth egg, whence also MKor.
thrn, Kor. thoran, Jpn. tororo yam.
-t[u]t to grasp, close, detain: Tung. *tuta-; Mong. *todka-, *tdge-;
Turk. *tut-; Jpn. *tnt-, *tnt-m-; Kor. *tt-.
PTung. *tuta- to stay, remain (): Man. tuta-; SMan. tutato stay behind, to remain behind (1180); Jurch. duta-xun (720).
2, 223.
PMong. *todka-, *tdge- to detain, fasten (, ): MMong. todee- (SH), todue-, toduge- (HYt); WMong. todqa- (L
813: todqar obstacle, obstruction), tdge-; tde- to tarry, hesitate (L
849); Kh. totgor , ; tde-; Bur. todxor ,
; Kalm. totx-; tdg Schlinge, Haken zum Anbinden od.
Anhaken.
KW 397, 404, 405.
PTurk. *tut- to grasp (, ): OTurk. tut- (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. tut- (MK, KB, IM); Tur. tut-; Gag. tut-; Az. tut-;
Turkm. tut-; Sal. tut-; Khal. tut-; MTurk. tut- (Sangl., Abush., MA); Uzb.
tut-; Uygh. tut-; Krm. tut-; Tat. tot-; Bashk. tot-; Kirgh. tut-; Kaz. tut-;
KBalk. tut-; KKalp. tut-; Kum. tut-; Nogh. tut-; SUygh. tut-; Khak. tut-;
Shr. tut-; Oyr. tut-; Tv. tut-; Tof. tut-; Chuv. tt-; Yak. tut-; Dolg. tut-.
VEWT 502, EDT 451, 268-269, 2, 268-269, Stachowski 233.

*tut - *tti

1479

PJpn. *tnt- 1 to close 2 to obstruct, detain (1 2 , ): OJpn. t(w)odu- 1, todo-ma- 2; MJpn. tdu- 1,
td-ma- 2; Tok. toj- 1, todom- 2; Kyo. tj- 1, tdm- 2; Kag. tj- 1, todom- 2.
JLTT 771, 768. The difference in accents is somewhat strange, perhaps indicating
two originally different roots.

PKor. *tt- to close (): MKor. tt-; Mod. tat-.

Nam 139, KED 401.
KW 397, 404, Martin 228, 15, 71, Ozawa 248-249. Cf.
Mong. *togta- to stop, establish ( > late MTurk. toqta-, see TMN 1, 273,
1997, 211; Yak. toxt-, Dolg. tokt-, see Stachowski 226; Man.
tokto- etc., see Poppe 1966, 191, Doerfer MT 119). In Kor. cf. also MKor.
tti slowly, tti- to delay, be slow (compared with TM in Lee 1958,
118). Mongolian, Korean and Japanese accent variants may indicate
that we are dealing more than with one root here, but the distinction is
difficult to make.
-tut to beat, strike: Tung. *tute-; Turk. *tt-; Jpn. *tutuk-; Kor. *ttr-.
PTung. *tute- sword, spear (, ): Evk. tutekn.
2, 224. Attested only in Evk., with probable external parallels.
PTurk. *tt- to quarrel (): OTurk. tt- (OUygh.);
Karakh. tt- (MK, KB); Turkm. tte- be angry at smb.; MTurk. tt(MKypch. - Houts.); Chuv. ttr- to scold.
VEWT 507, EDT 462 (if not a metaphor for *tt- to fume).
PJpn. *tutuk- to beat, hit (, ): OJpn. tutuk-; Tok. tsutsk-;
Kyo. tstsk-; Kag. tsutsk-.
JLTT 776. Accent reconstruction unclear.
PKor. *ttr- to beat, hit (, ): MKor. ttr-; Mod. tudri-.
Liu 237, KED 503.
An expressive root, but no doubt common Altaic. The Turkic, Korean and Japanese forms correspond well to each other; the TM (isolated Evk.) reflex is more questionable.
-tti (~ -t-) smoke: Turk. *tt-n, *tt-sg; Kor. *ttkr / *tthr.
PTurk. *tt-n, *tt-sg 1 to smoke 2 smoke (1 2 ):
OTurk. tt(e)-1, ttn, ttsg 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. tt(e)- 1 (KB), tte-tcaus. (1), ttn, ttsg 2 (MK); Tur. tt- 1, ttn 2; Gag. tt- 1, ttn 2;
Az. tst 2; Turkm. tte- 1, tsse 2; Sal. ccyn, tss 2 (); Khal. titi- 1;
MTurk. ttsi 2 (Sangl.), ttn 2 (MKypch. - Houts.); Uzb. tutun 2; Uygh.
ttn tobacco; Krm. tte- 1, tutun 2; Tat. tt- 1, tten 2; Bashk. tt- 1,
ttn 2; Kirgh. tt- 1, ttn 2; Kaz. tte- 1, tutin 2; KBalk. ttn 2;
KKalp. tte- 1, tten 2; Kum. ttn 2; Nogh. tte- 1, ttin 2; SUygh. tt1, tutun tobacco; Khak. tde- 1, tdn 2; Shr. tdn 2; Oyr. tdn 2; Tv.

1480

*tut - *tut

ddskek haze; dd- to rot, mould; Tof. tt- ( 177 dd-) to rot,
mould; Chuv. tdm 2.
PT *tt-n, *tt-sg - derivations from *tt(e)- to smoke. See VEWT 507, EDT 452,
457-8, 461, TMN 2, 605, 364-365. The Tuva-Tof. verb meaning to rot may belong here as well, though the absence of pharyngealization in Tof. is strange.

PKor. *ttkr / *tthr dust (): MKor. ttkr / tthr; Mod. thik:l.
Nam 172, 173, KED 1726.
A Turk.-Kor. isogloss: Mong. *hutua smoke must be separated despite 34-35, 285.
-tut ( ~ -o-) a k. of tree (Aesculus turbinata): Jpn. *tti (~ *tuati); Kor.
*tthr.
PJpn. *tti (~ *tuati) Aesculus turbinata Blume. ( ):
MJpn. toti; Tok. tochi.
JLTT 551.
PKor. *tthr Aesculus turbinata Blume; acorn ( ;
): MKor. tthr; Mod. tothori.
Liu 227, KED 470.
Cf. *kte. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss.

U
-ubV behind, rump, fish fin: Tung. *oi(ka); Mong. *(h)uwa; Turk.
*a.
PTung. *oi(ka) 1 groin 2 fish fin (on the back or on belly) 3 fork, bifurcation (1 2 ( ) 3
): Evn. oaqa 1, o 3; Neg. oaxa 2; Man. uiqa 2.
2, 29.
PMong. *(h)uwa sacrum, croup, rump (, ): MMong.
ua back (MA); WMong. uua, (L 864) uua (MXTTT); Kh. c; Bur. sa;
Kalm. c (); Ord. a; Mog. ua back (Weiers).
Mong. > Man. ua etc., see TMN 2, 138, Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 215.
PTurk. *a 1 rump 2 back 3 loins, buttocks (1 2 3
, ): OTurk. ua (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. ua (MK) 2; Tur.
ua hip; Turkm. a 1; MTurk. ua (AH), ua (AH, Pav. C.) 2, 3; Uygh.
ua 2; Tat. a 1; Bashk. sa 1; Kirgh. ua 1; Nogh. ua 1; SUygh. ua, ua
1; Khak. ua 2; Shr. ua 1; Oyr. ua 2; Tv. ua 1; Chuv. v 1; Yak.
uuax 3.
EDT 20, 1, 566-567. The Yak. form has an irregular --.
A Western isogloss. Despite TMN 2, 137, 1997, 160,
Mong. cannot be < Turk. (-uw- is unexplained this way).
-bre (~ --) truth: Tung. *uru; Mong. *(h)uwr; Jpn. *btu; Kor. *rh-.
PTung. *ur- 1 truth 2 to justify 3 to agree (1 2
3 ): Evk. ur- 3; Evn. re- 3; Neg. uj- 3; Man. uru 1, urgin
sample, form; Jurch. uru-le-be (831) 2; Sol. urubu- to learn (of soldiers).
2, 23, 283, 287, 289.
PMong. *(h)uwr really, purely (e.g. purely Mongolian) (
(. )): WMong. uur, our (L 890) (e.g. uur
moul); Kh. r, r.
PJpn. *btu reality (, ): OJpn. wotu-(tu), utu-tu;
MJpn. t-(t); Tok. tsutsu; Kyo. tsts; Kag. tsts.
JLTT 566. Modern dialects point rather to a high tone on the second syllable.
PKor. *rh- right, true (, ): MKor. rh-; Mod. ol(olh-).

*e - *i

1482

Nam 383, KED 1210.

PKE 137, Lee 1958, 118.
-e reason: Tung. *u-; Mong. *uir; Turk. *-n; Kor. *h.
PTung. *u- 1 case, fate 2 time, season (1 , 2 ,
): Evn. q 1; Man. uuri 2.
2, 296-297. Man. may be < Mong. (see Doerfer MT 139, Rozycki 215).
PMong. *uir cause, reason (): MMong. uir Gelegenheit,
Zeit (HYt); WMong. uir(a) (L 859: uir); Kh. uir; Bur. uar; Kalm. ur;
Ord. uir; Mog. ZM our time (19-5b); Dag. oir (. . 160).
KW 453.
PTurk. *-n because of, for the sake of ( , ): OTurk. n (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. n; Gag. iin; Az. n;
Turkm. n; MTurk. in, iin (Pav. C.), n (AH); Uzb. uun; Uygh.
n; Krm. in; Tat. n; Bashk. n; Kirgh. n; Kaz. n; KBalk.
n; Nogh. in; Khak. n; Shr. n; Chuv. -n; Yak. ihin; Dolg.
ihin.
EDT 28-29, VEWT 169, 1, 642-643, Stachowski 123. A variant *u- is also attested in *uun because (VEWT 509), *ura- to meet (ibid.; the latter, however, may be <
Mong. uira-, see 1997, 211; see *uta). The common Turkic form is in fact an
instrumental case.

PKor. *h reason (): MKor. h.

Nam 350.
In Mong. the root reflects a partial contamination with *ta q. v.
-i end, edge: Mong. *r; Turk. *; Kor. *uuk.
PMong. *r end, edge (, ): MMong. uuuren bis
zum Ende (HYt); WMong. gr (L 1017); Kh. r; Bur. zr; Kalm.
zr; Ord. r; Dag. xur (. . 179), huure (MD 166); Dong.
uu; Bao. nor (. .), uir; S.-Yugh. r; Mongr. r pointe, sommet, cime (SM 312), ur.
KW 460, MGCD 689. Initial x- in Dag. is not clear: under the influence of xor
root < *hiaur (?)

PTurk. * end, edge (, ): OTurk. u (Orkh., OUygh.);

Karakh. u (MK); Tur. u; Gag. u; Az. u; Turkm. ; MTurk. u (AH);
Uzb. u; Krm. u; Tat. ; Bashk. s; Kirgh. u; Kaz. ; KKalp. u; Nogh.
u; SUygh. u; Khak. us; Shr. u; Oyr. u; Tv. u; Chuv. v; Yak. uhuk;
Dolg. uhuk.
EDT 17-18, 1, 611-612, Stachowski 241. The derived *-k end (of thread
etc.) ( 1, 615-616) > Mong. uig end of thread) (despite TMN 2, 135).

PKor. *uuk top of a tree, upper branches ( ): Mod.

uuk.
KED 1242.
Medial -- in Mong. must be due to assimilation.

*kV - *u

1483

-kV ( ~ -k-) beautiful, ornamented: Tung. *uik(te); Turk. *k- (?);

Jpn. *tk-; Kor. *sk-m-.
PTung. *uik(te) 1 sheath 2 ornaments on sheath (1 2 ): Man. uiqa 1; Ork. uikte 2.
2, 250, 297.
PTurk. *k- (?) beautiful, handsome (, ): Yak.
gej; Dolg. gej.
Stachowski 248. Despite VEWT 518, hardly < Mong. ken small (which has quite
a different origin, see *ju.

PJpn. *tk- beautiful (): OJpn. utuku-si; MJpn. tk-si;

Tok. utsukshi-; Kyo. tsksh-; Kag. utsukush-.
JLTT 844.
PKor. *sk-m- to ornament (): MKor. sk-m-; Mod.
k:umi-.
Nam 62, KED 202.
The Turkic reflex is preserved only in Yak., which may be an important archaism.
-o to fly, fall: Tung. *(x)ua-; Turk. *u-; Jpn. *t-.
PTung. *(x)ua- to stumble (): Evk. uawan-; Evn.
o-; Neg. oaan-.
2, 296.
PTurk. *u- fly v. (, ): OTurk. u- (OUygh.); Karakh. u(MK,KB); Tur. u-; Gag. u-; Az. u-; Turkm. u-; Sal. u-; Khal. u-,
uur-; MTurk. u- (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. u-; Uygh. u-; Krm. u-; Tat.
o-; Bashk. os-; Kirgh. u-; Kaz. u-; KBalk. u-; KKalp. u-; Kum. u-;
Nogh. u-; SUygh. u-; Khak. uux-; Shr. uuq-; Oyr. u-; Tv. u-; Tof.
u-; Chuv. v-; Yak. uhun- float; Dolg. uhun- float, swim.
VEWT 509, EDT 19, 1, 612-613, Stachowski 241.
PJpn. *t- fall (): OJpn. otu-; MJpn. tu-; Tok. och-; Kyo.
ch-; Kag. ochi-.
JLTT 743. The root *t- is recoverable from derivatives like OJ oto-s- (*t-s-) to
cause to fall.

282.
-u ( ~ -o) spray, urine: Tung. *ue-; Turk. *u-; Kor. *m.
PTung. *ue- diarrhoea (): Evk. uen; Neg. uel- (v.); Ul. ue;
Nan. uce (Bik.); Ud. use.
2, 297.
PTurk. *u- 1 waterfall 2 spray (1 2 ): Tur. uar
ausschweifend; Tat. ooq 2; Kaz. an-teiz broad sea; Oyr. uar 1; Tv.
uar river rapid; Chuv. vlt-vlt gurgle, guggle (onomat.);
Yak. usun river rapid (.).
VEWT 509.

1484

*udu - *g

PKor. *m urine, urinary bladder (, ):

MKor. m; Mod. oum.
Nam 381, KED 1203.
Phonetically plausible; however, late attestation and expressive
reflexes in Turkic reduce the reliability of the etymology.
-udu ( ~ -i, -) arm, thigh: Turk. *ud-luk; Jpn. *nti.
PTurk. *ud-luk hip, thigh (): OTurk. udluq (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. uluq (MK); Tur. ujluk; Turkm. ujluq, uwluq; MTurk. ujluq (Pav.
C.); SUygh. utuq, otuq; Khak. ustux knee; Shr. ustuq; Yak. ulluk.
EDT 55, VEWT 510, 1, 578-579, 282.
PJpn. *nti arm (): OJpn. ude; MJpn. d; Tok. ud; Kyo. d;
Kag. ud.
JLTT 560.
A Turk.-Jpn. isogloss.
-udV ( ~ u-, o-) ox, buffalo: Mong. *odu-s; Turk. *ud.
PMong. *odu-s wild yak, buffalo ( , ): MMong. odos
(HY 11); WMong. udus (L 862); Kh. odos ().
Hardly < Turk. qotuz, despite Clark 1980, 39.
PTurk. *ud ox, bull (, ): OTurk. ud (OUygh.); Karakh. u
(MK); MTurk. uj (. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uygh. uj; Kirgh. uj;
SUygh. ut; Oyr. uj.
EDT 34, 1, 572-573, 434-435 ( > MMong. uj, 1997, 161).
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. EAS 153 (despite criticism in TMN 2, 141
the old etymology may still be valid), 435.
-udV ( ~ o-, u-, o-) rain: Tung. *udu-n; Kor. *rn-.
PTung. *udu-n rain (with wind) (, ): Evk. udun; Evn.
dn; Orch. udu(n); Sol. d.
2, 248.
PKor. *rn- heavy rain (): MKor. rn-p.
Liu 575.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss.
-g a k. of ferment: Tung. *ug-; Mong. *(h)aag; Turk. *ugut; Jpn. *k.
PTung. *ug- 1 gall 2 to rot 3 rotten (1 2 , 3
): Evk. u 1, ul- 2; Evn. ugo 1, l- 2; Ork. ledixe 3.
2, 246.
PMong. *(h)aag strength (of tea, etc.) ( ( . .)):
WMong. aag, aa (L 12); Kh. g; Bur. gtaj strong (tea); Kalm. g (
17); ag (KW 2).
KW 2.
PTurk. *ugut ferment (): Karakh. uut (MK); Kirgh. uut;
Kaz. uvt; Oyr. t.
1, 575.

*uge - *jb

1485

PJpn. *k lye (): Tok. ku; Kyo. k; Kag. ku.

JLTT 379.
A reliable common Altaic root.
-uge owl: Tung. *oksari; Mong. *uuli; Turk. *gi.
PTung. *oksari owl (): Neg. oksa, oksaj; Ul. qsara(n); Ork.
qsara; Nan. oqsar; Orch. uksara.
2, 10-11.
PMong. *uuli owl (): MMong. uli (HY 13), li eagle-owl
(IM); WMong. uuli, uuli (L 864); Kh. ; Bur. li; Kalm. ; Ord. li;
Mongr. guloG (SM 292).
KW 454.
PTurk. *gi owl (): Karakh. gi, hi (MK, KB, IM); Tur. j;
Turkm. hvi; MTurk. g (Sangl., CCum.); Uygh. k; Tat. ke; Bashk.
k; Kirgh. k; KKalp. k; Khak. g; Shr. g; Oyr. k; Tv. g; Tof.
hg, hij-qu; Chuv. g, x.
VEWT 519, TMN 2, 156, EDT 101, 170-171, 2, 303. Some irregularities are explained by the roots expressive character.

171. An onomatopoetic Western isogloss, which does not

exclude its antiquity (despite TMN 2, 156).
-ugi ( ~ o-, -e, u-) birch or larch bark: Tung. *ug-da-; Mong. *ji(l)-su.
PTung. *ug-da- 1 dry larch 2 building made of dry larch 3 boat (1
2 3 ):
Evk. ugdal 1, ugdn 2, ugda-ksa 3; Evn. dan 2; Neg. ogda 3, ogdan 2; Ul.
Gda 3; Ork. Gda 3; Nan. oGda 3; Orch. ugda 3; Ud. ugda 3.
2, 244.
PMong. *ji(l)-s birch bark (): MMong. ujilsun (SH);
WMong. i(l)-s (L 1001: is(n)); Kh. js; Bur. jhe(n).
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
-jb foam: Tung. *(x)b-; Mong. *ibil-; Jpn. *w.
PTung. *(x)b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to
wash, wash off (1 2 ( ) 3 , ): Evk. vda- 1; Man. obo- 3, obogi 2; SMan. ov-, ovu- (1691) 3.
2, 4.
PMong. *ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) ( ( )): WMong. ibil-, ibel- (L
397), ibile-; ibel- couler sans discontinuer (mince filet deau); Kh. ivle-;
Bur. ebel- , ( ); Kalm. iwl- (); Ord. ewel-; Dag. ilu-, iwllg-; S.-Yugh.
wlwai.
MGCD 405.
PJpn. *w foam (): OJpn. awa; MJpn. w; Tok. aw; Kyo. w;
Kag. aw.

*uji - *j

1486

JLTT 387.
Medial *-j- accounts both for an unexpected vowel development
and preservation of -b- in Mong., and for -w- in Jpn.
-uji ( ~ *o-) a k. of small animal: Tung. *oja; Mong. *je; Jpn. *u.
PTung. *oja badger (): Ul. ojo; Nan. oj; Orch. ojo.
2, 9.
PMong. *je ermine (): MMong. unen (SH); WMong.
je (L 1002); Kh. je; Bur. je; Kalm. jn, j, .
KW 456, 461.
PJpn. *u hare (as a cyclical sign) (): OJpn. u; MJpn. u.
JLTT 559.
One of the many common Altaic names for small animals.
-ujkV a k. of horned animal: Tung. *ujKam; Mong. *ugala; Turk.
*ograk.
PTung. *ujKam 1 mountain ram 2 a k. of horned animal (1
2 ): Evk. ujam 1; Evn. jama 1; Neg.
ojamka 2; Man. wejxen 2.
1, 299, 2, 251.
PMong. *ugala male mountain goat ( ):
MMong. uqula (SH); WMong. uala (L 864 uula); Kh. ugal; Ord.
ugali.
Mong. > Kirgh. qula, Uygh. ula, Kaz. qula id.; Man. uxula (see 6,
131-132).

PTurk. *ograk mountain goat ( ): Karakh. oraq (IM).

1, 405. Most Turkic languages reflect PT *oglak kid, goat - possibly a merger
of *ograk with *ogul son (v. sub *uga).

A Western isogloss.
-j relation: Tung. *oji-; Turk. *uja; Jpn. *j.
PTung. *oji- relation, spouse (, ): Neg. ojn; Ork.
ojsal bi; Sol. uj- to marry.
2, 252.
PTurk. *uja relation, blood relation (, ): OTurk. uja (Orkh.); Karakh. uja brother, kinsman; Turkm. uja
sister; MTurk. uja younger sister (Sangl.), brother (Ali), blood relation (Qutb); Tat. oja family, kin; Kirgh. ujala by one venter; KKalp.
ujalas by one venter; Yak. uja generation.
VEWT 511, EDT 267.
PJpn. *j parent(s) (, ): OJpn. oja; MJpn. oja;
Tok. oy; Kyo. y; Kag. oy.
JLTT 514.
The root probably denoted relative, kin in a broad sense.

*jr - *ujV(kV)

1487

-jr ( ~ o-, -jl-, e-u,a-u) melon: Jpn. *r; Kor. *i.

PJpn. *r melon (): OJpn. uri; MJpn. r; Tok. ri; Kyo. r;
Kag. ur.
JLTT 563.
PKor. *i melon, cucumber (, ): MKor. i; Mod. oi, w.
Nam 386, KED 1202, 1220.
Martin 236, Whitman 1985, 187, 194, 245. A Kor.-Jpn. isogloss:
phonetically very similar to *jle small fruit (q.v.), but the semantic
difference is baffling.
-uju sad, ashamed: Tung. *oji-; Mong. *uj; Turk. *uja-; Jpn. *u-.
PTung. *oji- 1 to become mad, old, forget 2 to be in a poor state (1
, , 2 ): Man. oj-bo- 1, oj-tobu- 2; SMan. ojrqu no good (3036); Ul.
oj-ba- 1; Sol. oi-mar 1.
2, 8, 9.
PMong. *uj 1 mourning, sorrow 2 to be bored, lonely (1 , 2 , ): MMong. uiit- (SH) 2; WMong. ui 1,
ujid- 2 (L 866); Kh. uj 1, ujda- 2; Bur. uj 1, ujda- 2; Kalm. ujd- 2 to be sad,
sorrowful (); Ord. ujd- 2.
PTurk. *uja- 1 to be ashamed 2 shame (1 2 ): OTurk.
ujad- (OUygh.); Karakh. uja- (MK, KB), ujal- (MK); Tur. ujat- 1, ujat 2
(dial.); Turkm. ujal- 1, ujat 2; MTurk. ujal-, ujat- 1, ujat 2 (Abush., Pav.
C.); Uzb. ujal- 1, ujat 2; Uygh. ujat 2, ujal-, (dial.) ujat- 1; Krm. ujal- 1, ujat
2; Tat. jal- 1, jat 2; Bashk. jal- 1, jat 2; Kirgh. ujal- 1, ujat 2; Kaz. jal1, jat 2; KBalk. ujal- 1, ujat 2; KKalp. ujal- 1, ujat 2; Kum. ujat- 1 (tr.),
ujat 2; Nogh. ujal- 1, ujat 2; Khak. ujat- 1, ujat 2; Oyr. ujat 2, ujal- 1; Tv.
jat- 1, jat 2.
VEWT 511, 1, 561-563 (confused with *ubut q. v. sub *upo), 576, EDT 269,
272-273.

PJpn. *u- sad, sorry (): OJpn. u-; MJpn. u-; Tok. u-.
JLTT 843.
A dental derivative *uju-tV seems to be reconstructable on the basis of PT *uja-t-, PM *uji-d- and Manchu oj-ta-bu-. It cannot be excluded,
however, that we are dealing with two different derivatives, somewhat
mixed up: *uju-tV- (PT *uja-t-, MMong. uji-t-, Manchu oj-ta-bu-) and
*uju-dV- (OT uja-d-, PM *uji-d-).
-ujV(kV) stockings, trousers: Tung. *oji(ki); Turk. *ujuk.
PTung. *oji(ki) thigh coverings, trousers (, ):
Ul. oj; Nan. oj, dial. ojk; Ud. waipti, waikti (. 217).
2, 8.

*k - *ku

1488

PTurk. *ujuk (felt) stockings (() ): OTurk. ujuq

(OUygh. - late); Tur. ujuk (dial.); Turkm. ujuq (dial.); Tat. jq; Bashk.
jq; Kaz. jq; KBalk. ujk; Nogh. ujq.
608, VEWT 511, 1, 581-582, 481. The root should be distinguished from *uk q. v. sub *pk (there is no way of uniting them phonetically).

A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-k to take, grasp, meet: Tung. *oKa-; Mong. *ugtu-; Turk. *ug-ra-; Jpn.
*k-; Kor. *hi-.
PTung. *oKa- 1 armful 2 handful (1 2 , ):
Neg. oxodo 1; Man. oo 2; SMan. ohl- to cup both hands (1554);
Nan. ooj 2 (Kur.-Urm.).
2, 10.
PMong. *ugtu- to meet (): MMong. uxtu- (HY 32, SH),
uxdu- (SH); WMong. utu- (L 864); Kh. ugta-; Bur. ugta-; Kalm. ukt-;
Ord. uGtu-; Dag. ortu-, (. . 160), orete- welcome, meet, greet
(MD 203), orto-.
KW 448, MGCD 669. Mong. > Evk. uktu- etc., see Doerfer MT 111, Rozycki 166.
PTurk. *ug-ur-, *ug-ra- 1 to meet, go to meet; to intend 2 occasion,
reason, time (1 , ; 2 ,
, ): OTurk. ura- 1, uur 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ura- 1,
uur 2 (MK); Tur. ura- 1, r 2; Gag. r 2, ra- 1; Az. uur 2; Turkm.
uGra- 1, uGur 2; MTurk. our 2 (R), ura- 1 (. .); Uzb. r 2 (dial.);
Krm. our 2, ora- 1; KBalk. our 2; Kum. our 2.
EDT 89, 91, 1, 564-565, TMN 2, 604. Turk. > MMong. (MA) ura- (see 1997, 198).

PJpn. *k- to get, receive (): OJpn. uka-; MJpn. k-, k-;
Tok. uk-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
JLTT 778. The RJ variant k is unclear.
PKor. *hi- to take, grasp, pick out (, , ):
MKor. hi-.
Nam 391.
Korean has a usual low verbal tone.
-ku ( ~ o-) wet, wash: Tung. *uK-; Mong. *ug-; Jpn. *k-; Kor. *hi- ( <
*uhi-).
PTung. *uK- 1 to get wet, wet 2 to wash (1 , 2
, ): Evk. uksu- 1; Evn. oqt- 2; Ul. uksi- 1; Nan. uksi- 1; Orch.
uksi- 1.
2, 11, 254.
PMong. *ug- to wash (): MMong. ukija- (SH); WMong. ugija-,
ugua- (L 865: ugija-, ukija-, ua-); Kh. ug-; Bur. ug-; Kalm. u- ();
Ord. uG-; Mog. ua, a- (Weiers); Dag. u- (. .170, MD 229),

*uke - *uk

1489

ug- (. . 170); Dong. uaa-; Bao. Gua-; S.-Yugh. Gua-, ua-;

Mongr. (u)Gw- (SM 292, 472), ua-.
MGCD 667.
PJpn. *k- to float (): OJpn. uk-, ukab-; MJpn. k-, kf-,
kb-; Tok. k-, kab-; Kyo. k-, kb-; Kag. k-, ukb-.
JLTT 778.
PKor. *hi- to swim (): MKor. hi-, hi-jm-; Mod. h-,
hejm-hi-.
Nam 486, 487, KED 1829, 1830.
For the Kor. form see notes to *kja.
-uke a k. of bucket, fish-trap: Tung. *uk; Jpn. *bka; Kor. *oku.
PTung. *uk crib, fish-pot, fish basket (,
): Evk. uk; Evn. kit; Neg. ux; Man. uku; Nan. uki; Orch. uki; Ud.
uki.
2, 253.
PJpn. *bka bucket (): OJpn. woke; MJpn. wk; Tok. ke; Kyo.
k; Kag. ok.
JLTT 505 (the etymology as hemp container is certainly wrong). OJ has also uke
grain container, which may be just a variant of the same root.

PKor. *oku a k. of fish-trap basket (, ): Mod. ogu.

KED 1195.
An Eastern isogloss.
-k hill: Tung. *(x)uKu-; Mong. *(h)ukaa; Jpn. *bk.
PTung. *(x)uKu- hill (): Evk. ukur; Man. uquda, uqada.
2, 256.
PMong. *(h)ukaa hill (): WMong. uqaa (L 891); Kh. ux; Bur.
ux (West. dial.).
PJpn. *bk hill (): OJpn. woka; MJpn. wk; Tok. ka; Kyo. k;
Kag. ka.
JLTT 505.
Cf. *bke.
-uk stupid, arrogant: Tung. *(x)uKu-; Mong. *(h)ki; Turk. *kte-; Jpn.
*bk.
PTung. *(x)uKu- 1 weak 2 stupid (1 2 ): Man.
uxu-ken 1, 2.
2, 255.
PMong. *(h)ki 1 insincere, crafty 2 stupid (1 , 2 ): WMong. ki 1, kene 2 (L 1003); Kh. x 1, xnc 2.
PTurk. *kte- 1 to infuse pride, courage 2 pride, proud, courageous
(1 , , 2 , ,
): Karakh. ktem (KB) 2; Az. tkm; Turkm. kdm (dial.) 2;

1490

*uki - *ku

MTurk. kte- 1, ktem 2 (R.); Uzb. ktam; Uygh. ktm; Krm. ktem 2;
Kirgh. ktm 2; Kaz. ktem 2, (dial.) kte- 1; Nogh. ktem 2; Khak. ktem 2;
Yak. ktm 2.
EDT 102-103, 1. Turk. > Kalm. ktm (KW 294; not vice versa, despite VEWT
370).

PJpn. *bk stupid (): OJpn. woko, ukwo.

JLTT 591.
The basic meaning of the root appears to be stupid, whence insincere and proud, arrogant.
-uki ( ~ -e) to die, be hungry: Tung. *(x)uk-ti-; Mong. *k-.
PTung. *(x)uk-ti- to be hungry (): Evk. ukti-.
2, 254.
PMong. *k- to die (): MMong. ugu- (HYt), uku- (SH), uk(IM), uku- (MA); WMong. g- (L 1003: k-); Kh. xe-; Bur. xe-; Kalm.
k-; Ord. -; Mog. k-; ZM oku (5-8a); Dag. ugu- (. . 170), (MD 233); Dong. fugu-; Bao. hgude-, fgu-; S.-Yugh. hgu-; Mongr. fugu(SM 103).
KW 456, MGCD 698.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; very scantily represented in TM, therefore dubious.
-ku to understand, look into: Tung. *oksa-; Mong. *uka-; Turk. *uk-;
Jpn. *k-(n)kp-.
PTung. *oksa- 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change ones mind 3
to resent, be offended (1 2 , 3
): Evk. okso- 1; Evn. osa- 2; Nan. oqsa- (On.) 3.
2, 11.
PMong. *uka- 1 to understand, think 2 mind (1 , 2
): MMong. uxaan 2 (HY 49), uqa- (HY 33, SH) 1, uqa 2 (SH); WMong.
uqa- 1 (L 890); uqaa(n) 2 (L 891); Kh. uxa- 1; ux 2; Bur. uxa- 1; ux(n) 2;
Kalm. ux- 1; uxn 2; Ord. ux, uxn 2; Dag. ogo, owo brain (. .
159), uk 2 (. . 170) uhn 2(MD 231); S.-Yugh. Gua-tu 2.
KW 447, MGCD 684. Mong. > Evk. ukn etc., see Doerfer MT 109.
PTurk. *uk- 1 to understand 2 to hear (1 2 ):
OTurk. uq- (Orkh., OUygh.) 1; Karakh. uq- (MK, KB) 1; Az. dial. uuz
knowing much; MTurk. uq- (IM, Qutb); Uzb. uq- 1; Uygh. uq- 1; Tat.
dial. ux- 2; Kirgh. uq- 2; Kaz. un- 1; KKalp. uq- 1; Khak. ux- 1, 2; Shr.
uq- 1; Oyr. dial. uq- 2; Tv. u- 1.
VEWT 511-12, EDT 77-8, 1, 584-585. Turk. > Hung. ok reason, see Gombocz
1912.

PJpn. *k-(n)kp- to look into, inquire (, ): OJpn. ukakap-; MJpn. ukagaf-; Tok. kaga-; Kyo. kg-; Kag.
ukag-.

*ku - *kurkV

1491

JLTT 778.
KW 447, 1, 255-256 (Turk.-Mong.); 289,
333. Despite 1997, 167, there is hardly a reason to regard
Mong. as a loan from Turkic.
-ku ( ~ -k-) kin, clan: Tung. *uK-; Mong. *(h)ug; Turk. *uk; Jpn. *kr.
PTung. *uK- 1 unity, accord 2 kin; successors (1 ,
2 ; ): Man. uxe 1, uqsun 2.
2, 254, 257. The root is attested only in Manchu; uqsun may be < Mong. (although suffixation is different), but uxe is no doubt genuine.

PMong. *(h)ug origin, kin (, ): WMong. u; Kh.

ug; Bur. ug.
PTurk. *uk kin, tribe (, ): OTurk. uq ~ oq kin, tribe;
Karakh. uq ~ oq (MK) share of inheritance; Kaz. q (dial.); Oyr. uq; Tv.
uq; Chuv. jx.
VEWT 511, 1, 582-583, 76. The OT words are sometimes erroneously
united with *ok arrow (thus in EDT 76).

PJpn. *kr clan, family (, ): OJpn. ukara (ugara); MJpn.

kr.
JLTT 560. Analysis as compound *umi-kara is hardly possible (because of voiceless
-k-).

15.
-kurkV ( ~ -o-) rope, lasso: Tung. *oKurga; Mong. *uurga; Turk.
*ukruk; Kor. *ork-.
PTung. *oKurga loop, snare (, ): Evk. okurga, ukurga;
Man. urGa, urqa.
2, 352-353. The Manchu form is obviously = Evk. okurga, ukurga and thus, despite Rozycki 112, has nothing to do with MMong. xuraqa - on which see under *prVkV.

PMong. *uurga lasso pole ( ): MMong. uurqa (SH);

WMong. uura, ura(n) (L 881); Kh. rga; Bur. urga; Kalm. r ();
Ord. rGa; Dag. urga (. . 171).
PTurk. *ukruk lasso, lasso pole (, ): Karakh.
uqruq (MK); Turkm. uquruq (dial.); MTurk. oqruq (AH); Uzb. qruq;
Uygh. oquruq (dial.); Tat. qrq; Bashk. qrq; Kirgh. uquruq; Kaz. qrq;
KKalp. qurq; Kum. uqruq (dial.); Nogh. qurq; Yak. ogr, oguruk.
VEWT 360, EDT 90, 1, 585-586. Turk. > Hung. hurok loop, see Gombocz
1912.

PKor. *ork- 1 rope 2 to tie, bind (1 2 , ): Mod. ok [olk] 1, ok- [olk-] 2.

KED 1209.
247, PKE 136-137. Despite Doerfer MT 96 and
1997, 120, the word seems to be inherited (loans Turk. > Mong.
and Mong. > Tung. are not easily explained phonetically). The stem
appears to be an old derivative with the suffix *-rga, but the deriving

1492

*ukV - *la

root is hard to find. Poppe 1972, 96 cites Evk. oku- to catch a bird with
a snare which we were unable to locate; there exists, however, Manchu
oolon, ooli snare, loop ( 2, 10) which is likely to contain the
same root. The relationship to the synonymous *purVkV rope, lasso
q.v. remains unclear; the two stems are clearly distinguished in several
subgroups, but (due to the development *p- > h-, 0-) are easily confused. The Mong. form *uurga is interesting: it is exactly parallel to
Turkic *ukruk and shows the same cluster development (*-kr- > -(V)r-)
as *bkrV ( > buur-ak) and *ik-rV ( > iire) q.v.
-ukV ( ~ *o-) inner part of knee, armpit: Tung. *(x)oKi-; Mong.
*(h)ogo-da-su; Kor. *km.
PTung. *(x)oKi- place where skin is cut off from deers shank ( ( , )): Evk. ok-kta.
2, 9. Attested only in Evk., but having probable parallels in Mong. and Kor.
PMong. *(h)ogo-da-su part of cloth in the armpit (
): WMong. oodasu; Kalm. odsn, oGdsn.
KW 283. Mong. > Manchu oho da armpit area of a jacket (see Rozycki 166).
PKor. *km 1 inner angle of knee 2 knee (1 2
): MKor. km 1; Mod. ogm 1, 2.
Nam 378, KED 1195. The deriving stem appears to be ok- / uk- to bend in, turn in
(KED 1204); the verb is, however, attested very late and may be a back-formation from
the noun.

SKE 174 (Mong.-Kor.; but the TM parallel drawn by Ramstedt and

repeated in Doerfer MT 25 - Evk. ogon - cannot belong here, being a
reflex of PTM *xoba-n, see 2,6), 297. -g- in Mong. must
be explained by assimilation.
-la sole, footwear: Tung. *ol-i; Mong. *ula; Turk. *ul.
PTung. *ol-i short boots ( ): Evk. olt, olik; Evn.
olq; Neg. olot; Ul. olma; Ork. oll; Orch. oli; Sol. alci, olci.
2, 16.
PMong. *ula sole of foot or footwear; basis, foundation (
; , ): MMong. ula (HY 47); hula (MA);
WMong. ula (L 868); Kh. ul; Bur. ula; Kalm. ul; Mog. ul (Ramstedt
1906); Dag. uale (MD); Bao. la.
KW 448. Mong. > Evk. ula etc., see Doerfer MT 131.
PTurk. *ul 1 foundation 2 sole (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. ulta 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ul 1, ulda 2 (MK); Tur. oltan,
olta (dial.) 2; Turkm. olta 2; MTurk. lte 2 (Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb.
ultn 2; Uygh. ulta 2, (dial.) l, ul 1; Tat. ltan 2; Bashk. ltan 2; Kirgh.
ulta 2; Kaz. ltan 2; KBalk. olta, oltan 2; KKalp. ultan 2; Kum. ultan 2;
Nogh. ultan 2; Khak. ultu 2; Oyr. ulta, ultan, ltam 2; Tv. uldu 2; Yak.
ullu 2.

*ulbo - *lo

1493

EDT 124, 131, 1, 449-451.

A Western isogloss. Despite 1997, 161, Mong. cannot be <
Turkic (final -a stays unexplained). The Turkic form, because of a
merger of *p- and *0-, can also reflect PA *pli q.v.
-ulbo ( ~ --, -u, -o-, u- -o) to change: Tung. *olbi-n-; Mong. *(h)olbari-;
Kor. *rm-.
PTung. *olbi-n- 1 to drag, carry 2 to change, turn into (1 ,
2 , ): Evn. lbn- 2; Ul. olbn- 1; Ork.
olbn- 1; Nan. olbn- 1.
2, 12. Cf. perhaps also *olbi-ku dowry. The meaning carry perhaps goes
back to change (place, position).

PMong. *(h)olbari- to change, turn into (, ):

WMong. olbari-, ulbari-, ulari- (L 871, 872); Kh. olbori-, ulira-; Kalm.
ulwr-.
KW 449. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. ularj- change, see Stachowski 242.
PKor. *rm- to change place ( , ): MKor.
rm-; Mod. m- [olm-].
Nam 383, KED 1209.
The root may be *ulo (cf. Mong. ulari- without the -b- element).
-ule ( ~ -i) negative particle: Mong. *l.
PMong. *l not (): MMong. ulu (HY 51, SH), ul (IM), ul (MA);
WMong. l (L 1006); Kh. l; Bur. le; Kalm. l (); Ord. le, l;
Mog. la, l, l; ZM ul (27-7a); Dag. ul (. . 170), ule (MD 232);
Dong. ulie; Bao. le; S.-Yugh. l; Mongr. li (SM 222), l.
MGCD 692.
So far there are no certain Altaic parallels discovered: cf. perhaps
-l in Turk. *degl, see *tagi. A Nostratic etymology see in 1, 17,
263-264.
-lo to cry, howl: Mong. *uli-; Turk. *l-; Jpn. *r-mp-; Kor. *r-.
PMong. *uli- to cry, howl (wolves) (, ( )):
MMong. uli- (MA); WMong. uli- (L 873); Kh. uli-; Bur. uli-; Kalm. u-,
ul-; Ord. uli-; S.-Yugh. olo-.
KW 448, MGCD 673.
PTurk. *l- to cry, howl (, ): OTurk. ul- (OUygh.);
Karakh. ul- (MK); Tur. ulu-; Gag. ulu-; Az. ula-; Turkm. l-; MTurk.
ulu- (AH, IM), ula- (Pav. C.); Uygh. ulu-; Krm. ulu-; Tat. ula-; Bashk.
l-; Kirgh. ulu-; Kaz. l-; KBalk. ulu-; KKalp. ul-; Kum. ulu-; Nogh.
ul-; Khak. ulu-; Oyr. ulu-; Tv. ulu-; Chuv. lax- to neigh; Yak. uluj-;
Dolg. uluj-.
EDT 127, VEWT 512, 1, 595, Stachowski 243. Yak. has secondary shortening
in a disyllabic stem.

PJpn. *r-mp- to cry, wail (): OJpn. orab-.

1494

*ulu - *lu

JLTT 742. High tone is reconstructed on the basis of dialectal evidence (Ibuki-jima,
Nakijin wurabin A, see ibid.).
PKor. *r- to cry, weep (, ): MKor. r-; Mod. l-.
Nam 392, KED 1246.
KW 448, PKE 223, JLTT 742. An expressive root. Because of the
merger of *l and *r the Kor.-Jpn. reflexes of this root may also be attributed to *ru (thus in Lee 1958, 118), and vice versa.
-ulu ( ~ -o) big, many; good: Tung. *ule-; Mong. *olon; Turk. *ulug; Kor.
*r-.
PTung. *ule- good (): Man. ulin goods; Ul. ule(n); Ork.
uliga; Nan. ul (On.); Ud. uligdiga beautiful (. 301).
2, 260-261. Man. > Dag. ulin goods (. . 170).
PMong. *olon many (): MMong. olon (HY 44, SH), uln (IM),
ulan (MA); WMong. olan (L 607); Kh. olon; Bur. olon; Kalm. oln; Ord.
olon; Dag. walan (. . 129), ualen (MD 229); Dong. olon; Bao. olo;
S.-Yugh. olon; Mongr. olon (SM 298), (MGCD ulon).
KW 285, MGCD 116, 527.
PTurk. *ulug 1 big 2 great 3 grown-up, great (1 2
3 , ): OTurk. ulu 1 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. ulu 1
(MK, KB); Tur. ulu 2; Az. ulu 2; Turkm. ul 1; MTurk. ulu, uluq 1 (Pav.
C.); Uygh. ulu 1; Tat. lkn 1; Bashk. lkn 1; Kirgh. uluu 2; Kaz. ulken 1;
KBalk. ullu 1; KKalp. lken 1; Nogh. jken 1; Khak. ulu 1; Tv. ulu 1;
Tof. ulu 1; Yak. ulaxan, ul 1; Dolg. ulakan, ul 1.
VEWT 513, 520, TMN 2, 117-118, EDT 136, 1, 593-594, 630, Stachowski 242,
243. Turkic languages reveal two variants (*ulug and *lken, the latter being represented
only in modern languages), probably interrelated. Despite Bang TB X and TMN 2, 118 it
is hard to see any relationship between *ulug (hardly *ullug: some modern forms must
have secondary gemination here) and *ul foundation.

PKor. *r- completely, wholly (, ): MKor.

r; Mod. oro-i.
Nam 380, KED 1198.
2, 110, 286, 12.
-lu ( ~ *o-) to soak, wet: Tung. *ula-; Mong. *(h)ulum; Jpn. *r-p-; Kor.
*r-.
PTung. *ula- 1 to soak, wet 2 river (1 2 ): Evk. ula- 1;
Evn. l- 1; Man. ulGa- 1, ula 2; SMan. ul large river (2090); Jurch. ula
(49) 2; Ork. la- 1; Nan. lark (dial.) wet; Ud. ula- 1; Sol. lakk.
2, 257-8.
PMong. *(h)ulum swamp (): WMong. ulum; Kh. ulam , (); Bur. ulam ford; Kalm. ulm; Ord. ulum
ford.
KW 448. The Buryat and Ordos meaning has been influenced by olom ford (v. sub
*olV).

*lV - *

1495

PJpn. *r-p- to soak, wet (): OJpn. urup(w)op-; MJpn. rf-;

Tok. uru-; Kyo. r-; Kag. uru-.
JLTT 780. Accent in Kagoshima is irregular.
PKor. *r- to steep, soak (): MKor. r-; Mod. uri-.
Liu 592, KED 1238.
KW 448, EAS 110 (Mong.-Tung.), Murayama 1962, 110 (Jpn.-TM).
Korean has standard verbal low tone. In Turk. cf. perhaps Yak. ul- to
melt; Kaz. lal, Turk. al dampness ( 1, 645-646).
-lV a k. of bird (partridge / duck): Tung. *ulgumV; Turk. *ular; Kor.
*rh.
PTung. *ulgumV (/*ulmugV) 1 pheasant 2 gull (1 2 ):
Evk. umt 2; Evn. mti 2; Neg. mti 2; Man. uluma 1; SMan.
olhm, olhum 1 (2250); Jurch. ulhu-ma (188) 1; Ul. olGoma 1; Nan.
olGom 1.
2, 268, 283.
PTurk. *ular 1 partridge 2 snow pheasant 3 wild turkey (1 2 3 ): OTurk. ular 1 (OUygh.- med.);
Karakh. ular male partridge (MK); Uzb. ular (< Russ.?) 3; Uygh. ular 3;
Kirgh. ular 3; Kaz. ular 3; Shr. ular 1 (Chul.); Oyr. ular vulture; Tv. ular
3; Yak. ular 2.
EDT 150, VEWT 512 (Mong. ularu < Turk.), 173. Turk. > Russ. .
PKor. *rh duck (): MKor. rh; Mod. ri.
Nam 383, KED 1199.
9, 173.
-lV ( ~ o-, o-, --) meat; deer: Tung. *ul-(k)se; Mong. *(h)ulaj.
PTung. *ul-(k)se meat (): Evk. ulle; Evn. uld; Neg. ule; Ul. ulse;
Ork. ulise; Nan. ulekse; Orch. ukte; Ud. ulehe; Sol. uldi, ulde.
2, 262. Cf. also *ula deer ( 2, 262-263), *uluku- elk ( 2, 264).
PMong. *(h)ulaj dead body (of animal) (, ()):
WMong. ulai (L 870); Kh. ulaj; Bur. ulaj; Kalm. ul; Ord. ul ; .
KW 448.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Karakh. (MK) o core (of a
horn etc.).
- ( ~ o-, u-) hemp: Tung. *ula; Mong. *olo-sun; Jpn. *s.
PTung. *ula 1 hemp 2 millet (1 2 ): Man. olo 1; Nan.
ula 2.
2, 15, 257.
PMong. *olo-sun hemp (): MMong. olosun (HY 22);
WMong. olosun (L 610: olusu(n)); Kh. ols; Bur. ulha(n); Kalm. olsn ();
Ord. ulusu(n); Dag. olso (. . 159), olese (MD 201) ; olsu; S.-Yugh.
losn; Mongr. los (SM 228).

1496

*ue - *i

MGCD 528.
PJpn. *s hemp (): OJpn. asa; MJpn. s; Tok. as; Kyo. s;
Kag. as.
JLTT 384. The accent in Kyoto is irregular (reflecting *s).
A good Mong.-Tung.-Jpn. match. Borrowing in Man. from Mong.
is hardly possible, despite Rozycki 166.
-ue ( ~ -i) to scrape, row: Tung. *ul-; Turk. *e-.
PTung. *ul- 1 to row 2 oar (1 2 ): Evk. ul- 1, ulwun 2;
Evn. ln- 1, lwn 2; Neg. oln- 1; Nan. ulbe(n) 2; Ud. ulimagda big
delved boat (. 301).
2, 258, 260.
PTurk. *e- to scrape earth, dig ( , ): Karakh.
e- (MK); Tv. e-.
EDT 256.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-ui to crush, mince: Tung. *ul-; Mong. *(h)lte-; Turk. *ua-; Kor. *ori-.
PTung. *ul- to boil (): Evk. ul-; Evn. l-; Neg. ul-; Ul.
ulu-si-; Ork. ul-; Nan. ulu-; Ud. olokto-; Sol. l-, ul-, el-.
2, 265.
PMong. *(h)lte- 1 to crush, pulverize 2 to boil (meat) 3 asunder, to
pieces (1 , 2 () 3 ):
WMong. lt 3, lt-, ltl-, ltre- 1, 2 (L 1006); Kh. lt 3, ltle- 1, 2;
Bur. lti 3, ltil-, ltir- 1, 2.
PTurk. *ua- 1 small, minute 2 to become crushed, pulverized,
smaller 3 to crush, pulverize (1 , 2 , 3 , ): Karakh. ua-l- 2, uaq 1; Tur.
uak 1; Gag. uaq 1; Az. uaG 1; Turkm. ua- 2, uaq 1; MTurk. uaq 1,
ual- 2 (. .), uat- 3 (. ., Abush., Pav. C.); Uzb. ual- 2, uq
1; Uygh. uaq (dial.), uaq 1; Kirgh. uat- 3, uaq 1; Kaz. saq 1, sat- 3;
KKalp. usaq 1, usat- 3; Khak. uzax 1; Oyr. ua- 3.
EDT 16, 262 (deriving the forms from uva- which is hardly the case), 1,
617-618.

PKor. *ori- to mince, cut small (, ): MKor.

ori-; Mod. ori-.
Liu 576, KED 1199.
For the meaning in TM cf. the semantics in Mong. (both crush
into pieces and boil (down to softness).
-i ( ~ -e) to freeze: Tung. *ula-n; Turk. *i- / *li-.
PTung. *ula-n 1 frazil 2 glade, polynia (1 2 ): Evk.
uln 1; Neg. olan 2; Ul. ula(n) 2; Nan. ol 2.
2, 258.

*pe - *uu(-kV,

1497

PTurk. *i- (/*li-) 1 to freeze, congeal 2 to blow (of a cold wind) (1

2 ( )): OTurk. i- 1; Karakh. i(MK) 1; Tur. - 1; Gag. - 1; Az. -, dial. i- 1; Turkm. dial. - 1;
MTurk. Kypch. i- (CCum.); Krm. - 1; Tat. e- 1; Bashk. - 1;
Kirgh. - 1; Kaz. si- 1; KKalp. si- 1; Kum. - 1; Nogh. si- 1; Khak.
z-, uu- 1; Oyr. - 1; Tv. -; Tof. i-; Chuv. va- 2; Yak. lj- 1.
VEWT 523, 1, 644-645, EDT 256-247, . 154.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-pe ground game: Tung. *ulgu-k; Mong. *olbo / olbi; Turk. *; Jpn.
*bs ( ~ -ua).
PTung. *ulgu-k chipmunk (): Evk. ulguk; Ul. uli; Nan.
ulgi; Orch. ugguk; Ud. ugixi.
2,258.
PMong. *(h)olbo / (h)olbi flying squirrel (-): WMong.
olbi, olbo (L 608: olbu), oliba; Kh. olbo, olbi; Bur. olbo.
PTurk. * lynx (): Karakh. ek (IM); Tur. ek; Khak. s (tab.);
Shr. s; Oyr. s (dial. - Leb.); Tv. s; Tof. s; Yak. s; Dolg. s-kis sable.
VEWT 523, 1961, 141, . 239, 159, Stachowski 254. The irregular reflex of * in some Siberian languages presupposes tabooistic interlingual borrowings (Tuva < Yak., Shor < Khak.? ).

PJpn. *bs ( ~ -ua) otter (): MJpn. woso; Tok. uso.

JLTT 512.
9, 159.
-uu(-kV, -gV) lie: Tung. *ulk; Mong. *ulig; Turk. *uak; Jpn. *su.
PTung. *ulk lie (): Evk. ulk; Evn. lk; Neg. lx; Man. uluken;
Orch. oloki- (v.); Sol. lx, elx.
2, 265.
PMong. *ulig molestation, derision (, ):
MMong. ulgi-, ulki- to slander (SH); WMong. uli; Kh. ulig; Kalm. ug
nonsense.
KW 448.
PTurk. *uak slander (): Karakh. uaq (MK); MTurk. uuluq
suspicion (Pav. C.), uaq (CCum.); Uygh. uaq; Tat. uaq Tob. slanderer (R); Bashk. oaq; Kirgh. uaq; KBalk. uaq conversation; Yak.
usxax rumour.
VEWT 517, EDT 16 (confused with uvak small).
PJpn. *su lie (): MJpn. s; Tok. so; Kyo. s; Kag. us.
JLTT 564.
Poppe AU 115 (Turk.-Mong., although Turk. *uak is not separated
from *ub-ak small - which is the reason for Doerfers objections in
TMN 2, 63).

1498

*mu - *umu(t)o

-mu to bear, give birth: Tung. *omu- / *umu-; Mong. *(h)umaj; Turk.
*umaj; Jpn. *m-; Kor. *m.
PTung. *omu- / *umu- 1 to lay eggs 2 offspring, descendant, grandchild (1 2 , , ): Evk. um- 1, omolg 2;
Evn. omolgo 2; Neg. omolg 2; Man. omolo 2; SMan. oml (887) 2; Jurch.
omo-lo (285) 2; Orch. omol daughter-in-law; Ud. omolo 2; Sol. omol 2.
2, 17-18, 269 (see also *umkta). TM > Dag. omol grandchild (. . 159).
PMong. *(h)umaj womb (, ): MMong. kindik umai navel (LH) (with kindik = Chag. kindik navel); WMong. umaj (L 874); Kh.
umaj; Bur. umaj; Kalm. om woman-ancestor; Ord. um.
KW 285.
PTurk. *umaj 1 placenta, afterbirth 2 goddess of birth (1 ,
2 ): OTurk. umaj 2 (Orkh.), 1 (OUygh. - NPr);
Karakh. umaj 1, 2 (MK); Tur. umai bugaboo; MTurk. (MKypch.) umaj
1 (Ettuhf.); Kirgh. umaj 2; Khak. maj 2; Shr. umaj 2 (R).
EDT 164-165.
PJpn. *m- to bear (): OJpn. um-; MJpn. m-; Tok. m-; Kyo.
m-; Kag. m-.
JLTT 779.
PKor. *m sprout, bud (, ): MKor. m; Mod. m.
Nam 392, KED 1248.
The Mong. form may also be borrowed < Turk., see 1997,
166. Cf., on the other hand, Mong. omu kin, clan (which, however,
may be a modification of the other attested form, Mong. obu = Turk.
*pa, under the influence of the present root; Mong. > Yak., Dolg. omuk,
see Stachowski 193 ).
-umu(t)o to forget: Tung. *oma-; Mong. *umta-, *umarta-; Turk.
*umn-t- (~ -m-).
PTung. *oma- to forget (): Evk. omo-; Evn. om-; Neg.
omo-; Man. oGo-; SMan. o-, ou- (1867); Ul. obo-; Ork. omGo-/obo-;
Nan. obo-; Orch. ommo-; Ud. omo-; Sol. ommo-.
2, 17.
PMong. *umta-, *umarta- 1 to sleep 2 to forget (1 2 ):
MMong. umarta- 2, umtara-, untara- (SH), unta- 1 (HY 34, SH), unta- 1,
marta- 2 (MA), mun- 1 (IM), umart- (LH, Lig.VMI); WMong. umta-,
unta- 1, umarta- 2 (L 874); Kh. unta- 1, marta- 2; Bur. unta- 1, marta 2;
Kalm. unt- 1, mart- 2; Ord. unta- 1, marta- 2; Mog. nunta- 1 (Ramstedt
1906), mrta- 2 (Weiers); Dag. wanta- (. . 129), want- 1, marta(. . 154), mart- 2; uante- 1, marete- 2 (MD 189, 229); Dong. huntura- 1, mata- 2; Bao. tera- 1, mart- 2; S.-Yugh. nda-, nt- 1, mart- 2;
Mongr. ntr-, n- (SM 285) 1, mu(r)da-, marda- (SM 251), mad(Huzu) 2.

*mu-tki - *umV

1499

KW 450, 257, MGCD 462, 676. The Mog. form and IM mun- are interesting: they
may suggest an archaic PM form *um(u)nta- sleep.
PTurk. *umn-t- (~ -m-) to forget (): OTurk. unt-, unut(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. unt- (MK); Tur. unut-; Gag. unut-; Az. unut-;
Turkm. unut-; MTurk. unut- (Pav. C.); Uzb. unut-; Uygh. unut-; Krm.
unut-; Tat. nt-; Bashk. nt-; Kirgh. unut-; Kaz. mt-; KBalk. unut-;
KKalp. umt-; Kum. unut-; Nogh. umt-; SUygh. unut-; Khak. undu-; Oyr.
undu-, udu-, utu-; Tv. ut-; Chuv. man-; Yak. umun-; Dolg. umun-.
EDT 179, VEWT 514, 1, 597-598, Stachowski 243 (reconstruction of *-- is
possible because of forms like Oyr. utu-, Sag. udu-).

EAS 116, Poppe 68-69, KW 450, VEWT 514, 295. A

Western isogloss.
-mu-tki egg: Tung. *umkta; Mong. *mdege, *emdge; Turk.
*jumurtka.
PTung. *um-kta egg (): Evk. umkta; Evn. mt; Neg. omkta;
Man. uman, umGan; SMan. umhan (332); Ul. omqta; Nan. omaqta;
Orch. umukta; Ud. umukta; Sol. matta.
Formally derived from *um- to lay eggs. See 2, 269.
PMong. *mdege, *emdge egg (): MMong. amdegan (HY 16),
ndog (IM), undg (MA); WMong. ndege(n), mdege(n), ndge, mdge (L 636); Kh. ndg; Bur. ndege(n); Kalm. ndg; Ord. ndg; Mog.
ndn (Ramstedt 1906); ZM ondgn (22-1a); Dag. enduge (. .
140, MD 143); Dong. endeGi; Bao. ndegi; Mongr. ndige (SM 263).
KW 296. Mong. > Chuv. (nursery word) maak egg.
PTurk. *jumurtka egg (): OTurk. jumurta, jumura (OUygh.);
Karakh. jumurta (MK); Tur. jumurta; Gag. jmrta; Az. jumurta; Turkm.
jumurtGa; Sal. jym(r)dda; Khal. jumurqa; MTurk. jumurta (Sangl.); Uzb.
jumurtqa (dial.); Krm. jmrta, imrtxa; Tat. jomrqa; Bashk. jomortqa;
Kirgh. umurtqa; Kaz. umrtqa; KBalk. zumurtqa; KKalp. umurtqa;
Kum. jmrtqa; Nogh. jumrtqa; SUygh. jomut; Khak. nmrxa; Shr.
nbrtqa, nuburtqa (.); Oyr. mrtqa; Tv. uura; Tof. umurxa; Chuv.
marda; Yak. smt; Dolg. hmt.
VEWT 211, EDT 938, 4, 250-251, 149, Stachowski 118.
A Western isogloss. The stem may be derived from Common Altaic *mu to bear, give birth q. v., see 58, 281, 10, 149. The Turkic form, however, must have also been influenced
by PA *nmo testicle (and/or *mu round), which explains initial *j-.
-umV ( ~ *o-) to drink: Tung. *um(i)-; Mong. *umda; Kor. *m-.
PTung. *um(i)- to drink (): Evk. um-; Neg. om-; Man. omi-;
SMan. iomi- (403); Jurch. umi-La (534); Ul. mw; Ork. umi-; Nan. omi-;
Orch. imi-; Ud. umi-; Sol. im-, imi-, mu-.
2, 266.

1500

*umV - *ne

PMong. *um-da 1 thirst, to be thirsty 2 a drink (1 ,

2 , ): MMong. undan (SH) 1, ondu- (IM), undan 1
(MA), umdn Buttermilch (LH); WMong. umda 2, umdaas- 1 (L 874);
Kh. unds- 1, und, und 2; Bur. unda(n), umda(n) 1,2; Kalm. undn; undn,
umdn 1; Ord. unda 1; Mog. und a drink; ZM ondn sour buttermilk
(15-4b); Dong. undasu-; Bao. ndas-; S.-Yugh. ndas-, nds-; Mongr. ndas(SM 262) 1.
KW 449, MGCD 675.
PKor. *m- to drink (): MKor. m-s-; Mod. masi-.
Nam 193, KED 563.
Poppe 69, KW 457, 45, 285, 290. Korean has a frequent
initial vowel loss. Despite Doerfer MT 40, Rozycki 168, the Mong. form
(attested already in the Secret History) cannot be a tungusism.
-umV ? fire, to burn: Tung. *omV-; Turk. *uma- ?; Jpn. *umati (?).
PTung. *omV- hearth (): Nan. oma; Orch. umuxi.
2, 16, 269.
PTurk. *uma- ? burn (): Yak. umat-, umaj-; Dolg. ubaj-.
Stachowski 239.
PJpn. *umati (?) fire(?) ((?)):
A Ryukyu word: cf. Nase m.
A highly dubious comparison, because of extremely scarce reflexes in Turk. and Japanese.
-ne sound, voice: Tung. *u-; Mong. *u-si-; Turk. *n.
PTung. *u- 1 to cry, weep 2 to sing (1 , 2 ):
Evk. ua- 2, uk- 1; Evn. - 1 (onom.); Nan. ugu- to say, tell
(.).
2, 278, 279.
PMong. *u-si- to read, recite; to pray (, ; ): MMong. oi- (HY 35), ui- to shout (SH), hom- (IM), ngito read (LH); WMong. usi- (L 877), omsi- (SM); Kh. uni-; Bur. una-;
Kalm. um- (); Ord. omi-; Mog. mi-, umi- to read, to sing
(Weiers); Dag. oni-; Dong. uan-; Bao. oe- (. .), mi-; S.-Yugh.
oni-; Mongr. mo- (SM 242), moi-.
MGCD 676.
PTurk. *n sound, voice (, ): OTurk. n (OUygh.); Karakh.
n (MK); Tur. n; Az. n; Turkm. n; Sal. un; MTurk. n (. .,
Pav. C.); Uzb. un; Uygh. n; Krm. n; Kirgh. n; Kaz. n; KBalk. n;
KKalp. n; Nogh. n; Khak. n; Oyr. n; Tv. n.
EDT 167, 1, 625-626.
An expressive Western isogloss.

*ntu - *ue

1501

-ntu ( ~ o-) whirlpool, tide: Tung. *onda-; Mong. *undu-; Jpn. *ntu.
PTung. *onda- 1 to rise (of water) 2 water (1 ( ) 2
): Evn. n(ed)- 1, ndi 2 (dial.); Nan. onda-i- ,
( ,
) (On.).
2, 18, 30.
PMong. *(h)undu- 1 to spurt, gush forth 2 fountain, well (1
, 2 , ): WMong. undura- 1 (L 876: undur-); Kh. undra- 1; Bur. ondoli 2; Kalm. undr- 1.
KW 449.
PJpn. *ntu whirlpool (): OJpn. udu; Tok. zu; Kyo. z;
Kag. uz.
JLTT 567. Tokyo points to *nt, but Kyoto - rather to *nt; Kagoshima uz is ambiguous.

Ozawa 59-60 (Mong.-Jpn.).

-ue hollow, pit: Tung. *u-; Mong. *ogi-; Turk. *-; Kor. *t- /
*t-.
PTung. *u- 1 pit, hole 2 lair, den (1 2 (
)): Evk. uulu 1; Neg. oolo 1; Man. oGola, uGala 1, un 2; Ul.
oGolo 1; Nan. oGolo 1; Orch. ogo 1; Ud. ogo 1.
2, 274, 280.
PMong. *ogi- 1 hole, nest 2 trough, vessel; ship (1 , ,
2 , ; , ): MMong. oqaa (HY 19), unqaa (MA) 2, nkaa (Lig.VMI) 2, kuunin unqarqai neck cavity ();
WMong. ogi, oarqai, ourqai (L 614) 1, oua 2; Kh. ongi, ongorxoi 1,
ongoc 2; Bur. ongi 1, ongoso 2; Kalm. o 1, oc 2; Ord. ogi 1; Dong.
onGoo 2; S.-Yugh. oGori 1, oGoo 2; Mongr. ukuoG (SM 473),
guaG 2.
KW 287, MGCD 529. Mong. ogua > Evk. okoo etc. (Doerfer MT 123-124 suggests
Mong. < TM, which is more dubious).

PTurk. *- 1 to dig, delve 2 hole, cave (1 , 2

, ): OTurk. r 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. - 1, r 2 (MK);
Uzb. uur 2; Uygh. gr 2; Bashk. - 1; Kirgh. - 1, kr- 2; Kaz.
gi- 1, gr 2; KKalp. gi- 1, gir 2; Nogh. gi- 1; Tv. r 2.
EDT 169, 188-189, 1, 634, VEWT 521. Turk. *r > Mong. gr (
1997, 162).

PKor. *t- / *t- pool, bog (, , ):

MKor. ut, t; Mod. udi, odai.
Liu 597, 598, KED 1251.
KW 287, Rozycki 218. Despite Doerfer MT 111, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. Mong. (and some Turkic reflexes) go back to a suffixed form *ue-kV(jV).

1502

*ute - *p

-ute back, buttock, behind: Tung. *(x)unda-; Mong. *(h)ona-; Kor.

*ti.
PTung. *(x)unda- 1 sinew on the back 2 belt (1
2 ): Evk. un 1; Evn. inapin ; Neg. nan
1, oapun 2; Man. unda 1.
2, 18, 273, 458.
PMong. *(h)ona- croup, behind, anus (, ): WMong.
onduji- to raise the backside (as a diving bird) (L 613); Kh. ondoj- ( ); Bur. ondoj- (. ); Kalm. on; Ord. on.
KW 286.
PKor. *ti ass, behind (, ): MKor. ti; Mod.
di.
Liu 558, KED 1154.
306.
-utV pole in the house: Tung. *unde(ken); Mong. *(h)uni-.
PTung. *unde(ken) 1 board 2 horizontal pole in the house 3 house
covering (1 2 3 ): Evk. une, unekn 3; Evn. unen dwelling place, dial. unipkin 2; Man.
undexen 1; Ork. une 3; Nan. undex; Orch. ui 3; Ud. waneh 2; Sol. unex
3.
2, 273, 274, 276. Evk. > Dolg. nkn (see Stachowski 250).
PMong. *(h)uni- pole (supporting the upper yurt circle) (
( )): WMong. uni(n) (L 877); Kh.
u; Bur. u; Kalm. un (); Ord. uni.
Mong. > Evk. unije etc., see Doerfer MT 114.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. See 2, 274.
-p to grasp: Mong. *(h)b; Turk. *p; Jpn. *mp-p-; Kor. *op- / *up-.
PMong. *(h)b share, allotted part, inheritance (, , ): WMong. b (L 627); Kh. v.
PTurk. *p 1 to rob, snatch, abduct 2 trophies, treasures (1 , 2 , ): Karakh. ple- 1 (MK); Kirgh. p
2; Shr. p 2; Oyr. p 2; Tv. p 2, pte- 1; Yak. p 2.
EDT 11, 1, 634-635, VEWT 521-522.
PJpn. *mp-p- to grasp, seize (, ): OJpn. ubap-;
MJpn. ubaf-; Tok. ub-; Kyo. b-; Kag. ub-.
JLTT 777. The accent in Kagoshima is aberrant.
PKor. *op- / *up- to pick out, dig out (, ):
MKor. upui-, upi-; Mod. obi-, ubi-.
Liu 593, KED 1201, 1239.

*ra - *re

1503

Despite VEWT 522, hardly borrowed in Turkic < Mongolian; the

reverse direction is possible, but semantics of the Mong. word speaks
rather against it.
-ra female: Tung. *oru-n; Mong. *(h)argali (?); Turk. *urag-.
PTung. *oru-n daughter-in-law (sons wife) ( ( )):
Man. urun; SMan. orun (927); Nan. or.
2, 24.
PMong. *(h)argali female (of mountain ram) ( ):
WMong. arali (L 52); Kh. arga; Bur. argali; Kalm. argi; Ord. argali.
KW 13, Mong. > Man. argali, see TMN 1, 121, Doerfer MT 135, Rozycki 20. The connection with *araa fang (see, e.g., 94), is an obvious folk etymology.

PTurk. *urag- female (): Karakh. uraut woman (MK);

Turkm. urqa; MTurk. ura (Pav. C.); Uzb. uri; Krm. ra; Tat.
ra (dial.); Bashk. ras; Kirgh. ur; Kaz. ra; KKalp. ura;
Nogh. ura.
EDT 218, VEWT 515, 1, 603, 315.
Basically a Turk.-Tung. isogloss. If Mong. argali is related, then
Turk. *arkar (see 1, 176, 155) mountain ram must be an
old Mong. loanword - which is somewhat dubious.
-ura ( ~ o-) piebald, brown: Tung. *(x)ur-; Mong. *orug; Turk. *or.
PTung. *(x)ur- piebald (horse) ( ( )): Man. urlu.
2, 286. Attested only in Manchu, but with probable external parallels.
PMong. *orug 1 greyish, grey-brown 2 white horse with black back
(1 2 ): MMong. orox 2 (SH);
WMong. oru 1; Kh. orog 1; Kalm. org 1.
KW 288.
PTurk. *or red-brown (of a horse) (- ( )): Karakh. or (MK, IM); Bashk. ur-ujan -; Kaz. or;
Oyr. or grey; Yak. or blackish piebald.
EDT 192-193, VEWT 364.
A Western isogloss.
-re formerly, ancient: Tung. *ri-; Mong. *orai; Turk. *r ( ~ *r); Jpn.
*bt-.
PTung. *ri- recently, formerly ( , , ): Evk. r, ri; Evn. r; Neg. uj; Ork. ra-pi; Orch. uja-da.
2, 281.
PMong. *orai evening, late, yesterday (, , ):
WMong. orai (L 621: orui); Kh. oroj; Bur. oroj; Kalm. or (); Ord. or;
Dag. or (. . 160: o), o (MD 203); Bao. oro late (. .)
(with a quite inexplicable -); S.-Yugh. ri; Mongr. ur (SM 476), ur.
MGCD 531. Mong. > Evk. oroi etc.

1504

*ro - *i

PTurk. *r ( ~ *r) long (of time) ( ( )): OTurk. r

(Orkh., OUygh.); Oyr. r; Tv. r; Yak. r; Dolg. r.
EDT 193, VEWT 522, 84, Stachowski 200.
PJpn. *bt- 1 day before yesterday 2 year before last (1 2
): OJpn. woto-tu-pji 1, woto-tosi 2; Tok. ototi 1;
Kyo. tt 1; Kag. ototi 1.
JLTT 513. Original accent not quite clear. The root is also attested as OJ woti ( <
*bt-i) remote (past); remote (place).

Cf. *uo (the two roots are very similar, but clearly distinguishable).
-ro ( ~ -u) to grow: Tung. *ure-; Mong. *urgu-; Turk. *ur; Jpn. *r-; Kor.
*r.
PTung. *ure- 1 to grow 2 sprout 3 bush (1 2 3 ):
Evk. uruktu 3; Man. ursan 2; Jurch. uru-xe ripe (539); Nan. ure- 1, urekte
2.
1, 323, 2, 286, 287.
PMong. *urgu- to grow (): MMong. urqu- (SH), hura-/uru(MA); WMong. uru- (L 881); Kh. urga-; Bur. urga-; Kalm. ur- ();
Ord. urGu; Mog. uru- (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. orgu-, (. . 160),
orege- (MD 203), orgo-.
MGCD 680.
PTurk. *ur growth, excrescence (, ): Tur. ur; Az. ur;
Tat. r; Bashk. r; Kirgh. ur; Kaz. ra; Nogh. ur; Shr. ur; Oyr. ur; Tv.
uru; Yak. ur.
1, 598-599. Turk. > Mong. ur id.
PJpn. *r- to ripen (): MJpn. r-; Tok. ur-; Kyo. r-; Kag.
ur-.
JLTT 779. Tokyo and Kyoto point to a variant *r-.
PKor. *r early ripening ( ): MKor. r; Mod. l.
Liu 579, KED 1207.
2, 286, Miller 1982, 402 (Jpn.-TM).
-i debt: Mong. *ri; Turk. *-; Jpn. *r-.
PMong. *ri debt (): MMong. uri (IM); WMong. ri (L 641); Kh.
r; Bur. ri; Kalm. r, rn; Ord. r(n); Dag. ure (MD 233), ur; Dong. ori;
S.-Yugh. r; Mongr. uri (SM 475), ur.
KW 298, MGCD 546.
PTurk. *- 1 to pay debts 2 thrifty (1 2 , ): OTurk. z- (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. z- (MK) 1; Turkm.
z- 1; KBalk. z- to gain profit; Khak. zr 2; Tv. z-.
EDT 280, VEWT 524. Should be distinguished from *- to break, tear.
PJpn. *r- to sell (): OJpn. ur-; MJpn. r-; Tok. r-; Kyo.
r-; Kag. r-.

*V - *su

1505

JLTT 779.
See notes to *arV.
-V craftsman: Mong. *uran; Turk. *.
PMong. *uran craftsman, art (, , ):
MMong. uran (HY 27), uran craft (IM); WMong. ura(n) (L 879); Kh.
ur(an); Bur. uran; Kalm. urn (); Ord. uran; Dag. waran (. .
129), uran (. . 171); Dong. uran; S.-Yugh. uran; Mongr. uran (SM
473).
MGCD 677.
PTurk. * master, craftsman (): OTurk. uz (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. uz (MK); Tur. uz; Gag. uz; Turkm. z; MTurk. uz (Pav. C.);
Uygh. us; Kirgh. uz; Khak. us; Shr. us; Oyr. us; Tv. us; Yak. s; Dolg. s.
EDT 277, 1, 569-570, Stachowski 248.
Poppe 102. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss, but, despite TMN 2, 145, not
Turk. > Mong. (- is not a suffix here!).
-so a k. of clothing: Tung. *us-; Jpn. *s-; Kor. *s.
PTung. *us- 1 to bind 2 belt, rope, binding 3 to lace (1
2 , , 3 ): Evk. us 2, us- 1; Evn. usi 2, us- 1;
Neg. us 2; Man. ue 2, ue- 3; Ul. uesemse 2; Ork. ussi- 1; Nan. use 2;
Orch. usi 2; Ud. uhi 2; Sol. u 2.
2, 290-291.
PJpn. *s- 1 to put on upper clothes 2 upper clothes (1
2 ): OJpn. oso-kji, osu-pji 2; MJpn.
osof- 1, osofi 2.
JLTT 512.
PKor. *s clothes (): MKor. s; Mod. ot [os].
Nam 384, KED 1211.
An Eastern isogloss. Cf. also Shor uzan , .
-su ( ~ o-, -i) animal; cow: Tung. *us-; Jpn. *s; Kor. *sj.
PTung. *us- 1 herd, flock 2 game, wild animal (1 , 2 ): Evk. usua 1; Evn. s 1; Ul. uselte 2; Ork. uselte 2; Nan.
uselte 2.
2, 292.
PJpn. *s cow, bull (, ): OJpn. usi; MJpn. s; Tok. shi;
Kyo. sh; Kag. shi.
JLTT 564.
PKor. *sj cow (): MKor. sj; Mod. so.
Nam 311, KED 968.
An Eastern isogloss. Korean has a frequent initial vowel reduction.

1506

*ta - *ut

-ta ( ~ -t-) to meet: Mong. *uira-; Turk. *ut-; Jpn. *t-.

PMong. *uira- to meet (): MMong. uira- (SH, HYt);
WMong. uira- (L 859); Kh. ura-; Bur. uar-; Kalm. ur- (); Ord.
uira-; Dag. waira- (. . 129), uaire (MD 229); Dong. vora-,
ora-; Mongr. ur- (SM 393).
MGCD 683. Mong. > Manchu uara- (see Rozycki 215).
PTurk. *ut- 1 to win 2 opposite (1 2 , ): OTurk. ut- 1, utru 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. ut- 1, utru 2 (MK); Tur.
ut- 1; Az. ut- 1; Turkm. ut- 1; Khal. ut- 1; MTurk. ut- 1 (Pav. C.), utru 2
(. .); Uzb. jut- 1; Uygh. ut- 1; Krm. ut- 1, uturu, utru 2; Tat. t- 1;
Bashk. t- 1, tr 2; Kirgh. ut- 1, uturu 2; Kaz. t- 1; KBalk. ut- 1;
KKalp. ut- 1; Kum. ut- 1; Nogh. ut- 1; SUygh. utur 2; Khak. ut- 1, udur 2;
Oyr. uduru, udura, udur 2; Tv. ut- 1, udur 2; Chuv. t- 1; Yak. utar 2;
Dolg. utar 2.
EDT 38-39, 64, VEWT 517, 1, 609, 610-611, Stachowski 247.
PJpn. *t- to attach, make fit; to fit (, , ): OJpn. ata-, ata-r-; MJpn. t-, t-r-; Tok. te-, tar-;
Kyo. t-, tr-; Kag. at-, atr-.
JLTT 678.
Cf. *e.
-ut ( ~ *o-) to be able, understand: Tung. *util-; Mong. *(h)udka; Jpn.
*ata-p-; Kor. *tr-.
PTung. *util- to understand (): Evn. tl-; Neg. otl-; Man.
utulixequ unattentive; Ul. tl-; Ork. uttul-; Nan. otolo-.
2, 293.
PMong. *(h)udka sense, reason, meaning (, ):
WMong. udqa (L 862); Kh. utga; Bur. udxa; Kalm. utx; Ord. udxa.
KW 452.
PJpn. *ata-p- to be able (, ): OJpn. atap-.
JLTT 678.
PKor. *tr- to be able, wise ( , ): MKor.
tr-; Mod. il-.
Nam 359, KED 1136.
A derivative *ut-lV- (probably *ut-li- to account for the fronting
of the second vowel) is reflectedin PTM *uti-l- and Kor. tr-.

Z
-zag to prevent, obstruct: Tung. *sagi-; Mong. *seg; Turk. *jg-; Jpn.
*sk-.
PTung. *sagi- 1 to be shy, timid 2 to worry about smth. (1 2 -.): Evn. haj- 2; Neg. sajn- 1; Sol. sgildi1; Nan. sgo- (On.).
2, 53.
PMong. *seg interruption; rest (; ): WMong. seg (L
681); Kh. seg; Kalm. seg; Ord. seg.
KW 321. Cf. also WMong. saali- to avoid, shun (L 657).
PTurk. *jg- to prevent, obstruct, restrain (, ): Karakh. j- (KB, AT, Tefs); MTurk. j- (Abush.); Uygh. ji-.
VEWT 200, EDT 897.
PJpn. *sk- 1 to get distant 2 stay away from (1 2 , ): OJpn. sok- 1, soka- 2.
JLTT 755.
The parallel appears plausible, with the semantics prevent > interrupt or prevent, be prevented from > stay away from.
-zakti cushion, mat: Tung. *sakta(n); Turk. *jtuk / *jtuk; Jpn.
*sitnia; Kor. *st.
PTung. *sakta-n mat (): Ul. saqta(n); Nan. saqt; Orch.
sakta(n).
2, 57.
PTurk. *jtuk / *jtuk 1 pillow 2 to prop on a pillow (1 2
() ): OTurk. jastuq pillow-shaped ingot of silver
(OUygh.); Karakh. jastuq 1, jasta- 2; Tur. jastk 1, jasta- 2; Gag. jastq 1;
Az. jassx (dial.) 1; Turkm. jassq 1; Sal. jastux 1; Khal. jastuq 1; MTurk.
jastuq 1 (AH); Uzb. jstiq 1; Uygh. jastuq 1; Krm. jastq 1; Tat. jastq 1;
Bashk. jatq 1; Kirgh. azdq, astq 1, azda-, asta- 2; Kaz. astq 1, asta2; KBalk. astq, zastq 1; KKalp. dastq 1, asta-, dasta- 2; Kum. jastq, jastuq 1; Nogh. jastq 1; SUygh. jastq 1; Khak. astx 1, asta- 2; Shr. astq 1,
asta- 2; Oyr. jastq, astq 1; Tv. srtq, sstq 1; Chuv. dr 1; Yak. sttk 1,
stta- 2; Dolg. httk 1.

1508

*zli - *zr

PT * is indicated by the Chuv. form and probably also (with rotacism) Tuva srtk.
Other forms for the most part reflect an assimilated *jaz-t- > *jast-. See VEWT 191,
4, 154-155, EDT 974, Stachowski 121.
PJpn. *sitnia cushion (): MJpn. stn; Tok. shtone; Kyo.
shtn; Kag. shiton.
JLTT 528. The reconstruction of accent here is uncertain: RJ and Kagoshima point
to *stni, while both Kyoto and Tokyo - to *stni.

PKor. *st thin mat ( ): MKor. st; Mod. sat [sas],

sat-ari.
Nam 290, KED 906. In modern Korean mixed with the reflex of *ss- bamboo chip,
see *ssa.

Closed * in Turkic is probably an influence of *jt- to lie, sleep

(see *d).
-zli wind: Tung. *sal-di-; Mong. *salki; Turk. *jl; Kor. *sar-.
PTung. *sal-di- cool wind ( ()): Evk. saldin.
2, 58. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *salki wind (): WMong. salki(n) (L 665); Kh. salxi; Bur.
halxi(n); Kalm. slkn, sakn; Ord. salin; S.-Yugh. salGn; Mongr. sarki
(SM 329), (MGCD salk).
KW 318, MGCD 591. Mong. > Turk. salqn cool day, Oyr. salqn etc., Kirgh. salqn
wind etc., see TMN 1, 341, VEWT 398, 1997, 209, 16, 41, 7, Stachowski 94.

PTurk. *jl wind (): OTurk. jel (OUygh.); Karakh. jl (MK, KB);
Tur. jel; Az. jel; Turkm. jel; Sal. jel; Khal. jel; MTurk. jl (MA); Uzb. jel;
Uygh. jl; Krm. jel; Tat. il; Bashk. jel; Kirgh. el; Kaz. el; KBalk. el;
KKalp. el; Kum. jel; SUygh. jel; Khak. il; Shr. el; Oyr. jel, el; Chuv. il;
Yak. sillie storm, whirlwind.
VEWT 195, EDT 916-917, 4, 174-175, 40. Bulg.> Hung. szl wind,
see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 705-706.

PKor. *sar- gentle, cool (of wind) (, ( )):

Mod. salla, sll, salgira.
KED 897.
30, 285. Regular except for a somewhat unexpected
closed *-- in Turkic.
-zr ( ~ -o) skin: Tung. *sarga-; Mong. *sari-; Turk. *jar; Jpn. *st ( ~
ua).
PTung. *sarga- 1 upper layer of dried fish together with the skin 2
armour (1 2 ): Nan.
sargali (.) 1; Sol. sarxi 2.
2, 66.
PMong. *sari- 1 sheep skin without hair 2 leather, pellicle 3 scrotum
(1 2 , 3 ): MMong. sarisu
goatskin, saffian (MA 319); WMong. sarmai 1, sari-su(n) 2 (L 676),

*zego - *zeju

1509

saraana-su, saraanag 3; Kh. sarmaj 1, sas 2, sarnag 3; Bur. harmaj, hamaj 1, haha(n) 2, harna 3 (scrotum of animals); Kalm. sarm 1, ssn 2.
KW 313, 319.
PTurk. *jar 1 leather 2 pellicle (1 2 ): Turkm. jar 1;
MTurk. jar (AH) 1; Tat. jar 2; Bashk. jar 2; Kum. jari 2; Shr. ar 1;
Oyr. jar 1; Yak. sar 1, 2; Dolg. har 2.
4, 146; 384, Stachowski 98.
PJpn. *st ( ~ ua) external side ( ): MJpn. soto;
Tok. sto; Kyo. st; Kag. sot.
JLTT 531.
Jpn. *st instead of *st as in a number of other cases, because of
bad compatibility of *a and * in PJ.
-zego young man, brave man: Mong. *saaka-; Turk. *jEgit / *jigit; Kor.
*sh.
PMong. *saaka- 1 nomad neighbour 2 brave man (1 2 ): WMong. saaqalta 1 (MXTTT); Kh. sxalt 1; Bur. hxalzr 2; Mongr. saGa sarrasin (SM 318).
PTurk. *jEgit / *jigit young man, brave man (, ):
OTurk. jigit (OUygh.); Karakh. jigit (MK); Tur. jijit; Gag. t; Az. igit;
Turkm. jigit; Sal. jihit, iit; MTurk. jigit (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jigit; Uygh.
jigit; Krm. igit; Tat. jeget; Bashk. jeget; Kirgh. igit; Kaz. igit; KBalk. igit,
zigit; KKalp. igit; Kum. jigit, igit; Nogh. jigit; SUygh. jigit, jigt, jgt;
Khak. t; Shr. iet; Oyr. t; Tof. t.
EDT 911, VEWT 203, TMN 4, 185, 4, 198-199, 301. Turk. > WMong.
jigede, Kalm. jd (KW 218).

PKor. *sh male (): MKor. s (sh-); Mod. su-.

Nam 313, KED 998.
In Korean one has to presume a rather natural semantic shift
young man > male.
-zeju metal: Tung. *sele; Mong. *seleme; Turk. *jElme-; Jpn. *sunsu;
Kor. *si.
PTung. *sele iron (): Evk. sele; Evn. hel; Neg. sele; Man. sele;
SMan. sel (2116); Jurch. sele (574); Ul. sele; Ork. sele; Nan. sele; Orch. sele;
Ud. sele; Sol. sele.
2, 140.
PMong. *seleme sabre (): WMong. seleme, selme (L 686); Kh.
selm; Bur. helme; Kalm. selm; Ord. seleme; Dag. selm (. . 162),
selemij (MD 207); S.-Yugh. selme; Mongr. silm.
KW 323, MGCD 598. Sukhebaatar and Rozycki 177 derive Mong. < Manchu seleme
sable, but the direction of borrowing was rather reverse.

*zja - *zja

1510

PTurk. *jElme- blade or upper part of sabre ( ): Tur. jelme, jlman, jalman, jalm; MTurk. jalman (. .); Kaz.
alman (dial.).
VEWT 196, 4, 103-104, 412 (but relating here jalma quilted coat is
dubious).

PJpn. *sunsu tin (, ): OJpn. suzu; MJpn. suzu; Tok. szu;

Kyo. sz; Kag. szu.
JLTT 535. Accent is not quite clear: Tokyo points to *s(n)s, while Kyoto and Kagoshima - to *s(n)s.

PKor. *si metal (, ): MKor. si; Mod. swe.

Liu 469, KED 995.
KW 323, Poppe 29 (Mong.-Tung.), 412, Whitman 1985,
188, 234 (Kor.-Jpn.). In Turkic -lm- reflects *-m- (Helimskis rule). *-jhas to be reconstructed to account for the loss of -- in Kor. This is the
only root pertaining to metal terminology that can be reconstructed for
PA, and it is not quite clear what metal was meant (perhaps meteorite
iron - it is highly dubious that the speakers of PA possessed any kind of
developed metallurgy). Note that in the Turko-Mong. area the metal
name as such was lost and preserved only within the name of iron objects (sabre, armour).
-zja new: Tung. *see-; Mong. *sine; Turk. *ja / *jei; Kor. *si.
PTung. *see- raw, unripe (, ): Man. seni-xun,
see-xun.
2, 141. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *sine new (): MMong. ini (HY 6, SH), sni (IM), in,
ini (MA); WMong. sine (L 711); Kh. ine; Bur. ene; Kalm. in; Ord. ine;
Dag. inken (. . 184, MD 217); Dong. ni, ni; Bao. ine; S.-Yugh.
n; Mongr. ni (SM 375), in.
KW 358, MGCD 717. Cf. also WMong. sene-r, Kalm. senr new, fresh (KW 324).
PTurk. *ja / *jei new (): OTurk. ja (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. ja (MK); Tur. jeni; Gag. jeni; Az. jeni; Turkm. ja just, recently; Sal. ja; Khal. jgi; MTurk. ja (MA, Abush.); Uzb. jang;
Uygh. jei; Krm. jg; Tat. jaa; Bashk. ja; Kirgh. a; Kaz. aa;
KBalk. an; KKalp. aa; Kum. ja; Nogh. ja; SUygh. ja; Khak. n;
Shr. na (.); Oyr. a; Tv. ; Tof. ; Chuv. n; Yak. saa; Dolg.
haa; hiil young.
VEWT 185 (Rsnen is deriving this word from *jn side which is quite improbable), EDT 943-4, 4, 124-125, 85, Stachowski 96, 104. Turk. > MMo,
WMong. agi, Kalm. z news (KW 470; doubts about this borrowing in TMN 1, 281,
based on the early attestation of the meaning discussion in Mong., are hardly
founded).

PKor. *si new (): MKor. si; Mod. s.

Nam 295, KED 919.

*zela - *zelo

1511

58-59, 283, 85. Cf. also WMong. saja, Kalm. s

newly (KW 316), EAS 72, probably a variant of the same root with
different vocalization. Turkic reflects an attributive form (*jei < *je-ki);
medial *-j- has to be reconstructed because of the loss of *-- in Kor.
-zela to be awake; to live: Tung. *sele-; Mong. *slde; Turk. *jlauk;
Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sele- 1 to wake up 2 to rejoice (1 2 ): Evk. sele- 1; Neg. sele- 1; Man. sela- 2; Ul. sene- 1; Nan. sene- 1; Orch.
sene- 1; Ud. sele- 1.
2, 141. Medial -n- in Ul., Nan. and Oroch is not quite clear. Cf. also Evk. sel, , , Evn. hele- , (ibid.).

PMong. *slde energy, vitality (, , ):

MMong. sulder (SH); WMong. slde (L 743); Kh. sld; Bur. hlde; Kalm.
sldr; Ord. slde, sld.
KW 340.
PTurk. *jlauk person (): OTurk. jalauq (OUygh.);
Karakh. jaluq (MK, KB); Chuv. n().
VEWT 182, EDT 930.
PKor. *sr- 1 to live 2 person (1 2 ): MKor. sr- 1, srm
2; Mod. sl- 1, sram 2.
Nam 290, 293, KED 871, 897.
The Mong. --reflex is not quite clear: since -ld- is not simplified
in this case, we may suspect that the original form was *sle-de, probably with usual labialization metathesis < *sel-d, with consequent
vowel reduction.
-zelo naked: Mong. *silda; Turk. *jl.
PMong. *silda naked (): WMong. silda, alda (L 750); Kh.
aldan.
PTurk. *jl 1 naked 2 single, lonely (1 2 , ): OTurk. jal 1, jalus 2 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jal 1,
jalus 2 (MK); Tur. jaln 1, jalnz, dial. jalaz 2; Gag. jaln 1, jalnz 2; Az.
jaln 1, jalnz 2; Turkm. jala 1, jalaa 1, jalz 2; Khal. jaluz 2; MTurk.
jal 1 (Pav. C.), jalan, jalnaq 1 (Ettuhf.), jalz, jalqz 2 (Ettuhf.); Uzb.
ja 1, jlliz 2; Uygh. jala 1, jaluz 2; Krm. jaln, jalan 1, jalz 2; Tat.
jalan 1 (dial.), jalz 2; Bashk. ja 2; Kirgh. ala 1, alz, az 2; Kaz.
ala 1, alz 2; KBalk. alan, zalan 1, anz, zanz 2; KKalp. ala 1,
alz 2; Kum. jalan 1, jaz, jaz 2; Nogh. jala 1, jalz 2; SUygh. jal,
ja 1, jas 2; Khak. ala 1, als 2; Shr. ala 1, as, nas, nas 2;
Oyr. ala 1, jas, as 2; Tv. as 2; Yak. sax, sgnax 1; Dolg.
hgnak 1.

1512

*zepi - *zra

VEWT 182, EDT 929, 930, 4, 97-98, 104-106. Turk. > Kalm. jal (KW 214). Cf.
also *jalk single ( 4, 95), Stachowski 106, 118. Yak. sgnax < *jaln-ak; sootox <
*jaloak.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss; cf. perhaps also Manchu silada, silata
lonely, orphan ( = Turk. *jalk-).
-zepi to hold in mouth, gnaw: Tung. *sepke-; Turk. *jap-; Jpn.
*sipa-pur-; Kor. *sp-.
PTung. *sepke- 1 to grab (with teeth) 2 to grab 3 to nibble (of fish) (1
() 2 3 ( )): Evk. sepke- 2; Evn.
hepku- 2; Neg. sepkele- 2; Man. seke- 3; Ul. sekpen- 1; Nan. sekpen- 1; Orch.
seppe- 3; Ud. sekpene- 3.
2, 144.
PTurk. *jap- 1 to lap 2 greedy 3 lickerish (1 , 2
3 ): Khak. jabl 2 R 3, 281 (Koib., Kach.); apla-t- 1,
apsx 3; Oyr. japla-t- 1; Yak. sabr- 1.
A local Siberian root.
PJpn. *sipa-pur- to lick, gnaw (, , ):
MJpn. sifabur-; Tok. shabur-.
PKor. *sp- to hold in mouth, to chew ( , ):
MKor. sp-; Mod. s:ip-.
Nam 327, KED 1064.
An expressive root, but appears to be well reconstructable for PA.
-zra light; moon, moon cycle (year): Tung. *s; Mong. *sara; Turk. *jar-;
Jpn. *stki; Kor. *sr / *sr.
PTung. *s year, age (, ): Man. se; SMan. s (2725); Jurch.
sej-er (82); Ul. s; Nan. s; Orch. s; Ud. se.
2, 133.
PMong. *sara moon (): MMong. sara (HY 1, SH), ar, saran
(IM), sara (MA); WMong. sara(n) (L 674); Kh. sar; Bur. hara; Kalm. sar;
Ord. sara(n); Dag. sarl moon, sar month (. . 162), sare
month, sareule moon (MD 206); Dong. sara; Bao. sare, sera; S.-Yugh.
sara; Mongr. sara (SM 326).
KW 313, MGCD 593.
PTurk. *jar- 1 to shine 2 to dawn 3 light 4 candle (1 2 3 4 ): OTurk. jaru- 1, jaruq 3 (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh.
jaru- 1, jaruq 3 (MK); Tur. jark 3 (dial.); Turkm. jarq 3 (dial.); Sal. jarux
3; MTurk. jar- (AH), jaru- (Abush.) 1, jaruq 3 (. ., Abush.); Uzb.
jri- 1, jru 3; Uygh. joru- 1, joruq 3; Krm. jar- 1, jarq, jarx 3; Tat. jarq 3
(dial.); Bashk. jarq 3 (dial.); Kirgh. ar-, ar- 1, arq 3; Kaz. arq 3;
KBalk. arq 3; KKalp. arq 3; Kum. jarq 3; Nogh. jarq 3; Khak. ar- 1,
arx 3; Shr. ar-, ar- 1; Oyr. jar-, ar- 1, arq 3; Tv. r- 1, arq 3;
Chuv. or-da 4; Yak. sar- 2 (but also srd-); Dolg. hrd- 2.

*zni - *zni

1513

EDT 956, 962, 963, 4, 134-135, VEWT 189 (there are hardly reasons to consider the Chuv. word a borrowing), 2, 145, Stachowski 119. Turk. (Bulg.?) >
Hung. gyertya candle, see Gombocz 1912.
PJpn. *stki fifth month of the moon calendar (
): OJpn. satuki; MJpn. satuki; Tok. stsuki; Kyo.
stsk; Kag. satski.
sa- is treated as a bound noun early (spring) in JLTT 515.
PKor. *sr / *sr year, age (, ): MKor. sr / sr; Mod. sal;
sl beginning of the year.
Nam 290, 300, KED 896, 950.
Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM), 294. Mong. jara- to shine,
glimmer, which is usually compared with the PT form (see KW 216,
317, VEWT 189) is an obvious loanword from Turkic.
Illich-Svitych ( 1, V) regards Mong. sara as a prosodic variant of
sira- yellow, which is hardly the case. Jpn. tone seems to contradict
TM length, but the root is only attested in compounds and may be itself
a contraction (see below), so the tone may well have been displaced. If
the Jpn. word is indeed to be analysed as *sa- early spring (+ *tukui
month, moon), then its original meaning must have been (beginning
of a new) moon cycle, season - cf. the meaning season in Kor. and
TM, and especially beginning of the year in Kor. (note that TM *s biaga has also the meaning first month of the year > Manchu se-bija,
Jurch. sei-bi(a)ha, see the discussion in Lee 1958). The form *sa itself has
to be explained as reflecting a suffixed *zr(a)-gV or *zr(a)-V - cf.
Jurch. seje-r and Mong. *sara-u-l.
-zni shape, observation: Tung. *sinma-; Mong. *sini; Turk. *jint-; Jpn.
*sn.
PTung. *sinma- 1 to choose 2 to test (1 2 ,
): Evk. sinma- 1; Evn. hnm- 1; Man. simne- 2.
2, 89. Orok slma- has -l- probably under Mong. influence (Mong. sili- to
choose). Man. > Dag. imne- (. . 183).

PMong. *sini 1 shape, form 2 to investigate (1 , 2 , ): WMong. sini 1, sinile- 2 (L 713, 714); Kh. in
1, inle- 2; Bur. ene 1 enel- 2; Kalm. in 1 (); Ord. ini 1.
PTurk. *jint- to search, seek (): Karakh. jind- (MK); Khak.
nindi-; Tv. indi-.
EDT 946, VEWT 203.
PJpn. *sn kind, sort, quality (, , ): OJpn. sina;
MJpn. sn; Tok. shna; Kyo. shn; Kag. shin.
JLTT 524.
Poppe 115. Despite TMN 3, 315, hardly a loanword in Mong. <
Turk.

1514

*zke - *zbsa

-zke light, quiet: Tung. *sikuti-; Mong. *sigen; Turk. *jegl; Jpn.
*sntka.
PTung. *sikuti- quiet, silent (, ): Evk. siti; Evn.
hkt; Nan. siien- to become quiet, stop talking.
2, 91-92.
PMong. *sigen liquid, thin, rare, light (, , ,
): WMong. sigen (L 712); Kh. ingen; Bur. engen; Kalm. ign
(); Ord. igen; Mog. sign (Ramstedt 1906); Dag. egen (. .
184: igen); Dong. ngan; Bao. iga; S.-Yugh. egen; Mongr. gen
(SM 368), ingen.
MGCD 718.
PTurk. *jeg-l, jei-k light (): OTurk. jenik, jl (OUygh.);
Karakh. jl (Tefs., IM), jenik light, jeni- to become light (MK, KB);
Tur. jeni, jnl, jejni; Gag. jilin; Az. jngl, jejin; Turkm. jeil; Khal.
jigil, jejin; MTurk. jegil (Sangl.), jngl (MKypch. - Ettuhf.); Uzb. jeil;
Uygh. jenik, jeil; Krm. jeil, jegil, jenil; Tat. iel; Bashk. jeel; Kirgh.
eil; Kaz. eil; KBalk. egil, engil, zengil; KKalp. eil; Kum. jeil;
Nogh. jeil; SUygh. ig (<*jeig); Khak. nk (< *jeik); Oyr. eil; Tv. k (<
*jeik); Tof. nie; Chuv. ml.
EDT 948, 950, VEWT 198, 4, 188, 184, 340. Turk. > Hung. gyenge
weak, see Gombocz 1912.

PJpn. *sntka quiet, silent (, ): OJpn. siduka;

MJpn. sdka; Tok. shzuka; Kyo. shzk; Kag. shizuk.
JLTT 529.
The Turkic form may also have been influenced by PA *na q.v.
The Jpn. form is probably metathesized: *sntka- < *snkut- ( = TM
*sikuti-).
-zpe a k. of predator: Tung. *sibig; Mong. *sibor; Turk. *jbke.
PTung. *sibig 1 wolf 2 bear (1 2 ): Evk. siwig 1, 2;
Evn. hewj, hewje 2; Orch. swi a mythical dog.
2, 75.
PMong. *sibor panther (): Kh. ovor.
PTurk. *jbke wolverine (): Khak. jekpe; Tv. ekpe; Yak.
siegen; Dolg. hiegen.
VEWT 195, Stachowski 103.
A Western isogloss. On Mong. eeken see under *go.
-zbsa lentil, pea: Tung. *sibsV; Mong. *sisi; Turk. *jas-muk; Jpn.
*sasa(n)kai.
PTung. *sibsV lentils (): Man. sisa; Ul. siusi; Nan. siusi.
2, 98, 100.
PMong. *sisi 1 maize 2 sorgho 3 bean(s) (1 2 , 3 ()): WMong. sisi 2 (L 719); Kh. i 2; Kalm. i 1, 3.

*z[k] - *zlVbi

1515

KW 361.
PTurk. *jas-muk lentil (): OTurk. jasmuq (OUygh.); Tur.
jasmk; Turkm. jasmq (dial.); Sal. jasmux; MTurk. jasmuq (Pav. C.); Uzb.
jsmiq; Uygh. jesimuq; Tat. jasmq; Bashk. jamq; Kirgh. asmq (dial.);
Kaz. asmq (dial.).
EDT 975, VEWT 191, 4, 154, 464-465.
PJpn. *sasa(n)kai Vigna Catiang Endl. var sinensis King. (, ): OJpn. sasage; MJpn. sasage; Tok. sasage.
JLTT 518.
In Mong. and Tung. the root may have been confused with a local
Wanderwort for sorgho, cf. Man. uu holcus sorghum, Nan. sso id.
(cf. also Rozycki 196); Kor. susu id. The direction of borrowings here is
difficult to establish, but note that Mong. *sisi violates the rule of dissimilation of fricatives - if it were genuine, we would rather expect *sisi
> *isi. A possible scenario, therefore may presuppose a development of
the meaning sorgho (from lentils, peas) in the TM area, whence it
penetrated into Mongolian and Korean. The root for lentil, pea itself,
preserved in Turkic, TM and Japanese, seems, however, common Altaic.
-z[k] to hang, droop: Tung. *suka-; Mong. *segle-; Jpn. *snka-; Kor.
*suk-.
PTung. *suka- 1 to hang, droop 2 aslant (1 2 ,
): Man. sua- 1; Ork. sqat 2.
2, 121-122.
PMong. *segle- to hang on (tr.) ( -.): WMong. segle-;
Kalm. segl-.
KW 321.
PJpn. *snka- to lower, move down (()): OJpn. saga-,
saga-r-; MJpn. saga-, sg-r-; Tok. sag-, sagr-; Kyo. sg-, sgr-; Kag.
sg-, sgr-.
JLTT 745.
PKor. *suk- to droop (): MKor. suk-; Mod. suk-.
Liu 476, KED 1013.
Martin 230 (Kor.-Jpn.). Kor. s- (not h-) before *-a- requires reconstructing PA *z-. In TM one would rather expect *suxa-.
-zlVbi sorcery, witchcraft; to investigate (by magic power): Tung.
*silba-; Mong. *silbe-, *silmo; Turk. *jlbi-; Jpn. *sr(m)p-; Kor.
*sjrb-.
PTung. *silba- to promise, warn, report (, ,
): Evk. silba-; Evn. hlb-; Sol. ilb-.
2, 83.

1516

*zmo - *zmo

PMong. *silbe-, *silmo 1 to behave indecently, glance around 2

devil (1 2 , ): MMong. silmosun 2
(HY); WMong. sil(i)beli- 1, silmusu 2 (L 707); Kh. ilbel- 1, ulmas 2;
Bur. olmos 2; Kalm. ilw- 1, ulm 2.
KW 357, 367. The variant simnu(s) devil is borrowed from OUygh. mnu, Sogd.
mn; but the -l- in silmu-su is quite unexplainable and must reflect a merger with an
original root.

PTurk. *jlbi sorcery, witchcraft (, ): OTurk.

jelbi (Orkh.), jelvi (OUygh.); Karakh. jelvi (MK); Khak. lbgen monster; Shr. ilbi; Oyr. jilbi, ilbi sorcery, jlbgn monster; Tv. ilbi; Yak.
ilbi demoniac, possessed (borrowed from a j-language?).
EDT 919-920, 4, 202-203, VEWT 196 ( > Mong. ilbi).
PJpn. *sr(m)p- 1 to tune, adjust to rhythm, play rhythmical music
2 to investigate (1 , 2 , ): MJpn. srba- 1, 2; Tok. shirab- 2; Kyo. shrb- 2;
Kag. shrb- 2.
JLTT 752.
PKor. *sjrb- to be annoyed, vexed, sad ( , ): MKor. sjrp- (-w-); Mod. srp- (-w-).
Nam 305, KED 935.
Superficially the root may be split into two (investigate, report
and magic power, witchcraft, ritual); they are, however, phonetically
identical and probably represent a development of the single common
meaning. In Korean one has to presuppose a semantic development be
in a trance > be vexed, sad. The root may be related to Mong. sili- to
choose, silga- to check, verify, Jpn. sirus- to denote, sirusi sign.
-zmo to hide, conceal: Tung. *sume-; Mong. *sem; Jpn. *sm-; Kor.
*sm-.
PTung. *sume- to hide, conceal (, ): Evk. sumet-;
Evn. hum-; Neg. sumt-; Ul. sumei-; Nan. sumei- (On.); Orch. sumeiwhisper; Ud. sumemesi- whisper.
2, 126.
PMong. *sem secretly (, , ): MMong. sem,
sim (SH), sm- to keep silence (IM), sem (MA); WMong. sem (L 687);
Kh. sem; Bur. hem; Kalm. sem; Ord. semr; Dong. im; Bao. somkna;
S.-Yugh. semr; Mongr. smugr (SM 343).
KW 323, MGCD 598.
PJpn. *sm- to fade, abate (, ): MJpn. sm-; Tok.
sam-; Kyo. sm-; Kag. sm-.
JLTT 747.
PKor. *sm- to hide, conceal (()): MKor. sm-; Mod. sm-.
Nam 315, KED 1020.

*zni - *zre

1517

SKE 244-245. Initial *z- is reconstructed because of Kor. *s- (not

h-).
-zni ear, temple: Tung. *sian; Mong. *sinaa; Turk. *jjak.
PTung. *sian ear (): Evk. sn; Neg. sn; Man. an; SMan. an, san
(25); Jurch. sia-ha (497); Ul. s(n); Ork. s(n); Nan. s; Orch. s; Sol. .
2, 70-71.
PMong. *sinaa 1 temple 2 cheekbone (1 2 ): WMong.
sinaa, sina 1 (L 710); Kh. an 1; Bur. an 2; Kalm. an 1; Dag. in
(. . 184) 2; Mongr. n (SM 374).
KW 348.
PTurk. *jjak 1 cheek 2 jaw (1 2 ): Karakh. jaaq
(MK) 2; Tur. janak 1; Gag. janaq 1; Az. janaG 1; Turkm. jaaq 1; Sal. jaax
() 2; MTurk. jaaq (Abush., Sangl.) 1, 2; Uzb. jnq 2, (Kypch. dial.)
a 1, 2; Uygh. jaaq 2; Krm. janax, jajax, jaaq 1, 2; Tat. jaaq 1; Bashk.
jaaq 1, 2; Kirgh. q 2; Kaz. aq 1, 2; KBalk. jaq 1, 2; KKalp. aq 1, 2;
Kum. jajaq 1, 2; SUygh. jaaq, jaq 1; Khak. nx 1; Shr. nq 1; Oyr. k 1,
2; Tv. k 1, 2; Yak. sx 1, 2; Dolg. hk 1, 2.
EDT 948, VEWT 187, 4, 123, 219-220, Stachowski 119.
KW 348. A Western isogloss. The Turkic reflex is difficult: on the
one hand, it is usually not distinguished from *jaak door post (which
actually can go back to a quite different source, see *pki); on the
other hand, it may also be a modification of *jag-ak and have a connection with TM *egi chin ( 1, 281).
-zre to cut, tear, shave: Tung. *sir-; Mong. *sirka; Turk. *jara; Jpn. *sr-.
PTung. *sir- to cut, cut out (, ): Evk. sir-; Evn. hir-;
Neg. sij-.
2, 93-94.
PMong. *sirka wound (): MMong. irqa- to wound (SH);
WMong. sirqa(n) (L 719); Kh. arx; Bur. arxa; Kalm. arx; Ord. arxa;
Dag. erkire- to feel sharp pain ( = WMong. arkira-) (. . 183);
Mongr. sgir- causer une douleur lancinante (SM 348).
KW 350. Mong. > Oyr. rqa, Kirgh. srqa- etc.
PTurk. *jara wound (): Tur. jara; Gag. jara; Az. jara; Turkm. jara;
Khal. jra; MTurk. jara (Pav. C.); Uzb. jara; Uygh. jara; Tat. jara; Kirgh.
ara; Kaz. ara; KBalk. ara, ara, zara; KKalp. ara; Kum. jara; Nogh. jara.
VEWT 189, 4, 139-140. Turk. > WMong. jara, Kalm. jar (KW 215,
1997, 123, TMN 4, 54-55). Usually regarded as derived from *jr- split (q. v. sub *prV),
which may be possible if Khalaj length is original; however, shortness in Turkm. jara, as
well as the probable connection with Mong. *sirka wound is contradicting it.

PJpn. *sr- to cut, shave (, ): OJpn. sor-; MJpn. sr-; Tok.

sr-; Kyo. sr-; Kag. sr-.
JLTT 756.

1518

*zsu - *zognV

The root has a general meaning cut in the Eastern area (TM and
Japanese), and a more specialized meaning - wound - in the
Turko-Mongolian area; it is not quite clear which one is more archaic.
-zsu disorder, devastation: Tung. *suse / *susu; Mong. *(h)us-; Turk.
*js; Jpn. *ss-; Kor. *ssk-.
PTung. *suse / *susu 1 disorder, mess 2 abandoned village (1 , 2 ): Neg. susu 2; Man. suse 1, susu
2; Ul. suse 1, susu 2; Ork. su 2; Nan. suse 1, susu 2; Orch. susu 2.
2, 131.
PMong. *(h)us- to disappear, perish (, ):
WMong. usta- 1 (L 887: usad-); Kh. usta-; Ord. usad- disparaitre pour de
bon, finir dexister.
PTurk. *js 1 loss, damage 2 shame (1 , 2 ): OTurk.
jas 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. jas 1 (MK); Chuv. *os ( > Mari ss Gedchtnisfeier, Hung. gysz, see Gombocz 1912); Yak. st 2, ss-tx (folkl.) enemy; Dolg. htnnar- to shame smb..
VEWT 191, 4, 150, EDT 973 (in modern languages hard to distinguish from
the borrowed Arab. yas despair, grief - but in Old Turkic no doubt genuine), Stachowski 100.

PJpn. *ss- to become wild, come into disorder (, ): OJpn. susa-b-; MJpn. ss-b-; Tok. ssam-; Kyo. ssm-;
Kag. susm-.
JLTT 759.
PKor. *ssk- to mix, mix up (): MKor. ssk-; Mod. sk:-.
Nam 302, KED 942.
Man. sasuqu cards, sasu- to shuffle ( 2, 67) probably < Kor.
Mong. *us- < *sus- through regular dissimilation (cf. *uba etc.).
-zognV sleeve: Tung. *sn; Turk. *jegn; Jpn. *sun-ti.
PTung. *sn clothes ( (), ): Evk. sn; Neg. sn;
Ork. s(n) ~ s(n); Sol. s.
2, 126. Tung. > Yak. suon.
PTurk. *jegn sleeve (): Karakh. je (MK, KB); Tur. jen; Gag. jen;
Az. jeng (dial.); Turkm. je; MTurk. je (Ettuhf., . .); Uzb. je;
Uygh. j; Krm. jeng, jeg, ji; Tat. in; Bashk. je; Kirgh. e; Kaz. e;
KBalk. e, ze; KKalp. e; Kum. je, jeg; Nogh. je; SUygh. ji, in;
Khak. n; Shr. ne, n; Oyr. j, e; Tv. e; Chuv. avn; Yak. siex;
Dolg. hiek, hien.
VEWT 197, TMN 4, 203, EDT 940, 4, 186, 2, 84, Stachowski 103.
PJpn. *sun-ti sleeve (): OJpn. swode; MJpn. sd; Tok. sde;
Kyo. sd; Kag. sde.

*zgtu - *zoa

1519

JLTT 529. Modern dialects point rather to *sunti, but the RJ form must be more
archaic. Note also OJ so cloth, dress - which is marked as so in JB, but in fact could have
also been swo (see Martin ibid.).
High tone in Jpn. is probably due to contraction (*sun-tai <
*sugan-tai, where -tai = *tai hand). If *zognV (with a rare -gn- cluster) <
*zonV-gV, the stem may be a derivation of *znu fist, hand q.v.
-zgtu thigh, shank: Tung. *sigdi-pu; Mong. *sei; Turk. *jo(g)ta.
PTung. *sigdi-pu metatarsus (): Ork. sigipu.
2, 77. Attested only in Orok, but having probable parallels in Turk. and
Mong.

PMong. *sei hip, thigh (): MMong. sui (MA 219);

WMong. segi(n) (L 684); Kh. s; Bur. he; Kalm. s; Ord. si;
Mog. ZM soui haunch (2-6b); Dag. seui (. . 163); Dong. iauie;
S.-Yugh. s; Mongr. si (SM 357).
KW 342, MGCD 615.
PTurk. *jo(g)ta 1 thigh, shank 2 body, stature (1 2 ,
): OTurk. jota (OUygh.) 1; Uzb. ta (dial.) 2; Uygh. jota 1; Kirgh.
ota 1; Kaz. ota 1; KKalp. ota 2; SUygh. jota, javta, jovta 1; Khak. oda 1;
Shr. oda 1; Oyr. jodo, odo 1; Tv. oda 1; Yak. soto 1.
VEWT 207, 4, 29-30, 282-283.
283. A Western isogloss.
-zoa to shine, blaze: Tung. *sul-n; Mong. *sologa; Turk. *j()-; Jpn.
*sas-; Kor. *sr-.
PTung. *sul-n flame (): Evk. suln.
2, 125. Attested only in Evk., but with probable external parallels.
PMong. *sologa rainbow (): MMong. soraxa (HY 2);
WMong. solua (L 726); Kh. solongo; Bur. holongo; Kalm. solg; Ord.
soloGo; Dag. slo dream, ring rainbow; Mongr. suloGo.
KW 330.
PTurk. *j()- 1 to blaze, flame 2 lightning (1 , 2
): OTurk. jau- 1, jan 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. jau- 1, jan 2 (MK);
MTurk. jan 2 (AH), jaq sun (R.); Uzb. jain 2; Tat. jen 2; Bashk.
jen 2; Kum. jan 2; Nogh. jasn 2; Khak. azn 2; Shr. an 2; Oyr. jan,
n 2; Chuv. i- 1, im 2.
EDT 977, 979, VEWT 192, 4, 149-150, 22-23. Turk. *jan > Mong.
jain lightning ( 1997, 123).

PJpn. *sas- to shine (): OJpn. sas-; MJpn. sas-; Tok. sas-.
Usually not distinguished from the homonymous *sas- to prick; to point, but attested with the meaning shine already in Nara OJ.

PKor. *sr- to burn, make a fire (, ):

MKor. sr-; Mod. sar-.
Nam 291, KED 873.

1520

*znu - *zko

The match is quite regular except for the somewhat unexpected

closed *-- in Turkic.
-znu fist, hand: Tung. *siantu; Kor. *sn.
PTung. *siantu fist (): Man. sinda-a- to clench fists; Ul. snt;
Ork. stt; Nan. santo, sant; Orch. santu, sntu; Ud. santu.
2, 69, 88.
PKor. *sn hand (): MKor. sn; Mod. son.
Nam 308, KED 985.
A Tung.-Kor. isogloss (but cf. notes to *zognV).
-zta ( ~ *zto) relative by marriage: Mong. *sadu-n; Turk. *jt; Jpn.
*stu.
PMong. *sadu-n relative by marriage; friend (; ):
MMong. sadun (HY 30), dm (IM); WMong. sadun (L 656); Kh. sadan;
Kalm. sadn; Ord. sadun.
KW 307.
PTurk. *jt foreign(er) (, ): OTurk. jat (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. jat (MK); Tur. jat (dial.); Az. jad; Turkm. jt; MTurk.
jat (Pav. C., AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jt; Uygh. jat; Krm. jat; Tat. jat; Bashk. jat;
Kirgh. at; Kaz. at; KKalp. at; Kum. jat; Nogh. jat; Khak. at; Oyr. jat,
at.
EDT 882, VEWT 192, 4, 158-159, 564. Turk. > WMong. ad, Kalm.
zad (KW 462, 1997, 123).

PJpn. *stu adopted parents, tutors ( , ): MJpn. st; Tok. sto; Kyo. st; Kag. st.
Mong. > Man. sadun et al. (see Doerfer MT 119, Rozycki 172) >
Kor. sadon ( not < Chin.!).
-zko to rot, ferment: Tung. *sk-; Mong. *sogsi-; Turk. *jog-urt-; Jpn.
*sk-.
PTung. *sk- 1 turbid, muddy 2 swamp (1 , 2
, ): Evk. siki 1; Evn. hq 1; Neg. sx 1; Nan. suku 2.
2, 80-81, 122.
PMong. *sogsi- to become sour (of curdled milk) ( (
)): WMong. ou- (MXTT 853); Kh. ogi-; Bur. ogo-.
PTurk. *jog-urt curdled, coagulated milk (,
): OTurk. jorot, jurut, jurut (OUygh.); Karakh. jurut, jourt
(MK); Tur. jourt, jourt; Gag. jrt; Az. jourt; Turkm. jourt; MTurk.
jaurt (Houts., AH); Uzb. urt (dial.); Kirgh. rat; KBalk. uwurt, uwurt, zuwurt; Kum. juwurt; Nogh. juwrt; SUygh. jourt, juurt; Yak.
suorat.
EDT 905, 4, 207-208. For semantic reasons derivation from *jogur- to knead
(TMN 4, 173) seems hardly plausible.

*zldu - *zupi

1521

PJpn. *sk- to make paper (out of soaked mash) ( (

)): OJpn. suk-; MJpn. suk-; Tok. sk-; Kyo. sk-;
Kag. sk-.
JLTT 758.
The Jpn. form can also reflect *sakV to ferment (q.v.).
-zldu root, vein: Tung. *suldu-; Mong. *slde-s; Turk. *jld.
PTung. *suldu- 1 to uproot 2 to tear (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. sullu- (suldu-) 1; Evn. hlraq- 1; Neg.
solol- 1; Nan. suld- 2.
2, 125. Cf. also Evk. Chmk. sulrus root.
PMong. *slde-s (bamboo) stem, stalk (() ):
WMong. sldes(n) (L 743); Kh. sldes.
PTurk. *jld root (): OTurk. jltz (OUygh.); Karakh. jldz
(MK); MTurk. iltz (Pav. C.); Uzb. ildiz; Uygh. iltiz; SUygh. jlds; Khak.
ilege (?); Yak. silis.
VEWT 201, EDT 922, 1, 350, 109.
264. A Western isogloss.
-za spine, nape: Tung. *suli-; Mong. *sili; Turk. *j; Jpn. *sasu.
PTung. *suli- 1 hump 2 back 3 mane 4 nape (1 2 3
4 ): Evk. suln 1, 2; Ul. suni 3; Ork. suli 4; Nan. sol, soloto,
soln 3; Orch. sli 3.
2, 70, 124.
PMong. *sili back of head, nape; mountain ridge (, ; ): WMong. sili (L 706); Kh. il; Bur. ele; Kalm. i;
Ord. ili(n), ile(n); Dag. l.
KW 356, MGCD 715. Mong. > Evk., Neg., Man. sil back of head, knife ( 2, 82;
Doerfer MT 124); > Oyr. ili.

PTurk. *j 1 mountain forest, thicket 2 spine (1 , 2

): OTurk. j 1 (Orkh.); Karakh. j high ground (MK); Tat. j 1;
Bashk. j 1; Kirgh. 1; KKalp. s 1; Khak. s 1; Oyr. 1; Yak. sis 1, 2;
Dolg. his 1, 2.
EDT 976, VEWT 202, 4, 44, 94-95, Stachowski 105.
PJpn. *sasu sticking edges of the roof beams (
): OJpn. sasu.
EAS 72.
-zupi a small hole; to pull through a hole: Tung. *sibe-; Mong. *sbe;
Turk. *jib; Kor. *sp-.
PTung. *sibe- to pull out, pick out, clean a pipe (, , ): Neg. sije-lge-; Man. sibi-; Ul. sie-sie-;
Ork. swe-; Nan. sije-si-.
2, 74, 80.

1522

*zodgV - *zli

PMong. *sbe hole, ear of needle (, ):

MMong. sube-s (pl.) (SH), sube (MA 205); WMong. sbe (L 741); Kh. sv;
Bur. hbe; Kalm. sw; Ord. swe; Mongr. sle- enfiler (SM 358).
KW 341.
PTurk. *jib 1 seam 2 to sew (1 2 ): Karakh. ji 1 (MK); Tur.
jiv 1; Az. jiv 1; Tat. j 1, j- 2; Bashk. jj 1, jj- 2; KKalp. jj 1; Chuv.
v- 2, v 1.
EDT 911, 4, 197-198, VEWT 202-203. On the derived *jib-sek ( > *jb-sek,
*jg-sek) thimble see 4, 257-258, Stachowski 117. Bulg. > Hung. sz- in szcz furrier, tailor (*jib-i), cf. MNyTESz 3, 810.

PKor. *sp- 1 to pick out, pluck out, draw 2 to be pulled out, fall out
(1 , , 2 , ):
MKor. sp- 1, spp-tt- (-r-) 2; Mod. p:-, p:op- 1, p:-i- 2.
Nam 242, 263, KED 709, 745, 805.
In Turk. *jib < *jb (secondary dissimilation). Korean has a usual
vowel reduction. Cf. also notes to *spi pipe.
-zodgV long hair: Tung. *su(g)da-; Mong. *suda-; Turk. *jogdu.
PTung. *su(g)da- temple; hair on the temples (;
): Man. sudan.
2, 119. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable Turkic and Mong. parallels.

PMong. *suda- thick fold of skin hanging from the throat of cattle,
dewlap (): WMong. sudai (L 734); Kh. sudai ().
Cf. also sodu(n), sudu (L 723, 734) quill feathers of a birds wing; long feather,
plume.

PTurk. *jogdu hair in camels beard (

, ..): Karakh. jodu, joru(j) (MK), odu (Oghuz.,
Kypch. MK); Kirgh. odor; Khak. odr; Shr. jodra tassel (.); Tv.
odur.
EDT 899, 270, Clark 1977, 165. Turk. > WMong. odur id.
A Western isogloss.
-zli sharp: Tung. *suli-; Mong. *slbe-; Turk. *jl-; Jpn. *suru-nt-.
PTung. *suli- to sharpen, sharp (, ): Evk. sul-; Evn.
hl-; Neg. sul-; Man. ulixun; Ul. suli-; Ork. suli-; Nan. suli-; Orch. sulu-;
Ud. sulu-.
2, 123.
PMong. *slbe- to prick, stick into (, ):
WMong. slbe- (MXTTT); Kh. slbe-.
PTurk. *jl- 1 to shave 2 to tear off, scrape off (1 2 ,
): Karakh. jli- 1 (MK); Tur. jl- 1, 2; Turkm. jl-me- 1;
MTurk. jl- 1 (Ettuhf.); Krm. l-, l-, ili- 1; Tat. jle- (dial.) 2; KBalk.
l- 1; Kum. jl- 1; Tv. l- 1; Yak. sl- 2; Dolg. hl- 2.

*znti - *zru

1523

EDT 919, VEWT 213, 4, 216 (confused with *jol- q.v. sub *lo), Stachowski
115.

PJpn. *suru-nt- sharp (): MJpn. srd, srd; Tok. surud-;

Kyo. srd-; Kag. surdo-.
JLTT 856. Original accent is not clear.
A good common Altaic root.
-znti a young animal: Tung. *sn-a- / *sn-da-; Mong. *snde-s;
Turk. *junt.
PTung. *sn-a- / *sn-da- young deer, deer calf (, ): Evk. sn; Evn. hnn; Neg. sna-n; Ork. sndo(n); Orch.
sooo(n).
2, 110-111.
PMong. *snde-s female elk ( ): WMong. sndes, sundasu (L 737); Kh. sndes.
PTurk. *junt horse, mare (, ): OTurk. junt (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. junt (MK); Tur. jont; MTurk. junt (Ettuhf.), junad
(AH); SUygh. jut, jot; Yak. sono-os young horse.
EDT 946, VEWT 211, 4, 253-254, TMN 4, 199-200. Despite Sinor 1965, 312,
hardly a borrowing from Samoyed.

A Western isogloss.
-zru hole, nest: Tung. *suru; Turk. *jr-tu; Jpn. *su.
PTung. *suru cave, lair (, ): Evk. suru; Evn. hr.
2, 130.
PTurk. *jrtu hole, needle hole ( ): Tur. igne
jurdusu ; MTurk. jurdu , , (Pav.
C.); Chuv. rda , ,
.
VEWT 211, EDT 958 (sub jurt), 208, 2, 98.
PJpn. *su nest (): OJpn. su; MJpn. s; Tok. s, s; Kyo. s;
Kag. s.
JLTT 531. Original accent is not quite clear.
Jpn. *su reflects a suffixed *zur(u)-gV. For Turkic cf. alternatively
Manchu urun hole, cave.


-a- eight: Tung. *a-pkun; Jpn. *da-.
PTung. *a-pkun eight (): Evk. apkun; Evn. apqn; Neg.
apkn; Man. aqun; SMan. aqun (2742); Jurch. a(h)kun (643); Ul.
aqpu(n); Ork. aqp(n); Nan. aqp; Orch. appu(n); Ud. akpu(n); Sol.
akk.
1, 251.
PJpn. *da- eight (): OJpn. ja-; MJpn. j-; Tok. ya-ts; Kyo.
y-ts; Kag. ya-ts.
JLTT 574. The accent, like in all numerals, is hard to reconstruct.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. perhaps (with dialectal *- > j-?) MKor.
j-t- eight.
-abda a k. of snake: Tung. *abdar; Jpn. *datua.
PTung. *abdar a big snake ( ): Evk. abdar; Evn.
abd; Neg. abdan, abdar; Man. aban; SMan. avi python (2272);
Ul. abda(n); Ork. dabda; Nan. ab; Orch. abda; Ud. abda; Sol. agd.
1, 239.
PJpn. *datua snake (): OJpn. jatwo-no-kami.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss. Cf. Turkm. juvdarx monster, k. of dragon
(contaminated with adaxa < Pers.?)
-d ( ~ *d) pond, pool: Mong. *ada-; Jpn. *dnt.
PMong. *ada- pond, pool (): WMong. adaai (L 1021); Kalm.
zad usn, zad usn freies Wasser (nicht im Teiche od. Brunnen);
Ord. adag.
KW 463. There is some confusion between this root and adaai open, unravelled,
probably secondary.

PJpn. *dnt backwater (): OJpn. jodo; MJpn. jd; Tok. yodo.
JLTT 575.
A Mong.-Jpn. isogloss. There may be, however, some traces in
Turkic as well: cf. Karakh. (MK, see EDT 891-892) ja suv water
spreading over the surface of the ground, closely paralleling, e.g.,
Khalkha adgaj usu pond, pool. Cf. also the old name of the Ural river,
PT *jadk, which is considered to be pre-Turkish (see EDT 981), but may
be genuine. The attributive usage both in Turkic and Mongolian makes

*dV - *li

1525

one wonder whether the root in fact is not a specialization of PA *dV

spread q.v.
-dV to spread, unravel: Mong. *ad-; Turk. *jd-.
PMong. *ad- to untie, unleash (, ):
WMong. adaji-, adula- (L 1021: adal-, adala-); Kh. adla-, adra-; Bur.
zadal-, zadar-; Kalm. zadl- to provoke, zadr- (); Ord. adara- se
rpandre (secret, nouvelle); Dag. adl-.
MGCD 422.
PTurk. *jd- to spread (, ): OTurk. jad(OUygh.); Karakh. ja- (MK); Tur. jaj-; Gag. jaj-; Az. jaj-; Turkm. jj-;
MTurk. jaj- (Pav. C., AH); Uzb. jj-; Uygh. jaj-; Krm. jaj-; Tat. jaj-; Bashk.
jj-; Kirgh. aj-; Kaz. aj-; KKalp. aj-; Kum. jaj-; Nogh. jaj-; Oyr. jaj-,
aj-; Tv. at-.
VEWT 177, 4, 76-77, 80, EDT 883-884.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Cf. perhaps Man. dadara- to spread;
yawn ( 1, 190; assimilation < *adara-?).
-akV ( ~ -) gravel, pebbles: Tung. *axar(a); Kor. *jk-.
PTung. *axar(a) gravel, pebbles (): Man. aara, aari; Nan.
aar.
1, 244.
PKor. *jk- 1 gravel, pebbles 2 mother of pearl (1 2 ): MKor. jki 2, jakai-tor 1; Mod. agal 1, ag 2.
Nam 419, KED 1372.
Lee 1958, 113. A Tung.-Kor. isogloss. Because of the MKor. form a
reconstruction *ajkV is also possible.
-li to ask, invite, lend: Mong. *ala-; Turk. *jl-; Jpn. *(d)r-.
PMong. *ala- to ask, invite (, ): WMong. ala(L 1029); Kh. ala-; Bur. zala-; Kalm. zala- (); Ord. ala-.
PTurk. *jl- 1 to ask, require 2 to hire, lease 3 price 4 servant 5 envoy 6 to be satisfied 7 to give satisfaction (1 , 2 3 , , 4 5 6 , 7 ): OTurk. jalvar-, jaln(OUygh.) 1, jalaba (Orkh., Yen.), jalava (OUygh.) 5, jal-t- 7 (OUygh.);
Karakh. jalvar- 1, jalava, jalavar 5 (MK); Tur. jalvar- 1, jalava 5; Gag.
jalvar- 1; Az. jalvar- 1; Turkm. jalbar-, jaln- 1, jllav 3, jl 4 (dial.);
MTurk. jalbar- 1 (MA), jaln- 1 (Abush.), jal (.) 3, jalava (AH) 5, jal6, 7 (Ettuhf., Pav. C.); Uzb. jlwar-, jalin- 1, jll- 2, jli- 6; Uygh.
jalb(r)-, jalvar-, jelin- 1, jali- 6; Krm. jalbar-, jalvar- 1, jal 3, jal- 6; Tat.
jalvar-, jaln- 1, jalla- 2, jal (.) 3; Bashk. jalbar-, jaln- 1, jals- 6; Kirgh.
albar-, aln- 1, al 3, al- 6; Kaz. albar-, aln- 1, al 3; KBalk. aln-,
zaln- 1, zal 3; KKalp. albar- 1, al 3, al- 6; Kum. jalbar-, jaln- 1; Nogh.

1526

*lo - *lo

jalbar-, jaln- 1; Khak. al 3; Oyr. jal, al 3, jalbar-, albar-, jaln-, aln- 1;

Tv. ala-, alwar-, aln- 1.
VEWT 181-183, EDT 920, 921, 922, 931, 4, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 102-103, 107; TMN
4, 108, 1997, 121 (Turk. jalbar- > Mong. albari-). The root is no doubt archaic, but
presents some problems: the deriving simple stem *jl is attested late, and there seems to
be no vowel length in the derivatives *jaln-, *jal-bar- (although this may be a later secondary shortening). The peculiar suffixation in jalbar-, jalaba, jalabar caused some authors
(see, e.g., Clauson in EDT) to suspect a loanword, but its source is unclear and the forms
may as well be genuine (as are certainly the forms *jl, *jaln-).

PJpn. *(d)r- 1 to lend 2 to answer 3 answer (1 2 ; 3 ): OJpn. iras- 1, irap- 2; MJpn. rs- 1, iraf- 2;
Tok. irae 3.
JLTT 698.
The root is not widely represented outside the Turko-Mongolian
area (only in Japanese), but the phonetic and semantic match appears
to be quite satisfactory.
-lo to fasten, bind, hang: Tung. *ala-n; Mong. *alga-; Turk. *jala-;
Jpn. *di; Kor. *r-.
PTung. *ala-n 1 joint 2 shoe straps 3 generation; world 4 plummet
(1 2 3 ; 4 ): Evk. alan
1, alaptun 2; Evn. aln 1, alpkr 2; Neg. alan 1, alaptin 4; Man.
ala(n) 1, 3; SMan. aln 1 (75); Jurch. a-la-an (848) 3; Ul. ala(n) 1, 3;
Ork. dala(n) 1, 3; Nan. al 1, 3; Orch. ala(n) 1, 3; Ud. ala(n) 1, 3.
1, 245-246. Man. > Nan. (Naikh.) jalo, jalon world ( 1, 340), Dag. alan
(. . 142).

PMong. *alga- to fasten, join (, ):

MMong. alqa- (SH); WMong. ala- (L 1030); Kh. alga-; Bur. zalga-;
Kalm. zal- (); Ord. alGa-; Dag. alga- (. . 142), aleg- (MD
175); Dong. ana-; Bao. al-; S.-Yugh. alGaab-; Mongr. irGa- (SM
92), alG-.
MGCD 427. Mong. > Turk. (late attested) jala- ( 4, 12-13).
PTurk. *jala- 1 sacred band 2 flag 3 tie, strap (1 ,
, (
) 2 , 3 , ): Turkm. jalow (dial.) 2;
MTurk. jalaw (. .) 2; Uzb. jalw 2; Uygh. ala (dial.) 3; Tat. jalaw
(dial.) 2, jala 3; Kirgh. alau 2; Kaz. alaw 2; KKalp. alaw 2; SUygh. ala
3; Khak. ala()ma 1, al 3; Shr. ala 3, alaba 1; Oyr. jalaa, alaa 3,
jalama, alama 1; Tv. al 3, alama 1; Yak. salama 1.
4, 99-100, VEWT 181. Turk. *jala-gu, *jala-ga and *jala-ma seem to be derived
from a common root, thus it is most probable that Mong. alama sacred strips and alaa
tassel, thick silk thread are borrowed from Turkic and not vice versa.

PJpn. *di handle (, ): OJpn. je; MJpn. ; Tok. ; Kyo.

; Kag. .

*lV - *ape

1527

JLTT 392.
PKor. *r- 1 to hang up, strangle 2 handle (1 , , 2 , ): MKor. r- 1, r, r, r 2;
Mod. ar- 1, aru 2.
Nam 412, 416, KED 1376.
Despite Doerfer MT 23, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong. Jpn.
*d- presupposes a suffixed *l(o)-gV, cf. Mong. al-ga-.
-lV saliva: Tung. *ali-; Mong. *al-gi- / *al-ka-; Turk. *jlga-.
PTung. *ali- 1 spittle, saliva 2 to wet with spittle, take into mouth
(1 2 , ): Evk. aliksa 1, alma- 2;
Evn. als 1; Neg. alsa 1, alma- 2; Ul. laqsa 1; Ork. lusqa 1; Nan.
loqsa 1; Orch. dileske, duluksa 1; Ud. aleh 1; Sol. aliki 1.
1, 246.
PMong. *al-gi- / *al-ka- 1 to swallow 2 phlegm (1 2 ): MMong. algi-, alki- (SH); WMong. algi- 1 (L 1031), alqa 2
(MXTTT); Kh. algi- 1, alxag 2; Bur. zalgi- 1, zalxag 2; Kalm. zag- 1
(); Ord. algi- 1; Dag. algi- (. . 142), ilehe- 1 (MD 178);
Dong. anqi-; Bao. al-; S.-Yugh. alG-; Mongr. argi- (SM 443), alga(Huzu).
MGCD 427.
PTurk. *jlga- to lick (): OTurk. jala- (Orkh., OUygh.);
Karakh. jala-, jalva- (MK); Tur. jala-; Gag. jala-; Az. jala-; Turkm. jla-;
Sal. jala-; Khal. jala-; MTurk. jala- (Pav. C., MA, AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jal-;
Uygh. jala-; Krm. jala-; Tat. jala-; Bashk. jala-; Kirgh. ala-; Kaz. ala-;
KKalp. ala-; Kum. jala-; Nogh. jala-; SUygh. jala-, jala-; Khak. ala-;
Shr. ala-; Oyr. jala-, ala-; Tv. la-; Chuv. ula- / vla; Yak. sal-;
Dolg. halan-.
VEWT 182, EDT 926-927, 4, 87-88 (with Turkm. jala-), 2, 132, Stachowski 94. The deriving stem can perhaps be found in Turkish, Gag., Az. jal food, mash
given to dogs, animals (see 4, 85); cf. also *jalgak ( 4, 90) dish for feeding
animals; *jalma- to lick ( 4, 95).

A Western isogloss (but cf. perhaps also Kor. ult:i throat). Cf.
also *tlu.
-ape a k. of tool: Tung. *ab-; Mong. *ebe, *eb-seg; Turk. *jib-.
PTung. *ab- 1 arrow for a cross-bow, bolt 2 anvil 3 hammer (1
() 2 3 ): Evn. bdaw 3; Ul.
abd(n) 1, ad 2; Nan. abdu 1.
1, 239, 240.
PMong. *ebe, *eb-seg 1 end of arrow 2 instrument, weapon, tool
(1 2 , ): MMong. ebele- to fight
with ebe weapons; ebsek 2 (SH), ebe 2 (HYt), emel axe (IM), ibsek
armour (MA 204); WMong. ebe 1, ebseg 2 (L 1042); Kh. ev 1, evseg 2;

1528

*ap - *pV

Bur. zebe 1, zebseg 2; Kalm. zer-zew, zewsg 2 (); Ord. iwe 1, ibseg 2;
S.-Yugh. emseg 2.
MGCD 440. Mong. > Chag. ebe, see TMN 1, 285-286, 1997, 204.
PTurk. *jib- 1 instrument, equipment 2 to provide, equip (1 , 2 , ): OTurk. jivig 1, jivit- 2
(OUygh.).
EDT 872, 875.
Menges 1951, 109. A Western isogloss. In Turkic *jb- would be
normally expected, but a shift > i after j- is rather common.
-ap to hold, connect: Tung. *apa-; Mong. *aa-; Turk. *jAp-; Jpn.
*dup-; Kor. *p-.
PTung. *apa- to catch, take hold (, ): Evk. awa-; Evn.
aw-; Neg. awa-; Man. afa-; SMan. af-, av- (1522, 1539); Jurch.
afa-biar (364); Ul. apa-; Ork. dapa-; Nan. apa-; Orch. awa-; Ud. awa-;
Sol. awa-.
1, 240-241.
PMong. *aa- to be separated at joints; to join at joints (
; ): WMong. aa- (L 1022); Kh. -;
Bur. zra- to break, scatter; Kalm. z- (); Ord. ra- se disjoindre.
PTurk. *jAp- to make, create, arrange (, , ): OTurk. jap- (OUygh.); Karakh. jap- (MK); Tur. jap-; Gag. jap-;
MTurk. jap- (Ettuhf.); Uygh. jap- (dial.); Tat. jap- (dial.).
EDT 870-871; 4, 126-127, where arguments are given in favour of separating
this verb from *jap- to cover.

PJpn. *dup- to tie, connect (, ): OJpn. jup-;

MJpn. jf-, jf-; Tok. y-; Kyo. y-; Kag. y-.
JLTT 789. Accent reconstruction is not quite certain: modern dialects point rather to
*dp- (although this may be due to contraction), while RJ has both jf- and jf-.

PKor. *p- to catch, take hold (, ): MKor. p-; Mod.

ap-.
Liu 645, KED 1397.
Poppe 28, EAS 64, Lee 1958, 113, Menges 1984, 266.
-pV crack, interstice: Tung. *apka; Mong. *ab; Turk. *jp.
PTung. *apka 1 shore 2 space, interval, crack 3 near (1 2
, 3 ): Evk. apka 1; Evn. apq 2; Neg. apka
2; Man. aqa- to make cracks, intervals; Ul. aqpa 3; Ork. daqpa / dapqa
2; Nan. aqpa 2, 3; Orch. appa 2, 3; Ud. akpa- to pile up; Sol. akka 1,
ikka 2.
1, 250-251.
PMong. *ab 1 crack 2 gap, interval 3 leisure 4 orner of the mouth
(1 2 , 3 4 ):
MMong. abusar (~ seni) midnight (HY 6), absar (MA) 1,2, aba

*apV(V) - *ra

1529

Felsspalte, abai(n) 4 (SH); WMong. ab 3, aba 1, absar 1, 2 (L 1018,

1019); Kh. av 3; avsar 1,2,3; av 4; Bur. zab 3; zabag 1, zabhar 2; Kalm.
zab; zawsr 1; Ord. awaG 1, absar 2, ab 3; Dag. abka 2; eb 4 (. .
141: abka, abi), abeke ajar, abede- be on time (MD 174); Dong. ava
1, 2; Bao. abte between; S.-Yugh. ab; absar 2; aw 4; Mongr. absar,
absar (SM 75, 441) 2.
KW 462, 468, MGCD 419, 420. Mong. > Kirgh. apsar etc. Cf. also *aa- to separate,
make room, *aag interval (KW 469, MGCD 417), MMong. aura between (SH). Cf.
also WMong. aji, ai, Kalm. z space, interval (KW 470, MGCD 424). A Mong. source is
probable for Nan. aor, Bik. awara, Ul. awl cross-road; place where rivers meet etc.
( 1, 241): cf. WMong. abila- to sit cross-legged (MGCD 420). Mong. > Man. abduto have leisure for (see Rozycki 117-118).

PTurk. *jp canal, ditch (): Turkm. jp; MTurk. jap (Pav. C.);
Uzb. jp; Kirgh. ap; Kaz. ap; KKalp. ap.
VEWT 187, 4, 129 (with suggestion of an Iranian source: Khwar. yb water).
1, 251, 293. A Western isogloss. For the semantics
in Turkic cf. the TM derivatives: *ap-ku afflux, influx ( 1, 251),
Man. ajfan place where rivers meet ( 1, 241); a foreign source for
*jp is, however, also not excluded.
-apV(V) wormwood: Mong. *uwl-; Turk. *jaban ( < *japan); Kor.
*jpi-.
PMong. *uwl- wormwood (): WMong. ultarana (L 1079
punk), uula (KW); Kh. uldargana; Kalm. zul, zl, zultrn.
KW 480.
PTurk. *jaban wormwood (): Karakh. japan, javan (MK);
Turkm. jovan; MTurk. jawan; Tv. apan.
4, 53-55, EDT 872.
PKor. *jpi- wormwood (): MKor. jpi-skor; Mod.
ebi-s:ok, ebi-k:ol.
Liu 655, KED 1464.
KW 480 - doubted by Doerfer in TMN 4, 223.
-ra good, favourable: Tung. *ari-n; Turk. *jara-; Jpn. *dr-; Kor. *ar.
PTung. *ari-n for, for the sake of (, ): Evk. arin; Man.
alin; Sol. r.
1, 253. -l- in Manchu is not quite clear.
PTurk. *jara- to be beneficial, useful, successful (,
, ): OTurk. jara- (OUygh.); Karakh. jara- (MK); Tur.
jara-; Gag. jara-; Az. jara-; Turkm. jara-; Sal. jara-; Khal. jara-; MTurk.
jara- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jara-; Uygh. jara-; Krm. jara-; Tat. jara-; Bashk. jara-;
Kirgh. ara-; Kaz. ara-; KBalk. zaras-; KKalp. ara-; Kum. jara-; Nogh.
jara-; SUygh. jara-; Khak. ara-; Shr. ara-; Oyr. jara-, ara-; Chuv. orato reconcile.

1530

*aa - *

EDT 956, VEWT 189, 4, 137-139, TMN 4, 56-57, 144, 2, 141. Turk.
caus. *jarat- > Hung. gyrt- to produce (Gombocz 1912).
PJpn. *dr- good, right (, ): OJpn. joro-si-;
MJpn. jr-si-; Tok. yroshi-, yorosh-; Kyo. yrsh-; Kag. yorshi-.
JLTT 845.
PKor. *ar well, favourably (, ): MKor. ar;
Mod. al.
Liu 644, KED 1392.
See PKE 24. Mong. aru- to use, employ may represent a merger
of this root with *ra send q. v. MMong. kerek araq needs - probably < Turk. (see 1997, 164). Jpn. *dr- instead of *dr- because
of bad compatibility between *a and * in OJ.
-aa back, buttocks: Tung. *aa-; Turk. *jAja.
PTung. *aa- to carry on back ( ): Man. aa-; SMan.
ai- (1606); Nan. aa-; Sol. i-.
1, 256. Sol. > Dag. i- (. . 143).
PTurk. *jAja 1 buttocks 2 thigh 3 waist (1 2 3 ): Karakh. jaja (MK) 1; Uzb. aja 1; Kirgh. aja 1; Kaz. aja 1; Khak.
aja 3; Tv. aj 2.
EDT 980, VEWT 179, 4, 12, 281.
5. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
-V a k. of fish: Tung. *aiki; Turk. *jjn.
PTung. *aiki a k. of fish ( ): Neg. an big pike; Man.
aigi, aixi ; Nan. a ; Orch. adigi name of a
fish; Ud. ouo sea goby.
1, 242, 254, 261.
PTurk. *jjn 1 sheat-fish 2 salmon (1 2 , ): Tur.
jajn 2; Turkm. jjn 1; MTurk. jajn 2 (AH); Tat. jen 1; Bashk. jjen 1;
Kirgh. ajn 1; Kaz. ajn 1; KKalp. ajn 1; Nogh. jajn 1; Chuv. ojn,
oin (dial.) 1.
VEWT 179, 4, 80-81, 178, 2, 129.
A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.
- to eat: Tung. *e-p-; Mong. *a- / *e-; Turk. *j-; Jpn. *da-pa-; Kor.
*-.
PTung. *e-p- to eat (): Evk. ep-, eb-; Evn. eb-, ep-; Neg. ep-;
Man. e-; SMan. e- (392); Jurch. e-fu (535); Ul. epuwu; Ork. deptu-;
Nan. eb-, ep-; Orch. epte-; Ud. o-, e-, epte-; Sol. eg-, eb-.
1, 279-280.
PMong. *a- / *e- 1 meal 2 to be hungry (1 , 2 ): WMong. oog 1 (L 1067: ou, o), em- 2; Kh. g 1; Bur.
g 1; Kalm. zg 1, zm- to be thirsty (); Ord. G; S.-Yugh. g 1.
MGCD 448.

*eb - *eb

1531

PTurk. *j- to eat (): OTurk. je- (OUygh.); Karakh. je-, j- (MK,
KB); Tur. je-; Gag. i-; Az. je-; Turkm. ij-; Sal. ji-; Khal. ji-; MTurk. je(Abush., Sangl.); Uzb. je-; Uygh. j-; Krm. je-; Tat. im food; Bashk. je-;
Kirgh. e-; Kaz. e-; KBalk. eje- (arch.); KKalp. e-; Kum. je-; Nogh. je-;
SUygh. ji-; Khak. e-; Shr. -; Oyr. e-; Tv. i-; Tof. i-; Chuv. i-; Yak.
sie-; Dolg. hie-.
VEWT 194, EDT 869-70, 1, 333-335, Stachowski 102.
PJpn. *dapa- hungry (): OJpn. japa-.
JLTT 844.
PKor. *- to eat (): MKor. -s-; Mod. si-, apsu-.
Nam 411, KED 1380, 1398.
EAS 65, Poppe 27, Lee 1958, 113, 35, 281, 13.
Mong. *oog meal; pleasure was alternatively compared (see KW 477)
with PT *juba- to enjoy; console (see 4, 240-241) - which is not
excluded, but does not weaken the rest of the etymology. The derived
form with a labial suffix must have already existed in PA (Kor. ap- =
*e-p- = PJ *da-pa-). The root (one of a number of common Altaic
monosyllabic roots) is quite valid, despite Doerfers (TMN 4, 193) critical attempts. .
-eb soft: Mong. *elen; Turk. *jaba; Jpn. *dapara-.
PMong. *elen soft, tender, weak (, , ):
MMong. ueelen (HY 54), oelen, oolen (SH), uulen (MA), len
(Lig.VMI); WMong. gelen (L 1074); Kh. ln; Bur. zle(n); Kalm. ln;
Ord. ln; Dag. eulen (. . 143 euln), eulen (MD 176); Dong.
olien; Bao. ula; S.-Yugh. len; Mongr. lon (SM 90), lon.
KW 115, MGCD 455. Despite objections in 186, a Mong. loanword is perhaps Evk. ulbe soft, fluffy etc. (see 1, 272).

PTurk. *jaba soft, mild; slow, quiet (, ; , ): OTurk. jaba (OUygh.); Karakh. java (MK); Tur. java; Gag.
java; Az. java; Turkm. juva; MTurk. java (AH, Ettuhf.); Uzb. jww,
juw; Uygh. java, juva, juga (dial.); Tat. juwa, jua; Bashk. jwa;
Kirgh. ; Kaz. uwas; KBalk. uwa; Kum. java, juva; Nogh. juwas;
Khak. abas; Shr. aba, oba; Oyr. obo; Tv. .
See VEWT 175, 4, 51-52, TMN 4, 207-208. Cf. also (with different suffixation)
Karakh. jav-l- to become soft, java (jer) warm, cosy place; Yak. samaa-n warm, favourable (of summer).

PJpn. *dapara- soft (): OJpn. japara-ka-; MJpn. jfr- / jfra-;

Tok. yawarka-; Kyo. ywrk-; Kag. yawarak-.
JLTT 575. Accent is not quite clear: RJ has a variation; the adjective seems to point
to low tone (and thus reconstructed in JLTT), but the noun *dapara (Tokyo ywara, Kyoto
ywr) presupposes rather *dpr (but Kagoshima here also has yawar < *d-).

A common derivative *eb-V is reflected in Turkic and Mongolian.

*ei - *ela

1532

-ei enclosure, market-place: Tung. *ee-n; Mong. *ije ( <

*i-ge); Jpn. *(d)t; Kor. *ji.
PTung. *ee-n boundary; border (; ): Man. een;
SMan. en (1033); Jurch. e-en (44).
1, 286. Cf. also Jurch. a-i-li tent (214).
PMong. *ije stable, cattle-shed (, ): WMong. ije (L
1082).
PJpn. *(d)t market (): OJpn. iti; MJpn. t; Tok. chi; Kyo. ch;
Kag. ich.
JLTT 428.
PKor. *ji shop, market-place (, ): MKor. ji; Mod.
a.
Nam 425, KED 1421.
Accent correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular.
-ja sharp point, arrow: Tung. *eje; Turk. *j(j); Jpn. *da.
PTung. *eje 1 sharp point, blade 2 sharp (1 , 2 ): Evk. eje 1; Evn. ej 1; Neg. eje 1; Man. ejen 1; Jurch. o-n-be (801)
2; Ul. eje 1; Ork. deje 1; Nan. eje 1; Orch. eje 1; Ud. (. 232), ie
1.
A derivative *eje-n is reflected (besides Man. ejen), in Evn. ejn, Neg. ejn sharp
edge, border, Nan. ei-ge needle. See 1, 282-3.

PTurk. *j(j) bow (): OTurk. ja (OUygh.); Karakh. ja (MK); Tur.

jaj; Gag. jaj, jaj; Az. jaj; Turkm. jj; MTurk. jaj (Ettuhf.), ja (Houts.);
Uzb. jj; Uygh. ja; Krm. jaj; Tat. jj, j; Bashk. jj, jan; Kirgh. aj, ;
Kaz. aj; KBalk. aja; KKalp. aj; Nogh. jaj; SUygh. ja arrow; Khak.
-ax; Shr. nan bow, jan-ak small bow; Oyr. arrow; Tv. a; Chuv.
u (in ok-u); Yak. s; Dolg. h, s.
VEWT 186, EDT 869, TMN 4, 121-122, 4, 75, 570, 2, 274,
Stachowski 99, 209.

PJpn. *da arrow (): OJpn. ja; MJpn. ja; Tok. j; Kyo. j; Kag. j.
JLTT 569. The root reveals some accent variations: RJ has both j and j; Kyoto and
Kagoshima point to *d (or *d), while Tokyo - to *d.

Poppe 27, JOAL 86, 153, 77. A derivative *j-nV- may

be also reflected in PT *jnu- (~-a-) to whet, sharpen, Mong. anu- id.
(if not < Turk.).
-ela to deceive: Tung. *ele- / *elu-; Mong. *ali-; Turk. *jAla.
PTung. *ele- / *elu- 1 lie, deceit 2 secret (1 , 2 ):
Evk. elum 2; Evn. elm 2; Neg. elum 2; Man. ele 1, endu 2; Ul. ele(n)
1; Ork. ele(n) 1, elum-; Nan. el 1.
1, 284.

*lu - *o

1533

PMong. *ali- to deceive (): WMong. ali- (L 1031: ali

trick, cunning); Kh. ali-; Bur. zaxaj lewd; Kalm. z cunningness,
zax cunning; Dag. elleg cunning.
KW 465, 470, MGCD 427. Mong. > Man. ali (see Doerfer MT 138, Rozycki 120),
Oyr. jalaqqai. There exists also a variant *eli- in elmeji-, ilmeji- be cunning etc. (see KW
472).

PTurk. *jAla 1 suspicion, false accusation 2 lie (1 , 2 ): OTurk. jala 1 (OUygh.), jalan 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. jala 1
(MK), jalan 2 (MK); Tur. jalan 2; Gag. jalan 2; Az. jalan 2; Turkm. jalan
1,2; Sal. jalan 2; MTurk. jalan 2 (AH), jalqan 2 (MA); Uzb. jln 2;
Uygh. jalan 2; Krm. jalan, jalan 2; Tat. jala 1, jalan 2; Bashk. jala 1,
jalan 2; Kirgh. ala 1, alan 2; Kaz. ala 1, alan 2; KBalk. alan, alan
2; KKalp. ala 1, alan 2; Kum. jalan 2; Nogh. jala 1, jalan 2; Oyr. jala,
ala 1.
VEWT 181, 183, EDT 918-919, 926, 4, 87, 91-92. Turk. > Mong. jala (KW 214).
A Western isogloss.
-lu a k. of fragrant grass: Tung. *el-; Turk. *jal-; Jpn. *dr.
PTung. *el- 1 name of a plant 2 juniper (1 . ( ) 2 ): Evk. ulkir,
ulke ( < *elu-ke?) 2; Man. elmin 1.
1, 273, 284.
PTurk. *jal- different grass names ( ):
Uzb. jalpiz mint; Kirgh. albz mint; Oyr. jal .
VEWT 183, TMN 4, 55.
PJpn. *dr lily (): OJpn. juri; MJpn. juri; Tok. yri; Kyo. yr;
Kag. yri.
JLTT 580.
The Turkic form can be alternatively compared with Evk. alikta
.
-o weak, quiet: Tung. *el-; Mong. *alka-; Turk. *j-; Jpn. *ds-.
PTung. *el- 1 to become quiet (of a sound), hidden 2 to miss (1 , ( ), 2 , ): Evk. eliw- 2; Evn. l- 1; Neg. eliw- 2; Nan. elu- 2.
1, 283, 284.
PMong. *alka- 1 to be lazy 2 lazy (1 2 ):
MMong. alixai (HY 37); WMong. alqa- 1 (L 1032); Kh. alxa- 1, alx 2;
Bur. zalx 2; Kalm. zalx 2; Ord. alx; Dag. alk 2 (. . 142),
alek 2 (MD 175).
KW 465, MGCD 429. Mong. > Bashk., Oyr. jalq- etc. (see 4, 14-15). Mong. has
also alira- to be lazy, rest, *ali > Bur. zali interval, pause (whence Tat., Kum. jal rest,
see 4, 85).

*m - *re

1534

PTurk. *j- be lazy, emaciated, weak, quiet ( , ; , , ): MTurk. jaq (adj.) (Pav. C.); Uzb.
jiq (adj.); Uygh. jeiq (adj.); Bashk. jaq (adj.); Kirgh. a-; Kaz. as-;
KKalp. as-; Khak. az (adj.); Oyr. ja- (R), aq (adj.); Tv. a-; Yak.
shj-.
VEWT 192, 4, 20-21, TMN 4, 173.
PJpn. *ds- quiet, easy (, ): OJpn. jasu-; MJpn.
jsu-; Tok. yas-; Kyo. ys-; Kag. yas-.
JLTT 844. Related are probably *js-si- gentle, easy and *js- to be emaciated,
although the accent variation is not clear.

Correspondences are regular, and the etymology appears quite

plausible.
-m a k. of weed or swamp plant: Tung. *emku; Mong. *amug;
Turk. *jam; Jpn. *dm(n)ki.
PTung. *emku swamp, a k. of swamp plant (, ): Evk. emku; Neg. eku; Ork. empu; Nan. eku; Ud.
empu (. 236).
1, 284-285.
PMong. *amug water weeds, sludge ( ):
WMong. amu, ama (L 1033); Kh. amag; Bur. zamag; Kalm. zamg;
Ord. amaG; Mongr. amburaG ail sauvage (SM 79).
KW 466.
PTurk. *jam 1 piece of dust 2 litter floating on the surface of water
(1 2 , ): Karakh. jam (MK) 1; Tv.
am 2.
VEWT 205.

PJpn. *dm(n)ki Artemisia, mugwort ( ): OJpn.

jom(w)ogi; MJpn. jmg; Tok. ymogi; Kyo. ymg; Kag. yomog.
JLTT 576.
Jpn. *dm- < *dm- because of the incompatibility of *a and * in
PJ.
-re ( ~ *ro, -a) armour, weapon: Mong. *er; Turk. *jar-; Jpn. *drp.
PMong. *er weapon (): MMong. er (SH, HYt); WMong. er
(L 1045); Kh. er; Bur. zer; Kalm. zer; Ord. ir.
KW 473.
PTurk. *jar- armour (, ): OTurk. jarq (Orkh.);
Karakh. jarq (MK); MTurk. jarq (AH).
EDT 962, VEWT 190, 4, 147. Modern languages widely reflect *jarak
weapon, armour (Kirgh. araq, Uygh. jaraq etc., see 4, 139). This seems to be a
contamination of the earlier attested *jarag readiness, opportunity (derived from *jarato be fit, suitable q. v. sub *ra; see EDT ibid.) and *jark armour.

PJpn. *drp armour, weapons (, ): OJpn. joropji;

MJpn. jrf; Tok. yroi; Kyo. yr; Kag. yori.

*ri - *ro

1535

JLTT 577.
An interesting common Altaic cultural term.
-ri to be annoyed, disgusted: Tung. *ri-; Mong. *irke-; Turk. *jr-;
Jpn. *(d)ira-.
PTung. *ri- to boast (): Ul. eru-; Ork. dr-; Nan. ri-;
Orch. eri-.
1, 285.
PMong. *irke- to hate, be disgusted (, ): Bur. erxe-.
Attested only in Buryat, but having quite probable external parallels.
PTurk. *jr- to hate (, ): OTurk. jer(OUygh.); Karakh. jer- (MK); Tur. jer-; Az. jer-; Turkm. r-; MTurk. jer(AH); Kirgh. eri-; Kaz. er-; KKalp. eri-; Oyr. jeri-; Yak. sir-.
EDT 955, 4, 193, VEWT 198. Yakut shows that the Turkm. length is secondary (r- = jir-).

PJpn. *(d)ira- to be nervous, angry (, ): MJpn.

ira-t-, ira-ra-; Tok. ira-dt-, ra-ira; Kyo. r-dt-, ra-ira; Kag. rdt-, ira-ra
/ ira-ir.
JLTT 698. The original tone is hard to establish, because the root is present only as a
reduplication or part of compound, and the RJ accentuation is not attested.

Phonetically the TM form is a very good match for the rest; the
meaning boast may be connected if we suppose a causative formation
(cause annoyance (e.g. by boasting) > boast.
-ro ( ~ -u) edge, row: Tung. *erin; Mong. *erge; Turk. *jr.
PTung. *erin edge (): Man. erin; Ul. erin; Nan. er.
1, 285.
PMong. *erge row, rank (, ): MMong. erge- rank, order (SH, HYt); WMong. erge (L 1045); Kh. ereg; Bur. zerge; Kalm. zerg
(); Ord. irge; Dag. erigi, (. . 143) erehe rank, degree (MD
176), erge, ereg; S.-Yugh. ere; Mongr. erge (SM 87).
KW 473, MGCD 441. Mong. > Oyr. jrg etc. ( 4, 25); Man. ergi etc., see TMN
1, 293, Doerfer MT 117, Rozycki 123.

PTurk. *jr precipice, steep bank (, ): Karakh.

jar (MK); Tur. jar; Gag. jar; Az. jar-Gan; Turkm. jr; MTurk. jar (Ettuhf.,
Pav. C.); Uzb. ar; Uygh. jar; Krm. jar; Tat. jar; Bashk. jar; Kirgh. ar;
Kaz. ar; Kum. jar; Nogh. jar; Khak. ar; Oyr. ar; Chuv. r; Yak. sr;
Dolg. hr.
EDT 953-954, VEWT 188-9, 4, 17-18, Stachowski 121.
A Western isogloss. In Turkic one could also compare *jar (*jaru)
side, but the word is attested late, restricted to the Kypchak area and
may be in fact a simplification of *jk side+ directional -ru (cf. especially length in Oyr. r); see 4, 145-146.

1536

*i - *g

-i ( ~ *a) to come: Tung. *i- ( ~ *di-); Mong. *id-k-; Turk. *jt-.

PTung. *i- ( ~ *di-) to come (): Man. i-; SMan. i(1172); Jurch. di-xexe-gi (678), di-hul (712); Ul. diwu; Nan. i-.
1, 255.
PMong. *id-k- to strive (, ): MMong. idku(MA 205); WMong. idk- (L 1049), dk-; Kh. tge-; Kalm. ztk-;
Ord. d-.
KW 484. Mong. > Kirgh. jtkn- erregt sein (KW 116).
PTurk. *jt- to reach (): OTurk. jet- (OUygh.); Karakh. jet(MK); Tur. jet-; Gag. jet-; Az. jet-i-; Turkm. jet-; Sal. jet-; MTurk. jet(Pav. C., . .), jt- (AH); Uzb. jet-; Uygh. jt-; Krm. jet-; Tat. it-;
Bashk. jet-; Kirgh. et-; Kaz. et-; KBalk. et-, zet-; KKalp. et-; Kum. jet-;
Nogh. jet-; SUygh. jet-, jit-; Khak. it-; Shr. et-; Oyr. jt-, et-; Tv. et-;
Chuv. it-; Yak. sit-; Dolg. hit-.
EDT 884-885, VEWT 199, 4, 193-194, Stachowski 105.
EAS 52, KW 484, SKE 32. A Western isogloss; Ramstedt compares
also Kor. -ti- (mod. -i-) to become, in which case the reconstruction
should be changed to *di.
-b house: Tung. *b; Mong. *uwka; Jpn. *(d)pi; Kor. *p.
PTung. *b house, dwelling (, ): Evk. ; Evn. ; Neg.
; Man. eofi 'round hovel thatched with straw or birch bark'; Ul. ();
Ork. d-q; Nan. ; Orch. u(g); Ud. ugdi; Sol. .
1, 266-7, 285. For final *-b cf. Evk. w-- to do housework. PT *b probably < *b; the archaic front vowel is preserved in the derivative *b-ma- to go to ones
home, to go visiting > Evk. m-, Evn. ma-, Oroch ma-, Nan. ma- etc. (see 1,
266-7, 257.).

PMong. *uwka stove, hearth (, ): WMong. uuqa (L 1081);

Kh. x; Bur. zxa; Kalm. zx; Ord. xa; Dong. owo, iw; S.-Yugh.
ouu; Mongr. xo, xo.
KW 482, MGCD 299, 460. Mong. > Leb., Kumd. joqq.
PJpn. *(d)pi house (): OJpn. ipje; MJpn. f; Tok. i; Kyo. ;
Kag. i.
JLTT 421.
PKor. *p house (): MKor. p; Mod. ip.
Liu 687, KED 1554.
Martin 234, 15, 69. Low tone in Kor. is irregular.
-g to hurry, run: Tung. *ig-; Mong. *ii-; Turk. *jgr-; Jpn. *dk-.
PTung. *ig- 1 running fast; race horse 2 to streak (1 , 2 ): Evk. iar 1; Evn. g- 2.
1, 255.
PMong. *ii- to run, gallop (, ): WMong. ii(XTTT); Kh. -ge-; Kalm. g- ().

*ma - *ipo

1537

PTurk. *jgr- to hurry, run (, ): OTurk. jgr(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jgr- (MK); Tur. jgr-, jjir- (dial.); Az.
jjr-; Turkm. jwr- (dial.), jgr-; Sal. jugur-, jkr- (); MTurk.
jgr- (Houts., MA, AH), jwr- (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jgir-, jugur-; Uygh.
g(r)-; Krm. juwur-, uwur-; Tat. jger-; Bashk. jger-; Kirgh. gr-;
Kaz. gir-; KKalp. gir-, uwr-; Nogh. juwr-; Khak. gr-; Shr.
gr-; Oyr. jgr-, gr-; Tv. gr-; Yak. sr-; Dolg. hr-.
EDT 914, VEWT 212, 4, 258, Stachowski 116.
PJpn. *dk- to go, walk (, ): OJpn. juk-; MJpn. jk-; Tok.
yk-, k-; Kyo. k-; Kag. k-.
Turk. *jgr- reveals an assimilatory labialization ( < *jigr-).
-ma dark, quiet: Mong. *im; Jpn. *dmi; Kor. *jmr-.
PMong. *im calmness, quietness (, ): WMong. im
(L 1056); Kh. im; Kalm. im (sic)
().
PJpn. *dmi darkness (): OJpn. jami; MJpn. jm; Tok. yam;
Kyo. ym; Kag. yam.
JLTT 573.
PKor. *jmr- to become dark (): MKor. jmr-; Mod.
mul-.
Nam 424, KED 1420.
Whitman 1985, 185, 219 (Kor.-Jpn.). Korean has a usual verbal low
tone.
-ipo perfume, fumes: Mong. *iar; Turk. *jpar; Jpn. *(d)impu-s-.
PMong. *iar strong perfume, musk ( , ):
MMong. ixar (HY 11); WMong. iar, aar (L 1023); Kh. ; Bur. zr;
Kalm. zr; Ord. r; Dag. r; S.-Yugh. r.
KW 469, MGCD 419. Mong. > Man. arin, Sol. r, see TMN 2, 3, Doerfer MT 136,
Rozycki 121.

PTurk. *jpar smell, perfume, musk (, , ):

OTurk. jpar (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jpar (MK); Tur. jpar (dial.); Sal.
juar, juar; MTurk. jpar (Houts.), ipar (AH), jbar (Pav. C.); Tat. jifar,
ufar; Bashk. jofar; Kirgh. par; Kaz. upar; KKalp. upar; Yak. sbar.
EDT 878-879, VEWT 201, 4, 284.
PJpn. *(d)impu- 1 to smoke, fume 2 to be smoky (1 , 2 ): MJpn. ibus- 1, ibur- 2; Tok. ibs- 1, ibr- 2; Kyo. bs1, br- 2; Kag. ibs- 1, ibr- 2.
JLTT 696. Original accent is not quite clear.
KW, 209, Poppe 47, 80, 123. Despite TMN 1, 3, not
a loan in Mong. from Turk.

1538

*ipu - *ie

-ipu evening, darkness: Tung. *ip-ku-; Jpn. *dupu.

PTung. *ip-ku- ( ~ --) to dusk (, ): Evn. ipku-;
Neg. ipku-, ipkil-.
1, 259.
PJpn. *dupu evening (): OJpn. jupu, jupu-pje; MJpn. jufu,
jufu-be; Tok. ybe.
JLTT 580. Original accent is not quite clear.
A Tung.-Jpn. isogloss.
-rV to split, slice: Tung. *-; Mong. *ir-; Turk. *jr-.
PTung. *- to cut off a slice, slice (, ):
Evk. -; Evn. i-; Neg. i piece of meat; Ul. -; Nan. laa small
piece; Orch. -; Ud. -.
1, 255.
PMong. *ir- 1 to cut lengthwise, slice 2 to split, hack (1
, 2 (), ()):
MMong. isu- 1 (MA 340); WMong. is- (L 1064) 1, irge- () 2;
Kh. se- 1, irge- 2; Bur. he-, zhe- 1, arxi 2; Kalm. zs- () 1; Ord.
s- 1; S.-Yugh. usu- 1.
MGCD 470. Mong. > Man. isu-. The form irge- shows that is- was originally a
denominative verb, from a noun *i-s < *ir-s.

PTurk. *jr- / *jr- 1 to split lengthwise 2 to break, tear (1 2 , ): Karakh. je/ir- 1 (MK); Tur. jir- 2
(dial.); Gag. jir- 2; Turkm. jir- 1, 2; MTurk. (MKypch.) jir- 1 (AH); Uzb.
jir- 1; Uygh. jir-, ir- 1; Tat. jr- 2; Bashk. jr- 2; Kirgh. r- 2; Kaz. r- 2;
KKalp. r- 2; Kum. jr- to dig through; Nogh. jr- 2; Khak. r- 1; Tv.
ir- 1; Yak. sr- 2.
VEWT 198, EDT 955, 4, 203-204.
A Western isogloss.
-ie metal; anvil: Tung. *irA; Turk. *jE.
PTung. *irA anvil (): Evk. ira; Neg. dij-n; Man. erin;
Ul. dere(n); Nan. ir; Orch. darasu, deresu; Ud. ile, le (. 233).
1, 259.
PTurk. *jE copper (): Karakh. jez (TT); Uzb. ez; Uygh. z;
Krm. jez; Tat. iz; Bashk. je; Kirgh. ez; Kaz. ez; KBalk. zez; KKalp. ez;
Kum. jez; Nogh. jez; SUygh. es; Khak. is; Shr. es; Oyr. jes, es; Tv. es.
EDT 982, VEWT 199, 4, 168-169, 404-405. Turk. > Mong. jez, es id.
(Clark 1980, 39, 1997, 123).

405. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss; phonetically satisfactory,

but not devoid of semantic problems (metal in PT vs. tool for working metal in PTM).

*aba - *jn

1539

-aba to call, request: Tung. *iab-; Mong. *aa-; Turk. *jab-; Jpn.
*du(m)p-.
PTung. *iab- to respond, answer (a call, request) ( (
)): Evk. w-; Evn. w-; Man. abu-; SMan. av-, avu- (1292); Ork.
darra-; Orch. -; Ud. ieu-.
1, 240.
PMong. *aa- to teach, show, demonstrate, appeal (, , ): MMong. aa- (HY 34, SH); WMong. ia- (L 1049);
Kh. -; Bur. z-; Kalm. z- (); Ord. -; Dag. - (. . 141, MD
174); Dong. a- (. .); Bao. a- to complain (. .); S.-Yugh.
-; Mongr. - (SM 75).
MGCD 419.
PTurk. *jab- in-between, matchmaker (): MTurk. jav (Pav.
C.); Uzb. aw (dial.), wi; Tat. jaw; Bashk. jaws; Kirgh. u; Kaz.
aw; KKalp. aw; Nogh. jaw; Oyr. , j.
VEWT 176, 4, 34. Turk. > WMong. abu(l)i, Khalkha id. (hardly vice
versa, despite Rona-Tas KM II 125-126).

PJpn. *du(m)p- to call (): OJpn. jwob-; MJpn. jb-; Tok. yb-;
Kyo. yb-; Kag. yb-.
JLTT 786.
Jpn. *du(m)p- < *ba-p- (with contraction).
-abo ( ~ *obe, -p-) a k. of fish (salmon): Tung. *obi; Mong. *ebee.
PTung. *obi a k. of fish (salmo lenoc) ( ()): Neg.
ojo; owlatkn a small taimen; Nan. o; Ud. iso, dial. aua.
1, 262. In Evk. and Manchu we have elbe(n) - obviously through contamination with yet another root, TM *el taimen ( 1, 284).

PMong. *ebee Salmo lenoc (Salmo lenoc): MMong. ebge (SH);

WMong. ebee (MXTTT); Kh. ev.
A Mong.-Tung. isogloss, but borrowing seems hardly feasible. Cf.
*djgi.
-jn to burn; ashes, tar: Tung. *ian-; Turk. *jan-, *jan-tr-; Jpn. *dn;
Kor. *i.
PTung. *ian- 1 to burn, blaze 2 to extinguish 3 to heat 4 torch 5
glowing coals (1 2 3 4 5 ,
): Evk. ne- 1; Man. jaGa 4; Ork. dandall- 2; Nan. jaGoa- 3; Ud.
aa 5.
1,249,342. A specific development of the initial *- in Manchu and Nanai is
probably conditioned by its position before the diphthong *ia.

PTurk. *jan-, *jan-tr- 1 to burn (itr.), blaze up 2 to burn (tr.) 3 to

kindle 4 to shine (1 , 2 3 4 ):
Karakh. jan- 1 (MK); Tur. jan- 1; Gag. jan- 1; Az. jan- 1, jandr- 2; Turkm.
jan- 1; MTurk. jan- 1 (Pav. C.); Uzb. jn- 1; Uygh. jan- 1 (dial.); Krm. jan-

1540

*aka - *k

1; Tat. jan- 1, jandr- 2; Bashk. jan- 1; Kirgh. an- 1; Kaz. an- 1; KBalk.
an- 1; KKalp. an- 1; Kum. jan- 1; Nogh. jan- 1, jandr- 2; Chuv. on- 1,
ondar- 2; Yak. san-dr- 4.
VEWT 184, EDT 942, 947-948, 2, 136, 4, 112, 362.
PJpn. *dn tar, pitch (, ): OJpn. jani; MJpn. jn; Tok.
yan; Kyo. yn; Kag. yan.
JLTT 573.
PKor. *i ashes (, ): MKor. i; Mod. .
Nam 418, KED 1409.
287. Medial *-j- accounts for loss of *-n- in Kor.
-aka order, rent: Tung. *iaka; Mong. *aki-; Turk. *jaka.
PTung. *iaka 1 coin, money 2 valuables, things (1 ,
2 , ): Evk. aka 2; Neg. axa 1, 2; Man. ia 1, aqa 2;
SMan. ih (1412) 1; Jurch. ie-xa (575) 1, a-xa 2; Ul. aqa 2; Ork. aqa,
aqqa 2; Nan. aqa 2; Orch. aka 2; Sol. aka 2.
1, 242, 243. Despite the doublet in Manchu, the forms meaning coin, money
and valuables are hard to separate. Most probably we are dealing with interdialectal
and interlingual loans: Manchu aqa thing(s) < Southern TM, while Manchu ia coin,
money (with a secondarily developed meaning) > Nan. a, Orok aa, Ul. a etc.
money. The original meaning (preserved, e.g., in Negidal) appears to have been
valuable things destined for dowry. Man. > Dag. iga coin.

PMong. *aki- to order (, ): WMong. aki(L 1028); Kh. axi-; Bur. zaxi-; Kalm. zak- (); Ord. ai-; Dag. eki(. . 142 aki-, 180 akir-); S.-Yugh. ak-; Mongr. Gn honnte,
loyal, en paix (SM 72).
MGCD 437.
PTurk. *jaka rent, lease (, ): OTurk. jaqa (OUygh.).
EDT 898.
A Western isogloss.
-k to pass, fit: Tung. *k- (*iak-); Mong. *oki-; Jpn. *dkr-.
PTung. *k- (*iak-) 1 fitting 2 to fit (1 , 2 ,
): Neg. k 1, k- 2; Ul. k 1; Ork. k, k 1; Nan. k 1.
1, 283. Long -- in all sources and the variation -- / -- in Orok point most
probably to PTM *-ia- (with the expected -- in modern languages confused with -- after
an affricate).

PMong. *oki- to pass, fit (, ): WMong.

oki- (L 1068); Kh. oxi-; Bur. zoxi-.
Mong. > Evk. oki- etc. (see 1, 262).
PJpn. *dkr- 1 to be related, connected 2 relation, connection (1
, 2 , ): MJpn. jukar- 1, jukari 2; Tok. ykari 2; Kyo. ykr 2; Kag. yukri 2.
Despite 283, the TM form has nothing to do with Mong.
bken only.

*ale - *ape

1541

-ale to burn, flash: Tung. *ild-; Mong. *ali; Turk. *jal-.

PTung. *ild- 1 to glance, be wide open (of eyes) 2 star 3 big-eyed (1
, 2 3 ): Evk. ildarn-,
ildarga- 1, (Kamn.) ildawk 2; Evn. ldak 3.
1, 257. The meaning star in the Kamn. dialect of Evenki is clearly secondary
( < flash), so the comparison with OT julduz proposed ibid. is impossible.

PMong. *ali flame (): WMong. ali (L 1031); Kh. a; Bur. zali;
Kalm. z.
KW 470.
PTurk. *jal- 1 to burn, blaze 2 flame (1 , 2 ):
OTurk. jal- 1 (OUygh.), jaln 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. jal- 1 (MK), jaln 2
(MK); Tur. jaln 2; Gag. jaln 2; Turkm. jaln 2; MTurk. jaln 2 (. .);
Uzb. jal 2 (dial.); Krm. jaln 2; Kirgh. aln 2; Kaz. aln 2; KKalp. aln
2; Kum. jaln 2; Nogh. jaln 2; SUygh. jaln 2; Khak. aln 2; Oyr. jaln,
aln 2; Tv. aln 2; Chuv. olm 2.
VEWT 181, EDT 918, 929, 4, 106-107, 23, 356-357, 363, 2,
133-134, TMN 4, 187. Cf. also Kypch. jalgavu frying pan ( 4, 13). Turk. *jaltr- to
flash, blazed ( 4, 94) > Mong. iltira- id.; *jaltrm ( 4, 281) lightning > Mong.
jildurum id. ( 1997, 121).

KW 470. A Western isogloss, but, despite 1997, 121-122,

hardly a loanword in Mong. < Turkic (final -i of the Mong. form is unexplained). The Turkic form, however, due to a merger of *- and *dcan also reflect PA *dli to roast, burn (q.v.); cf. especially Kypch. jalgavu frying pan ( 4, 13).
-ape bare, naked, saddleless: Tung. *ipu-n; Mong. *ajida; Turk.
*jptak.
PTung. *ipu-n fur coat (worn on bare body) (,
): Evk. ipun; Man. iba(n); SMan. if, iv fox fur coat
(225); Sol. iba.
1, 259.
PMong. *ajida saddleless (): WMong. ajida (L
1026); Kh. ajdan; Bur. zajdan; Kalm. zd; Ord. da.
KW 471. Modern Turkic forms like Kirgh. ajdaq saddleless are < Mong. (see KW
ibid., VEWT 179), despite some doubts in 4, 12.

PTurk. *jptak without saddle ( ): Karakh. jabtaq (MK);

Tur. japldaq (dial.); Gag. jalburdaq; Turkm. japbllaq; Uygh. jawdaq;
SUygh. jabtaq; Khak. abdax; Shr. abdaq; Oyr. abdaq; Tv. awdaq; Yak.
sbdax.
EDT 873, 4, 49-50.
271. A Western isogloss. Closed * in Turkic is not
quite clear (perhaps secondary vowel assimilation in Yak.?). Mong.
ubaa (L 1077) fur-lined, cloth garment with fur inside may be secondarily borrowed < TM.

1542

*aru(kV) - *k

-aru(kV) a k. of foliage tree, alder: Tung. *ugde-n; Turk. *jrk; Jpn.

*dunturi.
PTung. *ugde-n alder (): Evk. ugden; Evn. dke, ogdaka;
Neg. ugdn; Man. uqden, ekde a k. of tree; Ork. uegde; Orch.
ugde(n); Ud. ugde(n).
1, 269.
PTurk. *jrk 1 alder 2 cedar (1 2 ): Tat. jerek, jrek 1;
Bashk. jerek 1; KBalk. erk 1; Shr. jrgek 2; Oyr. jrk 2; Chuv. irk 1.
4, 206-207, VEWT 204, 130-131. Turk. > Hung. gyr maple.
PJpn. *dunturi Daphnyphyllum macropodum ( ( )): MJpn. juduri-fa; Tok. yuzur-ha; Kyo.
yzr-h; Kag. yuzur-ha.
The etymology is possible, though somewhat problematic.
Whether the Japanese Daphnyphyllum may be equated with the Turkic
and TM alder is a botanical question requiring additional clarification;
as for the equation of the Turkic and TM forms, it is possible if we assume PTM *ugde- < *urke, with the original velar suffix reinterpreted
as part of the root.
-ke ( ~ -k-) side, corner, direction: Tung. *uku-; Mong. *g; Turk.
*jk; Jpn. *dk.
PTung. *uku- 1 road 2 corner (1 2 ): Neg. oxon 2; Man.
uGun 1; SMan. ohn 1 (1244); Jurch. u-huj (57) 1; Ul. oqo(n) 2; Nan.
oq 2; Orch. oko(n) 2.
1, 262, 269 (words meaning direction are most probably Mongolisms, see
Rozycki 125).

PMong. *g side, direction (, ): MMong. uk

(SH), ug (MA), uk Ort (HYt); WMong. g (L 1082); Kh. g; Bur.
zg; Kalm. zg, zg; Ord. g; Mog. ug (Weiers); ZM ug (6-7b); Dag.
ug, ur (. . 145), uhe (MD 180); Bao. oG; S.-Yugh. og; Mongr.
roG, joG (SM 316), (MGCD oG).
KW 460, 483, MGCD 467.
PTurk. *jk side (): Turkm. jq (dial.); MTurk. jaq (R), jaq
(LOQ); Uzb. jq; Uygh. jaq; Tat. jaq, aq; Bashk. jaq; Kirgh. aq; Kaz. aq;
KKalp. aq; Kum. jaq (dial.); Nogh. jaq; SUygh. jaq.
VEWT 180, 4, 82.
PJpn. *dk side (): OJpn. joko; MJpn. jk; Tok. yko; Kyo.
yk; Kag. yko.
JLTT 576.
Martin 230 (Mong.-Tung.-Jpn.), 77, 291.
-k ice, cold, snow: Tung. *uke; Mong. *ike-n; Jpn. *dk.
PTung. *uke ice (): Evk. uke; Evn. k; Neg. uxe; Man. uxe;
SMan. ux, ux (2029); Jurch. u-xe (272); Ul. , ue; Ork. duwe, duke;

*lu - *

1543

Nan. uke; ogbor piece of ice on earth; Orch. uke; Ud. ugde (.
235), uge.
1, 260, 271. TM > Dag. uku (. . 145).
PMong. *ike-n cool, cold (): WMong. ikegn (L 1054);
Kh. ixn; Ord. in.
Mong. ikir- to shiver with cold > Oyr. jikir- id.
PJpn. *dk snow (): OJpn. jukji; MJpn. juki; Tok. yuk; Kyo. yk;
Kag. yki.
JLTT 579.
Murayama 1974, 177-78, Miller 1985b, 201, 1986, 46.
-lu river bed, stream: Tung. *ila-; Mong. *ilga; Turk. *jul.
PTung. *ila- swift (not freezing) river current, ice-hole (
() , ): Man. ilan, ulan.
1, 257.
PMong. *ilga river bed, ravine ( , ): MMong.
ilas (MA 372); WMong. ila (L 1055); Kh. alga; Bur. alga; Kalm. al
(); Dag. alag (. . 142); S.-Yugh. alGa.
MGCD 428. Mong. > Kirgh. la etc. (see VEWT 200, 4, 36-38).
PTurk. *jul stream, brook, fountain (, ): OTurk. jul
(OUygh.); Karakh. jul (MK); Sal. jul; Khak. ul; Oyr. jul; Chuv. l.
EDT 917-918, VEWT 209-210, 4, 244.
89. A Western isogloss.
-mu round: Tung. *em- ( ~ -ia-); Turk. *jum-.
PTung. *em- ( ~ -ia-) orbed, spheric (, ):
Evk. embeme; Neg. ege-.
1, 284.
PTurk. *jum- 1 round 2 ball of wool, thread (1 2 ):
Karakh. jumaq 2 (MK); Tur. jumak 2, jumru 1; Gag. jumaq 2; Az. jumru
1, jumaG 2; Turkm. jumaq 2, jumr 1; Sal. jumax 2; MTurk. jumru 1 (Pav.
C.), jumqaq 2 (MA); Uzb. jumalq 1; Uygh. jumlaq 1; Krm. jumaq 2; Tat.
jomr 1, jomaq 2; Bashk. jomoro 1, jomaq 2; Kirgh. umuru 1; Kaz. umaq
2; KKalp. umr 1, umaq 2; Kum. jummaq 2; Khak. nmax 2; Oyr. jumaq
2; Chuv. ma 2.
One of expressive common Turkic roots meaning round, spherical. See VEWT
210, EDT 871, 873, 877, 936, 937-8, 4, 246-247, 249-250. The root has also a variant
(expressive?) *jub-, see 4, 237-238, Stachowski 114.

An expressive and not quite reliable Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

- dream, echo: Tung. *i-; Mong. *e-; Turk. *ja; Jpn. *dmi
/ *dmi; Kor. *()-.
PTung. *i- to resound, echo; to imitate ( (); ): Evn. -.
1, 265. Attested only in Evn., with possible external parallels.

1544

*ra - *ra

PMong. *e- 1 dream 2 to talk in ones sleep (1 2

): MMong. euudun (HY 35) 1, dli- dream,
pollution 1 (IM); WMong. egde(n), egd(n) 1 (L 1043), egle- 2 (L
1044); Kh. den 1, le- 2; Bur. zde(n) 1; Kalm. zdn (); Ord. de 1;
Mog. wdla- (Ramstedt 1906) to dream; Dag. eud 1 (. . 143
eude 1, eule- 2), eude 1, eule 2 (MD 176); Dong. in 1; Bao. odo,
(. .) udo 1, odele- to have a dream; S.-Yugh. den 1; Mongr.
din (SM 94), dn 1.
MGCD 465.
PTurk. *ja 1 echo 2 sound, resound 3 to sound, pronounce (1 2
, 3 ): OTurk. jaqu 1 (OUygh.),
jara- (Orkh.) 3; Karakh. jaqu 1, jara- 3 (MK); Tur. jank 1; Turkm. ja
2, jara- 3; MTurk. jaqu 1 (AH); Uzb. jagra- 3; Tat. jara- 3; Bashk.
jara- 3; Kirgh. ar- 3; KKalp. ar- 3; Kum. janr- 3; Nogh. jara3; Oyr. au 1, ar- 3; Tv. a 1; Yak. saa 2; Dolg. haa 2.
EDT 949, 952, 4, 119, 122, 124, Stachowski 96. Turk. > WMong. ja melody
( 1997, 164).

PJpn. *dmi / *dmi dream (): OJpn. ime, dial. jumi;

MJpn. m, jume; Tok. yum; Kyo. ym; Kag. yum.
JLTT 579.
PKor. *()- to sleep (): MKor. a-, -s-, ap-so-; Mod. a-,
a-si-, umu-si-.
Nam 411, KED 1374, 1380, 1497. The modern honorific umu-si- is probably <
*awu-si- ~ *aup-si- = MKor. ap-so-.

Semantically a challenging etymology, with some mythological

connotations; nevertheless phonetically impeccable and seems quite
probable as a common Altaic root.
-ra ( ~ --) to send, to use: Tung. *ori-; Mong. *aru-; Jpn. *dr-; Kor.
*rh-.
PTung. *ori- 1 to take aim 2 to show (1 2 ): Man. ori- 1, 2; SMan. ori- to point to (1341); Ork. or- 1; Nan.
or- 1.
1, 265.
PMong. *aru- to send, employ (, ):
MMong. aru- (MA, SH, HYt); WMong. aru- (L 1038); Kh. ar-; Bur.
zara-; Kalm. zar-; Ord. aru-; Mog. ru- (Weiers); Dag. ara- (. .
142, MD 175), ar-; Dong. aru-; Bao. are-; S.-Yugh. ar-; Mongr. ari(SM 83).
KW 467, MGCD 432.
PJpn. *dr- 1 to send 2 to give (1 2 ): OJpn. jar- 1;
MJpn. jr- 1; Tok. yr- 1, 2; Kyo. yr- 1, 2; Kag. jr- 1.
JLTT 785.

*[]o - *oso

1545

PKor. *rh- to make ready, prepare (, ):

MKor. hr-; Mod. hari-.
Nam 447, KED 1563.
zawa 299-300, 297. Kor. h- reflects in this case a metathesis of aspiration (hri- < *r-hi-).
-[]o a big number: Tung. *ir-; Turk. *j; Jpn. *dr-; Kor. *jrh.
PTung. *ir- a very big number ( ): Man. iri,
irun.
1, 259, 260. Attested only in Manchu, with possible external parallels.
PTurk. *j hundred (): OTurk. jz (Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jz
(MK); Tur. jz; Gag. z; Az. jz; Turkm. jz; Sal. jz; Khal. jz; MTurk.
jz (MA, AH); Uzb. juz; Uygh. juz; Krm. jz, ju, jiz, iz; Tat. jz; Bashk.
j; Kirgh. z; Kaz. z; KBalk. z, zz; KKalp. z; Kum. jz, juz;
Nogh. jz; SUygh. juz, jz; Khak. s; Shr. s; Oyr. js, s; Tv. s;
Chuv. r; Yak. ss; Dolg. hs.
EDT 983, VEWT 213, 4, 260 (Turkm. jz), 574, Stachowski 117.
PJpn. *dr- ten thousand ( ): OJpn. joro-du; MJpn.
jr-du; Tok. yorozu.
JLTT 577.
PKor. *jrh ten (): MKor. jr (jrh-); Mod. jl.
Nam 376, KED 1178.
Whitman 1985, 129, 243 (Kor.-Jpn.). The root presents considerable difficulties, and the reconstruction is by no means certain. Phonetically: in PT one should expect rather *j; the Jpn.-Kor. tone does
not correspond to PT length; Kor. *j- is quite exceptional (a better match
for Kor. would be perhaps Mong. *je(r)-sn nine, *jeri-n ninety
(Ozawa 32-33 compares Mong. with Jpn., but initial *d- in Jpn. is an
unsurmountable obstacle ); in Kor. cf. also jrh a big quantity, number). Criticism see in TMN 4, 222. Still the Manchu-Jpn. match seems
plausible, and some irregularities could be explained by contaminations or tabooistic reasons.
-oso shape: Tung. *ese; Mong. *is; Turk. *josun; Jpn. *dsi.
PTung. *es custom (, ): Evk. es.
1, 286. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.
PMong. *is colour, shape (; , ): MMong.
isu(n) (SH); WMong. is(n) (L 1064); Kh. s(en); Bur. zhe(n); Kalm.
zsn; Ord. s; Dag. us (. . 145), use (MD 180); Mongr. us.
KW 484, MGCD 469. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. hn (see Ka. MEJ 48, Stachowski 91).
PTurk. *josun manner, custom, method (, , ):
Karakh. josun (KB); Az. josun (dial.); MTurk. josun (Abush., Pav. C.);
Uzb. jsin; Uygh. josun; Tat. josuq; Kirgh. oun; Kaz. osn, osaq (dial.);
Oyr. jozaq, jozoq, jozor; Tv. ozu (dial.).

1546

*to - *u

4, 31-32. Also reflected is a form *josuk, *josak. Clauson (EDT 975) and Doerfer (TMN 1, 555-557) follow Ramstedt KW 219 and regard the Turkic forms as borrowed
< Mong., which is somewhat dubious because of the peculiar phonology of Mong. josun
(words with *jo- are extremely rare in Mong.). PT *josuk (*josak) also strengthens the thesis about the Turkic origin of Mong. josun; Doerfers hypothesis that Tat. josuq, Oyr. jozaq
etc. reflect a contamination of *jasak and *josun is not very plausible (*jasak has usually a
quite different meaning impost, tax etc.), and there is also a completely unexplained (as
a Mongolism) form Oyr., Tel. jozor. All this makes us rather think of Turk. *josun > Mong.
*josun > Manchu joso, Evk. joso etc. ( 1, 347).
PJpn. *dsi reason, means (, ): OJpn. josi, josuka;
MJpn. js, josuka; Tok. yshi, yosuga; Kyo. ysh; Kag. yosh.
JLTT 577, 578. Accent correspondences are irregular.
A difficult word. On Turk. *josun and Mong. josun see above;
Mong. *is thus seems a better historical match for Turk. *josun. There
still remain, however, phonetic problems: in Mong. one would rather
expect *s- or *s-, not *is- (possibly we are dealing with a vocalic
metathesis *is- < *si-?); and Evk. es - although hardly a Mong.
loanword because of semantic difference - is also not quite regular (one
would expect *is-).
-to hunger, starvation: Mong. *de-; Turk. *jut; Jpn. *dtr-.
PMong. *de- to tire, starve (, , ):
WMong. dere- (L 1082); Kh. de-, dre-; Bur. zder-; Kalm. zd-,
zdr-; Ord. udek fatigue; Dag. udre- (. . 145); S.-Yugh. der-.
MGCD 466. Mong. > Oyr. jd- etc. ( 4, 35, VEWT 212, KW 483).
PTurk. *jut 1 bad weather, bad harvest 2 hunger, trouble (1
, 2 , ): OTurk. jut (Orkh.) 1; Karakh. jut
(MK) 1; MTurk. jut (Pav. C., AH, . .) 1; Uzb. jut 1; Uygh. ut, t
2; Bashk. jot 2; Kirgh. ut 2; Kaz. ut 2; KKalp. t 2; Kum. jut 1; Nogh.
jut 1, 2; SUygh. t lean, meagre; Khak. ut 1; Shr. ut 1; Oyr. jut, ut 1,
2; Tv. ut 2; Yak. sut 2.
EDT 883, VEWT 211-212, 4, 256-257. Turk. > Mong. *ud, *uta- (KW 481,
TMN 4, 210, 1997, 125).

PJpn. *dtr- to be exhausted, emaciated (, ): OJpn. jatura-; MJpn. jtr-; Tok. yatsur-; Kyo. ytsr-; Kag.
ytsr-.
JLTT 785.
A common derivative *to-rV is reflected in Mong. *de-re- and
Jpn. *dtr-.
-u thick, abundant: Tung. *ai- (~-ia-); Mong. *uaan; Turk.
*jogan; Jpn. *dtka-; Kor. *-.
PTung. *ai- (~-ia-) 1 to heap up 2 thicket (1 , 2 ): Man. ai- 1, aixi, auri 2.
1, 242. Attested only in Manchu, but having probable external parallels.

*b - *gi

1547

PMong. *uaan thick (): MMong. uaan (HY 54, SH),

aan (HY 22), un (IM), uan, un (MA); WMong. uaan (L
1081); Kh. un; Bur. zuzn; Kalm. zuzn; Ord. un; Mog. un
(Weiers); ZM on (18-3a); Dag. un (. . 145), uan (MD 180);
Dong. uan; Bao. ia; S.-Yugh. un; Mongr. uwn, un (SM 73).
KW 481-482, MGCD 461.
PTurk. *jogan thick (): OTurk. joan (Orkh.), joun
(OUygh.); Karakh. joun (MK); Tur. joun; Az. joun; Turkm. jon;
Khal. joun; MTurk. joan (MA); Uzb. jn; Uygh. joan big; Tat. juvan; Bashk. jwan; Kirgh. n; KKalp. uwan; Nogh. juvan; SUygh. jon,
joun; Khak. n; Shr. n; Oyr. jn, n; Tv. n; Tof. n; Yak. suon.
VEWT 205, EDT 904, 4, 208-209.
PJpn. *dt-ka abundant (): OJpn. jutake-; MJpn. jtk;
Tok. ytaka; Kyo. ytk; Kag. yutak.
JLTT 580.
PKor. *- be frequent, constant ( , ):
MKor. -; Mod. a-.
Nam 418, KED 1408.
VEWT 205 (Turk.-Mong.), 287. The Turkic form may
belong here if PT *jogan < *jojga-n. The Japanese form goes back to an
intermediate variant *ou-ka (with assimilative devoicing of *--).
Korean has a frequent verbal low tone.
-b sake, reason: Tung. *ubu ( ~ -g-); Mong. *j; Jpn. *dwi.
PTung. *ubu ( ~ -g-) for, for the sake of (, ): Evk. uu ~
uwu; Evn. uwu; Neg. uwu-d; Man. u-lefun.
1, 269.
PMong. *j thing, circumstance, reason (, ,
): MMong. ujil (HY); WMong. i (L 1083); Kh. j; Bur. zj;
Kalm. z; Ord. , .
KW 484.
PJpn. *dwi reason (): OJpn. juwe; MJpn. jw; Tok. yu;
Kyo. y; Kag. ye.
JLTT 579. Accent in Kyoto is irregular in Hirayama, but Martin (ibid.) cites it as
regular y.

Ozawa 160-161, JOAL 69.

-gi millet: Tung. *ija- / *ije- ( ~ -g-); Turk. *jgr-; Kor. *h.
PTung. *ija- / *ije- ( ~ -g-) 1 millet 2 porridge (1 2 ):
Neg. kta 1; Man. e 1; SMan. bel millet (Setaria italica) (286);
Jurch. che-(po-le); Nan. iekte 1; Orch. iekte, ekte 1; Ud. akta 1; Sol.
akta 2.
See 1, 244.

1548

*ul[u] - *lu

PTurk. *jgr- 1 millet 2 sorgho 3 corn, maize (1 2 3

): OTurk. jr (OUygh.) 1; Karakh. jgr, gr (MK), jr (KB)
1; Tat. gr 2; Kirgh. gr 2, 3; Kaz. geri 3; KBalk. geri 3; KKalp.
weri 2, 3; Tv. rgene a k. of buckwheat; Chuv. vir 1; Yak. re 1.
EDT 275, 458. Turk. > Mong. gr, Pers. uvr.
PKor. *h millet (): MKor. (h-); Mod. o.
Nam 427, KED 1468.
PKE 37, Lee 1958, 113, 11.
-ul[u] halter, rope for binding animals: Tung. *uli-; Mong. *ilua;
Turk. *jular.
PTung. *uli- chain (): Neg. ulixn; Ul. duli(n); Ork. dulie;
Nan. uli; Orch. ugg(n), uge(n) chain; rope for binding animals.
1, 272-273.
PMong. *ilua halter (, ): MMong. ilua (SH),
ol (IM); WMong. ilua (L 1055); Kh. ol; Bur. ol; Kalm. ol ();
Ord. il; Dag. il, il (. . 144), ol reins (MD 180); S.-Yugh.
ol.
MGCD 452. Mong. > Chag. ilau, ilua, Turkm. law etc., see TMN 1, 297,
1997, 205, 4, 41-42; Evk. ilua etc., see Poppe 1966, 190, 195, Doerfer MT 102,
Rozycki 126.

PTurk. *jular halter (): Karakh. jular (MK); Tur. jular;

Gag. jular; Sal. ulur; MTurk. jular (Pav. C., Houts.), jolar (AH); Oyr.
ular; Tv. ular; Yak. sular.
EDT 932, VEWT 210, 4, 244-245, 556.
KW 114, 557, Tekin 1981, 121-122. A Western isogloss.
Despite 1997, 125, Mong. cannot easily be explained as a Turk.
borrowing. Doerfer (TMN 1, 297) mentions Turk. *jular : Mong. *ilua,
but rejects without explanation.
-lu (~ -a) to slide; smooth, slippery: Tung. *ulV-; Mong. *il-; Turk.
*jl-.
PTung. *ulV- 1 smooth 2 naked (1 2 ): Evk. ul-kin
2; Evn. laqqan 2; Sol. ulu-brx 1, lx 2.
1, 272-273.
PMong. *il- smooth, level (, ): WMong. ilim,
ilum, (L 1055: ildam level); Kh. ildem; Bur. eleger; Kalm. ilm.
KW 110.
PTurk. *jl- 1 to creep 2 snake (1 2 ): OTurk. jlan 2
(Orkh., OUygh.); Karakh. jlan (MK) 2; Tur. jlan 2; Gag. jlan 2; Az. ilan
2; Turkm. jln 2; Sal. jiln 2; MTurk. jl- 1 (Vam.), jlan 2 (Pav. C.); Uzb.
il- 1, iln 2; Uygh. ilan 2; Krm. jlan 2; Tat. jl- 1, jlan 2; Bashk. jlan 2;
Kirgh. l- 1, lan 2; Kaz. lan 2; KBalk. lan 2; KKalp. lan 2; Kum.
jlan 2; Nogh. jlan 2; SUygh. jilan 2; Khak. l- 1, lan 2; Shr. lan 2; Oyr.

*ui - *utke

1549

l- 1; Tv. l- 1, lan 2, dial. ulan; Tof. l- 1, ulan 2; Chuv. len 2;

Yak. sl- 1.
VEWT 200, EDT 930-1, 4, 40-41, 277, 180. Turk. > MMong. (MA)
jilan (see 1997, 164). Mong. ilu-, ulu- roll away, move away may be related or
borrowed < Turk.

EAS 65-66, KW 110, 1, 272, VEWT 200 (but the Kor. form
ii-da, despite SKE 37, hardly belongs here), 285; hardly
justified is Doerfers criticism in TMN 4, 254-255. A Western isogloss.
For the Turk. forms meaning snake cf. alternatively TM *sulama /
*salama snake ( 2, 57) - if the latter is not borrowed from Russ.
dial. a mythical snake.
-ui to peel, skim off: Mong. *or-; Turk. *j-; Kor. *r- ( ~ -i-).
PMong. *or- to plane, shave off, peel (, , , ): MMong. uru- (MA); WMong. or- (L 1070); Kh. oro-;
Bur. zoro-; zorogodoho(n) shavings; Kalm. zor- (); Ord. or-; Mog.
ZM uru- to cut (22-5); Dag. orgo-, orgu- (. . 144); S.-Yugh.
r-; Mongr. ri- (SM 91), r-.
MGCD 454.
PTurk. *j- to peel off (skin), to skin ( ()): Karakh.
jz- (MK); Tur. jz-; Gag. jz-; Turkm. jz-.
EDT 984, 4, 261.
PKor. *r- ( ~ -i-) to skim off (as cream), cut off ( (
. .), ): Mod. ir-.
KED 1530.
SKE 36.
-utke a k. of berry: Tung. *ksi- / *kte; Mong. *edegene; Turk.
*jidgelek.
PTung. *ksi- / *kte 1 blue-berry 2 berry (1 ,
2 ): Evk. iksi 1, ikte 2; Neg. ikte 1; Man. duqsi 1; Ul. uste 1;
Ork. dusikte 1; Nan. usikte 1; Orch. ikte 1; Ud. ikte 1.
1, 256.
PMong. *edegene strawberry (): WMong. edegene; Kh.
edgene; Bur. zedegene 1, 2; Kalm. zedgn.
KW 471.
PTurk. *jidge, *jidge-lek 1 jujube 2 strawberry, berry (1 ,
2 , ): OTurk. jigde 1 (OUygh.); Karakh. jigde 1 (MK);
Tur. ijde 1; Az. ijd 1; Turkm. igde 1; MTurk. igde (Pav. C.) 1; Uzb. ijda 1;
Uygh. igd 1; Tat. ilk, jelk (dial.) 2; Bashk. jelk 2; Kirgh. ijde 1; Kaz.
ijde 1, idek 2; KBalk. ilek 2; KKalp. ijde 1; Kum. ijelek 2; Nogh. jelek 2;
Khak. istek, sestek 2; Oyr. ilek 2; Chuv. rla 2.

1550

*ob - *ke

EDT 911, VEWT 202, 1, 325-326, 122, 140. Turk. (Bulg.) > Hung.
szl grape (<*ile), see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 3, 794. Turk. *jigde > Mong. igde,
egde ( 1997, 123); but the TM forms are not borrowed, despite Doerfer MT 73.
10. A Western isogloss. Secondary delabialization in Mong.
(*edegene < *degene).
-ob ( ~ -u-, --) to cut, crush: Tung. *obga; Mong. *ou-; Jpn.
*dmp-r-.
PTung. *obga 1 harpoon 2 to cut, cut out (1 2 , ): Evk. ewge 1; Neg. obgo 1; Man. o-, - 2; Ul. oGbo 1; Ork. obbo
1; Nan. obGo 1; Orch. obbo 1; Ud. obo; ogbo 1 (. 233).
1, 260, 281.
PMong. *ou- 1 to insert 2 barb of a harpoon (1 2
): WMong. ou- 1, ou 2 (L 1067); Kh. - 1; Bur. z- 1.
PJpn. *dmp-r- to break, crush (): OJpn. jabur-; MJpn.
jbr-; Tok. yabr-; Kyo. ybr-; Kag. ybr-.
JLTT 784. Except Kyoto (pointing to *dmpr-), all dialects point to PJ *dmpr-.
One of the many Altaic Verba des Schlagens.
-k ( ~ -u-) to stop, abstain from: Tung. *uK-; Mong. *ogso-; Jpn.
*dk-.
PTung. *uK- to stop (): Evn. kr-.
1, 266. Attested only in Evn., but having plausible external parallels.
PMong. *ogso- to stand still, stop, finish (, ): WMong. oso- (L 1067: osu-); Kh. ogso-; Bur. zogso-;
Kalm. zoks-; Ord. oGso-.
Mong. > Kirgh. a- etc. ( 4, 34-35), see KW 475, VEWT 127.
PJpn. *dk- to refrain, abstain from (, ):
OJpn. joka-; MJpn. jk-; Tok. yok-; Kyo. yk-; Kag. yk-.
JLTT 786.
A good Mong.-TM-Jpn. parallel (although poorly attested in TM).
-ke ( ~ -k-) nearly, hardly: Tung. *uke; Mong. *ug / *g; Turk.
*jk; Jpn. *dku (?).
PTung. *uke 1 hardly, barely 2 simple, usual (1 , - 2
, ): Evk. upkk enough; Man. uken 1, 2, uki
enough; SMan. ukun on bad terms, bad (2507); Ul. uke(n) 1; Nan.
uk 1; Orch. ukke, uke 1; Ud. uke 1.
1, 272, 275. Man. > Dag. uken (. . 145).
PMong. *ug / *g in vain (): WMong. ug, g; (L 1083)
ger, gere; Kh. gr so-so; common; Kalm. zug, zg; Ord. g
however, but; gr ordinaire; sans rien faire.
KW 479.
PTurk. *jk is not, there is not (, ): OTurk. joq (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. joq (MK); Tur. jok; Gag. joq; Az. jox; Turkm. jq; Sal.

*p - *e

1551

jox; Khal. jq; MTurk. joq (Pav. C., AH); Uzb. jq; Uygh. joq; Krm. joq, jo;
Tat. juq; Bashk. juq; Kirgh. oq; Kaz. oq; KBalk. oq, oq, zox; KKalp. oq,
aq; Kum. joq; Nogh. joq; SUygh. joq, oq; Khak. ox; Shr. oq; Oyr. oq;
Tv. oq; Chuv. ok, oal-; Yak. suox; Dolg. huok.
EDT 895-896, VEWT 205, 4, 211-212, 333, 2, 129-130, Stachowski 112.

PJpn. *dku usually, nearly (, , ): OJpn. joku;

MJpn. joku; Tok. yoku.
The word is written differently, but the accent is unknown and it may be actually
an adverbial form of *d- good (v. sub *dge).

Basically a Western isogloss; the Japanese parallel is somewhat

ambiguous.
-p ( ~ -u-, -o) hollow under knee or neck, corner: Tung. *up(u)ku;
Mong. *obki; Jpn. *dpr.
PTung. *up(u)ku hollow under neck ( ): Evk.
upku; Neg. ipkun; Man. ofoo wedge, gore, denticle; Nan. upk otters breast; Ud. okpo breast bow.
1, 262, 266, 275.
PMong. *obki 1 corner of the eye; eyelid 2 corner, one of the four
intermediate points of the four directions (1 ; 2 ,
, ): WMong.
obki 1, obkis 2 (L 1066); Kh. ovxi 1, ovxis 2; Bur. zubxi 1; Kalm. zowk 1
(); Ord. obi 1.
PJpn. *dpr hollow under knee ( ): OJpn.
jop(w)oro-kub(w)o; MJpn. jfr.
JLTT 577.
An interesting term, basically anatomical, denoting a hollow or
angle in some body part (angle in the corner of the eye; angle / hollow
under the neck; angle / hollow under the knee). A common derivative
*p-kV is reflected in Mong. *ob-ki and PTM *up(u)-ku.
-e to quarrel, speak badly: Tung. *ua-; Mong. *ig; Turk. *jj;
Jpn. *dj-; Kor. *h-.
PTung. *ua- 1 to quarrel 2 niggling, peddling (1 , , 2 ( , )): Man. uu-ra2; Ul. a- 1; Nan. oa- 1; Orch. ua- 1; Ud. ua- 1.
1, 270-271.
PMong. *ig show, act, theatre (, ): WMong.
gi, (L 1073) ge, ige, ige; Kh. ig; Bur. zeg.
PTurk. *jj 1 cunning, lying 2 to defame, disgrace 3 troubles, noise
(1 , 2 , 3 , ):
Kirgh. oj 1; Khak. oj, j 1; Shr. j 1; Oyr. joj, oj 1; Chuv. oj 3; Yak.
sj- 2.

1552

*u - *uge

VEWT 205, 4, 210, 2, 129.

PJpn. *dj- to speak badly (of old persons without teeth) (
( )): OJpn. jojom-.
PKor. *- to bark (): MKor. -; Mod. it- [i-].
Nam 441, KED 1559.
14. An expressive reduplicated root, but no doubt archaic.
-u summer: Tung. *u-ga; Mong. *u-n.
PTung. *u-ga in summer, summer (, ): Evk. ua; Evn.
wn; Neg. oa; Man. uwari; SMan. uari (2727); Jurch. uha (268); Ul.
a; Ork. dwa; Nan. oa; Orch. uwa; Ud. ua; Sol. ga.
1, 268. TM > Russ. Siber. dugany spring and summer, see 194.
PMong. *u-n summer (): MMong. un (HY 5), n (IM), n
(LH); WMong. un (L 1079); Kh. un; Bur. zun; Kalm. zun; Ord. un;
S.-Yugh. un; Mongr. un (SM 73).
KW 480, MGCD 463.
Poppe 28, 101, Rozycki 128. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss; but despite
Doerfer MT 24, TM cannot be borrowed from Mong.
-gdV ( ~ -o-) to hit, strike: Tung. *ugd[u]-; Mong. *od-; Turk. *jod-.
PTung. *ugd[u]- to hit, push, kick (, , ):
Evk. ugd-; Neg. kte-; Man. oqa-; Nan. ugukule-.
1, 269.
PMong. *oda- to hit, strike, fight (, ): WMong. oda- (L
1066: odu-); Kh. odo-; Bur. zod(n) fray, tussle; Kalm. zod- (); Ord.
odo-.
PTurk. *jod- to destroy (, ): OTurk. jod(OUygh.); Karakh. jo- (MK); Turkm. joj-; MTurk. joj- (Houts.), juj(AH); Krm. oj-; Tat. uj-; Bashk. juj-; Kirgh. oj-; Kaz. oj-; KKalp. oj-;
Kum. joj-; Nogh. joj-; Shr. os-; Tv. ot-; Yak. sot- to wipe out; Dolg. hotto wipe out.
EDT 885, VEWT 204, 4, 210, Stachowski 109.
A Western isogloss.
-uge ( ~ -o-, -i) bee, wasp: Tung. *uge-; Mong. *geji.
PTung. *uge- wasp, bee (, ): Evk. uuk(te), uwuk(te),
uwun; Evn. ewt; Neg. ewekte, eekte; Nan. ew; Sol. kte.
1, 268.
PMong. *gej bee (): WMong. gei (L 1074); Kh. gij; Bur.
zg; Kalm. zg.
KW 477.
KW 477, Poppe 28, 58, 8. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss. Despite
Doerfer MT 47, TM is hardly borrowed from Mong.

*ugi - *jbe

1553

-ugi to carry (on the back): Tung. *ug-; Mong. *e-; Turk. *j-; Kor.
*-.
PTung. *ug- to carry, transport (, ):
Evk. u-; Evn. uu-; Neg. uu-; Man. uwe-; SMan. - (1239); Ork.
d-ri-; Orch. u-si-; Ud. -.
1, 269.
PMong. *e- to carry, transport (, ):
MMong. u- (MA), oe- / ue- (SH), ogeul- (HYt); WMong. gege-,
ge- (L 1074); Kh. -; Bur. z-; Kalm. z-; Ord. -; Dag. ug-, ug(. . 144); Dong. ue-, ue-, o-; Bao. -, o-; S.-Yugh. -; Mongr.
- (SM 89).
KW 479, MGCD 456, 466. The Dag. form may be a secondary loan from TM.
PTurk. *j- 1 load 2 to load, carry (1 , 2 ,
): OTurk. jk 1, j-d- 2 (OUygh.); Karakh. jk 1, j-- 2 (MK); Tur.
jk 1; Gag. k 1; Az. jk 1; Turkm. jk 1; MTurk. jk 1 (Houts., AH);
Uzb. juk 1; Uygh. jk 1; Krm. jk, juk, jik, ik 1; Tat. jk 1; Bashk. jk 1;
Kirgh. k 1; Kaz. k 1; KBalk. k, k, zk 1; Kum. jk, juk 1; Nogh.
jk 1; SUygh. jk 1; Khak. k 1; Shr. k 1; Oyr. jj- 2, jk, k 1; Tv. k
1, dr- 2; Chuv. k 1; Yak. sk- 2.
EDT 885, 910, VEWT 212, 4, 262-263, 520.
PKor. *- to carry on the back ( ): MKor. -; Mod. i-.
Liu 682, KED 1527.
EAS 65, KW 479, 197, SKE 31, Poppe 28, 111,
13. The comparison seems quite valid, despite doubts in TMN 4, 225.
Despite Poppe 1966, 191, Doerfer MT 24, Rozycki 128, TM is hardly <
Mong. Loss of *-g- in Turkic is probably explained by the fact that the
root is only used with suffixes (*jg(V)k > *jk, *jg(V)d > *jd-).
-jbe weak, bad: Tung. *oba-; Mong. *oba-; Turk. *jubka; Jpn.
*duw-; Kor. *ubr-.
PTung. *oba- to suffer, be poor (, ): Evk.
owo- / oo-; Evn. ow- / o-; Neg. obo-; Man. obo-; SMan. ov-, ovu(1944); Jurch. o-bo-hun (844) grief, sorrow; Ul. obo-; Ork. obbo-; Nan.
obo-; Orch. obo-; Ud. -; Sol. owo-, ogo-.
1, 260-261.
PMong. *oba- to suffer (): MMong. oubola worry, agony (HY 37), uba (IM), oba- (MA), oba-, ibtura- (SH), ibtura- to be
weak (HYt); WMong. oba- (L 1065); Kh. ovo-; Bur. zobo-; Kalm. zow-;
Ord. owo-; Dag. owo-, ogo- (. . 144), obe- (MD 179), obon
suffering; S.-Yugh. ld-; Mongr. oGlo douleur, souffrance (SM 89)
(MGCD oblo).
KW 476, MGCD 448, 449. Mong. > Oyr. jobo- etc. ( 4, 38-39); > Manchu obolon
(Rozycki 124).

1554

*mo - *rVko

PTurk. *jubka thin, slender, unsubstantial (): OTurk. juqa

(OUygh.), jujqa (Orkh.); Karakh. jupqa, juvqa (MK), juva (MK, KB); Tur.
jufka; Gag. jufqa, jfqa; Az. juxa; Turkm. jqa; Sal. joba; MTurk. jufqa
(AH), juqa (Ettuhf.); Uzb. jupqa; Uygh. jupqa, juqa, upqa, uqu; Krm.
juwa, jufqa; Tat. juqa; Bashk. joqa; Kirgh. upqa, uqa; Kaz. uqa; KBalk.
uqa; KKalp. qa; Kum. juqqa; Nogh. juqa; SUygh. juqa; Khak. ua; Shr.
oa; Oyr. uqa; Tv. ua; Tof. ua; Chuv. e.
VEWT 209, TMN 4, 211-212, EDT 874, 4, 241-242.
PJpn. *duw- weak (): OJpn. jwowa-; MJpn. jw-; Tok.
yow-; Kyo. yw-; Kag. yow-.
JLTT 845.
PKor. *ubr- to be hungry, famished ( , ): MKor. r-; Mod. ri-.
Nam 434, KED 1496.
77, Rozycki 124. Tungus forms may be borrowed from
Mong. (see Poppe 1966, 194, Doerfer MT 80). Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed, as in a number of other cases, to explain Mong. -b- (not
--) and Jpn. *-w- (not -p-); exceptional back vowel in Turkic may be
also due to dissimilation with the medial *-j-. In Turkic one has to suppose a semantic development thin < lean, weak (the latter meaning is
actually widely attested since the earliest texts).
-mo (?) to think of, remember: Tung. *m-; Mong. *imu-; Jpn.
*dm-.
PTung. *m- (/ *n-) to remember (): Evk. n-, m-kit-;
Evn. n-, man-; Neg. on-; Man. o-, ono-; Ul. omb-; Ork. dnd-;
Nan. mbo-; Orch. mbu-; Ud. oi-; Sol. n-, m-.
1, 264. Final *-n in some forms is unclear.
PMong. *imu- be deep in thoughts or in work ( , ): Kalm. um-.
KW 116.
PJpn. *dm- to recite; to count, to read ( ; ,
): OJpn. jom-; MJpn. jm-; Tok. jm-; Kyo. jm-; Kag. jm-.
JLTT 786.
The etymology is worth listing, but not devoid of problems: in
Mongolian we have only an isolated Kalmuck form, and the Tung.-Jpn.
equation is possible only if the variant *n- in TM is secondary.
-rVko courage, joy: Tung. *urga- / *urge-; Mong. *irga-; Jpn.
*drk-p-; Kor. *rkb- / *rkb-.
PTung. *urga- / *urge- 1 ethic, moral 2 honest 3 brave 4 justice (1
2 3 4 ): Evn. urri 3;
Man. urGan 4, urGanGa 2; SMan. urhan 4 (1041); Orch. ugge 1; Sol.
rgana 1.

*r(V)ke - *r(V)ke

1555

1, 277, 278.
PMong. *irga- 1 happiness 2 to enjoy (1 2 ):
MMong. irqala 1 (HY 37), irqa- 2 (SH, HYt); WMong. ira- (L 1059)
2; Kh. arga- 2; Bur. argal 1; Kalm. irl life; happiness; Ord. irGa2; Dag. arga- 2 (Tod. 142; MGCD irga-); S.-Yugh. arg- 2; Mongr.
irGa- 2.
KW 112, MGCD 433, TMN 1, 290. Mong. > Man. irga-, see Doerfer MT 117, Rozycki 124; > Khak. ra-, Kirgh. ra- etc. (VEWT 201-202, 4, 42-43).

PJpn. *drk-p- to be glad (): OJpn. joroko-b-; MJpn.

jrk-b-; Tok. yorokb-u; Kyo. yrkb-; Kag. yrkb-.
JLTT 787.
PKor. *rkb- / *rkb- to be glad (): MKor. rkp- /
rkp- (-w-); Mod. ilgp- (-w-).
Nam 439, KED 1520.
SKE 38; Poppe 1950, 572, Lee 1958, 113, Menges 1984, 266, 77; 5, Martin 231, Miller 1985, 150, 1985a, 83, JOAL 99,
Whitman 1985, 126, 276. The root is quite reliable, but not
completely regular, probably due to contractions and assimilations (not
quite clear is -i- in Mong. - on analogy with irke heart? - and voicing
of -k- in TM).
-r(V)ke ( ~ -u-) heart, inner organ: Mong. *irke ~ *rike; Turk.
*jrek; Jpn. *dks.
PMong. *irke ~ *rike heart (): MMong. urokan (HY),
iruge(n), uruge (SH), eorke (IM), urukn (MA) 1; WMong. irke(n) (L
1062); Kh. rx; Bur. zrxe(n); Kalm. zrkn; Ord. ree; Mog. rk;
Dag. urug, urgu (. . 145), urugu, urehe (MD 180); Dong. uGe
(MGCD u); Bao. irge; S.-Yugh. rgen; Mongr. erge (SM 87), irge 1.
KW 483-484, MGCD 469.
PTurk. *jrek heart; courage (): OTurk. jrek (Orkh.,
OUygh.); Karakh. jrek (MK, KB); Tur. jrek; Gag. jre; Az. rek;
Turkm. jrek; Sal. jyrx; Khal. jirek; MTurk. jrek (MA); Uzb. jurak;
Uygh. jrk; Krm. jrek; Tat. jrk; Bashk. jrek; Kirgh. rk; Kaz. rek;
KBalk. rek; KKalp. rek; Kum. jrek; Nogh. jrek; SUygh. jrek; Khak.
rek; Shr. rek (R., .); Oyr. rek; Tv. rek; Tof. rek; Chuv. re;
Yak. srex; Dolg. hrek.
VEWT 213, EDT 965, 4, 270-271, 324, 276, Stachowski 116.
Chuv. - is irregular: a contamination with r alive.

PJpn. *dks spleen (): MJpn. jks.

JLTT 576.
KW 483-484, 188, 282. One cannot exclude Mong. being borrowed from Turkic (see 1997, 126), but
there are no special reasons for that.

1556

*VbV - *VbV

-VbV to bite, grit teeth: Tung. *(n)-; Mong. *au-; Turk. *jubut-.
PTung. *(n)- to grit teeth ( ): Evk. n-; Man.
u(n)-.
1, 258. Manchu is hardly < Mong., despite Rozycki 127.
PMong. *au- to bite (): MMong. au- (SH), a- (IM);
WMong. au- (L 1024); Kh. -; Bur. z-; Kalm. z-; Ord. -; Mog. au(Weiers); Dag. au- (. . 143, MD 176); Dong. au-, ao-; Bao. u-;
S.-Yugh. -; Mongr. - (SM 94), (MGCD au-).
KW 482, MGCD 460.
PTurk. *jubut- to swallow (): Karakh. jut- (MK); Tur. jut(judum gulp); Gag. jut- (judum gulp); Az. ud-; Turkm. juvut-; MTurk.
jout- (CC); Uzb. jut-; Uygh. jut-; Krm. jut-; Tat. jot-; Bashk. jot-; Kirgh.
ut-; Kaz. ut-; KBalk. ut-; KKalp. ut-; Kum. jut-; Nogh. jut-; Oyr. ut-;
Chuv. t-.
4, 242-243, VEWT 212, EDT 885, 203. The Turkm. and Koman forms,
as well as reflexes of secondary length in Oghuz, point unmistakably to *-ubu-, contracted in other sources.

1, 258, 293. A Western isogloss. The vocalism is

hard to establish because of reduction in PTM.