2030

What is so important about

this year??
y 2030 "a whole series of events
come together":
The world's population will rise from
6bn to 8bn (33%)
Demand for food will increase by 50%
Demand for water will increase by
30%
Demand for energy will increase by
50%
ow is all of this
going to
managed?
WeIcome to..
The new Geography GCSE
y expectations
1. e respectful
2. Work to the best of your ability
3. Participate positively
4. Complete all set homework
ey points..
ulti tiered
3 units: 25% each
3 exams: 1 hr each.
2 controlled assessments: 10% & 15%
Topical and up to date.
You can do re-sits -:t onIy d:ring the finaI
exams period
Unit 1:
Managing
Places in the
21
st
Century
. The Coastal Environment
The Coast a multi-use area
Learning objectives:
1. To be able to give reasons why coastal
areas are increasing in popularity.
2. To be able to describe different activities
found in coastal areas.
Look at slides and then complete the
table.
What do you know about
coastlines? Why are they
so important?
What would you like to
know?
4 billion people worldwide live in
coastal areas
ey Questions
Why are coastal areas a valuable economic
and environmental resource?
ow have physical processes created the
coastal landforms that exist today?
Why are decisions made to manage coastal
areas?
ow can the management of coastal areas
be increasingly sustainable?
What is the
main economic
activity on this
coastIine?
Learning objective: To be able to explain why
coastal areas are increasing in popularity
Read pages 10-11 of text Q Geography
Complete activity 1
Case study: Southampton Water
Complete activities 2, 3, and 4
The Coast - a m:Iti-:se area
ow are our coastal areas a valuable
economic resource?
By the end of this Iesson yo: wiII:
be able to explain how the coast is an
important resource for economic
development.
be able to explain how Dubai in the United
rab Emirates has developed its coastline as
an economic resource
ow are our coastal areas a valuable
economic resource
Examples of how the coast offers
opportunities for business
development
Reason why they moved to coast
Factories
nternational hotels
// more to your list.
ble to import parts and export
finished products through a nearby
port
Take advantage of beautiful
beaches/scenery
ow are our coastal areas a valuable
economic resource?
By the end of this Iesson yo: wiII:
be able to explain how the coast is an
important resource for economic
development.
be able to explain how Dubai in the United
rab Emirates has developed its coastline as
an economic resource
:-,
Dubai facts
15 Facts a-o:t D:-ai
1. pproximately 80% of the residents in Dubai are
foreigners.
2. Dubai has a population of over 1.3 million people.
3. The Dubai Emirates all allows visitors to ski
indoors while they shop.
4. Dubai has been ruled by the l aktoum Dynasty
since 1833.
5. There are no street addresses in Dubai.
6. One of the fastest growing cities in the world is
Dubai
7. There are no personal or income taxes in Dubai.
Dubai facts
. When completed, the urj Dubai will become the tallest
building and tallest man-made structure in the world.
9. 1 in 5 people in Dubai purchase 5 pieces of gold jewellery
each year.
10. Dubai is building the worlds first man made islands, they
are called the Palm slands.
11. Dubai is located in United rab Emirates (UE).
12. The average annual precipitation in Dubai is only 13
centimetres
13. The currency in Dubai is the dirham (Dh).
14. The worlds largest horses can be found in Dubai.
15. Dubai has one of the highest per capita incomes in the
world.
urj Dubai Tower
ighest building in
World at 818 metres
Tallest building
in London just
over 200
metres
ow are our coastal areas a valuable
economic resource
Case St:dy - D:-ai: Now complete activities 2+3 on
p12/13 of text
Explain what the following terms mean:
a) Growth Pole
b) nfrastructure
NOW - Descri-e some of the pro-Iems that co:Id -e
ca:sed -y deveIoping a pIace Iike D:-ai.
What resources
have been
developed for
tourism?
ow are our coastal areas a valuable
economic resource
Case St:dy - D:-ai: Now complete activities 2+3 on
p12/13 of text
Explain what the following terms mean:
a) Growth Pole
b) nfrastructure
NOW - Descri-e some of the pro-Iems that co:Id -e
ca:sed -y deveIoping a pIace Iike D:-ai.
Costa Do Sauipe
Case Study:
$tu/lan/ Beach in Dorset conflicts and their
management
Case Study: Tourism in Fragile Environment in an
MEDC
$tu/lan/ Beach in Dorset
World heritage site and Site of Special Scientific nterest (
SSS).
Which? magazine has voted it the fourth top beach in the
U.
anaged by the National Trust.
Receives one million visitors a year.
s ritain's largest naturist beach.
On average 5,000 cars park on the peninsula each day in
July and ugust.
is looked after by 18 full-time beach staff, plus shop and
restaurant staff from pril to September
forms part of the Studland & Godlingston National Nature
Reserve.
See case study sheet for details on main
issues and how these are being managed.
What physical processes are
affecting this coastline?
ow physical processes
shape the coastline
eos1on
Weafhe1ng
Tanspofaf1on
0epos1f1on
The Coastal system.
Why are waves generally larger in the south west than
in the south east?
Wave energy depends on the
fetch, the strength of the
wind and the length of time
over which the wind has
blown.
n the U the prevailing wind direction varies
depending on which coastline you are on, this
in turn, affects the direction the waves come
from.
1etch the /istance over
which the win/ has blown
Why do waves break?
wavelength
the bottom of the wave touches the sand, slows
down and the top of the wave topples over
Why do waves break?
ackwash
Swash
Note: Backwash is always at right angles to the beach
Swash and backwash
Types of waves
Destructive Waves
Constructive Waves
backwash>swash
swash>backwash
ow physical processes shape the
coastline.
&se pp14-15 of text.
1. Waves:
a) What causes waves?
b) Why can a big 'fetch' result in big waves?
c) What does the term 'prevailing wind' mean?
d) Complete activity 1 on p15.
2.ow do erosion and weathering affect coastal
environments?
Complete activities 2,3 ,4 + the extension. (make
certain you know all 3 main types of erosion and
at least 2 types of weathering
ow do physicaI processes shape
the coastIine?
Learning o-ectives:
1. To be able to describe the characteristics
of constructive + destructive waves
2. To be able to explain how erosion and
weathering shape coastlines
3. To be able to explain how different types of
rock can influence coastal landforms
The force of waves
hitting a cliff (or sea
wall) compresses
water and air into
cracks and joints. This
can be equivalent to
30,000kg per square
metre.
This increase in
pressure may lead to
cracks widening and
pieces of rock
breaking off.
ydra:Iic Action
Corrasion (a-rasion)
Rock fragments may be picked
up by waves and thrown against
the rock face of cliffs by
subsequent waves.
The effectiveness of the
corrasion depends on the
strength of the wave, the nature
of its 'load' and the resistance
of the rock in the cliff face.
Corrasion is most effective at
the base of cliffs.
Notice how in the cliff in the
picture different layers are
being eroded at different rates.
Attrition
%ock fragments which have
become detached by
hydraulic action and
corrasion are worn down
into smaller and more
rounded pieces.
Currents and tidal
movements cause the
fragments to be swirled
around and to grind
against each other.
This type of erosion
produces pebble beaches S
sandy beaches over time.
The roundness is a sign of
attrition.
Weathering: Corrosion (soI:tion)
&alts and acids in sea
water can react with
rocks , slowly
dissolving them away.
The photo shows this
process on a cliff of
Portland limestone
which has been
chemically attacked by
carbonic acid and other
chemicals in sea water.
ow do physicaI processes
shape the coastIine?
ow do erosion and weathering
affect coastal environments?
Complete activities 2,3 ,4 + the
extension. (make certain you know
all 3 main types of erosion and at
least 2 types of weathering).
&se pp14-15 of text. CompIete
work started Iast Wednesday.
Attrition
aterial carried by the waves bump into each other and so are
smoothed and broken down into smaller particles.
A-rasion/Corrasion
This is the process by which the coast is worn down by material
carried by the waves. Waves throw these particles against the
rock, sometimes at high velocity.
ydra:Iic action
This process involves the force of water against the coast. The
waves enter cracks (faults) in the coastline and compress the air
within the crack. When the wave retreats, the air in the crack
expands quickly causing a minor explosion. This process is
repeated continuously.
ard and Soft Coastlines
Annotate yo:r pict:res:
Label the 'hard' and 'soft' coastline.
What is a 'hard' coastline?
What is a 'soft' coastline?
Which will be eroded most quickly? Explain why..
La-eI cliff face, cliff foot. Cliff top
Which part of the cliff is affected by sub-aerial
processes?
Which part of the cliff is affected by marine
processes?
What are the main Iandforms
associated with coastaI
erosion?
Dorset coastline
eadlands and bays
n example of headlands and bays on the
Dorset coastline.
chalk
clay
limestone
Swanage
ay
Why do we get headlands and bays?
Explain how headlands and bays form when the coast is made of
the same type of rock?
Joints / Faults
Wave attack picks out
weaknesses in the cliff
ydraulic action (compression of
air in cracks) & abrasion (pebbles
as ammunition) widen the
weaknesses
With time the weaknesses are
both widened & deepened
Why did the cliffs collapse?
Read article and answer questions
Cliff collapse in Wales
Cliffs
The waves attack the base of the cliff through the processes
of abrasion, corrosion, hydraulic action and attrition.
Over time the cliff will be undercut and a wave-c:t notch is
formed.
Eventually the cliff becomes unstable and collapses. Further
cliff retreat will form a wave-c:t pIatform.
Wave-cut platform
Why do hard rock cIiffs coIIapse?
Annotate yo:r diagram with answers to the
foIIowing q:estions:
Which part of the cliff is eroded by the sea? Name
some types of erosion.
ow does the wave-cut platform develop?
Why does the cliff become more and more unstable?
What other processes could weaken the cliff?
Why are these soft rock cliffs
collapsing?
Coasts\Soft cliff collapse.doc
What is this landform?
Cliff & Wave Cut Platform
Wave attack constantly erodes
the cliff base, creating a Wave
Cut Notch.
s the cliff is undercut, it
collapses, leaving rockfalls on
the beach below.
s the cliff retreats it leaves
behind a gently sloping platform
Wave Cut Platform
nimation of cliff retreat process and
formation of wave cut platform.
From http://www.rgs.ed:.sg/events/geotrp/cl11.html
Initial Profile
Erosion enlarges the
notch and causes its
roof to collapse, and a
cliff is formed.
As the cliff retreats
landwards, a flat
terrace at the foot of
the cliff is exposed ---
wave-cut platform.
Eroded materials may
be deposited to form
an offshore terrace.
Why are these soft rock cliffs
collapsing?
Soft cliff collapse.doc
What landforms are associated with
'hard' coastlines?
Today's activities:
1. What is wave refraction? explain on
sheet provided.
2. ow do caves, arches, stacks, and stumps
form? annotate diagrams.
3. Complete activity 3 on p17 of text.
parallel wave fronts
concentrated
wave energy
on headland
concentrated
wave energy
on headland
reduced wave
energy in
embayment
refracted
wave fronts
What is Wave %efraction?
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
1. The waves erode FA&LTS (cracks) in the headland.
2. The waves eventually erode through the headland to
form an ARC.
3. The arch becomes unsupported and collapses to
form a STACK.
4. ST&! is formed from the collapsed stack.
atch the image with the most appropriate label.
1 2 3 4
Joints / Faults
Wave attack picks out
weaknesses in the cliff
ydraulic action (compression of
air in cracks) & abrasion (pebbles
as ammunition) widen the
weaknesses
With time the weaknesses are
both widened & deepened
Cave
Weaknesses are
through time are
widened & deepened
dramatically
Cave & rch
n places the cave
retreat punches
through to the other
side of a headland &
creates a Natural
rch.
f these photos were taken of one headland over time,
which of these landforms would be the first to be
formed?
nnotate your diagrams to explain the formation of
Caves, arches, stacks and stumps
1
2
3
4
What landforms are associated with
'hard' coastlines?
Today's activities:
1. What is wave refraction? explain on
sheet provided.
2. ow do caves, arches, stacks, and stumps
form? annotate diagrams.
3. Complete activity 3 on p17 of text.
Give two ways in which the cliff collapse may affect the
owners of the property shown in the image
Cliff Erosion
Waves from the north sea hit the
base of cliffs causing material to
erode.
This is rapidly moved away by
longshore drift
This means that beaches are narrow,
providing less protection for cliffs.
Landforms created by coastal
deposition
#ead pp18-19 of text and then complete the following
activities:
1. Longshore drift explain, with the aid of a
diagram, what this is.
2. Annotate your photo with the foIIowing:
3. a) The direction of longshore drift.
b) An explanation of why the beach is wider on
one side of jetty.
c) The reasons why Watton cliff is collapsing at
a more rapid rate.
3. Explain the difference between a swash
aIigned and a drift aIigned beach.
!revailing
wind affects
wave
direction
Coastal processes transportation
Landforms created by coastal
deposition
#ead pp18-19 of text and then compIete the
foIIowing activities:
1. Longshore drift explain, with the aid of a
diagram, what this is.
2. Annotate your photo with the foIIowing:
a) The direction of longshore drift.
b) An explanation of why the beach is wider on one
side of jetty.
c) The reasons why Watton cliff is collapsing at a
more rapid rate.
3. Explain the difference between a swash aIigned
and a drift aIigned beach.
This movement of sediment along the
coastline is called Iongshore drift.
Direction of movement
swash
ackwash
Backwash is always at
right angles to the beach
Longshore drift
ermed beach
ow are spits and bars formed?
&se the information on p19.
Draw an outline sketch of urst Castle spit
Annotate this sketch to:
a) EXPLN how the spit has formed;
b) Explain why a salt marsh has developed behind
the spit;
c) Name some of the main features of this spit.
omework revise for test next Wednesday on work
done so far (see sheet for possible questions).
Depositional landforms
1) eaches
2) Spits
3) Tombolos and ars
Spit formation
The wind direction changes and moves the spit inland.
n storm conditions the spit may be breached.
Why doesn't the spit grow across the estuary to form a
bar?
The river's current stops deposition across the estuary.
Why is the spit curved?
Spit formation
rift aligned
rift aligned
f a spit joins the mainland to an island it is called a
tom-oIo.
This diagram show the tombolo Chesil each.
The mainland is joined
to the sle of Portland.
Tombolos and bars
Chesil each
sle of Portland
Chesil beach
f a spit joins one part of the mainland to another it is
called a -ar.
For example, there is a bar at Orford Ness in Devon.
Tombolos and bars
Pagham, West Sussex
Sketch and annotate this aerial photograph
using the words below.
atch the label to
the correct
landform
ow is the coastline managed in
England and Wales?
a) Which government organisation is responsible for
our coastline?
b) What is a sediment cell? Why is the coast of
England and Wales divided into 11?
c) What is a shoreline management plan (SP)?
d) Explain how an SP works using the coastal
management criteria on p20.
e) Explain the difference between 'hard' and 'soft'
engineering.
f) Complete activities 3,4, and extension on p21
Whut it going on in thete
two picturett
ow can coastal protection
decisions cause conflict? -
appisburgh in Norfolk
Why are the peopIe of appis-:rgh seIIing rocks and
stones on E-ay??
Learning o-ectives:
1. To be able to descri-e what changes are
happening to the coast at appisburgh, Norfolk
2. To be able to explain why these changes are
happening.
3. To be able to descri-e some of the methods
being used to protect this area.
4. To begin to :nderstand why decisions about
coastal protection can cause conflicts.
ow can coastal protection decisions cause
conflict? - appisburgh in Norfolk
Today's tasks:
1. Photograph starters.
2. Watch brief introductory video clip.
3. Descri-e where appis-:rgh is.
4. Descri-e the effects of the coastaI erosion on the
peopIe of appis-:rgh.
5. Draw an annotated diagram to show why the cIiffs are
sI:mping.
6. ExpIain why the rate of cIiff erosion has increased
d:ring the Iast 20 years.
7. Why do the peopIe of appis-:rgh feeI Iet down?
ctivities 3 to 7 must be completed on 3 writing
template)
Use 3 resource sheet + pp22-23 o1 text to help
you
ow can coastal protection decisions cause
conflict? - appisburgh in Norfolk
appisburgh
Sea Palling
C - ritain From bove -
Stories - Wild ritain -
Disappearing Village
appisburgh
appisburgh is a village of
some 850 people, sitting on
the Norfolk coast, 40 miles
north-east of Norwich.
n 1958 wooden revetments were built along the beach
in an effort to damp the force of the waves, reducing
the rate of erosion to a mere couple of inches a year.
When the revetments were worn away in the early
1990s, after 35 years of faithful service, the district
council removed them and began to speak of a
concrete sea wall. Funds, however, were not
forthcoming. Since then, there have been no
replacement revetments, and the council has grown
quiet on the subject of the sea wall. eanwhile the sea
has continued to lick slowly but steadily away at the
coast, like a child with an enormous lollipop.
Cliffs are made of a layer of
soft sand on top of a layer of
clay. Waves undercut foot of
the cliff. Rainwater infiltrates
into and saturates the sand.
The cliffs become unstable
and slump/slide down onto
the beach under the force of
gravity.
The people of
appisburgh are very
unhappy because
nearby villages like Sea
Palling have been given
large amounts to build
large scale sea
defences.
Jim Whiteside

Today's tasks:
5. What has -een done to protect
appis-:rgh?
nnotate your photograph with descriptions of
the main strategies.
6. Watch review fiIm.
7. appis-:rgh vs Sea !aIIing - What are
the confIicts?
Complete activities 2 + 4 + extension on p23
ow can coastal protection
decisions cause conflict?
hat has been done to manage the
coast at appisburgh?
nnotate your picture to explain what has been done
to protect the cliffs at appisburgh.
C - ritain From bove - Stories -
Wild ritain - Disappearing Village 2
ike Page
Today's tasks:
5. What has -een done to protect
appis-:rgh?
nnotate your photograph with descriptions of
the main strategies.
6. Watch review fiIm.
7. appis-:rgh vs Sea !aIIing - What are
the confIicts?
Complete activities 2 + 4 + extension on p23
ow can coastal protection
decisions cause conflict?
Coastal protection at appisburgh What are the issues?
What is a ShoreIine anagement
!Ian?
a large-scale assessment of the risks
associated with coastal processes
it helps reduce these risks to people and the
developed, historic and natural
environments.
Coastal processes include tidal patterns,
wave height, wave direction and the
movement of beach and seabed materials.
ow is the coastline managed in
England and Wales?
a) Which government organisation is responsible for
our coastline?
b) What is a sediment cell? Why is the coast of
England and Wales divided into 11?
c) What is a shoreline management plan (SP)?
d) Explain how an SP works using the coastal
management criteria on p20.
e) Explain the difference between 'hard' and 'soft'
engineering.
f) Complete activities 3,4, and extension on p21
Why is there a need to protect
coastal areas?
1. Why do coastlines need protecting
from natural forces? 2 mins to write
down as many things as possible.
2. Coastal management/defence
3. What are the main types of hard
coastal engineering? complete tasks
on sheet.
The options...
DO NOTNG!
Rip rap
Groynes
Stone revetment
Sea wall
Gabions
Further information on the schemes
wire box with rip rap
rip rap is simply
boulders/stones
the waves break on
the rip rap and not
on the coastline
Stone revetment acts as a
barrier to the waves.
Revetments can also
support sea walls.
What is hard coastaI engineering?
Task 1: &se p24 of text to
design an annotated A4
poster that expIains how
the foIIowing work:
a) Sea walls..
b) Rock armour
c) Revetments
d) Gabions
e) Offshore breakwater
f) Groynes
lso 2. Write a
definition of hard
engineering
ND 3. find out what
tetrapods are
4. Case St:dy:
ard Engineering at
Ventnor, IsIe of
Wight (p25)
Complete activities 1,
2, and 3
Case St:dy: Coastal Defence at
West ay in Dorset
The aim of this lesson is to focus on the hard
engineering of the coastline at West ay in
Dorset.
Case St:dy: Coastal Defence at West
ay in Dorset
ctivities:
1. Spot the difference. nnotate photos to show
every difference you can see.
2. ap annotation to show (:se info sheets):
a) $ha/e in sea, beach, lan/, coastal engineering.
b) The different types of hard and soft engineering
that is being put in place and an explanation of
how they will work.
c) n explanation of why coastal protection is
nee/e/ here. What are the problems? What
nee/s protecting?
d) ny other interesting details from info sheets.
e) n explanation of why some people might think
that har/ engineering metho/s are not very
environmentally frien/ly.
Some scientists predict that a warmer
climate will trigger more violent storms,
which will cause increased rates of
coastal erosion.
Beach repIenishment at !evensey
in East S:ssex
Read pp26-27
1. Explain why a beach is a good defence
against storm waves.
2. ow would the inland area at Pevensey
ay be affected if the sea broke through
the coastal defences? ( land is very flat)
3. Complete activities 3 + 4 on p27.
4. Describe other new techniques that have
been used to manage the beach.
anaging fragile coastal
environments
Why are some coastal environments under
threat?
1. CoastaI deveIopment
industry/housing/tourism.
2. !oII:tion sewage/industry.
3. CIimate change more stormy
weather/sea levels rising/sea temperatures
rising
Coral reef facts
Coral reefs are among the oldest ecosystems on
Earth.
Coral reefs are the largest living structure on the
planet.
lthough coral reefs cover less than 1% of the
Earth's surface, they are home to 25% of all marine
fish species.
500 million people rely on coral reefs for their food
and livelihoods.
Coral reef facts
Coral reefs form natural barriers that protect
nearby shorelines from the eroding forces of
the sea, thereby protecting coastal dwellings,
agricultural land and beaches.
t is estimated that coral reefs provide $375
billion per year around the world in goods
and services.
Coral reefs a fragile environment
1. What is an
ecosystem?
2. What are coral reefs?
3. Describe the
conditions they
develop in.
4. Use map on p29 to
explain why coral
reefs are under
threat.
5. Explain why coral
reefs are such
important
environments.
6. Why are coral reefs
described as 'fragile'?
St. Lucia The Soufriere
arine anagement
area
Read p29 of text
1. Where is St Lucia?
2. Give reasons why the
management area has
been set up.
3. Describe and explain
the methods being
used to protect the
coastal environment in
St Lucia.
Case St:dy: The New Forest
CoastIine
&se pp290 to 293 New Wi/er Worl/ to
complete the following :
An annotated sketch map of this stretch of
coast.
IncI:de: Physical features; physical
processes; economic use of area; problems
that need to be managed; any coastal
defence; + any other details you think are
relevant.
Today's Iesson
1. Review of fieIdtrip to ampshire coast whole
class mind map.
2. ow can the nat:raI environment -e :sed to
protect the coast from fIooding? work on salt
marsh creation.
3. What is managed retreat? - Case study of
Wallasea island in Essex.
4. ow are the press:res on coastaI zones
managed? will do some work on CZ plans
arton On Sea
Dorset/ampshire coast
ournemouth beach
ampshire coast defence
urst Castle Spit
each
recharge/nourishment at
urst Castle spit
Calshot Spit
Fawley Oil Refinery
Lymington
ow can the natural environment be
used to protect the coast from
flooding?
Today's Iesson
1. Review of fieIdtrip to ampshire coast whole
class mind map.
2. ow can the nat:raI environment -e :sed to
protect the coast from fIooding? work on salt
marsh creation.
3. What is managed retreat? - Case study of
Wallasea island in Essex.
4. ow are the press:res on coastaI zones
managed? will do some work on CZ plans
e1inition: a flat, mu//y coastal
wetlan/ foun/ on coasts with low
energy waves, with a cover of
salt-tolerant grasses that is
covere/ perio/ically by the ti/e
ow can the natural environment be
used to protect the coast from
flooding?
Read pp30.
1. Why are salt marshes good at protecting
coastlines from flooding?
2. Why have so many salt marshes been
drained in the U over the last 100 years?
3. Why is the U government keen to let salt
marshes develop again?
What is managed retreat?
1. Use an annotated diagram to explain
managed retreat.
2. Copy The pro-Iems:
Only suited to areas with low-lying, low-
grade agricultural land.
Potential opposition from landowners and
developers, even if compensation is
offered.
Case Study of managed retreat
allasea etlands Creation
Scheme, Essex.
P31 of text
Watch film
a) Describe where this scheme is.
b) Why was this a suitable place for a
managed retreat scheme?
c) Explain how the scheme was carried out.
d) Describe the advantages (successes) of
this scheme.
Case Study of managed retreat
allasea etlands Creation
Scheme, Essex.
P31 of text
Watch film
a) Describe where this scheme is.
b) Why was this a suitable place for a
managed retreat scheme?
c) Explain how the scheme was carried out.
d) Describe the advantages (successes) of
this scheme.
anaging the coastal zone
Pressures on the following coastline include..
What is an CZ?
P32-33 of text
What do the letters CZ stand for?
Why have many areas of the world
introduced CZ's?
What is the main aim of an CZ plan?
What is integrated management?
What is sustainable management?
New hoIiday homes
Golf courses in Spain
Why does the ed need
an CZ plan?
Case Study: anagement of the
editerranean coast
. List the reasons why the Me/iterranean is un/er
pressure.
2. Complete activities 1+2 on p33.
3. Describe the problems the Me/ is facing (see
bottom of p32).
4. Complete activity 3 on p33.
(Use graph paper)
5. What is the 'blue plan'?
6. Complete activity 4 on p33.
7. Explain the /ifference between integrate/ coastal
zone management an/ shoreline management.
What's the Connection?
,pe Town, So:th A1rc,
elsnk, Fnl,nd
t R,ner,
Oregon, USA
F,wley, Engl,nd
hrstch:rch,
New Ze,l,nd
,p:r, Ind,
S,mo,,
So:th
P,c1c
rgentina's Upsala Glacier was once the
biggest in South merica, but it is now
disappearing at a rate of 200 metres per
year.
The image on the left is from an 1859 etching of the Rhone
glacier in Valais, Switzerland, and shows ice filling the valley.
n 2001, the glacier had shrunk by some 2.5km, and its
'snout' had shifted about 450 metres higher up.
Some scientists predict that a warmer
climate will trigger more violent storms,
which will cause increased rates of
coastal erosion.
Tree-eating wood beetles are
likely to benefit from a warmer
climate and reproduce in
ever-increasing numbers.
What is the
cause?
ow wiII cIimate change affect
coastaI areas?
Learning o-ectives:
1. To be able to describe what the main
impacts of climate change (global warming)
will be on coastal areas.
2. To be able to explain what coastal areas
can do to reduce these impacts.
Climate change (caused by global
warming)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.
10 1900 1920 1940 1960 190 2000
Year

e
a
n

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
:
r
e

(

C
)
Recorded Worldwide Temperatures
Why is climate change
happening?
Short wave UV
radiation (mainly light)
ncoming light energy warms
the Earth which then emits
heat energy in the form of
long wave radiation.
Greenhouse
gases have
molecules
that can
absorb the
long wave
radiation
Some of the
energy is
reflected back
to space, some
back to Earth
making it
warmer.
The main
Greenhouse
gases are:
1. Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
2. ethane
3. Nitrous Oxide
(NO2)
ow many coal fired power stations
is China building each week?
TWO
t predicts the greatest rises in northern polar
regions, ndia, frica and parts of South merica.
The world heated up by about 0.6 degrees last
century, and the 1990s were the warmest decade on
record, the nternational Panel on Climate Change
(PCC) says.
t predicts the greatest rises in northern polar
regions, ndia, frica and parts of South merica.
Why wiII coastaI areas -e more :nder threat
-eca:se of cIimate change?
1. Rising sea IeveIs:
a) Thermal expansion of seawater
b) elting of glaciers and ice caps
2. Bigger and more powerf:I storm waves - why?
3. ore coastaI fIooding - why?
4. ore erosion - why?
5. Increased weathering of soft coastIines -eca:se of more
rainfaII.
6. Increased costs to protect coastIines from erosion and
fIooding.
Sea LeveI Rise: O-served vs. !roected
IntervaI ModeI Prediction Observed
mm/year
1993 - 2003 2.6 3.1
1961 - 2003 1.2 1.8
mm/year
Watch Video - An Inconvenient
tr:th
omework:
A4 poster
What is global warming/climate change?
What are the consequences of global
warming/climate change?
What are the effects of climate change on
coastlines?
a) Describe how climate change may affect
coastal areas?
b) Copy the information in the 'did you know'
box on p34.
ow can the effects be managed?
a) What is the Response project?
b) ow does it help the management of
coastal areas?
Case Study: ncona in taly
Complete activity 3 on p35
Odd one out
and why?
What about a more natural/softer
approach?
1) Coral reefs
2) anaged retreat
3) Leave natural barriers, i.e. leave coastal
mangroves and beaches alone
What is managed retreat?
Turn to page 30-31
Complete qs1, 2 & 3
Sea level rise and accelerated sea level rise (aslr) t is estimated that 21% of the world's population already live within 30 km of a shoreline. Coastal populations are also
growing more rapidly than global mean trends, including urbanisation and the development of many large coastal cities. t
the same time, global sea levels are rising and this rise is expected to accelerate significantly during this Century due to
anthropogenic global warming. These adverse trends raise questions about the possible impacts and human responses to
the likely changes from the sub-national to the global scale.
The terminology used is ASLR: AcceIerated Sea IeveI rise. little like the use of the 'enhanced' Greenhouse effect. This
would be a useful thing to mention in any exam answers on this issue.
!rimary impacts of ASLR
Even small increases in sea-level rise could cause major primary impacts on the world's coastal zones in terms of:
ncreased erosion
nundation and displacement of coastal wetlands and other coastal lowlands,
ncreased risk of flooding and storm damage
Salinisation of surface and ground waters
Secondary impacts of ASLR
mpacts on livelihoods and human healthDirect threats to human life (via inundation, storm surge damages) Threats to
food production capacity including decline in irrigation water quality, decline in coastal crop yields, and
degradation/disappearance of crucial ecosystems such as mangroves, corral reefs and coastal lagoons which act world-
wide as fish and shell fish nurseries. Decline in health/living standards as a result of decline in drinking water quality,
threat to housing quality, associated increasing health hazards linked to relocation, and spreading of disease vectors.
!ossi-Ie dispIacement of v:Inera-Ie pop:Iations Relocation of impacted populations and associated political,
economical, institutional, and cultural stress of both the displaced population and the host countries.
Impacts on infrastr:ct:re and economic activity Decline in land and housing property values
Threats to major infrastructure (including strategic harbours, coastal roads, railways, health and school buildings) Threats
to major coastal industry and services (including oil/petrochemical plants and tourism) Diversion of resources to adaptation
responses to sea-level rise impacts ncreasing protection costs which may not be affordable to certain developing
countries unless substantial aid is obtained. ncreasing insurance premiums Political and institutional instability, and social
unrest Threats to particular cultures and ways of life (e.g. in specific environments such as atolls where retreat to higher
inland areas is not feasible
Geographical skills
What will be the impacts of global
warming?
h
Revision clips
eachy ead collapse
Groyne fields - ournemouth
Protecting coast at ournemouth
Costs of coastal protection
Sea defences inehead
anaged retreat
Label the map... Use tlas
Co:ntdown to exam Thursday 21
January (morning)
7 lessons
16 days
Today
ake certain yo: have:
a) What to revise sheets;
b) ey words sheets
c) First part of revision questions (this is what
you will work through today)
d) Test next Tuesday on everything.
3. Do picture clues for some of the words. E.g.
Today's Iesson
Wave-cut platform
Coasts 2
= 78%
= 68%
= 60%
C = 50%
D = 38%
E = 29%