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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
Chapter 5 Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory
Checkpoint (p.143)
1. As the nails become denser, the total contact area A between the nails and the
man increases. According to
A
F
p , the pressure P exerted on the man deceases
and less pain would be felt.
2. Mary is correct but Jenny is not. If we know the pressure, all we can deduce from
the definition of pressure
A
F
p is the force per unit area.
Exercise (p.144)
1. D
2. Applying
A
F
p , the pressure exerted by the tip
Pa 10 18 . 3
) 001 . 0 (
10
6
2

3. (a) Outward. When you climb up, the atmospheric pressure in the surroundings
drops but the pressure inside your body remains unchanged. Hence the
eardrum is pushed outward by the larger inner pressure.
(b) Inward. When you climb down, the atmospheric pressure in the
surroundings rises but the pressure inside your body remains unchanged.
Hence the eardrum is pushed inward by the larger outer pressure.
4. (a) Applying
A
F
p , the maximum weight that can be lifted
( )
N 100
005 . 0 10 80 10 100
3 3

A p
(b) (1) Increase the glass area covered by the cup.
(2) Use a more powerful vacuum pump to decrease the pressure inside the
cup to a value lower than 80 kPa.
(Any reasonable answers. )
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5. Assuming that the force is distributed evenly among the four legs and applying
A
F
p , the pressure exerted on the floor by each leg
Pa 10 39 . 1
) 02 . 0 (
) 250 450 (
4
1
5
2

+

Checkpoint (p.154)
1. (a) Assume the temperature of the gas inside the syringe is constant. The gas
pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas. We say that this
gas obeys Boyles law.
(b) Assume the pressure of the gas inside the syringe is constant. The volume of
the gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. We say that
this gas obeys Charles law.
(c) Assume the volume of the gas inside the flask is constant. The gas pressure
is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. We say that this gas
obeys the pressure law.
2. A
3. D
4. (a) Add 273 to the temperatures in the Celsius scale to convert them into the
Kelvin scale.
(i) 273 + 273 = 0 K
(ii) 0 + 273 = 273 K
(iii) 35 + 273 = 308 K
(iv) 100 + 273 = 373 K
(b) Subtract 273 from the temperatures in the Kelvin scale to convert them into
the Celsius scale.
(i) 0 273 = 273C
(ii) 100 273 = 173C
(iii) 273 273 = 0C
(iv) 450 273 = 177C
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5. (a) Applying Boyles law, when the volume of the gas is reduced to 10 cm
3
, the
gas pressure p
2
is given by
( ) ( )
kPa 250
10
25 10 100
3
2
1 1
2
1 1 2 2

V
V p
p
V p V p
(b) Applying the pressure law, when the temperature of the gas is increased to
35C, the gas pressure p
2
is given by
( )
( )
( )
kPa 103
35 273
25 273
10 100
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2

+
+

T
T
p
p
T
p
T
p
(c) Applying Charles law, when the temperature of the gas is increased to
95C, the volume V
2
of the gas is given by
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
cm 9 . 30
) 95 273 (
) 25 273 (
25

+
+

T
T
V
V
T
V
T
V
Checkpoint (p.159)
1. (a) No. When applying gas laws, all temperatures should be in the Kelvin scale.
(b) Yes. Applying
V
nRT
p , if V is halved while n, R and T are kept constant, p
is doubled.
(c) Yes. Applying
V
nRT
p , if n is doubled while R, T and V are kept constant,
p is doubled.
2. A
3. D
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(Heat and Gases)
4. Applying the general gas law, the volume V
2
of the gas
3
2
2
1
1 1
cm 200
200
) 273 127 (
) 273 27 (
) 300 ( ) 100 (

p
T
T
V p
Exercise (p.160)
1. A
2. B
Choice A is incorrect because the volume is tripled, not doubled.
Choice C is incorrect. After S is opened, some gas molecules in X have escaped
to Y. The average kinetic energy of the remaining molecules in X is lowered, so
the temperature in X decreases.
Choice D is incorrect because the new volume is 3V.
3. The explanations of both Cindy and Grace are correct while the explanation of
Joey is incorrect.
If the flask of gas is heated directly above the heat source, it is difficult to obtain
desirable steady temperatures at regular temperature intervals. As water has a
high specific heat capacity, it temperature variation is small. Desirable
temperatures can be obtained easily.
4. Applying the pressure law, when the gas pressure is 300 kPa, the temperature T
2
of the gas inside the bulb
C 919 or K 1192
75
) 25 273 (
300
1
1
2

+


p
T
p
5. Applying the pressure law, when the temperature of the tyre drops to 22C, the
gas pressure p
2
kPa 308
) 22 273 (
33 273
320
2
1
1

+
+

T
T
p
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6. Applying Boyles law, when the gas volume is reduced to 70 cm
3
, the gas
pressure p
2
kPa 143
70
) 100 ( ) 100 (
2
1 1

V
V p
7. Applying Charles law, when the radius of the balloon is 10.5 cm, the
temperature T
2
of the balloon is given by
C 68 or K 341
) 5 . 10 (
3
4
) 10 (
3
4
) 22 273 (
3
3
2
1
1
2

1
]
1

V
V
T
T
8. Applying the general gas law, the volume V
2
of the gas
3
2
2
1
1 1
m 81 . 1
80
) 6 273 (
) 25 273 (
) 5 . 1 ( ) 103 (

p
T
T
V p
9. Applying pV = NkT, the number of oxygen molecules N
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
21
23
6 5
10 45 . 2
21 . 0
310 10 38 . 1
10 500 10

kT
pV
10. Applying pV = nRT, the number of moles of molecules n
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
mol 2019
25 273 31 . 8
5 4 5 . 2 10
5

RT
pV
Therefore the mass of the air
( )
kg 2 . 58
10 16 21 . 0 2019 10 14 79 . 0 2019 2
3 3

+

Note: We have to multiply the mass by two because the gases are in the
molecular form (i.e. N
2
and O
2
instead of N and O).
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11. (a) Applying pV = nRT, the number of moles of gas n
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
mol 02 . 8
27 273 31 . 8
2 . 0 10 100
3

RT
pV
(b) Applying the pressure law, the gas pressure p
2
inside the can
kPa 113
) 67 273 (
) 27 273 (
100
2
1
1

+
+

T
T
p
12. (a) The piston is pushed very slowly to ensure the gas in the syringe has the
same temperature as the surroundings.
(b)
p (kPa) 97 110 125 143 165
1 / V (1 10
3
m
3
) 4 4.44 5 5.71 6.67
Yes, the result agrees with Boyles law.
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(c) From the graph in (b), the slope J 25
10 7
10 175
3
3

. By
V
nRT
p , the slope
of the graph is nRT. Thus, the number of moles of gas n is given by
mol 0100 . 0
) 27 273 ( ) 31 . 8 (
25
25

n
nRT
13. (a) According to Boyles law, pV = constant when T is kept constant.
Along the curve CD, pV = 40 J. Applying the ideal gas law, the number of
moles of gas n
mol 0160 . 0
04 016 . 0
) 300 ( ) 31 . 8 (
40

RT
pV
(b) Along the curve AB, pV = 32 J. Applying the ideal gas law, the temperature
T
K 240
) 31 . 8 ( ) 04 016 . 0 (
32

nR
pV
(c) Applying the ideal gas law, when the gas is at 500 K, the gas pressure p
kPa 222
10 3
) 500 ( ) 31 . 8 ( ) 04 016 . 0 (
4

V
nRT
Checkpoint (p.167)
1. (a) correct
(b) correct
(c) Incorrect. The mass of a smoke particle is much larger than that of an air
molecule.
2. (a) the pressure law
(b) Boyles law
(c) Charles law
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3. (a) incorrect
(b) correct
(c) incorrect
4. (a) increases
(b) remains unchanged
(c) increases
(d) decreases
5. (a) The gas molecules are in random motion. When they collide with the walls
of the tyre, they exert forces and hence a pressure on the walls.
(b) When the temperature of a gas becomes higher, the average kinetic energy
of its molecules increases. Since the molecules are travelling at a higher
average velocity, the change in momentum is greater when they collide with
the walls of the tyre elastically. Hence the pressure increases.
(c) When more gas molecules are present inside the tyre, the collisions between
the walls and the gas molecules become more frequent. Hence the pressure
increases.
Checkpoint (p.176)
1. (a) correct
(b) correct
(c) correct
2. (a) correct
(b) incorrect
(c) correct
3. C
Exercise (p.176)
1. D
2. C
3. (a) A
(b) D
(c) C
4. B
5. (a) The air molecules are in random motion and collide with the smoke
particles frequently. The forces exerted on the smoke particles cause the
smoke particles to move in random zigzag paths.
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(b)
6. (a) (i) the weight of the polystyrene disc
(ii) the power supplied to the motor
(b) The pressure law states that the gas pressure is directly proportional to the
temperature of the gas if the volume of the gas is kept constant.
In the mechanical model, keeping the polystyrene disc at a constant level
represents the volume is kept constant. If the power supplied to the motor
increases, the beads will move faster. We have to increase the weight of the
polystyrene disc to keep the disc at the fixed level because the beads hit the
polystyrene disc more vigorously and frequently. This demonstrates the
pressure law.
7. (a) Applying
3
2
rms
mNv
pV , the root-mean-square speed v
rms
( ) ( )
( )
1
3
2 5
s m 750
10 8 . 12
10 2 10 2 . 1 3
3

mN
pV
(b) (i) Let K.E.
avg (27C)
and K.E.
avg (127C)
be the average kinetic energy of the
gas molecules at temperatures 27C and 127C respectively.
According to kT
2
3
K.E.
avg
,
T
avg
K.E.
. We have
C) avg(27 C) avg(127
C) avg(27
C) avg(127
K.E. 333 . 1 K.E.
27 273
127 273
K.E.
K.E.

+
+

Thus, the percentage change of the average kinetic energy is 33.3%.

(ii) Let v
rms(27C)
and v
rms(127C)
be the root-mean-square speed of the gas
molecules at temperatures 27C and 127C respectively.
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According to kT
m
v
3
2
rms
, T v
rms
. We have
C) rms(27 C) rms(127
C) rms(27
C) rms(127
155 . 1
27 273
127 273

+
+

v v
v
v
Thus, the percentage change of the root-mean-square speed is 15.5%.
8. (a) Consider 1 mole of oxygen gas at 0C and 1.01 10
5
Pa. From the
definition of density,
V
m
where m is the molar mass of oxygen gas and
V is the volume occupied by the gas.
Applying pV = RT and
V
m
, we have
( ) ( )
3
5
m kg 42 . 1
) 273 ( ) 31 . 8 (
032 . 0 10 01 . 1

RT
pm
RT
m
p

(b) (i) The number of moles n of the oxygen gas of 8 g

( )
mol 25 . 0
032 . 0
10 8
3

Applying the ideal gas law, the volume V of the gas

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3
3
5
m 10 09 . 3
10 085 . 3
10 02 . 2
27 273 31 . 8 25 . 0

p
nRT
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(ii) Applying
3
2
rms
mNv
pV , the root-mean-square speed v
rms
( ) ( )
1
3
3 5
s m 483
) 10 8 (
10 085 . 3 10 02 . 2 3
3

mN
pV
9. (a) Applying the ideal gas law, the number of moles of the gas n
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
mol 3 . 32
305 . 32
25 273 31 . 8
8 . 0 10
5

RT
pV
(b) The number of gas molecules N
( )
25
25
23
A
10 94 . 1
10 9447 . 1
10 02 . 6 305 . 32



N n
(c) (i) The volume V
1
of one molecule of the gas
3 30
30
3 10
3
m 10 37 . 6
10 3706 . 6
) 10 15 . 1 (
3
4

3
4

r
(ii) The total volumeV of all the molecules
( ) ( )
3 4
4
25 30
1
m 10 24 . 1
10 2388 . 1
10 9447 . 1 10 3706 . 6

N V
(iii) The ratio of the volume occupied by the molecules to that of the gas
6460 : 1
8 . 0 : 10 2388 . 1
:
4

V V
(d) The size of each gas molecule is very small, which can be neglected.
10. Applying kT
2
3
K.E.
avg
, the temperature T of the gas
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( )
( )
K 889
10 38 . 1 3
10 84 . 1 2
3
K.E. 2
23
20
avg

k
11. Applying pV
2
3
, the internal energy
( )
J 10 515 . 1
1 10 01 . 1
2
3
5
5


12. (a) Consider the gas at state A. Applying the ideal gas law, the number of moles
of the gas n
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
mol 10 44 . 2
10 438 . 2
300 31 . 8
10 9 . 1 10 2 . 3
3
3
3 3

RT
pV
(b) Consider the gas at state B. Applying the ideal gas law, the temperature T
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
K 75 . 393
31 . 8 10 438 . 2
10 9 . 1 10 2 . 4
3
3 3

nR
pV
(c) Applying the ideal gas law, the volume of the gas at state C
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
3
3
m 10 45 . 1
10 2 . 4
300 31 . 8 10 438 . 2

p
nRT
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(d) Applying nRT
2
3
, the increase in internal energy
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
J 85 . 2
300 75 . 393 31 . 8 10 438 . 2
2
3
300
2
3
3
K 300

T nR
T

13. (a) (1) There are plenty of gas molecules and they are in random motion.
(2) The size of each gas molecule is very small, which can be neglected.
(3) There is no intermolecular force (both attractive and repulsive forces)
between molecules.
(4) The collisions between the gas molecules and the walls of the
container are elastic.
(5) The time during each molecule colliding with the wall of the container
is negligible compared with the time elapsed between such collisions.
(b) A real gas behaves like an ideal gas when temperature is high and pressure
is low.
At normal conditions, most real gases behave like an ideal gas.
(c) Suppose there is a cubic container of side L containing N molecules, each of
mass m. The molecules are moving randomly in the container. Consider one
molecule that is moving at velocity c, with velocity components v
x
, v
y
and v
z
in the x-, y- and z-directions respectively.
Because of symmetry, we concentrate on the motion along the x-direction
only. Since the molecule collides elastically with the wall of the container,
the molecule with velocity component +v
x
rebounds with the same speed in
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the reverse direction, i.e. v
x
. Its momentum change is
(mv
x
) = m(v
x
) m(+v
x
) = 2mv
x
Time elapsed between successive collisions on the wall is
x
v
L
t
2

Assume the time during collision is negligible compared with the time
elapsed between successive collisions. The average force exerted by the
wall on the gas molecule is the momentum change of the gas molecule per
unit time, i.e.
L
mv
v
L
mv
t
mv
F
x
x
x x
x
2
(gas)
2
2 ) (
molecule gas on the exerted force

Since the force acting on the gas molecule and the force acting on the wall
form an action-reaction pair, by Newtons third law of motion, these two
forces should be equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. We have
L
mv
F F
x
x x
2
(gas) (wall)
wall on the exerted force +
Now consider N molecules in the container. The total force exerted on the
wall by N molecules is
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
1
2 1 (wall)
wall on the exerted force total
x
Nx x x
N x
v N
L
m
v v v
L
m
F F F F

+ + +
+ + +

where
N
v v v
v
Nx x x
x
2 2
2
2
1 2
+ + +

, which is the mean value of
2
x
v of the
molecules.
The pressure p
x
exerted on the wall of area L
2
by N molecules is
( )
V
v mN
L
v mN
L
v N
L
m
A
F
p
x x
x
x
x
2
3
2
2
2
(wall)

where V is the volume of the cubic container.
Similarly, the pressure exerted on the walls in the y-direction and z-direction
are
V
v mN
p
V
v mN
p
z
z
y
y
2
2
and
As the pressure exerted on the walls is the same in all directions, we can
assume the average pressure exerted on each wall is p, i.e.
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( )
( )
V
v v v mN
V
v mN
V
v mN
V
v mN
p p p p
z y x
z
y
x
z y x
3 3
1
3
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
+ +

,
_

+ + + +
Since the velocity c consists of three components v
x
, v
y
and v
z
, we have
2 2 2 2
z y x
v v v c + +
and hence
2 2 2 2
z y x
v v v c + +
where
2
c
is the mean of the squares of the speeds of all molecules. With
this expression of
2
c
we can rewrite the equation as
3
or
3
2 2
c
p
V
c mN
p


where
V
mN
is the density of the gas.
Chapter Exercise (p.180)
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. B
Statement (1) is incorrect because v
rms
is only a statistical measure of the speeds
of all molecules.
Statement (2) is incorrect because v
rms
is the root-mean-square speed but not the
average speed. The definition of arithmetic mean
n
v v
v
n
+ +

1
while the
definition of root-mean-square
n
v v
v
n
2 2
1
rms
+

. The two measures are

different.
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10. E
In this model, the macroscopic quantities of a gas are simulated in the following
ways:
(1) The weight of the polystyrene disc denotes the pressure of the gas.
(2) The height reached by the disc denotes the volume of the gas.
(3) The operational voltage of the motor denotes the temperature of the gas.
If the operation voltage of the motor is increased without changing the weight of
the disc, this corresponds to an increase in the temperature of a gas while
keeping the gas pressure constant. According to Charles law, the volume of the
gas is directly proportional to the gas temperature if the gas pressure is kept
constant. Thus, the answer is choice E.
11. D
12. A
13. (a)
(2M for the two axes + 1M for the data points + 1M for the best fit line + 1M for the intercept)
(b) From the graph, the intersection of the extension of the line and the
temperature axis is at 274C.
(1A)
(c) At a constant pressure, V is directly proportional to T where T is in the
kelvin. This relation is Charles law.
(1A)
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(d) Possible sources of error are:
(1) Moisture gets into the syringe, so that the gas is not dry.
(2) There is friction between the piston and the wall of the syringe.
(3) The gas is not at the same temperature as the water bath when the
readings are taken.
(Any two reasonable answers)
(1A + 1A)
(e) When the temperature increases, the gas molecules inside the syringe have a
higher average kinetic energy, as shown in the equation kT
2
3
K.E.
avg
.
(1A)
They are moving at a higher average speed, and so the change in
momentum when they collide with the piston is larger
(1A)
. This increase in
force pushes the piston upward, creating a larger volume
(1A)
.
14. (a)
(1A for the water bath and the burner + 1A for the flask immersed in water + 1A for the connection of he
gauge)
(b)
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(1A for extending the line)
The intercept on the temperature axis is at 260C. This intercept is
supposed to be the absolute zero, or the zero point on the Kelvin scale
which is also the lowest possible temperature in the universe.
(1A)
(c) From the graph, considering the data point in the middle and the intercept
on the temperature axis, the slope is given by
1
K kPa 335 . 0
48 335 . 0
) 260 ( 50
0 104
slope

T
p
(1M)
If the pressure of the gas is increased to 180 kPa, its new temperature T
would be
K 537
48 0.335
180

T
(1A)
15. (a) (b) (c)
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(3A for the 3 data points of the three parts of (a), 2A for the graph in (b), 2A for the graph in (c))
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16. (a) For an ideal monoatomic gas, the internal energy equals the sum of the
average kinetic energy of all its molecules. Mathematically,
2
avg
2
1
K.E.
c Nm
N

(1M)
where N is the number of molecules in the gas and m is the mass of a gas
molecule.
Combining this with
3
2
c mN
pV , and pV = nRT, we have
( )
nRT
pV
c Nm
2
3
3
2
1
2
1
2

(1M + 1A)
(b) The number of moles n of neon gas
mol 189 . 1
18 . 20
24
mass molar
mass

(1M + 1A)
Hence, the internal energy of the neon gas at 300 K is given by
( ) ( ) ( )
J 4450
4447
300 31 . 8 189 . 1
2
3
2
3

nRT
(1M + 1A)
(c) The average kinetic energy of the neon atoms at 300 K
( ) ( )
J 10 21 . 6
10 02 . 6 189 . 1
4447
21
23

A
N n
N

(1M for correct formulae + 1M for correct substitution + 1A)

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(d) The mass m of a neon atom is given by
( )
( )
kg 10 352 . 3
) 10 02 . 6 ( 189 . 1
10 24
gas of moles of number
gas of mass
atoms of number
gas of mass
26
23
3

A
N
m
(1M)
Applying
m
kT
v
3
rms
, we have
( ) ( )
( )
1
26
23
rms
s m 609
10 352 . 3
300 10 38 . 1 3

v
(1M + 1A)
17. (a) Noting that
3
2
c mN
pV
(1M)
and combining this with the ideal gas law, we
have
m
kT c
c mN
NkT
1
3
3
2
2

(1M)
Assuming that the temperature T is constant, 3kT is also a constant. Hence,
this relation shows that the mean of the square values of the speeds of the
gas molecules is inversely proportional to the mass of each molecule, with a
proportionality constant 3kT
(1A)
.
(b) Krypton has the largest relative molecular mass. Hence, the atoms of the
krypton gas has the lowest root-mean-square speed.
(1A)
(c) Note that
2
rms
2
v c
(1M)
. Applying the inverse proportion relation found in
(a), we have
1
krypton
neon
neon rms, krypton rms,
2
krypton rms, krypton
2
neon rms, neon
s m 297
84
20
609
3

m
m
v v
kT v m v m
(1M + 1A)
21
Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
All rights reserved
NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Heat and Gases)
18.
(LE-GCE O-level May 2002 P1 Q5)
19.
(UG-IGCSE Oct 2004 P2 Q5)
20.
(UG-IGCSE May 2006 P2 Q1)
21.
(HKCEE 1999 P1 Q9)
22.
(HKALE 2001 P1 Q4)
23.
(HKALE 2006 P1A Q5)
24.
(HKALE 2007 P1A Q4)
25. (a) The ratio of pressure before the regulation to that after the regulation of the
first regulator 1 : 20 10 1 : 10 2
6 7
.
(1M + 1A)
(b) (i) When the diver descends slowly to 30 m below the water surface, the
pressure exerted on the diver
( )
Pa 10 4
3 10 1 10 1
5
5 5

+
(1M + 1A)
(ii) Assuming that the temperature of the gas in the bubble remains
unchanged in the ascending process
(1M)
. Applying Boyles law, the
radius r of the bubble at the water surface is given by
( ) ( )
mm 1.59
10 587 . 1

3
4
10 1 001 . 0
3
4
10 4
3
3 5 3 5
2 2 1 1

,
_

,
_

r
r
V p V p
(1M + 1A)
(c) When a diver is ascending, the pressure exerted him deceases by 1 10
5
Pa
every 10 m, in addition to standard atmospheric pressure. If the diver
ascends too quickly, the body may not get used to the sudden change in the
ambient pressure. This may result in joint pain, rash, paralysis and even
death.
(1A)
22