MICkC8ICLCGIC CCNSIDLkA1ICN

1LkMS
O M|croorgan|sm llvlng organlsm lnvlslble Lo Lhe naked eye lncludlng bacLerla fungl vlruses proLozoa yeasLs
and molds
O Nonpathogen|c m|croorgan|sm do noL pose a LhreaL Lo healLh lf Lhey remaln consLanL ln mlcroblal numbers
O kes|dent f|ora are Lhe mlcroorganlsm llvlng ln an area whereln Lhey are noL harmful and have speclflc roles ln
Lhelr naLural locaLlon
O Infect|on Lhe Lerm ls used when nonresldenL florae lnvade a suscepLlble area
O Super|nfect|on when resldenL florae are ouL of balance and Lhe lncreased number causes a paLhogenlc
condlLlon

1hree L|nes of Defense
O |rst L|ne Defense lnvolves generallzed good healLh and lncorporaLes naLural blochemlcal mechanlcal and
anaLomlc proLecLlon
4 kln sLraLlfled eplLhellum conLalns sweaL and oll whlch are bacLerlcldal
4 ,ucous ,embranes an effecLlve barrler when lnLacL llnes all naLural body orlflces and have
bacLerlcldal effecL and sllghL acldlc pP
4 eflexes
4 neeze
4 D$eproducLlve LracLs lgA found ln mucus and enzymes are produced
4 yes enzymes and lgA proLecL Lhe con[uncLlva and sLrucLures of Lhe eye
4 ellular level
4 Lomach acld
4 ,uscular closure of orlflce
O Second L|ne of Defense collaboraLlve efforL of several body sysLems Lo prevenL Lhe prollferaLlon of paLhogenlc
mlcroorganlsms
4 lnflammaLory response blochemlcal mechanlcal and anaLomlc acLlvlLles flghL lnvadlng mlcroorganlsm
and lay Lhe groundwork for heallng
4 AnLlbody producLlon producLlon ls sLlmulaLed by Lhe presence of anLlgen
4 @emperaLure levaLlon some mlcroorganlsms are desLroyed or repelled by heaL
O 1h|rd ||ne of Defense naLurally or lnduced LherapeuLlcally equlres acLual exposure Lo Lhe paLhogen
4 9asslve lmmunlLy a preformed lmmunoglobulln ls lnLroduced ln Lhe body
4 AcLlve lmmunlLy Lhe body has Lhe ablllLy Lo develop a memory for producLlon of anLlbodles ln
response Lo speclflc mlcroorganlsm

9athogen|c Invas|on
O 9aLhogen lnvades and aggregaLes ln body sysLem or locallzed slLe (abscess) prollferaLes supporLed by
warmLh chemlcal composlLlon and oLher componenLs of body locally spreads
O Ielns are parLlcularly vulnerable because Lhey are ofLen assoclaLed wlLh venous slnuses and have low pressure
O - shares a slmllar rlsk because ls under lowered pressure and has componenLs rlch ln nuLrlenLs
O lnfecLlon may be carrled Lhrough Lhe body ln Lhe lymphaLlc sysLem and may evenLually become bloodborne
O nowledge of how Lhe cycle of lnfecLlon works ls Lhe mosL lmporLanL elemenL of prevenLlon onslderaLlons
lnclude buL noL llmlLed Lo Lhe ff
4 ldenLlfylng Lhe reservolr of Lhe paLhogen
4 ldenLlfylng Lhe porLal of exlL of Lhe paLhogen from Lhe reservolr
4 ldenLlfylng how paLhogens are LransmlLLed
4 ldenLlfylng Lhe porLal of enLry lnLo a suscepLlble hosL
4 ldenLlfylng Lhe lnvaslon of Lhe suscepLlble hosL

Infect|ous 9rocesses |n the 8ody
O llnlcally lnfecLlon ls Lhe producL of Lhe lnLroducLlon meLabollc acLlvlLles and paLhophyslologlc effecLs of
mlcroorganlsms ln llvlng Llssue lL can develop ln Lhe surglcal paLlenL as a preoperaLlve compllcaLlon

O @he ulLlmaLe resoluLlon of lnfecLlon depends on lmmunologlc and lnflammaLory responses capable of
overcomlng Lhe lnfecLlous process
O AssoclaLed wlLh dralnage and removal of forelgn maLerlal llke debrls of bacLerla and cells lysls of
mlcroorganlsms resorpLlon of pus and sloughlng of necroLlc Llssue
O Peallng Lhen ensues

O @ypes of lnfecLlon
ocallzed
4 ,ay begln aL Lhe surglcal slLe beLween 4
Lh
and 8
Lh
posLop day
4 acLerlal ln orlgln
4 evelops as a dlffuse lnflammaLory process known as cellullLls
4 haracLerlzed by paln swelllng and redness
eglonal
4 lnadequaLe locallzaLlon and does noL conLaln Lhe lnfecLlous process spreadlng and
exLenslon occurs
4 haracLerlzed by chllls fever and slgns of LoxlclLy
ysLemlc
4 haracLerlzed by Lemp more Lhan 38 or less Lhan 36 (laLe slgn) of 20 W counL of
12000$mm3 or 4000$mm3
4 ,ay lnclude decreased urlnary ouLpuL alLered menLal sLaLe hypoxemla very hypoLenslve
and has slgns of blood cloLLlng defecLs


1ypes of 9athogen|c M|croorgan|sms
O acLerla
4 ssenLlal Lo human llfe
4 ,osL morphologlc dlfferences ln bacLerla are found ln meLabollsm chemlcal composlLlon of
resulLanL effecL on Lhe hosL
haracLerlsLlcs
1 LrucLure mlcroscoplc slngle cell sLrucLures
a occl round (eg Laphylococcus and LrepLococcus)
b acllll rodshaped mosL common Lype of bacLerla (eg scherlchla proLeus)
c plrocheLes splralshaped (lseases syphllls lepLosplrosls)
d 9leomorphs can change shape from rod Lo round maklng poslLlve ldenLlflcaLlon dlfflculL
2 lfe cycle can be aeroblc anaeroblc faculLaLlce or mlcroaerrphollc an produce a sexually by
blnary flsslon (spllL lnLo equal halves)
3 @ransmlsslon lnfecLlon ls by dlrecL conLacL or Lhrough anlmal or lnsecL blLes
4 ncapsulaLlon a defense mechanlsm agalnsL phagocyLlc acLlvlLy of leukocyLes @he presence ls
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe vlrulence of paLhogens

1ab|e Common M|croorgan|sms |n an Cperat|ng koom Lnv|ronment









M|rcoorgan|sm Usua| Lnv|ronment Mode of 1ransm|ss|on
Staphy|ococc| kln halr D@ lrecL conLacL alrborne
L co|| lnLesLlnal and urlnary LracL eces urlne dlrecL conLacL
Streptococc| Cronasopharynx skln
perlanal area
Alrborne dlrecL conLacL
M tubercu|os|s esplraLory and urlnary LracL Alrborne dropleL dlrecL
conLacL
9seudomonas Drlnary and lnLesLlnal LracL
waLer
lrecL conLacL urlne feces
waLer
Serrat|a marcescens Drlnary and resplraLory LracL lrecL conLacL waLer
C|ostr|d|um lnLesLlnal LracL lrecL conLacL
ung| usL soll lnanlmaLe ob[ecLs Alrborne dlrecL conLacL
nepat|t|s v|rus lood body flulds loodborne dlrecL conLacL
8acter|a| 1ox|c|ty
4 9aLhogenlc mlcroorganlsms produce subsLances LhaL upon lnvaslon adversely affecL Lhe hosL locally or
sysLemlcally

1ox|c Substances
Lxotox|ns
4 ,osL poLenL Loxlns known ram poslLlve and form spores
4 Appear Lo be proLelns denaLured by heaL and are desLroyed by proLeolyLlc enzymes
4 lseases are @ closLrldlal lnfecLlon dlphLherla anLhrax and leprosy
Lndotox|ns
4 onLalned wlLhln Lhe cell wall of bacLerla and are released when Lhe cell wall ls broken
4 PeaL sLable and noL dlgesLed by proLeolyLlc enzymes
4 @hey cause a rlse ln body Lemp and are known as bacLerlal pyrogens
4 ndoLoxlc shock may occure ln bacLeremla
4 lseases are Lyphold plague
4 ,lcroorganlsms lnclude coll almonella 9seudomonas
neterogeneous Substances
4 onLrlbuLe Lo Lhe dlsease process dlrecLly or faclllLaLe Lhe esLabllshmenL of focl of lnfecLlon
4 @oxlns whlch dlffuse from Lhe lnLacL mlcroblal cell have Lhe followlng varlous effecLs
yLoLoxlc effecL
O desLroys whlLe blood cells
lnase effecL
O lnLerferes wlLh Lhe cloLLlng mechanlsm of blood
nzymaLlc effecL
O causes bacLerlal hemolyslns Lo dlssolve s of flbrln Lhereby lnhlblLlng cloL
formaLlon
O oagulase an enzymaLlc enzyme bacLerlal ln orlgln ls causally relaLed Lo Lhrombus
formaLlon
1ox|c Shock Syndrome
4 An acuLe condlLlon caused by exoLoxlns secreLed by sLralns of aureus
4 an orlglnaLe from
urglcal wound
urn
9osLparLum lnfecLlon
epLlc aborLlon lnfecLed or colonlzed wlLh Lhe lmpllcaLed Loxln
4 haracLerlzed by
fever over 389
hypoLenslon
eryLhemaLous rash
ln[ury Lo mulLlple organ sysLems
desquamaLlon
peellng of skln(palms and hands) ocuurs 1 Lo 2 weeks afLer onseL
4 x ls based on Lhe presence of abnormal cllnlcal and laboraLory flndlngs
4 9rompL supporLlve LreaLmenL and anLlbloLlc Lherapy are cruclal
4 ecovery ls usually compleLe buL ls poLenLlally faLal lf unLreaLed