CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG MC LC

LI M U NI DUNG I/ Khi nim cng c qun l kinh t 1. Khi nim 2. Vai tr 3. Nguyn tc c bn trong vic s dng cc cng c kinh t II/ Mt s cng c kinh t c s dng trong qun l mi trng 1. Chnh sch thu 2. Ph mi trng 3. H thng t cc hon tr 4. Giy php mi trng c th chuyn nhng 5. K qu mi trng 6. Tr cp mi trng 7. Nhn sinh thi KT LUN

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

LI M U
Bo v mi trng ngy nay tr thnh mt trong nhng chnh sch quan trng ca ng v Nh nc ta. Bng nhng bin php v chnh sch khc nhau, Nh nc ta ang can thip mnh m vo cc hot ng ca c nhn, t chc trong x hi bo v cc yu t ca mi trng, ngn chn vic gy nhim, suy thoi v s c mi trng. Trong nhng bin php m nh nc s dng trong lnh vc ny, php lut ng vai tr c bit quan trng. S xut hin v vai tr ngy cng tng ca cc quy nh php lut v mi trng k t khi t nc chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng l biu hin r nt v s cp bch ca vn mi trng v dn n mt h qu tt yu l phi o to, gio dc cng dn nhng kin thc v php lut mi trng. Nn kinh t vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc theo nh hng x hi ch ngha th cc loi quan h kinh t l rt a dng. iu i hi khng th ch p dng mt loi cng c trong cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng m n i hi s phi hp cht ch, ng b gia cc loi cng c m c bit l cc cng c kinh t. Cc cng c kinh t gm nhiu loi, kinh nghim ca cc nc ch ra rng khng th ch p dng mt loi bin php, mt loi cng c gin n vi mt vi bin php, mt vi cng c n l no l c th iu chnh c s a dng v ch th cng nh phng thc sn xut qun l v bo v mi trng. Cc cng c kinh t qun l mi trng nh: ph,thu mi trng, giy php nhim, quyn s hu, thu u vo, thu sn phm, thu xut nhp khu, thu phn bit, h thng t cc hon tr, ph s dng ti nguyn, ph tip cn, l ph qun l v hnh chnh

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

I/ KHI NIM CNG C QUN L KINH T

1. KHI NIM
Cng c qun l v mi trng l cc phng thc hay bin php hnh ng thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng ca Nh nc, cc t chc khoa hc v sn xut. Cng c qun l mi trng rt a dng, mi mt cng c c mt chc nng v phm vi tc ng nht nh, lin kt v h tr ln nhau. Khi nhc n cc cng c qun l v mi trng khng th khng nhc n cng c kinh t. Cng c kinh t ( cn gi l cng c th trng hay cc cch tip cn th trng) ang ngy cng c nhiu nc s dng. y chnh l s dng sc mng ca th trng bo v mi trng, m bo cn bng sinh thi. Tuy nhin, khi p dng cng c ny c cn nhc mt cch cht ch cc cng c ny ph hp vi h thng ti chnh, tp qun, truyn thng v nng lc ca h thng hnh chnh, h thng th ch ca tng nc.
2.

VAI TR

Cng c kinh t l nhng chnh sch, bin php nhm tc ng ti chi ph v li ch ca nhng hnh ng kinh t thng xuyn tc ng ti mi trng, tng cng thc trch nhim trc vic gy ra hy hoi mi trng ng thi tc ng n hnh vi ca c nhn theo hng c li cho mi trng. T nhng ng dng trong thc tin cho thy, vai tr ca cng c kinh t trong vic s dng qun l ngun ti nguyn v bo v mi trng, hn hn vi cc loi cng c khc nh cng c iu hnh v kim sot :

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

Tng hiu qu chi ph: t thc tin ca vic p dng cc cng c kinh t cho qun l mi trng, ngi ta rt ra kt lun rng nu cng mt mc tiu mi trng cn t c nh nhau khi s dng cng c kinh t (EIs) so vi cng c iu hnh v kim sot (CAC) th cng c kinh t c chi ph thp hn. S dng cng c kinh t l lin quan n gi c, v vy vic s dng gi c v cung cp tnh linh hot trong vic ng ph vi nhng tn hiu gi c, cho php cc c nhn v doanh nghip tm kim n chi ph c tnh hiu qu hn trong kh nng la chn ca h. Khuyn khch nhiu hn cho vic i mi: cng c kinh t khng ra lnh cho chin lc kim sot m nhng ngi gy nhim phi chu trch nhim. Tuy nhin, n c tc ng n hot ng kinh t mt cch tch cc pht trin v la chn chi ph kim sot hiu qu m khng theo quy c no. Kh nng tip nhn v x l thng tin tt hn: nh nu trn, cng c kinh t c bn da vo th trng, bn thn chng s pht hin ra chin lc hiu qu chi ph, cho php gp g cc mc tiu mi trng cn t thng qua vic chi ph hiu qu nht. Cng c kinh t hng ti sc mnh th trng xc nh vic la chn cng ngh c chi ph thp nht, vi tnh cht vt tri ny cho thy khi chng ta s dng cng c CAC kh c th thc hin c. Tng hiu qu s dng ngun ti nguyn v bo v mi trng: do chi ph thp khi s dng chng, mt khc chng tc ng n quyn li kinh t ca cc c nhn hay doanh nghip, do vy ngi ta phi tnh n vic s dng ngun ti nguyn nh th no l tit kim v hiu qu nht m khng nh hng ti doanh thu v li nhun. Hnh ng nhanh chng v mm do hn: cng c kinh t cho php thc hin mt cch nhanh chng, linh hot v mm do so vi vic s dng cng c CAC, bi l n c th c iu chnh kp thi thng qua c ch gi c th trng, s dng tn hiu th trng thng cho php nhn c nhng thng tin phn hi nhanh hn v nm bt c

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

tnh hiu qu ca vic thc hin qun l s dng EIs. Ngoi nhng vai tr v tnh hn hn ca cng c kinh t nu trn, cng c kinh t cn c nhng vai tr khc trong vic thc y nh hng hnh ng ngy cng thn thin hn vi mi trng trong mi hot ng kinh t - x hi din ra thng xuyn; ng thi, lm cho s thay i hnh vi ca ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng trong nn kinh t, y l yu t rt quan trng lin quan n cng c gio dc v nng cao nhn thc qun l ngun ti nguyn v bo v mi trng nhm hng ti mt s pht trin c tnh bn vng. Cng c kinh t ch c th p dng c hiu qu trong nn kinh t th trng. Hin ny, cng c kinh t v ang c ng dng rng ri trn th gii c bit l ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin OECD. cc nc ang pht trin, chnh sch mi trng thng s dng hai loi cng c ch yu l mnh lnh v kim sot ( hay php l) v kinh t. Cc cng c khc nh cng c k thut qun l, cng c gio dc, truyn thng cng c s dng nhm b sung, h tr v gp phn hon chnh hai cng c php l v kinh t.

3. CC NGUYN TC C BN TRONG VIC S DNG CC CNG C KINH T

Cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng c p dng da trn hai nguyn tc c bn c quc t tha nhn l nguyn tc " Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin" (PPP) v " Ngi hng th phi tr tin". a- Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin bt ngun t cc sng kin do T chc Hp tc kinh t v pht trin (OECD) xut hp tc vo cc nm 1972 v 1974. Nguyn tc ny xut pht t nhng lun im ca Pigow v nn kinh t phc li. Trong , ni dung quan trng nht l mt nn kinh t l tng l gi c cc loi hng ha v

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

dch v c th phn nh y cc chi ph x hi, k c cc chi ph mi trng ( bao gm cc chi ph chng nhim, khai thc ti nguyn cng nh nhng dng nh hng khc ti mi trng). Gi c phi "ni ln s tht" v nhng chi ph sn xut v tiu dng hng ha v dch v. Nu khng, s dn n vic s dng ba bi cc ngun ti nguyn, lm cho nhim tr nn trm trng hn so vi mc ti u i vi x hi. Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin c ngha l buc ngi gy nhim(doanh nghip , c nhn hay chnh quyn ) phi tr hon ton cc chi ph v s ph hoi mi trng do hot ng ca h gy ra . iu ny s khuyn khch ngi ta gim s ph hoi , t ra cng mc m chi ph bin ca vic gim nhim bng chi ph bin ca s tn hi do nhim gy ra. Phng php s dng cc cng c kinh t nhn mnh ch li ca cc cng c kinh t c dng thay i thi ca con ngi thng qua c ch v gi c. Mun vy th tng chi ph sn xut ra mt hng ha hay dch v bao gm chi ph ca tt c ti nguyn c s dng phi c tnh vo gi ca n. Vic s dng khng kh, nc, hay t cho vic loi b hay ct gi cht thi cng l s dng cc ti nguyn ging nh cc u vo ca sn xut. Tnh trng nh gi khng tnh chi ph s dng cc ti nguyn mi trng v khng xc nh r quyn s hu i vi ti nguyn mi trng dn n vic khai thc v s dng qu mc v c th lm ph hy hon ton ngun ti nguyn . Nguyn tc Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin tm cch sa i tht bi th trng bng cch buc ngi gy nhim phi tnh ton y chi ph sn xut ( chi ph s dng ti nguyn v lm nhim )thng qua cc cng c nh thu nhim, l ph nhim, giy php nhim... b- Nguyn tc " ngi hng th phi tr tin" ch trng to lp mt c ch nhm t c cc mc tiu v mi trng. i nghch vi vic ngi trc tip gy nhim phi tr tin, ngi hng th mt mi trng c ci thin cng phi tr mt khon ph. C th hiu nguyn tc tc ny l tt c nhng ai hng li do c c mi trng trong lnh khng b nhim, th u phi np ph. Nguyn tc ny a ra gii php bo v mi

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

trng vi mt cch nhn nhn ring. Nguyn tc ch trng vic phng nga nhim v ci thin mi trng cn c h tr t pha nhng ngi mun thay i hoc nhng ngi khng phi tr gi cho cc cht gy nhim.

II/ MT S CNG C KINH T C S DNG TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

1. THU TI NGUYN
Trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, mt s doanh nghip n thun ch s dng thnh phn mi trng th ch yu cc doanh nghip va s dng thnh phn mi trng va khai thc s dng ti nguyn. Nh vy thng qua cc c cu kinh t, chinh sch thu c chia lm hai loi: Thu ti nguyn v thu mi trng. *) Thu ti nguyn: "L loi thu gin thu, thu t cc hot ng khai thc ti nguyn, do ngi s dng ti nguyn ng gp". T trc n nay tnh trng khai thc ba bi, s dng lng ph ti nguyn thin nhin nc ta cng nh cc nc khc rt ph bin dn n cc nguy c cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin v suy thoi mi trng. Trc thc t , vic pht trin v ci tin cc loi thu s dng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin s c vai tr ct yu. Mc ch ca thu ti nguyn l : - Hn ch cc nhu cu khng cp thit trong s dng ti nguyn.

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

- Hn ch cc tn tht ti nguyn trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng - To ngun thu cho Ngn sch v iu ho quyn li ca cc tng lp dn c v vic s dng ti nguyn. Thu ti nguyn phi c s dng tng bc trnh lm mt cn bng kinh t, phi hp l iu chnh c li cho kinh t x hi. Nu mun gim suy thoi ti nguyn v nhim mi trng, Chnh ph cn tng thu. Ngc li nu mun tng vic lm, gim tht nghip cn gim thu. C cu tnh thu ti nguyn phi c thay i ph hp vi kh nng cng ngh ca doanh nghip, phng thc qun l ca Nh nc v iu kin a cht k thut ca khu vc khai thc ti nguyn bo m c s phn bit i vi cc doanh nghip hoc hot ng gy ra cc tn tht ti nguyn v suy thoi mi trng cc mc khc nhau; nguyn tc chung l: hot ng cng gy nhiu tn tht ti nguyn v suy thoi mi trng th cng phi chu thu cao hn. Vic xc nh ng n phng php tnh thu ti nguyn l rt quan trng , s gp phn thc y cc doanh nghip u t cng ngh , k thut v nng lc qun l nhm lm gim tn tht ti nguyn , c bit l cc ti nguyn khng ti to. Thu ti nguyn gm: thu s dng t, thu s dng nc, thu rng, thu tiu th nng lng, thu khai thc ti nguyn khong sn. *) Thu mi trng: Ti khon 1, iu 112, lut bo v mi trng 2005 quy nh: " T chc, h gia nh, c nhn sn xut kinh doanh mt s loi sn phm gy tc ng xu, lu di ti mi trng v sc khe con ngi th phi np thu mi trng". Theo quy nh ny th thu mi trng l khon ng gp ca th nhn v php nhn khi s dng thnh phn mi trng. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, thu s dng vo cc thnh phn mi trng s c xu hng pht trin thm thu nhp cho ngn sch nh nc. Thu mi trng dng

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

khuyn khch, bo v v nng cao hiu sut s dng cc yu t mi trng, hn ch cc tc nhn gy ra nhim vt qu tiu chun quy nh. Nguyn tc nh thu: thu phi ln hn chi ph gii quyt ph thi v khc phc nhim. Bin php nh thu s gy sc p, buc nh sn xut phi ci tin k thut, nng cao hiu sut s dng nguyn, nhin liu hoc thay th nguyn, nhin liu t gy nhim hn, p dng k thut chng nhim. Cc loi thu mi trng ch yu: - Thu nhim bu khng kh - Thu nhim ting n - Thu nhim cc ngun nc Chnh ph cc nc cn p dng cc bin php gim thu nhm khuyn khch cc hot ng c li cho mi trng nh gim thu cho cc ngnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh thay cho phn bn ha hc, cc ngnh cng nghip x l rc thi, nc thi, sn xut " sn phm xanh". Do s dng thnh phn mi trng nn cc t chc, c nhn bt buc phi np thu v n khng mang tnh cht i gi v hon tr trc tip cho ngi s dng cc thnh phn mi trng bi mc ch ca vic nh thu mi trng l nhm bo v mi trng, gi cho mi trng trong lnh phc v s nghip pht trin lu bn ca t nc.

2. PH MI TRNG
Ph mi trng l cng c kinh t nhm a chi ph mi trng vo gi sn phm theo nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin .Vic p dng ph mi trng c hu qu r nt nhm thay i hnh vi ca cc i tng gy nhim, khuyn khch h gim lng cht gy nhim thi ra ngoi mi trng. Ngoi ra ph bo v mi trng

CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

cn c mc ch khc l to thm ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc u t, khc phc ci thin mi trng(thu gom x l ph thi, nc thi , h tr cc nn nhn ca nhim ) . Hin nay nc thi, kh thi v cc loi cht thi rn ca cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nh hng... ang l ngun gy nhim chnh mi trng t, nc, khng kh. c vn u t, khc phc v ci thin mi trng cng nh khuyn khch cc i tng gy nhim c bin php kim sot v gim thiu nhim, Nh nc ta xy dng chng trnh thu ph bo v mi trng nh mt gii php s dng cc cng c kinh t bo v mi trng... Theo , "ph l khon thu ca ngn sch nh nc nhm b p mt phn khon chi u t, bo dng cc cng trnh cng cng v duy tr cc hot ng ca nh nc". Ph mi trng c coi l mt cng c kinh t gp phn bo v mi trng bi v n c p dng vi 2 mc ch: mt l chi cho cc hot ng ci thin mi trng sinh thi, hai l khuyn khch ngi gy nhim gim lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng. Nh vy, ph mi trng l nhng khon tin phi tr cho vic s dng mi trng vi t cch l ni cha ng cht thi. Thc hin nguyn tc " ngi s dng phi tr tin" nhiu nc quy nh thu ph v l ph ty theo mc ch s dng v hon cnh nh: ph v sinh thnh ph, ph nui v git m gia sc trong cc th, ph cung cp nc cho sinh hot v ti tiu trn ng rung, l ph ng ph, l ph s dng b bin, danh lam, thng cnh...Vic p dng ph l mt vn mi trong kim sot nhim v ci mi thng kh c chp nhn. Phm vi p dng ca cc loi ph mi trng gm: *) Ph nh vo ngun nhim: L loi ph nh vo cc cht gy nhim c thi ra mi trng nc (BOD, COD,TSS, kim loi nng ) , kh quyn( SO2, cacbon,CFCs), t(rc thi, phn bn ) hoc gy ting n, nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh. Bin php ny c tc dng khuyn khch cc tc nhn gy nhim gim lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng v tng thm ngun thu cho Chnh ph s dng vo vic ci thin cht lng mi trng.

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

Ph nh vo ngun gy nhim c s dng rng ri nht l cc cht gy nhim ngun nc mn. Ngoi ra, ti mt s nc, ph ny cn c dng nh vo cht gy nhim khng kh, tc nhn gy ra ting n( my bay).. Ph nh vo ngun gy nhim c xc nh trn c s khi lng v hm lng ( nng ) cc cht gy nhim . Tuy nhin vic p dng loi ph ny i vi cht gy nhim khng kh c phn phc tp do rt kh kim sot lng nhim thi ra tnh mc thu ph. *) Ph nh vo ngi s dng: L tin phi tr do c s dng cc h thng cng cng x l v ci thin cht lng mi trng nh h thng thot nc, thu gom v x l rc thi, ph s dng nc sch , ph s dng ng v bi xe , ph s dng danh lam thng cnh, ph hnh chnh, nhm ng gp ti chnh cho vic cp php , gim st v qun l hnh chnh i vi mi trng Cc khon thu t loi ph ny c dng gp phn b p chi ph bo m cho h thng ny hot ng. Loi ph ny ch yu c p dng i vi cc loi cht thi c th kim sot. Chnh v vy c 2 cch thu ch yu l thu theo s lng v cht lng cht thi; v thu theo mc c nh i vi t chc c nhn( hin nay ph ny c gi l ph v sinh). Mc ch chnh ca ph ny ch yu l nhm tng ngun thu cho Chnh ph v i tng thu l nhng c nhn hay n v trc tip s dng h thng dch v cng cng. Ph nh vo ngi s dng cn nhm mc ch hn ch vic s dng qu mc cc dch v mi trng. *) Ph nh vo sn phm: L loi ph c p dng i vi nhng loi sn phm gy tc hi ti mi trng mt khi chng c s dng trong cc qu trnh sn xut, tiu dng hay loi b chng.

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

Loi ph ny c p dng vi nhng sn phm cha cht c hi v vi mt khi lng nht nh chng s gy tc hi ti mi trng. V d nh : PVC, CFCs, kim loi nng , xng pha ch , cc nguyn liu cha cac bon , sulphat , thy ngn , chai , hp ,ti nilong Ph nh vo sn phm c th c s dng thay cho ph gy nhim nu v l do no ngi ta khng th trc tip tnh c ph i vi cc cht gy nhim. Loi ph ny c th nh vo l nguyn liu u vo, sn phm trung gian hay thnh phm, ty theo tng trng hp. Ph ny c mc ch l khuyn khch gim nhim bng gim vic s dng, tiu th cc sn phm b thu ph v tng ngun thu cho Chnh ph. Mc ph do s ty thuc vo mc tiu t ra i vi loi ph ny l g. Ph nh vo sn phm c s dng rng ri cc nc OECD di dng ph ph tnh vo gi xng du , phn bn , thuc tr su , bt ty git

3. H THNG T CC HON TR
H thng t cc hon tr bao gm vic k mt s tin cho cc sn phm c tim nng gy nhim. Nu cc sn phm c a tr v mt s im thu hi quy nh hp php sau khi s dng, tc l trnh khi b nhim, tin k thc s hon tr.Mc ch ca h thng t cc- hon tr l thu gom nhng th m ngi tiu th dng vo mt trung tm ti ch ,ti s dng hoc tiu hy mt cch an ton i vi mi trng . H thng ny c th c p dng cho bt k sn phm no m chng i hi mt s tp trung cao ti sn xut nhm m bo an ton cho vic t cc v hn ch bt nhng hng ha t c gi tr s dng m li c th gy ra mc nhim nhiu hn. V d nh: nhng chuyn tu thy vn chuyn xe t, nhng container thuc tr su..Khi c cc hot ng c nguy c nh hng xu ti mi trng, ch doanh nghip hot ng sn xut kinh doanh phi sn xut kinh doanh phi t cc mt khon tin m bo vic thc

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

hin cc bin php khc phc mi trng. Hn na c cu kinh t ny p dng s nng cao ti nguyn cng nh x l vi phm c d dng hn khi ch doanh nghip khng khi phc mi trng th nh nc s s dng s tin ny thu cc t chc, c nhn khc tin hnh khi phc mi trng. Bi vy, t cc hon tr c coi l mt trong nhng ng c vin sng gi cho cc chnh sch nhm gip nn kinh t thot khi chu trnh sn xut tuyn tnh ( khai khong -> nguyn liu th -> sn phm -> ph thi ) v hng ti chu trnh tun hon trong cc ti nguyn c ti ch , ti s dng ti mc ti a c th c . Phm vi s dng cc h thng t cc hon tr bao gm : -

Cc sn phm m khi s dng c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nhng c th x l , ti ch hoc ti s dng . Cc sn phm lm tng lng cht thi , cn cc bi thi c quy m ln v tn nhiu chi ph tiu hy Cc sn phm cha cht c , gy kh khn c bit cho vic x l , nu tiu hy khng ng cch s gy nguy c nh hng nghim trng n mi trng v sc khe cho con ngi H thng t cc hon tr t ra rt thch hp vi vic qun l cc cht thi rn. Cc

quc gia thuc t chc OECD p dng kh thnh cng h thng t cc hon tr i vi cc sn phm ung , bia , ru (ng trong chai nha hoc thy tinh ) mang li hiu qu cao cho vic thu gom cc ph thi . Hin nay cc nc ny v ang m rng h thng t cc hon tr sang cc lnh vc khc nh v tu, t c , du nht , c quy c cha ch , thy ngn , cadimi,v chai ng thuc tr su , cc in da dng nh my thu hnh , t lnh , iu ha khng kh Thc tin cho thy mc t cc l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng tc ng n hiu qu ca h thng t cc-hon tr. Cc mc t cc thp s khng to ra ng c

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

kinh t mnh cho vic thu gom v ti ch ph thi. Ngoi ra cc yu t nh nhn thc v thc ca ngi sn xut v tiu dng i vi vn thu gom ph thi , kh nng t chc , qun l h thng thu gom cng nh vn cng ngh ti ch u c nh hng khng nh n s hot ng v thnh cng ca h thng.

4. GIY PHP MI TRNG C TH CHUYN NHNG

Giy php mi trng chuyn nhng ( hay cn gi l quota nhim) l loi giy php x thi m ngi s dng c cp c quyn chuyn nhng s lng, cht lng x thi ca c s mnh cho ngi khc(n v cn giy php x thi ). Loi giy ny cho php c ph thi hay s dng mt ngun ti nguyn n mt mc nh trc do php lut quy nh v c chuyn nhng bng cch u thu hoc trn c s quyn s dng c sn. Giy php mi trng thng c p dng cho cc ti nguyn mi trng kh c th quy nh quyn s hu v v th thng b s dng ba bi nh khng kh, i dng. Cng c ny c p dng mt s nc, v d giy php (quota) khai thc c ng v s dng nc Australia, giy php nhim khng kh M, Anh v mt s nc thnh vin ca OECD nh Canaa, c, Thu in.Th trng giy php x thi vn hnh theo quy lut cung cu nh cc th trng thng thng nhng li c c im gn ging th trng chng khon ch giao dch cc chng ch, cc giy php mang mt gi tr nht nh vi gi c c nh ot theo ch quan, k vng v d bo ca cc bn tham gia giao dch. Nguyn l c bn ca th trng giy php thi (hay th trng mi trng) l vic t ra gii hn ti a v lng kh thi hoc nc thi no mc thng nht vi ch tiu mi trng ti mt vng hay khu vc c th. Mt khi tng lng thi cho php thp hn lng thi m cc n v hot ng trong vng mun thi th s to nn s khan him v quyn c thi v lm cho n c gi th trng. thc hin cng c ny, trc ht Nh nc phi xc nh mc s dng mi trng chp nhn c trn c s pht hnh giy php. Vic ny khng n gin v cng i hi chi ph thc hin kh ln. Sau khi quy nh mc thi ti a trong vng,

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

c th pht khng giy php cho cc doanh nghip hot ng trn a bn da trn mt s cn c no hoc t chc bn u gi. Cch thc hin c nhiu ngi tn thnh nht l phn phi giy php da vo mc nhim hoc hin trng tc ng mi trng ca tng doanh nghip, ni cch khc l tha k quyn c thi qu kh. Khi c giy php, cc doanh nghip t do giao dch, mua i bn li s giy php ; gi giy php trn th trng s iu tit nhu cu trong phm vi tng hn mc. Nhng giy php chuyn nhng ny u vit hn thu trong trng hp cn xc lp mt mc ti a s rc thi hoc nh mc s dng ti nguyn. Giy php chuyn nhng s khng c hiu lc khi nhng ph thi b hn ch n mt t l rt nh so vi ton b chi ph sn phm, lc s khng cn tc dng khuyn khch s tham gia na. Ni chung, n c coi l mt bin php tm thi trong khi ch i t c tiu chun chnh xc hn. Tuy nhin, u im ng k nht ca loi cng c ny l s kt hp gia tn hiu gi c , hn mc nhim,v ci tin cng ngh So vi cc loi thu mi trng hay ph nhim th th trng giy php mang tnh chc chn, bo m hn v kt qu t mc tiu mi trng v d giao dch mua bn nh th no th tng lng giy php vn nm trong phm vi kim sot s pht hnh ban u. - Khi c php mua bn cc quuota nhim s hnh thnh th trng quota nhim, t tng chi ph gim thi ca x hi gim xung . - Khi cc tc nhn gy nhim khc nhau s dn n chi ph gim nh nhim cng khc nhau. Ngi gy nhim no c bin php gim nhim r hn vic mua giy php x thi th h s bn li cc giy php cho ngi gy nhim khc. Bng cch ny ngi gy nhim s ti thiu ha chi ph nhim v mc pht thi nhim. - Trong trng hp c thm nhiu c s gy nhim mi c a vo hot ng, khi ng cu i vi quota nhim s dch chuyn sang phi. Trong trng hp ny nh nc mun duy tr mc nhim th vn gi mc cp giy quota l W, nhng gi li tng

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

t P ln P'.Nh vy doanh nghip s phi la chn 1 trong 2 phng n: + Mua quota nhim nu nh vic u t gim nh nhim cao hn. + S u t trang thit b gim nh nhim, nu nh u t gim nh nhim thp hn mua giy php . iu ny chng t li ch ca quota trong vic ti thiu ha chi ph nhim v l xut pht cho cc ci tin v cng ngh, k thut c li cho mi trng. Tuy c nhng u im nh vy nhng th trng giy php vn cha c p dng rng ri do cc nh mi trng v cng chng ni chung cha quen vi khi nim quyn c thi nn kh chp nhn vic cc doanh nghip c giy php thi kh hay nc thi vo mi trng. Cc nh qun l th cho rng vic kinh doanh giy php thi phc tp, kh kim sot hn so vi vic thu thu hay ph mi trng quen thuc, c sn b my hnh chnh ti chnh thc hin. Hn na, vic quan trc mi trng, theo di mc nhim hoc thnh qu mi trng ti cc doanh nghip theo cc ch tiu ra trong chng trnh giy php cng c coi l vn kh khn, phc tp. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc cho thy cng c giy php thch hp cho vic p dng trong mt s iu kin nht nh nh sau: - Cht nhim cn kim sot thi ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau nhng gy tc ng mi trng tng t nhau (v d cc nh my in cng thi SO 2 gp phn vo nguy c chung ca nn ma axit). - C s chnh lch ln trong chi ph gim thi ca cc doanh nghip do nhiu yu t (cng ngh, tui th my mc, thit b, qun l ...) - S lng doanh nghip tham gia th trng vi t cch l ngi mua v ngi bn giy php phi tng i ln to c mt th trng mang tnh cnh tranh v nng ng.

5. K QU MI TRNG

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

K qu mi trng l cng c kinh t p dng cho cc hot ng kinh t c tim nng gy nhim v tn tht mi trng. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng k qu mi trng cng tng t nh ca h thng t cc - hon tr. Ni dung chnh ca k qu mi trng l yu cu cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trc khi tin hnh mt hot ng u t phi k gi mt khon tin (hoc kim loi qu, qu, hoc cc giy t c gi tr nh tin) ti ngn hng hay t chc tn dng nhm bo m s cam kt v thc hin cc bin php hn ch nhim, suy thoi mi trng. Mc ch chnh ca vic k qu l lm cho ngi c kh nng gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng lun nhn thc c trch nhim ca h t tm ra cc bin php thch hp ngn ng nhim, suy thoi mi trng. Trong qu trnh thc hin u t v sn xut, nu cc doanh nghip / c s c cc bin php ch ng ngn chn, khc phc khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng, hon nguyn hin trng mi trng ng nh cam kt th h s c nhn li s tin k qu . Ngc li nu bn k qu khng thc hin ng cam kt hoc ph sn th s tin k qu s c rt ra t ti khon ngn hng / t chc tn dng chi cho cng tc khc phc s c, suy thoi mi trng. K qu mi trng to ra li ch cho Nh nc v khng phi u t kinh ph khc phc mi trng t ngn sch. K qu mi trng cng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tch cc trong hot ng bo v mi trng. Cc doanh nghip s c li ch do ly li c vn khi khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng. Vi mc ch v nguyn l hot ng nh vy, r rng s tin k qu phi ln hn hoc xp x vi kinh ph cn thit khc phc mi trng nu doanh nghip gy ra nhim v suy thoi mi trng. Nu s tin k qu qu nh so vi chi ph bo v mi trng, cc doanh nghip s c xu hng t b vic nhn li s tin k qu v khng thc hin cc cam kt bo v mi trng ca mnh.

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

Cng c k qu mi trng c thc hin nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit vi cc hot ng cng nghip nh khai thc m, khai thc rng hoc i dng.

6. TR CP MI TRNG
Tr cp mi trng l cng c kinh t quan trng c s dng rt nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc thuc t chc OECD. Tr cp mi trng c th di cc dng sau: - Tr cp khng hon li - Cc khon cho vay u i - Cho php khu hao nhanh - u i thu (min, gim thu) Chc nng chnh ca tr cp mi trng l gip cc ngnh cng - nng nghip v cc ngnh khc khc phc nhim mi trng trong iu kin khi tnh trng nhim mi trng qu nng n hoc kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip khng chu ng c i vi vic x l nhim. Tr cp cng cn nhm khuyn khch cc c quan nghin cu v trin khai cc cng ngh sn xut c li cho mi trng hoc cc cng ngh x l nhim. Tuy nhin, tr cp c th gy ra s khng hiu qu. Cc nh sn xut c th u t qu mc vo kim sot v x l nhim (lm gim nhim nhiu hn so vi mc ti u cng l khng hiu qu). Trng hp ngc li, tr cp khng c hch ton ton b vo chi ph gim nhim m mt phn c dng h thp chi ph sn xut c nhn, lm tng li nhun. Tr cp mi trng ch l bin php tm thi, nu vn dng khng thch hp hoc ko di s dn n phi hiu qu kinh t v tr cp i ngc vi nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, n to ra s thay i s cng ty (vo - ra t do i vi ngnh cng

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

nghip), thay i mc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip m mc ch gim nhim li khng t c. V vy, tr cp mi trng ch c th thc hin trong mt thi gian c nh vi mt chng trnh c hoch nh v kim sot r rng, thng xuyn.

7. NHN SINH THI

Theo t chc thng mi th gii WTO v Ngn hng th gii WB th: Nhn sinh thi l mt loi nhn c cp cho nhng sn phm tho mn mt s tiu ch nht nh do mt c quan chnh ph hoc mt t chc c chnh ph u nhim ra. Cc tiu ch ny tng i ton din nhm nh gi tc ng i vi mi trng trong nhng giai on khc nhau ca chu k sn phm: t giai on s ch, ch bin, gia cng, ng gi, phn phi, s dng cho n khi b vt b. Cng c trng hp ngi ta ch quan tm n mt tiu ch nht nh c trng cho sn phm, v d mc kh thi pht sinh, kh nng ti ch, v.v Cc tiu chun nh gi kha cnh mi trng ca sn phm ca Nhn sinh thi c quy nh trong cc h thng tiu chun ISO 14024:1999, ISO 14021:1999 v ISO 14025:2000. *) ISO 14024 (Nhn loi I/ Cng b mi trng kiu I): Vic dn nhn phi c bn th ba cng nhn (khng phi do nh sn xut hay cc i l bn l thc hin), da trn phng php nh gi chu trnh sng ca sn phm (Chu trnh sng l cc giai on k tip v lin kt vi nhau ca mt h thng sn phm, t khi tip cn nguyn liu thi hoc t khi pht sinh ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cho n khi thi b cui cng). Theo tiu chun ny th cc sn phm phi p ng c cc yu cu khc nhau v thng ph thuc vo mc kht khe ca tiu chun v vo c quan qun l tiu chun.

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

*) ISO 14021 (Nhn loi II/ Cng b mi trng kiu II): Do nh sn xut hoc cc i l bn l t nghin cu, nh gi v cng b cho mnh, i khi cn c gi l Cng b xanh, c th cng b bng li vn, biu tng hoc hnh v ln sn phm do nh sn xut hoc cc i l bn l quyt nh. Cng b loi ny phi p ng c mt s yu cu c th nh: phi chnh xc v khng gy nhm ln, c minh chng v c kim tra, xc nhn, tng ng vi sn phm c th v ch c s dng trong hon cnh thch hp hoc nh, khng gy ra s din gii sai Cn i vi vic la chn biu tng c trng da trn c s chng c tha nhn hoc s dng rng ri, v d nh vng Mobius, dng cho cc cng b v hm lng ti ch hoc ti ch c: *) ISO 14025 (Nhn loi III/ Cng b mi trng kiu III): Bao gm cc thng tin nh lng v sn phm da trn nh gi chu trnh sng ca sn phm. Mc ch chnh l cung cp d liu mi trng c nh lng v c th c dng th hin s so snh gia cc sn phm. Cng ging vi nhn kiu I l vic cng b phi c bn th ba cng nhn nhng cc thng s mi trng ca sn phm cn phi c thng bo rng ri trong Bo co k thut. im chung ca c ba loi ny l u phi tun th 9 nguyn tc c nu trong tiu chun ISO 14020:1998 (nguyn tc v tiu chun nh gi, cc iu khon p dng, th tc, phng php) trong , im mu cht l cc thng tin a ra phi khoa hc, chnh xc v da trn kt qu ca qu trnh nh gi vng i sn phm, cc th tc phi khng cn tr cho hot ng thng mi quc t. T nh ngha trn ta c th thy, sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi l mt s khng nh uy tn ca sn phm v ca nh sn xut. Cc sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi thng c sc mnh cnh tranh cao v gi bn ra th trng cng thng cao hn cc sn phm cng loi. Nh vy, nhn sinh thi l cng c kinh t tc ng vo nh sn xut thng qua phn ng v tm l ca khch hng. Rt nhiu nh sn xut v ang u t sn phm ca mnh c cng nhn l sn phm xanh, c dn nhn sinh thi v

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

iu kin c dn nhn sinh thi ngy cng kht khe hn. Nhn sinh thi thng c xem xt v dn cho cc sn phm ti ch t ph thi (nh cao su...), cc sn phm thay th cho cc sn phm c tc ng xu n mi trng, cc sn phm c tc ng tch cc n mi trng hoc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh sn phm c nh hng tt n mi trng

KT LUN
Cc cng c kinh t l mt trong s cc cng c ca qun l mi trng, chng c th c s dng thay th hoc b sung cho cc cng c khc ca qun l mi trng. Khi s dng cc cng c trong qun l mi trng chnh l s dng sc mnh ca th trng bo v ti nguyn v mi trng, m bo cn bng sinh thi. S pht trin ca kinh t Vit Nam cng lm tng sc p cho mi trng. Nhm gim thiu nhng tn hi do hot ng kinh t gy ra nh nc ta bc u c nhng n lc ln trong vic thc thi cc bin php bo v mi trng, trong c vic p dng cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng. Tuy cn tng i mi nc ta, nhng c th thy c tnh u vit ca cng c kinh t trng qun l mi trng. nc ta, kh nng thay th ngay lp tc cc cng c php l truyn thng hin i vn cn pht huy hiu lc bng cc cng c kinh t mi ang giai on nghin cu p dng th. Chnh v th trong thit k cc chnh sch, chin lc v mi trng, vn c bn s khng phi l chn cng

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CNG C KINH T TRONG QUN L MI TRNG

c kinh t hay cng c php l m l lm th no la chn c s phi hp ti u gia cc loi hnh cng c ny, xut pht t thc tin kinh t, chnh tr v kh nng thc t.

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