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1. Which of the following BEST describes Trumans foreign policy from 1945 to 1952?

(A) Reluctance to involve the United States in foreign conflicts (B) Willingness to negotiate differences with the Soviet Union (C) Aggressive use of U.S. troops in Europe and Asia (D) Commitment to containing Communist expansion (E) Extending foreign aid only with U.N approval 2. Following the Second World War, President Truman was unable to expand significantly his predecessors New Deal programs primarily because of (A) The domination of Congress by Republicans and Conservative Democrats (B) the need to maintain a large military force in Asia (C) budget expenditures required to rebuild Europe (D) controversy surrounding the Truman Doctrine (E) the continuation of the Great Depression 3. Which of the following is a correct statement about Harry S. Truman? (A) He proposed, through the Fair Deal, to continue and expand the aims of the New Deal (B) He enjoyed the consistent support of the public throughout his presidency (C) He experienced few problems in the transition from a wartime to peacetime economy after the Second World War (D) He pursued an increasingly conciliatory foreign policy toward the Soviet Union following the Second World War (E) He enjoyed the consistent support of Congress throughout his presidency 4. The Employment Act of 1946 did which of the following? (A) Guaranteed the right of collective bargaining for labor unions (B) Provide for retraining of veterans of the armed forces (C) Declared it objective of the federal government to foster full employment (D) Provided for large-scale public works to prevent a postwar depression (E) Created goals for the hiring of women and minorities by the federal government 5. The initial response of the United States to the outbreak of war in Korea was to (A) Seek the cooperation of the Peoples Republic of China to end the fighting (B) Increase American aid to Indochina to meet the threat of communist aggression (C) Seek collective action against North Korea through the United Nations (D) Encourage Japan to rearm (E) Request a summit meeting with the Soviet Union 6. The announced purpose of the Marshall Plan was to (A) Stabilize world currencies (B) Promote advanced technology for use in the military defense of Western Europe (C) Reduce the dependence of the European economy on overseas empires

(D) Maintain the United States position as the worlds leading creditor nation (E) Aid the economic recovery of wartorn Europe 7. In his farewell address, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned Americans about the dangers of (A) Presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon (B) Insufficient federal spending on the needs of the poor (C) Communist subversion of the civil rights movement (D) The military-industrial complex (E) The lack of a national health insurance program 8 16 All of the following individuals are correctly paired with the organization with which they are usually connected EXCEPT (A) Martin Luther King Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (B) Ralph Nader Black Panthers (C) Malcolm X Black Muslims (D) Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers of America (E) Betty Friedan National Organization for Women (NOW) 8 10 Which of the following civil rights groups is NOT correctly matched with one of its leading figures? (A) Southern Christian Leadership Conference.. Marcus Garvey (B) Black Panthers.. Huey Newton (C) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.. Roy Wilkins (D) Black Muslims.. Malcolm X (E) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.. Stokely Carmichael 11-12 Which of the following is NOT a correct association of a person with a policy? (A) Barry Goldwater medical care for the poor and elderly (B) Michael Harrington reduction of poverty in America (C) Ralph Nader regulation of automobile industry (D) Rachel Carson protection of the environment (E) Martin Luther King, Jr. federal protection of voting rights 15. Betty Friedans book The Feminine Mystique (A) Advocated no-fault divorce and open marriages (B) Argued that many women could not have fulfilling lives if limited to a traditional role in the home (C) Proposed federal protection of the special needs of wives and mothers (D) Resulted in the passage of Equal Rights Amendment (E) Supported premarital sex, abortion, and gay rights 16. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in order to (A) Encourage women to believe in the "feminine mystique" (B) Challenge sex discrimination in the workplace (C) Oppose the proposed Equal Rights Amendment

(D) Advocate restrictions on access to abortion (E) Advocate equal access for women to athletic facilities 17. The support for former Alabama governor George Wallace in the 1968 presidential campaign best illustrates the (A) Impact of the economic downturn on the working class (B) Exploitation of race as a national political issue (C) Growing power of the political left in American politics (D) Persistence of anticommunism as a political force (E) Loss of faith of many Americans in Republican party policies 18 19. In negotiations to end the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy promised to (A) Send economic aid to Cuba under the Alliance for Progress (B) Allow Cuban propaganda in Latin America (C) Reduce the number of United States missiles on the North American continent (D) Refrain from a military invasion of Cuba (E) Establish a quota system for Cuban refugees to the United States 20. U-2 Incident: Unfortunately, the pleasant mood of Camp David was never given the opportunity to yield effects. Two weeks prior to the scheduled conference in Paris, Soviets attacked the U-2, an American spy plane, as it flew over the Soviet Union. The shooting revealed Americas undercover method for obtaining information. In 1955, America had proposed an open-skies plan, but the Soviet Union declined. Thus in order to reveal progress on the enemys missile program, America had resorted to frequent spy trips over the USSR. Once the U-2 incident was revealed, Eisenhower took the accountability for the secretive missions. Although honest, this was a grave mistake in terms of keeping peace. Krushchev publically condemned Eisenhower and canceled the Paris summit. 22. Korean War: A military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The war began on 25 June 1950 and an armistice was signed on 27 July 1953. The war was a result of the political division of Korea by agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War. The Korean peninsula had been ruled by Japan prior to the end of the war. In 1945 following the surrender of Japan, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with United States troops occupying the southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides, and the North established a Communist government. The 38th Parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Koreas. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War. The United Nations, particularly the United States, came to the aid of the South Koreans in repelling the invasion. After early defeats by the North Korean military,

when a rapid UN counter-offensive repelled the North Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu River, the People's Republic of China (PRC) came to the aid of Communist North. With Communist China's entry into the conflict, the fighting took on a more dangerous tone. The Soviet Union materially aided North Korea and China. The threat of a nuclear world war eventually ceased with an armistice that restored the border between the Koreas at the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone, a 2.5mile (4.0 km) wide buffer zone between the two Koreas. North Korea unilaterally withdrew from the armistice on May 27, 2009, thus returning to a de jure state of war. During the war, both North and South Korea were sponsored by external powers, thus facilitating the war's metamorphosis from a civil war to a proxy war between powers involved in the larger Cold War. From a military science perspective, the Korean War combined strategies and tactics of World War I and World War II swift infantry attacks followed by air bombing raids. The initial mobile campaign transitioned to trench warfare, lasting from January 1951 until the 1953 border stalemate and armistice. 22. a) The Tonkin Gulf Resolution (A) Supported Barry Goldwaters suggestion to bomb North Vietnam (B) Expressed the prewar feeling of the majority of Americans (C) Authorized the president to take all necessary steps to defend U.S. forces and interests in Vietnam (D) Approved the overthrow of the Diem government in Vietnam (E) Authorized the use of up to 50,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam b) In retaliation for a supposed attack on U.S. destroyers, the U.S. Congress authorized President Johnson to take any action he deemed necessary to deal with the crisis when they voted for (A) My Lai (B) The Marshall Plan (C) The Patriot Act (D) The Point Four Program (E) The Tonkin Gulf Resolution 23 27 President Nixons chief foreign-policy adviser was (A) Henry Kissinger (B) Daniel Ellsberg (C) Spiro Agnew (D) Cyrus Vance (E) Donald Rumsfeld 28. All of the following characterized the economy during the Carter administration except (A) High interest rates (B) Inflation (C) Increased government spending (D) Rising unemployment (E) Increased union membership

29. The high inflation rates of the late 1960s and early 1970s were primarily the result of (A) Major state and federal tax increases (B) Increased investment in major industries (C) Spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War (D) A decline in foreign trade (E) Deregulation of key transportation and defense industries 30 - 35. a) The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka directly contradicted the legal principle established by (A) Dred Scott v. Sanford (B) Schechter V. United Slates (C) Plessy v. Ferguson (D) Schenck v. United States (E) Miranda v. Arizona b) In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that (A) Busing to achieve racial balance in public schools was constitutionally acceptable (B) Local school boards had no right to censor reading materials in school libraries (C) Prayer in the public schools was contrary to the principle of separation of church and state (D) Racial segregation in public schools was a denial of the equal protection of the law (E) Schools could teach the theory of evolution without also teaching the creationist account of the origin of life c) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court decision that (A) Was a forerunner of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (B) Established free public colleges in the United States (C) Declared racially segregated public schools inherently unequal (D) Established free public elementary and secondary schools in the United States (E) Provided for federal support of parochial schools 36. Since World War II, U.S. troops have been sent to the Middle East to protect U.S. interests in Lebanon and the Persian Gulf by all of the following presidents EXCEPT (A) Eisenhower (B) Nixon (C) Reagan (D) George H. Bush (E) George W. Bush 37. Students staged a sit-in in Greensboro. North Carolina in 1960 to protest (A) Poverty in the South (B) Cutbacks in student aid (C) Segregation of public facilities

(D) The war in Viet Nam (E) The oppression of women 38. President Eisenhowers economic policy can be best characterized as (A) The adoption of deficit financing to promote economic growth, but the repudiation of the progressive income tax (B) The rejection of the New Deal and an attempt to restore laissez- faire policies (C) The acceptance of the New Deal, but moderation in the expansion of governmental social programs (D) A vigorous effort to increase defense spending and federal funds for health care (E) A continuation of the predecessors efforts to expand the role 39 - 40. a) A United States response to the successful orbiting of Sputnik in 1957 was to (A) Increase NATO forces in Europe (B) Expand federal aid to education (C) Withdraw from armslimitation talks with the Soviet Union (D) Force the resignation of important American scientists from governmental positions (E) Increase cooperation with the Soviet Union in space projects b) Which of the following events spurred the passage of the National Defense and Education Act: (A) The Berlin Airlift (B) The launching of Sputnik (C) The U-2 incident (D) Soviet development of the Hydrogen bomb (E) Soviet development of the Atomic bomb 41. a) Which of the following statements is correct about the rise of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy to national prominence? (A) He was the first Republican to emphasize the dangers of communism at home and abroad (B) His careful investigations led to the conviction of hundreds of active subversives to whom the Truman administration had turned a blind eye (C) He effectively played on the fears of Americans that communists had infiltrated the State Department and other federal agencies (D) He used the televised ArmyMcCarthy hearings to his advantage (E) He received strong support from President Eisenhower b) Joseph McCarthys investigative tactics found support among many Americans because (A) Evidence substantiated McCarthys charges against the army (B) There was widespread fear of communist infiltration of the United States (C) Both Truman and Eisenhower supported McCarthy (D) McCarthy worked closely with the FBI (E) McCarthy correctly identified numerous communists working in the State Department

42. As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria (A) Israel took control of Syria (B) America had to reduce its aid to other nations (C) Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America (D) The Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria (E) Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal 43 47. The problem with hatred and violence is that they intensify the fears of the White majority, and leave them less ashamed of their prejudices toward Negroes. In the guilt and confusion confronting our society, violence only adds to chaos. It deepens the brutality of the oppressor. Violence is the antithesis of creativity and wholeness. It destroys community and makes brotherhood impossible. During the 1960s all of the following Black leaders would probably have supported this view EXCEPT (A) Stokely Carmichael (B) Martin Luther King Jr. (C) James Farmer (D) Roy Wilkens (E) Whitney M. Young Jr. 48. The principal reason for the economic boom in the United States after the Second World War was (A) Full employment, because the United States kept ten million men in the armed services as a precautionary measure (B) The continued production of war materials on a round-the-clock basis (C) A shortage of consumer goods combined with a reserve of purchasing power in the form of accumulated savings (D) The continuance of the federal governments operation of some basic industries, such as railroads (E) Strong action by the federal government in behalf of organized labor 49 52. The growth of suburbia was vastly accelerated by the (A) SheppardTowner Act of 1921 (B) Social Security Act of 1935 (C) TaftHartley Act of 1947 (D) Federal Highway Act of 1956 (E) Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 53. My Lai: The mass murder conducted by a unit of the U.S. Army on March 16, 1968 of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam, all of whom were civilians and a majority of whom were women, children (including babies) and elderly people. Many of the victims were sexually abused, beaten, tortured, and some of the bodies were found mutilated. The massacre took place in the hamlets of M Lai and My Khe of Sn M village during the Vietnam War. While 26 U.S. soldiers were initially charged with

criminal offenses for their actions at My Lai, only William Calley was convicted. He served only three years of an original life sentence, while on house arrest. When the incident became public knowledge in 1969, it prompted widespread outrage around the world. The massacre also increased domestic opposition to the US involvement in the Vietnam War. 54. The War on Poverty: The name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty. As a part of the Great Society, Johnson's belief in expanding the government's role in social welfare programs from education to healthcare was a continuation of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal, which ran from 1933 to 1935, and the Four Freedoms of 1941. The concept of a war on poverty waned after the 1960s. 55. ICBM: Ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery. 56. The ___________ Amendment _________ the voting age to __________. (A) 26th, raised, 21 (B) 24th, lowered, 18 (C) 25th, raised 19 (D) 26th, lowered, 18 (E) 26th, lowered 16 57. The 1973 Supreme Court decision in the case of Roe v. Wade (A) Marked the end of the Courts liberal view in support of the rights of suspected criminals (B) Was strongly opposed by the National Rifle Association (C) Was very controversial and precipitated strong political reactions both pro and con (D) Has been supported by each president since 1973 (E) Was the Courts most sweeping decision in favor of the civil rights of African Americans 58. The initial response of the United States to the outbreak of war in Korea was to (A) Seek the cooperation of the Peoples Republic of China to end the fighting (B) Increase American aid to Indochina to meet the threat of communist aggression (C) Seek collective action against North Korea through the United Nations (D) Encourage Japan to rearm (E) Request a summit meeting with the Soviet Union

59. Which of the following groups in the American work force has experienced the greatest percentage of growth since 1950? (A) Agricultural workers (B) Industrial workers (C) Unionized bluecollar workers (D) Service workers (E) Construction workers 60. Which of the following best characterizes the goals of Martin Luther King, Jr.? (A) A peaceful separation of Black people into powerful economic and political groups (B) A peaceful integration of the races in all areas of society (C) Federal compensation to Black people for past political and legal injustices (D) A churchcentered Black community removed from the oppression of White people (E) Constant and, if necessary, violent political and social action to achieve long sought justice 61 65 The event that has come to symbolize the end of the Cold War is the (A) Seizure of power in Cuba by Fidel Castro (B) Overthrow of the Shah of Iran (C) Iran-Contra Affair (D) Fall of the Berlin Wall (E) Vietnam War 66 69 In 1962, which of the following contributed most directly to a crisis in Soviet American relations over Cuba? (A) Cuban attacks on the United States naval base at Guantanamo (B) The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion (C) Cuban support for leftist guerrilla movements in Latin America (D) Cuban withdrawal from the Organization of American States (E) The discovery of Soviet missile sites in Cuba 70. All of the following were characteristic of the 1960s EXCEPT (A) The rapid growth of the computer industry (B) The development of Pop Art (C) The popularity of the Beatles (D) The rise of anti-Vietnam War protests (E) The rapid expansion of cable T.V. 71 72 To President Reagan, the focus of evil in the modern world was (A) Anti-American terrorist (B) The federal bureaucracy (C) Political liberalism (D) The Soviet Union (E) The Ayatollah Khomeini

73. The primary difference between United States intervention in Guatemala in 1954 and previous United States intervention in Central America was that the Guatemala intervention (A) Was not authorized by Congress (B) Favored the Guatemalan Right (C) Involved the cooperation of the Organization of American States (D) Was mounted for economic motives (E) Involved covert action by the CIA 74 76 All of the following were part of Reaganomics EXCEPT (A) Cuts of benefits from Medicare and Social Security to seniors (B) A dramatic reduction in personal income taxes (C) Deregulation of business and industry (D) Tough stand against federal labor unions, such as PATCO (E) The theory of supply-side economics 74 & 76 "Reaganomics," or supply-side economics, led to which of the following? (A) A decline in unemployment and poverty (B) Greater tax revenues than government expenditures (C) Large increases in the incomes of wealthy Americans (D) An increase in appropriations for school lunches (E) Lower military expenditures than during the Carter administration 77. Which of the following BEST reflected President Nixons policy of Vietnamization? (A) Massive bombing of North Vietnam by American air power (B) Full-scale invasion of Cambodia to end the Communist threat (C) Gradual withdrawal of American armed forces from Vietnam (D) Turning the war in South Vietnam over to United Nations forces (E) Stopping all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam 78 - 79 Under the program of New Federalism, President Nixon sought to (A) Shift the responsibility for social programs from the federal to state and local governments (B) End the Great Society assistance programs for the working poor (C) Attack inflation with a series of voluntary guidelines for business and labor (D) Slow down desegregation by turning over busing decisions to the state courts (E) Bring social programs all together under more efficient federal bureaucracy 79. President Johnsons Great Society programs included all of the following EXCEPT (A) Federal aid to poor elementary and high schools (B) Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to guarantee equality for women (C) Federal health insurance for the elderly and medical care for the poor and disabled (D) Federal funding of self-help programs for the poor

(E) Passage of civil rights laws to promote equal opportunity for all Americans 80 84 The U.S policy of dtente with the Soviet Union ended because of the (A) The development of the MX missile (B) The U.S recognition of the Peoples Republic of China (C) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (D) The failure of Congress to ratify SALT II (E) Boycott of the Olympics in Moscow 82 84 Boycotting the 1980 Olympic Games was one measure taken by President Carter in response to (A) The overthrow of the shah of Iran (B) The Iranian hostage crisis (C) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (D) The failure of SALT II (E) Soviet support of the Arab states 85. Which of the following was NOT a ruling of the Warren Court? (A) All election districts must provide equal representation for voters (B) The courts must provide lawyers for poor defendants (C) Police must advise suspects of their right to remain silent (D) The right to life of an unborn child is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment (E) State-required prayers and Bible readings in public schools violate the First Amendment 86. a) The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following: (A) Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction (B) The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged (C) Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap (D) Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex (E) Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women b) The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because (A) The Catholic Church opposed it (B) Many Americans realized that its goals had already been achieved without amending the Constitution (C) An antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it (D) Many suspected that it would require such things as rigid quotas and unisex

bathrooms (E) Many Americans believed that equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not creating laws 87. a) The new right movement that helped to elect Ronald Reagan was spearheaded by (A) Fiscal conservatives (B) Evangelical Christians (C) Gold-standard advocates (D) Midwesterners (E) Neoconservatives b) Many new right activists were most concerned about (A) Cultural or social issues (B) Economic questions (C) Foreign policy (D) Medicare and Medicaid programs (E) Separation of church and state c) Which of the these social issues was not a primary concern for the new right? (A) Birth control (B) Pornography (C) Homosexuality (D) Abortion (E) Affirmative action 88. John Foster Dulles new look to U.S. foreign policy included all of the following EXCEPT (A) Taking Communist nations to the brink of war to force them to back down (B) Threatening massive retaliation with nuclear weapons to prevent Soviet aggression (C) Supporting the liberation of captive nations (D) Recognizing the Communist government of China (E) Reducing conventional forces of the U.S. Army and Navy 89. Edward Kennedys campaign to take the presidential nomination away from Jimmy Carter in 1980 was handicapped by (A) His poor performance as a senator (B) Growing dislike for the Kennedys (C) Carters popularity (D) Lingering suspicions about his involvement in an automobile accident in which a young woman was killed (E) His inability to reach beyond New England 90. The Fall of Sagoin: The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the North Vietnamese Army on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam under communist rule. North Vietnamese forces under the command of the Senior General Vn Tin Dng began their final attack on Saigon, which was commanded by General Nguyen

Van Toan on April 29, with a heavy artillery bombardment. By the afternoon of the next day, North Vietnamese troops had occupied the important points within the city and raised their flag over the South Vietnamese presidential palace. South Vietnam capitulated shortly after. The city was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, after communist leader Ho Chi Minh. The fall of the city was preceded by the evacuation of almost all the American civilian and military personnel in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians associated with the southern regime. The evacuation culminated in Operation Frequent Wind, which was the largest helicopter evacuation in history. In addition to the flight of refugees, the end of the war and institution of new rules by the communists contributed to a decline in the population of the city. 91. The Watergate scandal: A political scandal in the United States in the 1970s, resulting from the break-in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. Effects of the scandal ultimately led to the resignation of the United States President Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974. It also resulted in the indictment and conviction of several Nixon administration officials. The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex on June 17, 1972. The subsequent investigation by the FBI connected the men to the 1972 Committee to Reelect the President by a slush fund. As evidence mounted against the president's staff, which included former staff members testifying against them in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee, it was revealed that President Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations. Recordings from these tapes implicated the president, revealing that he had attempted to cover up the break-in. After a series of court battles, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the president had to hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied. Facing near-certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and a strong possibility of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974. His successor, Gerald Ford, issued a pardon to President Nixon after his resignation. 92. Pop art: a visual art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art challenged tradition by asserting that an artist's use of the mass-produced visual commodities of popular culture is contiguous with the perspective of fine art. Pop removes the material from its context and isolates the object, or combines it with other objects, for contemplation. The concept of pop art refers not as much to the art itself as to the attitudes that led to it. Pop art is an art movement of the twentieth century. Characterized by themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects, pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism, as well as an expansion upon them. Pop art, aimed to employ images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any given culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. Much of pop art is considered incongruent, as the conceptual practices that are often used make it difficult for some to readily comprehend. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of Postmodern Art themselves[

Pop art often takes as its imagery that which is currently in use in advertising. Product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, like in the Campbell's Soup Cans labels, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the shipping carton containing retail items has been used as subject matter in pop art, for example in Warhol's Campbell's Tomato Juice Box 1964, (pictured below), or his Brillo Soap Box sculptures. 93. Abstract expressionism: An American post-World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. 94. Minimalism: Describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. As a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post-World War II Western Art, most strongly with American visual arts in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with this movement include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Robert Morris, and Frank Stella. It is rooted in the reductive aspects of Modernism, and is often interpreted as a reaction against Abstract expressionism and a bridge to Postmodern art practices. 95 97 Ehh whatever I give up 98. Kent State University was the site in 1970 of which of the following events? (A) A rock concert second only to the Woodstock concert in the number of attendees (B) A highly publicized sit-in advocating women's rights (C) The first event in observance of Earth Day, which sought to increase public awareness of environmental degradation (D) An antiwar demonstration in which four students were killed by members of the National Guard (E) A demonstration by African American, Hispanic, and White students in support of affirmative action that helped draw public attention to the issue. 99. The United States involvement in Vietnam increased dramatically in the 1950s with the withdrawal of the (A) Japanese (B) British (C) Chinese (D) French (E) Soviets 100. In an influential 1947 article, diplomat George F. Kennan advocated that the United States should (A) Invade the Soviet Union to establish democracy (B) Adopt a more conciliatory policy toward the Soviet Union

(C) Conduct covert activities in underdeveloped countries to undermine communist movements (D) Grant most-favored-nation status to China (E) Focus its foreign policy on containing the spread of Soviet communism. 101. The Black Power movement of the late 1960s advocated that African Americans (A) Organize political parties sympathetic to communism (B) Establish African American communities in Africa F (C) Seek the racial integration of northeastern cities (D) Establish control of their political and economic life (E) Assimilate into White society 102. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in order to (A) Encourage women to believe in the "feminine mystique" (B) Challenge sex discrimination in the workplace (C) Oppose the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (D) Advocate restrictions on access to abortion (E) Advocate equal access for women to athletic facilities 103. The "graying" of America since the 1970s is widely seen as threatening which of the following? (A) The American tourist industry (B) The consumer culture of American society (C) The long-term viability of the social security system (D) Voter turnout in local and national elections (E) Immigration quotas. 104. The 1979 incident at Three Mile Island had which of the following effects? (A) It intensified criticism of the Supreme Court (B) It intensified American Indian political activism (C) It forced the United States to reconsider the policy of "massive retaliation" (D) It increased public pressure to free the United States from dependence on foreign energy sources (E) It increased support for the movement against nuclear power 105 a) The 1968 TET Offensive was significant because it (A) Showed that American soldiers were ill equipped to fight in the jungle (B) Pressured North Vietnam to come to the bargaining table (C) Convinced President Johnson to begin bombing Cambodia (D) Reaffirmed popular support for the South Vietnamese government (E) Led to increased antiwar sentiment in the United States b) The Tet offensive resulted in all of the following EXCEPT (A) The military defeat of U.S. forces in South Vietnam (B) Significant military losses by the Vietcong (C) Reduced public support for Johnsons conduct of the war (D) Increased public support in the primaries for antiwar Senator Eugene

McCarthy (E) U.S. diplomats advising Johnson against further escalation of the war

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