Professional Documents
Culture Documents
..
( 21 ) , MIS: 295450
(. . .)
(
21 ) , 1,2,3, -
, MIS 295450 1:
.
-1-
..
. ,
1. /
2. ,
.
1.
2. : ,
3. :
4. :
5.
6.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
1.
2.
3.
1
2
1
2
3
-2-
3
5
5
6
8
8
8
11
13
13
14
20
20
35
53
65
79
92
95
95
99
100
..
,
,
.
( ) .
.
,
, ,
, , .
H
-.
,
/ 2003.
()
,
, -
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
-3-
..
.
- ,
.
. ,
( ,
)
,
- .
.
, (
) .
..
( ),
.
,
(.. / , / /, /
/) , ,
.
-4-
..
. ,
.1. /
, ,
-, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
- ,
, ,
,
,
, .
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
-5-
..
.2. ,
.
,
.
:
: , ,
(, , )
:
( , , ,
, , ,
, ..).
,
.
( )
.
: ,
.
.
.
:
,
(
).
/
.
:
( .. ,
, ...)
: , ,
.
..
.
:
,
.
.
-6-
..
:
,
.
:
(
).
,
,
, .
.
:
.
(, ,
, , ),
(, , ,
, ..), ,
:
.
, .
.
, :
, , , ,
. , ,
.
:
,
,
(, , , ..)
-7-
..
.
.1.
:
,
.
.
-
,
.
,
.
(
), ,
.
(
) , ,
.
,
,
.
( , ,
, )
,
.
.2. : ,
,
-8-
..
( ) ,
:
,
(, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
..).
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
( ,
, )
,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
,
( ).
, , ,
( )
,
,
, .
(.. , ,
,
) (.. )
,
..
.
-9-
..
.
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
/ .
.
,
.
, ,
.
(..
).
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
- 10 -
..
.3. :
( ),
, .
(, , ) (
) .
48
:
, 6
, 27
, 15
( ), ,
, ,
.
(,
, ),
, ,
.
.
48 :
, 10
, 14
, 16
, 8
.
:
:
. : (6 )
1. (1 )
2. (1 )
3. (1 )
- 11 -
..
. : (27 )
4. - (1 )
5. - (1 )
6. - (1 )
7. (3 )
8. (3 )
9. (1 )
10. (1 )
11. (1 )
12. - (3 )
13. (3 )
14. / - / (1 )
15. (1 )
. : (15 )
16. (3 )
17. (2 )
18. (3 )
19. (1 )
20. (3 )
:
. : (10 )
1. , , (1 )
2. (1 )
3. - (1 )
4. (2 )
. (14 )
5. (1)
6. : : (1 )
7. : : (1 )
8. . : (2 )
9. (1 )
10. (3 )
. : (16 )
11. ( 20 ) (1 )
12. (1 )
13. (1 )
14. - (1 )
15. (3 )
16. - (1 )
17. (2 )
. : (8)
18. ; (1 )
19. - (3 )
, ,
,
.
- 12 -
..
.4. :
( )
, ,
- ,
.
.
,
,
.
( , ,
..),
, , , ,
(GIS).
,
,
- ,
.
,
,
.
.5.
. ( )
( )
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
- 13 -
..
.6.
.
:
:
,
.
.
(, ,
).
:
(
, ,
) .
,
.
, ( ),
(2011-12)
.
,
,
. (
- ) ,
.
:
- 14 -
..
,
,
.
..
-
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
- 15 -
..
-
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
- 16 -
..
( )
2011-12 .
1.
2.
;
( )
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.
4.
(
):
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5.
6. .
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
- 17 -
..
7.
8. :
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9.
10. ;
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. ;
12. , ;
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. , ;
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
- 18 -
..
14.
.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
- 19 -
..
. /
.1. (1 )
1-
.
.
( )
(, , ,
)
.
(..
)
2-
. :
( ),
, , .
3-
(90
) 3 .
- 20 -
..
-
()
- , ().
4-
.
.
.
.
.
1: -
,
(, , , ) .
, 1.
2:
( )
http://geogr.eduportal.gr/maps/klimak_zoom.htm
.
( ).
Google (http://maps.google.com), .
( )
/ ( ).
.
,
, ,
.
2 .
3
( 3)
- 21 -
..
(http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr),
.
http://geogr.eduportal.gr/maps/klimaka.htm.
4:
( 4)
, .
5:
.
,
( 5).
6: -
.
(http://www.apostaseis.gr)
(
6).
7: -
,
.
.
, 7.
5-
/
1
10
:
zoom-in
10
.
.
:
-1
15
:
-2
10
.
.
- :
15
- :
20
10
http://geogr.eduportal.gr/
maps/klimak_zoom.htm
http://www.apostaseis.gr
6
.
- 22 -
..
()
7
6-
( ) :
;
;
;
;
; ;
7-
( ) .
( ).
shockwave/flash player ( ).
( ).
)
) (.. ) :
, , .
,
(..
).
,
8-
( 2
)
.
,
,
, , .
.
,
..
.
- 23 -
..
,
,
,
( ).
, 3
4.
-
( 2, 3 6)
.
2 ( 3)
portal "e-" (http://geogr.eduportal.gr/).
,
.
Google-earth Google-maps
.
6 http://www.apostaseis.gr .
,
.
.
.
.
1-4
5-7. 5,
.
,
.
, .
,
,
,
.
- (
)
. 1
(. ).
9-
- 24 -
..
,
http://www.geo.auth.gr/courses/gge/gge322y/chapter042.html
4.2 ()
.
- 25 -
..
1: ;
: , ,
, . ;
.
:
.
, , .
.
/
1
2
3
4
5
- 26 -
..
2:
. .
.
http://geogr.eduportal.gr/maps/klimak_zoom.htm
.
,
,
.
:
,
/
.
.
. ( ).
:
1: .
1: .
1: .
- 27 -
..
.
/ .
/
.
,
, / .
.
( ):
.. ..
. .
: .
.
.
,
,
.
- 28 -
1: 250.000
: 1/1.200.000
..
3: -1
.
..
,
.
.
1:200.000
200.000
.
,
.
.
.
. (cm)
(km).
.
, ( ): .. km.
.
- 29 -
..
4: -2
( )
.
(cm)
.
: . cm
, :
cm
cm
m
km
.
(.. 1:500.000)
: / = 1 / 500.000
1
---------------------------- = ---------
500.000
. = (500.000 / 1)
.. cm
/ = 1/500000 ==> 500000 = 1 ==> = 500000
- 30 -
..
5: S.O.S
. .
.
. -1 -2
.
:.. :..
-1
cm
cm
m
km
cm
km
( )
m
cm
cm /
cm
1:
.
, 1.
.
()
1
---------------------------------- = --------- ()
1:
.
; .
- 31 -
..
6:
. .
.
.
.
cm
cm
m
km
..
.
,
,
.
.
,
. (9)
( ) .
1 ( - 1)
2 ( 1 - 2)
3 ( 2 - 3)
cm
9 ( 8 - 9)
10 ( 9 - )
- 32 -
..
cm
cm
m
km
.
.
;
http://www.apostaseis.gr
.
. ; ....
. ; ..
. .
;
.
: .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 33 -
..
7: ;
.
; .
,
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
:
,
. .
. ...,
(
) ...
. ,
. .
- 34 -
..
, ,
,
2-
.
: ,
, , .
3-
3
15 .
.
4-
.
.
- 35 -
..
. ,
.
.
1:
.
2:
(
1) . .
.
3:
( 2).
. .
4:
4-5 .
( 3).
.
.
.
5:
(
4). .
.
6:
(http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~pesti/night/)
.
.
( 5).
7: -
.
( 6).
- 36 -
..
- (, ..).
-
, .
.
8:
. .
.
5-
/
.
1
10
.
2
20
.
3
20
.
4
25
http://www.cc.gatech
.edu/~pesti/night/
5
25
.
( 2).
6
20
10
- 37 -
..
6-
( ) :
;
;
;
;
; ;
7-
(
).
( )
. - -
. (Calc Excel)
( )
8-
.
- .
,
.
. ,
. ,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
.
. -
,
.
- 38 -
..
.
1-4 ( )
5-6 ( )
7-8 ( ).
, top
ten world population
:
http://www.mapsofworld.com/worldmaps/world-population-map.html
/ ,
.
(.. .gr,
.in) ( top level
domain name).
http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/
http://tldv.com/index.htm#cc-countrycode-tld
: http://www.bytelevel.com/map/ccTLD.html
,
.
- 39 -
..
..
:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_undernourished_world_map.PNG
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
,
http://www.lightpollution.it/dmsp/index.html
4 5
- -
9-
.
(
):
http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-maps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/popn1.html
http://www.geohive.com/earth/
http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
http://www.census.gov/population/international/
http://www.worldometers.info/population/
http://www.ibiblio.org/lunarbin/worldpop
http://www.vendian.org/envelope/TemporaryURL/population_other.html
http://www9.ocn.ne.jp/~aslan/pfe/pop.htm
http://www.xist.org/
http://desip.igc.org/populationmaps.html
- 40 -
..
1:
(calc excel):
738.000.000
913.000.000
4.140.000.000
36.000.000
3.700
994.000.000
(: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population)
5 .
4 .
3 .
2 .
1 .
- 41 -
..
2:
. (: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png
10.000 ..
2.000 ..
- 42 -
..
3:
.
( ).
( ). 1900
2000 .
&
18
24
40
20.066
74
167
322
520
8.420
13
22
31
129.892 247
274
448
763
1.238
1.654
2.519
4.068
6.071
687
768
40
46
7.851 8.918
.
.
1850-1900-1950-2000-2050.
- -
. -
.
11
. :
!
.
; .
19 (1800-1900 ..)
; .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 43 -
..
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
( ).
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 44 -
..
4:
,
.
.
,
,
.
: http://www.geekosystem.com/world-population-latitudelongitude/
,
.
( )
(
).
:
http://www.pnas.org/content/95/24/14009/F2.large.jpg
: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 1400914014,
November 1998, Hypsographic demography: The distribution of
human population by altitude, Joel E. Cohen & Christopher Small
- 45 -
..
;
.
; ; ;
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 46 -
..
5:
.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~pesti/night/
Google Maps
.
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 47 -
..
( )
, ,
, , ,
.. .
: .
: ....
.........................................................................................................................................
: ...
: ....
.........................................................................................................................................
: ....
: ....
.........................................................................................................................................
: .
: ....
.........................................................................................................................................
- 48 -
..
: ...
: ....
.........................................................................................................................................
, .
-
.
, , , ,
.
(
)
- 49 -
..
6:
.
:
http://www.philadelphiaattorney.com/family.html
:
http://blog.invisiblechildren.com/tag/u
nderpopulation-in-africa/
:
http://gandhi.de/Photos%20India.htm
- 50 -
..
:
http://en.showchina.org/CultureNews/Life/
200902/t260170.htm
: http://www.oldpicture.com/indians/EskimoFamily.htm
( 20052010)
7+
67
56
45
34
23
12
01
:
http://en.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/File:
Countriesbyfertil
ityrate.svg
- 51 -
..
- (, ,
);
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 52 -
..
.3. : (1 )
1-
.
.
2-
.
:
( ), ,
,
3-
(90
) 5 .
- 53 -
..
, , ()
-
() (2 ).
4-
()
.
(
) (.. ) .
, .
.
,
Google-earth .
1: -
(.. )
( ).
.
,
. , ,
.
2:
Google earth,
.
.
.
.
1.
3:
.
(.. www.google.gr)
- ( ) upside down map, reversed
map, South-up maps. .
, ,
().
( / ).
- 54 -
..
(.. ).
.
2.
(
.. PowerPoint Impress) ,
.
, ,
.
.
4:
(.. )
.
.
. ( 3)
- .
5:
, .. , ,
.
.
5: ( )
(.. ( )).
..
(.. ).
(..
- , = ,
).
. ( 4)
6: -
.
.
, -. (
5)
- 55 -
..
: (. 48)
http://geogr.eduportal.gr/maps2.htm
7: -
,
.
- .. .
5-
/
10
: Google
earth
.
,
.
.
.
Google
earth
1
30
.
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
10
.
.
()
(10)
10
10
10
6-
( ) :
,
;
- 56 -
..
;
;
;
; ;
; ,
;
(, , );
7-
( ) .
( ).
Google-earth.
( ).
.
.
/ .
8- -
.
3
( )
,
.
Amrica invertida (inverted
America, 1943) Joaqun Torres Garca.
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Torres_Garc%C3%ADa_-_Am%C3%A9rica_Invertida.jpg
- 57 -
..
,
(S 34o 41 W 56o 9,
). (.
) ( ) .
(Ecuador) . .
.
5 5. ,
5 6.
, ,
.
Quino
( 1).
.
.
,
,
.
.
. 15-16, & ( .. 1997 .)
. 20.
.
9-
South-up maps
reversed maps wikipedia (). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_map
. ,
(1989).
/
( :
- 58 -
..
, , 1999, .
/15-17 , , 2010, .
/16-18 , , 2007).
( 1).
. ,
, (1997).
()
http://www.army.gr/files/File/epitheorisi/200802_ .pdf,
wikipedia () http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_world_maps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography.
1
.
- 59 -
..
1:
Google earth,
( ).
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
( )
.
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
;
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 60 -
..
2:
http://www.google.gr
: upside down map,
reversed map, South-up maps.
,
map1, map2,
PowerPoint
Impress. .
;
(.. ,
, ,
)
;
(
)
;
(
Map1
Map2
Map3
Map4
Map5
Map6
Map7
Map8
Map9
Map10
- 61 -
;
(
)
..
3:
.
(
).
; ..
.
: ;
.
.
;
.
.
-. ,
.
:
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
:
,
() .
- 62 -
..
4:
.
; ;
: .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.
;
: .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
;
.........................................................................................................................................
/Far East (---..) .
; ;
: .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
;
.........................................................................................................................................
- 63 -
..
5: -
(..
) . .
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 64 -
..
.4. (1 )
1-
.
.
(, )
, ,
,
2-
.
: ,
, , & ,
.
3-
- 65 -
..
.
14
.
, ,
.
. : .
4-
,
, , ,
.
.
Google earth .
1: -
,
.
.
, Google Earth
( 1).
.
2:
. , 2
2
.
3:
. 3
.
4:
( 4). .
5:
. , 3
5
.
- 66 -
..
.
6:
()
.
7: -
,
,
( 7).
7:
,
( 7).
5-
/
20
.
.
1
, ,
Google Earth
15
.
.
2 .
, ,
(
2)
( 2).
3
,
,
15
.
.
,
/
10
15
(*)
/
()
()
( )
15
(*) (
- 67 -
..
6-
( ) :
;
;
;
; ;
7-
(
).
.
( )
Google Earth.
,
2
8-
- .
.
,
()
.
,
.
/
20
30
15
15
, ,
15
15
, /
10
20
15
20
---
20
15
15
- 68 -
..
. , 1
1.
4
, / .
6,
.
(.. ,
( / , , , ,
..).
.
4.
1
. :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtYzZ2Mw_EA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6atanozd-c0
.
,
.
,
.
, ( )
.
2 (, )
( )
.
.
,
.
,
..
9-
Braudel F. (.) (1990), : , . ,
, . ,
Braudel F. & Duby G. (.) (1990), :
, . , . ,
. () (2001), , . ,
- 69 -
..
1:
En
Mditerrane -
. , ,
, .
.
,
'
'
'
'
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 70 -
..
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Google Earth 1
.
.
Google Earth. (
/ruler ).
: ..(Km)
: ..(Km)
- 71 -
..
2: ,
2, .
.
;
.........................................................................................................................................
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
100 .
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 72 -
..
3:
; .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
;
. ;
-
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 73 -
..
4:
mare nostrum;
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
, 1900.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 74 -
..
5: ,
; ( 3)
.........................................................................................................................................
()
.
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 75 -
..
6:
.
,
.
- 76 -
..
7 :
.
, / ,
. .
- 77 -
..
7:
, :
.
.. ..
.. . .. ..
...
.. .. .. .
..
..
. ..
, ..
. .. 3,8%
.
.. ..
, ..
.
.. , (.. )
. .., ..
.. .
.
1% .
..
10% .. .
20% ...
..
.. ()
.
. .. ( 1/10
). ..
. ..
.
- 78 -
..
.5. (1 )
1-
.
.
, ,
,
2-
.
: ,
, , .
3-
.
16
. ,
, .
.
- 79 -
..
4-
,
.
( )
.
.
1:
.
1 .
2:
.
, ,
( 3).
,
(
2). ,
. .
2: (
)
. ;
;
( 2); .
3:
. ,
,
( 3).
.
.
4:
.
4, .
.
5:
.
- 80 -
..
( 5).
5-
/
15
15
2
2.
.
( 3)
/
.
.
3
2
2
25
25
10
6-
( ) :
,
;
;
;
; ;
7-
(
).
( )
.
, (
3)
8-
- 81 -
..
,
.
- ,
.
.
1 2 3 .
3 ( )
4 5.
3
: , , , , ,
, ..
: -, ,
, , , , .
(), : ,
, ,
( ).
.
animation 3D
( ). (22 )
.
: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tpR8Pk_qvc.
( debate)
, .
..
.
9-
.
, ( ):
http://map1-europe.com/
http://europe.zoom-maps.com/
http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/maps.php
http://www.flightmapping.com/maps/Europe/
http://www.europebyair.com/efp/cheapflightstoeurope.jsp
http://www.aferry.gr/
- 82 -
..
http://www.eurocanals.com/Waterways/europecountriesi.html
http://www.inlandnavigation.org/default.aspx
- 83 -
..
1:
( )
.
,
.
- 84 -
..
2:
(
).
.
,
.
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 85 -
..
2:
.
. ;
..
..
.
: http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/75/375-004-44E164A6.gif
.
;
- 86 -
..
.
;
: http://www.tourvacationstogo.com/maps/map-19194.jpg
http://www.europeanrivercruises.com/
,
.
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.
- ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... -
- 87 -
..
3: ; ;
5
5 .
(, , ) :
- 88 -
..
- 89 -
..
4: -
.
:
:
()
- 90 -
..
5:
. .
;
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
- 91 -
..
.6.
:
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
(,, .)
.
.
.
:
:
/
1
2
5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- 92 -
..
:
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
:
/
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
(..
5
, ).
6 .
7 .
8
.
- 93 -
..
:
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
:
/
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8 .
9 .
10
.
- 94 -
..
.
.1.
.
. , ,
.
,
. .
.
( )
Bonnett . (2010), , . . ,
. (2004), - , . , .
The Open University (1987), 1, . (
, Man and environment).
(
) .
Derruau M. (1991), 2 ., ,
, ., , ., , . (.) (2007), ,
, , . .
.
, - ,
. (1984), , . . ()
.
/ :
. (1999), .
, . ,
. (2009), ,
,
. . (2010), ,
- 95 -
..
, (.), . ,
.
(2001) , ,
. (
) .
()
Dorling Kindersley (1998), , 1998, London
1997, , .
(9 ),
-(2009). .
, ,
Geographica. The complete illustrated atlas of the world,
2007 Tandem Verlag GmbH.
. (
). .
, , . 2008,
,
. (
),
1945 .
.
,
. (1988),
, .
. (1998), , 25
, /
. (1997), . , .
. (1989), .
, . , .
, .
Barber P. (ed.) (2006), , . . , .
, The map book, Weidenfeld
Nicolson ed., 2005
., ., . (1985),
, .
- 96 -
..
: Candia/Creta/. . 16 - 18 , (2005),
. . 16 - 18 , (2006),
. /16-18 , (2007)),
. /15-17 , (2010)
. (2006),
, , .
,
, .
, ,
. & . (1999), ,
. & . (2007), ,
,
. & . (2008),
, .
,
:
Farndon J. (1993), , . (. DK 1992)
Farndon J. (1995), , .
.
. Bolt, , . , 1991.
. (2005), .
, , .
,
- . (2000), ,
, ,
. (2005), , ,
. (2008), ,
. (2009), , I
Hall T. (2005), , .
. (2006), - ,
, ,
- 97 -
..
. (.) (2000), .
, / .
.
. & . (2001), , , .
.
.
:
., . (2005), :
, Leader Books,
Miller G. T. Jr (1999), & . ,
Le Monde Diplomatique (2007), , .
(. . ),
Dow K. & Downing T.E (2008), , . Polaris
(. 2006)
. . (.) (2005), .
, . Gutenberg,
. (2006), , .
,
. (2008), , . . .
,
.
:
. & . () (2000), , .
,
. () (2001), , .
,
. & . (.) (2002),
, -
. (1996), : , .
- 98 -
..
: , , , ,
.
Overy R. (1999), 20 , . ,
Times books, Harper Collins Publ.
Braudel Fernand (2001), , , (.
Grammaire des civilizations, Flammarion ed. Paris 1993).
1963.
, (
, ,
, ).
(, , )
(, ).
()
. (2007), 1986-2006.
, .
J. Le Goff, , , .
Ch. Case
. (2001) ,
. , .
. (2002), , , .
,
.
, . , 1992.
, ,
.
, , .
. .
.2.
(,
..) . ,
,
.
(.. http://www.kpe.gr
), .
(
) :
- 99 -
..
18
21 . ,
, , , , ,
, , .. (2004).
,
, , (2000).
-,
(2000), . , , (2004).
,
( ) (2002)
(2008).
,
, . , ,
, ,
2007.
( 2005)
http://asel.primedu.uoa.gr/PAPERS/dbenvironment_mandrikas_new.xls
.
,
(http://www.env-edu.gr)
.3.
(
,
).
:
. ..
- - (
,
/ .
CD-ROM
- - (SIEM),
.
- 100 -
..
. H Google arth
Google aps
.
.
.
.
.
. ( ,
, ,
, .).
().
.
(
),
,
.
:
(,
, ).
- 101 -