RESEARCH SEMINAR LECTURE SERIES

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

PROF. DR. MOHD ADAM BAKAR

adam.bakar@aeu.edu.my; HF : +60133522740

IDEAS FOR RESEARCH / IDENTIFYING AN ISSUE AND A RESEARCH PROBLEM

AIM OF RESEARCH TO EXPLORE,EXPLAIN, DESCRIBE OR/AND PREDICT JUSTIFICATIONS FOR RESEARCH WHATS THE ISSUE? WHATS THE PROBLEM? WHATS THE SPECIFIC ISSUE THAT IS A PROBLEM THAT YOU WILL RESEARCH ON? READING OF LITERATURE PROBLEMS IN WORK SETTING WHICH SEEM TO REQUIRE INVESTIGATION. EVERYDAY LIFE ISSUES AND PERSONAL EXPERIECE THAT ONE CAN BE PASSIONATE ABOUT.

PREREQUISITES
HAD IDENTIFIED AN ISSUE OF INTEREST No issue no research ! Only when there are issues research can be developed. HAD NARROWED DOWN ON THE RESEARCHEABLE PROBLEMS. There are too many problems that are interesting and

researcheable. A PhD/DBA thesis not to solve worlds problems.

HAD DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM WHICH THE RESEARCH IS TO FOCUS ON Research done was only to tackle or address a specific problem of

academic or practical interests.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
WELL, ITS FAIR THAT YOU HAD IDENTIFY A GAP FOR RESEARCH, WHATS THE PROBLEM THAT YOU WANT TO RESEARCH ABOUT?? TO WHAT EXTENT IS PRIVATE PLACEMENT BEING USED AS A MEAN TO RAISE FUNDS IN MALAYSIA? HOW DO BUDGETS AND THE PROCESS OF BUDGETING IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE AND MEDIATE THE POLITICS OF ORGANIZATION?

TYPES OF LITERATURE
TEXT BOOKS, JOURNAL vs NEWS ARTICLES , ALTERNATIVE MEDIA ARTICLES POPULAR JOURNALS vs ACADEMIC JOURNALS
REFERREED vs UNREFEREED JOURNALS.

ACADEMIC JOURNALS
THEORETICAL DISPOSITIONS / METHODOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLES / CRITICS / LITERATURE REVIEWS RESEARCH ARTICLES

SUBJECT MATTER, METHODOLOGY, THEORIES, RESEARCH FINDINGS

TYPES OF LITERATURE - eg
Hofstede T.R.; Behavioural Accounting Research: Pathologies, Paradigms and Prescriptions, AOS (1976) pp 45-58 Benson J.K.; Organizations: A Dialectical View, ASQ(1977) pp 1-22 Pettigrew A.M.; Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice, Organizational Studies (1990), pp 267-292 Bulmer M.; Concepts in the Analysis of Qualitative Data, Sociological Review (1979) pp 651-677 Dick T.D. Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: A Triangulation in Action, ASQ(1979) pp 602-611 Morgan G. and Smircich L.; The Case For Qualitative Research, Academy of Management Review (1980) pp 491-500 Otley D.T.; The Contingency Theory of Management Accounting: Acheivement sand Prognosis, AOS (1980) pp 431-428 Sanders P.; Phenomenology: A New Way of Viewing Organizational Research, Academy of Management Review (1982) pp 353-366

TYPES OF LITERATURE - eg
Otley D.T.; Budget Uses and Managerial Performance, Journal of Accounting Research (1978) pp 122-149 Roberts J. and Scapens R.; Accounting Systems and Systems of Accountability: Understanding Accounting Practices in their Organizational Context, AOS (1985) pp 443-456 Scott W.R.; Developments in Organizational Theory : 1960-1980, American Behavioral Scientist (1981) pp 407-422 Schick A.G.; University Budgeting: Administrative, Budget Structure, and Budget Process, AMR(1985) pp794-802 Miller P.; On the Interrelations Between Accounting and the State, AOS (1990) pp 315-338 Covaleski M.A. and Dirsmith M.V.; The Use of Budgetary Symbols in the Political Arena: An Historically Informed Field Stydy, AOS(1988) pp543-573 Ansari S. and Euske K.J.; Rationali, Rationalizing and Reifying Uses of Accounting Data in Organizations, AOS (1987) pp 549-570

TYPES OF LITERATURE - eg
Allaire Y and Firsirotu M.E.; Theories of Organizational Culture, Organization Studies (1984) pp 193-226 Baladouni V.; The Study of Accounting History, The International Journal of Accounting (1976) pp 53-67 Birnberg J.G. and Shields J.F.; Three Decades of Behavioural Accounting Research: A Search for Order, Behavioral Research in Accounting (1989) pp2 23-74 Hagg I. and Hedlund G.; Case Studies in Accounting Research, AOS(1979) pp 135-143 Hopper T.M., and Powell A.; Making Sense of research into the Organizational and Social Aspects of Management Accounting: A Review of its underlying Assumptions, JMS (1985) pp 429-465 Kliemstine C.F. and Maher M.W.; Management Accounting Research 1926-1983, AAA(1985)

LITERATURE REVIEW A DEFINITION

A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE WHICH WILL ALLOW THE RESEARCHER TO FIND OUT ISSUES THAT HAD BEEN ADDRESSED, THEORETICAL, RESEARCH AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ADOPTED AND FINDINGS OF PAST STUDIES.

PURPOSE 1. TO FIND OUT WHAT PEOPLE HAS DONE IN THE PAST, LOOK FOR A GAP AND IDENTIFY ISSUES FOR RESEARCH. 2. TO TAKE COGNISANCE OF THE THEORETICAL, RESEARCH AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THAT HAD BEEN ADOPTED IN PAST STUDIES. 3. TO UNDERSTAND THE INSTRUMENTS TO COLLECT DATA AND THE ANALYTICAL MODEL SUSED IN PAST RESEARCH.

LITERATURE REVIEW WHAT IS IT?

AN ACT OF TRYING TO FIND OUT; WHAT HAVE OTHERS SAID ABOUT THE TOPIC? WHAT THEORIES ADDRESS IT AND WHAT DO THEY SAY? WHAT PREVIOUS RESERCH EXISTS? ARE THERE CONSISTENT FINDINGS OR DO PASS STUDIES DISAGREE?ARE THERE FLAWS IN THE BODY OF EXISTING RESEARCH THAT YOU THINK YOU CAN RECTIFY OR GAPS THAT YOU CAN FILL? THE BOTTTOM LINE
1. 2. 3. 4. NOT TO REINVENT THE WHEELS. RESEARCH GAP PROPERLY IDENTIFIED AND PROBLEMS PROPERLY DEFINED ISSUES ADRESSED ARE JUSTIFIABLE, FEASIBLE/RESEARCHABLE, AND RELEVANT. RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS ADOPTED ARE APPROPRIATE AND DEFENSIBLE.

ROLES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

TO IDENTIFY, LOCATE, SYNTHESISE AND ANALYZE ISSUES FROM LITERATURE AND OTHER MATERIALS ABOUT SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF A RESEARCH TOPIC. TO CRITICALLY EVALUATE ISSUES TO DETERMINE A GAP OR LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR FURTHER RESEARCH. A CHOOSEN TOPIC SHOULD AIM TO FILL THE GAP OR AT LEAST PUT A NEW COMPLEXION ON EXITING RESEARCH. TO UNDERSTAND THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK UNDERLYING THOSE PREVIOUS STUDIES. THE REVIEW SHOULD HELP IN THE CHOICE OF A RESEARCH METHOD FOR THE STUDY.

BASIC STEPS IN LITERATURE REVIEW

IDENTIFY YOUR RESEARCH AREA ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND A SPECIFIC FOCUS. DEVELOP AND DEFINE YOUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS. LOOK FOR RELEVANT LITERATURE

CONCEPT PAPERS SUBJECT MATTER, THEORETICAL RESEARCH PAPERS LITERATURE REVIEW PAPERS

CATEGORIZE THEM INTO LOGICAL GROUPS + CROSS REF READ THEM INTELLIGENTLY, MAKE NOTES, CROSS REF. CRITICALLY ANALYZE AND SUMMARIZE THEM INTO

ISSUES ADDRESSD THEORIES ADOPTED, INSTRUMENTS USED, TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FINDINGS CROSS REFERENCED FINDINGS WITH OTHER RESEARCH

CONCLUDE AND WRITE YOUR REVIEW.

THINGS TO LOOK FOR IN A LITERATURE

WHAT THE PAPER IS ABOUT READ THE SYNOPSIS WHAT THE ISSUE THE PAPER IS ADDRESSING, WHO ARE THEY QUOTING WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ADOPTED. HOW THE RESARCH IS DONE READ THE METHODOLOGY

WHAT IS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS? WHAT IS THE FOCUS OF THE STUDY THE CONCEPT? WHATS THE VARIABLES USED TO REPRESENT THE CONCEPT WHAT IS THE CONCEPTIAL FRAMEWORK? WHAT TYPES OF DATA DO THEY COLLECT? HOW? WHAT INSTRUMENTS THEY USE TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA?

WHAT HAS THEY FOUND OUT? HOW IS THIS RELATED TO OTHER STUDIES. IS THERE ANY SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES.

WRITING SYNTHESIZE THE LITERATURE HOW TO A LITERATURE REVIEW SPEED READING MIND MAPPING NOTE TAKING AND CATALOGING SUMMARIZING SYNTYHESIZING

HOW TO SYNTHESIZE THE LITERATURE - WHAT TO LOOK FOR -A suggestion

THEORETICAL PAPERS WHO PROPOGATES IT WHAT THE THEORY SAYS WHATS THE PHILOSOPHY BEHIND IT WHAT ARE THE ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING IT RESEARCH PAPERS WHAT ARE THE ISUES WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS & SPECIFIC PROBLEMS THE RESEARCH ADDRESS HOW WAS BEING DONE (PHILOSOPHY, THEORY) & CARRIED OUT

(METHODOLOGY) WHATS THE FINDINGS HOW DO THE FINDINGS RELATE TO PASS RESEARCH

HOW TO SUMMARIZE THEM?

RESEARCH PAPERS
Authors Title of the article Issue being addressed Problem Statement Methodological Philosophy (Qlttve vs Qttve, Philosophical stance) Methods of Research -UNIT OF ANALYSIS, FOCUS OF THE STUDY /CONCEPTS USED,
VARIABLES USED ,CONCEPTIAL FRAMEWORK, TYPES OF DATA DO THEY COLLECT? HOW? INSTRUMENTS USE TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA?

Findings, Relations to Past research

HOW TO SYNTHESIZE THE LITERATURE - WHAT ARE THE TOOLS YOU CAN USE?
NOTE / CATALOGUE CARDS TABULATIONS IN COLUMNAR FORMAT (Use the EXCELL Spreadsheet) WIKI & OTHER SOFTWARE PACKAGES

WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND WHAT MKES THIS ISSUE INTERESTING TO RESEARCH DEFINITION ISSUES ADRESSED BY PAST RESEARCHERS METHODS EMPLOYED IN PAST STUDIES

WHAT IS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS? WHAT IS THE FOCUS OF THE STUDY THE CONCEPT? WHATS THE VARIABLES USED TO REPRESENT THE CONCEPT WHAT IS THE CONCEPTIAL FRAMEWORK? WHAT TYPES OF DATA DO THEY COLLECT? HOW? WHAT INSTRUMENTS THEY USE TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA?

DISCUSSIONS ON PAST FINDINGS IMPLICATIONS FOR THIS STUDY

CHEERS AND GOOD LUCK !!!