i Truyn Hnh Vit Nam

..............................

ti

truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun chu u

2001

Mc lc Trang

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Phn 1 : Truyn hnh s mt t v vn chyn i 1 - Ti sao li truyn hnh s 1.1 - S cn thit ca truyn hnh s 1.2 - u im ca truyn hnh s 2 - Truyn hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u 2.1 - Mt s vn chung 2.2 - Vn chuyn i nc ta Phn 2 : My pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u 1 - Nguyn l chung 1.1 - Nhng im khc cn bn so vi analog 1.2 - Thc hin bng cch no : s dng COFDM. 2 - Ti sao s dng COFDM v s dng nh th no? 2.1 - Ti sao li nhiu sng mang ? 2.2 - c tnh trc giao v vic s dng DFT/FFT 2.2.1 - Trc giao 2.2.2 - Cng c tnh trc giao bng khong bo v 2.2.3 - S dng FFT 2.3 - La chn iu ch c s 2.4 - S dng m sa li 2.4.1 - Ti sao s dng m sa li 2.4.2 - Soft dicision v thng tin trng thi knh 2.4.3 - Xen (tn s v thi gian) 2.4.4 - M ho thm 2.5 - COFDM : Thc hin t chc knh nh th no? 2.5.1 - Phn chia knh 2.5.2 - Chn cc sng mang ph 2.5.3 - Chn cc khong bo v 2.5.4 - ng b knh 2.6 - COFDM : mang d liu nh th no? 2.7 - iu ch phn cp : c hi cho nhiu dch v mi ? 2.7.1 - Chm sao iu ch phn cp 2.7.2 - Cc c tnh iu ch 2.7.3 - iu ch phn cp : ti sao? 2.7.4 - Kt lun 2.8 - Mng n tn SFN 3 - S khi my pht hnh s mt t. Chi tit cc vn : cu trc khung, m ha knh v iu ch. 3.1 - S khi 3.2 - M ha knh v iu ch 3.2.1 - Phi hp ghp knh truyn ti v ngu nhin ha d liu 3.2.2 - B m ngoi 3.2.3 - B ghp ngoi 3.2.4 - B m ni 3.2.5 - B ghp ni 3.2.6 - Chm sao tn hiu v qa trnh mapping 3.2.7 - Cu trc khung OFDM 3.2.8 - Cc tn hiu chun 4 - Nhng vn cn quan tm khi chuyn i sang truyn hnh s 4.1- Kh nng chuyn i t my pht Analogue sang my pht s ? 4.2- Thc hin chuyn i nh th no? 4.3- Cc vn v RF, chia s vi cc c s analog ang tn ti 4.4 - Nhng lu v anten v cng sut.

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Phn 1 Truyn hnh s mt t v vn chuyn i 1 - Ti sao li truyn hnh s 1.1 - S cn thit ca truyn hnh s Nu tnh n phm vi ng dng k thut s th lnh vc truyn hnh mi trong giai on ang trin khai. Cn rt nhiu li ch y tim nng tuy cha c s dng nhng c th thy c mt tng lai y ha hn. Truyn hnh ni chung ra i khng phi l sm nhng cng khng th ni l mun. V trong thi gian thnh tu t c l v cng to ln. Khi im ch l truyn hnh en trng, k thut cn th s, ri xut hin truyn hnh mu. Lc ngi xem cm thy rng r hn nhiu ri. Nhng cng ngh th khng bao gi dng li v nhu cu ca ngi xem cng khng bao gi dng li. Cc chng trnh sinh ng hn, linh hot hn, thm rt nhiu dch v mi ra i. Nu trc kia vic mong c c chng kin trc tip mt s kin no xy ra bn kia bn cu ch c trong m th ngy ny nhu cu ca ngi xem vt xa hn nhiu. Cc chng trnh phi c nt cc cao, xem ng thi rt nhiu chng trnh d bt c ni no, bt c thi im no. Ri th khng ch n thun l xem, h cn mun can thip trc tip vo cc chng trnh, ngha l truyn hnh khng cn n thun ch l thng tin mt chiu. Cn rt nhiu cc nhu cu ca ngi xem, nhng nhu cu m trc kia tng chng khng bao gi thc hin ni th ngy nay hon ton c th, l nh mt cng ngh mi - truyn hnh s. 1.2 - u im ca truyn hnh s - Mt my pht truyn hnh s c th pht c 4-5 chng trnh truyn hnh trong khi mt my pht analog nh ta ang s dng ch pht c mt chng trnh duy nht theo h PAL. Xt v mt ph ta thy tn hiu tng t ph ch tp trung nng lng vo cc sng mang hnh, ting v burst mu. Trong khi tn hiu s bao gm hng ngn sng mang tp trung dy c vo trong mt di ph c rng tng ng. S tn dng ti a hiu qu ph cho php truyn hnh s c th truyn pht c nhiu chng trnh ng thi. y l u im ng k so vi truyn hnh tng t (xem hnh 1). Hnh 1: Ph ca tn hiu tng t v tn hiu analog H H H H nh nh - Cng sut pht khng cn qa ln v cng in trng cho nh s thp hn cho thu analog thu nh ( nhy my thu s thp hn -30 n -20dB so vi my thu analog). Tin Tin Tin Tin ma" do cc tia sng phn x t nhiu hng n my thu. y - Thu s g khng cn hin tng "bng g g g l vn m h pht analog ang khng khc phc ni. - Thu bng anten c nh trong nh hay anten di chuyn (ca my thu xch tay) u thc hin c.

Ph - Thu di ng tt. Ngi xem d i trn t, tu ho vn xem c cc chng trnh truyn hnh. S tn d nh vy l do x l tt hin tng Doppler. hiu - Cho kh nng thit lp mng n knh (n tn - Single Frequency Network), ngha l nhiu my pht trn cng mt knh sng. y l s hiu qu ln xt v mt cng sut v tn s. tng t - Pht hnh s em li cho ta c hi xem cc chng trnh vi nt cao. Vn d th tn hiu
s c tnh chng nhiu cao cao. - Tn hiu s d x l, mi trng qun l iu khin v x l rt thn thin vi my tnh.

Ph tn 2 - Truyn hnh s mt t theo tiu chun chu u s hiu

Hnh 2: Pht hnh DVB-T

DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) l mt t chc gm trn 200 thnh vin ca hn 30 nc nhm Distant pht trin k thut pht s trong ton Chu u v cho cc khu vc khc. T chc DVB phn ra nhiu transmitter phn ban, trong c cc phn ban chnh :

Nearest transmitter

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

- DVB-S - Pht trin k thut truyn s qua v tinh: H thng DVB -S s dng phng php iu ch QPSK (Quadratue Phase - Shift Keying), mi sng mang cho mt b pht p. Tc bit truyn ti ti a khong 38,1Mbps. B rng bng thng mi b pht p t 11 n 12 Ghz - DVB-C - Pht trin pht s qua cp: S dng cc knh cp c dung lng t 7 n 8 MHz v phng php iu ch 64_QAM (64 Quadratue Amplitude Modulation). DVB-C c mc SNR (t s Signal/noise) cao v iu bin k sinh (Intermodulation) thp. Tc bit lp truyn ti MPEG - 2 ti a l 38,1 Mbps - DVB-T - Pht trin mng pht hnh s mt t : Vi vic pht minh ra iu ch ghp a tn trc giao (COFDM) s dng cho pht thanh s (DAB) v pht hnh s mt t (DVB), rt nhiu nc s dng phng thc ny. Tc bit ti a 24 Mbps (ng vi di thng cao tn 8Mhz) 2.1 - Mt s vn chung T nhiu nm nay k thut s c s dng trong sn xut, truyn dn, lu tr chng trnh v pht sng qung b s (qua v tinh, qua mng pht mt t) cng nh cc my thu hnh. Chun DVB-T c mt s c im nh sau: - Khi pht cc chng trnh s chun (khng phi l cc chng trnh c nt cao), tn hiu nn video s c la chn l MPEG-2 Main Profile @ Main Level (4 : 2 : 0) vi tc mt chng trnh t 2 n 4 Mbit/s. Mi chng trnh cn mt b MPEG-2 encoder ring, pht bao nhiu chng trnh cn by nhiu b. - Nhiu chng trnh sau khi nn ghp li thnh mt dng truyn ti MPEG-2 vi tc c th ln n 24Mbps. D liu ca dng truyn ti ny c phn pht cho nhiu sng mang trc giao nhau. Vn tc ca dng truyn ti cao hay thp, yu t th nht quyt nh l di thng cao tn ca my pht. V tt nhin n cn ph thuc vo cc tham s la chn khc na (phng thc iu ch, m bo v ..). - phn gii nh ti a 720 x 576 im nh. - D n DVB khng tiu chun ho dng thc HDTV nhng h thng truyn ti chng trnh c kh nng vn dng vi d liu HDTV. - H thng truyn hnh c th cung cp cc c nh 4:3 ; 16: 9 v 20: 9 ti tc khung 50 MHz. - V c bn, h thng DVB-T ging vi cc h thng DVB-S v DVB-C - S dng k thut COFDM da trn k thut iu ch QPSK v QAM, c kh nng chng li hin tng fading nhiu ng. - DVB-T c hai s la chn 2K (1705 sng mang) v 8K (6817 sng mang). - C th dng phng thc iu ch, m ha phn cp. - C kh nng vi cc mng tn s vng v quc gia. 2.2 - Vn chuyn i nc ta ng dng pht hnh s Vit Nam l nhm cc mc ch : - Tin kp cc nc tin tin v cc nc xung quanh trn lnh vc thng tin i chng ni chung v truyn hnh ni ring. - Pht ng thi nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh : Truyn hnh Vit Nam ly nhu cu xem nhiu chng trnh vi cht lng ng u l mc tiu s mt tin ti pht s. C l truyn hnh s vi nt cao vt qua kh nng kinh t ca ngi dn chng ta. - Khc phc c tnh trng can nhiu.

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

- Vng tn s VHF (174-230Mhz) hin nay ginh cho pht PAL analog thc s chim ht. Nhiu tnh v khu vc pht chng trnh Quc gia phi pht PAL analog trn knh UHF. Nhng cng sut my pht PAL analog trn knh UHF phi ln hn trn knh VHF hng 20 ln, khi ph sng cng mt vng. Hn na s chn knh, nhiu knh PAL analog ang xy ra mt s vng. ng thi nhu cu pht nhiu chng trnh ang t ra kh gay gt. nn tm gii php pht s cho vn ny. - Sm la chn vng tn s cho cc mng pht hnh s trn c s cn i nhu cu pht trin ca nhiu ngnh. V d xt v tng th li ch ca ton x hi, pht hnh s mt t c th ln bng UHF sau ny dnh bng tn VHF cho cc dch v khc. - Tit kim nng lng in cho ton b my pht hnh, kch thch th trng tiu dng ca ngi dn c thu nhp cao (mua TV s, SETTOP box)... Kh nng thc t ng dng DVB-T : Mt iu d thy l nc ta ang hon thin h thng pht hnh analog trn ton quc. Rt nhiu cc c s h tng c to ra. V rt nhiu trong s c th s dng li c cho h thng mng pht hnh s: - Cc v tr t i pht cng nh c s vt cht hnh thnh ti 61 tnh, thnh ph. - Tn dng h thng anten UHF di rng ang pht PAL analog. - S c dng tn hiu s MPEG-2 TS cp cho cc my pht hnh s. - Vic trin khai trm pht ln v tinh bng tn Ku ti Vnh Yn cng c ngha l chun DVB-S hon ton c cng nhn Vit Nam. - Chu k s dng ca cc my pht trn ton nc ta s ht vo khong cc nm t 2003 n 2012. y l iu thun li cho qu trnh chuyn ln pht hnh s vn c xem l s lu di. - Tuy chm hn v mt trin khai truyn hnh cp so vi nhiu nc nhng y li l mt yu t thun li ta trin khai truyn hnh s mt t v khi ta khng phi bn khon v h thng thit b tng t c xy dng cng phu s. ta. - Nhu cu cung cp cc chng trnh TV trn cc phng tin giao thng cng rt cn thit nc

- Yu t con ngi : nhiu chuyn gia k thut ca ngnh Truyn hnh Vit Nam v ang tip cn vi cc trang thit b cng nh cng ngh ca truyn hnh s. - Kh nng mua sm trang thit b s ca cc h gia nh : tuy cha th ni rng truyn hnh s s c th n vi mi h gia nh nhng cho n thi im hin nay th gi cc thit b thu s (TV s, SETTOPBOX...) khng cn qua cao nh trc na. chng 2 My pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u 1 - Nguyn l chung Thc s th tn hiu s rt khc so vi tn hiu analog. Mt s lung tn hiu video s n t cc studio c tc n 360 Mbits/s v r rng l khng th truyn dng d liu ny trn mt di thng hp. Nh vy d liu trc ht phi c nn li. Vic nn c thc hin bng b m ha MPEG (thc t m ha MPEG-2 c s dng cho cc h thng DVB). Vic m ha c thc hin kh phc tp da trn c s nhiu khung hnh nh cha nhiu thng tin vi s sai khc rt nh do MPEG lm vic bng cch ch gi i nhng s thay i ny v d liu lc ny c th gim t 100 n 200 ln. Vi audio cng nh vy, vic nn da trn nguyn l tai ngi kh phn bit c m thanh trm nh so vi m

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

thanh ln khi chng c tn s ln cn nhau v nhng bt thng tin ca m thanh trm nh ny c th b i v khng c s dng. Vic trn tn hiu video v audio nn l nh b multiplexer. u ra ca b ghp knh ny l dng truyn ti MPEG-2. Dng ny c th s dng trc tip lun hoc c th li c ghp knh truyn ti vi cc chng trnh khc nh b ghp knh truyn ti. Thc ra tc d liu cho php gim n mc no l tu theo cc tham s truyn dn c la chn trong b iu ch. Sau khi dng d liu c a trc tip ti b iu ch, n s c ngu nhin ha vi mt chui bit gi ngu nhin phn tn nng lng. Vic m ha cng c thc hin tng kh nng chng li. Sau cc bit d liu s c nh x ln chm sao. Sau bin i Furier ngc kt qu cui cng thu c l rt nhiu cc sng mang iu ch. n y th tn hiu thu c mi ch l IF, sau c th i tn ln theo cch thng thng. 1.1 - Nhng im khc cn bn so vi analogue So vi truyn hnh tng t th truyn hnh s : i hi t s C/N nh hn, c kh nng chng nhiu tt hn nhng cc h thng s hay hng t ngt hn. Cc b khuch i ca my pht s yu cu phi c tuyn tnh cao. Ph cao tn ca my pht analog hu nh tp trung vo 3 khu vc chnh : Tn s mang hnh, tn s mang hnh cng vi ti tn mu (4,43Mhz) v tn s mang m thanh; cc khu vc khc ph rt thp, ngha l di thng cao tn cha tn dng ht. Khc vi analog, di ph cao tn ca pht s cha hng ngn sng mang tp trung dy c trong di thng 7,61 Mhz. Ton b di thng cao tn ca my pht s c tn dng ht, khng cn d tha nh ca my pht analog (xem hnh 1). Hn na nu quan st biu chm sao ca iu ch 64-QAM, th chng ta nhn thy, cc im trn chm sao khc nhau c v pha v bin . Nu nh c s sai lch cht t v pha hay bin cng s gy cho u thu gii iu ch sai so vi tn hiu ban u. V vy mt iu khc bit so vi my pht analog l cc b khuch i ca my pht s yu cu phi tht tuyn tnh m bo tnh ng u c v bin (h s khuch i) v v pha ca cc sng mang khi pht i. Nu khng tuyn tnh, chc chn s gy ra sai li bt rt ln cho u thu, thm ch s khng tch cc chng trnh truyn hnh c. V vy cc hng my pht hin nay thng tm n v s dng n IOT (Inductive Output Tube) gii quyt bi ton tuyn tnh cho my pht s cng sut ln. Mt s hng li ci tin my pht analog cng sut ln dng n klystron thnh my pht s. i vi cc my pht bn dn (solid state), d cc b khuch i c lm vic ch A th tuyn tnh vn c th cha t yu cu. V vy ngi ta phi ch n hiu chnh sa lm sao tho mn tuyn tnh. 1.2 - Thc hin bng cch no : s dng COFDM p ng cc yu cu cng nh tnh nng ca truyn hnh s mt t, nhm nghin cu ca DVB-T a ra mt phng thc iu ch mi COFDM. Tnh u vit cng nh l do ti sao dng phng thc ny s c trnh by trong phn sau, ch bit rng y l nguyn l ct li ca mt h thng DVB-T.

2 - Ti sao s dng COFDM v s dng nh th no ? Thc ra COFDM l mt phng thc ghp knh a sng mang trc giao trong vn s dng cc hnh thc iu ch s c s ti mi sng mang. Tuy nhin cho tin ta gi l phng thc iu ch COFDM. Phng thc ny rt ph hp cho nhng yu cu ca pht hnh mt t. COFDM sn sng ng u vi hin tng pht nhiu ng, thm ch c khi c tr ln gia cc tn hiu thu c. Chnh iu ny dn n khi nim mng n tn (SFN), ni c nhiu my pht cng gi tn hiu ging nhau trn cng mt tn s, m thc ra y chnh l hiu ng "nhiu ng nhn to". COFDM cng gii quyt c vn nhiu ng knh di hp. y l hin tng thng thy trong cc dch v tng t do cc sng mang gy ra.

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Chnh nh cc u im trn m COFDM c chn cho hai tiu chun pht sng l DVB-T v DAB, v tu theo tng ng dng ca tng loi m c nhng la chn cng nh yu cu khc nhau. Tuy nhin u th c bit ca COFDM v hin tng nhiu ng v nhiu ch t c khi c s la chn tham s cn thn v quan tm n cch thc s dng m sa li. Vy thc t COFDM ngha l g ? tng u tin ca COFDM xut pht t khi xem xt s suy yu xy ra trong pht sng cc knh mt t. p ng ca knh khng tng ng vi tng di tn nh do c nhiu tn hiu nhn c (tn hiu chnh + tn hiu echo), ngha l s khng cn nng lng thu hoc s thu c nhiu hn mt tn hiu. gii quyt vn ny th c ch u tin l phi phn tch lung d liu truyn ti trn mt s lng ln cc di tn s nh cch bit nhau, ngha l iu ch d liu ln mt s lng ln sng mang da trn k thut FDM. V c th xy dng li c nhng d liu mt bn thu th cn m ha d liu trc khi pht. Do c mt s c im ch cht sau y gip cho COFDM rt ph hp cho cc knh mt t, l :

Cc sng mang vung gc - orthogonality (COFDM). Chn thm cc khong bo v - guard interval. S dng m sa li (COFDM), xen bit - symbol v thng tin trng thi knh (CSI).

Phn ny chng ta s cng gii thch cc c im ny cng nh ngha ca chng. 2.1 - Ti sao li nhiu sng mang ? Gi thit rng chng ta iu ch cc thng tin s cho mt sng mang. Trong mi symbol, chng ta truyn sng mang vi bin v pha xc nh. Bin v pha ny la chn theo chm sao iu ch. Mi symbol vn chuyn mt lng bt thng tin nht nh, lng bit ny bng vi loga (c s 2) ca s trng thi khc nhau trong chm sao. By gi hy tng tng l c hai ng tn hiu nhn c vi mt tr tng i gia chng. Gi s ta xem xt symbol th n c pht i, th my thu s c gng gii iu ch d liu bng cch kim tra tt c thng tin nhn c lin quan n symbol th n k c thng tin thu trc tip ln thng tin thu c do tr. Khi khong tr ln hn mt chu k symbol (xem hnh 3 - tri), th tn hiu thu c t ng th hai s ch thun tu l nhiu, v n mang thng tin thuc v cc symbol trc . Cn nhiu gia cc symbol (ISI) ng rng ch c mt cht t tn hiu tr nh hng vo chu k symbol mong mun (mc chnh xc tu thuc vo chm sao s dng v mc suy hao c th chp nhn).

Hnh 3 : Hin tng tr gy xuyn nhiu gia cc symbol Khi khong tr nh hn mt chu k symbol (hnh 3 - phi) th ch mt phn tn hiu thu c t ng th hai oc xem nh l nhiu v n mang thng tin ca symbol trc . Phn cn li s mang thng tin ca chnh symbol mong mun, tuy nhin s ng gp ca n cng c th c ch hoc c th mang tnh tiu cc i vi thng tin t ng thu chnh thc. iu ny cho chng ta thy rng, nu chng ta mun gii quyt vi tt c cc mc tn hiu tr khc nhau th tc tc symbol phi c gim xung sao cho tng khong tr (gia tn hiu thu c u tin vi tn hiu thu c cui cng) cng ch l mt phn khim tn ca chu k symbol. Khi

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

thng tin m mt sng mang n vn chuyn s b gii hn khi c hiu ng nhiu ng. Vy th nu mt sng mang khng th vn chuyn c tc thng tin theo yu cu th tt nhin s dn n tng chia dng d liu tc cao thnh rt nhiu dng song song vi tc thp hn, mi dng c vn chuyn bi mt sng mang, ngha l s c rt nhiu sng mang. y chnh l mt dng ca FDM - bc u tin tin ti COFDM. Mc d vy th vn c th tn ti ISI vi cc symbol trc . kh hon ton th phi ko di khong truyn ca mt symbol sao cho n ln hn khong tng hp tn hiu m my thu thu c. Vy th vic chn thm khong bo v c th l tng tt (chng ta s tr li vn ny sau). 2.2 - c tnh trc giao v vic s dng DFT/FFT 2.2.1 - Trc giao Vic s dng mt s lng ln cc sng mang c v nh khng c trin vng lm trong thc t : chc chn, chng ta s cn rt nhiu b iu ch, gii iu ch v b lc i km theo ? V cng c v nh s cn mt di thng ln hn cha cc sng mang ny. Nhng tht may c hai iu lo lng ny u c xua tan nu chng ta thc hin mt vic n gin sau y : cc sng mang c t u n cch nhau mt khong fU = 1/ TU , vi TU l khong symbol hu ch (u : useful) vi iu kin l cc sng mang ny phi c t trc giao nhau. V mt ton hc, vic trc giao s nh sau : mang th k c biu din : sng

K (t ) = e jk
+ TU

Ut

vi U = 2/ TU , v iu kin trc giao m sng mang phi tho mn l :

* (t ) L (t )dt = 0,

kL

= TU , k = l
V ngha vt l: khi gii iu ch tn hiu cao tn ny, b gii iu ch khng nhn thy cc tn hiu cao tn kia, kt qu l khng b cc tn hiu cao tn khc gy nhiu. V phng din ph : im ph c nng lng cao nht ri vo im bng khng ca sng mang kia. Hn na chng ta s khng b lng ph v mt ph. Cc sng mang c t rt gn nhau v th tng cng di ph cng ch nh iu ch sng mang n nu chng c iu ch vi tt c d liu v s dng b lc ct nh l tng. 2.2.2 - Cng c tnh trc giao bng khong bo v Thc t, cc sng mang c iu ch nh cc s phc. Nu khong t hp thu c tri di theo 2 symbol th khng ch c nhiu ca cng sng mang (ISI) m cn c nhiu xuyn sng mang (ICI). trnh iu ny chng ta chn thm khong bo v gip m bo cc thng tin tng hp l n t cng m symbol v xut hin c nh.

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Hnh 4 - Chn thm khong bo v Mi khong symbol c ko di thm v th n s vt qu khong t hp ca my thu TU . V tt c cc sng mang u tun hon trong TU nn ton b tn hiu c iu ch cng vy. V th on thm vo ti phn u ca symbol to nn khong bo v s ging vi on c cng di ti cui symbol. Min l tr khng vt qu on bo v, tt c thnh phn tn hiu trong khong t hp s n t cng mt symbol v tiu chun trc giao c tho mn. ICI v ISI ch xy ra khi tr vt qu khong bo v. di khong bo v c la chn sao cho ph hp vi mc hin tng nhiu ng. DAB s dng khong bo v xp x TU / 4; DVB-T c nhiu la chn hn nhng ti a cng ch l TU / 4. Cn nhiu th na c th gy ra s suy gim tnh trc giao v do s gy ra ICI. Chng c th l cc li xy ra trong cc b to dao ng ni hoc trong vic ly mu tn s ca my thu hay cc phase-noise trong cc b to dao ng ni. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nhng nh hng ny c th c gi mc gii hn c th chp nhn c. 2.2.3 - S dng FFT Chng ta trnh c hng ngn b lc, nh tnh trc giao, vy th vic th hin gii iu ch cc sng mang, cc b ghp knh v cc b t hp th sao? Thc t, chng ta lm vic vi tn hiu thu c i dng ly mu (theo nh l Nyquyst). Qu trnh t hp tr thnh qu trnh tng kt, v ton b qu trnh gii iu ch da trn dng bin i Furier ri rc (DFT). Rt may l vic thc hin bin i Furier nhanh c ri (cc mch t hp sn c), v vy chng ta c th xy dng thit b COFDM phng th nghim rt d dng. Cc phin bn chung ca FFT u hot ng trn c s cc mu thi gian 2M (tng ng vi cc mu c ly trong khong t hp) v vn chuyn cng s lng cc h s tn (frequency coefficient). Cc h s ny tng ng vi d liu c gii iu ch t nhiu sng mang. Thc t v chng ta ly mu trn c s gii hn Nyquyst, nn khng phi tt c cc h s c ly u tng ng vi cc sng mang tch cc m chng ta s dng. Bin i FFT ngc c s dng trong my pht to ra tn hiu OFDM t dng d liu u vo. 2.3 - La chn iu ch c s Ti mi symbol, mi sng mang s c iu ch bi mt s phc ly t tp chm sao. Nu cng c nhiu trng thi trong chm sao th mi sng mang cng vn chuyn c nhiu bit trong mt symbol, tuy nhin khi cc im trong chm sao cng cng gn nhau hn, trong khi cng sut pht th c nh nn s gim kh nng chng li. Do vy cn c s cn i gia tc v mc li. Ti my thu, gi tr gii iu ch tng ng (h s tn ly t FFT my thu) c nhn vi mt s phc tu (p ng knh ti tn s sng mang). Chm sao s c quay lun phin v thay i v kch c. Vy th lm th no chng ta xc nh c im trong chm sao m chng ta gi i ?

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Cc n gin l gii iu ch visai (differential demodulation), kiu nh DQPSK trong DAB. Thng tin c mang i chnh l s thay i v pha ca symbol ny so vi symbol tip theo. Min l knh thay i chm th s khng c vn g vi p ng knh ca n. S dng qu trnh gii iu ch visai (khc vi dnh kt) s gy ra suy gim v ch tiu ca nhiu tp m (thermal noise) tuy nhin DAB khng cn l h thng chng li mnh. Khi i hi tc ln hn (nh trong DVB-T), s rt c li nu s dng gii iu ch dnh kt (coherent demodulation). Theo phng php ny, p ng knh s c xc nh v chm sao nhn c c cn bng chnh xc ri mi xc nh xem im no trn chm sao c pht i (ngha l xc nh c bit no truyn i). lm c iu ny DVB-T th mt s thng tin pilot phi c pht km theo (gi l scattered pilots). Sau php ni suy s c thc hin, s dng b lc mt chiu hoc hai chiu, s dng cn bng tt c chm sao mang s liu.

2.4 - S dng m sa li 2.4.1 - Ti sao cn m sa li ? Thc t th hu ht cc h thng thng tin s u cn n m sa li (FEC) nhm t c t l bit li (BER) c th chp nhn c ti t l SNR thp hp l. Cn vi SNR cao th c th l khng cn thit - v iu ny cng ng cho cc h thng uncoded OFDM, tuy nhin ch khi knh tng i Hnh 5 : s khng vn hnh tt trong knh la bng phng. Cc h thng uncoded OFDM Chn thm cc scattered pilot chn (selective channel). Ch tiu ca n c th c c tnh cho bt k knh la chn no v cho bt k cch iu ch no, bng cch : - Ghi nh SNR cho mi sng mang; - Suy ra ch s BER tng ng cho mi d liu ca sng mang; - t c BER cho ton b tn hiu s liu bng cch tnh trung bnh cc t l BER ca tt c cc sng mang c s dng. Xt v d n gin sau y. R rng, nu c mt echo 0dB tr ng vi mi m sng mang th t l li symbol (SER) s vo khong 1/m - thm ch vi SNR v nh. ( y, "symbol" ng 1 nhm bit do mt sng mang trong mt symbol OFDM). Tng t nu c 1 sng mang trong tng s N sng mang tt c b nh hng ti t bi nhiu th SER s vo khong 1/N, d SNR l v nh. iu ny cho ta thy 2 iu : - Uncoded OFDM khng tho mn khi s dng vi cc knh la chn. 0 dB. - Vi s sng mang hp l, nhiu CW nh hng ln mt sng mang s khng trm trng bng echo

Tuy nhin, ch thm m da trn hard-dicision i vi cc h thng uncoded l cha , cn kt hp vi gii php m vng. 2.4.2 - Soft dicisions v thng tin trng thi knh 2.4.3 - Xen tn s (interleaving) 2.4.4 - M ha thm 2.5 - COFDM : Thc hin t chc knh nh th no? Cc c tnh ca knh truyn dn khng c nh trong min thi gian. Nhng trong mt khong thi gian ngn th thng l n nh.

2.5.1 - Phn chia knh

10

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Do , nh thy trn hnh 6, COFDM thc hin vic phn chia knh truyn dn c trong min thi gian v min tn s, t chc knh RF thnh tp cc "di tn ph" hp v tp cc "on thi gian" lin tip nhau.

time Channel Bandwidth

frequency sub-band

fre que ncy

time segment

Hnh 6 : Phn chia knh Tnh c tr c th thy nh trn hnh sau (hai ng tr) :

Hnh 7 : V d v p ng knh thay i theo thi gian vi hai ng tr, mi ci c mt dch tn Doppler khc nhau, cng vi ng tn hiu chnh. Trc z miu t bin p ng knh. 2.5.2 - Chn cc sng mang ph Trong mi on thi gian, gi l mi symbol OFDM, mi di tn ph c trang b mt sng mang ph. trnh nhiu gia cc sng mang, chng c b tr vung gc vi nhau, ngha l khong cch gia cc sng mang c t bng vi nghch o ca mt chu k symbol.

11

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

OFDM symbol
time Channel Bandwidth

f re qu enc y

OFDM symbol

sub-carriers

Hnh 8 : Chn cc sng mang ph 2.5.3 - Chn khong bo v

Guard Interval duration Used part duration

time Channel Bandwidth

f re qu enc y

OFDM symbol duration

Hnh 9 : Chn khong bo v

Do cc "echo" c to ra bi cc bn sao ca tn hiu gc khi b tr, nn ti phn cui ca mi symbol OFDM s c nhiu lin symbol vi phn u ca symbol tip theo. trnh iu ny, mt khong bo v c chn vo mi symbol nh ta thy hnh 9 . Trong khong bo v ny, m thc ra tng ng vi mt nhiu giao thoa gia cc symbol, cc my thu s b qua tn hiu thu c.

12

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Tn hiu chnh Phn x 1 Phn x 2 ng knh Tn hiu thu c sau khi sa khuch i

t t t t t

T
g

T
s

Twa
nt

Hnh 10 : Dng tn hiu minh ho khi c khong bo v 2.5.4 - ng b knh gii iu ch tn hiu mt cch chnh xc, cc my thu phi ly mu chnh xc tn hiu trong sut khong hu ch ca symbol OFDM (b qua khong bo v). Do , mt ca s thi gian s c n nh chnh xc ti khong thi gian mi chu k symbol din ra. H thng DVB-T s dng cc sng mang "pilot", tri u n trong knh truyn dn, ng vai tr lm cc im nh du ng b, nh trn Hnh 11 : Cc tnh nng khc nhau ny (phn chia knh, m ho d liu, chn khong bo v v cc sng mang ng b) to ra cc c tnh c s ca phng thc iu ch COFDM.

DVB-T Transmission Frame

Boosted pilot

time Channel Bandwidth

fr e que ncy

Hnh11 : Cc sng mang ng b Tht khng may, tt c tn nng ny li lm gim tc hu ch ca ti thng tin. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th cn bng gia kh nng chng li vi dung lng knh.

13

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

V gip cc nh pht hnh c th thoi mi s dng cc h thng truyn dn ca mnh trong tng iu kin c th, DVB-T a ra nhiu tham s c th la chn, nh : kch c FFT (2K, 8K), t l m ha (1/2, 2/3, 3/4...), v khong bo v (1/4 TS, 1/8 TS, 1/16 TS...). 2.6 - COFDM : mang d liu nh th no ?
USEFUL DATA PROTECTED DATA GUARD INTERVALL INSERTION

0 1

GUARD intervall

USED PART of the symbol

time

fre qu en cy

(PILOTs NOT REPRESENTED )

OFDM SYMBOL DURATION

Hnh 12: Thc hin mapping d liu ln cc symbol COFDM cho php tri d liu truyn i trn c min thi gian v min tn s, sau khi s dng m ha vng bo v d liu. Do c hin tng fading tn s gia cc di tn cn k, nn COFDM c s dng xen tn s, ngha l cc bit d liu lin tip nhau s c tri ra trn cc sng mang cch bit nhau Trong DVB-T vic mapping d liu ln cc symbol OFDM thc ra l iu ch tng sng mang ring r, v c th theo mt trong ba chm sao to phc 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, nh sau :
6Q M 4 A 1Q M 6 A 4 A QM
0 0

001 000

01 00

Hnh 13: Chm sao c s ca DVB-T Tu theo dng iu ch c la chn, ti mt chu k symbol cho mi sng mang s c 2 bit (4QAM), 4 bit (16QAM) hay 6 bit (64QAM) c truyn i. Mi dng iu ch c mt kh nng chng li khc nhau. Thng th 4QAM c khong dung sai chu nhiu ln gp 4 n 5 ln so vi 64QAM. 2.7 - iu ch phn cp COFDM: C hi cho nhiu dch v mi ?

14

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Tiu chun DVB-T chu u gm rt nhiu kiu loi truyn dn, to iu kin trin khai tn hiu COFDM trong nhiu dch v pht sng khc nhau. Trong s , iu ch phn cp cho php pht sng 2 dng truyn ti MPEG c lp vi kh nng chng li khc nhau trn cng mt knh RF. V vi phng thc iu ch phc v kh l lm ny, chng ta c th hnh dung ra mt s tnh nng dch v mi : Mt my pht vi 2 vng ph sng ring bit. Gii quyt c c thu di ng ln thu c nh. Pht ng thi cc chng trnh s c dng tiu chun (SDTV) ln dng c phn gii cao (HDTV).

Cng vi ng dng trong hot ng ca mng n tn SFN, iu ch phn cp nu bt c cc kh nng to ln ca h thng DVB-T. V liu iu ch phn cp c phi l mt c hi cho nhiu dch v mi ? Chng ta s cng nhau xem xt vn ny. 2.7.1 - Chm sao iu ch phn cp Dng iu ch phn cp thc ra l s bin dch ca 16QAM v 64QAM thng qua 4QAM, nh ta thy trn hnh v :

HP 10

LP

HP
10

LP

01

1101

4QAM over 4QAM

16QAM over 4QAM

10 1101 1001

Hnh 14: Chm sao phn cp DVB-T iu ch phn cp c xem nh l s phn tch knh RF thnh 2 mch o, mi mch c mt tc bit ring, mt mc li ring v theo s c vng ph sng khc nhau mt cht. Chnh s kt hp gia dng chm sao v t l m ha s quyt nh s khc nhau gia 2 knh o ny. Trn thc t, vic mapping dng d liu u tin s s dng chm sao 4QAM. Mi cp 2 bt ca dng d liu ny s xc nh gc phn t m sng mang chim gi trong chm sao. Sau , dng d liu th hai s quyt nh v tr bn trong gc phn t , bao gm c phn thc v phn o ca sng mang.

15

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Nu dng d liu th hai c nh x bi cc cp 2 bt th chm sao phn cp chnh l "4QAM thng qua 4QAM". V hnh dng n s ging nh 16QAM. Cn nu 4 bt c s dng th chnh l "16QAM thng qua 4QAM", to nn dng chm sao 64QAM. Dng bt d liu u tin s lun lun s dng dng iu ch 4QAM, v c gi l dng bt u tin cao (HP). Dng th hai, t li hn, c iu ch dng 4QAM hoc 16QAM, c gi l dng c mc u tin thp. Cc loi iu ch phn cp cng c mt h s thay i, l . l t l gia khong cch ca hai im gn nht ca hai gc phn t lin k v khong cch gia hai im gn nhau nht trong cng mt gc phn t ca chm sao. Thc ra h s cng ln th cng c li cho iu ch HP4QAM nhng khi iu ch LP li kh chng li hn. 2.7.2 - Cc c tnh iu ch phn cp Trong tiu chun DVB-T, iu ch phn cp c hai c tnh chnh l : - Cho php pht sng hai dng truyn ti MPEG c lp trn cng mt knh RF - Mi dng truyn ti s c mt kh nng chng li ring, do s c vng ph sng ring. Thc ra s khc nhau gia mc li gia HP v LP s ph thuc c vo dng iu ch (4QAM hay 16QAM) v t l m ha dng cho dng LP. Dng d liu HP, lun c iu ch dng 4QAM, c tc bitrate hu ch ch ph thuc vo t l m ha. Trong khi dng LP c cc my thu xem nh l nguyn nhn tng thm nhiu ca cc gc phn t trong chm sao. Do vy t c lng C/N c th chp nhn c th dng HP phi chu thm mt lng n b.

2.7.3 - iu ch phn cp : Ti sao ? Ti nhiu nc, vic trin khai dch v s thng bng cch chia s di tn UHF/VHF vi cc dch v analog hin hnh, nhng vn l s dng cc knh khng mong mun (taboo channel). ti u ha tc bit trong pht hnh DVB-T, cc nh lp k hoch mng la chn cc cch iu ch mt cao nh : chm sao 64QAM v t l m bo v 2/3. Tu theo cu hnh mng v vng ph sng m ta c nhn s la chn sau : 2K/8K : tu theo mng MFN hay SFN, v kch c ln nht ca cc khong cch gia cc my pht. Khong bo v : tu theo vng phc v (thnh th s khc nng thn, min ni). Nhng trn tt c, cc tnh nng ca iu ch phn cp cn cho php nhng iu chnh hn na trong vic lp mng nh mt s tnh hung ph sng nh trn hnh sau y :
L P H P R E G H P L P

Hnh 15: S ph sng tng trng s dng iu ch phn cp. iu ch phn cp cn cho ta s cn bng gia tc bit vi mc li, hay chnh l gia tc bit vi vng phc v. Trong thi k u ca DVB-T, iu ch phn cp ch c xem nh l cch to ra hai vng ph sng cho mt my pht xc nh. iu ny thc s l ng, tuy nhin ch cn thit khi thc thi

16

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

hai loi hnh dch v v lc iu ch phn cp s th hin c u th v ph m vn d b cc dch v analog chim gi kh nhiu. Tm li iu ch phn cp th hin c kh nhiu tnh linh hot, tu theo quan im cng nh mi quan tm ca cc nh pht hnh m c nhng la chn khc nhau. Mt s v d di y c ghi nhn : a) Qung b cho c my thu c nh v my thu c th di chuyn ng dng chnh ca iu ch phn cp l cho cc my thu c th dch chuyn khi anten thu t trong nh bng vic thay i mt cht cc tham s iu ch. Trong khi cc my thu c nh c u th v khuch i ca cc anten thu t trn nc nh th thu dch chuyn li chu bt li do suy hao gy bi chnh cc building. Trn hnh v ta thy so vi loi iu ch thng thng (REG) th HP v LP bao ph hai vng ring bit.
RG E H P Pral r c i es ot be e e r v L P L P H P F e r ci es i de e r x v

Dng d liu th hn HP (cha cc chng trnh "li") s c c my c nh v di chuyn thu. Tuy nhin khi thu di chuyn th vng ph sng HP s ln hn mt cht so vi chnh n khi th loi iu ch thng thng. Thc t th u l s cn bng nu loi iu ch thng thng 64QAM 2/3 c chuyn i thnh phn cp vi HP l 4QAM 1/2 v LP l 16QAM 2/3 ? Bitrate C/N (Gaussian) REG : 24,13 Mbps REG : 16,5 dB HP : 6,03 Mbps LP : 16,09 Mbps HP : 8,9 dB LP : 16,9 dB

V kha cnh bitrate hu ch th vic chuyn t tc 24,13 Mbps sang 22,12 Mbps ca phn cp s lm gim tc ton cc i 2,01 Mbps. V t l C/N, vi knh Gaussian, th HP c bo v tt hn, trong khi LP gn nh ging vi loi truyn dn thng thng. Tm li vic gim tc tng th cng khng bng vic chng ta t c dng HP c kh nng chng li cao. Cn vng LP th hu nh khng i thm ch ngay c trong trng hp cc my thu di chuyn chu s suy gim. b- Tng tc bit ca knh vi cng mt vng phc v Khi ng dng kh nng ny, rt c th iu ch phn cp b gim i cht v vng phc v tng th khi so vi cc loi thng thng (hnh v) nhng b li tc bit s tng ng k.

RG E

L P

H P

V nh thay v s dng cu hnh 64-QAM 2/3 thng thng, ngi ta s s dng cu hnh phn cp l 4-QAM 3/4 HP v 16-QAM 3/4 HP t c cng mt vng phc v. Vy liu chng ta c th phi tr gi v t s C/N (trong knh Gaussian). HP : 9,05 Mbps Bitrate REG :24,13 Mbps LP : 18,10 Mbps C/N HP : 13,7 dB REG : 16,5 dB (Gaussian) LP : 18,6 dB

17

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

c - Cho thu di ng d - Pht ng thi c HDTV v SDTV e - Suy tnh cho tng lai 2.7.4 - Kt lun C l trong nhng ngy u tin th nghim tiu chun DVB-T, iu ch phn cp cha thu ht c s ch ca cc nh pht hnh. Nhng hin nay tnh hnh thay i khin iu ch phn cp ang trong hon cnh rt hp dn. Nh mt phn quan trng trong ti sn ca DVB-T, iu ch phn cp cho php tn dng thm hiu qu v ph khi s dng rt nhiu th loi my thu trong nhiu hon cnh khc nhau. iu ny gip cc nh pht hnh trin khai truyn hnh s vi nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau m khng i hi gia tng v ph, y chnh l mt li th cho h thng DVB-T. Thm ch nu ai cho rng nhng li th ny khng ng phn tch th hin nhin "Hierarchical Modulation vn khng ch l iu tuyt diu ca cc k s : n l ca tt c, mt ti sn khng th chi ci ca DVB-T". 2.8 - Mng n tn SFN 2.8.1 - SFN : Nh th no ? Mng n tn Single Frequency Network hot ng da trn cc my pht ng knh. Cc my pht ny pht cng mt tn hiu ti bt k thi im no v ti bt k im no trong vng phc v. C 3 lut l "vng" i vi mng n tn : Mi my pht trong mng n tn s pht : Cng mt tn s, Ti cng mt thi im, Lng thng tin pht i ging nhau. Nhng lut l ny to nn nhng yu cu cho s, v n c nh hng trc tip trong qu trnh mng pht hnh : l yu cu phi ng b pht c v mt thi gian ln tn s. 2.8.2 - Yu cu trong min tn s ca SFN Thc ra th mi my pht trong mng SFN cng s c qun l v iu khin chnh xc v mt tn s lm vic nh trong cc mng tn s thng thng. Nhng vi hot ng ca mng SFN COFDM th s n nh cng nh tnh chnh xc ca tn s lm vic phi m bo sao cho mi sng mang ph c mt v tr tuyt i trong "khng gian" m tn s knh RF tng s dng. Thc t, tn s chun ton cc ly t cc my thu GPS c s dng ng b mng SFN, nh thy trn Hnh 20 : SFN c thit k cc my

18

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

TX1

TX2

GPS
10 MHz (10-9) SIGNAL COFDM to PROCESSOR BROADCAST

GPS
10 MHz (10-9) SIGNAL COFDM to PROCESSOR BROADCAST

UP CONVERTER

PA

COFDM RECEIVER

PA

UP CONVERTER

F0 in few Hz
TX1 frequency

TX2 frequency

Hnh 20 : ng b min tn s 2.8.3 - Yu cu trong min thi gian i vi SFN Gi tr khong bo v c chn s l im chnh trong cu hnh mng SFN : v khong bo v s phn nh tr phn x ln nht m h thng c th chp nhn c, v n cng phn nh khong cch ln nht gia 2 my pht trong mng. C l yu cu v mt thi gian chnh l mt thch thc i vi cc nh pht hnh : v n i hi mi my pht phi pht cng mt symbol ti cng mt thi im, nn tt yu dn n ng b v thi gian. Vic ng b ny s m bo sao cho cc echo (t nhin hay nhn to) u nm trong phm vi ca khong bo v. Nh ta thy minh ha trn Hnh 21 :
TX1 GPS
1 pps
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

TX2 GPS
1 pps
COFDM PROCESSOR
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

COFDM PROCESSOR

PA

COFDM RECEIVER

PA

Delivery Time in few s

TX1 Time

TX2 Time

Hnh 21: ng b v mt thi gian Ca s thi gian s cho php loi b khong bo v trong lc ly mu tn hiu ti my thu. V th khong bo v phi c b tr nh l mt "qu thi gian" : n s c dng trong khng gian nhng khng s dng b li ng b thi gian ca cc my pht. Thc t cc nh iu hnh mng s dng ng h tham chiu ly t GPS vi xung xhun 1PPS. Xung chun ny cho php chn thm nhn thi gian ti lc ghp knh, gip cho ti mi my pht b x l COFDM c th gy tr ghp knh u vo cho n khi c s n nh thi gian chung. 2.8.4 - SFN: ng dng thc t. C ch ca COFDM trong mng SFN c thc hin trong rt nhiu quc gia c h thng DAB ln DVB-T. Ngy nay cc mng c tnh thng mi s dng kh nng ny ti u ha vng ph sng cng nh thc hin mng pht hnh nh l cc cell RF ( UK, Sweden, Spain v France).

19

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

SFN a trn COFDM hon ton khng phi l tnh nng th v ch trong phng th nghim n hon ton c th ng dng trong thc t. 2.8.5 - Kt lun - SFN to ra hiu qu v ph ln - Trong khi MFN c th hot ng xen vi cc dch v analog th SFN i hi mt knh RF trng hon ton cho vng phc v. - Hot ng tt nht vi mng c dy c cc my pht cng sut thp. Ngha l SFN tn dng tt hiu qu v cng sut.

3 - S khi my pht hnh s mt t. Chi tit cc vn : Cu trc khung, m ho knh v iu ch 3.1 - S khi :

Hnh 22: S khi chc nng h thng pht hnh s mt t H thng pht sng OFDM l h thng pht sng mt t tn hiu truyn hnh c m ho theo tiu chun MPEG-2. V vy cn c nhng iu kin lung truyn ti MPEG-2 c th c truyn trn cc knh mt t khc nhau. Nhng iu kin ny c thc hin bng cch s dng h thng truyn dn linh hot. H thng ny s dng phng php iu ch a sng mang gi l k thut ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao (COFDM) v cc bin php m ho sa li. H iu ch COFDM c s dng trong trng hp s lng knh truyn khng cn trng nhiu. COFDM l h iu ch c kh nng chng can nhiu v thu nhiu ng. H thng COFDM cho php bo v pht sng s trc nh hng ca can nhiu v ca cc knh ln cn (pht tn hiu PAL, SECAM). H thng COFDM hot ng theo nguyn tc iu ch dng d liu bng nhiu ti trc giao vi nhau. Do mi ti c iu ch vi dng s liu, bao nhiu ln iu ch th cn by nhiu ti. c c hiu sut ph ln nht khi s dng trong di tn UHF, k thut iu ch COFDM c hai s la chn v s sng mang v c hai mode pht sng l mode 8k v mode 2k. Vi mode 8k, di khong s dng l 896 s, v mode 2k di khong s dng l 224 s. S sng mang trn mt k t COFDM l 6817 vi mode 8k v 1705 vi mode 2k. Di tn ti u nht ca h thng OFDM l 8MHz, tuy nhin nu mun c th truyn trn cc gii tn c rng 6 hoc 7 MHz, iu ny c thc hin bng cch gim cc tham s ca h thng.

20

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

c th p ng c cc tc truyn dn khc nhau. H thng cho php la chn 3 phng thc iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, ng vi mi phng php iu ch c 5 tc m ho khc nhau l 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8. Hai phng php m ho 16-QAM v 64-QAM c th c nh x theo phng php ng nht v khng ng nht, ng vi hai phng php nh x ny lung d liu c th c tch thnh lung d liu u tin thp v lung d liu c mc u tin cao tng ng vi cc mc sa li khc nhau. c im ny cho php pht sng ng thi cc chng trnh khc nhau vi mc bo v li v vng ph sng khc nhau. Trn s khi ta thy : Dng d liu sau khi c nn v ghp knh a vo my pht s chu mt lot qu trnh x l nh sau : - Phi hp ghp knh truyn ti v ngu nhin ha d liu ng u mc nng lng. - M ha ngoi (Reed Solomon). - Xen ngoi (outer interleaving). - M ha ni (m xon punctured). - Xen ni (inner interleaving). - Mapping v iu ch. - Truyn dn OFDM. Tn hiu u vo my pht l dng truyn ti MPEG-2 v u ra l tn hiu RF i ti anten. 3.2 - M ha knh v iu ch Tn hiu a vo l lung s liu ni tip, lung s liu ny bao gm cc gi c nn theo tiu chun MPEG-2, mi gi d liu c 188 byte (gm c 1 byte ng b v 187 byte d liu). Cc gi d liu ny u tin c nhn dng bi chui gi ngu nhin PRBS. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l phn tn nng lng trong ph tn hiu s v xc nh s nh phn thch hp (loi b cc chui di 0 v 1). Cc t m ng b khng c a vo qu trnh phn tn ni trn. Sau khi c nhn dng bi chui gi ngu nhin PRBS, cc gi d liu c a vo b m ngoi (outer coding). Ti y cc gi s liu c ghp thm cc m sa sai vo tng gi. D liu ly ra khi b m ngoi (outer coding) c a n khi ghp ngoi (outer interleaving) thc hin vic ghp chp. Ti y cc gi s liu c ghp theo byte. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l loi b tnh thng k ca nhiu. C th nh sau : 3.2.1 - Phi hp ghp knh truyn ti v ngu nhin ho d liu (MUX Adaptation & Energy dispersal)

Chui liu ly ra khi b 1 0 liu l lung s liu gm cc gi s liu c nn theo tiu chun 1 0 0 ghp d 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D khi c di 188 byte (gm 1Byte ng b v 187 Byte d liu). Th t x l s lun c bt MPEG-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 u t MSB 1 "0") ca byte ng b gi (01000111). 10 11 12 13 14 15 (bit 2 to
m bo cho vic truyn dn khng c li, d liu s c ngu nhin ho theo s trong Hnh 23 :

000000 1 1 Tn hiu ra Enabl Tn hiu vo cha c ngu e () c ngu nhin nhin (gii D liu a vo ( MSB u tin) :ho 1 1 1 0 0 0 x x x x x x 10 ngu nhin) x x... Chui PRBS : 000 000 11 Hnh 23 : S m t nguyn l ngu nhin, gii ngu nhin chui s liu.

21

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Thanh ghi dch to ra chui gi ngu nhin gm c 15 bit. a thc to chui nh phn gi ngu nhin s l: 1 + x14 + x15 Vic khi to chui gi ngu nhin c thc hin bng cch np chui 1001010101000000 vo thanh ghi dch. Qu trnh khi to ny c thc hin theo chu k c 8 gi MPEG-2 th np mt ln. to tn hiu ban u cho b tch, byte ng b trong gi MPEG-2 u tin trong 8 gi MPER-2 s c o bit ( t 47HEX thnh B8HEX). Qu trnh o bit ny c gi l phi hp ghp truyn ti. Vic thc hin ngu nhin ho ch p dng vi cc byte s liu do bit u tin ly ra khi thanh ghi dch s c tch chp vi bit u tin ca bit u tin ca byte u tin theo sau byte ng b c o bit (B8HEX). tr gip cc chc nng ng b khc, khi 7 byte ng b ca 7 gi tip sau c truyn, chui PRBS vn hot ng nhng u ra ca thanh ghi dch b kho do cc byte ny khng c ngu nhin ho. V vy chu k ca PRBS l 1503 bytes.

3.2.2 - B m ngoi (outer coder) B m ngoi s dng m Reed-Solomon RS (204, 188, t=8) m ho d liu c ngu nhin ho nhm to ra cc gi d liu c bo v li. Do c m ho theo m RS (204,188, t=8) nn mi gi d liu s c thm 20 bytes sa li v n c kh nng sa ti 8 li trong mt gi. a thc to m l: G(x) = (x + 0)(x +1)(x +2 ).....(x+ 15) Vi = 02 HEX. M RS ngn c thc hin bng cch thm 51 bytes, tt c l 0, trc khi byte d liu c a vo b m ho RS. Sau khi m ho RS, th cc byte rng s c loi b v cc t m RS s cn s byte l N= 204 byte. 3.2.3 B ghp ngoi (outer interleaver) S nguyn l chung thc hin vic ghp ngoi c cho trong hnh 24. Theo s vic ghp chp kiu byte vi su ghp l=12 s c p dng vi cc gi c ly ra khi b m ngoi. Cu trc d liu sau khi ghp c ch ra trong Hnh 25-d . Qu trnh ghp chp ny phi da trn tip cn tng hp vi tip cn Ramsey kiu III, l=12 l tip cn Forney. Nhng byte d liu c ghp l cc byte s liu trong gi c bo v li v c gii hn bi byte ng b (o hay khng o). Chu k chn l 204 byte. B ghp gm 12 nhnh, c kt ni theo kiu vng vi cc byte s liu bng chuyn mch u vo. Mi nhnh j s l mt thanh ghi dch First in -First out, vi j x M nh. Trong : M= 17 =N/I, N= 204 byte Mi ca thanh ghi dch s c 1 byte. u vo v u ra ca b ghp phi c ng b. to s ng b, byte SYNC v SYNC phi c truyn trong nhnh 0 ca b ghp.

Hnh 24: S nguyn l ca b ghp v tch ngoi

22

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

SYNC 1 byte

D liu ghp truyn ti MPEG-2 187 byte . a) Gi ghp truyn ti MPEG2

8 gi ghp truyn ti D liu D liu c ngu c ngu SYNC1 nhin SYNC2 nhin (187 byte) (187 byte) D liu D liu c ngu c ngu nhin nhin SYNC8 SYNC1 (187 byte) (187 byte)

Chu k PRBS = 1503 bytes b) Cc gi truyn ti c ngu nhin ho: byte SYNC v Byte d liu c ngu nhin. 204 bytes SYNC1 187 bytes d liu c or 16 byte chn l ngu nhin SYNCn c) Cc gi d liu c bo v li theo m Reed-Solomon (204,188, 8). SYNC1 or (SYNCn) SYNC1 or (SYNCn) SYNC1 or (SYNCn)

203 bytes

203 bytes

d)Cu trc d liu sau khi c ghp ngoi Hnh 25 : Cc bc trong qu trnh ngu nhin, m ngoi, ghp ngoi. ( n =2, 3, ... 8)
3.2.4. - B m ho ni (inner coder) Cng

modulo-

B m ni s dng m chp l.2 cho php la chn cc tc m ho khc nhau: 1/2 ,2/3, 3/4, N Octal) 5/6, 7/8. Cc phng php m ho ny c da trn phng php m chp vi tc m ho l 1/2 c 64 trng thi c gi l m m. S nguyn l ca thc hin vic m chp vi tc 1/2 c cho trong hnh 2.4. a thc to m l G1 = 171 oct cho u ra X v G2=133 oct cho u ra Y. Bng 1 a ra chui bit truyn dn c to ra tng ng vi cc tc m ho khc nhau. Trong Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr X v Y tng ng vi hai u ra ca b m chp. D Tr

u ra X ( G1 = 171

1 1 1 1 1 liu Tc m ho cng cao th dng s liu cng ln nhng t s C/N cng cng ln. Tc m ho 1 bit bit bit bit bit vo to ra dng s liu ln nht nhng t s C/N cng cao nht, tc m ny c dng cho cc knh b bit 1/2

nhiu mnh. Tc m ho 7/8 to ra dng s liu nh nht nhng t s C/N thp nht nn c dng cho cc knh t b nhiu.

Cng modulo2 Hnh 26: S thc hin m chp tc 1/2

u ra Y ( G2 =1 33 Octal) 23

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Bng1:S puncturing v dy c truyn sau khi bin i ni tip song song Tc m r 1/2 2/3 3/4 5/6 7/8 S puncturing X:1 Y:1 X:10 Y:11 X:101 Y:11 0 X:10101 Y:11010 X:10001 01 Y:1111 010 Dy c truyn sau khi bin i song song - ni tip X1Y1 X1Y1 Y2 X1Y1 Y2 X3 X1Y1 Y2 X3Y4 X5 X1Y1 Y2 Y3Y4 X5 X6 X7

3.2.5 - B ghp ni Tiu chun OFDM cho php la chn 3 phng thc iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. B ghp ni gm 2 khi: ghp kiu bit v ghp kiu k t. a) B ghp kiu bit. Lung s liu a vo b ghp ni kiu bit ( c th ln ti 2 lung) c tch thnh v lung con. V 2 4 6 Loi iu ch QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM

Trong trng hp khng phn cp, d liu c tch thnh v lung s liu con. Trong trng hp phn cp d liu a vo gm c 2 lung: lung c mc u tin cao v lung c mc u tin thp. Lung c mc u tin cao s c tch thnh 2 lung con, lung c mc u tin thp c tch thnh v-2 lung con. Qu trnh tch cc lung con ny c xem nh vic chuyn cc bit xdi thnh cc bit u ra be,do. Trong kiu khng phn cp : xdi = b[di(mod)v](div)(v/2)+2[di(mod)(v/2)],di(div)v Trong kiu phn cp : xdi = bdi(mod)2,di(div)2 ; xdi = b[di(mod)(v-2)](div)((v-2)/2)+2[di(mod)((v-2)/2+2,di(div)(v-2) Trong : xdi Bit a vo trong mode khng phn cp

24

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

xdi xdi di b e,do e do

L bit ca lung u tin cao trong mode phn cp. L bit ca lung u tin thp trong mode phn cp. Ch s bit u vo. Bit ly ra khi b tch. Ch s lung bit c tch (0 e v) Ch s bit ca lung bit ti u ra b ghp

Sau khi tch cc bit c nh x nh sau: QPSK: 16-QAM khng phn cp x0 b0,0 x1 b2,0 x2 b1,0 x3 b3,0
x0, x1, x2

x0 b0,0 x1 b1,0 16-QAM phn cp x0 b0,0 x1 b1,0 x0 b2,0 x1 b3,0

a0,0, a0,1

64-QAM khng phn cp bit l0 DE x0 b0,0 MUX Ghp kiu x1 b1,0 b1,0, b1,1 bit l1 x2 b2,0 x3 b4,0 1 x4 b3,0 x5 b5,0
b0,0, b0,1 b0,0, b0,1

b0,0, b0,1

Ghp kiu

Re(z) y0,0
Y1

64-QAM phn cp Y0, x0 b0,0 Ghp a0,0x1 b1,0 , a0,1 kiu k t x0 b,2,0 x1 b4,0 x2 b,3,0 x3 b5,0

Mapping

Im(z) y1,0

QPSK

Ghp kiu a0,0, a0,1 Ghpbit l0 Mi mt lung d liu con c kiu ra 0,0, ab tch c x l bi mt b ghp bit ring. V vy s tch a t 0,1 bit l0 Re(z) x0, x1, x2 b ghp bit ph thuc vo s lung c tch ra v. Cc b ghp ny c nh s t I0 n I5. c ti 6 y0,0 Re(z) ch16-QAM, DE Cc b ghp I0, I1 dng cho iuGhp QPSK, cc b ghp I0, I1, I2, I3 c dng cho iu ch kiu b1,0, b1,1 y0,0 MUX a1,0, a1,1 cc b ghp I0 n b ,dng cho iu l1 I5 b Ghpbit ch 64-QAM. Vic ghp bit c thc hin vi cc d liu cha kiu 1,0 1,1 Y liu a1,0, a trn cc khi d 0, Y1 c cng kch thc. Kch thc ca thng tin. Cc b ghp bit thc hinl1 bit vic ghp 1,1 x0, x1, x2 Ghp kiu, s thc hin vic vicIm(z) vi th t Y0 Y1 mt khi d liu c ghp l 126GhpTuy nhin, mi b ghp bit bit. kiu a a Mapping Im(z) yghp k 1,0 2,0 Ghp t B thc khc nhau. Nh vy 2,0, b2,1 hin ghp ht mt 2,1 t OFDM cn 12 ln ghp (mode 2k) v 48 ln Ghpbit l2 kiu a , a k DE Mapping y1,0 kiu k t 2,0 2,1 ghp b2,0, b2,1 bit l2 MUX x , x , x(mode 8K).
0 1 2

1 Ghp s l Vi mi mt b ghp bit, u vo kiu MUX

DE

B(e) = (be,0

Vector ly ra khi b mi b ghp bit l: A(e) = (ae,0, ae,1, ae,2, ae,3, ... ae,125)

Ghpbit l3 kiu a3,0, a3,1 b , b3,1 , be,1 ,b3,0 ,be,3 ... bbit l3 (0 e v) e,2 e,125) a ,a b ,b
3,0 3,1 3,0 3,1

16-QAM 16-QAM

Ghp kiu a0,0, a0,1 Ghpbit l0 kiu Trong cc ae,w vi w = 0, 1, 2 ...125 c xc nh nh sau: ae,w = be, He(w) a0,0, a0,1 bit l0 x0, x1, x2 DE Ghp kiu a1,0, a1,1 b ,b MUX b1,0,1,0 1,1 1,1 b Ghpbit l1 kiu a1,0, a1,1 bit l1
b ,b b0,0,0,0 0,1 0,1 b

Ghp kiu a2,0, a2,1 Ghpbit l2 kiu a2,0, a2,1 x0, x1, x2 Ghp kiu Y0,0, Y0,1 bit l2 k Ghp t Y0,0, Y0,1 Ghp kiu a , a 3,0 3,1 kiu k t b3,0, b3,1 Ghpbit l3 kiu a , a DE He(w) l hm honb c xc nh nh3,0 3,1: v sau b3,0, 3,1 bit l3 x0, x1, x2 MUX
b2,0, b2,1 b2,0, b2,1

Re(z) y0,0 Re(z) y0,0 Im(z) Mapping Im(z) y1,0 Mapping y1,0

B ghp bit 1 Hm hon v H(w) 641 Ghp kiu I0 H0(w) = w DE QAM Ghpbit l4 kiu 64-QAM H bI1, b4,1 a4,0, a4,1 1(w) = (w + 63 ) mod 126 MUX 4,0 bit l4 b4,0,I24,1 b a4,0, a4,1 H2(w) = (w + 105 ) mod 126 Ghp kiu I3 H3(w) = (w + 42 ) mod 126 Ghpbit l5 kiu I4 H4(w) = (w + 21 ) mod 126
b5,0, b5,1 b5,0, b5,1

bit l5

a5,0, a5,1

Hnh 27 : 28 : thc hin ghp ni v mapping theo m hnh Hnh S S thc hin vic ghp ni v mapping theo m 25 khng phn cpcp hnh phn

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

I5

H5(w) = (w + 84 ) mod 126

u ra ca b ghp bit c nhm vi nhau to thnh cc k t d liu. Mi k t d liu s gm c v bit c ly t v b ghp bit. V vy u ra ca b ghp bit l cc k t y c v bit: yw = ( a0,w, a1,w,.. . av-1,w) b) B ghp k t. Mc ch ca b ghp k t l t nhng k t c v bit ln 1512 (mode 2k) hoc 6048 (mode 8k) sng mang. B ghp k t uc thc hin trn cc khi c 1512 (mode 2k) hoc 6048 (mode 8k) k t d liu. V vy trong mode 2k, 12 nhm mi nhm c 126 k t d liu ly t b ghp bit s c c mt cch tun t vo trong vect Y =( y0, y1, y2,... ,y1511). Trong mode 8k, 48 nhm mi nhm c 126 k t d liu c c vo trong vector: Y =( y0, y1, y2,.. .y y6047) Vector Y thu uc sau khi ghp l : Y=(y1, y2, y3, .. . yNmax-1) Trong : yH(q) = yq vi nhng k t c ch s chn q=0,...Nmax-1 yq = yH(q) vi nhng k t c ch s l q=0,...Nmax-1 Nmax = 1512 trong mode 2k v Nmax = 6048 trong mode 8k. H(q) l hm hon v c tnh nh sau: Ri l t c (Nr-1) bit, trong Nr = log2Mmax . Mmax = 2048 trong mode 2k. Mmax = 8192 trong mode 8k. Ri c xc nh nh sau: i=0,1 i=2 2<i<Mmax Ri [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,1,0] =0,0...0 Ri [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,1,0] =0,0...,1 Ri [Nr-3,Nr-4,..,1,0] = Ri-1 [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,2,1] Trong mode 2k: Ri[9] = Ri-1[0] + Ri-1[3] Trong mode 8k: Ri[11] = Ri-1[1]+Ri-1[4]+ Ri-1[6] Bng : Hon v bit theo mode 2k Ch s cc bit ca Ri Ch s cc bit ca Ri Ch s cc bit ca Ri Ch s cc bit ca Ri 11 5 9 0 10 11 8 7 9 3 7 5 8 0 6 1 7 10 5 8 6 8 4 2 5 6 3 6 4 9 3 2 2 9 2 4 1 3 1 1 0 4 0 7

Vector Ri to ra t vector Ri bng cch hon v bit theo bng di y.

Bng : Hon v cc bit theo mode 8k.

Hm hon v H(q) c xc nh theo thut ton sau: Tng t nh y, y gm c v bit:

26

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Yq = (y0,q, y1,q,...,yv-1,q) Trong q l ch s k t ti u ra ca b ghp k t. 3.2.6 - Chm sao tn hiu v qu trnh mapping H thng pht sng truyn hnh s mt t OFDM s dng k thut truyn dn ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao OFDM. Mi khung OFDM gm cc sng mang c iu ch theo 1 trong cc phng php QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 16-QAM khng ng nht, 64-QAM khng ng nht. Cc sng mang ny c to ra bng vic mapping cc k t y ln s mapping Gray. Cc s mapping Gray cho tng phng php iu ch c cho trong Hnh 27 .

27

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Hnh 28 : Vic mapping QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM v cc dng bit tng ng (khng phn cp, v phn cp vi anpha = 1)

Hnh 29 : Non - uniform 16 -QAM v 64-QAM vi anpha = 2

28

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Vi h thng khng phn cp Lung d liu u ra ca b ghp ni la cc k t c v bit. Cc k t ny c mapping ln s mapping Gray theo hnh a. Tng ng vi mi t m ta s thu c 1 s phc z. Trong trng hp phn cp: cc k t d liu c to ra trong hnh 28 v c mapping theo cc s trong hnh b,c,d. Trong trng hp iu ch 16-QAM phn cp:

29

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Cc bit y0,q v y1,qly ra u ra ca b ghp ni l cc bit u tin cao. Cc bit c mc u tin thp l y2,q v y3,q. Cc bit ny c mapping ln cc s Gray tu theo kiu iu ch. Trong trng hp iu ch 64-QAM phn cp. Cc bit c mc u tin cao l y0,q v y1,q. Cc bit c mc u tin thp l y2,q, y2,q, y4,q , y5,q. 3.2.7 - Cu trc khung OFDM. Tn hiu truyn dn c sp xp thnh cc khung. Mi khung c chu k TF gm c 68 k t OFDM. C 4 khung lp thnh mt siu khung. Mi k t c thit lp bi k= 6817 sng mang trong mode 8k hoc k = 1705 trong mode 2k, n c chu k Ts. K t OFDM gm cc phn: phn s dng vi chu k Tu v phn bo v vi chu k . Khong bo v l mt tham s quan trng trong k thut OFDM. trnh nhiu t tn hiu vng li hoc tn hiu t cc b pht sng ln cn trong mng SFN, mt khong bo v c chn vo gia cc k t OFDM lin k, khong bo v c chn vo trc mi k t. Do tn hiu vng li t cc k t ng trc s b trit tiu trong khong bo v l lm cho t s BER tng ln. di khong bo v ph thuc vo vng ph sng v loi dch v cung cp. Vi mng SFN, di khong bo v ph thuc vo khong cch c trm pht sng, cc thc nghim cho thy rng vi mng SFN din rng cn khong bo v ti thiu l 200s. Khong bo v c chn vo trc cc k t OFDM lin tip nhau. di khong bo v theo tng mode 2k v 8k c cho trong bng sau: Bng : di khong bo v /Tu di khong bo v Mode 8k 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 224s 112s 56s 28s Mode 2k 56s 28s 14s 7s

Cc k t trong khung OFDM c nh s t 0 n 67. Tt c cc k t gm c d liu v thng tin chun. Do mi k t gm nhiu sng mang c iu ch tch bit nn cc k t OFDM ny c th c chia thnh cc , mi tng ng vi mt sng mang. Ngoi d liu truyn i, 1 khung OFDM cn cha: Cc ti ph TPS (transmission parameter signalling). Tn hiu pilot dng cho ng b khung, ng b tn s, ng b thi gian. Cc sng mang trong 1 k t OFDM c nh s t kmin n kmax . kmin = 0, kmax =1704 trong mode 2k. kmin = 0, kmax = 6816 trong mode 8k. khong cch gia cc sng mang lin k nhau l 1/Tu. Khong cch gia cc sng mang kmin v kmax l (k-1)/Tu. Cc tham s ca 1 k t OFDM theo tng mode c cho trong bng sau: Bng : Cc tham s ca 1 k t OFDM Tham s S cc sng mang k Ch s ca sng mang Kmin Ch s ca sng mang kmax Chu k Tu Khong cch gia cc sng mang Mode 8k 6817 0 6816 896s 1116 Hz Mode 2k 1705 0 1704 224s 4464 hz

30

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Khong cch gia sng mang kmin v kmax Trong :

7,61 MHz

7,61 MHz.

Bin i ngc IFFT cc ti ph c gi tr phc t min tn s sang min thi gian.

K L M K Tu fc K Cm,j ,k

L ch s sng mang L ch s k t OFDM Ch s ca s khung c truyn dn S sng mang Chu k ca k t Khong thi gian ca khong bo v Tn s trung tm ca tn hiu RF Ch s sng mang so vi tn s trung tm S phc ca sng mang k ca k t s j trong khung th m

Cc gi tr Cm,l, k c tnh t s phc z . Tu theo phng php iu ch m cc gi tr Cm.l , k c tnh theo bng sau: Bng : Cc gi tr Cm,l, k theo cc phng php iu ch Phng thc iu ch QPSK 16-QAM =1 =2 =4 64-QAM =1 =2 =4 3.2.8 - Cc tn hiu chun Ngoi d liu truyn i trong khung OFDM cn c cc thng tin ph gip cho thit b thu nhn dng v gii iu ch c lung d liu. Cc ti ph TPS (transmission parameter signalling) c truyn song song v mang thng tin v: iu ch, gm gi tr ca gin chm sao QAM. Thng tin m ho theo lp. Khong bo v. Tc m trong. Model truyn (mode 2k hoc 8k). Gi tr Ga tr c c = z/2 c = z/10 c = z/20 c = z/52 c = z/42 c = z/60 c = z/108

31

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

S khung trong mt siu khung ( khi truyn trong mng SFN). Cc tn hiu pilot dng cho ng b khung, ng b tn s, ng b thi gian. Tn hiu pilot c truyn vi thi gian v tn s trong tn hiu OFDM (bin v pha c bit). C hai dng pilot: Cc tn hiu pilot lin tc: c truyn ngu nhin trong tng k t OFDM (mi k t OFDM gm tt c cc ti ph trong mt k t) v c ti bng tt c cc ti ph trong tt c cc k t OFDM. Cc tn hiu pilot phn tn: c truyn u qua thi gian v tn s qua cc k t OFDM. Cc pilot lin tc c th c dng ng b v nh gi li pha, trong khi cc pilot phn tn cho php nh gi cc c trng knh bng cch ni suy v thi gian v tn s. Do vy nhng thay i do phn x t cc vt c nh v di ng hoc suy gim ( v d do giao thoa) c th c gii quyt. Ni suy theo thi gian gia cc pilot phn tn cho php thu di ng( trong trng hp c cng ln). V tr cc pilot phn tn. Trong mi mt k t OFDM c ch s l (0 l 67) cc pilot phn tn c mang bi cc sng mang c ch s k c tnh nh sau: k = Kmin + 3 x (l mod 4) +12p Trong p l s nguyn (p>0),p c chn sao cho k (Kmin, Kmax ). V tr cc pilot phn tn c minh ho trong hnh sau: V tr ca cc pilot lin tc c cho trong bng sau:

32

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Bng : V tr cc sng mang lin tc

4 - Nhng vn cn quan tm khi chuyn i sang truyn hnh s 4.1. Kh nng chuyn i t my pht Analogue sang my pht s ? Thc ra vic chuyn i l khng n gin. N ph thuc nhiu vo vic thit k ca cc tng khuch i v tng kch ca my pht. Ni chung th pht hnh s i hi mt b khuch i c tuyn tnh tt hn so vi analog. C b khuch i klystron v tube u c kh nng thay i c, tuy nhin t c s tuyn tnh vi mc n nh cao th nn thay hn cc tng khuch i v tng kch. Vi cc b khuch i tube, do i hi cng sut ln iu khin (tng cui) nn ni chung vic chuyn i l tn km. Vi cc b khuch i klystron, h s khuch i ln hn v yu cu cng sut u vo thp, nn thc hin vic chuyn i s r hn. V i vi cc b khuch i klystron iu khin theo xung th phi b i cc b to tn hiu xung khi thc hin vic chuyn i. Nn lu rng vi nhng b khuch i chung c tn hiu hnh v ting th gn nh h thng ny tuyn tnh cho pht hnh s. iu ny cng ng cho my pht s dng b khuch i bn dn (solid-state). Thm ch mt s my pht solid-state c bn nh l my pht s. V quan trng hn l khi mua mt my pht analog phi lun hi nh cung cp chi ph chuyn i ln my pht hnh s, v khi th ta cng c th bit c liu nh sn xut c thc s chuyn i c hay khng?

33

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Thng th cc my pht solid-state gm nhiu module khuch i song song nhau. l cc khi c h s khuch i cao do c cu to bi nhiu b khuch i ni tip. Nu mt trong cc b khuch i song song ny c kh nng khuch i s th my pht s dng chng cng c th lm vic c vi tn hiu s. Vi cc ng dng s th mt iu rt ng quan tm trong giai on thit k l phi m bo sao cho khng mt tng no phi lm vic qu ti v l nguyn nhn gy ra s khng tuyn tnh. Tt c cc tng v c bit l tng kch phi tht tuyn tnh. Tng u ra thng l phn khng tuyn tnh nht nn cn phi c b tin sa li (precorrection). Tht ra cc tng sa li ny u rt quan trng c vi tn hiu analog v tn hiu s. Vic sa li khuch i vi tn hiu s l kh kh v vy m rt nhiu nh sn xut t lun chc nng sa li s trong b iu ch. Tuy nhin nu chng ta c cc mch sa li c v pha v bin th trong chng mc no c th iu chnh chng cho mt s ng dng nht nh. Nhng khng may mn l mch sa li ca kh nhiu nh sn xut c thit k c bit cho dng sng tn hiu video v gii iu ch mt phn tn hiu ny s dng cho tn hiu sa li. Khng c tn hiu video vic sa li s khng thc hin c. iu ny li cng ng cho cc b sa pha. Hn na cc b sa li cng c th khng c kh nng sa li theo yu cu ca tn hiu s. Do vy khi chuyn i mt s h thng sa li s phi thay th. V l do ny m nhiu exciter s dng vic sa li s trong b iu ch : thc hin vic mapping trong exciter, cn phi phn tch cc symbol d liu thnh cc phn thc v o. Bng vic iu chnh c v bin v pha ti tng ny, c th lm mo tn hiu iu ch trc sau tng khuch i cui cng s c qua trnh ngc li. Qu trnh ny s lm gim s khng tuyn tnh trong b khuch i. Trong mi trng hp b iu ch phi c thay th bng mt b c kh nng to tn hiu u ra s. Do nhng tn s IF ca exciter s cha c tiu chun ha nn i hi phi c s thay i i vi b upconverter. Hin nay c rt nhiu b iu ch DVB-T hin i c lun c sa li s, gip cho vic chuyn i d dng hn. Thm ch mt s cn tch hp lun c b upconverter khin cho vic chuyn i li cng d dng hn. 4.2. Thc hin chuyn i nh th no ? Vi cc my pht c b khuch i kt hp c hnh v ting th c th ch cn thay i b iu ch v b to dao ng ni. Mt b lc thng di u ra c yu cu thay cho cc b lc o sng mang ph (subcarrier image filters). Cn c b lc thng di ny gim nhiu vi nhng dch v ca cc knh cn k. Cn vi cc my pht khng kt hp, cn b i b khuch i ting v b kt hp hnh vi ting s c thay th bng mt b lc thng di nh trn. Tt nhin l phi c mt b iu ch s v mt h thng sa li mi.

Tuy nhin trong mi trng hp u nn hi kin ca chnh nh sn xut thit b v chnh h s cho ta bit nhiu th v kh nng cng nh chi ph khi chuyn i, v ngay c khi thc hin cc bc chuyn i rt tt nhng khi vn hnh th my pht khng tuyn tnh. Tham kho nh sn xut v vn tuyn tnh cng l mt vic nn lm. 4.3. Cc vn v RF, vic chia x vi cc c s analog ang tn ti Ni chung vic chia x vi cc c s ang tn ti l hon ton c th, tuy nhin cng c nhng i hi v mt kinh t v k thut phi ph hp. V khi a ra cc dch v s th mt iu cng nn lu l khng nn gy ra nhng kh khn khng cn thit trc mt nhng ngi xem tim nng. Cc knh dng trong pht sng s t mt c s c c th c la chn sao cho gn vi cc knh analog v iu ny s gip ti s dng li h thng anten thu ang dng. Tuy nhin khi s dng cc knh cn k th cn quan tm n vic pht ngoi knh, c bit l cc my pht cng sut ln. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca vic pht sng ngoi knh danh nh l s khng tuyn tnh ca cc b khuch i cng sut. Trong cc knh cn k, vic pht ngoi knh ca cc my pht tng t s c cc my thu s nhn thy nh l nhiu ng knh.

34

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Cc phng n nhm lm gim vic pht ngoi knh vn ang c nghin cu, mt trong s d l phi s dng cc b lc ti u ra my pht hoc s dng cc b cng la chn RF. Nu s dng li cc anten hin hnh, c 2 phng n chng ta phi lm : + Th nht l s dng cng RF cho c ni cng sut cao v ni cng sut th yu. knh. + Th hai l dng mt gii php thay th cho cc c s th yu, l s dng khuch i a Hai phng n ny s c xem xt trong phn sau. 4.4. Nhng lu v anten v cng sut Khi pht sng, cn phi xem xt tt c nhng c tnh d l bnh thng nht ca anten, bao gm c cc gii hn v cng sut, m thng pht s l rt khc. Lu rng cc b khuch i khi chuyn i s khng th to ra c mt cng sut u ra nh trc. Cng sut u ra s hiu dng s phi thp hn 7-10 dB so vi cng sut nh tn hiu sync ban u. Tuy nhin y khng phi l vn i vi DVB-T v cng sut s d thp hn -15 n -20 dB so vi cng sut nh sync tn hiu analog hin hnh th vn t c cng mt din tch ph sng nh vy. 4.4.1 - S dng li cc anten ang dng Trong trng hp ny, cc knh c la chn cho truyn hnh s mt t phi trong hoc gn st vi di thng ca anten tng t. Do vic s dng cng mt anten cho cc knh s v tng t c th em li mt vng ph sng chung cho c 2 loi dch v. Hu nh cc anten thu hin nay u thch hp. Tuy nhin vic gii hn ERP (Effective Radiated Power) bo v cc im pht sng knh tng t hin c khi b xuyn nhiu bi cc im hng xm ln cn c th khng c m bo. Anten v cc fid hin c phi h tr tng cng sut ghp knh bao gm tt c cc cng sut nh ca cc knh s. Vi kin trc cascading, rt kh to ra s kt hp cc knh s v tng t v c s suy hao khi phi hp. Trong trng hp ny cn phi xc nh Suy gim nhiu tng ng (Equivalent Noise Degradation). a. RF combining : Trong nhiu trng hp, vic nh v di pht hnh s trong cc knh cn k ca cc knh pht hnh analog hin hnh s rt c li. Khi kh nng la chn ca b cng s l im c tnh quyt nh khi xem xt vic a di thng hu ch ca tn hiu DVB-T (7,61Mhz) vo mt knh ITU-R (8Mhz UHF).

Hnh : B cng RF DVB-T Nh trn hnh v ta thy, b cng gm cc coupler 3 dB (chia na), hai b lc thng di ging nhau v mt ti gi. B cng c 1 u vo c kh nng chn la gi l "di hp" v mt u vo "di rng". Cc b lc thng di c s dng cho cc knh u vo di hp.

35

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Tn hiu s s c ni vo u vo di hp v c tch ra 2 ng bi bi 1 b coupler 3dB ri i qua 2 b lc thng di ging nhau. Hai na tn hiu sau li c cng li nh 1 b coupler 3dB th hai trc khi gi ti anten. Bt k tn hiu no t b lc hoc cc tn hiu analog r r ra u c xo sch nh ti. Tng t nh vy, tn hiu analog c ni vo u vo di rng v cng c tch ra 2 ng nh mt b coupler 3dB. Tuy nhin lc ny 2 na tn hiu c phn x t cc b lc v kt hp li vn bi b coupler trc khi a ra anten. Cc b lc c yu cu phi lc cc tn hu s, kho cc knh di rng v c bit l cc knh lin k th quan trng hn. Tuy nhin vic dng b lc s dn n vn tr nhm, y chnh l nguyn nhn ca s suy gim tn hiu, lm nh hng li n kh nng la chn ca chnh cc b b lc . Nhm trnh vn ny, cn phi s dng mt b tin sa di gc (baseband precorrector). b. Khuch i a knh : Cc mng pht hnh th cp l tp nhng my pht cng sut thp v cc b lp (repeater) dng bao ph hon ton nhng trm pht chnh. Chnh vic dng cc knh s trn cc trm th cp nn cng s dn n nhng vn nh cc trm chnh. Ta xem xt 2 phng n l lp t cc anten mi dnh cho knh s, hoc thc hin cc b cng RF. Vy ti nhng trm th cp ta phi lm g ? C mt phng n mi dnh cho cc knh s rt kh thi, l khuch i a knh. y l cch thc kt hp knh s v knh analog trc khi khuch i, iu ny c th thc hin vi nhng b coupler khng cn kh nng la chn nn chi ph s thp. Nh thy trn hnh v, cch thc thc hin nh cc th tc sau : Thu cc knh nh anten. Lc v chuyn i li knh u vo ti trung tn (IF). X l trung tn (s dng b lc SAW thch hp x l cc knh lin k). Chuyn i IF/RF. Thc hin coupling knh c cng sut thp. Khuch i cng sut ghp knh.

Vic x l cc knh trc khi khuch i cng sut c thc hin nh phng thc s dng mng cp c trng. Ghp knh l cch n gin, linh hot v phi hp rt hon ho khi ghp thm cc knh s.

36

Truyn hnh s mt t v my pht hnh s mt t theo tiu chun Chu u

Khuch i a knh thc s gip ch cho vic c cc knh s, tuy nhin vn cn nghin cu thm nh gi chnh xc li ch v mt kinh t khi s vi cc kin trc analog hin hnh.

4.4.2 - Dng anten mi cho truyn hnh s mt t. u tin, cn phi tm mt v tr thch hp cho anten mi da trn cu trc ct anten hin thi. Trong nhiu trng hp m ti nhng cu trc hin thi s khng ph hp cho cc anten UHF mi do i hi v mt ct ngang (cross-section). Vi nhng mt ct ngang loi ln ny thit k cho di rng l rt kh. Tuy nhin li th chnh l vic khng dng cc b cng RF cng sut cao nhng hn ch chnh l cha lc c pht ngoi knh. Do cn phi s dng cc b lc ti u ra my pht. nh vy th rt c th vng ph sng ca anten s khc so vi anten analog. Cng cn quan tm v phi hp di thng v s tng hp ca anten cng nh nhng hn ch ERP bo v cc dch v truyn hnh tng t. V nhng l do , chi ph cho mt anten mi l cao.

37