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I. Causes of the Industrial Revolution A. Population 1.

More reliable food supplies and better disease resistance led to population growth in Europe, esp. England and Wales 2. More dependable food supplies and job opportunities resulted in earlier marriage and more children. 3. A higher birthrate resulted in a larger percentage of children 40% of the English population was under 15 years old. B. The Agricultural Revolution 1. Agricultural Revolution started long before the 18th century 2. New crops were introduced which helped produce more food in different places. 3. Wealthy land-owners introduced new crops and forced former tenants to become laborers or move to cities C. Trade and Inventiveness 1. Increasing demand for goods caused an increase in production 2. A growth in trade and a fascination with technology and innovation accompanied population growth and an increase in agricultural productivity D. Britain and Continental Europe 1. Britains large role in the Industrial Revolution was due to good harvests, a growing population, and a booming overseas trade. 2. Although they had previously been known for cheap imitations, Britain put their inventions into practice quickly. 3. Britain was the worlds main producer of tools, guns, hardware, and other craft goods. 4. A lack of market skills and constant warfare from 1789-1815 weakened the incentive to invest in new technology 5. Industrialization took hold in Europe after 1815 II. The Technological Revolution A. Mass Production: Pottery 1. Josiah Wedgwood used division of labor to mass produce porcelain cheaply 2. Introduced the use of molds instead of the pottery wheel 3. In 1782 he bought a steam engine one of the first used in industry B. Mechanization: The Cotton Industry 1. Cotton was the most common fabric in China, India, and the Middle East 2. Cotton didnt grow in Europe, but because it was nicer than wool, it became popular 3. Parliament banned the import of cotton cloth, so people began importing cotton fiber instead 4. In the 1760s, new inventions began to appear to help with the cotton industry: the spinning jenny (1764), the water frame (1769), and the mule (1785) 5. The first power loom was introduced in 1784 and perfected in 1815

6. By the 1830s large textile mills were turning cotton into printed cloth 7. In 1793, Eli Whitney Eli Whitney patented his first cotton gin C. The Iron Industry 1. Iron had been used in Eurasia and Africa for thousands of years, but was associated with deforestation that increased the cost of charcoal 2. In 1709 Abraham Darby discovered that coke could be used in place of charcoal. It produced worse iron, but was cheaper. 3. In 1784 Henry Cort removed impurities from coke-iron by stirring molten iron with long rods. 4. By 1790, 4/5s of Britains iron was coke-iron. 5. In 1759 Abraham Darby III built an iron bridge across the Severn River. In 1851, the Crystal Palace was built out or only iron and glass 6. In the mid-nineteenth century, interchangeable parts came into use in mass production D. The Steam Engine 1. Most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution. 2. Between 1702 and 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a basic steam engine used to pump water out of mines 3. In 1769 James Watt began to produce engines for sale to manufacturers. 4. In the 1780s the steam engine was used to power riverboats. In the 1830s, improvements allowed the use of the steam engine in ocean-going steamships. E. Railroads 1. After 1800 steam engines were used to power trains instead of horsepower railways 2. A network of railroads linked both major cities and small towns in Britain from 1825-1845. In the US, this happened in the 1840s and 50s 3. In Europe, railways helped trigger industrialization as products could be transported from place to place faster F. Communication over Wires 1. Two systems of telegraphs were invented in 1837: Wheatestone and Cooks five-needle and Morses dots and dashes system. 2. Beginning of a global communication system III. The Impact of the Industrial Revolution A. The New Industrial Cities 1. Industrialism caused a rapid growth in towns & the development of megalopolises like Greater London 2. Population growth made urban problems more serious because of lack on necessities such as sewage disposal. 3. Municipal reforms began to help improve urban life B. Rural Environments 1. Almost all the land in Europe had been changed before the Industrial Revolution, but deforestation continued 2. The smaller demand for agricultural products led to an improvement in the English land.

3. New transportation systems changed rural life by creating faster means of getting from place to place C. Working Conditions 1. New, highly paid opportunities for some craftsmen, but mostly badly paid jobs for unskilled workers 2. Women workers were mostly in textile mills and earned less than men 3. High rates of child labor because of poverty and a preference for child workers 4. In America, Industrialism offered good wages and working conditions to women early on, but later harsher conditions became the standard. 5. The Industrial Revolution increased the demand for cotton, sugar, and coffee, helping to prolong slavery in the US. D. Changes in Society 1. Industrialization caused issues with income, and it was not until the 1850s that working conditions improved. 2. Rising income in the middle class allowed them to build their own businesses, to keep their women at home, and to develop a moral code IV. New Economic and Political Ideas A. Laissez Faire and Its Critics 1. Adam Smith was the most famous believer in the laissez-faire doctrine. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo thought that instead of government help, poverty and over-population should be fixed by delayed marriage and sexual restraint. 2. Laissez-faire: the government shouldnt interfere in business 3. Jeremy Bentham and Friedrich List believed that the govt should manage the economy and deal with social problems. B. Positivists and Utopian Socialists 1. In France, the count of Saint-Simon created positivism, which said that scientific method could also solve social problems 2. Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were utopian socialists, and imagined ideal worlds without capitalists and where there was prosperity for everyone. C. Protests and Reforms 1. Workers initial responses to bad working conditions was to change jobs, not report for work, do bad work, and participate in strikes 2. Later, workers developed trade unions and benevolent societies 3. The British Govt was persuaded to investigate the issues with industrialism and passed new legislation a. Factory Act of 1833 b. Mines Act of 1842 c. Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 V. Industrialization and the Non-Industrial World A. China, Egypt, and India 1. New military tech in Europe helped Britain defeat the Chinese 2. Early 19th century, Muhammad Ali began industrialization in Egypt

3. Britain made Ali stop all imports in 1839 and Egypt became economically dependent on England 4. Cheap textiles caused job loss for Indian weavers and spinners 5. India exported raw materials and imported British goods 6. In the mid-19th century, railroads, coal mining, and telegraph lines were introduced to India

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