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3.

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3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5. E
3.6.
3.7.


...

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3.5.
E

B

E V VB VA A E ds
V E
ds
2
dV E ds

E Ex (
)) E ds Ex dx
dV
dV Ex dx Ex
dx

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. E ds Er dr
dV
dV= - Erdr
dr.. Er
dr

V, Er

r-

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ds

dV E ds 0
:

3 : Ex V ; E y V ; Ez V

- , y,z
V / x

: V=3x2y+y2+yz V / x 6 xy
:

E V i j k V
y
z
x

 22.8

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Let us use the potential function for a point charge q

to derive the electric field at a distance r from the
charge.
q
r

q
: V k
r
r-


dV
d q
d 1
Er
k kq
dr
dr r
dr r

q
Er k 2
r

 22.9

The electric potential of

a dipole.
An electric dipole
consists of two equal
and opposite charges
separated by a distance
2a,, as in Fig.
2a
Calculate the electric
potential and the electric
field at the point P
located a distance x from
the center of the dipole.

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2a

,

.

x
P

.

a
_
-q

+
q

x
x

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y
a

+
q

-q

x
x

q 2kqa
qi
q
k

V k
2
2
ri
xa xa x a
P x>>a x2-a2

2-
2kqa

:

x2

dV 2kqa
E
3
dx
x

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A,B 2

E ds

E ds 0

V V E ds 0
B
A

E=0

+
+ R+
+
+
+ + +
E

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R +Q

2
: , kQ/r
:
kQ
r
kQ/R,, kQ/r
kQ/R

r
R
( )
)
V
kQ
,
kQ
R
r


,
2

10

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,

A,B VA-VB=0

B
E VB VA A E ds

E=0 VB-VA=0

11

 22.10

Two spherical conductors

of radii r1 and r2 are
separated by a distance
much larger than the
radius of either sphere.
The spheres are
connected by a
conducting wire as in
Fig.
If the charges on the
spheres in equilibrium
are q1 and q2,,
respectively, find the
ratio of the field
strengthes at the
surfaces of the spheres.

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r1 r2

q1,,q2

12


r1

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V
q1
q2

q1
V k k
r1
r2

q1 r1
q2 r2

r2

q2

q1
q2
E1 k 2 , E2 k 2
r1
r2

E1 r2

E2 r1

13

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3.7.

1929

3
3106

20

14

Xerography

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1940 Carlson
Carlson,, 1947 Xerox

,

:
:

,

15

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,

E

, 99%

40--100
40

, 22-

, , 2

16

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17

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2. ..

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3.

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4.
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5.


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18

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6. )
)
, )
)

.
.
7.
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8.

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9.

?
10.

.
11.

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12.


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19

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20