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com
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: .........................
: ..........................

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1.1. .

.
2 .
,
.
3 . :
-

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolion Area Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

1.2. . LAN (Local Area Network)

2
lan .
PC-


. Lan
.
MAN(Metropolition Area Network )
WAN
, .

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, leased line

. Wan .
WAN . , ,



. ,
. WAN-
: Internet . .

LAN1

LAN1

LAN1

MAN1

LAN1

LAN1

MAN1

LAN1

LAN1

LAN1

MAN1

WAN1

: ,
hub, modem, repeater .
connector, ,
.

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:

, .

1.3.
/Standart topology/
3 .
- Bus
- Star
- Ring
Bus topology :

bus

, . Bus

. .
Star topology :
Hub- star .
hub-
star .
.
Ring topology :
.

ring .
.
2.2.IP

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IP datagram .
32 . IP . :
1. /Network
2. Host- . IP

. A, B, C, D-.
IP 4 . IP

.
1. IP 0
8 24
. , 128
. 27 224 .
2. 10 . 21 8
.
3. 3 111 D
. multicasting .
.
223 . ,
. /8 / 0 127
loopback . Loopback

. .
1 broadcast .
. : 128.64.255.255
128.64
.

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2.IP . IP .
. : 3
.
IP .IP

. IP


.

.
.
.

. .
3- .
IP datagram .
32 .IP . :
3. /Network
4. Host- . IP

. A, B, C, D-.
IP 4 .IP

.
4. IP 0
8 24

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. , 128
. 27 224 .
5. 10 . 21 8
.
6. 3 111 D
. multicasting .
.
223 . ,
. /8 / 0 127
loopback .Loopback

. .
1 broadcast .
. : 128.64.255.255
128.64
.

. -hardware address- 2 16- . :

.
. -
.
. : .
. - IP, IPX .
. . :
1.

.
IP

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Internet Protocol (IP) Address IP
(nodes)

Internet protocol

(
) . IP
. .IP
256 .

0-

255

128.10.45.10, 202.5.194.8, 252.20.15.14 IP 32

2-

node()- , / IP
/ .
. ipv4 .
2-
192.168.0.1 (ipv4) 2001:db:0:1234:0567:1:1 (IPv6)
. IP .
. (adress)
. (route) .
.:

. . Pixel.mn,
yahoo.com, mol.mn, hotmail.com
.
.

. :
.edu .com .
.
. : tanhim.net .net tanhim
. test.tanhim.net test tanhim.net .
. ,
.

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Name .
IP ,
.
IP . :
, http://155.230.104.130
, http://tanhim.net
. tanhim.net IP
155.230.104.130 .
IP , :IP .
, .IP
host .Host
, host .
IP .
subnetting . Subnet
. subnet
. 4
. 4 IP ,
multicast .
IP subnet AND

IP

subnet

ID=148.33.0.0

mas=255.255.0.0
=148.33.22.5

host

ID=0.0.22.5

IP 5 .
, - ,
, -
....
-> 1-126 (126 , 16 )- .
-> 128-191 (16000 , 65,000 )- .
-> 192-223 (2 , 254 )
.
D->224-240(Multicast.)
E->241-255(.)

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IP

10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255-

172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

3.1. OSI
1984 OSI(Open Systems
Interconnection) . OSI
.
.
.
.

.

. 7
.
. 80 ISO*/International Standartization Organization/

OSI
. OSI
//
.
1000 . OSI
, ,
. /
, ./
OSI
.

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OSI-

. OSI
. 7 .

3.2.
7. Application layer- (
.)
6.

Presentation

layer-

.)
5. Session layer- (
)
4. Transport layer- (
)
3. Network layer- (
. )
2. Data link layer- (
.
1. Physical layer- (
. )

.
.
3.3. IEEE

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1970-
IEEE-
. 1980 2 Project 802
.
Project 802- OSI
. IEEE 802
.
(Logical Link Control-LLC), n
(Medium Access Control- MAC) . IEEE
12 .
802.1
802.2 LLC(Logical Link Control)
802.3 CSMI/CD LAN(Ethernet)
802.4 Token Bus LAN
802.5 Token Ring LAN
802.6 Metropolition area Nework (MAN)
802.7 Broadband Technical Advisory Group
802.8 Fiber-Optic Technical Adversory Group
802.9
802.10
802.11
802.12 100 BASE VG-Any LAN.
4. :
. :
.
motherboard mainboard- ,

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. - Network Interface
Card(NIC) . NIC ?,
? ?, ?
, .
NIC parallel to serial
.

NIC

Transceiver . NIC

. .
1. NIC . 2. RAM-
.
4.1.Token Ring : 1970- .

token ring .
Token ring- frame
.
. .
4-16mbps .
Ethernet: Coaxia cable .
30 Ethernet . Ethernet
LAN IEEE 802.3
. Xerox .
Ethernet 10BASE-T 10 mb
. r 10 base-2 (
185 ), 10 base-59 (
500 ) .

Ethernet

coaxial cable twisted pair

. Fast Ethernet 100 base-t 100 mb

backbone 10base-t

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. Backbone LAN, WAN
.
Gigabit Ethernet . 1000 mb 1 gb


.
FDDI: token ring
. 200-
. 100mbps .
.
Archnet and Apple talk: 255 .
2.5 mbps.
.
4.2-4.5-
4.6.

.
. 2
.
.
4
4
.
3 . 1. Network Neighborhood 2. Windows
Explorer 3.
- 1. My ComputerProperties 2. Dvice manager . 3. Network adapter

remove .

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. 4. Start/Sittings/Add new
hard ware network adapter . 5. Driver .

-n , n ,
n-1 , N

BNC

, N connector
5.1. : TCP/IP Protocol 1969

DARPA /Depense Advanced

Research Project Agency/
ARPANET . 1975 ARPANET

ARPANET TCP/IP .
1983 TCP/IP UNIX .
ARPANET . Milnet, ARPANET.
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP :
1. Hardware Software
. TCP/IP
.
.
.
2. hardware- . ,
. Ethernet, TokenRing, x25,
Dial-UP .
3. . TCP/IP
.

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TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
.
1. Military
2. Note-IEN
3. RFC Request for Comments
RFC-

TCP/IP

3-5

. 4 .
4. Application Layer-
3. Transport Layer host-to-host
2. Internet Layer
1. Network Access

Datagram
.
header .
header-
. TCP/IP
.
.

Layer:
4. Stream

Message

3. Segment

Packet

2. Datagram

Datagram

1. Frame

Frame

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1.

Network

access:

.
. OSI 1, 2
.
. :
b. datagram- Frame .
c. .
Address Resolution Protocol ARP .

2. Internet layer: - . Internet Protocol

TCP/IP- .
TCP/IP . .
a. Datagram
b.
c. Datagram-
d. Datagram-
:
1. Connectionless -
.
1. Connection-Oriented -
.
2. Reliable
.
2. Unreliable - .

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Datagram:


.

Datagram

. 5-6 32 header
. Header
.
0

Version

Type of service

Identification
Time of live

12

16

20

24

28

32

Total length
Flags

Protocol

Fragmentation
Header checksum

Source address
Deotimation address

Data

Datagram-
MTU- Maximum Transmission Unit datagram- .
. Datagram-
/datagram/
.
datagram- header- 3 .

. .

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3. Transport Layer: .
1. TCP Transmission Control Protocol
2. UDP User Datagram Protocol
TCP-
. UDP- .
datagram- .
/low overhead/ datagram-
.
TCP:
. TCP .
Connection Oriented TCP

.
. handshake .
datagram- header- flag
. TCP-
.
.

1. A

SSN

2. A

B
SSN, ACK

SSN Synchronize Sequence Number

3. A

1. data

ACK,
SSN- .

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2.
.
3. .
/data/ .
3 .
, .

Reliable

TCP-

PAR

/Positine

Acknowledgement Retransmission/
.
PAR
.
Bit flow control TCP-

.
.

. ISN Initial Sequence Number
. ISN-
0 .

4. Application Layer:

transport

.
.
:
1.Telnet /Network Terminal Protocol/ -
.
2. FTP /File Transport Protocol/ -
.

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3. SNTP /Simple Mail Transport Protocol mail
.
4. DNS /Domain Name Service/ -IP
.
5. RIP /Routing Information Protocol/ .

.
, . 1980
.

2 .
1. Routable
(LAN to LAN )- .
2.

NonRoutable

. 3
. 1. Aplication protocol 2. Transfort protocol 3. Network protocol.
.
1. Aplication protocol:
OSI

. Aplication :

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APPC(advanced program to program communication) IBM

peer to peer SNA
. AS/400 .

FTAM(File Transfer Access and Managament) OSI

.

X.400

CCITT-

X.500 CCITT- .

SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol) TCP/IP

.

FTP(File Transfer Protocol) TCP/IP

.

SNMP-

(Simple

Network

Managament Protocol)

TCP/IP

Telnet TCP/IP
.

AppleTalk and Apple Share Apple .

AFP- AppleTalk Filing Protocol Apple

.

DAP-(Data Access protocol) decnet

.

2. Transfort

protocol

. transfor protocol- .

TCP(Trnsfer Control Protocol)- TCP/IP

UDP(User Datagram Protocol)- TCP/IP

SXP(Sequential

Packet

Exchange)-

Novell-

IPX/SPX

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NWLink

Microsoft- IPX/SPX

NetBEUI

ATP(AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), NBP(Name Binding Protocol )

Apple

3. Network protocol:

.

IP (Internet Prootcol)- datagram-

IPX(Internetwork packet exchange)-

DDP(Datagram Devilery Protocol) AppleTalk

4.

TCP/IP-

IPX/SPX-

NetBEUI-

APPC-IBM peer-to-peer

ApleTalk-Macintosh

Xerox NetworkSystem(XNS)- Ethernet

DECnet- Ethernet

6.
2
.

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. 3 .
1.
-

2.Token Passing 3. Demond Priority

6.1.CSMA/CD-
.


.
CSMA/CA

.
6.2.Token Passing: ring
. token
.
token- .

token- .
6.3.Demond Priority: 100VG-anyLAN 100MBps
Ethernet IEEE 802.12
. CSMA/CD 2
. Demond Priority
hub 2-

hub . Hub
hub- 2-
, +

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. 2 hub
2 2 .
6.1.
.

1. 2. 3. - .
(Twisted Pair-TP)-
. 2
. . (Unshielded Tisted Pair cable-UTP) .
(Shielded TwistedPair-STP)
UTP : 4 .1
100 . RJ-45 .
EIA/TIA-568 UTP 5 .
1. . ( )
2. 4/- .
3. 10Base-t 10/ .
4. TokenRing 16 / .
5. DDI 100/ .
STP
, . Ehernet
100 . STP- 150
Token-Ring .


150 STP 2 .STP
UTP
. Ethrnet STP
(Backbone)

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max 100 . UTP
. UTP :

, ,
, .
.
,
.
2 .
0.5 .
185 . 50 RG-58
.
RG-58/U
RG-58 A/U
RG-59 .
RG-6 RG-59 .
RG-62 ARCnet .

BNC(British

Naval

Connector)

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- 1
.
1 500 .

.

.

,

.
,
.

1. Outer jaket-
2. Kevlar reiforsingMateral-
3. Plastic shield
4. Glass Fiber and Gladding-
. .
. :

.
.
. NOS(Network
Operating System) .
.
. Microsoft Windows NT 4.0, Novells Nerwere

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4.11, Intranet Ware, Windows 95, Microsoft Windows 2000, MS, ME, MS, XP
.
,
.

,
.

.
,