You are on page 1of 44

1.

.
,

.
,
,
,
,

.
,

. ,
,
.
;



. (.1) (
)
: + ,
. ,

. ,
,

(
), ..
.

,
.
,
.
,
(
)

.

, ,
, , .
,
, , ,
, , ,
, .

2.

:
- ,

. ,
, -

:
= (m= )

m . v2
(v
=
)
- ,


(*),
, (.. )
,
,
,

..

.


,

:

=
F.h

F =
,
h =


.
, ,

.
, , ,
.
(.4) :(
)
-
,





,


.

,




.
-
,


( ),


.
- ,

,

.
,

,
,
.
-
,

.1

U235



(*)
.

- ,

,

,
.(.2)(
)
(*)
,
. : )
,
( ,
, ), ) ,


().
(*):

.

3.


,
.


:
1 :

, .
,
.
1
,
,

, ..

.
.
2 :
,
,
()
.

,

.

,
. ..

7 15%,

30% .

,
,
.

(
). 2

.

4.


,
.
(S.I.),
1
Joule ()
1 Newton
1 .
:
= x
W = F x d
1 Newton (F)
(m)
(1Kg) (a)

(1m/s2 ) (F = m . a).
,


,
, (1
cal)
1C
(1 gr) . .. 100gr
60 kcal 100gr 300 kcal.

,
Btu KWh.

1 Joule ()
1 cal ()
1 KWh
()
1 Btu

1 Joule = 0,239
cal
1 cal = 4,183
Joule
1KWh =
3.600.000 Joule
1044 Joule



,
,
().



= =


( )
.

() ,

()
.

=
=W/
t

() (S.I)
-Watt (1W) 1 Watt

1 Joule / sec.

1 Watt (W)
1 Kilowatt
(KW)
1 hp (
)

1W=1
Joule / sec
1KW =
1000 W
1 hp = 746
W

1 W
1 (1 KWh)
3.600.000 Joule, .
(,
, ) :

1 mW
0,001 W
1W



Boeing 707

75 W
100 W
150 W
1000 W
1KW
3 KW
1400
cm3 56
KW
21 MW
21000
KW


1200 MW

5.

.
,
.

.



.




,
""
.


.
, ,

, '
.

, ,

.

.
6CO2 +
C6H12O6
6H2O + ------> + 6O2
(
)


,
,
().
- -
.

,
,


.




.
,


.


,
90% , 10%
(.3).
(,
)



,
.
.
C6H12O6 6CO2 +
+
6H2O +
6O2 ------>
(
)

,

,
,

.
,


.



""

.
,






.


:
)

)
,

)





( 80% 95%),


. ..

' ,


.
,

.


,

' ..
.
:


""
:
)

) ""

, ,

)
.
1
.

1:

6. (.5)
(
)
" " "
"
( , ,
)
(,
).


/ .

( ),


.

.

.
, ,
,

.

,

.





, ,
.

.
:
,
, , ,
,
, , , .,
,
.

.



,
,

.
1,

93 %,
7 %,
.

(: , 2000)
1.
> 65 %,
, 20 %

7 %




.
,
:
( ),
( ),
( ),
, ,






.


,
, "
" .

3.

: ( CD,

)

7.



.



.

,
' ,

,
,
,


.

(
, , .)
, ,

.

(,
, )

(, , ).

,


. 2
.

, ,
,

,
,

,
,

,
,
,

2.

,
.

8.


""



()


.




, ,
.






(.. )
.






.





.

, ,


(
).

-
-
"
"
, ,
.
3500 ..


3000
.. ,
, 1180
..

200 ..,

,

- -



.


.





,
300 ...

,
212 ..

,


.
130
..




.
(4671453 ..)
(1454-1700 ..)

,
(7 -),

(1180),
Flash
(), (1673- (
),

( ,

..).

,
Flash
(1780-1850
player)
..).


1860

--


Lenoir

1876

Otto


,
15
,
1885

.

1901
, 19



.



.

,
,

1970 .

9.

-



,
,
,

.(.7)
(
)
:

- 1952
,




.
- 1973

.

,

.

- 1982

- 1989,

Exxon
Valdez
Prince
William Sound




Exxon Valdez
60 .
Exxon

Valdez

.
- 1986


.
,
,



.

: National
Geographic (May 1987)

.2
.

1986
- 1989-1995
,

1990
,
1991, " Andrew" 1992,

1993.

IPCC 1995 (IPCC:

2500 ,
1988 )

.
0,3-0,6
0C 1860
.
-
1991
,


.
( 1999)
,

.

,


.
(
-
),
,
,

,
.

.4

.


,




.

,
, (.8)
,

, (
).



.
.. ,
1.500 - 2.000

,
, ,
, .

.


3.000
.

: G.Tyler Miller-
.5

, ,


,
,

.

()
.

(CFC) ,
,
,
.

(
),

.
CFC




.

,
(3)
(2) ().


,
,
.(.9) (
)

,


. , ,


,
()
.
,
" ", .



,
, ..
, , ,
.


1992 ,
, 106


2000

1990.
.
,


.
(CFC)
,
.
,
1995,
30% 2005
1990,
, ,
.


.

1997 ,

5%
2010,
.
, ,


,
.








.
4

15,




-
199098 ( +15
%),

.
.6
,

93%
,

10 ,
96%
( ).


6%. ( ,2000)

10.




(,
,
)

.



,





(
)


(..).



,

..

.

,
,
,

,



,

,



.



, ,

.
" "


, ,
,
.


.

.
,
,

.



.
.
.

,

.


.
1970


$300 $4 Watt.


.
,
, ,
.

.




.


1600 Mw, 3
.


.
,
,
600 .



.
.
(50 150C)
,
( 150C)

.



1/6

.
. $ 0,015 $ 0.35
.


.
,
,
.



.


.
7500 Mw -

.
4%

45%
.



.
.


.


.

,
.


.

30 Mw

.

, .

.
,

.

You might also like