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10.1. .
( , , , . )

(U) .

=
=

, .
.

.
=
2 . :
1. ,
2.

. , .

= .
: dV , P .
.
.
=

.
P V .
10.1 .
dV PdV , dV
,1 2 P=f(V)
1 , 2 ,
.

.

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3 . ;
1.
2.
3.


.

.
dQ=cmdT

. : c- ,
m- , dT- .

.

.
2 ,
.

.

10.2.
,
.

.


.
, : =

:
( ) ()
( ) .

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= +
:
= + .
> 0 ,
< 0, > 0,
< 0 .
.
= + .
( )
.
=

Q=A . . ,

10.3.

. 1-
.
=

Q
Tm

1 () ,
= .
. (
) (C), ( )
(C) .
=

dQ

dT

dQ

dT

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, ,
.
.
.

( i- ) .

(Ox)
i=1.
i=2
(,)
i=3(Ox,Oy,Oz) .
i=3 .
. ( )
, , i=5
(,,z i+=3
,z i+=2 ),

. 3
( ) i=6
( = 3, = 3, = + = 6).

.
. .,
,

.
.
:

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= 3/2
,
i+=3 :
=

= 1/2

, 3 i
:
=

.
.
:


.

U== kT*NA
2

NA- . K=R/NA :

U== kNAT== RT
2
2

m v=m/
:

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U==

m/

RT== vRT
2

v=m/ ,
i , - .


. ,
.

.
.
.

.

.

. I 1 . CdT=dU+pdV

. Cv =

lK

. dU= 2RdT

Cv= 2 . l

dU

dV

Cp=dT + p dT

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dV

. dT = C

dV

Cp= C + p dT . 1

- pV=RT p=const
pdV=RdT

dV
dT

Cp= Cv + R .
.
.

. 1
1-
( R)- .
. C =

Cp=

+2
2

. Cp C
Cp

: = C =

+2

. X


.
. 2
i= 3, i = 2

7

i = 1 C =
2

(~50K) C =

3
2

C = , C = .

,
,
.
.
.

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.
7

C = C = 2 ,
2

C = 2 C =

1
2
3

3
2

Cv

Cp

()

(/*)

(/* )

2
5

3
= 12.4
2
5
= 20.8
2

5
= 20.8
2
7
= 29.1
2

1.67

3RT

3R=24.9

4R=33.3

1.33

= Cp/Cv

1.40

10. 5. () .

( ).
,
. P,V
:
1 12, 21 1
. 12
.
= 1 = ,
.
= > 0 ,
, = < 0 ,

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.
,
.
. ,

.
. .


.
() .

10.6. .

. 3 .
: 1 - , 1 -,
:
-

(Q2)

//

/
/
.

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.
12, .
Q1 1
.
23 . Q2 2
.
34 .
Q2
2 .
41

.
12- (U=const) 1
2 A12 :
12 =

2
1 = 1

23-
23 - :
23 =

1
2

34-
34- :
34 =

4
2 = 2

41- 41:

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41 =

2 = 23
1

:
= 12 + 23 + 34 + 41 = 1 + 23 2 = 1 2
. ..:
=

1 2

=
1
1

23 41 :
1

1 2

= 2 3

; 2 4

= 1 4

; 2 = 3 .
2

..:

2
3
1 2 1 1 2 4 1 2
=
=
=

2
1
1
1 1

. ..
. ..-
.
/ .. .
/ .
, .. .
/

1 2
1

1 2
1

2
1

= 2
1

.
.

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3
. :
: , 2 , 2
12 , 23
, , 34
, 41 .
:
= 1

4 1
1
= 1 1
3 2

: =8, = 1.4 .
:
1 , 1 , 2
12 , 23 , 34 ,
41 . :
=

1 4/ 1 1
1 2
1
=1
= 1 1
1
( 1)
2 3/ 2 1

. : 1 = 1 .
2

:
. , , , ,
.

. ..
.

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10.7. , ,
II
:
1 2
2
=1
1
1

=
.

Q1 A= Q1 - Q2
. -
=

2
1
= 1 = 1
1 = 1 2
1
1
1

: : 1 , 2
.
2 = 2
1

1
1

.

.


1 2 1 2
2
2
=
1
= 1
1
1
1
1

2
1

= 2
1

1
1

2
2

. .

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1
=0
1

=0

.
:

,
.
S
. .
=

.
S- .
:

= =

. : ,
.

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.
.
2 1
,
.
. 2 = 1 .
= 1 2 = 0


.
.

.

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.
= 0 .
.

S=const


, . . = 0

0 < = >
.


0


. II .

0

.

.

.
II .
.

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II :

.
.

.

.

, . S
.
=
: k=1,38*10-23 /- .
.

.
.
I = +
II :
+
.

.
=
.
2 . :

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.
.
II
. :
1. ..
.
2.
.
2- .

II

. 2-

.
3. .

/
II

10.4 I .

(V=const). (P-V)

. (10.5- ). 1-2 ,

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1-3 .
:
= =
(10.15)
I
:
=

(10.16)

Cv :
=
(10.16)

=

.
(P=const). (P-V)
. (10.6 ). V1-
V2

=

= (2 1 )

(10.17)

1 1,22 . -
1 2

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1 =

1 , 2 =

2 1 =

2 .

(2 1 ) - , (1 .17) :
=

(2 1 )

(10.18)

. R 1
1K
.

1
= +

(10.19) . m
=

, =

(T=const).
PV=const
(10.20)

(P-V) . (10.7-

). :
=

2
1

2
1

2 =
1

(10.21)

.
=

= 0

1
=
(10.22) . .
.
==

2 =
1

2
1

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. ( = 0)
. 1

=
(10.23) .
. 1 = . + =
0

= 0 . -

= 0 . = + =

(T1-T2) (10.24) =

1
2

.
.
.

PVn=sonst

. n- . . =

=sonst

. :

=Cv ; n=

C=Cp; n=0

C=; n=1

C=0; n=

.
.

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