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10.1. .
( , , , . )
(U) .
=
=
, .
.
.
=
2 . :
1. ,
2.
. , .
= .
: dV , P .
.
.
=
.
P V .
10.1 .
dV PdV , dV
,1 2 P=f(V)
1 , 2 ,
.
.
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3 . ;
1.
2.
3.
.
.
dQ=cmdT
. : c- ,
m- , dT- .
.
.
2 ,
.
.
10.2.
,
.
.
.
, : =
:
( ) ()
( ) .
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= +
:
= + .
> 0 ,
< 0, > 0,
< 0 .
.
= + .
( )
.
=
Q=A . . ,
10.3.
. 1-
.
=
Q
Tm
1 () ,
= .
. (
) (C), ( )
(C) .
=
dQ
dT
dQ
dT
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, ,
.
.
.
( i- ) .
(Ox)
i=1.
i=2
(,)
i=3(Ox,Oy,Oz) .
i=3 .
. ( )
, , i=5
(,,z i+=3
,z i+=2 ),
. 3
( ) i=6
( = 3, = 3, = + = 6).
.
. .,
,
.
.
:
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= 3/2
,
i+=3 :
=
= 1/2
, 3 i
:
=
.
.
:
.
U== kT*NA
2
NA- . K=R/NA :
U== kNAT== RT
2
2
m v=m/
:
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U==
m/
RT== vRT
2
v=m/ ,
i , - .
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
. I 1 . CdT=dU+pdV
. Cv =
lK
. dU= 2RdT
Cv= 2 . l
dU
dV
Cp=dT + p dT
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dV
. dT = C
dV
Cp= C + p dT . 1
- pV=RT p=const
pdV=RdT
dV
dT
Cp= Cv + R .
.
.
. 1
1-
( R)- .
. C =
Cp=
+2
2
. Cp C
Cp
: = C =
+2
. X
.
. 2
i= 3, i = 2
7
i = 1 C =
2
(~50K) C =
3
2
C = , C = .
,
,
.
.
.
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.
7
C = C = 2 ,
2
C = 2 C =
1
2
3
3
2
Cv
Cp
()
(/*)
(/* )
2
5
3
= 12.4
2
5
= 20.8
2
5
= 20.8
2
7
= 29.1
2
1.67
3RT
3R=24.9
4R=33.3
1.33
= Cp/Cv
1.40
10. 5. () .
( ).
,
. P,V
:
1 12, 21 1
. 12
.
= 1 = ,
.
= > 0 ,
, = < 0 ,
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.
,
.
. ,
.
. .
.
() .
10.6. .
. 3 .
: 1 - , 1 -,
:
-
(Q2)
//
/
/
.
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.
12, .
Q1 1
.
23 . Q2 2
.
34 .
Q2
2 .
41
.
12- (U=const) 1
2 A12 :
12 =
2
1 = 1
23-
23 - :
23 =
1
2
34-
34- :
34 =
4
2 = 2
41- 41:
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41 =
2 = 23
1
:
= 12 + 23 + 34 + 41 = 1 + 23 2 = 1 2
. ..:
=
1 2
=
1
1
23 41 :
1
1 2
= 2 3
; 2 4
= 1 4
; 2 = 3 .
2
..:
2
3
1 2 1 1 2 4 1 2
=
=
=
2
1
1
1 1
. ..
. ..-
.
/ .. .
/ .
, .. .
/
1 2
1
1 2
1
2
1
= 2
1
.
.
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3
. :
: , 2 , 2
12 , 23
, , 34
, 41 .
:
= 1
4 1
1
= 1 1
3 2
: =8, = 1.4 .
:
1 , 1 , 2
12 , 23 , 34 ,
41 . :
=
1 4/ 1 1
1 2
1
=1
= 1 1
1
( 1)
2 3/ 2 1
. : 1 = 1 .
2
:
. , , , ,
.
. ..
.
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10.7. , ,
II
:
1 2
2
=1
1
1
=
.
Q1 A= Q1 - Q2
. -
=
2
1
= 1 = 1
1 = 1 2
1
1
1
: : 1 , 2
.
2 = 2
1
1
1
.
.
1 2 1 2
2
2
=
1
= 1
1
1
1
1
2
1
= 2
1
1
1
2
2
. .
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1
=0
1
=0
.
:
,
.
S
. .
=
.
S- .
:
= =
. : ,
.
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.
.
2 1
,
.
. 2 = 1 .
= 1 2 = 0
.
.
.
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.
= 0 .
.
S=const
, . . = 0
0 < = >
.
0
. II .
0
.
.
.
II .
.
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II :
.
.
.
.
, . S
.
=
: k=1,38*10-23 /- .
.
.
.
I = +
II :
+
.
.
=
.
2 . :
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.
.
II
. :
1. ..
.
2.
.
2- .
II
. 2-
.
3. .
/
II
10.4 I .
(V=const). (P-V)
. (10.5- ). 1-2 ,
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1-3 .
:
= =
(10.15)
I
:
=
(10.16)
Cv :
=
(10.16)
=
.
(P=const). (P-V)
. (10.6 ). V1-
V2
=
= (2 1 )
(10.17)
1 1,22 . -
1 2
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1 =
1 , 2 =
2 1 =
2 .
(2 1 ) - , (1 .17) :
=
(2 1 )
(10.18)
. R 1
1K
.
1
= +
(10.19) . m
=
, =
(T=const).
PV=const
(10.20)
(P-V) . (10.7-
). :
=
2
1
2
1
2 =
1
(10.21)
.
=
= 0
1
=
(10.22) . .
.
==
2 =
1
2
1
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. ( = 0)
. 1
=
(10.23) .
. 1 = . + =
0
= 0 . -
= 0 . = + =
(T1-T2) (10.24) =
1
2
.
.
.
PVn=sonst
. n- . . =
=sonst
. :
=Cv ; n=
C=Cp; n=0
C=; n=1
C=0; n=
.
.
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