1

LOAD FLOW (GAUSS-SEIDEL

METHOD )
19:21
Solution of Non-Linear Equations

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( cos | V | | Y | | V | P
1

The two load flow equations are:
These equations provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive
power entering bus i. The equations are non-linear and only a numerical
solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve
these equations. Among those are the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson
methods.

=
=
n
p
ip p i p ip i i
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V | Q
1

Gauss-Seidel Method
Consider a system of non-linear equations having n unknowns
) x , .......... , x , x ( f
.. .. .. .. .. ..
) x , .......... , x , x ( f
) x , .......... , x , x ( f
n 2 1 n
n 2 1 2
n 2 1 1
n 2 1
x , .......... , x , x
19:21
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Assuming initial values,
) x , .......... , x , x ( f x
n 2 1 i i
= == =
n i 1
o
n
o
2
o
1
x , .......... , x , x
Rearranging, then
) x , .......... , x , x ( f x
o
n
o
2
o
1
1
1
1
1
= == =
Substituting the initial values in Eq. 1, then
) x , .......... , x , x ( f x
o
n
o
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
= == =
) x ,....., x ....., , x , x ( f x
o
n
o
i
1
2
1
1
1
i
1
i
= == =
) x , .......... x , x , x ( f x
o
n
o
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
3
= == =
Or in general
Eq. 1
o
n
o
2
1
1 1
x , .......... , x
values initial
are values other all and
step previous from x x = == =
o
n
o
2
o
1
x , .......... , x , x
values initial are values All
o
n
o
3
1
2 2
1
1 1
x , .......... , x
and
x x & x x = == = = == =
ble varia first
iteration irst f
Where is the first approximation of using the initial assumed values.
1
i
x
i
x
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) ....., , , ..... , , (
1 1
1
1
1 2 1

+

=
k
n
k
i
k
i
k
i
k k k
i
k
i
x x x x x x f x
The changes in the magnitude of each variable from its value at
the previous iteration is:
1 k
i
x
k
i
x
1 k
i
k
i i
x x x

= == =
converged. has solution the then x If
i
< << <
Where, is a small value ) 001 . 0 : exmple for ( = == =
ble varia i
th
iteration K
th
The k
th
approximation of is:
i
x
19:21
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EXAMPLE 1:
For the following equation, find an accurate value for x up to 5 decimal places.
7 ) x log( x 2 = == =
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel
) x log 7 ( 5 . 0 x + ++ + = == =
1 x
o
= == = 5 . 3 ) 1 log 7 ( 5 . 0 x
1
= == = + ++ + = == =
5 . 3 x
1
= == = 772034 . 3 ) 5 . 3 log 7 ( 5 . 0 x
2
= == = + ++ + = == =
772034 . 3 x
2
= == =
788287 . 3 ) 772034 . 3 log 7 ( 5 . 0 x
3
= == = + ++ + = == =
788287 . 3 x
3
= == =
789221 . 3 ) 788287 . 3 log 7 ( 5 . 0 x
4
= == = + ++ + = == =
789274 . 3 x
5
= == =
789278 . 3 x
6
= == =
000004 . 0 = == =
iteration 1
st
iteration 2
nd
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EXAMPLE 2:
For the following equations, find an x and y after 4 iterations.
o o 1
y cos 2 . 0 x sin 7 . 0 x + ++ + = == =
) rad ( 5 . 0 y x
o o
= == = = == =
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values
51111 . 0 x
5 . 0 cos 2 . 0 5 . 0 sin 7 . 0 x
1
1
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
51465 . 0 y
5 . 0 sin 2 . 0 51111 . 0 cos 7 . 0 y
1
1
= == =
= == =
y sin 2 . 0 x cos 7 . 0 y & y cos 2 . 0 x sin 7 . 0 x = == = + ++ + = == =
516497 . 0 x
2
= == =
510241 . 0 y
2
= == =
520211 . 0 x
3
= == =
509722 . 0 y
3
= == =
522520 . 0 x
4
= == =
509007 . 0 y
4
= == =
19:21
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Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Analysis
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Simplicity
2. Small computer memory requirement
3. Less computational time per iteration
1. Slow rate of convergence, and therefore large number of iterations.
2. Increase in the number of iterations as the number of system buses
increases.
3. The speed of convergence is affected by the selected slack bus.
19:21
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I - G-S Method when PV buses are absent
Assuming a power system in which the voltage controlled buses are absent. If the
system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a slack bus and the other n-1
buses are load buses (PQ-buses).
unknown are Q and P & known are 0 and | V |
i i i i
= == =
For the Slack or Swing Bus:
For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):
unknown are and | V | & known are Q and P
i i i i

The swing bus voltage is taken as a reference. It is voltage magnitude is known and
its phase shift angle is set equal to zero.
Using Gauss-Seidel Method, we assume the initial values for the magnitude and
phase shift angle of (n-1) buses. These values are updated at each iteration.
19:21
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bus bus bus
V Y I =
For an n bus system
n
in i ii i i
i
V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y I + + + + =
2 2 1 1
For the i
th
bus of an n bus system, the current
entering this bus is:


= == =
+ ++ + = == =
n
i p
1 p
p ip i ii i
V Y V Y I
| || |
| || |
| || |

| || |



\ \\ \
| || |
= == =


= == =
n
i p
1 p
p ip i
ii
i
V Y I
Y
1
V
.. Eq. 1
.. Eq. 2
.. Eq. 3
.. Eq. 4

In power systems, power is known rather than currents. The complex power
injected into the i
th
bus is:
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*
i i
i
i i
I V jQ P S = + =
i
*
i
*
i
I V S = == =
*
i
i i
i
V
jQ P
I

= == =
OR
| || |
| || |
| || |

| || |



\ \\ \
| || |


= == =


= == =
n
i p
1 p
p ip *
i
i i
ii
i
V Y
V
jQ P
Y
1
V
Since bus 1 is the slack bus reference, then V
i
represents n-1 set of
equations for i= 2, 3, ., n. These equations will be solved using G-S
method for the unknowns V
2
, V
3
, ..V
n
.
.. Eq. 5
.. Eq. 6
.. Eq. 7
.. Eq. 8
Substituting in Eq. 4
19:21
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= == =


= == =
n
i p
1 p
p
ii
ip
ii
i i
*
i
i
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
V
1
V
NOTES:
1. Eq. 8 can be written as:


= == =
= == =
n
i p
1 p
p ip *
i
i
i
V L
V
K
V
ii
i i
i
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
ii
ip
ip
Y
Y
L = == =
The values for K
i
and L
ip
are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
and
2. The voltages at all the buses in a power system are close to 1.0 pu.
Therefore, we can start the G-S iteration process assuming initial values for the
voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.
0 1 V ...... V V
o
n
o
3
o
2
= == = = == = = == =
3. At each step in the iteration process use the most updated values for the
voltages to compute the new values for the bus voltages.
.. Eq. 9
.. Eq. 10
NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values for PQ Bus.
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= == =
= == =
n
i p
1 p
p ip *
i
i
i
V L
V
K
V

+ ++ + = == =

= == =
= == =
n
1 i p
p ip
1 i
1 p
p ip *
i
i
i
V L V L
V
K
V

+ ++ + = == =

= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
n
1 i p
k
p ip
1 i
1 p
) 1 k (
p ip * k
i
i 1 k
i
V L V L
) V (
K
V
n . ,......... 2 , 1 i for = == =
Therefore, for the (k
th
+1) iteration,
The iteration process is continuous till the convergence occurs, i.e.;
n . ,......... 2 , 1 i for = == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
| V | | V | | V |
k
i
1 k
i
1 k
i
.. Eq. 11
.. Eq. 12
.. Eq. 13
.. Eq. 14
The most updated voltage
values are from the same
iteration
The most updated voltage
values are from the previous
iteration
19:21
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n
in i ii i i
i
V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y I + + + + =
2 2 1 1
*
i i
i
i i
I V jQ P S = + =
i
*
i i i
*
i
I V Q P S = == = = == =
4. The current and complex power at i
th
bus are:
) V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V jQ P
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
)} V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V Im{ Q
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
)} V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V Re{ P
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Linear
Network
1
2
3
i
n
Reference
i
I
i
V
Linear
Network
1
2
3
i
n
Reference
i
I
i
V
The two equations are known as the rectangular form of the load flow equations.
They provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive power
entering bus i.
And
Or
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1
2
3
EXAMPLE 3:
For the three bus system. Write the expression
for the bus voltages using GS method.
SOLUTION:
The system contains 3 buses, (n=3).
i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus reference.
0 and 1 | V |
1 1
= == = = == =
ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load buses.
known are Q and Q , P , P
3 2 3 2


= == =
= == =
3
2 p
1 p
p p 2 *
2
2
2
V L
V
K
V


= == =


= == =
3
2 p
1 p
p
22
p 2
22
2 2
*
2
2
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
V
1
V
unknown are and , V , V
3 2 3 2

2 2
Q , P
3 3
Q , P
0
1 | V |
1
1
= == =
= == =

1
G
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
3
22
23
1
22
21
22
2 2
*
2
2
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
V
1
V
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
2
33
32
1
33
31
33
3 3
*
3
3
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
V
1
V
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
0 1 V V
o
3
o
2
= == = = == =
NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
o
3
22
23
1
22
21
22
2 2
* o
2
1
2
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
) V (
1
V
Start the first iteration
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
1
2
33
32
1
33
31
33
3 3
* o
3
1
3
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
) V (
1
V
.. Eq. 15
.. Eq. 16
.. Eq. 17
.. Eq. 18
The most updated voltage
value is from this iteration
The most updated voltage
value is the initial value
19:21
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
1
3
22
23
1
22
21
22
2 2
* 1
2
2
2
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
) V (
1
V
Start the second iteration
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
2
2
33
32
1
33
31
33
3 3
* 1
3
2
3
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
) V (
1
V
Compare the results for convergence
n . ,......... 2 , 1 i for = == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
| V | | V | | V |
k
i
1 k
i
1 k
i
= == = | V | | V | | V |
1
2
2
2
2
2
= == = | V | | V | | V |
1
3
2
3
2
3
If Eqs. 21, 22 are not satisfied then start a new iteration.
.. Eq. 21
.. Eq. 22
.. Eq. 19
.. Eq. 20
The most updated voltage
value is from this iteration
The most updated voltage
value is from previous
iteration
19:21
9
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
MVAR
2 . 45
MVAR
2 . 110
MW
6 . 256
MW
6 . 138
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
EXAMPLE 4:
For the system shown in the figure, the line impedances are as indicated in per
unit on 100MVA base.
A. Using Gauss-Seidel method find the bus voltages after 7 iterations.
B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
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21 12
y 20 j 10
04 . 0 j 02 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
31 13
y 30 j 10
03 . 0 j 01 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
32 23
y 32 j 16
025 . 0 j 0125 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (





33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
= == =
bus
Y
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
62 j 26 32 j 16 30 j 10
32 j 16 52 j 26 20 j 10
30 j 10 20 j 10 50 j 20
= == =
bus
Y
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
32 31 32 31
23 23 21 21
13 12 13 12
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
MVAR
2 . 45
MVAR
2 . 110
MW
6 . 256
MW
6 . 138
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
19:21
10
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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di gi sch , i
P P P =
MVAR 2 . 110 Q
d , 2
= == =
sch , i sch , i sch , i
jQ P S + ++ + = == =
) Q Q ( j ) P P ( S
d , 2 g , 2 d , 2 g , 2 sch , 2
+ ++ + = == =
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
MVAR
2 . 45
MVAR
2 . 110
MW
6 . 256
MW
6 . 138
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
Classification of buses:
Buses 2 and 3: Load Buses (PQ bus)
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
MW 6 . 256 P
d , 2
= == =
MVAR 2 . 45 Q
d , 3
= == = MW 6 . 138 P
d , 3
= == =
di gi sch , i
Q Q Q =
known are Q and Q , P , P
3 2 3 2
unknown are and , V , V
3 2 3 2

Bus 1: Slack Bus
&
G
ig ig
Q and P
id id
Q and P
Bus i
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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pu
MVA Base
) Q Q ( j ) P P (
S
d , 2 g , 2 d , 2 g , 2
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu
MVA 100
) 2 . 110 0 ( j ) 6 . 256 0 (
S
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu 102 . 1 j 566 . 2 S
sch , 2
= == =
pu 452 . 0 j 386 . 1 S
sch , 3
= == =
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
0 1 V V
o
3
o
2
= == = = == =
( (( (

( (( (



+ ++ +

= == =
o
3
22
23
1
22
21
22
sch , 2 sch , 2
* o
2
1
2
V
Y
Y
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
) V (
1
V
Start the first iteration
( (( (

( (( (




+ ++ +
+ ++ +

+ ++ +


+ ++ +
= == = 0 . 1
52 j 26
32 j 16
05 . 1
52 j 26
20 j 10
52 j 26
102 . 1 j 566 . 2
) 0 . 1 (
1
V
*
1
2
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





-
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
62 j 26 32 j 16 30 j 10
32 j 16 52 j 26 20 j 10
30 j 10 20 j 10 50 j 20
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
sch , i sch , i
*
sch , i
jQ P S = == =
19:21
11
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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ELEC572, 04/05
22
2 2
2
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
22
21
21
Y
Y
L = == =
and


= == =


= == =
n
i p
1 p
p
ii
ip
ii
i i
*
i
i
V
Y
Y
Y
jQ P
V
1
V


= == =
= == =
n
2 p
1 p
p p 2 *
2
2
2
V L
V
K
V
22
23
23
Y
Y
L = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
o
3 23 1 21 * o
2
2 1
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
310 . 0 j 9825 . 0 V
1
2
= == =
and
K
2
= -0.0367 - j0.031 L
21
= -0.3846 L
23
= -0.6154
OR, to simplify the calculations, we have:
The values for K
i
and L
ip
are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
0 1 V
o
3
= == =
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





-
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
62 j 26 32 j 16 30 j 10
32 j 16 52 j 26 20 j 10
30 j 10 20 j 10 50 j 20
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Start the second iteration
0353 . 0 j 0011 . 1 V
1
3
= == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
1
2 32 1 31 * o
3
3 1
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
33
3 3
3
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
33
31
31
Y
Y
L = == = and
33
32
32
Y
Y
L = == =
and
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
1
3 23 1 21 * 1
2
2 2
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
2
2 32 1 31 * 1
3
3 2
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == = 0459 . 0 j 0008 . 1 V
2
3
= == =
0520 . 0 j 9816 . 0 V
2
2
= == =
K
3
= -0.0142 - j0.0164
L
31
= - 0.4690 + 0.0354i L
32
= -0.5310 - 0.0354i
same. the be will constants L , L , L , L , K , K
32 31 23 21 3 2
and pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
310 . 0 j 9825 . 0 V
1
2
= == =
19:21
12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
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UAE University
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UAE University
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Start the third iteration
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
2
3 23 1 21 * 2
2
2 3
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
3
2 32 1 31 * 2
3
3 3
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
= 1.0004 - j0.0488
= 0.9808 - j0.0578
Start the fourth iteration
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
3
3 23 1 21 * 3
2
2 4
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
4
2 32 1 31 * 3
3
3 4
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
= 1.0002 - j0.0497
= 0.9803 - j0.0594
After 7 iterations,
pu j V
o
5035 . 3 98183 . 0 0600 . 0 9800 . 0
7
2
= =
pu j V
o
8624 . 2 00125 . 1 0500 . 0 0000 . 1
7
3
= =
same. the be will constants L , L , L , L , K , K
32 31 23 21 3 2
same. the be will constants L , L , L , L , K , K
32 31 23 21 3 2
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
MVAR
2 . 45
MVAR
2 . 110
MW
6 . 256
MW
6 . 138
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
pu j V
o
5035 . 3 98183 . 0 0600 . 0 9800 . 0
2
= =
pu j V
o
8624 . 2 00125 . 1 0500 . 0 0000 . 1
3
= =
pu 0 . 0 j 05 . 1 V
o
1
+ ++ + = == =
19:21
13
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Using the rectangular form of the load flow equations,
then the net active and reactive powers at 1
th
bus are:
)} V Y V Y V Y ( V Im{ Q
3 13 2 12 1 11
*
1 i
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
)} V Y V Y V Y ( V Re{ P
3 13 2 12 1 11
*
1 i
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
4.0938 - j1.8894
) V Y V Y V Y ( V jQ P
3 13 2 12 1 11
*
1 1 1
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == =
i i
jQ P
pu 0938 . 4 P
1
= == =
pu 8894 . 1 Q
1
= == =
Base MVA=100
MVA 38 . 409 P
1
= == =
MVA 94 . 188 Q
1
= == =
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
MVAR
2 . 45
MVAR
2 . 110
MW
6 . 256
MW
6 . 138
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





-
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
62 j 26 32 j 16 30 j 10
32 j 16 52 j 26 20 j 10
30 j 10 20 j 10 50 j 20
Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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II. Modifying G-S Method when PV buses are present
Assuming a power system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a
slack bus and the other buses are load buses (PQ-buses) and voltage controlled
buses (PV-buses). Let the system buses be numbered as:
bus Salck 1 i = == =
buses PV m , ..... , 3 , 2 i = == =
buses PQ n , ...... , 2 m , 1 m i + ++ + + ++ + = == =
For the voltage controlled buses,
unknown are and Q & known are | V | and P
i i i i

Specified i i
| V | | V | = == =
,max i i ,min i
Q Q Q
The second requirement for the voltage controlled bus may be violated if the
bus voltage becomes too high or too small. It is to be noted that we can control
the bus voltage by controlling the bus reactive power.
.. Eq. 23
.. Eq. 24
19:21
14
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Therefore, during any iteration, if the PV-bus reactive power violates its limits
then set it according to the following rule.
,max i i ,max i i
Q Q set Q Q = == =
,min i i ,min i i
Q Q set Q Q = == =
And treat this bus as PQ-bus.
Load flow solution when PV buses are present
a. Calculate Q
i

=
=
n
p
ip p i p
ip i i
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V | Q
1

For the (k
th
+1) iteration,


= == =

= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
n
i p
ip
) k (
i
) k (
i
) k (
p ip speci i
1 i
1 p
ip
) 1 k (
p
) k (
i
) 1 k (
p ip speci i
) 1 k (
i
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V |
) ( sin | V | | Y | | V | Q


unknown are and | V | &
known are Q and P
bus PQ For
NOTE
i i
i i

In the polar form,
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
iteration ) k ( of & | V | use , n to i p For
th
p p
= == =
speci i i
| V | | V | Set = == =
) V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V jQ P
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
In the rectangular form,
)} V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V Im{ Q
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
iteration ) 1 k ( of & | V | use ), 1 i ( to 1 p For
th
p p
+ ++ + = == =
b. Check Q
i
k+1
to see if it is within the limits
,max i i ,min i
Q Q Q

+ ++ + = == =

= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
n
1 i p
k
p ip
1 i
1 p
) 1 k (
p ip * k
i
i 1 k
i
V L V L
) V (
K
V
Case 1: If the reactive power limits are not violated,
calculate
1 k
i
V
+ ++ +
1 k
i
| V |
1 k
i
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =

19:21
15
Speci i
1 k
i
| V | | V | = == =
+ ++ +
1 k
i
Speci i
1 k
i
| V | V
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =

Reset the magnitude
Voltage magnitude is known for PV
bus, therefore the new calculated
magnitude will not be used.
Only the calculated angle
will be updated and used.
Use
1 k
i speci i
and | V |
+ ++ +

For the PV-bus voltage.

+ ++ + = == =

= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
n
1 i p
k
p ip
1 i
1 p
) 1 k (
p ip * k
i
i 1 k
i
V L V L
) V (
K
V
Case 2: If the reactive power limits are violated,
1 k
i
V
+ ++ +
,max i
1 k
i ,max i
1 k
i
Q Q set Q Q = == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
,min i
1 k
i ,min i
1 k
i
Q Q set Q Q = == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
Consider this bus as a PQ-Bus, calculate bus voltage
1 k
i
| V | V
1 k
i
1 k
i
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =

The PV-bus becomes PQ-bus
and both Voltage magnitude
and angle are calculated and
used
Or
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE 6:
Each line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
1
2
2
3
1
4
2
3
4
4
5
5
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.0500
0.1500
0.1500
0.1500
0.1500
0.1500
0.1500
From
Bus
To
Bus
R X
Line Data for the 5 buses Network
Bus Data for the the 5 buses Network Before load flow solution
1
2
3
4
5
Slack
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
1.0200
1.0200
?
?
?
0
?
?
?
?
100
0
50
50
50
50
0
20
20
20
?
200
0
0
0
?
?
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MW
Load
MVAR
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
0
60
0
0
0
5
1
2
3 4
G
1
G
2
The shunt admittance is neglected
19:21
16
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
bus
Y
For the 5 bus system
Construct the bus admittance matrix
5 4 3 2 2
V and V , V , , Q Find
pu 2 . 0 Q
pu 6 . 0 Q
min
max
= == =
= == =
5
1
2
3 4
G
1
G
2
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
5
1
2
3 4
G1
G
2
Y
bus
Construction
6 j 2
15 . 0 j 05 . 0
1
z
1
y = == =
+ ++ +
= == = = == =
12 j 4 y y Y
15 12 11
= == = + ++ + = == =
18 j 6 y y y Y
25 23 21 22
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
12 j 4 y y Y
34 32 33
= == = + ++ + = == =
12 j 4 y y Y
45 43 44
= == = + ++ + = == =
18 j 6 y y y Y
54 52 51 55
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
6 j 2 y Y
12 12
+ ++ + = == = = == =
6 j 2 y Y
15 15
+ ++ + = == = = == =
0 Y Y
14 13
= == = = == =
SOLUTION:
= == =
bus
Y
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0
19:21
17
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
) Q Q ( j ) P P ( S
d , 2 g , 2 d , 2 g , 2 sch , 2
+ ++ + = == =
1
2
3
4
5
Slack
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
1.0200
1.0200
?
?
?
0
?
?
?
?
100
0
50
50
50
50
0
20
20
20
?
200
0
0
0
?
?
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MW
Load
MVAR
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
0
60
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slack
PV
PQ
PQ
PQ
1.0200
1.0200
?
?
?
0
?
?
?
?
100
0
50
50
50
50
0
20
20
20
?
200
0
0
0
?
?
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MW
Load
MVAR
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
0
60
0
0
0
5
1
2
3 4
G
1
G
1
G
2
) 0 Q ( j ) 0 0 . 2 ( S
g , 2 sch , 2
+ ++ + = == =
) 2 . 0 0 ( j ) 5 . 0 0 ( S
sch , 3
+ ++ + = == =
2 . 0 j 5 . 0 S
sch , 4
= == =
2 . 0 j 5 . 0 S
sch , 3
= == =
2 . 0 j 5 . 0 S
sch , 5
= == =
) Q Q ( j ) P P ( S
d , 1 g , 1 d , 1 g , 1 sch , 1
+ ++ + = == =
) 5 . 0 Q ( j ) 0 . 1 P ( S
g , 1 g , 1 sch , 1
+ ++ + = == =
The net scheduled power injected at each bus is:
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The bus admittance matrix is
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
o o
5
o
4
o
3
0 1 V V V = == = = == = = == =
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0
0
o
2
= == =
o
1
0 02 . 1 V = == =
02 . 1 | V |
spec 2
= == =
The known values are:
) V Y ... V Y ...... V Y V Y ( V jQ P
n in i ii 2 2 i 1 1 i
*
i i i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
and
Check Q
2
is within the limits
2 . 0 Q
,min 2
= == =
6 . 0 Q
,max 2
= == =
and
,max 2 2 ,min 2
Q Q Q
Start the first iteration
)} V Y V Y V Y V Y V Y ( V Im{ Q
o
5 25
o
4 24
o
3 23
o
2 22 1 21
*
2
1
2
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
2448 . 0 Q
1
2
= == =
Bus 2 is PV Bus
19:21
18
6 . 0 2448 . 0 20 . 0 .; e . i Q Q Q
,max 2 2 ,min 2

The reactive power limits are not violated,
Calculate:
22
2 2
2
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
22
21
21
Y
Y
L = == =
22
23
23
Y
Y
L = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
o
5 25
o
4 24
o
3 23 1 21 * o
2
2 1
2
V L V L V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
K
2
= 0.0456 + j0.0959 L
21
= -0.3333 L
23
= -0.3333
The values for K
i
and L
ip
are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
22
24
24
Y
Y
L = == =
22
25
25
Y
Y
L = == =
o
5.1113 1.0555 = == =
1
2
V
L
24
= 0.0 L
25
= -0.3333
02 . 1 | V | | V |
Speci 2
1
2
= == = = == =
Reset the magnitude Voltage magnitude is
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
new calculated
magnitude will not be
used.
o 1
2
1113 . 5 = == =
o
5.1113 1.02 = == =
1
2
V
Therefore,
2448 . 0 j 0 . 2 S
sch , 2
+ ++ + = == =
19:21
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
o
5 35
o
4 34
1
2 32 1 31 * o
3
3 1
3
V L V L V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
44
4 4
4
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
44
41
41
Y
Y
L = == =
44
42
42
Y
Y
L = == =
K
3
= -0.0275 - j0.0325 L
31
= 0.0 L
32
= -0.5000
o
0.7559 0.9806 = == =
1
3
V
L
34
= -0.5000 L
35
= 0.0
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
33
34
34
Y
Y
L = == =
33
35
35
Y
Y
L = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
o
5 45
1
3 43
1
2 42 1 41 * o
4
4 1
4
V L V L V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
33
3 3
3
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
33
31
31
Y
Y
L = == =
33
32
32
Y
Y
L = == =
K
4
= -0.0275 - j0.0325 L
41
= 0.0 L
42
= 0.0
o
1.5489 - 0.9631 = == =
1
4
V
L
43
= -0.5000 L
45
= -0.5000
Bus 4 is PQ Bus
44
43
43
Y
Y
L = == =
44
45
45
Y
Y
L = == =
19:21
19
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
1
4 54
3
3 53
1
2 52 1 51 * o
5
5 1
5
V L V L V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
K
5
= -0.0183 - 0.0217i L
51
= -0.3333 L
52
= -0.3333
o
0.0031 - 0.9812 = == =
1
5
V
L
53
= 0.0 L
54
= -0.3333
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Check Q
2
is within the limits 6 . 0 Q 2 . 0
2

Start the second iteration
)} V Y V Y V Y V Y V Y ( V Im{ Q
1
5 25
1
4 24
1
3 23
1
2 22 1 21
* 1
2
2
2
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
0.0290 = == =
2
2
Q
Bus 2 is PV Bus
The reactive power limits are violated
2 . 0 Q Q set Q Q
,min i 2 ,min i 2
= == = = == =
And treat this bus as PQ-bus
2 . 0 j 0 . 2 S
sch , 2
+ ++ + = == =
All Buses 2, 3, 4 and 5 are PQ Buses. Find the bus voltages using GS method
Use the most
updated value of
Q
2
to calculate the
constant K
2
19:21
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
MVAR
250
MW
400
MW
200
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
Example 7:
A. The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base.
Using Gauss-Seidel method find the power flow solution of the system. Ignoring
the limits of Q
3
.
G
19:21
20
21 12
y 20 j 10
04 . 0 j 02 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
31 13
y 30 j 10
03 . 0 j 01 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
32 23
y 32 j 16
025 . 0 j 0125 . 0
1
y = == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (





33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
= == =
bus
Y
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
62 j 26 32 j 16 30 j 10
32 j 16 52 j 26 20 j 10
30 j 10 20 j 10 50 j 20
= == =
bus
Y
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (





+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
32 31 32 31
23 23 21 21
13 12 13 12
y y y y
y y y y
y y y y
G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
MVAR
250
MW
400
MW
200
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
G
19:21
Classification of buses:
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus)
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
known are Q and P
2 2
unknown are and V
2 2

Bus 1: Slack Bus G
1
2
3
pu 04 . 0 j 02 . 0 + ++ +
pu 025 . 0 j 0125 . 0 + ++ + pu 03 . 0 j 01 . 0 + ++ +
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
MVAR
250
MW
400
MW
200
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
G
pu
MVA Base
) Q Q ( j ) P P (
S
d , 2 g , 2 d , 2 g , 2
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu
100
) 250 0 ( j ) 400 0 (
S
sch , 2
+ ++ +
= == =
pu 5 . 2 j 4 S
sch , 2
= == =
Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)
known are P and | V |
3 , g 3
unknown are and Q
3 sch , 3

pu 0 . 2 P
sch , 3
= == =
19:21
21
Start the first iteration
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
0 1 V
o
2
= == =
o o
3
0 = == =


= == =
= == =
n
2 p
1 p
p p 2 *
2
2
2
V L
V
K
V
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
o
3 23 1 21 * o
2
2 1
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
pu 0 05 . 1 V
o
1
= == =
04 . 1 | V |
3
= == =
K2 = - 0.0692 - j0.0423
L21 = - 0.3846
L23 = -0.6154
j0.0423 - 0.9746 = == =
1
2
V
19:21
Bus 3 is PV Bus
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
1
2 32 1 31 * o
3
3 1
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
K3 = 0.0274 + j0.0208 L31 = -0.4690 + j0.0354 L32 = -0.5310 - j0.0354
o
0.2854 - 1.0378 j0.0052 - 1.0378 = == = = == =
1
3
V
04 . 1 | V | | V |
Speci i
1
3
= == = = == =
Reset the magnitude
Voltage magnitude is
fixed for a PV bus,
therefore the new
calculated magnitude
will not be used.
o
0.2854 - 1.04 = == =
1
3
V
j0.0052 - 1.0400 = == =
1
3
V
19:21
22
Start the second iteration
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
1
3 23 1 21 * 1
2
2 2
2
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
same. the be will and constants are L , L , K
23 21 2
j0.0434 - 0.9711 = == =
2
2
V
Bus 3 is PV Bus
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
2
2 32 1 31 * 1
3
3 2
3
V L V L
) V (
K
V + ++ + = == =
K3 = 0.0305 + j0.0194
o
0.4028 - 1.0391 j0.0073 - 1.0391 = == = = == =
2
3
V
33
2
3 3
3
Y
jQ P
K

= == =
change Q as changed is K
same. the be will and constants are L and L
3 3
32 31
Reset the magnitude
j0.0073 - 1.0400 0.4028 - 1.04
o
= == = = == =
2
3
V
19:21