Maria Visitacion M.

Menor

 embrace

literature, language, music, art and even history and philosophy. Concerned with the thoughts, creations and actions of man in the past and in present. They tell man about his roots, his origin, his neighbors, himself. Have to do with making man more human.

Comes from Latin Humanus, which means, human, cultured and refined. To be human is to have or show qualities like__________, _________ and ___________. Refers to the arts- the visual arts such as architecture; painting and sculpture; music; dance and theater or drama; and literature They are branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings and relations. Concern of human being and his feelings and how he expresses those feelings.

ART

- constitute one of the oldest and most

important means of expression developed by man. Like love, art is not easy to define. It concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of a sensous mediumcolor, sound, marble words and film. 5 areas: ________________,_________________, ___________________, _______________, ___________________

VISUAL ARTS- Art that perceived through our eyes. MUSIC- combining and regulating sounds of various ideas and emotions, primary function is to ___________________.one of the great arts of our civilizations. DANCE- most direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its medium. -it springs from mans love for expressive gestures, his release of tension through rhythmic movement. -mirrors the life of society -dance of older times is different from that of the present time.

DRAMA- usually part of every school and community program. - maybe comedy, tragedy, mystery, musical or melodrama. * motion picture * play * Opera LITERATURE- language is the medium. - composed of words that are combined into sentences to express ideas, emotions or desires.

 It

is also necessary that we distinguish between art and nature for they fundamentally different.

ART- man made

NATURE-

 WHAT

THE ARTS HAVE IN COMMON?

most basic relationship is that arts are concerned with emotions, with our feelings about things. are part of our basic nature.

>the

>emotions

ARTIST
Person

who exhibits exceptional skills in design, drawing, painting etc. or one who works in one of the performing arts, like an actor or musician. 2 kinds of artists- CREATORS AND PERFORMERS Besides the creator, they require other artist who recreate what has been composed. Thus, performers are important.

The work of the creative artist

CREATIVITY- is an artists trait developed in the course of his life to solve problems or express his feelings. Process of creativity is threefold - ARTIST- prime mover -PERFORMER- communicating ideas - AUDIENCE- interpreter

The process of creation

1.

must have an idea 2. must have material to work on 3. must give to his idea

The idea
Artist

are highly sensitive persons specially aware of the things that surround them. They notice sounds, colors and movements of people and things.

Material and Process

Creation in art concerns the materials which artist uses to give form of his idea. Example: Painter uses pigments Sculptor uses stone Architect uses various building materials Author uses words Composer uses musical sounds sets down as notes.

Organization and Form

Artist

have developed a host of different forms to express the ideas they work on.

A.3 THE ARTIST IN THE WORLD OF ART

The artist communicates his thoughts, fantasies, observations and self- revelation through his art. He seeks to open our eyes and ears that we may see the world more clearly and find the meaning of the arts in our lives. Thus, our role is to sense what the artist is trying to tell us through his art work. Artists are called by many varied names. These are artists in the visual arts, literature, music and dance.

THE VISUAL ARTISTSsculptor. Include the painter, the architect and

PAINTER- pains pictures and objects from his own imaginations. He says, I think, I see. Through his paintings, the painter reveals what he thinks he has seen so that we, too, can see it with our own eyes. SCULPTOR- draws and carves from original design and sketches. He makes scale model statues of human beings, monuments, buildings and decorations in clay and chisels out statues from marbles, stone, wood and clay. ARCHITECT- plans, designs, and constructs public and commercial buildings, private residences, theater, factories, schools and similar structures. OTHER ARTIST IN VISUAL ARTS ARE THE PHOTOGRPAHERS, FILMMAKERS, AND GRAPHIC ARTISTS.

In music, the artist are the musicians, the singers and the composers. COMPOSERS- puts tones together and composes melodies and songs. He conceives and originates pieces of music. He is a song writer. He says I think, I hear. Through his musical compositions, the composer conveys his thoughts and feelings which he wishes to share with others. MUSICIANS- an artist who is called by other names ARTISTS IN MUSIC AND DANCE such as composer, performer, instrumentalist, symphonist, organist etc.. He may be a music leader, bandmaster, choirmaster, concertmaster or song leader. SINGER- is a songster, an opera singer, prima donna or a diva. He may be a vocalist or a soloist. He is also an artist who sigs aesthetically to delight and entertain others.

In dance, the artist are the choreographer, dancer.

CHOREOGRPAHER- is an artist who composes or teaches choreography, or the art of representing stage dancing by signs or music. He composes and arranges dance movements or patterns to accompany a piece of music or to develop a theme.

DANCER- is an artist who moves his body artistically. He also makes gestures beautifully with the music that accompanies his movements. He is involved in stage or ballet dancing. ( the female ballet dancer is known as danseuse while the male ballet dancer is called danseure).

THE LITERACY ARTIST

The artist in literature are known as poets, novelists, writers or authors, playwrights and dramatist. POET- is a literary artist who puts words aesthetically together in verse form. He expresses his thoughts and feelings in verses or poems. He says this is the way I can best express my inner thoughts and feelings. NOVELIST- is a writer of fiction with originality. He is also known as writer of stories. AUTHOR- is also known as writer. The author of a poem is called a poet. The author of dramatic play is a dramatist. PLAYWRIGHT- writes play and adapts his materials for stage, radio, television or motion pictures production. DRAMATIST- writes compositions in prose and poetry arranged for excitement to be performed by actors and actresses on stage to portray a character or tell a story through action or dialogue of characters. The dramatist is engaged in dramatic art.

A.4 GROUPING THE ARTS

The

arts are generally grouped into major and minor arts. MAJOR ARTSinclude painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music and dance. Involves mans skill to create works of art that are in form, content and execution. They appeal to the senses of sight, hearing and feeling.

 MINOR

ARTS- include the decorative arts, the popular arts, the graphic arts, the plastic arts, and industrial arts. Lies in the styling They are addressed primarily to the sense of sight and their usefulness.

The arts may also be grouped into the following:

1. VISUAL ARTS- artworks are perceived by our eyes which may be classified into graphic arts and plastic arts as shown. 1.1 GRAPHIC ARTS- they have flat two dimensional surface such as painting, drawing, photography and other products of the printing industry. It covers the commercial arts like the design of books, advertisements, signs, posters and other display for advertisement. 1.2 PLASTIC ARTS- these v. a. which have 3 dimensional forms. - Architectural designs, construction of buildings and other structures.

 PERFORMING ARTS-

include the theater, play, dance and music. They involve movement, speaking and gestures. POPULAR ARTS- include film, newspaper, magazine, radio and television. This group is characterized as lively. LITERARY ARTS- include short stories, novels poetry and dramas.

 GUSTATORY ART

OF THE CUISINE- involves skills in food preparation. DECORATIVE ARTS- visual objects produced for beautifying houses, offices, cars and other structures. They also called applied arts.

Chapter 2. Painting, Sculpture and Architecture B.1 MEDIUM OF THE VISUAL ARTS
Medium

refers to the materials which used by an artist. It is the means by which he communicates his ideas. PAINTING- the art of creating meaningful effects of a flat surface by use of pigments. The materials of the painter are pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper. Familiar type of paint

OIL- In oil painting, the pigments are mixed in oil. The surface used is usually canvas although other surfaces like wood, paper, and metal may be used. The most familiar type of painting is done with oils on canvas. This method has been used since the 15th century. The surface to be suitable must receive oil paint freely and yet not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes, and not crack the pigment on it. Pigment mixed with oil provide a medium that gives richness in the opacity of light and depth of shadow.

2 methods of painting in oil: the indirect and direct. Direct- The paints are opaque and are applied to the surface just as they are to look in the finished product., the more flexible method of the two. Indirect- the paint is applied in many thin layers of transparent color. This medium is popular to painters because there is no limit to the ways of handling oil pigments. This medium has some disadvantages. The oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to the surface and form a film over the picture, making it appear dull. It also has a tendency to become yellow and crack so that preservation usually becomes a problem.

TEMPERA- before oils were in general use, a type of painting called tempera was popular. This is a mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by Egyptian, Medieval and Renaissance painters. It is still used today. The special characteristics of tempera is its being an emulsion. An emulsion is a watery, milk like mixture of oily and watery consistency. Tempera, notwithstanding its oil content, dries readily with the evaporation of water. This rapid drying is one of its advantages.

WATERCOLOR- good watercolor paintings are not easy to make. They require a high degree of technical dexterity. Opaque watercolor is called gouache. It is made by grinding opaque colors with water and mixing the product with a preparation of gum and adding Chinese white to transparent watercolors. Watercolor is a medium familiar to every school child.

PASTEL- is the more recent medium. Pastel color possesses only surface of light, give no glazed effect, and most closely resembles dry pigment. The pigment is bound so as to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface, usually paper. FRESCO- the most popular type of painting is fresco. The colors are mixed with water and applied to fresh plaster which absorbs the color. ACRYLIC- the newest medium and one that is used widely by painters today is acrylic. They combine the transparency and quick- drying qualities of watercolor are as flexible as oil.

SCULPTURE- The most important thing to consider is the material. The substances available for sculpture are limitless. Some of the earliest sculptures were made of bone or wood. 2 major sculpture processes used: subtractive and additive. Carving of stone and wood is an example of the subtractive process. The construction of a figure by putting together bits of clay, or by welding together parts of metal is an example of the additive process. The final result is produced by putting together smaller segments of the material. Divided into two types: Relief and Freestanding Relief- refers to figures which are attached to a ground. Freestanding- figure can be seen from all sides.

STONE AND BRONZE- the media most commonly used for sculpture are stone and metal. Stone is durable, resistant to the elements, fire and other hazards. On the other hand, it is heavy and breaks easily. Marble is the most beautiful of stones. WOOD- advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily available and easy to cut. It also polishes well and has smooth shiny surface and beautiful color .Woodcarving as folk is popular in town of Paete and Pakil in Laguna and in Betis, Pampanga.

IVORY- unlike wooden sculpture, a large number of old ivory statues have survived to the present time. The survival is due to the intrinsic value of material. Like wood, it also cracks.

TERRA COTTA- Very few materials are as responsive to a sculptors hand and tools as is plastic clay. It yields to even the slightest pressure and can worked and reworked until the artist has achieved what he wants to do.

OTHER MATERIALS- the list of materials available to the modern sculpture has become longer: the metals aluminum, chromium, and steel, plastic, chemically treated clay, and stone for casting in liquid form are than metals and less fragile in many ways. The beauty of plastic and its lightness make preferable to other materials.

ARCHITECTURE- is an art. It is the art of designing and constructing a building. It is by its definition functional. One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill a need that led to its creation. Since the needs of different periods in history varied, different architectural styles evolved. Stone and wood have long been used in architecture.

Brick has also been in use since the early times. Concrete was known and extensively used as early as Roman period. Other materials like glass and plastic materials are also used by architects today. The type of construction to be employed also determines the choice of materials to be used. These may be one of the following: post-and lintel, arch, cantilever. Post-and Lintel- is the earliest of the three. Consists of two vertical posts for support(Post) and horizontal one (lintel). Arch- is dominant in Roman architecture. It is an architectural form built pieces of wood called voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in a semi-circle. Cantilever- is any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only. This method of construction needs a beam with great tensile strength, and does not crack or break easily.

Most common materials used in architecture are stone, wood, concrete and steel WOOD- is common building material today. Its advantages are abundance, relative durability, and high tensile and compression strength. STONE- is the material used in most of the great architecture of the world where permanence is desired. STEEL- is still in great demand today. It is a tough alloy of iron in variable amounts. It is malleable under proper conditions and greatly hardened by sudden cooling. It has tensile strength. It has also made possible the building of the high-rise structure which are very popular these days.

B.2. ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS Whenever we seen an art object, we cannot fail to notice several things: shape or form, texture, space and lines which the artist used in expressing his ideas. These are called the elements of the visual arts. Like medium, elements are present in every art form. All arts have certain elements of their own.

LINE- is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines of a painting or sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is about. He uses lines to represent figures and forms. Lines always have direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any work art, may either be straight or curved.The straight line moves in one direction only. It may either be horizontal, vertical or diagonal. 1. HORIZONTAL LINES- lines of response and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and quiescence. Found in reclining persons in landscapes calm bodies of water and in the distant meeting of the earth and sky in what is commonly called the horizon.

2. VERTICAL LINES- lines poised for action. They are poised, balanced, forceful and dynamic. Vertical lines seen in a man standing straight, a tall tree, and statues of saints and heroes give an impression of dignity. Tend to express as well as arouse emotions of exaltation and inquietude and this is evident in monumental architecture. 3. DIAGONAL LINES- suggest action and movement. They give animation to any composition in which they appear. Almost every object in action assumes a diagonal line. A running person makes a diagonal line with his body and legs. The degree is shown by the angle of the diagonal.

4. CURVED LINES- suggest grace, movement, flexibility, joyousness and grace. They are never harsh or stern since they are formed by a gradual change in direction. They tend to impart these qualities to any work where they are used. The curved lines of the womens body and the bamboo stem where according to Philippine legend, man and woman sprang, as depicted in a mural by the late artist Carlos Francisco.

Lines may also be classified into three groups: lines which follow or repeat one another, lines which contrast with one another, and transitional lines which modify or soften the effect of others. REPITITION- occurs when two or more lines are drawn within a corner following the lines of the corner. CONTRAST- lines that are in opposition to each other. TRANSITION- when a curved line cuts across a corner from an opposition line to another, it forms a transition line, modify the sharpness of vertical and horizontal lines giving a harmonizing effect.

COLOR- delight in color is a universal human characteristic. Color is a property of light. When light goes out, color goes with it. The white light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum: Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. These colors are so blended that they yield no sensation of color. Color has three dimensions or attributes : Hue, value and Intensity.

A. HUE- is the dimension of color that gives color its name. when we say the flower is yellow, we are naming its hue. Color names such as red, blue green, violet and yellow indicate the color characteristic called: Hue. Blue, red and yellow are the primary hues. If these primary hues mixed in equal parts, the secondary hues are produced. The secondary hues are, green and violet. Orange is produced by mixing red and yellow; green by mixing yellow and blue; and violet by mixing blue and red.

B. VALUE refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is a quality which depends on the amount of light and dark in color. An understanding of values will help the artist to use colors to the best advantages, it will offer important suggestions for the arrangement of color values in interior decoration. The floor should be the darkest in the room, the walls should be lighter, and the ceiling the lightest. If the color of the floor is lighter than the wall, it will not give the feeling of being a solid foundation, which is one of the prerequisite of a good floor.

C. INTENSITY. It refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives color strength. Colors differs in intensity. Intensity differences may be described as full intensity, two third intensity, two-third neutral, and neutral. Two colors may be both blue but one is more intense than the other. When a hue is in its vivid form, it is said to be in full intensity. When it is dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized. The more black or white is added, the weaker is the intensity.

Texture -is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do with the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or course, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with the hands. Texture is very real to the sculptor and architect because wood, stone, brick, concrete and metal fell different to the touch. To the painter, texture is an illusion. He must make an object look like the way it would feel when one touches it.

Perspective- Deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of object, by means of which the eye judges spatial relationships. It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. There are two kinds of perspective: linear and aerial perspective. To get depth or distance, an artist uses both linear and aerial perspective.

SPACE- In painting as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior of a building is seen as it appears in space, while the interior is seen by one who is inside an enclosing space. Painting does not deal with space directly. It represents space only on a two- dimensional surface. Sculpture has very little to do with space relationship or perception of space.

FORM- applies to the over- all design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object. Triangles, circle and rectangle are favorite designs used by painters. Tables, buildings, picture frames and furniture are usually composed of cubes or rectangular solids.

VOLUME- The term volume refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to solidity or thickness. We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines or outlines or shape of objects, and by surface light and shadows.

B.3 ORGANIZATION IN THE VISUAL ARTS

Principles of Design The organization of the various elements of the visual arts is governed by different principles of design. Through these principles, the artist can form more beautiful and interesting color harmonies and more beautiful combinations of shapes, texture and lines.

Harmony- is essential to beauty.

Balance- A pleasing relationship between the various elements of a work of art is not the only requirement for beauty. These elements must also be so arranged that a feeling of balance and equilibrium exists between them. -Balance may either be formal or informal.

Formal- it is also called symmetrical balance, this is achieved by making both side exactly alike. Objects of the same size and shape, when arranged on two sides of a center, will produce formal balance. This kind of balance gives an atmosphere of dignity and formality. Informal or asymmetrical- it is also sometimes called occult balance. It is more difficult to achieve than formal balance; however, the results are more interesting. It is achieved when objects of unequal weights or unequal attractions are placed at the correct distances from the center.

Proportion- is determined by comparison of the sizes of different parts of an arrangement. A figure is not in itself big, but it may be too big for pedestal it is standing on. The chairs in a room may be too big for that room or for the other pieces of furniture in the room. Harmonious proportion is achieved when one part of an object does not seem too big or too small for the other parts. Objects which are out of proportion are not pleasing to look at.

Rhythm- In visual arts, rhythm is achieved by the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms and color. It is organized movement, a beat, a repetition. Through the repetition of lines or forms, a pattern is produced, which the eye follows as it moves from the right to the left. A series of units repeated one after another also produce rhythmic movement.

B.3.A.

Organization in architecture

1. Egyptian Architecture (4000-2280 B.C.) 2. Mesopotamian Architecture 3. Greek Architecture 4. Roman architecture 5. Byzantine Architecture (A.D, 200- 1453) 6. Western Architecture in the Middle Ages( A.D. 400- 1500) 7. Early Christian architecture (A.D, 400-700)

8. Romanesque Architecture (11th and 12th centuries) 9.Renaissance Architecture (15th and 16th centuries) 10.Baroque Architecture (1600-1750) 11.The 19th century Architecture 12. Modern Architecture 13. Philippine architecture 14.Japanese Architecture

LITERATURE

Important elements of literature are:

Emotional appeal- is attained when the reader is emotionally moved or touched by any literary work. Intellectual appeal- Rizals two revolutionary novels, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are good illustrations of literature of intellectual appeal. Both add knowledge or information and remind the reader of what he has forgotten. Humanistic appeal- Humanistic value can be attained when a literary work makes the reader an improved person with a better outlook in life and with clear understanding of his inner self.

C1. Classification of Literature Perrine stated that literature can be classified as escape and interpretative literature.

Escape literature-is written for entertainment purposes, that is, to help us pass the time in an agreeable manner. Takes us away from the real world and enables us to temporarily forget our trouble. Interpretative literature- is written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life. Takes us, through imagination, deeper into the real world and enables us to understand our trouble.

USES OF LITERATURE
Moralizing literature. The purpose of literature is to present moral values for the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral may be directly or indirectly stated. Propaganda literature- this kind of literature is found not only in history books and advertising and marketing books but also in some books describing ones personal success and achievements in life. Psychological continuum of the individualtherapeutic value. It could be looked on as a sophisticated modern elaboration of the idea of catharsis- an emotional relief experienced by the reader there by helping him recover from a previous pent-up emotion.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY Poetry is an universal as language and almost as ancient. The most primitive people have used it, and the most civilized have cultivated it. Among the types of literature, poetry writing is the most challenging for the following reasons:

1. The choice of proper words or grammar 2. The denotative and symbolical meaning of the chosen grammar 3. Limitation imposed by the structure and rhythm of sounds.

DENOTATION/CONNOTATION. Denotation is the actual meaning of word derived from the dictionary. Connotation is the related or allied meanings of a word. IMAGERY. This may be defined as representation of experience through language. Images are formed as we see, hear, taste, smell and touch; or we may say that an image is the mental duplication of a sense impression. The most common imagery is visual, as we are made to see what the author is talking about.

Figurative Literature. The most commonly used and the most important of the figurative language are the simile and the metaphor. Both simile and metaphor are used as a means of comparing things that are essentially unlike. Rhythm and Meter. Our appreciation of rhythm and meter is rooted even deeper in us than our love for musical repetition. Metrical language is called verse. Meaning and idea. The meaning of poem is the experience it expresses, here, we can distinguish between the total meaning of a poem and its prose meaning.

ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY Plot- it is the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed. It might consist merely of sequence of related actions. Plot in a short story means arrangement of action. Character- reading for character is more difficult than reading for a plot, for character is much more complex, varied and ambiguous. Most short stories are focused on or evolves in just one character.

Theme- it is controlling idea or the central insight in a literary work. It is unifying generalization about stated or implied by the story.

Symbol and Irony- A literary symbol is something that means more than what it is. It is object, a person, a situation, an action or some other item that has literal meaning in the story but suggests or represents other meaning as well. Language and style. Language refers to the idiom used and how it is used, on the other hand, is a term which may refer to the precise use of language, both literary and figuratively; it

ELEMENTS OF THE ESSAY An essay is simply defined as a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and it expresses the authors personal thoughts, feelings, experiences or observations on a phase of life that has interested him. Essay can be roughly grouped as formal and informal. It is considered informal when the essay is light, humorous and entertaining; and formal when essay is heavy, informative and intellectually stimulating.

 When

reading an essay, the following elements should be considered:

1. The issue introduced. 2. The writers viewpoint and thought. 3. The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader.

ELEMENTS OF THE NOVEL

The novel is particularly applicable to a long work

of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations and scenes that represent those real life and setting and action in form of plot. The purpose of fiction, whether long(the novel) or short (the short story), is to recount a narrative which gives us moral lessons and brings us pleasure.

Have important elements such as setting, plot, characters, theme and time a moral lesson.

Setting- the setting of a novel covers the time, the place, and the background. It involves not only geography but also the entire climate of beliefs, habits and values of a particular region and historical period. Plot- the plot is the skeleton or framework which gives shape and proportion to the novel. It can also be described as the story itself, the actual events or happenings in the novel. The conflict is an important element of it. To understand the plot better, we should determine the ideals, motives, ambitions of the main characteristics.

 Theme-

the theme of the novel is compared to the subject of a painting . it is the universal truth found in the novel, the main idea or topic. Characters- the characters the moving spirit of the novel. They do not only act but also manifest the moral. Emotional and intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author.

Characters involve two qualities : Morality and Personality. Morality- has the older status as a technical concept in literary criticism. This will tell us the good guys from the bad guys. Personality- is a more modern concept.. character, as personality includes speech, hair style, hobby, attitude toward work, and all of the complex attitudes and feelings that define the individual.

PRELIM EXAM NEXT MEETING GOD BLESS.