Material and process selection charts 419 1000r--------------------r-,------~--~~r_~~_r~------~--~ 1.

Modulus-Density
Youngs Modulus E (G '" 3E/8; K"'E.)
MFA:88·91

as
Q.

~
lU ui

10

.2

:I "0

~
(fJ

g>
~

:I

1.0 1177777.11"7::~"7"7"7777''''

0.1

10

30

Material and process selection charts 421

10000~~~~~~~--------~-'----'---~~~~~-r~------~--~ 2. Strength-Density
Metal and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength Elastomers: Tensile Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Failure

Guide Lines for Minimum Weight Design

p=C
0.1 0.1

of13/

"
1

"

j,=C
P 3

1/2/

10

30

Density p(Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts 423

3. Fracture Toughness-Density

Data for K,c Vali~ Below 10 MPa mV2 Above 10 MPa nf2 for Ranking Only

MFA:BB-91

'::c:.I/) I/)

C,,)

Q)

Engineering Ceramics

0.01L-__ 0.1

-'-_-L---JL....-.L.....JI.-J......1_L...I..

0.3

L....--:~....1--'-....1-J-..I_!.;~---.--~ 3 10

30

Density p (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts

425

100

/
/ /

at =10-3 E

'J--.....,j,--O.--_+--~

Max. Energy Storage per Unit Volume Buckling before Yield

0.01 0.1

10 Strength

a,

100 (MPa)

1000

10000

Material and process selection charts 427

l000r-----------~--__----._~~~~r_-r~~~~~~~~~
5. Specific Modulus-Specific Strength
Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength Elastomers: Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Strength
/

Engineering/ Ceramics"'""'l

/ ..... ~
I

- I'X ~, ,;'
I

l00t=~Mmin~.1E~n~e~rg~Yl:l=========~~~ Storage per Unit Weight Yield before Buckling

""

~= 10-3

Oi

0.1

0.01

0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Specific Strength at Ip (M PaI(Mg/m3))

Material and process selection charts

429

1000r-~~~--~~----------r-~~-rTT~r-~~-rTT~~~~~~~ 6. Fracture Toughness-Modulus

Ktc? G,c"'y

/
MFA:88·91

" ""

/ / / /

"

100b-----------+-----------/~---------~~~~---------,

"

~N
E
CIS

a,

6
c: s:
::::I CIJ CIJ CD

10

_Jf. (kJ/m2

I. ~- \ci:F
o
C)

.".

~/ ."." / /

/ /

~ CD ....
LL.

/.~ \\j

/ .....

o
::::I

l!!

0.1

Lower Threshold for ~c

0.01~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~~---.~-..0.01 0.1 1 10 Youngs Modulus, E (GPa)

..~~--~-.~~ 100

1000

Material and process selection charts 431

1000r---~--------------------rT~-rrM~--~~~rn~--~~~rM~ 7. Fracture Toughness-Strength

Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Composites: Tensile Strength Strength

100e-

Process Zone Diameter

r-

'" K,~/7rUf

~M~~~A~;8~8-~9~1~------~

10

100

1000

10000

Strength at (MPa)

Material and process selection charts 433

10

8. Loss Coefficient-Modulus
'1 = 1/0 = O/2rrU = tan (,
MFA: 88-91

P
o ('I)

~ 10-

b--==~~=====----l--\:

'iii

" nglneenng E'· . Ceramics (Crack-Free)

Glasses

10-1

10

Young's Modulus, E (GPa)

Material and process selection charts 435

" "" " ""

,-

"

,-

,-/'

"

0.1
Elastomers

,106 0.01 '-:-8 10-

,-

,-

"

"'

"

--'---JL....L....L..L.l.J.JU-_..L..-..J.....L..L..L..LJL..LI._.....r........r.....uL..U...u.J 10-7 10-6

10-5

__J._..J....J....I..J...LJ.I.L-_.l-...L....iL...L..LJ..I..iJ 10-4

10-3

Thermal

Diffusivity,

a (m2/s)

Material and process selection charts

437

10. Expansion-Conductivity
Contours: ~a (W/m)
MFA:88·91

~(W/m)

'103
/
;' ;' ;' ;' ;' ;'

/
;'

104
/
;' ;' ;' ;'
;'

105

1000 I
I

.-..

;;;0
T""

En!i!ineering Polymers
/ /
/

/
;' ;'
;' ;' ;' ;'

;' ;'

~
c
CD

/
;'

100

:e CD
0

·0

U
0 ·en c
!IS

10
;' ;' ;'

;'

a. ><

....

;'
;' ;'

:.:J

!IS CD C

104
;'

;'
;'

;'

;'

;' ;' ;' ;' ;' ;'

;'

/ 105

106

107 1 10 Thermal Conductivity A (W/mK) 100 1000

0.1 0.01

0.1

Material and process selection charts 439

11 . Expansion-Modulus
Contours: Thermal Stress/"K (MPalK)

, , ,

MFA:88·91

, ,

1.0

, ,

, ,

10

, ,
, ,

, , ,

, ,

Engineering' Polymers

,,

",

, ,

", ,

-,

... c:
iE
OJ

"',,

"'

·0

OJ

·iii

c: o c:

til 0. X

...
til OJ

c: :::i

-.
"

SiO'-8
=
Invar

aE (MPalK)

0.01

-,

0.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0.01 0.1

"' ,,
100

-,

,,

,
1000

1.0

10

Youngs Modulus, E (GPa)

Material and process selection charts 441

10

12: Strength-Expansion
Metals and Polymers: Ultimate Strength Ceramics: Modulus of Rupture Composites: Tensile Strength Contours: Thermal Shock Resistance Parameter (See Text) MFA:88-91

Bl1T=10000°C
/ / / /

"'"

100°C

Lu ......

\)

s: ....

10-1

Cl

en

Q) ... ....

'0

.!!l

Q)

iii E 10-2 ...

Z
0

"

"

"" "

"

""

"

""

"

" ""

"

,,"'Porous Ceramics

'"

""

"

10-4L-~~~~~~--L-~~~n_--~~~~~--~~~~UL--~~~UU~ 0.1 10 100 Linear Expansion Coefficient (10-6 K-1 )

1000

10000

Material and process selection charts 443

Temperature (C)
10000~~~

13. Strength-Temperature

__ TO~=-

1~0~0~2~0~0 ~30~0,__4,0~0 __ __ __ ~~6~0~0~~80rO~~10~0~0 __,-_1~4rO~0~~ Porous CeramIcs

Engineering Ceramics

Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength at Temp. Ceramics: Compression Strength. Composites: Tensile Strength at Temperature. MFA:88-91

~
......
(J) ._

C? n,

100

0 .....
::J

~ ~

Q.

(J)

s:

C/)

CO

10

c
(J) ._

0)

0.1 200

300

400

600

800

1000

1400

2000

Temperature T (K)

Material and process selection charts 445

t_~==~~~~~~~==::~~i!~~~:: __
r
14. Modulus-Relative
Youngs Modulus E

Cost

~~~~~~::~~~erme,t/~1

I I I

I I

,
I

, ,
/ /

I I

t/

1/ 1/ 1/ /

I/ II I/

0.01~~~~~~~~--~~.u~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~-u~ 0.1 10

100

1000

10000

Relative Cost per Unit Volume CRP (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts

447

10000~~~~~~n---~~~~nT~-r-r~nn~--~~~~~~~~~-r~ 15. Strength - Relative Cost

Metals and POlymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Elastomers: Tensile Tear Strength Strength

Enqineering
MFA

ompoSltes:

'li

ens I e

'I F 'I

al ure

1000 1----------------------..

Glasses

-=-l.

::_!:

,lI.lIoys

_ .....

~:-_:=;;~;;~~~~:
I I
/

Composites

- 1001----.

I
I

5 e.J:.
Q) ._

8!.
C

0,

U5

tf/ /,f /11 / II / II /I // /1 /

/

/1/

I I // 11/ II

II

/1

I /

II

/I

0.1L-~~~~~L-~~~~~~-~~~~~-~~~~10~0~0-~~-U~1~0000 0.1 10 100 Relative Cost/Unit Volume

CR P (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts

-10

449

10

r-------------,---------------r-------------------------16. Wear Rate - Hardness

Contours: Wear Rate at Given P/Pmax

___

10-

11

,,:-----------:--r-------------1---------------r--------------I
~

.... .......

kaH=10-4

CII

Z ".l(

.s
o
Q)

10

-13

c:
Q)

-...
<11

~
10
-14

III
II)

c:
c:

III

10

-15

III

3:

-17

10

~-------------+------------~~--------------+_------------~

Hardness H (MPa)

Material and process selection charts

451

17. Modulus - Energy Content

Youngs Modulus, E
MFA/gO

a..

!1S

lU

10

ui

:;
"C

::::I

IIJ C)

?-

c: 1.0 ::::I

0.01 ~_.~~~~~~~~~~~--~~ 0.1

10

.. ~~~_.~~ 100

.. ~~~~~~~~ 1000

10000

Energy Content, qp (GJ/m3)

Material and process selection charts

453

1o,ooo....------------r-...,--;-1""'T'"T"TTTT"'--r-.,.-,'""'MrTT"~'='= 18. Strength Energy Content

Metals and Polymers: Yield Ceramics and Glasses: Compression Elastomers: Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Strength
MFA/90

__,......,.'"T""TTTT"'I

0.1L-~~~~~~~~~~~1~0--~~~~1~0~0--~~~wu~1~00~0~~~~~10000 0.1 Energy Content, qp (GJ/m3)