1

CHUN HA CSDL
Gio vin: T Thc Nhu
Khoa CNTT trng H Lc Hng
N THI
C S D LiU
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
2
I- Ph thuc hm: I- Ph thuc hm:
2
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
3
1. Khi nim ph thuc hm: 1. 1. Kh Kh i i ni ni m m ph ph thu thu c c h h m m: :
Cho mt lc quan h Q
X Q
+
, Y Q
+
, X , Y
Y ph thuc hm vo X, k hiu X Y, nu
u, v Q: u.X = v.X th u.Y = v.Y
Quy c k hiu:
Nu Y khng ph thuc hm vo X ta k hiu: X Y
f : ph thuc hm
F : tp cc ph thuc hm
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
4
V d: Tm cc ph thuc hm trn quan h V d: Tm cc ph thuc hm trn quan h
Xt lc quan h qun l kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin
KQHT(MaSV, Ten, NS, TenLop, KhoaHoc, MaMH,TenMH,Diem)
Tn t : Mi sinh vin c mt m s phn bit vi cc sinh vin
khc (MaSV); c tn (Ten), ngy sinh (NS) v hc mt lp
(TenLop). Mi lp c tn lp phn bit v thuc mt kha hc
(KhoaHoc). Mi mn hc c mt m s phn bit (MaMH), c
tn mn hc (TenMH) cng phn bit. Mi sinh vin hc nhiu
mn, mi mn c im thi (Diem) ca mn hc .
3
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
5
2- Cc Ph thuc hm c bit: 2- Cc Ph thuc hm c bit:
1. Ph thuc hm hin nhin: X X
2. Ph thuc hm dy d (fully functional dependence):
X >Y l ph thuc hm y
Khi v ch khi X' X, X' /> /> /> /> Y
V d: Ph thuc hm MaSV, MaMH > > > > DiemMH l ph thuc
hm y v :
MaSV /> /> /> /> DiemMH v MsMH /> /> /> /> DiemMH
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
6
3- Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh: 3- Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh:
Cho LQH <Q, F
Q
> v X Q
+
.
Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh X da trn F
Q
, k hiu X
+
FQ
, l tp
cc thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo X da trn F
Q
.
K hiu: X
+
FQ
= { Y Q
+
: X > > > > Y F
+
Q
}
Nhn xt:
1. X X
+
FQ
2. W > > > > Z v W X
+
FQ
th Z X
+
FQ
4
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
7
V d: Tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh V d: Tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh
cho Q(ABCDEGH) v tp ph thuc hm
F
Q
={f
1
:B > > > >A; f
2
:DA> > > >CE; f
3
:D > > > >H; f
4
:GH> > > >C; f
5
:AC> > > >D}
1. Tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh X1 = {BD}
2. Tm bao ng ca tp thuc tnh X2 = {BCG}
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
8
4- Kha ca quan h: 4- Kha ca quan h:
nh nghi:
Cho lc quan h < Q, F
Q
>
1. S Q
+
, S l siu kha ca Q nu S > > > > Q
+
F
Q
2. K Q
+
, K l kha ch nh nu
a) K l siu kha
b) K>Q
+
l ph thuc hm y
5
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
9
II- Dng Chun Trn Quan H: II II- - D D ng ng Chu Chu n n Trn Trn Quan Quan H H : :
Dng chun 1
Dng chun 2
Dng chun 3
Dng chun BCK
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
10
1- Dng chun 1: 1- Dng chun 1:
1.1nh ngha DC1:
Mt lc quan h Q t dng chun 1 nu mi thuc tnh ca
Q u l thuc tnh n.
1.2 Khi nim Thuc tnh n:
Mt thuc tnh c gi l thuc tnh n nu gi tr thuc tnh
hoc ch mang mt thng tin duy nht; nu c ghp bi
nhiu thng tin th h thng thng truy xut trn ton b gi tr
ca n.
V d:
Thuc tnh a_Ch
Thuc tnh Ngy_Sinh
6
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
11
2- Dng chun 2: 2- Dng chun 2:
Mt lc quan h Q t dng chun 2 nu:
a. Q c DC1
b. Mi thuc tnh khng l thuc tnh kha u ph thuc hm
y vo cc kha ca Q.
Nhn xt: Nu mi kha ca quan h Q ch c 1 thuc tnh th
Q dat dang chun 2.
DC1
DC2
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
12
V d kim tra dng chun 2 ca quan h: V d kim tra dng chun 2 ca quan h:
1- QLSV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F = {f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc;
f3: MaMH TenMH; f4 : TenMH MaMH;
f5: MaSV, MaMH Diem }
2- KQHT(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
3- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
7
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
13
3- Dng chun 3: 3- Dng chun 3:
3.1 Khi nim Ph thuc bc cu:
Cho lc quan h <Q, F
Q
>;
A Q
+
, X Q
+
v tn ti X A
X A l ph thuc hm bc cu nu tn ti nhm thuc tnh
Y Q
+
tha mn 4 iu kin sau:
1. X Y F
+
Q
2. Y A F
+
Q
3. Y /> X
4. A {X Y}
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
14
V d: V d:
SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
a) Kim tra tn ti : MaSV KhoaHoc
b) Chng minh {KhoaHoc} ph thuc bc cu vo {MaSV}
8
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
15
3.2 nh nghi DC3:
Lc quan h Q t dng chun 3 nu:
1. Q t dng chun 2
2. Mi thuc tnh khng l thuc tnh kha u khng ph
thuc bc cu vo mt kha no ca Q.
DC1
DC2
DC3
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
16
V d kim tra dng chun 3 ca quan h: V d kim tra dng chun 3 ca quan h:
1- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
2- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
9
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
17
4. Dng chun BCK (Boyee-Codd-Kent): 4. Dng chun BCK (Boyee-Codd-Kent):
Lc quan h Q dng chun BCK nu
1. Q t dng chun 3
2. Mi ph thuc hm khng hin nhin u cha 1 kha ca
Q v tri.
X A F
+
Q
: A X v X cha 1 kha ca Q
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC BCK
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
18
V d kim tra dng chun BCK ca quan h: V d kim tra dng chun BCK ca quan h:
1- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
2- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop)
F
SV
= { f: MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop}
3- LOP(TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
LOP
= { f: TenLop KhoaHoc}
10
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
19
III- Dng chun ca CSDL: III- Dng chun ca CSDL:
L dng chun thp nht trong cc lc quan h c trn
CSDL.
V d: Xt dng chun ca CSDL gm 2 quan h sau:
1- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
2- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
20
V d: V d:
Xt dng chun ca CSDL gm 3 quan h sau:
1- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop)
F
SV
= { f: MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop}
2- LOP(TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
LOP
= { f: TenLop KhoaHoc}
3- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
11
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
21
V d: V d:
Xt dng chun ca CSDL gm 4 quan h sau:
1- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop)
F
SV
= { f: MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop}
2- LOP(TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
LOP
= { f: TenLop KhoaHoc}
3- MONHOC(MaMH, TenMH)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH}
4- KQHT(MaSV, MaMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
22
IV- Chun ha Lc Quan H: IV- Chun ha Lc Quan H:
12
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
23
1- Mc tiu chun ha: 1- Mc tiu chun ha:
Bin i lc quan h c dng chun thp trong CSDL
thnh cc lc quan h t dng chun cao nht
V d: Xt CSDL gm 2 quan h sau:
1- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
2- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
24
2- nh l Delobel: (1973) 2- nh l Delobel: (1973)
Xt quan h Q(X, Y, Z) c tp ph thuc hm F
Q
X, Y, Z l cc tp con thuc tnh khc rng.
Nu tn ti X Y th php phn r Q thnh 2 quan h con
Q1(X, Y) v Q2(X, Z) l bo ton thng tin.
Ngha l: - Q
+
= Q1
+
Q2
+
.
- Q = Q1 Q2
tng: Chun ha quan h Q
1. Phn r Q thnh 2 quan h Q1 v Q2 bng 1 mt ph thuc hm f c
VT(f) VP(f) Q
+
.
2. Lp li phng php phn r cho Q1 v Q2 cho n khi khng cn ph
thuc hm nh vy na.
13
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
25
3- Thut ton phn r: 3- Thut ton phn r:
Thut ton: Phn r <Q, F
Q
>
Input: <Q, F
Q
>
Output: C = { Q
I
}
n
I=1
{tp cc lqh c phn r}
Begin
b1. F* = F
Q
\ { f F
Q
: [VT(f)]
+
= Q
+
}
b2. Nu F* = th C = {Q
I
} l nghim ca bi ton (kt thuc)
Ngc li th chuyn sang bc b3
b3. Chn ph thuc hm f: X Y F*
b4. Phn r lc quan h Q thnh 2 lc quan h con:
< Q
1
(X, Y), F
1
={f F
Q
: VT(f) VP(f) Q
1
+
} >
< Q
2
(Q
+
\ Y), F
2
={ f F
Q
: VT(f) VP(f) Q
2
+
} >
b5. Nu F1 F2 <> FQ th quay li b3 chn mt ph thuc hm khc.
ngc li th sang b6
b6. Phn r(Q1, F1);
b7. Phn r (Q2, F2);
end;
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
26
V d: V d:
1- KQMH(MaSV, MaMH, TenMH, Diem)
F
KQHT
={ f1: MaMH TenMH; f2 : TenMH MaMH;
f3: MaSV, MaMH Diem}
2- SV(MaSV, Ten, NS, DC, TenLop, KhoaHoc)
F
SV
= { f1:MaSV Ten, NS, DC, TenLop;
f2: TenLop KhoaHoc}
14
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
27
V d: V d:
VanChuyen(MsKH, TP, CTyVC, MsHH, SL)
F = { f1: MsKH TP; f2: TP CtyVC;
f3: MsKH, MsHH SL }
MsKH: M s Khch hng.
TP: Thnh ph khch .
CtyVC: cng ty vn chuyn hng.
MsHH: m hng ha.
SL: s lng.
1. Xt dng chun
2. Phn r thnh cc quan h c dng chun cao nht
CSDL@Khoa CNTT
28
Nhn xt: Nhn xt:
1. Tt c cc quan h kt qu u t dng chun BCK
2. Bo ton thng tin.
3. Ty theo th t cc pth c xt m kt qu v s lng
quan h con c th khc nhau
4. Nn u tin chn ph thuc hm gy cht lng xu cho
quan h.