Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48

Li m u
Trong bt ng thc c in th bt ng thc xoay vng l mt ni dung hay v
kh. C nhng bt ng thc c dng kh n gin nhng phi mt hng chc nm,
nhiu nh ton hc mi gii quyt c. V d nh bt ng thc Shapiro c t
ra vo nm 1903 bi Neishbitt.
Vi 3 s khng m a, b, c chng minh rng:
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b

3
2
(n gin)
v dng tng qut:
M rng vi n s a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
th:
a
1
a
2
+ a
3
+
a
2
a
3
+ a
4
+ +
a
n
a
1
+ a
2

n
2
Kh no ng, khi no sai.
n nm 1954 tc l sau 52 nm, Shapiro mi tng kt li gi thuyt ny nh
sau:
1) Bt ng thc ng vi n l 23
2) Bt ng thc ng vi n chn 12
Cn li sai.
Hon ton t nhin ta thy cn rt nhiu dng bt ng thc xoay vng khc
th bt ng thc l g, khi no ng, khi no sai hoc lun lun ng. Trong bi lun
vn ny chng ti xy dng c mt dng bt ng thc xoay vng tng qut m
cc trng hp ring l nhng bi ton kh v rt kh c th s dng trong nhng
thi hc sinh gii.
Lun vn ny gm c 2 chng:
Chng 1: Bt ng thc xoay vng (Trnh by nhng kt qu c v
cc bi bt ng thc phn thc.)
Chng 2: Mt dng bt ng thc xoay vng (Xy dng bt ng thc
vi cc trng hp n gin, tng qut bi ton)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc cc thy c khoa Ton-C-Tin hc trong thi
gian hc tp trng Khoa Hc T Nhin, cc thy c Khoa S Phm H Quc Gia
H Ni, cc bn trong lp S phm Ton 48. c bit l s hng dn, gip tn
tnh ca thy TS Nguyn V Lng gip em hon thnh kha lun ny.
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Mc lc
1 Bt ng thc xoay vng 4
1.1 Bt ng thc Schurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 Bt ng thc Schurs v h qu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 Mt s bi ton minh ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Bt ng thc xoay vng khc trong tam gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 S dng bt ng thc Cauchy chng minh mt s dng bt ng thc
xoay vng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Bt ng thc xoay vng phn thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 Mt dng bt ng thc xoay vng 41
2.1 Cc trng hp n gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1.1 Trng hp 3 s n = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1.2 Trng hp 4 s n = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.1.3 Trng hp 5 s n = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1.4 Trng hp 6 s n = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1.5 Trng hp 7 s n = 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2 Trng hp tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2.1 Mt s kin thc lin quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2.2 Nhn xt c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2.3 Trng hp tng qut n s hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3
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Chng 1
Bt ng thc xoay vng
1.1 Bt ng thc Schurs
1.1.1 Bt ng thc Schurs v h qu
Bi 1 (Bt ng thc Schurs)
Vi x, y, z l cc s thc dng, l mt s thc bt k, chng minh rng:
x

(x y)(x z) + y

(y z)(y x) + z

(z x)(z y) 0
Du bng xy ra khi vo ch khi x = y = z
Chng minh
Ch rng khi c hai bin s bng nhau th bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
Chng hn khi y = z ta c: x

(x z)
2
0. Du = xy ra khi x = y = z. Khng
mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi thit rng: x > y > z
+ Xt trng hp 0
Bt ng thc c th vit li di dng:
(x y)[x

(x z) + y

(y z)] + z

(z x)(z y) 0
S dng iu kin x > y ta thu c
M > (x y)(y z)(x

) + z

(x z)(y z) > 0, ( > 0)

4
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
do bt ng thc ng.
+ Xt trng hp < 0
Ta c
M = x

(x y)(x z) + (y z)[z

(x z) y

(x y)]
S dng iu kin y > z (hay x z > y z ) ta c:
M > x

(x y)(x z) + (y z)(x y)(z

) > 0, ( < 0)
Vy bt ng thc cn c chng minh.
Bi 2 (Bt ng thc Schurs mi rng)
Gi s I l mt khong thuc R v f : I R
+
l mt hm n iu hay
f(x) 0, x I. Vi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
I, chng minh rng:
f(x
1
)(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
x
3
) + f(x
2
)(x
2
x
3
)(x
2
x
1
) + f(x
3
)(x
3
x
1
)(x
3
x
2
) 0 (1)
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
= x
3
.
Chng minh
V f l hm n iu hay f(x) 0, x I nn ta c bt ng thc:
f[x + (1 )y] <
f(x)

+
f(y)
1
(2)
x, y I v (0, 1)
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x
1
< x
2
< x
3
(v nu 2 trong 3 bin bng
nhau th bt ng thc lun ng, du bt ng thc xy ra khi x
1
= x
2
= x
3
).
Chia hai v ca (1) cho (x
2
x
3
)(x
2
x
1
) < 0 ta thu c:

_
x
1
x
3
x
2
x
3
_
f(x
1
) + f(x
2
)
_
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
1
_
f(x
3
) 0
f(x
2
)
_
x
3
x
1
x
3
x
2
_
f(x
1
) +
_
x
3
x
1
x
2
x
1
_
f(x
3
)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
t: =
x
3
x
2
x
3
x
1

_
1 =
x
2
x
1
x
3
x
1
x
2
= x
1
+ (1 )x
3
ta thu c bt ng thc (2) ng hay (1) ng.
Bi 3 (Mt dng m rng ca bt ng thc Schurs)
Xt a, b, c, u, c, w l cc s thc dng chng minh rng:
a) Nu p > 0 v
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
b
1
p
; u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
v
1
1+p
Ta c: ubc vca + wab 0
b) Nu 1 < p < 0 v
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
b
1
p
; u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
v
1
1+p
Ta c: ubc vca + wab 0
c) Nu p < 1
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
b
1
p
; u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
v
1
1+p
Ta c: ubc vca + wab 0
Du bng ca bt ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
= b
1
p
; u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
= v
1
1+p
Chng minh
a) Nu p > 0 ta c:
1
1 + p
+
1
p+1
p
= 1
p dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
a
1
1+p
(uc)
1
1+p
+ c
1
1+p
(wa)
1
1+p

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
p+1
(uc + wa)
1
p+1
Ly tha p + 1 hai v ta c:
_
a
1
1+p
(uc)
1
p+1
+ c
1
1+p
(wa)
1
p+1
_
p+1

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
(uc + wa)
ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p+1
(uc + wa)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
p dng gi thit bi ton ta c:
acv ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1
b(uc + wa)
suy ra ubc acv + wab 0
b) Vi 1 < p < 0 ta cng c:
1
p + 1
+
1
p+1
p
= 1 vi
p + 1
p
< 0
Khi bt ng thc Holder c chiu ngc li:
a
1
1+p
(uc)
1
1+p
+ c
1
1+p
(wa)
1
1+p

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
p+1
(uc + wa)
1
p+1
Ly tha p + 1 hai v ta c
ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p+1
(uc + wa)
p dng gi thit phn b) (ch p + 1 > 0, p < 0) ta c:
acv ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1
(uc + wa)
_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
(uc + wa)b
suy ra: abw auv + ubc 0
c) Vi p < 1 ta cng c:
1
p + 1
+
1
p+1
p
= 1 vi p + 1 < 0
p dng bt ng thc Holder:
a
1
1+p
(uc)
1
1+p
+ c
1
1+p
(wa)
1
1+p

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
p+1
(uc + wa)
1
p+1
Ly tha p + 1 hai v (ch p + 1 > 0) ta c:
ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1

_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
(uc + wa)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
p dng gi thit phn c) (ch p + 1 < 0) ta c:
acv ac
_
u
1
1+p
+ w
1
1+p
_
p+1
(uc + wa)
_
a
1
p
+ c
1
p
_
p
(uc + wa)b
suy ra: ucb acv + wab 0
Bi 4 (Bi ton h qu 1)
Vi x > y > z > 0. f l hm n iu hay f(x) = 0 x > 0 v f nhn gi tr
trn R
+
, chng minh rng:
f(x)
y z
+
f(y)
z x
+
f(z)
x y
0
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 2 ta c:
f(x)(x y)(x z) + f(y)(y z)(y x) + f(z)(z x)(z y) 0
Chia 2 v cho (y z)(z x)(x y) < 0 ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 5 (Bi ton h qu 2)
Vi x, y, z, a, b, c > 0 tha mn iu kin:
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
x
2
3
+ y
2
3
z
2
3
chng minh rng
x
a
+
y
b

z
c
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 3 vi p =
1
2
ta c:
xbc zab + yac 0
Chia 2 v cho a, b, c ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
1.1.2 Mt s bi ton minh ha
Bi 6
Gi s ABC khng nhn, chng minh rng:
27
sin A
+
64
sin B

125
sin C
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 5 vi iu kin
_

_
sin
2
A + sin
B
sin
2
C Tam gic khng nhn
27
2
3
+ 64
2
3
= 125
2
3
Ta thu c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 7
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
+
1
c
3
, x
3
2
+ y
3
2
z
3
2
Chng minh rng:
x
a
+
y
b

z
c
Chng minh
Ta c:
1
1
1
3
+
1
1
1
3

1
3
= 1
p dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
a
3
2
(xb)
3
2
+ b
3
2
(ya)
3
2
(xb + ya)
3
2
(a
3
+ b
3
)

1
2
(ab)
3
2
_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
_
(xb + ya)
3
2
_
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
_

1
2
T gi thit suy ra:
_
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
_

1
2

_
1
c
3
_

1
2
= c
3
2
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Do ta c bt ng thc
(abz)
3
2
(ab)
3
2
_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
_
(xb + ya)
3
2
c
3
2
abz (xb + ya)c

x
a
+
y
b

z
c
Bi 8
Vi a, b, c l ba cnh ca mt tam gic bt k p =
a + b + c
2
, chng minh rng
(p a)
4
+ (p b)
4
+ (p c)
4
+ S
2
a (p a)
3
+ b (p c)
3
+ c (p a)
3
(Vi S l din tch tam gic ABC )
Chng minh
Chng minh bt ng thc Schurs vi = 2 ta c:
x
2
(x y)(x z) + y
2
(y z)(y x) + z
2
(z x)(z y) 0
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+ xyz(x + y + z) x
3
(y + z) + y
3
(z + x) + z
3
(x + y) (1)
t:
_

_
x = p a
y = p b
z = p c

_
x + y + z = p a + p b + p c = p
xyz = (p a)(p b)(p c) =
S
p
y + z = (p b) + (p c) = a
x + z = b, x + y = c
Thay vo (1) ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 9
Vi x, y, z dng tha mn:
yz
x
2
+
zx
y
2
+
xy
z
2
= 3
hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
M =
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Schurs vi = 2 ta c:
1
x
2
(x y)(x z) +
1
y
2
(y z)(y x) +
1
z
2
(z x)(z y) 0
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
3
_
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z
+
yz
x
+
zx
y
+
xy
z
_
0
M =
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z
6
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1
Vy M
max
= 6
Bi 10
Vi h
a
, h
b
, h
c
l di cc ng cao ca mt tam gic ABC bt k, chng minh
rng:
2
_
1
h
3
a
+
1
h
3
b
+
1
h
3
c
_
+
3
h
a
h
b
h
c

1
r
_
1
h
2
a
+
1
h
2
b
+
1
h
2
c
_
Trong r l bn knh vng trn ni tip ABC
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Schurs vi = 1 ta c:
x(x y)(x z) + y(y x)(y z) + z(z x)(z y) 0
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
x
2
(z + y) y
2
(z + x) z
2
(x + y) + 3xyz
2(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (x + y + z)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 3xyz 0
t x =
1
h
a
, y =
1
h
b
, z =
1
h
c
(v
1
h
a
+
1
h
b
+
1
h
c
=
1
r
)
Bi 11
Vi a, b, c l ba s thc ln hn 1, chng minh rng:
a log
2
a
b
log
2
a
c
+ b log
2
b
c
log
2
b
a
+ c log
2
c
a
log
2
c
b
0
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Schurs m rng vi f(x) = 2
x
ta c:
2
x
1
(x
1
x
2
)(x
1
x
3
) + 2
x
2
(x
2
x
1
)(x
2
x
3
) + 2
x
3
(x
3
x
1
)(x
3
x
2
) 0
t x
1
= log
2
a, x
2
= log
2
b, x
3
= log
2
c ta c bt ng thc phi chng minh.
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
1.2 Bt ng thc xoay vng khc trong tam gic
Trong mc ny ta ch cp n cch xy dng bt ng thc xoay vng trong
ABC vi 3 cp bin quay vng: A, B, C l 3 gc tam gic ABC v x, y, z (x, y, z l
3 s thc) bt u t biu thc lun ng A.B, C, x, y, z
Bi 1
Vi mi ABC, x, y, z l ba s thc dng ty , chng minh rng:
yz cos A + zxcos B + xy cos C
1
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Chng minh
Ta c:
(x y cos C z cos B)
2
+ (y sin C z sin B)
2
0 x, y, z > 0
x
2
+ y
2
(cos
2
C + sin
2
C) + z
2
(cos
2
B + sin
2
B)
+ 2yz(cos Bcos C sin Bsin C) 2xy cos C 2xz cos B 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2(yz cos A + zxcos B + xy cos C) 0
yz cos A + zx cos B + xy cos C
1
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
y cos C + z cos B = x
y sin C z sin B = 0

_
y
2
cos
2
C + 2yz cos Bcos C + z
2
cos
2
B = x
2
y
2
sin
2
C 2yz sin Bsin C + z
2
sin
2
B = 0
y
2
2yz cos(B + C) + z
2
= x
2
cos A =
y
2
+ z
2
x
2
2yz
Tng t:
cos B =
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
2zx
cos C =
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
2xy
Mt khc:
cos A =
b
2
+ c
2
a
2
2bc
cos B =
c
2
+ a
2
b
2
2ca
cos C =
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
2ab
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Vy:
_

_
x = ka
y = kb (k > 0) x, y, z l 3 cnh ca mt tam gic
z = kc ng dng viABC
T bi ton 1 ta c th xy dng c cc bt ng thc mi trong tam gic.
Bi 2
Vi mi tam gic ABC, a, b, c l 3 s thc dng, chng minh rng:
x cos A + y cos B + z cos C
1
2
_
xy
z
+
yz
x
+
zx
y
_
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 1. Thay x, y, z ln lt bi
1
x
,
1
y
,
1
z
ta c:
1
yz
cos A +
1
zx
cos B +
1
xy
cos C
1
2
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
_
x cos A + y cos B + z cos C
1
2
_
yz
x
+
zx
y
+
xy
z
_
Du bng xy ra khi
1
x
,
1
y
,
1
z
l di 3 cnh ca tam gic ng dng vi tam
gic ABC. Cho x, y, z l cc gi tr c th ta thu c cc bi ton tm gi tr ln
nht, nh nht, cc bt ng thc kh trong tam gic.
Bi 3
Tm gi tr ln nht:
M = 2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
Trong A, B, C l ba gc ca mt tam gic.
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 2 vi:
_

_
x = 2
y = 3
z = 4
Ta c: M
1
2
_
4.3
2
+
2.4
3
+
2.3
4
_
=
61
12
Du ng thc xy ra khi ta chn ABC A

vi A

c ba cnh
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 13 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
l
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
4
. Vy max M =
61
12
Bi 4
Cho tam gic ABC, chng minh rng
2 sin
A
2
+ 3 sin
B
2
+ 4 sin
C
2

61
12
(1)
Chng minh
t:
_

_
A = 2A

B = 2B

C = 2C

+ B

+ C

= A

, B

, C

l 3 gc ca A

Ta c: (1) 2 cos A

+ 3 cos B

+ 4 cos C

61
12
p dng bi ton 3 c bt ng thc ng. Du ng thc xy ra nu
A

(
1
2
,
1
2
,
1
4
)
Bi 5
Chng minh rng
1
2 sin A
+
1
3 sin B
+
1
4 sin C

108
61
(Trong A, B, C l ba gc ca mt tam gic nhn)
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
_
1
2 cos A
+
1
3 cos B
+
1
4 cos C
_
(2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C) 9 ABC nhn

1
2 cos A
+
1
3 cos B
+
1
4 cos C

9
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
m theo bi 3 ta c:
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
61
12
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
suy ra iu phi chng minh
1
2 cos A
+
1
3 cos B
+
1
4 cos C

9.12
61
=
108
61
Bi 6
Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta u c:
1
4
tan
2
A
2
+
1
6
tan
2
B
2
+
1
6
tan
2
C
2

395
4056
(1)
Chng minh
Ta c:
(1)
1
4
_
1
cos
2
A
2
1
_
+
1
6
_
1
cos
2
B
2
1
_
+
1
8
_
1
cos
2
C
2
1
_

395
4056

1
4 cos
2
A
2
+
1
6 cos
2
B
2
+
1
8 cos
2
C
2

108
169

1
2 + 2 cos A
+
1
3 + 3 cos B
+
1
4 + 4 cos C

108
169
(2)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
_
1
2 + 2 cos A
+
1
3 + 3 cos B
+
1
4 + 4 cos C
_
[(2 + 2 cos A) + (3 + 3 cos B)
+ (4 + 4 cos C)] 9

1
2 + 2 cos A
+
1
3 + 3 cos B
+
1
4 + 4 cos C

9
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C + 9
(3)
p dng kt qu bi ton 3 ta c:
9
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C + 9

9
61
12
+ 9
=
108
169
(4)
T (3) v (4) ta c bt ng thc (2) ng suy ra (1) ng.
Bi 7
Chng minh rng vi tam gic ABC nhn ta c:
a)
3

2 cos A +
3

3 cos B +
3

4 cos C 3
3
_
61
36
b)
_
1 +
1
2 cos A
__
1 +
1
3 cos B
__
1 +
1
4 cos C
_

_
97
61
_
3
Chng minh
a) Ta c:
3

2 cos A +
3

3 cos B +
3

4 cos C
3

3
_
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
3
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
(Chng minh nh bt ng thc Jensen xt hm f(t) = t
1
3
trong (0, +) )
p dng bi ton 3 ta c:
3
_
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
3

3
_
61
36

2 cos A +
3

3 cos B +
3

4 cos C 3
3
_
61
36
b) Ta c
M =
_
1 +
1
2 cos A
__
1 +
1
3 cos B
__
1 +
1
4 cos C
_
= 1+
_
1
2 cos A
+
1
3 cos B
+
1
4 cos C
_
+
_
1
6 cos Acos B
+
1
12 cos Bcos C
+
1
8 cos C cos A
_
+
1
(2 cos A)(3 cos B)(4 cos C)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
M 1 + 3
3
_
1
(2 cos A)(3 cos B)(4 cos C)
+ 3
3

_
1
(2 cos A)(3 cos B)(4 cos C)
_
2
+
_
3
_
1
(2 cos A)(3 cos B)(4 cos C)
_
3
M
_
1 +
1
3
_
(2 cos A)(3B)(4 cos C)
_
3
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
M
_
1 +
3
2 cos A + 3 cos B + 4 cos C
_
3

_
1 +
3
61
12
_
3
=
_
1 +
36
61
_
3
=
_
97
61
_
3
Bi 8
Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta c:
a)
_
1
16
tan
4
A
2
+
1
36
tan
4
B
2
+
_
1
36
tan
4
B
2
+
1
64
tan
4
C
2
+
_
1
64
tan
4
C
2
+
1
16
tan
4
A
2

2.
395
4056
b)
3 cos B
4
2
A
+
4 cos C
9 cos
2
B
+
2 cos A
16 cos
2
C

108
61
.
Vi ABC l tam gic nhn.
Chng minh
a) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta d dng chng minh c:

a
2
+ b
2
+

b
2
+ c
2
+

c
2
+ a
2

2(a + b + c)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Thay a =
1
4
tan
2
A
2
, b =
1
6
tan
2
B
2
, c =
1
8
tan
2
C
2
Khi ta c:
_
1
16
tan
4
A
2
+
1
36
tan
4
B
2
+
_
1
36
tan
4
B
2
+
1
64
tan
4
C
2
+
_
1
64
tan
4
C
2
+
1
36
tan
4
A
2

2
_
1
4
tan
2
A
2
+
1
6
tan
2
B
2
+
1
8
tan
2
C
2
_
(1)
p dng bi ton 6 ta c:

2
_
1
4
tan
2
A
2
+
1
6
tan
2
B
2
+
1
8
tan
2
C
2
_

395

2
4056
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c bt ng thc sau:
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
a + b + c a, b, c dng (3)
(V
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
=
_
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
_
(a + b + c)
a + b + c

(a + b + c)
2
a + b + c
= a + b + c)
p dng (3) vi a =
1
2 cos A
, b =
1
3 cos B
, c =
1
4 cos C
. Ta c:
3 cos B
4 cos
2
A
+
4 cos C
9 cos
2
B
+
2 cos A
16 cos
2
C

1
2A
+
1
3 cos B
+
1
4 cos C
p dng kt qu bi ton 5 ta c bt ng thc c chng minh.
Bi 9
Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC ta c: a) h
a
cos A + h
b
cos B +
h
c
cos C
9
4
R
b) (h
a
cos A + h
b
cos B + h
c
cos C)
3

27
8
h
a
h
b
h
c
(Vi a, b, c l cc ng cao tng ng vi 3 cnh a, b, c. Du ng thc xy ra khi
ABC u).
Chng minh
a) p dng bi ton 2 ta c:
h
a
cos A + h
b
cos B + h
c
cos C
1
2
_
h
a
h
b
h
c
+
h
b
h
c
h
a
+
h
c
h
a
h
b
_
(1)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
m
1
2
_
h
a
h
b
h
c
+
h
b
h
c
h
a
+
h
c
h
a
h
b
_
=
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)S
abc
=
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
4R
= R(sin
2
A + sin
2
B + sin
2
C)
9
4
R
ng thc xy ra khi ABC u.
b) T S = ah
a
= bh
b
= ch
c

a
1
h
a
=
b
1
h
b
=
c
1
h
c
(a, b, c)
_
1
h
a
,
1
h
b
,
1
h
c
_
Du bng trong bt ng thc (1) xy ra ABC
Mt khc p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
1
2
_
h
a
h
b
h
c
+
h
b
h
c
h
a
+
h
c
h
a
h
b
_

1
2
3
3
_
h
a
h
b
h
c
Do kt hp vi (1) khi du ng thc xy ra ta c:
h
a
cos A + h
b
cos B + h
c
cos C
3
2
3
_
h
a
h
b
h
c
(h
a
cos A + h
b
cos B + h
c
cos C)
3

27
8
h
a
h
b
h
c
Du ng thc xy ra h
a
= h
b
= h
c
a = b = c ABC u
Bi 10
Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC v A
1
B
1
C
1
ta c:
cos A
sin A
1
+
cos B
cos B
1
+
cos C
cos C
1

1
2
_
sin A
1
sin B
1
sin C
1
+
sin B
1
sin A
1
sin C
1
+
sin C
1
sin A
1
sin B
1
_
Du ng thc xy ra ABC A
1
B
1
C
1
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 2 vi:
x =
1
sin A
1
, y =
1
sin B
1
, z =
1
sin C
1
Ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh. Du ng thc xy ra
ABC (sin A
1
, sin B
1
, sin C
1
)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
ABC A
1
B
1
C
1
Bi 11
Vi hai tam gic ABC v tam gic A
1
B
1
C
1
bt k, chng minh rng:
(b
1
+ c
1
) cos A + (c
1
+ a
1
) cos B + (a
1
+ b
1
) cos C

1
2
_
(b
1
+ c
1
)(c
1
+ a
1
)
a
1
+ b
1
+
(c
1
+ a
1
)(a
1
+ b
1
)
b
1
+ c
1
+
(b
1
+ c
1
)(a
1
+ b
1
)
c
1
+ a
1
_
Du ng thc xy ra khi no?
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 2 vi:
_

_
x = b
1
+ c
1
y = c
1
+ a
1
z = a
1
+ b
1
Ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Mt khc vi a
1
, b
1
, c
1
l 3 cnh ca A
1
B
1
C
1
, gi s a
1
b
1
c
1

1
b
1
+ c
1
,
1
c
1
+ a
1
,
1
a
1
+ b
1
cng l 3 cnh ca tam gic. Tht vy ta c:
1
b
1
+ c
1

1
c
1
+ a
1

1
a
1
+ b
1
( v a
1
b
1
c
1
)
Xt
1
a
1
+ b
1

1
b
1
+ (b
1
+ c
1
)

1
2(b
1
+ c
1
)
1
a
1
+ c
1

1
c
1
+ (b
1
+ c
1
)

1
2(b
1
+ c
1
)

1
a
1
+ b
1
+
1
a
1
+ c
1

1
b
1
+ c
1

1
b
1
+ c
1
,
1
c
1
+ a
1
,
1
a
1
+ b
1
l 3 cnh ca mt tam gic. Vy du bt ng thc xy ra khi
ABC
_
1
b
1
+ c
1
,
1
c
1
+ a
1
,
1
a
1
+ b
1
_
Bi 12
Vi A, B, C l ba gc ca ABC bt k, x, y, z l 3 s thc ty , chng minh
rng:
(1)
n
[yz cos nA + xz cos nB + xy cos nC]
1
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (1)
Chng minh
[x + (1)
n
(y cos nC + z cos nB)]
2
+ (y sin nC z sin nB)
2
0
x
2
+y
2
_
cos
2
nC + sin
2
nB
_
+z
2
_
cos
2
nB + sin
2
nB
_
+2(1)
n
(xy cos nC + xz cos nB)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
+ 2yz (cos nC cos nB sin nC sin nB) 0
m cos nC cos nB sin nC sin nB = cos n(B + C) = cos(n nA) = (1)
n
cos nA
Vy ta c bt ng thc:
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ 2(1)
n
[xy cos nC + yz cos nA + zxcos nB] 0
(1)
n
(yz cos nA + zx cos nBxy cos nC)
1
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Ta xt ring trng hp x, y, z dng, du ng thc ca (1) xy ra nu:
_

_
x = (1)
n+1
(y cos nC + z cos nB)
y sin nC z sin nB = 0

_
y
2
cos
2
nC + z
2
cos
2
nB + 2yz cos nC cos nB = x
2
y
2
cos nC + z
2
sin
2
nB 2yz sin nC sin nB = 0
y
2
+ z
2
+ 2yz cos n(B + C) = x
2
y
2
+ z
2
2yz(1)
n
cos nA = x
2
cos nA = (1)
n+1
_
y
2
+ z
2
x
2
2yz
_
Tng t:
cos nB = (1)
n+1
_
x
2
+ z
2
y
2
2xz
_
cos nC = (1)
n+1
_
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
2xy
_
iu kin cn tn ti ABC l:
_

_
|
y
2
+ z
2
x
2
2yz
| 1
|
x
2
+ z
2
y
2
2xz
| 1
|
x
2
+ y
2
z
2
2xy
| 1
x, y, z tha mn bt ng thc tam gic.
_

_
x y z
y z x
z x y
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
V ngi li nu chn x, y, z tha mn bt ng thc tam gic (x, y, z > 0) th
ta lun tm c 3 gc A, B, C l 3 gc ca tam gic du dng thc xy ra.
Bi 13
Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta c
(1)
n+1
_
1
x
cos nA +
1
y
cos nB +
1
z
cos nC
_

1
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xyz
_
x, y, z dng.
Chng minh
p dng kt qu bi ton 12 ta c:
(1)
n+1
(yz cos nA + zxcos nB + xy cos nC)
1
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Chia 2 v cho xyz > 0 ta c:
(1)
n+1
_
cos nA
x
+
cos nB
y
+
cos nC
z
_

1
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xyz
_
Du ng thc xy ra khi x, y, z > 0 tha mn bt ng thc tam gic.
Bi 14
Cho M = 6 cos 4A+2 cos 4B+3 cos 4C (vi A, B, C l 3 gc ca tam gic). Tm
gi tr b nht ca M. Chng minh
p dng bi ton 13 vi x =
1
6
, y =
1
2
, z =
1
3
(tha mn bt ng thc tam
gic). Ta c: (1)
5
(6 cos 4A + 2 cos 4B + 3 cos 4C)
1
2
_
_
_
1
36
+
1
4
+
1
9
1
6
1
2
1
3
_
_
_
6 cos 4A + 2 cos 4B + 3 cos 4C 7
Du ng thc xy ra nu:
_

_
cos 4A = 1
cos 4B = 1
cos 4C = 1

_
A =

4
B =

2
C =

4
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Vy minM = 7 khi ABC vung cn nh B.
Bi 15
Cho 2 tam gic bt k ABC v A

, chng minh rng

M = sin B

sin C

sin 5A + sin C

sin A

cos 5B + sin A

sin B

cos 5C
9
8
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 13 vi x = sin A

, y = sin B

, z = sin C

ta c:
M
1
2
(sin
2
A

+ sin
2
B

+ sin
2
C

)
Mt khc trong mi tam gic A

ta d c
sin
2
A

+ sin
2
B

+ sin
2
C

9
8
Vy M
1
2
.
9
4
=
9
8
Bi 16
Vi tam gic ABC bt k, chng minh rng:
4 cos 7A 3 cos 7B + 5 cos 7C
769
120
Chng minh
p dng bi ton 12 vi x =
1
4
, y =
1
3
, z =
1
5
ta c:
(1)
8
_

1
3
1
5
cos 7A +
1
4
1
5
cos 7B
1
4
1
3
cos 7C
_

1
2
_
1
16
+
1
9
+
1
25
_
4 cos 7A 3 cos 7B + 5 cos 7C
1
2
_
1
16
+
1
9
+
1
25
_
3.4.5
4 cos 7A 3 cos 7B + 5 cos 7C
769
120
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
1.3 S dng bt ng thc Cauchy chng minh mt
s dng bt ng thc xoay vng
Bi 1
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng, chng minh rng
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2

a + b + c
2
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
=
a(a
2
+ b
2
b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
= a b
ab
a
2
+ b
2
a b
a
2
+b
2
2
a
2
+ b
2
= a
b
2
Tng t
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
b
c
2
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
c
a
2
Cng cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 2
Vi a, b, c > 0; , , 0, chng minh rng
a
_
a
2
(1 )b
2
a
2
+ b
2
_
+ b
_
b
2
+ (1 )c
2
b
2
+ c
2
_
+ c
_
c
2
+ (1 )a
2
c
2
+ a
2
_

(1

2
)a + (1

2
)b + (1

2
)c
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
_
a
2
+ (1 )b
2
a
2
+ b
2
_
= a
_
1
b
2
a
2
+ b
2
_
= a b
ab
a
2
+ b
2
a
b
2
a
2
+ b
2
a
2
+ b
2
= a
b
2
Tng t ta thu c:
b
_
b
2
+ (1 )c
2
b
2
+ c
2
_
b
c
2
c
_
c
2
+ (1 )a
2
c
2
+ a
2
_
c
a
2
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 23 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Chn = = = 4 ta thu c
Bi 3
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
_
3b
2
a
2
b
2
+ a
2
_
+ b
_
3a
2
b
2
c
2
+ b
2
_
+ c
_
3a
2
c
2
a
2
+ c
2
_
a + b + c
Chn = = 1, = 2, ta thu c.
Bi 4
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2

b + c
2
+
ca
2
c
2
+ a
2
Bi 5
Vi a, b, c > 0; 0, chng minh rng
P =
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab
+
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
+ ca

a + b + c
+ 2
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab

a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+

2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
=
2
+ 2
_
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
_
Tng t ta c:
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc

2
+ 2
_
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
_
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
+ ca

2
+ 2
_
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
_
Suy ra:
P
2
+ 2
_
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
_

2
+ 2
a + b + c
2
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 24 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Chn = 1 ta c
Bi 6
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab
+
b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
+ ca

a + b + c
3
Chn =
1
a
ta thu c
Bi 7
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
3
a
2
+ b
2
+ b
+
ab
3
a(b
2
+ c
2
) + bc
+
c
3
c
2
+ a
2
+ c

(a + b + c)a
1 + 2a
Chn =
1
abc
> 0 ta thu c
Bi 8
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
ca
3
c(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
+
ab
3
a(b
2
+ c
2
) + 1
+
bc
3
b(c
2
+ a
2
) + 1

_
a + b + c
1 + 2abc
_
abc
T kt qu bi ton 2, ta chn = 2(1 b), = 2(1 c), = 2(1 a) ta c
Bi 9
Vi 0 < a, b, c < 1, chng minh rng
a(a
2
+ 2b
3
b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
+
b(b
2
+ 2c
3
c
2
)
b
2
+ c
2
+
c(c
2
+ 2a
3
a
2
)
c
2
+ a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Bi 10
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
4
a
3
+ b
3
+
b
4
b
3
+ c
3
+
c
4
c
3
+ a
3
1
2
_
b

a
+
c

b
+
a

c
_
a + b + c
Chng minh
Ta c:
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 25 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
a
4
a
3
+ b
3
=
a(a
3
+ b
3
b
3
)
a
3
+ b
3
= a
ab
3
a
3
+ b
3
= a
b

a
a
3
2
b
3
2
a
3
+ b
3
Suy ra
a
4
a
3
+ b
3
a
b

b
2

a
a
3
+ b
3
a
3
+ b
3

a
4
a
3
b
3
+
b

b
2

a
a
Tng t
b
4
b
3
+ c
3
+
c

c
2

b
b
c
4
c
3
+ a
3
+
a

a
2

c
c
Cng cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 11
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
5
a
4
+ b
4
+
b
5
b
4
+ c
4
+
c
5
c
4
+ a
4
+
1
2
_
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
+
a
2
c
_
a + b + c
Chng minh
Ta c
a
5
a
4
+ b
4
=
a(a
4
+ b
4
b
4
)
a
4
+ b
4
= a
ab
4
a
4
+ b
4
= a
b
2
a
a
2
b
2
a
4
+ b
4
Suy ra
a
5
a
4
+ b
4
a
b
2
2a
Tng t
a
5
b
4
+ c
4
b
c
2
2b
c
5
c
4
+ a
4
c
a
2
2c
Cng v vi v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 12
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 26 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a(a
3
+ b
3
)
a
3
+ 2b
3
+
b(b
3
+ c
3
)
b
3
+ 2c
3
+
c(c
3
+ a
3
)
c
3
+ 2a
3

2
3
(a + b + c)
Ta c
a(a
3
+ b
3
)
a
3
+ 2b
3
=
a(a
3
+ 2b
3
b
3
)
a
3
+ 2b
3
= a
ab
3
a
3
+ 2b
3
a b
a
3
+b
3
+b
3
3
a
3
+ 2b
3
Suy ra
a(a
3
+ b
3
)
a
3
+ 2b
3
a
b
3
b(b
3
+ c
3
)
b
3
+ 2c
3
b
c
3
c(c
3
+ a
3
)
c
3
+ 2a
3
c
a
3
Cng v vi v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 13
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
5
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
5
c
2
+ a
2

a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
2
Chng minh
Ta c
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
=
a
3
(a
2
+ b
2
b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
= a
3

a
3
b
2
a
2
+ b
2
a
3
a
2
b
a
2
+ b
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
Suy ra
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
a
3

a
2
b
2
a
3

a
3
+ a
3
+ b
3
6
=
2
3
a
3

b
3
6
Tng t
b
5
b
2
+ c
2

2
3
b
3

c
3
6
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 27 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
c
5
c
2
+ a
2

2
3
c
3

a
3
6
Cng v vi v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 14
Vi a, b, c, > 0, chng minh rng
P =
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab
+
b
5
b
2
+ c
2
+ bc
+
c
5
c
2
+ a
2
+ ca

1
2 +
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
Chng minh
Ta c
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab

a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+

2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
=
2
2 +
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
Suy ra
P
2
2 +
_
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
5
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
5
c
2
+ a
2
_

2
2 +
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
2
Bi 15
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
7
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
7
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
7
c
2
+ a
2

a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
2
Chng minh
Ta c
a
7
a
2
+ b
2
=
a
5
(a
2
+ b
2
b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
= a
5

ab
a
2
+ b
2
a
4
b
Suy ra
a
7
a
2
+ b
2
a
5

1
2
4a
5
+ b
5
5
=
3
5
a
5

1
10
b
5
Tng t
b
7
b
2
+ c
2

3
5
b
5

1
10
c
5
c
7
c
2
+ a
2

3
5
c
5

1
10
a
5
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 28 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 16
Vi a, b, c > 0, > 0, chng minh rng
P =
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab
+
b
5
b
2
+ c
2
bc
+
c
5
c
2
+ a
2
+ ca

1
2 +
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab

a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+

2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
=
2
1 +
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
Suy ra
P
2
1 +
_
a
5
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
5
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
5
c
2
+ a
2
_

1
+ 2
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
Bi 17
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
c
2
b(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
a
2
c(c
2
+ a
2
)

1
2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Chng minh
Ta c
1
a

1
b
ab
a
2
+ b
2

1
a

1
2b
Suy ra
b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
)

1
a

1
2b
Tng t
c
2
b(b
2
+ c
2
)

1
b

1
2c
a
2
c(c
2
+ a
2
)

1
c

1
2a
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 29 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc c chng
minh.
Bi 18
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
b(b + 2a)
a(a + b)
2
+
c(c + 2b)
b(b + c)
2
+
a(a + 2c)
c(c + a)
2

3
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Chng minh
Ta c:
1
a

1
b
ab
(a + b)
2

1
a

1
4b

b(b + 2a)
a(a + b)
2

1
a

1
4b
Tng t
c(c + 2b)
b(b + c)
2

1
b

1
4c
a(a + 2c)
c(c + a)
2

1
c

1
4a
Cng v vi v ca bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 19
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
a
2
(a + 2b)
(a + b)
2
+
b
2
(b + 2c)
(b + c)
2
+
c
2
(c + 2a)
(c + a)
2

3
4
(a + b + c)
Chng minh
a b
ab
(a + b)
2
a
b
4

a
2
(a + 2b)
(a + b)
2
a
b
4
Tng t
b
2
(b + 2c)
(b + c)
2
b
c
4
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 30 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
c
2
(c + 2a)
(c + a)
2
c
a
4
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh.
Bi 20
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
b
2
c
a(ca
2
cb
2
+ 1)
+
c
2
a
b(ab
2
+ ac
2
+ 1)
+
a
2
b
c(bc
2
+ ba
2
+ 1)

ab + bc + ca
1 + 2abc
Chng minh
Ta c
b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
+ ab)

b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
+

2
(a
2
+ b
2
))
=
2
2 +
b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
)
Thu c bt ng thc
b
2
a(a
2
+ b
2
+ ab)
+
c
2
b(b
2
+ c
2
+ bc)
+
a
2
c(c
2
+ a
2
ca)

1
2 +
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Chn =
1
abc
ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 31 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
1.4 Bt ng thc xoay vng phn thc
Bi 1
Vi a, b > 1, chng minh rng:
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b

2
1 +

ab
Chng minh
Bt ng thc tng vi:
(a + b) + 2
1 + (a + b) + ab

2
1 +

ab
(a + b) + 2 + (a + b)

ab + 2

ab 2 + 2(a + b) + 2ab
(a + b)(

ab 1) + 2

ab(1

ab) 0
(

ab 1)(

b)
2
0 (Hin nhin v

ab > 1 )
Bi 2
Vi 0 < a, b < 1, chng minh rng:
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b

2
1 +

ab
Chng minh
Bt ng thc tng ng vi:
(a + b) + 2
1 + (a + b) + ab

2
1 +

ab
(a + b) + 2 + (a + b)

ab + 2

ab 2 + 2(a + b) + 2ab
(

ab 1)(

b)
2
(Hin nhin ng v

ab < 1 )
Bi 3
Vi a, b > 1, chng minh rng:
1
(1 + a)
n
+
1
(1 + b)
n

2
(1 +

ab)
n
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc:
a
n
+ b
n
2
(
a + b
2
)
n
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 32 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Ta thu c:
1
(1 + a)
n
+
1
(1 + b)
n
2(
1
1+a
+
1
1+b
2
)
n
p dng kt qu bi 1 ta thu c.
1
(1 + a)
n
+
1
(1 + b)
n
2(
1
1 +

ab
)
n
=
2
(1 + ab)
n
Bi 4
Vi 0 < a, b < 1, chng minh rng:
1
n

1 + a
+
1
n

1 + b

2
n
_
1 +

ab
Chng minh
p dng bt ng thc
n

a +
n

b
2

n
_
a + b
2
Vi a, b > 0
Ta thu c
1
n

1 + a
+
1
n

1 + b

1
1+a
+
1
1+b
2
p dng kt qu v d 2 ta thu c
1
n

1 + a
+
1
n

1 + b
2
n

1
1 +

ab
=
2
n
_
1 +

ab
Bi 5
Vi a, b > 1. chng minh rng
a
1 + b
+
b
1 + a

2

ab
1 +

ab
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
a
1 + b
+ 1 +
b
1 + a
+ 1
2

ab
1 +

ab
+ 2
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 33 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
(a + b + 1)(
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + a
) (1 + 2

ab)
2
1 +

ab
Ta c
a + b + 1 1 + 2

ab
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + a

2
1 +

ab
Nhn hai v hai bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 6
Vi a, b, c > 0, chng minh rng
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c

3
1 +
3

abc
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
P =
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
+
1
1 +
3

abc

4
1 +
3

abc
Ta c
P
2
1 +

ab
+
2
1 +
_
c
3

abc

4
1 +
4
_
abc
3

abc
=
4
1 +
3

abc
Bi 7
Vi a, b, c > 1, chng minh rng
2 + b + c
1 + a
+
2 + c + a
1 + b
+
1 + a + b
1 + c
6
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
2 + b + c
1 + a
+ 1 +
2 + c + a
1 + b
+ 1 +
1 + a + b
1 + c
+ 1 9
(3 + a + b + c)(
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
) 9
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 34 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Ta c
3 + a + b + c 3(1 +
3

abc)
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c

3
1 +
3

abc
Nhn v vi v ca hai bt ng thc trn chng ta thu c bt ng thc cn
chng minh.
Bi 8
Vi a, b, c > 1, chng minh rng
1
(1 + a)
3
+
1
(1 + b)
3
+
1
(1 + c)
3

3
(1 +
3

abc)
3
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
P =
1
(1 + a)
3
+
1
(1 + b)
3
+
1
(1 + c)
3
+
1
(1 +
3

abc)
3

4
(1 +
3

abc)
3
p dng kt qu bi 3 ta c
P
2
(1 +

ab)
3
+
2
(1 +
_
c
3

abc)
3

4
(1 +
4
_
abc
3

abc)
3

4
(1 +
3

abc)
3
Bi 9
Vi 0 < a, b, c < 1, chng minh rng
1

1 + a
+
1

1 + b
+
1

1 + c

3
_
1 +
3

abc
Chng minh
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
P =
1

1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
+
1
_
1 +
3

abc

4
_
1 +
3

abc
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 35 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
p dng kt qu bi 4 ta thu c
P
2
_
1 +

ab
+
2
_
1 +
_
c
3

abc

4
_
1 +
4
_
abc
3

abc
=
4
_
1 +
3

abc
Bi 10
Vi a, b, c > 1, chng minh rng
P = (
2 + b + c
1 + a
)
2
+ (
2 + c + a
1 + b
)
2
+ (
2 + a + b
1 + c
)
2
12
Ta c
P (
2+b+c
1+a
+
2+c+a
1+b
+
2+a+b
1+c
3
)
2
3(
6
3
)
2
= 12
p dng v d 7
Bi 11
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng, chng minh rng
a
5
b
2
+
b
5
c
2
+
c
5
a
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
Chng minh
Ta c
a
5
b
2
+ ab
2
2a
3
b
5
c
2
+ bc
2
2b
3
c
5
a
2
+ ca
2
2c
3
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
Cng 4 bt ng thc trn chng ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 12
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
5
bc
+
b
5
ca
+
c
5
ab
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
Chng minh
Ta c:
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 36 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
a
5
bc
+ abc 2a
3
b
5
ca
+ abc 2b
3
c
5
ab
+ abc 2c
3
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc
Cng 4 bt ng thc trn chng ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 13
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
5
b
3
+
b
5
c
3
+
c
5
a
3

a
3
b
+
b
3
c
+
c
3
a
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
5
b
3
+ ab 2
a
3
b
Suy ra:
a
5
b
5
+ 2ab
a
3
b
+
a
3
b
+ ab
a
3
b
+ 2a
2
Tng t:
b
5
c
3
+ 2bc
b
3
c
+ 2b
2
c
5
a
3
+ 2ca
c
3
a
+ 2c
2
m 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 2(ab + bc + ca)
Cng 4 bt ng thc trn chng ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 14
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
3
a + 2b
+
b
3
b + 2c
+
c
3
c + 2a

1
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Chng minh
Ta c:
9a
3
a + 2b
+ a(a + 2b) 6a
2
9b
3
b + 2c
+ b(b + 2c) 6b
2
9c
3
c + 2a
+ c(c + 2a) 6c
2
m 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 2(ab + bc + ca)
Cng 4 bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 37 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Bi 15
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
3
(b + c)
2
+
b
3
(c + a)
2
+
c
3
(a + b)
2

1
4
(a + b + c)
Chng minh
Ta c:
8a
3
(b + c)
2
+ (b + c) + (b + c) 6a
8b
3
(c + a)
2
+ (c + a) + (c + a) 6b
8c
3
(a + b)
2
+ (a + b) + (a + b) 6c
Cng 3 bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 16
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
3
b(c + a)
+
b
3
c(a + b)
+
c
3
a(b + c)

1
2
(a + b + c)
Chng minh
Ta c:
4a
3
b(c + a)
+ 2b + (c + a) 6a
4b
3
c(a + b)
+ 2c + (a + b) 6b
4c
3
a(b + c)
+ 2a + (b + c) 6c
Cng 3 bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 17
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
4
bc
2
+
b
4
ca
2
+
c
4
ab
2
a + b + c
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
4
bc
2
+ b + c + c 4a
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 38 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
b
4
ca
2
+ c + a + a 4b
c
4
ab
2
+ a + b + b 4c
Cng 3 bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 18
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
3
(a + b)(b + c)
+
b
3
(b + c)(c + a)
+
c
3
(c + a)(a + b)

1
4
(a + b + c)
Chng minh
Ta c:
8a
3
(a + b)(b + c)
+ (a + b) + (b + c) 6a
8b
3
(b + c)(c + a)
+ (b + c) + (c + a) 6b
8c
3
(c + a)(a + b)
+ (c + a) + (a + b) 6c
Cng 3 bt ng thc trn ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 19
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
2
b
3
+
b
2
c
3
+
c
2
a
3

9
a + b + c
Chng minh
Ta c bt ng thc
b
3
a
2
+
c
3
b
2
+
a
3
c
2
a + b + c
Suy ra:
a
2
b
3
+
b
2
c
3
+
c
2
a
3
=
(
1
b
)
3
(
1
a
)
2
+
(
1
c
)
3
(
1
b
)
2
+
(
1
a
)
3
(
1
c
)
2

1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

9
a + b + c
Bi 20
Vi a, b, c l cc s thc dng. chng minh rng
a
5
b
2
+
b
5
c
2
+
c
5
a
2
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 39 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Chng minh
Ta c:
a
5
b
2
+
b
5
c
2
+
c
5
a
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 40 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Chng 2
Mt dng bt ng thc xoay vng
Quy c trong bi vit
thng nht k hiu trong bi vit th ta quy c cch vit nh sau:
a
1
, , a
n
a
1
, a
2
, , a
i
, , a
n
; i (1, n)
a
1
a
2
+ + a
1
a
n
a
1
a
2
+ + a
1
a
i
+ + a
1
a
n
; i (1, n)
a
1
a
2
+ + a
n1
a
n
a
1
a
2
+ + a
1
a
n
+ + a
i
a
i+1
+ + a
i
a
n
+ + a
n1
a
n
a
2
1
+ + a
2
n
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ + a
2
i
+ a
2
n
; (i 1, n)
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
) + + (a
2
n1
+ a
2
n
) (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
) + + (a
2
1
+ a
2
n
) + + (a
2
i
+ a
i+1
) + +
(a
2
i
+ a
2
n
) + + (a
n1
+ a
2
n
)
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
i
+ + a
n
)
2
; (i 1, n)
2.1 Cc trng hp n gin
2.1.1 Trng hp 3 s n = 3
Bi 1
Cho 3 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
A =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
1

3
1 +
Chng minh.
Ta c: A =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
1
41
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
A =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ a
1
a
3
I[(a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
) + (a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
) + (a
2
3
+ a
1
a
3
)] (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki i vi 3 cp s)
A
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ a
2
3
+ a
1
a
3
A
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ a
1
a
3
)
A
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+ ( 2)
1
3
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
A
1
1 +
1
3
( 2)
=
3
3 + ( 2)
=
3
1 +
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
2.1.2 Trng hp 4 s n = 4
Bi 2
Cho 4 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
B =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
)

4
1 + 3
Chng minh.
Ta c:
B =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
)
B =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
1
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)
B{[a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
)] + [a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
)]
+[a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
1
)] + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)]} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki i vi 4 cp s)
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
[a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
)] + + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)]
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
3
a
4
)
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
+ (2 2)
3
8
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
B
1
1 +
3
8
(2 2)
=
8
8 + 3(2 2)
=
8
2 + 6
=
4
1 + 3
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 42 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 2.1 Cho a
4
= 0 ta c:
B
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ 2a
3
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
1

4
1 + 3
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
2.1.3 Trng hp 5 s n = 5
Bi ton tng qut 5 s
Cho 5 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
v s thc > 2, . Chng minh rng:
Bi 3
Cho 5 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
C =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ +a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)

5
1 + 4
Chng minh.
Ta c:
C =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
C =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
1
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
+ a
5
a
3
)
C{[a
2
1
+(2a
1
a
2
+a
1
a
3
+a
1
a
4
)] +[a
2
2
+(2a
2
a
3
+a
2
a
4
+a
2
a
5
)] +[a
2
3
+(2a
3
a
4
+a
3
a
5
+
a
3
a
1
)]+[a
2
4
+(2a
4
a
5
+a
4
a
1
+a
4
a
2
)]+[a
2
5
+(2a
5
a
1
+a
5
a
2
+a
5
a
3
)]} (a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 5 cp s)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
[a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)] + + [a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
+ a
5
a
3
)]
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
4
a
5
)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ (2 2)
2
5
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
C
1
1 +
2
5
(2 2)
=
5
5 + 2(2 2)
=
5
1 + 4
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Bi 3.1
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 43 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cho a
5
= 0 ta c:
C
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

5
1 + 4
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 3.2
Cho a
5
= a
4
= 0 ta c:
C
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a 2
a
2
+ 2a
3
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
1

5
1 + 4
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
Bi 4
Cho 5 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
D =
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

5
1 + 2
Chng minh.
Ta c:
C =
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)
C =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
1
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)
C{[a
2
1
+(a
1
a
2
+a
1
a
3
)] +[a
2
2
+(a
2
a
3
+a
2
a
4
)] +[a
2
3
+(a
3
a
4
+a
3
a
5
)] +[a
2
4
+(a
4
a
5
+
a
4
a
1
)] + [a
2
5
+ (a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)]} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 5 cp s)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
[a
2
1
+ (a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
)] + + [a
2
5
+ (a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)]
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
4
a
5
)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ ( 2)
2
5
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
C
1
1 +
2
5
( 2)
=
5
5 + 2( 2)
=
5
1 + 2
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= 0
Bi 4.1
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 44 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cho a
5
= 0 ta c:
D
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1

5
1 + 2
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 4.2
Cho a
5
= a
4
= 0 ta c:
D
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ 1
5
1 + 2
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
2.1.4 Trng hp 6 s n = 6
Bi 5
Cho 6 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
E =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)

6
1 + 5
Chng minh.
Ta c:
E =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ +a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
E =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
+ a
1
a
5
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
+ a
2
a
6
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
+ a
3
a
1
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
+ a
5
a
3
)
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
1
+ a
6
a
2
+ a
6
a
3
+ a
6
a
4
)
E{[a
2
1
+(2a
1
a
2
+a
1
a
3
+a
1
a
4
+a
1
a
5
)] +[a
2
2
+(2a
2
a
3
+a
2
a
4
+a
2
a
5
+a
2
a
6
)] +[a
2
3
+
(2a
3
a
4
+a
3
a
5
+a
3
a
6
+a
3
a
1
)] + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+a
4
a
6
+a
4
a
1
+a
4
a
2
)] + [a
2
5
+(2a
5
a
6
+
a
5
a
1
+a
5
a
2
+a
5
a
3
)] +[a
2
6
+(2a
6
a
1
+a
6
a
2
+a
6
a
3
+a
6
a
4
)]} (a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+a
6
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 6 cp s)
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
) + 2(a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)]
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 45 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
+ (2 2)
5
12
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
E
1
1 +
5
12
(2 2)
=
12
12 + 5(2 2)
=
12
2 + 10
=
6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
Bi 5.1
Cho a
6
= 0 ta c:
E
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Bi 5.2
Cho a
6
= a
5
= 0 ta c:
E
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ 2a
4
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1

6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 5.3
Cho a
6
= a
5
= a
4
= 0 ta c:
E
3
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+ 1
6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
Bi 6
Cho 5 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
F =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ 2a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ 2a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
1
+ 2a
2
+ a
3
)

6
1 + 5
Chng minh.
Ta c:
F =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ 2a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ +2a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
1
+ 2a
2
+ a
3
)
F =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ 2a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ 2a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ 2a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ 2a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
1
)
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 46 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ 2a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
1
+ 2a
6
a
2
+ a
6
a
3
)
F{[a
2
1
+(2a
1
a
2
+ 2a
1
a
3
+a
1
a
4
)] + [a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ 2a
2
a
4
+a
2
a
5
)] + [a
2
3
+(2a
3
a
4
+
2a
3
a
5
+a
3
a
6
)] + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ 2a
4
a
6
+a
4
a
1
)] + [a
2
5
+(2a
5
a
6
+ 2a
5
a
1
+a
5
a
2
)] + [a
2
6
+
(2a
6
a
1
+ 2a
6
a
2
+ a
6
a
3
)]} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 6 cp s)
F
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
) + 2(a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)]
F
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)
F
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
+ (2 2)
5
12
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
F
1
1 +
5
12
(2 2)
=
12
12 + 5(2 2)
=
12
2 + 10
=
6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
Bi 6.1
Cho a
6
= 0 ta c:
F
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
)

6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Bi 6.2
Cho a
6
= a
5
= 0 ta c:
F
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ 2a
4
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1

6
1 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
2.1.5 Trng hp 7 s n = 7
Bi 7
Cho 7 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
M =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)

7
1 + 6
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 47 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Chng minh.
Ta c:
M =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ +a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
M =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
6
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
7
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ + a
3
a
1
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
6
+ + a
4
a
2
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ a
5
a
7
+ + a
5
a
3
)
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
7
+ a
6
a
1
+ + a
6
a
4
)
M{[a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ + a
1
a
6
)] + [a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ + a
2
a
7
)]
+ [a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ + a
3
a
1
)] + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
6
+ + a
4
a
2
)]
+ [a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ a
5
a
7
+ + a
5
a
3
)] + [a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
7
+ a
6
a
1
+ + a
6
a
4
)]
+ [a
2
7
+ (2a
7
a
1
+ a
7
a
2
+ + a
7
a
4
)} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 7 cp s)
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
+ a
2
7
) + 2(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)]
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
+ (2 2)
3
7
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
M
1
1 +
3
7
(2 2)
=
7
7 + 3(2 2)
=
7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
= a
7
Bi 7.1
Cho a
7
= 0 ta c:
M
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
Bi 7.2
Cho a
7
= a
6
= 0 ta c:
M
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
1
)
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 48 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Bi 7.3
Cho a
7
= a
6
= a
5
= 0 ta c:
M
3
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ a
1
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 8
Cho 7 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
L =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ 2a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
)
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ 2a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
7
+ 2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (2a
1
+ 2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)

7
1 + 6
Chng minh.
Ta c:
L =
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ 2a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ +2a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (2a
7
+ 2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (2a
1
+ 2a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
L =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ 2a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ 2a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
+ a
2
a
6
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ 2a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
+ a
3
a
7
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ 2a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
7
+ a
4
a
1
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ 2a
5
a
7
+ a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
7
+ 2a
6
a
1
+ a
6
a
2
+ a
6
a
3
)
+
a
2
7
a
2
7
+ (2a
7
a
1
+ 2a
7
a
2
+ a
7
a
3
+ a
7
a
4
)
L{[a
2
1
+ (2a
1
a
2
+ 2a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
+ a
1
a
5
)] + [a
2
2
+ (2a
2
a
3
+ 2a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
+ a
2
a
6
)]
+ [a
2
3
+ (2a
3
a
4
+ 2a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
+ a
3
a
7
)] + [a
2
4
+ (2a
4
a
5
+ 2a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
7
+ a
4
a
1
)]
+ [a
2
5
+ (2a
5
a
6
+ 2a
5
a
7
+ a
5
a
1
+ a
5
a
2
)] + [a
2
6
+ (2a
6
a
7
+ 2a
6
a
1
+ a
6
a
2
+ a
6
a
3
)]
+ [a
2
7
+ (2a
7
a
1
+ 2a
7
a
2
+ a
7
a
3
+ a
7
a
4
)]} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 7 cp s)
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 49 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
L
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
+ a
2
7
) + 2(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)]
L
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
+ (2 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)
L
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
+ (2 2)
3
7
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
L
1
1 +
3
7
(2 2)
=
7
7 + 3(2 2)
=
7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
= a
7
Bi 8.1
Cho a
7
= 0 ta c:
L
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ 2a
6
+ a
1
)
a
5
a
5
+ (2a
6
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
6
2a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
Bi 8.2
Cho a
7
= a
6
= 0 ta c:
L
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
+ a
5
)
a
3
a
3
+ (2a
4
+ 2a
5
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (2a
5
+ a
1
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Bi 8.3
Cho a
7
= a
6
= a
5
= 0 ta c:
L
3
=
a
1
a
1
+ (2a
2
+ 2a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (2a
3
+ 2a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ 2a
4
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1

7
1 + 6
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Bi 9
Cho 7 s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
v s thc > 2. Chng minh rng:
O =
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
6
+ a
7
+ a
1
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)

7
1 + 3
Chng minh.
Ta c:
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 50 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
O =
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
6
+ +a
7
+ a
1
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (a
7
+ a
1
+ a
2
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
O =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ (a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ (a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
)
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ (a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
)
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ (a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
7
)
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ (a
5
a
6
+ a
5
a
7
+ a
5
a
1
)
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ (a
6
a
7
+ a
6
a
1
+ a
6
a
2
)
+
a
2
7
a
2
7
+ (a
7
a
1
+ a
7
a
2
+ a
7
a
3
)
O{[a
2
1
+ (a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
)] + [a
2
2
+ (a
2
a
3
+ a
2
a
4
+ a
2
a
5
)]
+ [a
2
3
+ (a
3
a
4
+ a
3
a
5
+ a
3
a
6
)] + [a
2
4
+ (a
4
a
5
+ a
4
a
6
+ a
4
a
7
)]
+ [a
2
5
+ (a
5
a
6
+ a
5
a
7
+ a
5
a
1
)] + [a
2
6
+ (a
6
a
7
+ a
6
a
1
+ a
6
a
2
)]
+ [a
2
7
+ (a
7
a
1
+ a
7
a
2
+ a
7
a
3
)]} (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 7 cp s)
O
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
+ a
2
7
) + (a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)]
O
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)
O
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
+ ( 2)
3
7
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
O
1
1 +
3
7
( 2)
=
7
7 + 3( 2)
=
7
1 + 3
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
= a
7
Bi 9.1
Cho a
7
= 0 ta c:
O
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ (a
5
+ a
6
)
+
a
5
a
5
+ (a
6
+ a
1
)
+
a
6
a
6
+ (a
1
+ a
2
)

7
1 + 3
Bi 9.2
Cho a
7
= a
6
= 0 ta c:
O
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ (a
4
+ a
5
)
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
1
+
7
1 + 3
Bi 9.3
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 51 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Cho a
7
= a
6
= a
5
= 0 ta c:
O
3
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ a
4
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ 1
7
1 + 3
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
2.2 Trng hp tng qut
2.2.1 Mt s kin thc lin quan
Bt ng thc Cauchy i vi 2 s
Cho 2 s khng m a
1
, a
2
ta lun c a
1
a
2

a
2
1
+ a
2
2
2
Du bt ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi: a
1
= a
2
Bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki
Cho 2 dy s khng m a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
; b
1
, b
2
, , b
n
ta lun c
(a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ + a
n
b
n
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ + a
2
n
)(b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ + b
2
n
)
Du ca bt ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
a
1
b
1
=
a
2
b
2
= =
a
n
b
n
(Nu i sao
cho b
i
= 0 ch l mt cch k hiu hnh thc
Hng ng thc bnh phng
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
= a
2
1
+ + a
2
n
+ 2a
1
a
2
+ + 2a
n1
a
n
2.2.2 Nhn xt c bit
Cho n s khng m a
1
, , a
n
khi ta lun c nhng nh gi sau m vic
xy dng bt ng thc da trn nh gi ny.
Vi trng hp 3 s n = 3
t A = a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
2
a
3
v (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) ta c nh gi so snh sau:
A
2
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
2
+
a
2
1
+ a
2
3
2
+
a
2
2
+ a
2
3
2
)
Nhn xt 1: Ta nhn thy rng trong A cc s hng a
1
, a
2
, a
3
u c mt 3
ln, s cc phn t ca A l 3 =
3.2
2
. Trong nh gi A c gi nguyn cn v phi
chia cp ghp i tng ng c chia cho 2 bng s xut hin ca mi s a
1
, a
2
, a
3
trong A.
3A (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) + 2A
3A (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
A
1
3
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 53 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Vi trng hp 4 s n = 4
t B = a
1
a
2
+ + a
3
a
4
v (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
) ta c nh gi so snh sau:
B
3
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
3
+ +
a
2
3
+ a
2
4
3
)
Nhn xt 2: Ta nhn thy rng trong B cc s hng a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
u c mt
4 ln , s phn t ca B l 6 =
4.3
2
. Trong nh gi B c gi nguyn cn cc phn
t v phi chia cp ghp i tng ng c chia cho 3 bng s xut hin ca mi s
hng (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
) trong B.
8B 3(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
) + 6B
8B 3(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
B
3
8
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Vi trng hp 5 s n = 5
t C = a
1
a
2
+ + a
4
a
5
v (a
2
1
+ + a
2
5
) Ta c nh gi so snh sau:
C
4
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
4
+ +
a
2
4
+ a
2
5
4
)
Nhn xt 3: Ta nhn thy rng trong C cc phn t a
1
, , a
5
u c mt 4
ln , s cc phn t ca C l 10 =
5.4
2
. Trong nh gi th C c gi nguyn cn cc
phn t v phi chia ghp i tng ng c chia cho 4 bng s xut hin ca cc s
hng (a
1
, , a
5
) trong C.
5C 2(a
2
1
+ + a
2
5
) + 4C
5C 2(a
1
+ + a
5
)
2
C
2
5
(a
1
+ + a
5
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= = a
5
Vi trng hp 6 s n = 6
t D = a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
v (a
2
1
+ + a
2
6
) ta c nh gi so snh sau:
C
5
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
5
+ +
a
2
5
+ a
2
6
5
)
Nhn xt 4: Ta nhn thy rng trong D cc s hng a
1
, , a
6
u c mt 5
ln, s phn t ca D l 15 =
6.5
2
. Trong nh gi D c gi nguyn cn cc phn t
v phi chia cp ghp i tng ng c chia cho 5 bng s xut hin ca cc phn
t(a
1
, , a
6
) trong D.
2D 5(a
2
1
+ + a
2
6
)
12D 5(a
2
1
+ + a
2
6
) + 10D
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
D
5
12
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= = a
6
Vi trng hp 7 s n = 7
t E = a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
v (a
2
1
+ + a
2
7
) ta c nh gi so snh sau:
E
6
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
6
+
a
2
6
+ a
2
7
6
)
Nhn xt 5: Ta nhn thy rng trong E cc s hng a
1
, , a
7
u c mt 6
ln, s phn t ca E l 21 =
7.6
2
. Trong nh gi E c gi nguyn cn v phi cc
phn t ghp i c chia cho 6 bng s xut hin ca (a
1
, , a
7
) trong E.
E 3(a
2
1
+ + a
2
7
)
7E 3(a
2
1
+ + a
2
7
) + 6E
7E 3(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
E
3
7
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= = a
7
Vi trng hp n s hng
t F = a
1
a
2
+ + a
n1
a
n
v (a
2
1
+ + a
2
n
) ta c nh gi so snh sau:
F
n 1
2
(
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
n 1
+
a
2
n1
+ a
2
n
n 1
)
Nhn xt 6: Ta nhn thy rng trong F cc s hng a
1
, , a
n
u c mt
n 1 ln, s phn t ca F l
(n 1)n
2
= C
2
n
. Trong nh gi F c gi nguyn cn
v phi cc phn t ghp i c chia cho n 1 bng s xut hin ca (a
1
, , a
n
)
trong F.
F
n 1
2
(a
2
1
+ + a
2
n
)
2F (n 1)(a
2
1
+ + a
2
n
)
2F + 2(n 1)F (n 1)(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
F
n 1
2n
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= = a
n
2.2.3 Trng hp tng qut n s hng
Ta phn tch l ti sao li c th xy dng c bt ng thc phn thc nh
vy. Ta s i xy dng ma trn h s c n hng v n 2 ct nh sau :
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Trng hp n=3 s
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
2
a
3
a
3
a
4
_
_
_
_
_
Cc phn t a
1
a
2
, a
1
a
3
, a
2
a
3
ch xut hin trong 1 ct duy nht ca ma trn v
ch c 1 ln.
Trong trng hp ny ta ch xy dng c mt dng bt ng thc phn thc.
Trng hp n= 4 s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
3
a
4
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
1
a
4
a
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Nhn thy rng cc phn t
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 ln trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln trong chnh ct 2
Dng bi ton tng qut 4 ch s ny l:
Cho 4 ch s khng m a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, s thc > 2 v cc s thc r
13
, r
24
, r
31
, r
42
tha mn: =
_

_
r
13
+ r
31
Tng a
1
a
3
r
24
+ r
42
Tng a
2
a
4
th
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1
+ r
42
a
2

8
2 + 3
Chng minh
Ta c:
B =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
1
+ r
42
a
2
B =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ r
13
a
1
a
3
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ r
24
a
2
a
4
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ a
3
a
4
+ r
31
a
3
a
1
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ a
4
a
1
+ r
42
a
4
a
2
B[(a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ r
13
a
1
a
3
) + (a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ r
24
a
2
a
4
)
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
+(a
2
3
+ a
3
a
4
+ r
31
a
3
a
1
) + (a
2
4
+ a
4
a
1
+ r
42
a
4
a
2
)] (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki i vi 4 cp s)
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
) + + (a
2
4
+ a
4
a
1
+ a
4
a
2
)
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
3
a
4
)
B
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
+ ( 2)
3
8
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
)
2
B
1
1 +
3
8
(2 2)
=
8
8 + 3( 2)
=
8
2 + 3
Du = xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
Trong bi ton tng qut ny ta chn cc iu kin: r
13
= r
24
= r
31
= r
42
=
cn = 2 ta c Bi 2
Trong trng hp n=5 s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
3
a
4
a
3
a
5
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
5
a
4
a
1
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
1
a
5
a
2
a
5
a
3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Nhn thy rng cc phn t:
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct 2 v mt ln trong ct 3
hay ct 2 v ct 3 l ging nhau.
Dng bi ton tng qut ca trng hp 5 s ny l:
Cho 5 s khng ma
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, s thc > 2 v cc s thc r
13
, r
14
, r
24
, r
25
, r
35
,
r
31
, r
41
, r
42
, r
52
, r
53
tha mn h thc:
=
_

_
r
13
+ r
31
(Tng a
1
a
3
) = r
14
+ r
41
(Tng a
1
a
4
)
r
24
+ r
42
(Tng a
2
a
4
) = r
25
+ r
52
(Tng a
2
a
5
)
r
35
+ r
53
(Tng a
3
a
5
)
th
C =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+ r
14
a
4
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+ r
25
a
5
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ +r
35
a
5
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+ r
41
a
1
+ r
42
a
2
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
1
+ r
52
a
2
+ r
53
a
3

5
1 + 2
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Chng minh.
Ta c:
C =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+ r
14
a
4
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+ r
25
a
5
)
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
35
a
5
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+ r
41
a
1
+ r
42
a
2
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
1
+ r
52
a
2
+ r
53
a
3
C =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ r
13
a
1
a
3
+ r
14
a
1
a
4
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ r
24
a
2
a
4
+ r
25
a
2
a
5
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ a
3
a
4
+ r
35
a
3
a
5
+ r
31
a
3
a
1
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ a
4
a
5
+ r
41
a
4
a
1
+ r
42
a
4
a
2
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ a
5
a
1
+ r
52
a
5
a
2
+ r
53
a
5
a
3
C[(a
2
1
+a
1
a
2
+r
13
a
1
a
3
+r
14
a
1
a
4
) +(a
2
2
+a
2
a
3
+r
24
a
2
a
4
+r
25
a
2
a
5
) +(a
2
3
+a
3
a
4
+
r
3
r
35
a
3
a
5
+r
31
a
3
a
1
)+(a
2
4
+a
4
a
5
+r
41
a
4
a
1
+r
42
a
4
a
2
)+(a
2
5
+a
5
a
1
+r
52
a
5
a
2
+r
53
a
5
a
3
)]
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 5 cp s)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ a
1
a
3
+ a
1
a
4
) + + (a
2
5
+ a
5
a
1
+ r
5
a
5
a
2
+ s
5
a
5
a
3
)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
4
a
5
)
C
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
+ ( 2)
2
5
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
)
2
C
1
1 +
2
5
( 2)
=
5
5 + 2( 2)
=
5
1 + 2
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
Trong bi ton ny nu ta chn cc iu kin:
Nu r
13
= r
31
= r
24
= r
42
= r
35
= r
53
= r
41
= r
14
= cn = 2 ta s c
Bi 3
Nu r
13
= r
24
= r
35
= r
41
= r
52
= ; r
31
= r
42
= r
53
= r
41
= r
52
= 0 cn =
ta s c Bi 4
Trng hp n= 6 s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
1
a
5
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
2
a
6
a
3
a
4
a
3
a
5
a
3
a
6
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
5
a
4
a
6
a
4
a
1
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
6
a
5
a
1
a
5
a
2
a
5
a
3
a
6
a
1
a
6
a
2
a
6
a
3
a
6
a
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 58 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Nhn thy rng cc phn t:
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 ln trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong 2 v mt ln trong 4 hay ct
2 v ct 4 l ging nhau.
Ct 3 th mi phn t xut hin 2 ln.
Trong trng hp 6 s ny ta xy dng bi ton tng qut l:
Cho 6 s khng ma
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
s thc > 2 v cc s thc r
13
, r
14
, r
15
, r
24
, r
25
,
r
26
, r
35
, r
36
, r
31
, r
46
, r
41
, r
42
, r
51
, r
52
, r
53
, r
62
, r
63
, r
64
tha mn:
=
_

_
r
13
+ r
31
(Tng a
1
a
3
) = r
14
+ r
41
(Tng a
1
a
4
) = r
51
+ r
15
(Tng a
1
a
5
)
r
24
+ r
42
(Tng a
2
a
4
) = r
62
+ r
26
(Tng a
2
a
6
) = r
25
+ r
52
(Tng a
2
a
5
)
r
35
+ r
53
(Tng a
3
a
5
) = r
46
+ r
64
(Tng a
4
a
6
) = r
36
+ r
63
(Tng a
3
a
6
)
th:
E =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+ r
14
a
4
+ r
15
a
5
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+ r
25
a
5
+ r
26
a
6
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
35
a
5
+ r
36
a
6
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+ r
46
a
6
+ r
41
a
1
+ r
42
a
2
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
6
+ r
51
a
1
+ r
52
a
2
+ r
53
a
3
+
a
6
a
6
+ a
1
+ r
62
a
2
+ r
63
a
3
+ r
64
a
4

12
2 + 5
Chng minh.
Ta c:
E =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+ r
14
a
4
+ r
15
a
5
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+ r
25
a
5
+ r
26
a
6
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
35
a
5
+ r
36
a
6
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+ r
46
a
6
+ r
41
a
1
+ r
42
a
2
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
6
+ +r
51
a
1
+ r
52
a
2
+ r
53
a
3
+
a
6
a
6
+ a
1
+ r
62
a
2
+ r
63
a
3
+ r
64
a
4
)
E =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+ r
13
a
1
a
3
+ r
14
a
1
a
4
+ r
15
a
1
a
5
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+ r
24
a
2
a
4
+ r
25
a
2
a
5
+ r
26
a
2
a
6
+
a
2
3
a
2
3
+ a
3
a
4
+ r
35
a
3
a
5
+ r
36
a
3
a
6
+ r
31
a
3
a
1
+
a
2
4
a
2
4
+ a
4
a
5
+ r
46
a
4
a
6
+ r
41
a
4
a
1
+ r
42
a
4
a
2
+
a
2
5
a
2
5
+ a
5
a
6
+ r
51
a
5
a
1
+ r
52
a
5
a
2
+ r
53
a
5
a
3
+
a
2
6
a
2
6
+ a
6
a
1
+ r
62
a
6
a
2
+ r
63
a
6
a
3
+ r
64
a
6
a
4
E[(a
2
1
+a
1
a
2
+r
13
a
1
a
3
+r
14
a
1
a
4
+r
15
a
1
a
5
)+(a
2
2
+a
2
a
3
+r
24
a
2
a
4
+r
25
a
2
a
5
+r
26
a
2
a
6
)+
(a
2
3
+a
3
a
4
+r
35
a
3
a
5
+r
36
a
3
a
6
+r
31
a
3
a
1
) +(a
2
4
+a
4
a
5
+r
46
a
4
a
6
+r
41
a
4
a
1
+r
42
a
4
a
2
) +
(a
2
5
+r
56
a
5
a
6
+r
51
a
5
a
1
+r
52
a
5
a
2
+r
53
a
5
a
3
)+(a
2
6
+a
6
a
1
+r
62
a
6
a
2
+r
63
a
6
a
3
+r
64
a
6
a
4
)]
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi 6 cp s)
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
) + (a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)]
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 59 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
5
a
6
)
E
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
+ ( 2)
5
12
(a
1
+ + a
6
)
2
E
1
1 +
5
12
(2 2)
=
12
12 + 5( 2)
=
12
2 + 5
=
12
2 + 5
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
Trong bi ton ny nu ta chn cc iu kin:
Nu r
13
= r
14
= r
15
= r
24
= r
25
= r
26
= r
35
= r
36
= r
31
= r
46
= r
41
= r
41
=
r
51
= r
52
= r
53
= r
62
= r
63
= r
64
= v = 2 th ta c Bi 5
Nu r
15
= r
26
= r
31
= r
42
= r
53
= r
64
= 0; r
14
= r
25
= r
36
= r
41
= r
52
= r
63
=
v r
13
= r
24
= r
35
= r
46
= r
51
= r
62
= 2 th ta c Bi 6
Trng hp n= 7 s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
1
a
5
a
1
a
6
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
2
a
6
a
2
a
7
a
3
a
4
a
3
a
5
a
3
a
6
a
3
a
7
a
3
a
1
a
4
a
5
a
4
a
6
a
4
a
7
a
4
a
1
a
4
a
2
a
5
a
6
a
5
a
7
a
5
a
1
a
5
a
2
a
5
a
3
a
6
a
7
a
6
a
1
a
6
a
2
a
6
a
3
a
6
a
4
a
7
a
1
a
7
a
2
a
7
a
3
a
7
a
4
a
7
a
5
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Nhn thy rng cc phn t:
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 ln trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct 2 v mt ln trong ct 5
hay l ct 2 v ct 5 l ging nhau nhau.
Ct 3 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct 3 v mt ln trong ct 4
hay hai ct 3 v ct 4 l ging nhau.
Trong trng hp ny ta xy dng bi ton tng qut vi 7 s nh sau:
Cho 7 s khng ma
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
, a
7
s thc > 2 v s thc r
13
, r
14
, r
15
, r
16
, r
24
,
r
25
, r
26
, r
27
, r
35
, r
36
, r
37
, r
31
, r
46
, r
47
, r
41
, r
42
, r
57
, r
51
, r
52
, r
53
, r
61
, r
62
, t
63
, r
64
, r
72
, r
73
, r
74
, r
75
tha mn:
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 60 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
=
_

_
r
13
+ r
31
(Tng a
1
a
3
) = r
14
+ r
41
(Tng a
1
a
4
) = r
15
+ r
51
(Tng a
1
a
5
)
r
16
+ r
61
(Tng a
1
a
6
) = r
24
+ r
42
(Tng a
2
a
4
) = r
25
+ r
52
(Tng a
2
a
5
)
r
26
+ r
62
(Tng a
2
a
6
) = r
27
+ r
72
(Tng a
2
a
7
) = r
35
+ r
53
(Tng a
3
a
5
)
r
36
+ r
63
(Tng a
3
a
6
) = r
37
+ r
73
(Tng a
3
a
7
) = r
46
+ r
64
(Tng a
4
a
6
)
r
47
+ r
74
(Tng a
4
a
7
) = r
57
+ r
75
(Tng a
5
a
7
)
th
M =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+ r
13
a
3
+ r
14
a
4
+ r
15
a
5
+ r
16
a
6
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+ r
24
a
4
+ r
25
a
5
+ r
26
a
6
+ r
27
a
7
+
a
3
a
3
+ a
4
+ r
35
a
5
+ r
36
a
6
+ r
37
a
7
+ r
31
a
1
+
a
4
a
4
+ a
5
+ r
46
a
6
+ r
47
a
7
+ r
41
a
1
+ r
42
a
2
+
a
5
a
5
+ a
6
+ +r
57
a
7
+ r
51
a
1
+ r
52
a
2
+ r
53
a
3
+
a
6
a
6
+ a
7
+ r
61
a
1
+ r
62
a
2
+ r
63
a
3
+ r
64
a
4
)
+
a
7
a
7
+ a
1
+ r
72
a
2
+ r
73
a
3
+ r
74
a
4
+ r
75
a
5

7
1 + 6
Chng minh.
Ta c:
Tng t cch chng minh trn ta c:
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ a
2
4
+ a
2
5
+ a
2
6
+ a
2
7
) + (a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)]
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
6
a
7
)
M
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
+ a
5
+ a
6
+ a
7
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
+ ( 2)
3
7
(a
1
+ + a
7
)
2
M
1
1 +
3
7
( 2)
=
7
7 + 3( 2)
=
7
1 + 3
Du bng xy ra khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
= a
4
= a
5
= a
6
= a
7
Trong bi ton tng qut vi 7 s ny ta chn cc iu kin c th:
Nu ly cc r
ij
= v = 2 ta c Bi 7
Nu ly r
16
= r
27
= r
31
= r
42
= r
53
= r
64
= r
75
= 0; r
13
= r
24
= r
35
= r
46
=
r
57
= r
61
= r
72
= 2 v cn lai r
ij
= th ta c Bi 8
Nu ly r
15
= r
26
= r
37
= r
41
= r
52
= r
63
= r
74
= r
16
= r
27
= r
31
= r
42
= r
53
=
r
64
= r
75
= 0 v cn li r
ij
= th ta c Bi 9
Trng hp tng qut
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 61 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Ta xy dng ma trn h s c n.(n 2)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
n1
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
n
a
1
a
n
a
2
a
n
a
n2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Trong trng hp ny ta s dng c bi ton tng qut sau y:
Cho n s khng m a
i
, i = 1, n (n 3); s thc > 2 v r
ij
i, j = 1, n tha mn
r
ij
+ r
ji
= th
P =
a
1
a
1
+ a
2
+
n1

i=3
r
1i
a
i
+
a
2
a
2
+ a
3
+
n

i=4
r
2i
a
i
+ +
a
n
a
n
+ a
1
+
n2

i=2
r
n
a
i

2n
2 + (n 1)
Chng minh
C th vit li biu thc ca P nh sau:
P =
a
2
1
a
2
1
+ a
1
a
2
+
n1

i=3
r
1i
a
1
a
i
+
a
2
2
a
2
2
+ a
2
a
3
+
n

i=4
r
2i
a
2
a
i
+ +
a
2
n
a
2
n
+ a
n
a
1
+
n2

i=2
r
ni
a
2
a
i
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki vi n cp s ta c:
P
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
+ ( 2)(a
1
a
2
+ + a
n1
a
n
)
2
P
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
+ ( 2)
n1
2n
(a
1
+ + a
n
)
2
P
1
1 + ( 2)
n1
2n
=
2n
2 + (n 1)
Vy bi ton tng qut c chng minh.
Ta chia n thnh 2 trng hp, ng vi n chn v l.
Vi trng hp chn n = 2m th ta c:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
m+1
a
1
a
2m1
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
m+2
a
2
a
2m

a
2m
a
1
a
2m
a
2
a
2m
a
m
a
2m
a
2m2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 62 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
www.VNMATH.com
Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Nhn thy rng cc phn t:
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 ln trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct 2 v mt ln trong ct
2m1 hay l ct 2 v ct 2m1 l ging nhau.

Ct i th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct i v mt ln trong ct
2mi hay l ct i v ct 2mi l ging nhau.

Duy nht ct th m l cc phn t trong ct xut hin 2 ln trong chnh ct m.
Vic xy dng bt ng thc xoay vng da trn c s nh gi s c mt y
ca a
1
a
2
, , a
n1
a
n
khi cng tng mu ca tt c cc phn thc bt ng thc
sao cho chng c cng t l.
Ta ch ra mt trng hp c bit ca bi ton tng qut vi n = 2m bng cch
ly r
ij
= 0 nu n nm bn phi ct th m trong ma trn; r
ij
=

2
nu n nm trn
ct th m ca ma trn v r
ij
= ti cc v tr cn li bn tri ct th m
Cho n = 2m s khng m a
i
, i = 1, n, n 3 v > 2
P
1
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ + a
m
+
1
2
a
m+1
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ + a
m+1
+
1
2
a
m+2
)
+ +
+
a
n
a
n
+ (a
1
+ + a
m1
+
1
2
a
m
)

2n
2 + (n 1)
Vi trng hp l n = 2m + 1 th ta c:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
3
a
1
a
m+1
a
1
a
m+2
a
1
a
2m
a
2
a
3
a
2
a
4
a
2
a
m+1
a
2
a
m+2
a
2
a
2m+1

a
2m+1
a
1
a
2m+1
a
2
a
2m+1
a
m+1
a
2m+1
a
m+2
a
2m+1
a
2m1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Nhn thy rng cc phn t:
Ct 1 xut hin duy nht 1 ln trong chnh ct 1
Ct 2 th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct 2 v mt ln trong ct
2m1 hay l ct 2 v ct 2m1 l ging nhau.

Ct i th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct i v mt ln trong ct
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 63 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
2mi + 1 hay l ct i v ct 2mi + 1 l ging nhau.

Ct m th cc phn t xut hin 2 ln: mt ln trong ct m v mt ln trong ct
m + 1 hay l ct m v ct m + 1 l ging nhau.
Bng phng php xy dng trn ta ch ra mt trng hp n gin. Bng cch
chn cc r
ij
= 0 t hng th m + 1 sang phi; cn li r
ij
= th
Cho n = 2m + 1 s khng m a
i
, i = 1, n, n 3 v > 2 th:
P
2
=
a
1
a
1
+ (a
2
+ + a
m+1
)
+
a
2
a
2
+ (a
3
+ + a
m+2
)
+ +
+
a
n
a
n
+ (a
1
+ + a
m
)

2n
2 + (n 1)
Tm li xy dng mt bi ton cng loi cn phi nh gi s c
mt ng thi cng t l ca cc a
1
a
2
, , a
n1
a
n
di mu s ca bt ng
thc. Bng phng php nh gi ny ta c th xy dng v s cc bi ton
cng loi, v xy dng c nhiu dng bt ng thc khc.
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 64 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Kt lun
Tm li qua kha lun ny em xy dng c mt dng bi ton bt ng
thc xoay vng, gii quyt trn vn c bi ton tng qut. t c s cho vic xy
dng cc dng bi ton loi ny, c th l:
1. Xy dng dng tng qut ca trng hp bt ng thc xoay vng cc trng
hp c bit vi n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
+ T bi ton tng qut vi trng hp c th ny ta c th to ra v s cc bi ton.
+ Bng phng php quy np xy dng c dng tng qut vi n s hng.
2. Trong bi ton tng qut em a ra c dng tng qut ca bt ng thc
xoay vng. Xt bi ton tng qut trng hp c bit:
+ n chn n = 2m(m N)
+ n l n = 2m + 1 (m N)
- Cng t bi ton tng qut vi n s ny ta c th suy ra c dng tng qut ca
cc bi ton trng hp c bit cn li, l c s xy dng v s cc bi ton
cng loi. C s phn tch xy dng nhiu bi ton khc.
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 65 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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Kha lun tt nghip ton s cp S Phm Ton 48
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn V Lng
Xy dng bt ng thc mt bin nh bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v
nhn v p dng. Hi ngh khoa hc "Cc chuyn chn lc trong h THPT
chuyn." (H Ni 2005)
2. Nguyn V Lng, Phm Vn Hng, Nguyn Ngc Thng
Cc bi ging v bt ng thc Csi. (2005)
3. Nguyn V Lng, Phm Vn Hng, Nguyn Ngc Thng
H phng trnh v phng trnh cha cn thc. (2005)
4. Nguyn V Lng, Phm Vn Hng, Nguyn Ngc Thng
Cc bi ging v phng trnh lng gic. (2005)
5. Nguyn Vn Mu
Bt ng thc nh l v p dng (2006).
6. Phm Vn Hng
Mt cch chng minh bt ng thc dng phn thc. Hi ngh khoa hc "Cc
chuyn chn lc trong h THPT chuyn." (H Ni 2005)
7. Andreescu. T. and. Feng. Z (2000)
Mathermatical Olympiads: Problems and Solusions from Around the World,
Mathermatical Association of Americal, Washington. DC.
8. J. Michael steele (2004)
The Cauchy- Schwarz master class, Mathermatical association of the Americal,
Cambridge University press.
9. D. S. Mitrinovic, J. E. Pecaric and A. M. Fink
Classical and New inequalities in Analysis. Kluwer acadmic publishers.
10. C. H. Hardy, J. E Littlewood, G. Polya (1952)
Inequalities. Cambridge University press.
GV hng dn: TS Nguyn V Lng 66 Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Cng
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