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fm<.eiau
f,dal wdl wnqoh - l j,df fLdjla@
ixjOkh iy wdlh
;sridr ixjOkh - iqiuoYfha fjkila
y; wdlh
y; wdlhl jeo.;a fCIa;%hka
l-Uqre hq.j,ska y; hq.hlg

01
05
09
13
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21

f,d

j uqyqKfok wdl wnqoh fmr mqfrdal:khkag jvd nrm;, tlla nj oeka ish,a,kagu
jegyS we;' oeka ish fokd tl jkafka th fojeks hqfrdamd ^f,dal& ix.%duhg fmr mej;s wdl
wnqohg;a jvd nrm;, tlla njhs' tlS ix.%duhg yd ix.%dufhka miq hqfrdamh yd kef.kysr wdishdj
f.dvke.Sug ls%hdl< udI,a yd udla wd; ie,iqj,g;a jvd fuh ho wl ie,iqula njhs'
we;e .Kka ne,Sj,g wkqj th fvd, %,shk 4 isg 8 olajd jQ w.hla ^Barry Ritholte Bailout Nation&
jk w;r" ;j;a .Kka ne,Sj,g wkqj th thg;a jvd Yd, w.hla ^%,shk 15la& .kS' uq f,dalfhau
jdIsl o< cd;sl ksIamd;h fvd, %,shk 45la muK njo ^2005& wm f;are.;a g wnqofha ;ru
meye,s f'
f,dalh f uqo, imhd .ekSug iu;afo@ f uQ,H yd wdl wnqoh mshux lr .=ld,Sk
wdl iuDoahla ,nd .ekSug f,dalhg yelsfo@ ke;sk fulS wdl wnqoh 1930 .Kkaj, fuka
foaYmd,k yd iudc wnqohla njg m;afo@ f,dalfha Okj;a yd n,j;a rdcH ms<sn| is;shu f
wnqofhka miq fjkia wdldrhla .kSo@ wd m%Yak oeka mekke.S we;'
f,dal wdl wnqofha ne ne,aug fmfkk fya;= lSmhla mj;S' tlla k wkd.;fha f.ug
is;d ;ukag bmehSug yels m%udKhg jvd fndfyda m%udKhla Khjr u; mfNdackh lsug mqoa.,hskq;a
cd;Skq;a fm<euh' b;ska flkl fyda wkd.;hg l,aoud we;s Khjr f.ug khla Wodf' th
islsug Yla;sh ke;sjQ ;ek isjkafka lvdjeuh' fojkqj wl ,dN n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka blauka
uqo,a ,efnk wdfhdack i|yd uQ,H iud. iska ;ekam;alrejkao" ;u fiajlhskao" mdfNda.slhskao
fm<Uuhs' t;r wl fmd,S wkqmd; h:djdj mj;ajd.; fkdfykdg ;ekam;alrejkag fmd,S
fkd,ef' tg Tjqyq tlg ;u ;ekam;a b,a,d is;s' th f.ug uQ,H iud.j,g fkdyels f' tg
uQ,H moaO;shu |jef' fojkqj fj<|fmd, l%uh jhkafka fN!;sl jia;= u; muKla fkdj wdfhdacl
mdfNda.sl Yajdih u;h' ;u uqo,a iqrCIs; fkdjk njg udkisl ;;ajhla we;sjQ g lsisfjla ;u
uqo,a fj<|m,g tla fkdlr;s' wdfhdackh lr we;s uqo,ao wdmiq .ks;s' w;HjYH fkdjk NdKav yd
fiajd i|yd uqo,a ho fkdlr;s' tl me;a;lska fkdlsfKk nvq f.dv.efia' wfkla me;af;ka uqo,a
f.dv.efia' ludka; yd fiajd wnqohg hhs' /lshdj we;sf' isjkqj |jefgk we;e iud.j,
j.lS yd j;al j, iajrEmh i,ld ne l, tajd .,jd .ekSug ;r we;e rgj, cd;sl wdlhka
Yla;su;a ke;' we;e wdh;k .,jd .ekSug cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;ko iu;a fkdf' fuh we;e
rgj, cd;sl wdlhka nxfldf,d;a ugo f,dal uQ,H fj<|m, lvd jeugo fhduqlrjk ;;ajhls'
01

miajekak k f.da,ShlrKfha mj;sk Y%u jkdlf Iu;djhkah' WodyrKhla f,i ngysr f,dalfha
;kkd NdKavhla thska lSm .=Khla wvq Y%u-im;a msjehlska f,dalfha ;j;a ;ekl ksmof'
f.da,ShlrKh hgf;a f ,dN nvq iEu fj<|m,lgu we;=f' tg Okj;a rgj, ludka; wnqohg
hhs' fuh ludka; w;f muKla fkdj oHd;aul yd fjk;a fiajdj,o oel.; yels ;;ajhls' f
ksid Okj;a rgj, /lshd hqla;sh we;sjk w;r f.da,ShlrKhg tfrysj wdrlaIK mshjrhkag hEug
isf' th f.da,ShlrKfha fukau f,dal jHdma; ksoyia fj<|fmdf<ao wjidkhhs'
f yer ;j;a u;=msg isu /ila oel.; yelsh' tfy;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka ta u;=msg
ls%hdldrl ykd.ekSu muKla fkdf' tajd yd neKq mok ls%hdoduhkays ;;ajh ykd .ekSuhs'
f,dalfha wdlh ;, ;=kl ls%hd;aul f' tlla k uQ,H ;,hhs' uqo,a ksrEmKh lrkafka
ta jkg ksIamdokh we;s NdKav yd fiajdj, ixirKhhs' ta wkqj ksid oekgu;a ksudKh lr we;s
NdKav yd fiajdjkao fjk;a iajdNdl fkdjk ^ixialD;sluh& jHqyhkao wdlhl B< ;,hhs'
;=kajk yd uQ,sl ;,h jkafka mdil ;,hhs' f ;, ;=k tal flakaSh f.da,hka ;=kla wkqms<sfj,ska
mdil - wdl - uqo,a f,i ie<lsh yel' uQ,H wnqohla hkq uqo,a l<ukdlrKfha .egjls' iEu
uQ,H wnqohlau wdl wnqohla jkafka ke;' wdl wnqohla hkq NdKav yd fiajd ksmof;a
oekgu;a f.dvk.df.k we;s ks; jHqyhka mj;ajd .ekSf;a fkdyelshdjls' th uQ,H fj<|fmd,
l<ukdlrKfhkau ih fkdyelalls'
l,ska ^2008 wf.daia;=& mqfrdal:kh flrefKa f,df uQ,H wnqohla we;s we;ehs lshdh' th
.,jd .ekSf iyk meflachka ud.fhka frd.; yels njo lshks' kuq;a oeka ^2009& fmkS hkafka
th uQ,H wnqohla muKla fkdj wdl wnqohlao njhs'
NdKav yd fiajd fkdjk jeo.;au uQ,sl ;,h mdil ;,hhs' NdKav yd fiajd ksmojkafka
mirfhka ,nd.kakd im;a j,sks' tajd fmr,d mfNdackfhka miq Wrd .kafkao mirhhs' NdKav yd
fiajd ys wdl wnqohla we;sjQg ksiqka iqmqre f,i lrkafka mirfhka je jefhka ,nd.ekSuhs'
tu.ska wdl yd uQ,H wnqoh mshux lsuhs' NdKav jefhka ksmou" i,a,s jefhka wpq .eiSu tajd
ksis m l<ukdlrKh wdfhka wdl wnqoj,ska f.dv wd yel' kuq;a je jefhka tl .g
iemhSug f,dal mirh wiu;a k" mfNdackfha w;=reM, ;jrg;a ord.; fkdyels ;ekg f,dal
mirh m;a we;ak mir moaO;sfha wnqohla we;sf' wdodhug jefhka ho lsfuka wl fmd,S
fidhd wdfhdackhka mqoa.,hska" uQ,H iud. wnqohg hk f,ig mirho wnqohg ,laf' mdil
wnqo iajrEmh k wdl wnqohla fuka th wdmiq yerug we;s wmyiq;djhhs' we;e mir moaO;s
lvdje iukh lr m%;sia:dmkh lsug ksidg lsisfia;a yelshdjla ke;' fidaka hfka isr msy
lsu fyda iyrd ldka;drh h<s jkdka;rhla lsu fyda l< fkdyels ls%hdjka fj;s'

02

oeka m%Yakh we;af;a j;auka wnqoh mir wnqohla ;r r hdo@ f,dalfha Khjr ysh
mshjd .ekSu i|yd mirfhka ;j;j;a jefhka im;a iQrd .ekSu mirhg ord.; yelsfo@
iodld,sl mir |jeulg th ;=vqfoao@ hkakh'
mdil |jeula hkq ixjOkfha |jeuls' th wjidk jYfhka YsIagdpdrfha |jeuls'
mqrdK f,dalfha fuka oeka YsIagdpdrhla tfia ;ekl |jefgkg ;j;a ;eklg m,d hd fkdyel'
f.da,ShlrKh ksid f,dj tlg fj,S we;' tlaflda wms ixjOk rduqj fjkialr .; hq;=h' ke;ak
m,dhEug fjk;a .%yf,djla fidhd.; hq;=h'

03

fnd

fyda fofkla ixjOkh yd wdlh iudk wre;ska fhdo;s' ixjOkh hkq wdl
jOkh f,iu .ks;s' we;euqka ixjOkh f,i fi!LHh" wOHdmkh" .Slf ugu wd ish,a, o
iudchSh ;Dma;sho i,l;s' ;dlaIKh" oekqu wdfha ix;;djho i,ld foaYmd,k l%uh" ksia
ksoyi" idys;Hh l,dj yd fjk;a ksudK .eko i,ld iudc ixjOkhla .eko woyia m,lr;s'
fmdf .;al< ixjOkh hkq ljrl fyda fkdkj;ajd isjk jeuhs' th wdl-iudchSh fyda
fjk;a jOkhla h yel'
fuys ixjOkfha fjk;a wre;aula .eko fidhd nef,a' tk ixjOkh mirh iu. olajk
wka; inkaOh mok lrf.k iqiuoYhla fyj;a jkdl moaO;shla fyda f,dal oelaula f,ihs'
iqiuoYhla hkq Wml,amk jkdl yd uQ,Ou u; f.dvkef.k me;sr .sh f,dal oelaula
iys; moaO;shls' tla iqiuoYhla ;=< fjk fjkia ud,s /ila mej;sh yelaflah' udkj j.hdf.a wm
okakd w;S;h f,i ye n,kd l< fjk fjkia ixjOk iqiuoY ;=kla wmg yuqf'
01'

f.da,Sh jYfhkao" l,dmSh fyda ia:dkSh f,i o mir moaO;sj, mj;sk iu;=,s;;djhka fjkia
lsug W;aidy fkdl< mirhg hgy;aj meje;s ixjOkh - th mQj hq.j, meje;s mir
jka o kS h ixjOk iq i uoYh f,i ykaj' tys moku jQfha ixialD;sl f,i mirhg
hgy;aj jdih lsuhs'

02'

f.da,Sh jYfhka mir moaO;sfha iu;=,s; Ndjhg ndOd fkdl< o ia:dkSh yd l,dmSh jYfhka
mir moaO;sj, iu;=,s;;djh fjkia l< ixjOk iqiuoYh - fuh mir ys;ld ixjOk
iqiuoYh f,i ykaj' wdl" ;dlaIKsl" ixialD;suh" iudc ud,s iuia:hla f,i" mir
ys;ld f,i meje;sks' we;sjQ kd.l ixjOkh mjd ord.; yel ugul meje;sks'

03'

f.da,Sh jYfhkao" l,dmSh yd ia:dkSh jYfhkao mdil iu;=,s;djh fjkial< ixjOk

iqiuoYh - fuh mir wdl%uKld ixjOk iqiuoYh fkdfyd;a fmdis, bkaOk u;
mok jQ kQ;kjd ixjOk iqiuoYh f' fuys moku jQfha ksia oekqu yd ;dlaIKfha
jOkh u.ska wm;j wdl jOkhka l< yels njhs' Okjd" fldhqksiajd wd iudc
ud,s .Kkdjlao ;rldj mej;=kq kuq;a wjidkfha ^1989ka miq& fj<|fmd, mok lr.;a
iudc ud,shg ^rdcH uey;au we;=j fyda ke;=j& uQ,sl iudc ud,sh ug yelsh'
05

oeka wms l,af.jkafka f ;=kajeks tk kQ;kjd ixjOk iqiuoYh iu.hs' wd.l" cd;sl"
ixialD;sl woyiauh O iudc ud,s rg rgj, meje;=k o uQ,sl iudc ud,sh njg fj<|fmd, l%uh
m;a we;' tys rcfha uey;af m%udKh .ek ta ta hq.j, jdo jdo isf' mj;sk wdl wnqoh
ksid rdcH uey;au w;HjYH we;' ksoyia fj<|fmd, l%uh fjkqjg rdcH iska m%uqL;d yiqrejk
fj<|fmd,la ksudKh we;'
.egj jkafka f kQ;k ixjOk iqiuoYh ;j;a f.khd yelso hkakh' 1968 frdau iuqj
kQ;k f,dalhg f;are.; yels niska lshd kafka im;a ysh yd mir IKh ksid kQ;k ixjOk
iqiuoYh l,amj;sk tlla - ;sridr - OrKSh tlla fkdjkd njh'
f,dalfha bv" c,h" jdhqj" bkaOk" Lksc wd ish oE iSud iys;h' wfkla w;ska ksIamdokh
yd mfNdackh jOkh lr.ekSug hEu ksid bvj, ireidr;dj ySk f' fidaodmdj yd ldka;drlrKh
isf' c,h ys f' ys c,h o IKh f' jdhq ia:r fukau jdhqj o IKh f' fmdis, bkaOk
wm;j ke;' Lksc jH ish,a,u mdfya b ishji ;=< yshlg ,laf' im;a yslu jvd;a je
mir IKhg fmdf<dUjkafka IHldrl je jefhka ys im;aj, ixflakah fuks' fmr<d
IKh jkakg" jkakg im;a ysh W.%f' oekgu;a f,dalfha Nd; lrkd im;a m%udKfha YS>%;dj
th kej; m%;sIaGdmkh f YS>%;djhg jvd 25]lska jeh' mir Khjr;djh Wm; ,nd jOkh
fjka we;' th o lvd jeug ksh;h' mir Kh we;s jkafka 1976 isgh' mdil Pdhdj tk
ksidf.a b,aug wjYH mir im;a m%udKh" j Od;dj tk mirhg we;a;gu iemhsh yels
m%udKh blaujkafka tod isgh" jir 2007 tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a wjYH;d i|yd wjYH mdil Pdhdj
f.da,Sh fylaghdr 2'23la jkg mirhg iemhsh yels m%udKh f.da,Sh fylaghdr 1'78la h' tk iEu
mqoa.,fhl=u mdil Khjr;djhlska isfhah' B't*a' Iqudl fmkakd kafka im;a ysfhka o
nrm;,u m%Yakh we;af;a n,Yla;sfha njh' f;,a" .,a w=re" .Eia im;a blauKska is hka mj;S'
f;,a tys Wmu ksIamd; Od;djhg ,x we;' th 2050 jkg bkaOkhla jkafka ke;' .,a w=re
;j;a ishjila mj;skq we;' jir ,laI .Kkl ksia YsIagdpdrh foi n,kd g f;,a Nd; jQ ishjia
fol wiqre ieKhls'
wfkla w;ska mir IKfha o nrm;,u m%Yakh we;af;a ;dm IKfhah' f.da,Sh WKqiqu by<
hEug 70]lska odhl we;af;a fmdis, bkaOk oykhhs' th k;r lsug ksia j.hdg fkdyelafla
Tyqf.a n,Yla;s wjYH;d j,ska 86]la tu.ska ,nd .kakd ksidh' ;dm IKfha m%;sM,hla f,i isjk
f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeu;a tys w;=re m%;sM,hla jk ld,.=K mhdihkq;a wms oeka w;a olska isuq'
f,dal ld,.=Ksl mhdi wdh;khg (IPCCC) wkqj Nhdkl mdil kdYhla j<lajd .ekSug
f,dalhgu f ishjigu ksl=;a l< yels ldnka msjeh ^fgdka %,shk 1456& 2032 wjika f' tk
mj;sk l%uh ta f,iu f.khEug f,djg ;ukajeksu jQ .%yf,dal folla wjYH f'

06

ld,.=K mhdi ms<sn|j l%shd;aul lshdf;da iuq;sh ^1997& tl w;lska wl%Sh lr we;' wfkla
w;ska tys moku oHd;aul lreKq u; f.dvke=Kla fkdf' 1990 isl< oykfhka 05]la f.da,Sh
jYfhka lmdykakg f,dj IHldrl tk Okj;a rgj,a 39la tl jQ kuq;a th is fkdh' oeka th
^2009& 25] isg 40] la olajd je we;' f 1990 iu;hg mokula ke;' kshu mokula f,i hka;ka
fyda ie,lsj yelafla IFCCC ykajd ka ldnka msjeh ms<sn| ixl,amhh' ta wkqj 2009 tla mqoa.,fhl=g
Nd; l< yelafla ldnka ls'.%E' 2170la muKs' ,xldf wms ls'.%E' 600la Nd; lruq' t'ckmoh" lekvdj
jeks rgj, th ls'.%E' 22"000 blaujd tk oi .=Khla we;' f,dalfha idudkHho 4600la fyj;a
fo.=Khla we;' fuys f;are folla we;' tlla k u;= mrmqrg wh;a ldnka msjeh IHldrl Okj;a rgj,a oekau fidrdf.k we;' thg wu;rj wm jeks rgj,g ;jrg;a oykh lsug bv fkd
wfma wjldYho wmg fkdokajd fidrdf.k we;' Okj;a rgj,a uQ,H Kh muKla fkdj mdil Kh
fkdfyd;a ldnka Kh o f.h hq;=h' we;a;gu f rgj,a fndfyduhla ish oykhka 90]-70] w;r"
m%udKhlska wvql< hq;=h' kuq;a Tjqka th is fkdlrhs' wnqoh f.j;a lrka 2050 50]lska
wvqlrkjd jeks wnqoh l,aouk fhdackd bm;a lrka ksia j.hdu kdYh lrd f.kh;s'
frdau iuqjg fkdfmkqkq ;j;a iSudjla we;' im;a yh" mir IKh fukau ksia oekqug
we;s iSudjh' fuh hqfrdamfha ka;kh ms<sn| .egjls' hqfrdamh frdau hq.fha isgu wd.l miq
ksid ksrfmalaI lreKq u; f,dalh f.dv ke.S we;s nj Yajdi l<y' kQ;k hqfrdamd oHdf o moku
jQfha f,dalh ksYa; ie<eiaulg wkqj f.dvke.S we;s nj;a ksidf.a oekqu fkl ta ie<eiau fidhd
.ekSu lrd fhduq we;s nj;ah' ta oekqu fidhd hEf ud.h oHd;aul ka;kh f,i k flKs'
miqj f;dauia l=ka" fmhrnka wdka ksjerj fmkakd kafka oekqu fidhdhk ksYa; oHd;aul
ud.hla ke;s nj;a" O oekq moaO;s tlg mej;sh yels nj;ah' wxY= oHdf fy<sor jQfha
ksrfmaCI ksYa; f,dal h:djla" ld,hla" wjldYhla ke;s nj;a" we;af;a WmlrK" oekqu" ukig
idfmalaIl f,dalhla nj;ah' ta wkqj f,dalh ch.ekSu ms<sn| ksia oekqf iSudj oeka meye,s
we;af;ah'
oeka we;s .egj k f,dal wdl wnqoh ixjOkfha wnqohla njg;a" m;afo@ tfiak
th j<lajd .; yelafla flfiao@ hk m%Yakhhs' fu;ek ieu fokdu l;d lrkafka OrKSh ixjOkhla
.ekh'

07

pkfha wre;skau lshjkafka ;sridr ixjOkh hk jir 50la fyda 100la j hkakla fkdj
;j;a jir oyia .Kkla j hkakla njh' wnqoh wkd.; mrmqrg Ndr fkdfok ixjOkhla njh'
ksid fukau fiiq j-wj l%shd .ek is;d l%shd lrkd ixjOkhla njh' fldkau mdil im;a
yd ks; mirh hk folu wkd.; mrmqr iu.;a" j;aufka j;afjk ck;dj iu.;a" j - wj
f,dalh iu.;a iuj fnod .kakd ixjOkhls' f.da,Sh jYfhka ksid we;slr we;s mir wiu;=,s;;djh
iukh lrkd ixjOkhls'
fuh tla rglg" tla l,dmhlg <dlr.; yelalla fkdf' wm leu;s jqK;a fkdjqK;a
n,ld msia iska udkj YsIagdpdrh tlg ne| ;sf' f.da,Sh mir iu;=,s;;djh fjkialr ;sf'
tfyhska kj ;sridr ixjOkhlg f.da,Sh tl;djhla w;HjYHh' tfukau mj;sk wdl%uKsl -kQ;k
ixjOk iqiuoYh isg kj ;sridr ixjOk iqiuoYhg iduldj" nrm;, kdYhkaf.ka f;drj
udre hEf wka;ld,Sk l%shd ud.o" ta folg wkqj ieliqKq ta"ta rg bgql< hq;= ldhNdrho
ykd.ekSu" tlu yd jeo.;au foa f,i m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsu w;HjYHh'
kj iqiuoYfha ka;kuh f,i jQ ma,h fjkila o we;' tk ksid iuia; mirfha
fjkal< fkdyels" tfy;a wkkH;djhla iys; fldgila njh' fldgilg wkkH;djh mj;ajd.;
yelsuq;a iuia;h hgm;a lsug .shfyd;a th ms<sldjla f' ksid wo f.da,Sh mir moaO;sfha ms<sldj
njg m;a we;' tk wkqka urdf.k ;uka o h hEuh' wfkla w;ska f.da,Sh mir moaO;sfha iajhx
ixOdkh ykd.ekSu;a ka fukau wkao ^c,h jdhqj mjd& mirh iu in|;d mj;ajka
fjkiajk fjkia lrk l%shdoduhka nj;a" ykd.ekSu j' l%shdoduhkaf.a we;=,dka; jkdlu fukau
tajd wkHhkag olajk inehdf jkdlu wms iudkj ie<lsh hq;=h' fldkau odYkslfhl= jQ
fvvd ykd.;a hqfrdamSh f,daf.da jdoh tk ksrfmalaI h h foa uQ,sl lr.ekSu" ieugu
fhdod.;a W!KS;jdoh" jOkfha tlu u f,i .eu fhdod .ekSu - oajkaojdofhka tlla ch.ekSu"
tlla muKla m%d:lu wd ka;k rgdj,ska f,dj w;ah hq;=h' idfmalaIljdoh tk ish,a,ka
ish foa wkHhka u; hefma hkak kj iqiuoYfha f,dal oelau h hq;=h'
;srir ixjOkh ms<sn| wre;au lSmhla we;' bka tlla k ;srir ixjOkh hkq tal mqoa.,
iqN idOkh yd yelshdjka ld,h;a iu. je hdhq;=h hkakh'
;j;a tlla k" ;srir ixjOkh hkq j;auka ksia j.hdf.a wjYH;d bgqlr.kakd w;f
wkd.; ksiaj.hdf.a wjYH;djhka o ,sfkdfok ixjOk rgdjla hkakh'
09

fmdf .;al< ;s r ir ixjOkh hkq j;a u fka j;a j k ks i q k a yd fiiq j fYa I

w;r" iudkd;a u ;djh mj;a j d .ks ka ks i d is k a ks ; Okh yd ixia l D;s l mirh u;=
mrmq r go iuj fnod yod .ka k d" f,da l mir moa O ;s f ha f.da , S h .;s l iu;= , s ; djh wiunr
fkdlrk ixjOkhla hka k h'
;srir ixjOkhla l=Kq ;=kla u; ysf'
01' y; wdlh
02' y; wdKavq l%uh
03' y; ixialD;sh yd iudch
f l=Kq ;=fka mdou jkafka y; ka;khhs'
y; wdlh wfma uQ,sl wjOdkh ksid b;d ir,j y; wdKavql%uh yd y; ixialD;sh yd
iudch ykd .ekSu jeo.;ah'
y; wdKavql%uh ksoyia Pkaoh yd nyq;r leue;a; u; mok f' kuq;a fuys Pkao whs;sh
j;aufka j;ajkakkag kE fohla lr .ekSug bvfok tlla fkdj Pkao whs;sh ke;s j - wj
moaO;sj,g;a" u;= mrmqrg;a j.lSu iys; Pkao whs;shla h hq;=h' fuys kS;sh yd th l%shd;aul lsu
b;d jeo.;ah' mir moaO;sj, wdrlaIdj i|yd f,dal mudK kj iuq;shla im;a Wlyd .ekSu yd
f.da,Sh mir kdYh ms<sn|j wjYHj we;' ta inkaOfhka mir idOdrK;ajh u; mok jQ kj
cd;Hka;r wlrKhla o wjYH flf' ish cd;sl jHjia:djkago f cd;Hka;r iuq;sh tk"
mir idOdrK;ajfha uQ,Ouh we;=<;a l< hq;=h' udkj ysl uQ,Ouhla f,i mqoa.,hdf.a
mdil Pdhdj Tyqf.a ldnka msjeh ms<sn| whs;sh uQ,sl ksia whs;sjdislula l< hq;=h' rgl
iaffj;ajfha mokula njg o mir Pdhdj yd ldnka Pdhdj m;al< hq;=h'
y; ixialD;sh yd iudch m<uqfjkau ;ukaf.a me/Ks mir ys;ld oHdjka" ;dlaIKhka
yd oekq moaO;s ykdf.k tajd kQ;k jgmsgdj ;=<g .,mdf.k kj oekq moaO;shla ksudKh lr.;
hq;=h'
y; jdofha tla mokula jkafka O;ajhhs' Okh < ;nd.ekSf mqoa., whs;sh ms<s.kakd
w;r" wl fmdfydi;alu yd wl .Slu relsu uQ,sl iudc jkdlu f,i .; hq;=h' tfukau ;ks
uyd wdLHdkhka ^,snr,ajdoh" udlaiajdoh jeks& fukau ;ks uyd ixialD;sl im%odhka ^ngysr ixialD;sh
jeks& fjkqjg O ka;khka yd im%odhka y;jdofha mok ka;kh iu. .e,fmk f,i
ilialr je hEug bvh hq;=h'
j O;ajh fukau ixialD;sl O;ajh y;jdofha mokuhs' ish ckjd.sl yd fYaIfhkau
wd.l im%odhkag mir ys;ld kj lsheula iys; mqkjk hq.hla wjYH we;' mirhg
wdl%uKYS,S kEu ka;k rgdjla f,i u;=jk ckj. fyda wd.l uQ,Oujdohlg lsis bvlvla
,nd fkdfok iudc jgmsgdjla we;sl< hq;=h'
10

;sridr ixjOkhla i|yd tlS ixjOkh uek ne,Sf h:djd Kq o`vq we;slsu o l< hq;=h'
idudkHfhka lrkafka ixjOkh k wdl jOkhu f,i f.k tal mqoa., wdodhu u; rgj,a
ixj; o hkak ;SrKh lsuh' kuq;a miqj ykajdfok ,o , .ekSf Yla;sh (Purchasing Power
Parity - PPP) jvd fyd| Kqula f,i ms<s.kakd ,' we;s ;sfnk wdl wnqoh fmkakd we;af;a
rgl fmd Kh.e;s Ndjh" iudcfha Khjr;djh" mqoa.,hskaf.a Khjr ;djh wdh tal mqoa., wdodhug
wu;rj wdl Kqula f,i ;sh hq;= njh' ;j o .Snf m%;sY;h" wodh Iu;djhka o thg
tlal< hq;=h' wdl jOkh mjd iuia;hla f,i Ksh yelafla tgh'
tfukau ixjOkfha fiiq mdYj tk wOHdmkh" fi!LHh iudc .egqj, ;;a;ajh" iudc
;Dma;sh wdho ueKSf l%u ;sh hq;=h' tal mqoa., wodhu iu. wOHhkh yd fi!LHfha ug o
uKsk udkj ixjOk oYlh (Human Development Index) jvd hqKq oYlhka f,i ie<lsh yelsh'
;sridr ixjOkhl k jeo.;au foa mdil ;;a;ajh we.ehSuh' ta ksid im;a fl;r
Wlyd.;a;d o@ tajd kej; ,eug hk ld,h l=ulao@ mir IKh fYaIfhkau ;dm IKfha m%udKh
l=ulao@ j O;ajfha ;;a;ajh ljfo hkako fYaI oYlhla f,i tlal< hq;=h'
;sridr ixjOk oYlhla ksudKh lr rgj,a my; i|yka f,i j.SlrKh lr .ekSfuka
;uka ixj;h lshd je/ fi!Nd.Hhka .ek isysk olsk rgj,a wjlr.; yelsjkq we;'
m<uq f,dalh
fojeks f,dalh
;=kajeks f,dalh

by< .Kfha ;srir ixj; rgj,a

uOHu .kfha ;srir ixj; rgj,a
wjr .kfha ;srir ixj; rgj,a

tfukau ldnka msjehg by<ska oykhka lrkd rgj,a ixj; - ldl - Okj;a rgj,a f,i
k fkdlr tajd w;sYh IH rgj,a yd wfklajd wvq;r IH rgj,a f,i kl< hq;=h'
f kj kdulrKh yd f,dal ms<s.ekSu oeka b;d w;HjYHh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdh;k hqyqj
isl< hq;af;a n,j;a rgj, jqjukdj u; ixjOkh" udkj ysl wdh w: olajkafka ke;sj th
h:djd f,i islsuh' ;srir ixjOhl m<uq mshjr thhs'

11

y; wdlh l=ulao@

tla ixjOk ud,shla ;=< iudc wdl ud,s lSmhla meje;sh yel' we;eg tla ud,shla
wka ish,a, wNsnjd uQ,slhd o h yel' WodyrKhla f,i kQ;k ixjOk iqiuoYh ;=< Okjd yd
fldhqksiajd f,i wdl ud,s folla ;r lf<ah' th bkamiqj rdcH iyNd.S;ajh we;s fj<|fmd,
l%uh njg m;ah' f,dalfha O ia:dkj, O wdl ud,s mej;=k o uQ,sl ud,sh we;af;a
fj<|fmd, l%uhhs' oeka wjYHj we;af;a ;sridr ixjOk iqiuoYhg wkql+,j mj;sk wdl l%uh
wka;ld,Sk f,i;a" ia:djr f,i;a" fjkia lsuhs' ta i|yd jQ wdl ud,sh y; wdl ud,shhs'

fjf<|fmd, l%ufha iSud

fj<|fmd, mok lr.;a wdlhl iSud b;d meye,sh' fj<|fmd, ;=< .kqfokq l< fkdyels
ish fokdg tys lsis jkdlula ke;' fj<|fmd, jkdlu / we;af;a uqo,a u;h' b;ska uqo,a ke;s
.shka" uqo,a myrKh fkdlrk i;d iSmdjd" .yfld< yd fjk;a mir moaO;s" j;udk fj<|fmdf,a
ke;s u;= mrmqr" fj<|fmd,g wkqj jkdlula ke;s l%shdjka fj;s' f wkqj fj<|fmd, l%ufha m<uq
.egj ish jkdl uqo,a l< fkdyels g jkdl rys; uhs'
NdKav yd fiajd ksmof th jl%hl .uka lrhs' mirfhka im;a Wlyd .ekSu" NdKav
ksIamdokh" wf,h" mfNdackh" li< f,i mirhg wmyrKh wd f,i jQ mirfhka mgkaf.k
mirfhka wjika jk jl%Sh l%shdjls' f jl%fha im;a Wlyd.kakd ;efka yd wmyrKfha
fjf<|fmd, jkdl ke;' tk jl%Sh l%shdoduh .kqfokq lrkd fh l%shdoduhlg W!kkh uh'
fojeks .egj fj<|fmd, l%ufha ld, jkdluhs' th isjkafka m%d.aOkh usks' fjf<|fmd,
we;s ish Okh m%d.aOkh fkdf' ld,h;a iu. kj jkdl ,ndu i|yd wdfhdackh jk Okh
m%d.aOkh f' m%d.aOkh fkdjk Okh idudkH ;;aj hgf;a jkdl wvqlr.kS' fjk;a jpkj,ska
lsjfyd;a uqo,a ixirK mm:h m%d.aOk mm:hg W!kkh f' w;S;fha Okjdoh f,i ykd.;af;a
f l%shdoduhhs' tk Okhg thskq;a m%d.aOkhg jkdl ,euhs'
f ms<sn|jo m%jdo folla we;' tla m%jdohlg wkqj ksid iajhxju fyg ,efnkd fohg jvd
wo ,efnkd fohg leu;sh' f wkqj w;S;h fukau wkd.;h wksYa;;dj ksid jkdl laIh lsu
Tyqf.a ckau .;shls' wfkla u;fhka lshefjkafka tkak tkaku jOkh jk NdKav yd fiajd mj;sk
wdlhl" jOkhg iudk uqo,a iemhqula w;HjYH ksid jOkhg islrk wdfhdackh tk m%d.aOkh
13

ksiju Okh ksudKh lrkd njh' ta ksid iudch fyg jefhka Okh i|yd wo Okh wdfhdackh
lrkd njh'
f m%jdo folskau lrkafka tla fohls' tk wkd.; jOkh i|yd j;auka ksid ;uka .ek
- f fudfyd; .ek muKla is;d wkd.;fha jkdl laIh lsug lghq;= lsuhs'
m%Yakh ksiqka fkdjkd mir im;aj,g yd wkd.; mrmqrg jkdl ug fj<|fmd,g
yelso@ ms<s;=r mj;sk fj<|fmd,g k fkdyelsh hkakh' ta i|yd mj;sk fj<|fmd, fjkqjg fjk;a
fj<|fmd, l%uhla ksudKh l< hq;=h'
tys ,n im;a Wlyd .ekSu" mir IKh f folu wju lr.ekSu i|yd jk m%;spl%SlrKh
we;=<;a pl%Sh l%shdoduh tk ksIamdok w.h" Nd; w.h iu. mdil w.ho tl;= lrkd kj
jkdl iQ;%hla fhdod.; hq;=h'
tg ma,diala fnda;,hl jkdlu jkafka tys wka;.; ma,diala" jeh jQ n,Yla;sh Y%uh yd
m%d.aOk ho muKla fkdf' Wlyd.;a im;a ,no" iq,no ta i|yd f.h hq;= <" th m%;splS%hlrKhg
jehjk uqo," tfukau th ksmof" Nd;fha isjQ msueish fkdyels IKh fYaIfhkau ldnka
msjeh tys jkdlug tlaf'
tfukau kj fj<|fmd< yslsuo isl< hq;a;ls' tys mir moaO;s i|yd o mir fiajdjka
i|yd o kj < .Kka kshu l< hq;=h' WodyrKhla f,i wfma jkdka;r j, oejuh jkdlug
wu;rj tajd islrk c, fmdaIKh" jdhq IKh wju lsu" ldnka Wlyd .ekSu" mdxY= ixrlaIKh"
T!IO ,ndu" j O;ajh /lSu wd ldhhka i|yd wod, mdYj j,ska f. isl< hq;=h' fuh
isjkafka k jkdka;r lemSu md,kh jk w;ru jkdka;r jeug fm<Uu;a we;sf' j.=re i|yd
o fujeksu l,am fj<|fmd,la we;sl< yel' j.=rej,ska jk fiajh i,ld mir moaO;s jkdlu
j.=re i|yd ,ndkfyd;a f;;a ixrlaIKh i|yd fm<Uu;a fukau kj f;;a ksudKh i|yd
wdfhdackhla o isf' wfkla w;ska kS;sh yd ixialD;sh u.skao uqo,a jkdlka l< fkdyels oE
md,kh l< yelsjkq we;'
fj<|fmd, l%uh fjfiiskau Okjd fkdf' th Okfha mqoa.,sl whs;sh muKla fkdj iudc
j.lSuo iu. tlal< hq;=h' kj mdil jkdl ykajdfuka uQ,H jkdlf jmih mq,a
lsfuka fj<|fmd, ;=< f y; ma,jh l< yels jkq we;'

14

15

y; i|yka oi jeoEre lafIa;%hka y; wdlhl uQ,sl iels,a, jkq we;'

y; n,Yla;sh
z

z
z

Lksc f;,a yd .,a w.=re u; mdol jQ mj;sk l wdlh fjkqjg y; wdlhl mok jkafka
msis mir ys;ld n,Yla;shh' tys mj;sk n,Yla;s mfNdackh ldhlaIu lsu i|yd kj
ixrlaIK l%u" n,Yla;s .Kkh yd mfNdack iSud ykajd h hq;=h'
n,Yla;s jHdmD;s yd tall , .Kka ;SrKh lsf mir ys;ld ksKdhl iys; ud,s Nd;
l< hq;=h' wo ,dN hehs is;kd n,Yla;s b ld,fha uyd mir kdYhla le|ug iu;a fyhska
fkdu. he je<elau msKsih'
n,Yla;s moaO;s ldhlaIu lsu i|yd mj;sk n,d.dr oa;aj ckkh" kj ;dm oykh wd lafIa;%
i|yd udrE lsf yelshdj fidhdne,sh hq;=h'
jvd;au jeo.;a fohk mqkckkSh n,Yla;sh tk iq<x" iQh" j" l=vd c,,s" hr yhsv%cka
wdh ykajd uh'

y; jdKscHh
y; jdkscHfofha moku jkafka mdil fiajd fukau mdil ydksho we.hSuhs' kEu jHdmD;shl
fukau o< cd;sl wdodhu ieliSf o" uy nexl= jd;d ieliSf o mdil fiajd yd mdil ydksh
we.hSu l< hq;=h' tfukau y; .Kkh" y; n" y; wdfhdack" nexl= yd rlaIKdjrkh fukau
y; f.=j o tys jkd wx. fj;s' fldkau uqo,a yq ixirKhg tyd.sh mir jkdl o lelr.;a
udOHhla njg uqo,a m;alsu y; jdKscHfha mrud:hhs'

y; ludka; yd ;dlaIKh
y; ludka; mok h hq;af;a y; ;dlaIKh u;h' fuys iq yd uOH mudK ludka; b;d
jeo.;a fufyhla bgqlrhs' tys ludka; wuq jH" n,Yla;sh wdfha msueiq odhl;ajh" mir IKh
md,kh lsu" NdKav yd wuqjH kej; Nd;h" m%;spl%ShlrKh fukau NdKavj, l,ameje;au" w;ajehd
lsf yelshdj" kej; wdmiq ,ndf yelshdj" li< ckkh wjuu" ck ixialD;shg yd iudchg
myiqu yd ys;lr;dj wd uQ,Ou .Kkdjla u; l%shd flf'

17

y; lDIsluh
y; wdlfha jeo.;au mokula jkafka wdydr iqrlaIs;;djhh' mi ixrlaIKh" c, ixrlaIKh yd
jdhQ ixrlaIKh tys uQ,sl f' tys mi fidaod hEu yd thg jiI tl;=u je<elau c, Nd;h
ldhlaIu lsu yd thg jiI tl;=u je<elau" ldnksl f.d Wml%u Nd; lsu" mj;sk j.d N+
wkql%ufhka y; j.d N+ njg m;alsf Wmdh ud." ldnksl f.d jH i|yd , jkdl ,ndu"
mqkckkSh Yla;sh ksmou yd Nd;h" wiajkq fk<Su" l,a;nd .ekSu yd wf<fha y; ;dlaIKh
Nd; lsu fuys m%uqL f'

y; k.r yd ks; mirh

k.r hkqu ;srir fkdjk ksudK njg m;a we;' ta f.da,Sh im;a w;s nyq;rhla c,h" n,Yla;sh"
wuqjH k.r u.ska Wrd.kakd ksidh' f ksid k.r ;srir mir moaO;s njg m;alsu m%Odk;u
ldhhls' mj;sk k.r ;srir k.r njg m;alsu;a kj f.dvke.s,s ud,s yd ;s u.ska wkd.; k.r
yd f.dvke.s,s mir ys;ld lsu;a i|yd mshjr .; hq;=f' tys kd.l l<dmlrKh" n,Yla;s
lhlaIu;djh" wuqjH ldhlaIu;djh" c, ldhlaIu;djh" wmjH l<ukdlrKh Nd; lrkakkaf.a
fi!LHh yd wdrlaIdj" kv;a;=j wdh m%uqL uQ,Ou f' y; uxfm;a we;slsu y; k.rj, uQ,slu
oYl;a jkq we;'

y; m%jdykh
z
z
z
z
z

y; m%jdyk Wmdhhka w;sYh jeo.;a l%shdoduhls' wfma tfkod n,Yla;sfhka je fldgi jeh
jkafka IKfha mokula jkafka;a ;sridr fkdjk m%jdyk Wml%uhs'
y; m%jdyk fiajdjkays je jefhka bkaOk ldhlaIu" fouqyqka" IK rys; jdyk ud.j,g
ykajdu;a ta i|yd f.=n iyk ,ndu;a isl< hq;=h'
fmd m%jdykh Yla;su;a lsu;a" bkaOk Nd; fkdjkd m%jdyk Wml%u - nhsisl,h - weui|yd ud. yd k.r ksudKfha m%uqL;ajh u;a isl< hq;=h'
k.r ksudKfha - bv myrKfha ckdjdi" ludka; yd fmdfiajd yels;dla fjkaj tfy;a
hdnoj msysgqjd .ekSf kj Wmdhka wjYH f'
jdhQ fudapkh mlaIdjka yd whn l%u u.ska IHld m%jdyk lghq;= md,kh l< hq;=f'

y; fj<|du
f;d. yd is,a,r fj<odu i|yd o mir ys;ld Wmdhka .Kkdjla ykdf.k we;' tys mir
ys;ld NdKav i|yd wkque;sh yd f,an,alrKh tajd .nvdlsu" tajd ke u.ska" .=jka u.ska m%jdykh

18

yels;dla iSud lsu" kj fiajdjka wf<h ^NdKav fjkqjg tajd mfNdack fiajd we;s lsu& ykajdu;a
NdKav l,a;nd .ekSu yd wf<fha n,Yla;s ldhlaIu;djh je hKqj;a isl< hq;=h'

y; h;, myiql
fuys mir ixrlaIKh fukau kdY jQ mir moaO;s m%;sIaGdmkh o uQ,Ouhla f,i fhdojd .;
hq;=h' mir ixf l,dm ykd.ekSu" Wmdh ud.sl mir we.hS islsu" jkdka;r lrKh" jdKsc
oej j.dj mir moaO;s fiajd we.ehSu yd fjf<| n,m;% we;s lsu" c, moaO;s msis lsu" f;;a
ixrlaIKh yd m%;sIaGdmkh fukau f;;a yqjudre n,m;% l%uhla we;s lsu" li< l<ukdlrKh"
y; ux fm;a" WoHdk wdh y; k.r i|yd ksudKh wdh we;=<;ah'

y; fiajd
y; ixpdrl fiajd jOkh lsu" mir ys;ld l%Svd jOkh" mir ys;ld fkdao wx.hka" wdydr
yd u j. m%p,s; lsu" mir ys;ld wOHdmkh yd iqjfiajd m%pdrKh fuu.ska woyia f'

y; /lshd
z
z
z
z

y; ;dlaIKfka yslrkd w;r" im%odhsl oekqu kQ;k ;;a;ajhg f.k tafuka kj ;dlaIK
mka;shla we;s lr,Su'
wOHdmkh yd ldl mqyqKqj mir ys;ld wdldrfha /lshd ckkh jk f,i m%;sixOdkh
lsu'
ck;dj w;r" y; /lshd i|yd ms<s.ekSula we;slr,Sug fYaI jevigykla h;a lsu'
kj llre m%{ma;shla ilialr y; /lshd i|yd iudc ms<s.ekSu yd jegqma jOk iy;sl lsu'

19

; wdlh ms<sn| je/ u; lSmhla we;'

m<uqj y; wdlh mj;sk wdl jOkhg ndOdlrk nj;a" th wdlfha miq miska mj;ajd.;
hq;= nj;ah' fuh uq,djls' y; wdlh iuia; wdl jOkhlg uq,mqrkd w;r" wdlfha flakaSh"
uq,sl l%shdoduh njg m;alr.; hq;=f'
fojkqj y; wdlhla tljr jyd msysgqh hq;= njh' th;a uq,djls' wms uq,skau mj;sk wdlh
y; oDIahlska .%ylr.; hq;= fjuq' ta wkqj uq,skau y; Wml%u j,g udre hdyels lafIa;%
ykdf.k tajd f.j;a l<hq;= fjuq' wka;ld,Sk jevigykla f,i mj;sk jdyk" f.dvke.s,s
;dlaIKh wdh wkql%ufhka fjkialsu ioyd mshjr .Kkh lr iys; udf.damfoaYhka ilial<
hq;=h' ksmojk kj oE fndfydarg y; wdlhg wkql+,j isl< hq;=h' tk l wdlh Uqre
lsu;a" t;ekska y; wdlhg hEu;a l%udkql+,j islsuh'
;=kajkqj y; wdlh f,djmqrdu tlu l%shdoduhla h hq;= njh' th tfia fkdf' f,df
rgj,a w;r" cd;Ska w;r" m%foaY w;r" O fjkial mj;S' tlu uQ,Ouhka O wdldrhg l%shd;aul
lsuu y; uQ,Ouhls' we;e rgj, rch uey;a ^kh" isx.mamQrej& y; wdl Wmdhka l%shdf
kexh yels w;r" we;e rgj, th mqoa.,sl jHjidhlhska h yelsh' tfukau th O foaY.=K
l%ufohka iu. l%shd;aul h yel' kuq;a jvd;au W; l%shdoduh jkafka iduqysl leue;a; u;
mok jQ foaYmd,k l%ufohkah'
isjkqj y; wdlh yq wdl Wmdhla fkdjk njh' y; wdlhla id:l ug k ksia
iudcfha wjYH;d md,kh" wka; .S msia thska .,jd.ekSf iduqysl j.lSu w fmdfydi;alf
kdYld;ajh wdh iudcfha uyd iu;h h hq;=h' wd.l" cd;sl u;jdo fuys kj lshulg
hg;alr.; hq;=f' kS;sh yd n,h fhou w;HjYH jQjo iduqysl leue;a; u; l%shd lsuo tfukau
jeo.;ah' y; wdlh we;af;kau kj iudchla ms<sn| mqldjls th wfkla w;ska udkj j.hdf.a
meje;au i|yd w;HjYH jQjls'

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