B

30

4328920 - 4311211
www.stoxosomilos.gr

22
25 .

1 .

14 .

.

.
3
.

.

2

3

6
4
2
2
14

14

6

4
-
2

14

4
. &
2
. - .
2

14

x
, ,
.
, .

.

.

,
.
,
.
, .
.
:


.

x = 100%

www.stoxosomilos.gr

30
.: 210 4328920
Fax: 210 4311211

30

210 - 4328920
www.stoxosomilos.gr

. 62
210 - 4314727
www.stoxosnet.gr

. 62
210 - 4314727
www.alexander.edu.gr

30

210 - 4328920
www.stoxosnet.gr

. 62
210 - 4314727
210 - 4007938


1
-

11

- .

14

2
-

18

27

31

38

41

;;

xo = 100%

~2~

1
-

I
II III IV
+ + - +
- - +
+
- + +
- + -

()
(rad)

0
0

30

6
1
2
3
2
3
3
3

+ 2 = 1

= 1

2 =

60

3
3
2
1
2

90

2
1

180

360
2

270
3
2
-1

-1

3
3

R, 0
R, 0
R, 0

2
1 + 2

2 =

45

4
2
2
2
2
1

1
1 + 2

R, 0
R, 0

+x

3
x
2

3
+x
2

2 x

2 + x

90 + x

180 x

180 + x

270 x

270 + x

360 x

360 + x

x
x

x
x

90 x
x

x
x

x
x

+x

~3~

f , T R+*
x A :
i.
x + T A, x T A,

f ( x + T ) = f ( x T ) = f ( x)

ii.

f .

x ( x rad )
:

x = ( x rad )

y = f ( x ) = x

2 : ( x 2 ) = x , x R

2
1

3
2
-1

2
0

= 1 =

= -1 =

3
2

2.
[ 0, 2 ] .

x ( x rad )
:

x = ( x rad )

2, : ( x 2 ) = x x R

~4~

y = f ( x ) = x

2
1

2.
[ 0, 2 ] :

2
0

-1

=1
=0

3
2
0

=-1
=

=1
=2

.
x
: f ( x ) = x =
A = { x R : x 0}
x
x : ( x ) = x , x A .
.
x ()

x <

x + , x =

2
2
f f ( x ) = x
y

3
2

y = f ( x ) = x

~5~

3
2

f ( x ) = ( x ), , > 0 g ( x ) = ( x ), , > 0
1 x 1 1 ( x ) 1 > 0 :
( x ) f ( x )

f .
< 0 .
f : T =

x = x = 2 + x = 2 + ,
x = x = 2 ,
x = x = + ,
x = x = + ,

( + ) =
( + ) = +
+
( + ) =
1
1
( + ) =
+

( ) = +
( ) =

( ) =
1 +
+ 1
( ) =

2
1. 2 = 2
2. 2 = 2 2
2
3. 2 =
1 2

1 2
1 + 2
1 + 2
9. 2 =
2
6. 2 =

2. 2 = 2 2 1

2 1
2
1 2
7. 2 =
1 + 2
4. 2 =

10. 3 = 3 4 3

( ) = +

~6~

2. 2 = 1 2 2
2
5. 2 =
1 + 2
8. 2 =

1 2
2

11. 3 = 4 3 3

( + ) =

( ) = + :

( ) = ( + )
( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
3

( + ) = +

x = x
2

( + ) = ( + ) =
2

x = x :

2 =

= + =
2

( ) =

( + ) = + :
[ + ( ) ] = ( )

[ + ( ) ] = ( ) + ( ) =
5 ( + ) =

+
, ( + ) 0 0 .
1

( + ) +
=
= ( 0 )
( + )

+
+
=
=

( + ) =

( ) =

( + ) =

+
, :
1

( ) = [ + ( ) ]
[ + ( ) ] =

+ ( )
=
1 ( ) 1 +

~7~

2 = 2

2 = ( + ) = + = 2

2 = 2 2 = 2 2 1 = 1 2 2

2 = ( + ) = = 2 2
2 2 = 2 (1 2 ) = 2 1 + 2 = 2 2 1
2 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 2 2

2 =

2 = ( + ) =

10

2
1 2

+
2
=
1 1 2

2 =

1 + 2
2

2 = 2 2 1 2 + 1 = 2 2 2 =

11

2 =

1 2
2

2 = 1 2 2 2 2 = 1 2 2 =

12

2 =

1 + 2
2

1 2
2

1 2
1 + 2

1 2
2

1 2
2
2 =
=
=
2
1 + 2 1 + 2
2

.
, 1561-1626,

~8~

2
-

x ax v a R , v N * x
R . x
.

v
x : x
x v
v

, .. 0 x 3 , 0 x 5 .

, ..
7 = 7 x0 , 9 = 9 x0 .

x av x v + av 1 x v 1 + ... + a1 x + a0 ,
a0 , a1 ,..., av 1 , av R , x
R.
x P ( x ), Q ( x ), f ( x ), ( x ) ..
: P ( x ) = av x v + av 1 x v 1 + ... + a1 x + a0
:
Q( x) = x3 4 x 2 + x + 5 x .

P ( x ) = a0 x 0
: 0.
P ( x ) = av x v + av 1 x v 1 + ... + a1 x + a0 , av 0
: av x v ,..., a0
: a0 x
: av , av 1 ,..., a1 , a0
:
x = : P ( ) = + ... + 1 + 0
P ( x ) x .
: R P ( x ) , , P ( p ) = 0

~9~

x ,
.
P ( x ) = a x + a 1 x 1 + ... + a1 x + a0
Q ( x ) = v x v + v 1 x v 1 + ... + 1 x + 0

x , :

a0 = 0 , 1 = 1 ,..., =
P( x) = Q( x)
+1 = + 2 = ... = = 0
1 ( )
( x ) ( x) ( x ) 0 ( x )
( x ) : ( x ) = ( x ) ( x) + ( x ) ( x )
( x) .
( x)

( x)
( x)

( x ) = ( x ) ( x) + ( x ) :

( x)

( x )
( x)
( x )
( x )

( x) , ( x) = 0 .

( x ) : ( x ) ( x) = 0 .
: ( x ) = ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x ) .
:
- ( x) ( x ) , ( x) ( x ) , ( x ) : ( x ) ,
( x ) : ( x ) = ( x) ( x) .

2
P ( x ) x p P ( p ) .

P( x)

x p

( x)
= P( p)

: P ( x ) = ( x p ) ( x ) + P ( p )

P ( x ) x p P ( x) = ( x p ) ( x) + , ( x )
x p .
x = p , P( p) = ( p p ) ( p) + = 0 ( p) + , P ( p ) = .

~ 10 ~

3
P ( x ) x p , , p P ( x ) .

x p P ( x ) P( x) = ( x p ) ( x) . x = p ,
P ( p) = ( p p ) ( p ) = 0 , p P ( x ) .
:
p P ( x ) P ( p ) = 0 , P ( x ) x p
: = P ( p ) = 0
:
P( x) = ( x p ) ( x) + P( p) P( x) = ( x p ) ( x) + 0 P( x) = ( x p ) ( x) , x p
P ( x ) .

4
:
av x v + av 1 x v 1 + ... + a1 x + a0 = 0 ,
. p 0 p
.

p 0 , : av p v + av 1 p v 1 + ... + a1 p + a0 = 0
p ( av p v 1 + av 1 p v 2 + ... + a1 ) + a0 = 0 a0 = p ( av p v 1 + av 1 p v 2 + ... + a1 ) .

Z
Z p a0 .

a0

~ 11 ~

3
-

* .

.
1 , 2 , 3 ... , , ...
.
.
.
:
i.

.. = 2 1 , 1 = 1 , 2 = 3 , 3 = 5 ,

ii.

.. 1 = 1 , 2 = 3 + 2 = +1 +
:
3 = 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
4 = 3 + 2 = 2 + 1 = 3
5 = 4 + 3 = 3 + 2 = 5

.. 100 99
.
(..)
(..)
.
.
, , :
+1 = + +1 = , *
.

i.

1
: = 1 + ( 1)

ii.

, , ,

iii.

, , , .. , , =

iv.

.. :
Sv = a1 + a2 + ... + av :

~ 12 ~

Sv =

+
2

v
v
( a1 + av ) Sv = 2a1 + ( v 1)
2
2

(..)
.

1 0 0
0 , *

( )

+1 =

+1
= , .

i.

1 :

= 1 1
ii.

, 0 , , =

iii.

, , , .. , , 2 =

iv.

.. , Sv = a1 + a2 + ... + av
Sv = a1

1
1 Sv = v a1 = 1 .
1

1
1 : = 1 + ( 1)

:
1 = 1

2 = 1 +
3 = 2 +

4 = 3 + : = 1 + ( 1)
..................

1 = 2 +

= 1 +
2
( ). , ,
+
:
2 = + =
2

, , . :

= = = + = + 2 = + =

~ 13 ~

+
2

3
1 : = 1 1

:
1 = 1

2 = 1
3 = 2

4 = 3 : = 1 1
..................

1 = 2

= 1
4
( ). , ,
:
2 =

, , 0 . :

= = = 2 =

5
.
1
1 : Sv = a1
.
1

: Sv = a1 + a1 + 1 2 + ... + 1 2 + 1 1 (1)
(1) : S v = a1 + a1 2 + 1 3 + ... + 1 1 + 1
1,2 : S v S v = a1 v a1 Sv ( 1)
1 : Sv = a1

1
1

:
= 1 1 Sv = va1 .

( 1968)

~ 14 ~

(2)

4
-

, > 0 x1 , x2 , x R , :

i. a a x2 = a x1 + x2
x1

(a )

iv.

= ax x

ii.

a x1
= a x1 x2
x2
a

v.

a
ax
= x

iii.

(a )
x1

x2

= a x1 x2

a 0 = 1, a R*

= , N, N*
1

, , R*

x > 0 : 0 x = 0 .

: f : R R f ( x) = a x , 0 < a 1 .
: a = 1 , f ( x ) = 1

: A = R
: ( 0, + )

i.

ii.

a > 1 R
x1 , x2 R
:
x1 < x2 a x1 < a x2 .

f
Ox '
0 < a < 1 R
x1 , x2 R
:
x1 < x2 a x1 > a x2

f
+ Ox

y = ax

A ( 0,1)

x'

O
a >1

y'
y

y = ax

A ( 0,1)

x'

0 < a <1

y'

f ( x) = a x 0 < a 1 x R a x1 = a x2 x1 = x2 x1 , x2 R .

~ 15 ~

y ' y ( 0,1)
x ' x a x > 0 x R .

1
f ( x) = a g ( x) =
a
x R :

g ( x) = a x

f ( x) = a x

A ( 0,1)

1
1
g ( x) = = x = a x = f ( x)
a
a

y ' y a > 1 .

x'

y'

e
v

1
, av = 1 +
v
e e 2, 718 .
v

1
e = lim 1 + .
v
v
f ( x) = e x
f ( x) = a x , a > 1 ( a = e = 2, 718... > 1 ) .

e Q (t ) = Q0 e ct

, .
Q0 Q t = 0 . c > 0
Q . c < 0 Q
.

a x = , 1 > 0, > 0 .
f ( x) = a x .
log a .
: a x = x = log , 1 > 0, > 0
:
log a .
1 > 0 , x R > 0
log a a x = x

a log a =

1 = log a a = 1
0 = 1 log a 1 = 0

x = 100%
~ 16 ~

1 > 0 1 , 2 , > 0 R :
1. log a (1 2 ) = log a 1 + log a 2

2. log a 1 = log a 1 log a 2
2
3. log a = log a
1

> 0 =

: log a = log a =

log a .

2
1 1 , 2 ,..., .
: log a (1 2 ... ) = log a 1 + log a 2 + ... + log a .
3
2 : log a

= log a .

10 .
10 x = x = log , > 0 .
:
1. log10 x = x 10log =
2. log10 = 1 log1 = 0
3. log (1 2 ) = log 1 + log 2

4. log 1 = log 1 log 2
2
5. log = log
1

6. log = log =

log

1 , 2 , > 0 R

e.
.
, ln log e .
: e x = x = ln , > 0
:
1. ln e x = x eln =
2. ln e = 1 ln1 = 0
3. ln (1 2 ) = ln 1 + ln 2

4. ln 1 = ln 1 ln 2
2
5. ln = ln
1
1

7. ln = ln = ln

1 , 2 , > 0 R

~ 17 ~

6.
1 > 0 1 > 0 > 0 : log =
4

log =

ln
ln10

ln =

log
log

log
log e

a > 0 a 1 1 , 2 , > 0 R :
1

log a (1 2 ) = log a 1 + log a 2

log a 1 = x1 log a 2 = x2 . :
a x1 = 1

x a x = 1 2

:
:

a x2 = 2

x + x = 1 2
1

log a (1 2 ) = x1 + x2 = log a 1 + log a 2

log a 1 = log a 1 log a 2
2

log a 1 = x1 log a 2 = x2 :
a x1 = 1 a x2 = 2

a x1 1
=
a x2 2

log a 1 = x1 x2 = log a 1 log a 2
2

x x =
1

1
2

3
log a = log a

log a = x a x =
:

(a )

= kx =

log a = x = log a

:
1

> 0 = : log a = log a =

~ 18 ~

log a

uuur uuur
= .
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
= = = =
ur ur r
, , , R :
ur ur ur ur
1. + = +
ur r ur
3. + 0 =
ur r ur r
ur ur
5. + = + =
ur r r
r
ur
7. + x = 0 x =

ur ur

2.
4.

ur

ur r

( + ) + = + ( + )
ur
ur r
+ ( ) = 0

ur r ur
r r
6. + x = x = 0
ur ur
ur
ur
8. + = +
uuur uuur

uuur

) ( ) ( )

9.
ur ur
ur ur ur ur
10. + +
ur
ur
ur ur ur ur
: + = +
ur
ur
ur ur
ur ur
= = +
ur r
r r
ur ur
ur
ur
11. 0 = 0 , 0 = 0
12. + = +
ur
ur
ur
ur
ur
13. ( + ) = +
14. = ( )
ur ur
ur r
ur r
15. 1 =
16. = 0 = 0 = 0
ur ur
ur
ur
ur ur
ur
ur
17. = =
18. =
ur
ur
ur
ur
ur
20. = 0
19. ( ) =
ur ur
=
ur r
ur
ur
21. = 0 =

( )
( )

( )

( ) ( )

:
ur ur
ur
ur
ur r
/ / = R , 0
ur ur
ur ur
r
|| ,
ur
r
ur
ur
r
ur
, R = + . .
uuur uuur
uuuur +
: =
( ).
2

~ 19 ~

ur
xy ,
ur
= ( x1 , y1 ) , x1 , y1
r
r
r
a = x1 i + y1 j . :
ur ur
ur
ur
1. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) = x1 = x2 y1 = y2
ur
ur
ur ur
2. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) + = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
ur
ur
3. R = ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x1 , y1 )
4. A( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) :
uuur
AB = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 )
uuur
2
2
AB = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
M ( x, y ) : x =
ur
ur
5. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) :

ur ur

x1 y1

x1 + x2
y + y2
, y= 1
2
2

||

ur =

|| ur = ur , , ur , ur

ur ur

x2 y2

= 0 x1 y2 x2 y1 = 0

y1
y
, ur = 2 x1 0 , x2 0
x1
x2

r ur r ur
r ur r ur
r r ur r
r ur r
a = a a, , a, 0 . a = 0 = 0 , a = 0
r ur
a = x1 x2 + y1 y2
r
ur

r ur
r ur
a = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) :
a
x1 x2 + y1 y2
=
a, = ar ur
2

x1 + y12 x2 2 + y2 2

( )(

( )

r ur
r r ur
r ur ur r
1. a = a
2.
a = a = a
r ur r r ur r r
3. a + = a + a
r 2 r r ur 2
4. a = a a = . .
ur
ur
ur ur ur ur
ur
ur
ur ur
ur ur
5.
=
6. =

( )

() ( )

ur ur
ur ur
ur ur
7. = 0
8. x1 x2 + y1 y2 = 0
ur ur
9. ur ur = 1 ur , ur
ur r ur ur
ur
r ur
10. = 1 ( 1 = ur )1

ur

ur

~ 20 ~

r
r
ur
a . a
ur
. .

ur
ur
=
ur
ur
= .
uuuuur ur
uuuuur ur
' ' ' = ' = .
uuur uuuuur ur
uuuur uuuur
uuuur uuuuur
uuuur uuuuuur ur
uuuur uuuuur
= ' ' = = ' ' = , ' = ' ' = ' . , ' = ' ,
uuuur uuuuuur
= ' ' .
ur

ur
A

r
a

ur

ur
r ur
a+

A'

r
a

M'

r ur
a+

O'
,

ur
:
ur

ur

ur ur
uuur ur
uuur ur

+
= = ,
ur ur
ur
+

.

ur

ur

2
.
ur ur ur ur
1. + = +
( )
ur ur r ur ur r
2. + + = + +
( )

ur

ur ur

ur

ur

~ 21 ~

ur

ur

1. :
ur ur uuur uuuur uuuur

+ = + =
ur ur uuur uuuur uuuur
+ = + = .
ur ur ur ur
+ = + .

ur

ur

2. :

ur ur

uuur uuur

uuur

uuur uuur

uuur

+ + = + + = + =

ur

ur r

uuur

uuur uuur

)
)

uuur uuur

ur

ur

uuur

+ + = + + = + =
ur ur r ur ur r
+ + = + + .

ur ur

ur ur r
+ +

3
) .
) :
.

) .
uuur
,
.
) . uuur

uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuur
+ = = .

ur
ur

ur ur
ur ur ur ur
+ +

ur

,
:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( )
ur

ur

ur ur

ur

ur

ur ur

ur

+ +

ur

ur

5
ur ur
ur
ur
ur ur
ur r
, , 0 , // = , R.
ur

ur
ur
ur r
ur
ur
, 0 , = ,
. ( ). .
ur
ur
ur r
,

0 ,
ur
ur
: =
ur

ur
ur
= ur , = :

ur r
ur
ur
= 0 , = 0
ur
ur
=
ur

ur

ur

ur
, =

ur
ur
ur
ur
, =

~ 22 ~

uuuur
:
uuur uuur
uuuur +
=
2

uuur

uuuur .
//

:
uuuur uuur uuuur
uuuur uuur uuuur
//
= + (1) = + (2)
, (1) (2)
:
uuur uuur
uuuur uuur uuuur uuur uuuur uuur uuur
uuuur +
2 = + + + = + . =
2

ur
, ,
r
r
i j .

ur
Oxy .
uuur r
OA = a .
A1 A2 x ' x
y
r
uuur uuur uuuur
a
OA
=
OA
+
OA
,
:
(1)
y'y
1
2
x, y ,
uuur r
uuuur
r
: OA1 = xi OA2 = y j .

A2

r
a
(1)
r
r
r
r
j
a = xi + y j (2)
ur
r
x
O

A1
i
r
r
i j .
x y .
ur
r
r
i j .
ur
r
r
r
, : a = x ' i + y ' j (3)
r
r
r
r
(2) (3) : xi + y j = x ' i + y ' j
r
r
( x x ') i = ( y y ' ) j
r y ' y r
x x ' , x x ' 0 , i =
j
x

x
'
r
r r
r
, , i / / j , , i j .
x = x ' , y = y ' .

xo = 100%
~ 23 ~

ur
ur
,
ur
ur ur
+ , , R
ur
ur

ur
ur
.

ur
ur
= ( x 1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) , :
ur ur
r
r
r
r
r
r
+ = x1 i + y1 j + x2 i + y2 j = ( x1 + x2 ) i + ( y1 + y2 ) j
ur
r
r
r
r
= x1 i + y1 j = ( x1 ) i + ( y1 ) j
ur ur
ur
+ = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
= ( x1 , y1 )

(
(

) (
)

( x1 , y1 ) = ( x1 , y1 )

( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
ur
ur
, + :
ur
ur
+ = ( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
9
A ( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )

( x, y ) .

x=

x1 + x2
2

y1 + y2
.
2

y=

A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )
: y
( x, y ) .
B ( x2 , y2 )
uuur
uuur
uuuur 1 uuur uuur
ur
OM = OA + OB , OM = ( x, y ) , OA = ( x1 , y1 ) , OB = ( x2 , y2 )
2
M ( x, y )
1
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( x, y ) = ( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ) =
,

2
2
2
A ( x1 , y1 )
x +x
y + y2
x = 1 2 y = 1
.
2
2
O
10

( x, y ) A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )
y
: x = x2 x1 y = y2 y1 .
B ( x2 , y2 )

A ( x1 , y1 )
A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )
( x, y )
uuur
B .
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur uuur uuur
, = , = ( x, y ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) , = ( x1 , y1 ) ,
:

( x, y ) = ( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 )

~ 24 ~

O
x = x2 x1 y = y2 y1 .

11
r
a = ( x, y ) .
r
:
a = x2 + y2 .
y

r
a = ( x, y )
ur
r
OA = a .
A1 A2
x ' x y ' y .

A2

x y ,

( OA1 ) = x ( OA2 ) = y .

A ( x, y )

A1

r
a

OA1 A :
r2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a = ( OA) = ( OA1 ) + ( A1 A) = ( OA1 ) + ( OA2 ) = x + y = x 2 + y 2 .
r
:
a = x2 + y2
12
A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )

( AB ) = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
2

A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) . ( AB )
ur
AB = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 ) ,
:
y
uuur
2
2
( AB ) = AB = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
B ( x2 , y2 )
:
A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )

( AB ) = ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
2

A ( x1 , y1 )

13

r ur
ur
ur
a , , = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) , 1, 2 0
ur ur
1 2 : / / 1 = 2

ur
ur
= ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 ) 1 2 ,

ur ur

//

x1 y1
x2 y2

= 0 x1 y2 x2 y1 = 0 x1 y2 = x2 y1

y1 y2
=
1 = 2 .
x1 x2

x = 100%
~ 25 ~

14
ur
ur
= ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 )

B ( x2 , y2 )

uuur ur
uuur ur
= = .

A ( x1 , y1 )

ur

( )

= ( ) + ( ) 2 ( )( ) AOB
2

, , .
:

( AB )

= ( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 ) ,
2

( OA)

= x12 + y12

( OB )

= x2 2 + y 2 2 .

, :

( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
2

= x12 + y12 + x2 2 + y2 2 2 ( OA )( OB ) AOB

x12 + x2 2 2 x1 x2 + y12 + y2 2 2 y1 y2 = x12 + y12 + x2 2 + y2 2 2 ( OA )( OB ) AOB

ur ur
r ur
( OA )( OB ) AOB = a , : = x1 x2 + y1 y2

15
:
ur ur ur
ur
ur ur
= = , R
ur ur r ur ur ur r
+ = +
ur ur
ur ur
12 = 1 , 1 = ur 2 = ur , , / //

( ) (

y'y

r
ur
r
a = ( x1 y1 ) , = ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x3 , y3 ) , :
ur ur
= ( x1 , y1 )( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 ) x2 + ( y1 ) y2 = ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) =
ur
ur
= ( x1 , y1 )( x2 , y2 ) = x1 ( x2 ) + y1 ( y2 ) = ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) =
ur ur ur
ur
ur ur
:
= =

( )
( )
( )
ur ur r

( ) (

ur ur

( )
r ur
(a ) .

+ = ( x1 , y1 )( x2 + x3 , y2 + y3 ) = x1 ( x2 + x3 ) + y1 ( y2 + y3 )
= ( x1 x2 + x1 x3 ) + ( y1 y2 + y1 y3 ) = ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + ( x1 x3 + y1 y3 )
r ur r r
= a + a .
ur ur
ur ur
yy
= 0 x1 x2 + y1 y2 = 0 y1 y2 = x1 x2 1 2 = 1 12 = 1
x1 x2

~ 26 ~

r
a

16
ur
ur
= ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x2 , y2 )
.
:

x1 x2 + y1 y2

x + y12 x2 2 + y2 2
2
1

ur ur
r ur r ur

a = a = ur ur .

r ur
r
a = x1 x2 + y1 y2 , a = x12 + y12

ur
= x2 2 + y2 2 .

x1 x2 + y1 y2
x12 + y12 x2 2 + y2 2

17
r r
r r r
r
r r
a , v a 0 . a v = a ur v .

uuur ur
uuuur r
= = .
uuur
1

r
v

ur

uuuuur
r
ur
r
1 ur v :
uuuuur
r
1 = ur v
r
ur
( ).
ur
r
:
ur ur uuuuur uuuuur ur uuuuur ur uuuuur ur uuuuur
r
= 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 1 = ur
ur r ur
r
: = ur v

;;

~ 27 ~

-

1.

() A( x0 , y0 )
:
: y y0 = ( x x0 )

2.

() A( x1 , y1 ) B( x2 , y2 ) x1 x2 :
y y
y y
r
x2 x1

: y y1 = 2 1 ( x x1 ) , 2 1 = = uuu
AB
x2 x1
x2 x1

x = x1 x2 = x1

3.

() y ' y ( 0, ) : y = x + ,
()

4.

() ( 0, 0 ) y ' y :
: y = x

5.

() A( x0 , y0 )
x ' x : : y = y0

6.

() A( x0 , y0 )
y ' y : : x = x0

7.

Ax + By + = 0 , A 0 B 0

: Ax + By + = 0 , A 0 B 0 (1)
(1) .
: B 0 :
A
.
B
uur
2. (1) 1 = ( , )
uur
2 = ( , ) .
uur
uur
3. (1) 1 = ( , ) 2 = ( , )

1. (1) : =

1. d 0 ( x0 , y0 )
:
()

Ax + By + = 0, A + B 0

:
Ax0 + By0 +
d = d (M0, ) =
2 + 2

~ 28 ~

0 ( x0 , y0 )

2. , :
uuur uuur
1
( ) = det AB, A
2

uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
det AB, A AB A .
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
1
1
: ( ) = det , = det ,
2
2

1
, .

ur
.
ur
x ' x , = = + .
= . :
, .
y
y

ur

ur

= +

2
: ( x1 , y1 )

B ( x2 , y2 ) , x1 x2 =

y2 y1
.
x2 x1

( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) .

uuur
y y
AB = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 ) , 2 1 .
x2 x1

~ 29 ~

3
Oxy ( x0 , y0 ) .
A .

Oxy

( x0 , y0 ) .

. M ( x, y )

M ( x, y )

( x0 , y0 ) ,
uuuur
, AM uuuu

r ,
, AM
.

A( x0 , y0 )

uuuur
y y0
r =
.
AM = ( x x0 , y y0 ) , uuuu
A
x x0

M ( x, y ) , , :

y y0
= y y0 = ( x x0 ) .
x x0

( x0 , y0 ) .
:

y y0 = ( x x0 )

4
Oxy ( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 )
. ( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) .

( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) .
x1 x2 ,
y y
= 2 1 y y0 = ( x x0 )
x2 x1
y y
: y y1 = 2 1 ( x x1 )
x2 x1
x1 = x2 = x0
,
.


( x0 , y0 ) : x = x0

B( x2 , y2 )
A( x1 , y1 )

x0 .

. .
~ 30 ~

5
:
Ax + By + = 0 A 0 B 0 (1)

, (1) .

.
yy ' ( 0, ) ,
y = x + , :

x + (1) y + = 0
P( x0 , y0 ) , x = x0 ,
:
x + 0 y + ( x0 ) = 0 .
, ,

P( x0 , y0 )
Ax + By + = 0 A 0 B 0

, :
Ax + By + = 0 A 0 B 0

x ,
B
B

= yy ' 0, .

B 0 , y =

= 0 , , , A 0 x =

x ' x P , 0 .

Ax + By + = 0 A 0 B 0 .

-
xo = 100%

~ 31 ~

-
.

.
.
y

( 0, 0 )

( x1 , y1 )

( 0, 0 )

(0, 0)
: x 2 + y 2 = 2

(0, 0)
( x1 , y1 ) : xx1 + yy1 = 2

( x0 , y0 )
: ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) = 2
2

( x0 , y0 )

x
x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0

(1),

A, B, R

2 + 2 4 > 0 : (1) :

2 + 2 4

, =
2
2
2

2 + 2 4 = 0 : (1) , .
2
2
2
2
+ 4 < 0 : (1) .

()
.
.

~ 32 ~

p
p
1. (0, 0) , , 0 , : x =
2
2

y 2 = 2 px

: y2 = 2x ( > 0 x 0) ( <0 x 0)

: ( ,0)
2

: x = 2
: yy1 = (x + x1)
p
p
2. (0, 0) , 0, , : y =
2
2

x 2 = 2 py

: x2 = 2y ( > 0 0) ( <0 0)

: (0, )
2

: y = 2
: xx1 = (y + y1)
y

t,
, .

M ( x1 , y1 )

' C
' ' .
2 , ' 2.
: ( ) '+ ( ) = 2

x 2 2
+
=1
2 2
: (-,0) (,0)
:

: (-,0) (,0)

xx 1 1
+ 2 =1
2

: =2 : =2

~ 33 ~

2 = 2 2

> >

: =

<1

x 2 2
: 2 + 2 = 1 2 = 2 2

: (-,0) (,0)
: (0, -) (0,)
xx

21 + 2 1 = 1

.
: '
'
' . 2 2.
:
( ) ' ( ) = 2
.
x 2 2
2 = 1 , 2 = 2 + 2
2

: (-,0) (,0)
: (-,0) (,0)

: y = x, y = - x

: = > 1

xx

: 21 2 1 = 1

2 x 2

= 1 , 2 = 2 + 2
2 2
: (-,0) (,0)
: (0,-) (0,)

: y = x, y = - x

: = > 1

xx
: 2 1 21 = 1

2
2
2
2
2
2
x y = y x = ( = )
:

~ 34 ~

1
(0, 0) : x 2 + y 2 = 2 .

Oxy
C O(0, 0) .
M ( x, y ) C, ,

, , : ( OM ) = (1)

( x, y )

( 0, 0 )

( ) = x + y (1) :
2

x + y = , x + y = .
2

2
, x 2 + y 2 = 2 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1 + yy1 = 2 .

C: x 2 + y 2 = 2
( x1 , y1 ) .
M ( x, y ) ,
OA AM , ,
uuur uuuur
: OA AM = 0 . (1)
uuur
uuuur
OA = ( x1 , y1 ) AM = ( x x1 , y y1 ) .
(1) :

x1 ( x x1 ) + y1 ( y y1 ) = 0

xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12 xx1 + yy1 = 2 ,

( x, y )
A ( x1 , y1 )

x
O

x12 + y12 = 2 .

( x x0 ) + ( y y0 )
2

, ( x0 , y0 ) :

xy C
( x0 , y0 ) .
M ( x, y ) C,
,
, , :
( KM ) = (1)
, ( ) =

( x x0 ) + ( y y0 )
2

= 2

( x0 , y0 )

( x, y )

(1) :

( x x0 ) + ( y y0 )

= , , ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) = 2 .
2

~ 35 ~

4
, ( x x0 ) + ( y y0 ) = 2 (1) : x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0
(2)
(2) ;
2

(1) : x 2 + y 2 2 x0 x 2 y0 y + ( x0 2 + y0 2 2 ) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0 ,
: = 2 x0 , B = 2 y0 = x0 2 + y0 2 2 .
, (2) :

(x

+ Ax ) + ( y 2 + By ) =

2
A
A2 2
B
B2
A2 B 2
x
+
2
x
+
+
y
+
2
y
+
=

+
+

2
4
2
4
4
4

A
B
A2 + B 2 4

x
+
+
y
+
=
.

2
2
4

A2 + B 2 4 > 0 , (2) ,
2
2

A2 + B 2 4
=
4

A 2 + B 2 4
.
2

A2 + B 2 4 = 0 , (2) , , .
2
2
2
2
A + B 4 < 0 , (2) , ( x, y )
.

:
x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + = 0 , A2 + B 2 4 > 0 ()
() .

1
xx '
.

xx ' : y 2 = 2 px
p x ( x 0 ) . ,
y ' y .
.
2
.

M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) y 2 = 2 px , , y12 = 2 px1 ,
M 2 ( x1 , y1 ) , : ( y1 ) = y12 = 2 px1 .
2

x ' x . ,
( ).

~ 36 ~

1

x = a, x = a y = , y = .

x2 y 2
x2
y2
+
=
1
=
1

1
2
. , 2
a
2
a
2
x 2 a 2 0 a x a . y .
, x = a, x = a y = , y = .

2
) ;
)

= 1 2 .

) .
x2 y 2

2 + 2 = 1 , = < 1 .

2 2

2 2

, 2 =
= 1 = 1 2 .
2

) = 2 2 , =

. , , ,
0

1
x ' x
.

x2 y 2
x2
y2

=
1
=
1
+
1,
.

,
:
a2 2
a2
2
x 2 a 2 0 x a x a .

, x = a x = a ,
.

~ 37 ~

2
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

= 2 1 .

;
;

i)

.
x2 y 2

2 2 = 1 , , = > 1 .

2 + 2

= + , =
, 2 = 1 + , = 2 1 .

ii)

iii)

, ,
. .

1, , ,

0. ,

.

iv)

= , :

2 1 = 1 2 = 2 = 2 .

;;

~ 38 ~

P (v ) .
) 1 P (1)
) P (v ) P (v + 1) .
P (v ) .

, 0 ,
:
0 , :

= + , 0 <

, .
= + , 0 < ,
.
, .
0.

.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, * .
, * .
.
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.

~ 39 ~

, 0 . |
. = .
:

/\ a

: | ,
0 , .

| |
1| , , | , *
| 0 *

| | , *

, , . :

| | : =
| | : |
| |

| | : | ( + )

| 0 :

:
/ / / ( + ) , ,
.
1

.
i. x .
ii. x .
2
, , x, y . | | ( xa y ) | y .

~ 40 ~

1
, , . :
i. | | , = = .
ii. | | , | .
iii. | , | .
iv.

| , | , | ( + ) .

v.

| 0 , .

i.

| | , , , , = = ,
= , = 1 = = 1 , = = .

ii.

| | , , , , = = ,
= | .

iii.

| , , = , = | .

iv.

| | , , , = = ,

+ = ( + ) | ( + )
v.

| 0 , 0 = . , = ,

1.

;;

~ 41 ~

~ 42 ~

, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

,
.

xo

, x
e,
.
e.
, ,

.
:
,

.


,
.

x = 100%

~ 43 ~

4
8

4
7

4
7

2
6

:
 .
 ,
.
 , ,

.

, ,

:

:
.

A

5

15

.
,
, .

.

~ 44 ~