常用數學與微積分公式定理 (1/7)

常 用 數 學 公 式

a ) ln x = zdt
t
x

1
( x > 0)

special cases : ln(1) = 0 , ln(0) = −∞, ln(∞ ) = + ∞

b) ln( x y ) = ln x + ln y
x
ln( ) = ln x − ln y
y
ln( x r ) = r ⋅ ln x

a ) e1 ≈ 2.718281828 , e 0 = 1 , e jθ = cosθ + j sin θ

b) e x = exp ( x )
c) e ln y = y ⇔ exp (ln y ) = y
ln e = y ⇔ ln (exp( y )) = y
y

sin( A + B) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B

sin( A − B) = sin A ⋅ cos B − cos A ⋅ sin B
cos( A + B ) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B
cos( A − B ) = cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B
1
sin A ⋅ cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B)
2
1
cos A ⋅ sin B = sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B)
2
1
cos A ⋅ cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B)
2
1
sin A ⋅ sin B = − cos( A + B ) − cos( A − B)
2

assume
RS
x = A+ B
then
RS
A = ( x + y) / 2
T
y = A− B T
B = ( x + y) / 2
x+ y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos
2 2
x+ y x− y
sin x − sin y = 2 ⋅ cos ⋅ sin
2 2
x+ y x− y
cos x + cos y = 2 ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
2 2
x+ y x− y
cos x − cos y = −2 ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
2 2
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cosθ
cos 2θ = cos2θ − sin 2θ = 2 cos2θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2θ
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
cos2 θ = , sin 2 θ =
2 2

常用數學公式
 常用數學與微積分公式定理 (2/7)

常 用 微 分 公 式

d ( f g ) = g df + f dg
d u1 + d u2 = d (u1 + u2 ) d ex
= e x ⇔ d e x = e x dx
dx
dC
= 0 ⇔ d C = 0 ( C : constant ) d ln x 1 1
dx = ⇔ du = d ln u
dx x u
d ( x + C) = d x ⇔ d x = d ( x + C)

d ( x y ) = y dx + x dy

d xn
= n x n −1 ⇔ d x n = n x n −1dx
c h
d x m y n = m ⋅ x m−1 y n dx + n ⋅ y n −1 x mdy
dx d (xm yn )
∴m ⋅ ydx + n ⋅ xdy =
d x2 x m−1 y n −1
= 2 x ⇔ d x 2 = 2 x dx
dx FG y IJ = x dy − y dx
d 1FG IJ −1 1 FG IJ
−1
d
H xK x 2

dx xHK = 2 ⇔ d
x x HK
= 2 dx
x F x I y dx − x dy
dG J =
H yK y 2

d sin −1 x 1 dx
d sin x = ⇔ = d sin −1 x
= cos x ⇔ d sin x = cos x dx dx 1− x 2
1− x 2
dx
−1
d cos x d tan x 1 dx
= − sin x ⇔ d cos x = − sin x dx = ⇔ = d tan −1 x
dx dx 1+ x2 1+ x2
d tan x d sec −1 x 1 dx
= sec 2 x ⇔ d tan x = sec 2 x dx = ⇔ = d sec −1 x
dx dx x x −1
2
x x −1
2

d cot x d cos−1 x −1 − dx
= − csc 2 x ⇔ d cot x = − csc 2 x dx = ⇔ = d cos−1 x
dx dx −
1 x 2
−
1 x 2

d sec x d cot −1 x −1 − dx
= sec x tan x ⇔ d sec x = sec x tan x dx = ⇔ = d cot −1 x
dx dx 1+ x2 1 + x2
d csc x d csc −1 x −1 − dx
= − csc x cot x ⇔ d csc x = − csc x cot x dx = ⇔ = d csc −1 x
dx dx x x −1
2
x x2 − 1

常用微分公式
 常用數學與微積分公式定理 (3/7)

微 積 分 定 理 與 公 式

d d d
f ( x) ± g( x) = f ( x) ± g( x)
dx dx dx
d d d
f ⋅g = g ⋅ f + f ⋅ g ⇔ f ⋅ g ′ = f ′⋅ g + f ⋅ g ′
dx dx dx
LM OP
f ′
=
f ′ ⋅ g − f ⋅g ′
⇒ g( x) ≠ 0
N Q
g g2
dy dy du
chain rule : if y = y (u) and u = u( x ) then = ⋅
dx du dx
d F ( x)
dx
= f ( x) ⇒ z
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C

d x
dx a z
f (t ) dt = f ( x ) , a : constant.

d
dx z z
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) => d f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = d z f ( x ) dx

z d f ( x)
dx
dx = f ( x ) + C => z
d f ( x) = f ( x) + C ( C : integral constant )

R| y = y( x) d y = y ′ ⋅ dx
S| u = u( x , y ) du =
∂u
⋅ dx +
∂u
⋅dy
T ∂x ∂y

z u ⋅ dv = u ⋅ v − v ⋅ du z ( integral by parts )
d
dx z b( x)

p( x)
b
f ( x , t )dt = f x , b( x ) g dx
db
b
− f x , p( x ) g ddxp + z b( x )

p( x )
∂
∂x
f ( x , t ) dt

dC d ex d ea x
=0 = e x chain 
→
rule
= a ea x
dx dx dx
d xn dax
= n x n −1 = ln a ⋅ a x
dx dx

微積分定理與公式
 常用數學與微積分公式定理 (4/7)

微 積 分 定 理 與 公 式

d sin x d sin ω x
= cos x chain →
rule
= ω ⋅ cosω x
dx dx
d cos x d cos ω x
= − sin x chain →
rule
= −ω ⋅ sin ω x
dx dx
d tan x d tan ω x
= sec 2 x chain
 →
rule
= ω ⋅ sec 2ω x
dx dx
d cot x d cot ω x
= − csc 2 x chain
 →
rule
= −ω ⋅ csc 2ω x
dx dx
d sec x d sec ω x
= sec x ⋅ tan x   →
chain rule
= ω ⋅ sec ω x ⋅ tan ω x
dx dx
d csc x d csc ω x
= − csc x ⋅ cot x chain  →
rule
= −ω ⋅ csc ω x ⋅ cot ω x
dx dx
d sin −1 x 1 d sin −1 ω x ω
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx 1− x2 dx 1 − (ω x ) 2
d cos−1 x −1 d cos−1 ω x −ω
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx 1− x2 dx 1 − (ω x ) 2
d tan −1 x 1 d tan −1 ω x ω
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx 1+ x2 dx 1 + (ω x ) 2
d cot −1 x −1 d cot −1 ω x −ω
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx 1+ x2 dx 1 + (ω x ) 2
d sec −1 x 1 d sec −1 ω x 1
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx x x2 − 1 dx x (ω x ) 2 − 1
d csc −1 x −1 d csc −1 ω x −1
= chain
 →
rule
=
dx x x2 − 1 dx x (ω x ) 2 − 1

* Taylor’s series expansion :

微積分定理與公式
 常用數學與微積分公式定理 (5/7)

微 積 分 定 理 與 公 式
∞
f ( n) (a )
f ( x) = ∑ ⋅ ( x − a)n
n=0 n!
f ′ (a ) f ′′(a ) f ( 3) ( a )
= f (a ) + ( x − a) + ( x − a)2 + ( x − a ) 3 + ""
1! 2! 3!
f(x) is an infinitely differentiable function.
some important expansions :
∞
xn x x2 x3
ex = ∑ = 1+ + + + ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
n=0 n! 1! 2 ! 3 !
∞
( −1) n x 2 n +1 x 3 x5 x 7
sin x = ∑ = x − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
n = 0 ( 2n + 1)! 3! 5! 7 !
∞
( −1) n x 2 n x2 x4 x6
cos x = ∑ = 1 − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
n=0 (2n)! 2 ! 4! 6!

b1 + xg p
= 1 + px +
b g
p p −1 2 p p −1 p − 2 3
x +
b gb
x + ""
g
2! 3!

Binomial formula :

b x + yg
n n
= ∑ Ckn x k y n − k = ∑ Ckn x n − k y k
n

k =0 k =0

Leibniz' s formula :

b g b g = ∑C f
dn n
(n)
f ⋅g = f ⋅g n
k
(k )
g ( n− k )
dx n k =0

F nI
where C = G J = n n!
H k K k ! bn − k g!
k

z x n dx =
1 n +1
n +1
x +C ( n ≠ 1)

z dx
x
= ln x + C

z e a x dx =
1 ax
a
⋅e + C

z a x dx =
1
ln a
⋅ax + C

微積分定理與公式
 常用數學與微積分公式定理 (6/7)

微 積 分 定 理 與 公 式

z 1
1− x 2
dx = sin −1 x + C z −1
1− x2
dx = cos−1 x + C

z 1
1 + x2
dx = tan −1 x + C z −1
1+ x2
dx = cot −1 x + C

z 1
x x −12
dx = sec −1 x + C z −1
x x −1
2
dx = csc −1 x + C

z e a x cos bx dx =
ea x
a 2 + b2
a ⋅ cos bx + b ⋅ sin bx + C

z e a x sin bx dx = 2
ea x
a + b2
a ⋅ sin bx − b ⋅ cos bx + C

z sin x dx = − cos x + C

z cos x dx = sin x + C

z tan x dx = ln sec x + C ⇒ z sec 2 x dx = tan x + C

z cot x dx = ln sin x + C ⇒ z csc 2 x dx = − cot x + C

z sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + C ⇒ z sec 2ω x dx =

1
ω
tan ω x + C

z csc x dx = − ln csc x + cot x + C ⇒ z csc 2ω x dx = −

1
ω
cot ω x + C

z sin ω x dx = −
ω
1
⋅ cosω x + C

z cosω x dx =
ω
1
⋅ sin ω x + C

z tan ω x dx =
1
ω
ln sec ω x + C

z cot ω x dx =
1
ω
ln sin ω x + C

z sec ω x dx =
1
ω
ln sec ω x + tan ω x + C

z csc ω x dx = −
1
ω
ln csc ω x + cot ω x + C

微積分定理與公式