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Heat Exchangers
Dr. Ahmad RAMAZANI S.A.
Associate Professor Sharif University of Technology
b) Counter flow
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Hot water at 98C flows through a 2-in schedule 40 horizontal steel pipe [k = 54 W/m.oC] and is exposed to atmospheric air at 20C. The water velocity is 25 cm/s . Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient (U) for this situation, based on the outer area of pipe. Solution. From Appendix A (P. 653) the dimensions of 2-in schedule 40 pipe are ID = 2.067 in = 0.0525 m OD = 2.375 in = 0.06033 m The heat-transfer coefficient for the water flow on the inside of the pipe is determined from the flow conditions with properties evaluated at the bulk temperature. The freeconvection heat-transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipe depends on the temperature difference between the surface and ambient air. This temperature difference depends on the overall energy balance. First, we evaluate hi and then formulate an iterative procedure to determine ho. The properties of water at 98oC are p = 960 kg/m3 = 2.82*10^-4 kg/m.s Pr = 1.76 k = 0.68 W/m.oC
Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 19 Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 20
For unit length of the pipe the thermal resistance of the steel is
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where To is the outside pipe-surface temperature. The water film properties are,
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Rf =
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1 U dirty
1 U clean
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From previous example hclean= 1961 W/m2. oC and so from above equation we can obtain hi
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Q = UAT m Ramazani, Heat Exchangers T = Suitable mean temperature difference across HEX m
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Putting values of mhCh and mcCc in relation obtained for ln of temperatures differences
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Fig. 10.8. Correction Factor for HEX with one Shell Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 37 and two, four, or any multiple of tube passes
Fig. 10.9. Correction Factor for HEX with Two Shell Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 38 and four, eight, or any multiple of tube passes
Fig. 10.10. Correction Factor for Single-pass Cross-flow Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 39 HEXs, both fluid unmixed
Fig. 10.11. Correction Factor for Single -pass Cross-flow Ramazani, Heat Exchangers 40 HEXs, one fluid mixed, the other unmixed
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F=0.81
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Use of the LMTD for calculation exchanger performance. Example 10.6. Design of Shell and tube HEXs:
Water at the rate of 30000lbm/h [3.783 kg/s] is heated from 100 to 130oF [37.78 to 54.440C] in a shell-and tube heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used with water as the heating fluid, 15,000 1b.m [1.892 kg/s], entering the exchanger at 200 oF [93.33oC]. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 250 Btu/h . ft2. oF [1419 W/m2 . oC], and the average water velocity in the 3/4in [1.905-cm] diameter tubes is 1.2 ft/s[ 0.366 m/s]. Because of space limitations the tube length must not be longer than 8 ft [2.438 m]. Calculate the number of tubes per passes, and the length of the tubes. consistent with this restriction. Solution: We first assume one tube pass and check to see if it satisfies the conditions of this problem. The exit temperature of the hot water is calculated from
& & q = m c C c Tc = m h C h Th Th = Th =
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Effectiveness-NTU Method
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P. 578 P. 573
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Example: Application of Effectiveness-NTU Method (Con.) Example: Application of Effectiveness-NTU Method (Con.)
We should assume values for the water flow rate until we could match the performance of HEX according to Fig. 10. 15 or table 10. 3. The selected iterations to approach to correct values are as follow:
Fig. 10.15
q=
& ; and q = m C T
h h
645 = 0.154 kg/s [1221 lb /h] 4180 The exit water temperatu re is accordingl y and & m =
h m
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w , exit
= 82 . 22
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f is friction inside the tubes and v1 and v2 are specific volume at entrance and exit and vm is its average at HEXs
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St Pr2/3 or f
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(10-33)
Where,
(10-34)
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