1

wvkdif;a0g[m&okawoepmwrf;
tydkif;(1)
(nukuElikjzMwj%ajaY/]ikjelC.wjklaj%.a#.tLgunjt*~r[m*EW0gpuy¾dwb'NEWygvdwRaO\
q&mawmft*~r[m*EW0gpuy¾dwb'NEyW gvw d tm; Taqmif;yg;jzifh OD;nGwfI zl;ar#mf uawmh ygonf/)
armfvjrdKifwuUodkvfordkif;Xme wGJzufygarmuQa':cifapmEGJ@u rdrda&;om;wJh (usdKufxD;&kd;a'oeSifhqufEG,fonfh ordkif;eSifh
'¾m&Dqkdif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;udkaumufeKwfwifjyjcif;) ordki;f okawoepm;wrf;rSm rGefudk‘wvkdif;’ac:qkdjyD; okH;eSKef;
a&;om;xm;cJo h nf/wGJzufygarmuQa':cifapmEJG@&J@pmwrf;eJ@ywfoufjyD;rGefq&mawmf=uD; t*~r[m*EW0gpu y¾dw b'NEWygvdw
urauseyfIuef@uGufpma&;om;ay;ydk@cw Jh Jhta=umif;udk vGwfvyfwJhrGefowif;at*sifpD (IMNA)rSm zwf&SKcJh&w,f/xdkpOfuyif
wGJzufygarmuQa':cifapmEGJ@&J@ ordkif;okawoe pmwrf;tay:jyefvnfwkef@jyefa&;om;csifwJhpdwfu|efawmfY wzGm;zGm;jzpfay:cJh
ygw,f/ odk@aomfra&;om;jzpfcJhyg/ [Hom0wDordkif;eSifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfwtkyfa&;om;&eftwGufu|efawmfY
tvGeftcsdefay;ae&ojzifh a':cifapmEGJ@ pmwrf;tay: wkef@jyefa&;om;&eftcsdefray;edkifao;bJjzpfcJhygw,f/ 'gayrJhrae@u
(22/04/2006)ae@rSm rxifrSwfbJTowif;udk rwfvxkwf trSwf(79) (qNocjtuicj) Guiding Star rSm xyfrHzwf&SK&jyefw,f/
'DwcgrSmowif;eSifhtwl q&mawmf t*~r[m*EW0gpu y¾dw b'NEWygvdw. "gwfykHudkyg zl;jrif&w,f/ q&mawmf b'NEWygvdw[m
rGevf lrsdK;wdk@&J@ &mrn a'orSmtvGefxifay:ausmf=um;aom q&mawmfwyg;jzpfw,f/ rGev f lrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@&J@tvGef=unfndk
av;pm;jcif;ukdcH,l&wJh q&mawmfwyg;jzpfw,f/ 'Dpmwrf;tay: q&mawmf b'NEWygvdwu tvGefrausrcsrf;
jzpfjyD;uef@uGufacsywJhpmwapmifudk wGJzufygarmuQa':cifapmEGJ@xHokd@ a&;om;ay;ydk@cJhw,f/ 'Dta=umif;&mwkd@udk owif;rSm
tao;pdyfaz:jya&;om;xm;wmudk zwf&SK vdkuf&w,f/
u|efawmfonf q&mawmftm; tvGef=unfnkdav;pm;cJhaomolwOD;jzpfcJhonfhtnD ,ckvdkq&mawmf."gwfykHeSifh yl;wGJITowif;
udkjrifawG@&aomtcgpdwfxJuaxmif;ueJ@jzpfrdw,f/ q&mawmfuJhokd@xyfwlxyfr# emusnf;pdwf jzpfrdw,f/ cHjyif;aom pdwfvJ
jzpfay:rdw,f/ rdrdvlrsdK;tm;apmfum;armfum; a&;om;ae=uonfh vlawGudk wkef@jyefa&;om;oifhjyD;[kvnf; pdwfxJujzpfay:rdw,f/
q&mawmfonf touft&G,ftm;jzifh tvGefaxmufvmjyD;jzpfw,f/ i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0rSonf Ttouf&G,f
a&mufonfhwkdifatmif q&mawmfonfrGefvlrsdK;tay: tvGefoHa,mZOf =uD;rm;vsufyif &Sdaeao;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;tay:
q&mawmf. xm;&Sdaom rsdK;cspfpdwf wkd@onf wjym;wcsyfrSyif av#mhroGm;onfudk awG@&aomtcg u|efawmf.vdyfjymyif
u|efawmfvef@vmrdw,f/ q&mawmf.jrifhjrwfaomrsdK;cspfpdwfu u|efawmftm;ysuf&,fjyKaeouJhokd@ jzpfaew,f/
bmr#ra&;om;bJ wdwfqdwfjidrfoufpGm acgif;ikHcHaeonfhu|efawmftm; uJ&h J@&SKwfcstjypfwif aeouJhokd@ jzpfay:aew,f/
a':cifapmEGJ@. pmwrf;tay:wkef@jyefI wckcka&;om;wifjy&efoifhvmjyD;[kvnf; todw&m; 0ifvmrdw,f/ rdrdonf
q&mawmf.ajczsm;atmufrS ajcrSKef@avmufr#yif tzdk;rwefao;ygvm; rdrdtrsdK;om;twGuf bmrS rvkyfaqmifekdifcJhao;yguvm;
owWdvnf;r&Sdao;yguvm; Todk@TeS,f eSKid f;,OfIvnf; pOf;pm;rdw,f/ rdrdukd,fudk &SKwfcsrdw,f/ &Sufa=umufaom
pdwfjzpfrdw,f/ tvGefvnf;pdwfajcmufjcm;vmrdygw,f//

wzufuvJq&mawmftay:tvGef*&k%moufrw d ,f/ Ttouft&G,fa&mufonfhwkdif q&mawmfonf pdwfat;vufat;

raeekdifao;yguvm; q&mawmftm; pdwfqif;&Japonfh ta=umif;&mwkd@u q&mawmftm;wckjyD;wck qufvufIjiif;qJaeqJ
eSdyfpufaeqJyif&Sdaeao;w,f/TtwGufu|efawmfonfpdwfraumif;jzpfrdonfTodk@a=umifhvnf;q&mawmfudk,fpm; Taqmif;yg;
udka&;om;csifpdwf ykdrdkysif;yspGmjzpfay:vmapjyefonf/ trSefwu,fwGifTaqmif;yg;rsdK;udku|efawmf a&;om;onfxuf q&mawmf
udk,fwdkif a&;om;onfudk u|efawmfykdIjrifvkdzwf&SKvkdygonf odk@aomf q&mawmf.b0urvGwfvyf tcsKyfaeSmifatmufrSm
aeae&onf/ tu,fIomq&mawmfonfom vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pdwf=udKufvuf=udKuf a&;om;cGifhom&SdcJhygrl rnfr# aumif;rnf
enf; rnfr#zwfaysmf&SKaysmf&Sdvkdufrnfenf;[lIvnf; pdwfxJujzpfrdygonf q&mawmfonfu|efawmfa&;om;rnfhaqmif;yg;xuf
tqaygif;rsm;pGmaumif;rGefaomta&;tom;/ tcsufvuftaxmufxm; jynfhjynfh pkHpkHeSifha&;om;wifjyedlifrnfrSmrvGJay
,ckrlq&mawmf.b0onfrvGwfvyfay/ q&mawmf.b0onfzdeSdyfcH rGefjynfol rsm;eSifhtwl tvGef&ufpuf =urf;=uKwfaom
ppftpdk;&atmufrSm jym;jym;arSmufa=umuf&GH@pGm touf&Sifae=u&onfh b0jzpfaew,f/ rGefjynfolwkd@.b0udk u|efawmfem;vnf
 2

pmemrdw,f/xkdxufydkIq&mawmfb0udkykdrdkjyD;u|efawmfem;vnfI pmemrdw,f/ a&;csifwkdif;a&;Ir& ajymcsifwkdif; ajymvkd@

r&onfh b0rsdK;rSm q&mawmfonfpdwfxJrSmusOf;=uyfjyD;emusnf;rSK/cHjyif;rSKtjynfh jzpfaernfrSm aocsmygw,f//
1960ckeSpfywf0ef;usifwGifq&mawmfonf[dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@.twGif;a&;tjzpfaqmifcJhygonf xkdpOfuyif rGefvlrsdK;tm;
‘wvkdif;’ ac:qkda&;om;rSKtay: q&mawmfonft=udrf=udrftzefzefqef@usifuef@uGufcJhbl;ygw,f/ ‘wvkdif;’tokH;eSKef;eSifh
ywfoufItpdk;&eSifhvnf; t=udrf=udrf&ifqkdifajz&Sif;cJhbl;w,f/ q&mawmfonfra=umufr&G@H/ rwGef@rqkwf/&J&J@0Hh0Hh rdrd&J@t,lq udk
trSefwdkif;ta&;om;wifjyrSKa=umifh t=udrf=udrfaxmifuscJhbl;w,f/ eSdyfpufcHcJh&bl;w,f/

1974ckeSpfu(*wmyfacwf)pmapmifudka&;om;xkwfa0rdwJhtwGufq&mawmfb'NEWodCFeSifhtwl axmif(3)eSpf uscJhbl;ygw,ff/

odk@aomfq&mawmfonfrrSKcJhra=umuf&G@HrwGef@qkwfcJhay rGefvlrsdK; tay:cspfjrwfedk;aom q&mawmf. pdwf"gwfonf
oHr%duJhokd@ckdifcef@wnfjrJw,f/ rGeftrsdK;tay: rw&m;apmfum;jyKrlvmv#if a&S@wef;rSaeI ckcHcJhpjrJjzpfonf wkef@jyefcJh
pjrJyifjzpfonfajymp&m&SdonfudkyGifhyGifhvif;vif;&J&J0Hh0HhrwGef@rqkwf wifjyajymqkdcJhw,f/ q&mawmf. rsdK;cspfpdwf/
r[kwfrcHaompdwf/ ra=umufr&GH@rwGef@qkwfaompdwf tepfemcHpdwf udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;pGef@vGwfaompdwfwdk@onf u|efawmftwGuf
tm;tifopfw&yfudk tjrJjzpfay:apcJhygw,f/ u|efawmfh.tm;i,fpdwf/a=umuf&G@HwGef@qkwfaompdwfwdk@udk tjrJwrf;ajzazsmuf
apcJhw,f/
q&mawmfonftjcm;aom&[ef;oHCmt&SifoljrwfuJhokd@Ak'<.w&m;awmfudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjyD; w&m;bm0em tvkyfudk
at;at;csrf;csrf; aqmif&Gufvkyfvkd&Smayrnf/ rdrd.b0oHo&m0Ëfqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf =udK;pm; tm;xkwfaqmif&Guf
vkdayrnf/ odk@aomfwzufwGifrdrd.rGefvlrsdK;b0urvGwfajrmufao;/ olwyg;.aus;u|efb0rSmyif&Sdaeao;onf[laom
todpdwfu q&mawmftm;ajcmufvef@I[ef@wm;ae[efwlw,f/ wudk,faumif;qHqHudk,fvGwf&kef;I w&m;bm0em tm;xkwfjyD;
rdrdb0ukd jrKyfeSHxm;&eftwGuf q&mawmfYowWdr&Sdedkifao;yg/ udkf,fhvlrsdK;twGufpdwfrat;csrf;edkifao;yg Todk@aom
tajcaersdK;wGif pdwfvGwfvufvGwfat;at;csrf;csrf; w&m;bm0emudkrnfodk@tm;xkwfedlkifrnfenf;/ rdrdvlrsdK;. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk
rsufuG,fjyKjyD; wudk,faumif;qHqH udk,ftusdK;udkom jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf olawmfaumif; olawmfjrwfwkd@.
trltusifhrjzpfekdif/r[kwfedkif/ olawmfaumif; olawmfjrwfwkd@.trlusifhonf rdrd.tusdK;xuftrsm;.tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm;
aqmif&Gufwwfonf r[kwfygavm/ trsdK;om;tusdK;twGufrdrd.ukd,fusdK; aumif;pm;rSKudk pGef@vGwfwwfpjrJjzpfonf
r[kwfygvm; Todk@q&mawmfonfqifjcifpOf;pm;rd[efwlonf/ rdrdudk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;udk pGef@vGwfjyD; trsdK;om;wm0efukd
,ae@wdkifOD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufcJhonf[ku|efawmfxifjrifrdonf Todk@aomq&mawmf.pdwf"gwfcH,lcsufudk uG|efawmfonf
=unfnKdIrqkH;csD;=uL;IrqkH;jzpfcJhw,f/
q&mawmf.*k%faus;Zl;onfrGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:YtvGefxkx,f=uD;rm;ygayw,ff/ TuJhokd@rGefvlrsdK;udkxdyg;apmfum;vmv#if tenf;
i,fr#Syif oD;rcHwwfaomq&mawmf."gwfykHtm;jrifrdaomtcg u|efawmhftzkd@ tb,frSmv#if pdwfat;csrf;ajr@pGmaeekdifrnfenf;
wdwfqdwfjidrfoufpGmaeIvnf;tb,frSmv#if oifhygrnfenf;/ Ttouf&Guf a&mufonfhwkdif wae@w&ufrStem;r,lbJ
trsdK;twGufaqmif&GufaeqJ q&mawmfudkawG@jrif&aomtcg u|efawmhtm; Taqmif;yg;udkra&;rjzpf a&;om;&ef
wdkufwGef;aeouJhokd@jzpfapw,f/q&mawmfonfAk'<bk&m;.om;awmfwyg;jzpfaeonfhtnDapmifhpnf;&rnfh0denf;oduQm tjzmjzm
wkd@uvnf; &Sdaeao;onfuwa=umif; zdeSdyhfcsKyfcsk,faomtpkd;&vufatmuf usa&muf&Sd ae&onfhb0u wa=umif;wkd@a=umifh
q&mawmfonf wkef@jyefaompm a&;;om;csifayrJh ra&;om;ekdifcb Jh J a':cifapmEGJ@.pmwrf; tay:uef@uGuf&kHom uef@uGuf
cJhonf[k u|efawmfxiffjrifrdygonf/ xkda=umifhTaqmif;yg;udk q&mawmf.udk,fpm; a&;om;onf[k qkdv#ifrSm;rnfr[kwfay/
trSefwGirf eG v
f lrsKd ;onfwvkdif;r[kwfyg/ wvkdif;onfvnf;rGefvlrsdK;r[kwfyg/ vlawGurSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;okH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqdk
aewm =ujzpfw,f/ wvdkif;qdkwJha0g[m& pum;vkH;&J@ZpfjrpfudkaoaocsmcsmrodbJ &rf;jzef;okH;eSKef; a&;om;ae=uw,fvkd@
u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f/

“rGefvlrsKd ;udk rGev

f lrsdK;vkd@rac:qdk=ubJ tb,fa=umifhcifAsm;wkd@u wvkdif;vdk@ac:qkda&;om;ae=uovJ” “wvdkif;
a0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,f tppfrSefudka&modygovm;”

tu,fItxufygar;cGef;wkd@udkArmppfppfwOD;tm;ar;cJhv#ifatmufygtwkdif;ajz=um;=uonf
 3

“u|efawmfwkd@usrwkd@rodyg/OD;atmifaZ,sacwfuac:qkdokH;eSKef;cJhvkd@om u|efawmf/usrwkd@vnf;ac:qkd
a&;om; rdwmbJ/ t"dy`g,f twdusudkawmhu|efawmfusrwkd@vkH;vkH;rodyg”
[lI&kd;om;pGm0efcHajz =um;=uayrnf/
“tJ'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;a&;om;ae=uwJhtay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvkH;0r=udKufbl;qkdwmudka&m
od=u &J@vm;”
vkd@xyfrHar;cJhygrl Todk@ajz=ujyefonf/
“rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:qkda&;om;aewmudk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvkH;vkH;r=udKuf =ubl;qkdwm u|efawmf usrwdk@
odygw,f/”
“'Dvkdqdk&ifrGefvlrsdK;wkd@r=uKdufwJh tokH;eSKef;eJ@bma=umifhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk ac:qkdokH;eSKef; a&;om;ae=uovJ”
vkd@xyfrHar;cJhv#ifvkH;vkH;rajymwwfbJ tHhwwjzpfaewwf=uw,f/ tu,fI
“rGefvlrsdK;udk qJvkdIac:qkd okH;eSKef;a&;om;ygw,f”
vkd@ajzv#if tvGef&SKdif;pdkif;aom vlpm;rsdK;jzpfoGm;rnfudk a=umuf&G@HIrajz=um;&J=ubJ wdwfqdwfpGm ae=uonf/
“vlwOD;udkoltm;rSnfhac:xm;wJhemrnfudkzsufjyD;twif;t"rRtjcm;emrnfwrsdK;rsdK;jzifhxkdyk*~dKvfudk ac:qkd&if
&rvm;/Oyrm‘armifjr’qdw k JhvlwOD;ud‘k armifjrm’vkd@ac:qdk&if&yghrvm;”
“armifbudkarmifbvkd@rac:qdkbJarmifbvmvkd@ac:qdkvkd@&yghrvm;”
vkd@ar;cJh&iftm;vkH;uacgif;cg=ujyD;tajzay;=uw,f/
“b,f&rvJAsm armifjrvkd@ rSnfhac: xm;wJh emrnftwkdif; av;av;pm;pm;ol@uadk rmifjrvdk@ac:&rSmayghAsm”
“armifbukv d JemrnfrSnfhac:xm;wJhtwkdif; armifbvkd@bJav;av;pm;pm;todrSwfjyKac:qkd&rSmayghAsm/
armifbvmvkd@ac:qdk&ifoludkoufoufapmfum;&musaerSmaygh”
vkd@wnDwnGwfwnf;ajz=um;=uayrnf/
“tu,fI tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkd@uArmvlrsdK;udk Armvkd@rac:bJ ‘brSm;’ vkd@ac:qkd okH;eSKef;
a&;om;=u&ifcifAsm;wkd@ =udKuf=urvm;/=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHekdif=urvm;”
bkawmjyD; ar;cJhv#ifArmvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@onf rsufeSmarSmifukwfjyD; pdwfqdk; rmefqkd;jzifh Todk@qkdvm=urSmajym&Jonf/
“[mAsm 'gu|efawmfwkd@ArmvlrsdK;udkcifAsmwkd@u &kdif;&kdif;ysysapmfum;wmbJ tJ'DvkdArmvlrsdK;udk ‘brSm;’rsKd ;
vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJholawGufdk w&m;pGJjyD;axmifcsypfrSmayghAsm/ tpGef;qkH;ajym&&iftJ'DvkdajymqkdwJhyk*~dKvfudk
jzpfedkif&ifowfudkowfypf&rSm ayghAsm u|efawmf usrwkd@u vkH;vkH;rcHekdifbl;”
vkd@a'geJ@armeJ@w&SL;&SK;w&SJ&JjS zpfjyD;pdwfqdk;rmefqkd;eJ@ajz=um;=urSmaocsmygonf/

avmu=uD;rSmtvGefrw&m;ae=uw,fyguvm;/rGefvlrsdK;udkawmhrGefvlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;om;om;rac:=ubl;/ wvkdif;qkdjyD;rdrdwdk@pdwf=udKuf
ac:qkdokH;eSKef;ae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJbkrodbrodbJeJ@oufoufrJhtac:cHae&=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@emusnf;pGmcHpm;
ae=u&w,f/ 'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vkd@ac:vdkuf&wmudkbJ/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@t&omawG@ae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@
ac:aewm/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkapmfum;aew,fvkd@rjrif=ubl;/ 'gayrJhrdrdwkd@ArmvlrsdK;udkawmhenf;enf;rStxdrcHedkifbl;/ trSm;rcHekdifbl;
qkd&if &Dcsifp&m rjzpfaebl;vm;/ u|efawmfrSmawG;awG;jyD;[m;wkdufcg&Dvdkufcsifygao;w,ff/
atmf- vlowform;=uD;ubk&m;avmif;jzpf/ w&m;rJw h Jhacwfvlom;udk;//
 4

tydkif; (2)
wvdkif;qkw d Jh pum;vkH;[mb,fuqif;oufvmovJ bmt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f b,fol@udk&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwm odolr&Sdoavmuf
enf;yg;w,f/ wvkdif;qdkwJhpum;vkH;&J@t"dyg`,ftrSeu f dk rodbJ,ae@okH;eSKef;a&;om;aew,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ tJ'DvkdrodbJ
okH;eSKef;a&;om;wJhtwGuf rjzpfxkdufwJhyËdyuQawG vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSKawGudk jzpfay:vmapcJhw,f/ rGefeSifhArm=um;rSm rvdkvm;
tyfwJhvlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSKawGeSpaf ygif;rsm;pGmjzpfay:vmapcJhw,f/ cspf=unf&if;eSD;rSKudkysufjym;vmapcJhw,f Tpum;vkH;udk rqifjcif
rpOf;pm;bJokH;eSKef;a&;om;olYvkH;0wm0ef&Sdw,fvdk@qdkcsifw,f/ wdkufwGef;vkdwmuawmhrdrdt"dy`g,frodwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;udk
rokH;&iftaumif;qkH;ygbJ/ t"ddy`g,frodbJrdrduayghayghqqokH;vkdufvkd@wzufvlwOD;udkxdcdkfufapr,fqkd&ifykdjyD;qkd;0g;ygw,f/
ajz&Sif;r&wJhjy\emawGajrmufrsm;pGmjzpfay:vmekdifw,f/
'grdk@wvdkif;pum;vkH;a0g[m&&J@rlvZpfjrpftrSef/ t"dy`g,frSefukdodvkdwJhqENjyif;jyif;ysysu|efawmf&ifxJrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyifjzpfay:
vmaecJhw,f/ wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@a0g[m&pum;vkH;wvkH;r[kwfbl;qdkwm rGefvlrsdK;wOD;jzpfwJhu|efawmftaeeJ@
wyftyfaocsmodxm;w,f/tJ'Dawmhwvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@pum;r[kwf&if tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@pum;vkH;
a&mrjzpfekdifbl;vm;vkd@pdwfxJrSmjzpfvmcJhw,f/ rSm;,Gif;jyD;okH;eSKef;jyD;ae wmvJjzpfekdifw,fvkd@pdwfxJcHpm;vmcJhrdw,f/
aemifwae@ae@rSmwvkdif;a0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,ftrSefukd az:xkwfedkfifatmifig=udK;pm;r,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;&J@ rlvZpfjrpftrSef/
t"dy`g,ftrSefudkod=u&if tvGefwefbdk;&SdwJh pum;vkH;pum;pk w&yfjzpfvmedkifr,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH; a0g[m&[m
ta=umif;rJhordkif;pmtkyfawGrSma&;xm;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;awmhr[kwfedkifbl;/ rlvZpfjrpft"dy`g,f &Sdaompum;vkH;wvkH;
jzpf&r,fvkd@ausmif;om;t&G,fi,fpOfuyif,kH=unfxm;cJhw,f/ wvdkif;a0g[m&J@t"dy`g,ftrSefudkodedkif&if aumif;rSmbJ/
wvkdif;a0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,f tppfrSefudk od&SdjyD;aemufrSmpum;vkH; udkta=umif;jyKjyD; rGefeSifhArm=umrSm jzpfay:aewJh
vlrsdK;yËdyuQudkvJ aysmufuG,f oGm;apedkifr,fvkd@vJ pdwfxJjzpfay:aerdw,f/ wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;pk[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vkH;0rywfoufbl; tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@om oufqdkifw,fvkd@odvm=uwJhwae@rSm rGefeSifhArmcspf=unfa&;udk t"Gef@&SnfpGm
jzpfay:vmapekdifw,fvkd@ u|efawmf &kd;om;pGmjrifcw Jh ,f/ tJ'DtcdsefrSm'Dpum;vkH;udkvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf okH;eSKeff;a&;om;
vmekdifr,f rGefvlrsdK;udkvnf; r&nf&G,f awmhbJ oufqdkifwJhvlrsdK;tppfrSefudkom &nf&G,fawmhr,f/ &nfn$ef;cH&ola&m
ok;H pGJoltwGufygtjypfuif;vmr,f/ b,fvlrsdK;udkrSvJ rxdcdkfufb;l qkdawmh b,favmuf pdwfcsrf;ajr@bkd@ aumif;vdkufrvJ
TuJhodk@aom tawG;rsdK;u|efawmh&ifxJrSm eSpfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmuyifudef;atmif;vmwJhw,f/ 'Dvkd&nf&G,fcsufeJ@
wvdkif;a0g[m&ukd okawoejyKcJhw,f/ Tokawoe pmwrf;aqmif;yg;udkvJtxufygu|efawmfxm;&Sdcw Jh Jh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@
,kH=unfcsuftwkdif;a&;om;&jcif;jzpfw,f/

txufygajymcJw h Jhtwkdif;wvdkif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;ukd u|efawmfpdwf0ifpm;cJhonfrSm=umjyD;jzpfw,f/ aumvdyfwuUodkvfausmif;om;

b0ujzpfw,f/ pmtkyfpmwef;awG/aqmifyg;rsdK;pkHwkd@udk=udK;pm;&SmazGzwf&SKjyD; wvkdif;pum;vkH;&J@rl&if;t"dy`g,fudk pl;prf;
avhvmcJhw,f pmtkyfpmwrf;awGzwf&kHeJ@vJu|efawmfrauseyfao;bl;/ wwfodemvnfwJhvlyk*~dKvf&[ef;yk*~dKvfwkd@udkvJ csOf;uyfjyD;
ar;jref;jyD;wvkdif;a0g[mt"dy`g,fudk&SmazGcJhw,f/ tzufzufrSavhvmokH;oyfcJhw,f okawoejyKcJhw,f/ tyifyrf;cH
tcsdeftukefcHjyD;wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;.rlvZpfjrpft"dy`g,ftrSefudkav;av;eufeuf pl;prf;&SmazGcJhw,f/ txdkuftav#muf
oufaoawGtaxmufxm;awGudk&&SdcJhayrJhu|efawmfpdwf=udKufjzpfavmufatmifjynfhpkHvkHavmufwJhoufaotaxmufxm;awGudk
r&&SdcJhbl;/ txl;ojzifh 1996-ckeSpfrSm =opa=wvD,m;edkifiHa&mufjyD; trsdK;om;pm=unfhwkduf (Australia National Library)rSm
tvkyfvkyf&if; t*FvdyfpmtkyfArmpmtkyfawGudk pdwf=udKufzwf&SK avhvm&awmhrS wvdkif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;&J@rlv&if;jrpf
t"dyg`,ftppfrSefudkjynfhjynfhpkHpkHodcGifh&vmw,f/ oufaotaxmufxm;awG jynfhjynfhpkHpkH&vmw,fvkd@ ajymcsifygw,f/
txl;ojzifh a'gufwmvl. pkaqmif;pmtkyfpmwef;rsm; (Dr. Luce’s Collection)rS pmtkyfrsdK;pkHwkd@udkpdwf=udKuf &SmazGar$aeSmuf
zwf&SKekdifcGifh&awmhrSbJ/ ydkrdkjynfhpkHwJhwvkdif;a0g[meSifh ywfoufaomoufao taxmufxm; aemufcHordkif;wkd@udkodcGifh&cJhw,f/
tJ'Dawmh ,cka&;rJhaqmif;yg;rSm u|efawmftaeeJ@ tzufzufrS avhvmpl;prf; okawoejyK&SmazGjyD;awG@&SdcJhwJh tcsufawGudk
rlwnfjyD; wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfr,f/ u|efawmfokawoejyKcJhykHudkwqifhjyD;wqifh wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/'DvkdwifjywJhae&mrSm/
wvkdif;a0g[m&a=umifh oufa&mufcJhwJhraumif;rSKtusdK;w&m;tcsdK@/ tjzpfysuftcsdK@wdk@udkvJrvGJra&SmifomwifjyoGm;&rSm
jzpfygw,f/ pmzwfy&d\wfrsm;pdwf&SnfoD;cHjyD; zwf&SKoGm;bdk@vdkw,f/
 5
u|efawmf&SmazGawG@&Sdxm;wJh tcsuftvuftay:tajccHjyD; ajym&&ifrlvpum;vkH;t"dy`g,feJ@ ,ae@okH;eSKef;a&;om;ae=uwJh
yk*~dKvfwkd@&J@tjrifeJ@wjcm;pDjzpfaew,f/ ,ae@okH;eSKef;a&;om;ae=uolwkd@&J@OD;wnfwJh &nf&G,fcsufurSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfjzpfaewJh
tjyif&nfn$ef;wJhvlrsdK;uvJwvGJwacsmfjzpfaew,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f/ oufqkdifwJhrlvvlrsdK;udkr&nfn$ef;rdbJrGefvlrsdK;udk
rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;&nfn$ef;aek=uw,f/rjzpfxkdufwJhtusdK;oufa&mufrSKudkjzpfay:apcJhw,f

wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;tokH;eSKef;udk rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gif; c|wfc|wfacsmfacsmfokH;pGJvmcJhonfrSmeSpfaygif;&mcsDjyD;jzpfw,f/ rSm;,Gif;

c|wfacsmfwJha&m*gqdk;=uD;utvGeftjrpfpGJaejyD;jzpfw,f/ eSpfcsDpGJuyfvmwJhemwm&Snfa&m*gjzpfcw Jh JhtwGuf a&m*g[m tvGef
u|rf;aejyD;jzpfw,faysmufuif;bdk@twGufaq;jyif;aq;cg;=uD;udk4if;/ aq;ylaq;pyf=uD;udk4if;/ rvGJra&SmifomtokH;jyKjyD; uko&rSm
jzpfw,f/ vlemudk oufnSm;vkd@r&awmhbl;a&m*gjrefjrefaysmufbdk@ut"dujzpfw,f/ qkdvkdonfrSm tu,fI Taqmif;yg;rSm
ay;wJhOyrmawG[m tenf;i,fjyif;xefw,fvdk@jrif&if u|efawmftm;cGifhvGwfoD;cH=ubdk@=udKwifawmif;zefygw,f/
wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;&J@qkdvkd&if;t"dy`g,ftrSefudkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@vnf;rSefrSefuefuefrod=ubl; u|efawmfvJtpyxruvkH;vkH;rodcJhbl;
a,mif0g;0g;jzpfaecJhw,f aemufydkif;avhvmpl;prf;&if;okawoejyK&if; taxmufxm;awGtcsufvufawG@&SdawmhrS wvkdif;
qkdwJhpum;vkH;&J@ t"dyg`,feJ@rlvZpfjrpfudkodvm&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmwvdkif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,fudkrodayrJh ppf&SKH;wJh
igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;udk OD;atmifaZ,sucsdK;eSdrfjyD; rSKdcsdK;jrpfcsdK;qJqkdac:a0:okH;eSKef;vkdufwJha0g[m&wck vkd@bJ t=urf;jyif; tm;jzifhem;vnf
cH,l xm;=uw,f/
,ckacwfOyrmeJ@ajym&&ifOD;ekzqyvtpdk;&acwfrSmtpkd;&udkqef@usifawmfvSefaewJhtiftm;pkawGudk olyek fawG[k ac:qkdcJh w,f/
u&ifolykefawG/rGefolykefawG uGefjrLepfoyl kefawG/&Srf;olykefawG&cdkifolykefawGvkd@ trnfemrwyfjyD; wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/
olykef[mrGefvlrsdK;vnf;r[kwfbl; u&ifvlrsdK;vnf;r[kwfbl; uGefjrLepfvnf;r[kwfbl; &Sr;f /ucsif/&ckdifvlrsKd ;vnf;r[kwfbl;
oufoufxGifokH;wJhpum;vkH;omjzpfw,f/
olykeq f dkwJha0g[m&pum;vkH;&J@rlvt"dy`g,ftppfrSefubmvJ/ b,fa0g[m&pum;vkH;rSqif;oufvmovJqdkwmrod=ubl;/ rod=u
ayrJh/olykefa0g[m&um;vkH;eJ@tpkd;&u0g'jzef@wkdufcdkufwJhtwGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSefaewJhtiftm;pktzGJ@0ifrSefor#udkem;acgif;
&SKyf=uw,f/raumif;jrif=uw,f/vlqkd;vlrdkuftjzpfowfrSwf=uw,f/ tJ'Dvkdem;acgif;&SKyf=uwJhyk*~dKvfawGudkolykefqdkwJha0g[m&
pum;vkH;&J@rl&if;t"dy`g,fwdwdususudkodovm;vkd@ar;=unhf&ifodolr&SdoavmuftvGefenf;yg;w,f/ olykefa0g[m&ukdt"dy`g,f
trsdK;rsdK;zGifh=u w,f/vGJvJGrSm;rSm;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdwwf=uw,f/ &ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@udkar;&ifolykefqkdwmqyfjymvdk@ t"dy`g,f&w,fvkd@
ajzqkd=uw,f/ olykefa0g[m&pum;vkH;&J@rlvt"dy`g,fub,favmufbJaumif;aumif;/ tpkd;&u4if;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udk
tokH;jyKjyD;qef@usifbuf tiftm;pkudkwkdufcdkufwJhtwGuf a0g[m&pum;vkH;[mtvkdvkdem;acgif;&SKyfp&mjzpfvmw,f/ raumif;wJh
t"dyg`,ftjzpfzGifhqkd =uw,f/ tpkd;&&J@0g'jzef@rSKutm;aumif;awmhjynfolvlxkawGvJema,mifoGm;=uw,f/
trSefrSmolykefpum;vkH;[m/trsm;xifrSwfovkdt"dyg`,froufa&mufbl;/ em;acgif;&SKyfp&mvJr[kwfbl;/ olykeq f dkwJha0g[m&[m
rGefa0g[m&pum;vkH;(oykef)uvmw,f/ rGefa0g[m&oykef[m(erf)tjzpfokH;eSKefwmxuf (u&d,m)pum;vkH;tjzpf tokH;jyKrsm;
w,f/rl&if;t"dyg`,fuawmfvSefykefuefonf/awmfvSefwkdufcdkufonfvkd@t"dy`g,f&w,f/ qkd;oGif;wJhtpkd;&udkawmfvSefykefuef=uwm
udk(oykef)vkyf=uw,fajymekdifw,f/ zdedkyfcsKyfcs,fwJhtpkd;&udkjynfolvlxku awmfvSefykefuefwmvJ(oykef)x=uw,fvkd@ac:qkdedkif
w,f/ rnfonhfykefuefx=uGrSKudkrqkd(oykef)x=uw,fvkd@ac:qdkw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfqkdvkdwJhoabmu rlvpum;vkH;u
b,favmuf aumif;aumif;okH;eSKef;ol&nf&G,frrSef&ifpum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,fygajymif;vJoGm;w,fqkd@wJhtcsufjzpfw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;vJ'Dtwdkif;jzpfw,f/rlvt"dy`g,fub,favmufbJaumif;aumif;tokH;jyKwJhol/tokH;jyKwJhumv/tokH;jyK
ol&J@&nf&G,fcsuftay:rlwnfjyD; t"dy`g,fuGJuGJjym;jym;xGufay:vmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk=unhf&if ppfumvtwGif;rSm
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@u&efolrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwkdufcdkufbdk@twGuftokH;jyKwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/0g'jzef@wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/'gudku|efawmf
wkd@emvnfbkd@vkdw,f/rlvt"dyg`,fb,favmufaumif;aumif; tokH;jyKol&J@&nf&G,fcsufurGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk csdKeSdrfvkdvkd@tokH;jyKwJh
twGufa0g[m&pum;vkH;[m t"dy`g,fajymif;vJoGm;w,f/ 'Dpum;vkH;eJ@wkdufckdufcHwJhwzufvluvJ tvGefcH&cufjzpfoGm;w,f/
rlvt"dy`g,fudkrodayrJhokH;eSKef;ol&J@tay:rSmrlwnfjyD;cHpm;vm=uwJhoabmudkemvnfrnf[kxifygw,f/

tJ'Dawmh,ckacwfjzpfay:aewJhvufawG@uswJhtajcaeudktajccHjyD;u|efawmfwkd@okH;oyf=unfh&ifodomxif&Smekdifw,f/ OD;ekzqyv
tpkd;&vufxufrSm/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefae=uwJh/ rGef/&ckdif/u&if/&Srf;/uGefjrLepfygwDawGtm;vkH;ukd/ olykeftzGJ@pnf;vkd@tpkd;&u
 6

0g'jzef@wkdufckdufcJhw,f/1962ckeSpfaemufykdif;tm%mvkwufvmwJh ppftpkd;&tqufqufacwfrSm trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;

twGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSefae=uwJh/ rGef/&ckdif/u&if/&Srf;awGudk ‘aomif;use;f ol’vkd@okH;eSKef;jyD;0g'jzef@wkdufckdufacsrSKef;vmcJhw,f/
tJ'Dawmhtpkd;&u0g'jzef@okH;eSKef;aewJhpum;vkH;awGudk tpGJjyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;ukdrGefvlrsdK;vkd@rac:qkdbJ ‘olykefrsdK;’ vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;
=u&ifrSefyghrvm; rGefvlrsdK;wOD;udkawG@wdkif;olykefvkd@ ac:qkdvkd@&rvm;odk@r[kwf ‘aomif;usef;rsdK;’vkd@ okH;eSKef;&if&rvm; pOf;pm;=unfh
prf;yg/ u&ifvlrsdK;awG[mrdrdwkd@ vGwfajrmufrSKtwGuf tpdk;&ukdawmfvSefykefuefaewmudk tpGJjyKjyD;u&ifudk u&ifvlrsdK;vkd@
rokH;eSKef;awmhbJ ‘olykefrsKd ;/olykefrsdK;’ ‘aomif;usef;rsdK;/aomif;use;f rsdK;’vdk@ ordkif;rSwfwrf;wif vkd@&rvm; igwdk@rSmtm%m&Sdw,f/
igwkd@rSwfwrf;wifcsifovkdrSwfwrf;wifvdk@&w,f/ b,fol@udkrSiJhnSmp&mrvkdbl;/ *&kpkdufp&mvJrvkdbl;/ Todk@aom
t,lqtawG;ac: pdwf"gwfrsdK;eJ@a&;om;=urSwfwrf;wif=uvkd@&rvm;/ tawG;ac: &Sdolwkdif; pOf;pm; qifjcif,lekdifygw,f/

tJ'DvkdygbJ 1752-57/eSpftwGif;rSmjzpfyGm;cJw h Jh rGef-ArmppfyGJudkavhvm&iftrSefw&m;udku|efawmfwkd@ tajzxkwf,lekdfifr,fvkd@

xifygw,f/ 1752-1757-ckeSpfjzpfyGm;wJhppfyGJrSm &efolrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk OD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bkdfArmwkd@u ‘rGefwvdkif;’awG[k
&ifh&ifhoD;oD;ac:qkdokH;eSKef;cJhw,f/ ‘usLyifckwfusLikwfrusefap&’ a=uG;a=umfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk rsdK;jyKwfatmif wdkufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/
owfjzwfcJh=uw,f/ xkdtwlrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJtavSsmhray;bl;/ rdrd&efola&$bdkArmawGudkvJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u ‘gkUtI’ ‘t&nf=uD;’
awG[k&ifh&ifhoD;oD;ac:qkdokH;eSKef;cJhw,f/ ‘ZD;yifckwfZD;ikwfrusefap&’ [ka=uG;a=umfjyD; a&$bkdArmawGudk rsdK;jyKwfatmif
wdkufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/
rGefeSifhArmwkd@[mtjyeftvSefwOD;ukdwOD;wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJh=uw,f/ wOD;udkwOD;trsdK;rsdK;emrnfwyfykyfcwfajymqkdjyD;trsdK;rsdK;0g'jzef@
cJh=uw,f/rdrdwdk@bufrSpdwfrmefwuf=uGatmif/ pdwf&J=uGvmatmif/ pdwf"gwfxufjrufatmifqkdjyD;rdrd.&efolwzufoltm;
trsdK;rsdK;emrnfwyf/ykyfcwf ajymqkd=uwm"rRwmjzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udka&mArmvlrsdKudkygtjypfvkd@rqkdombl;/ emvnfjyD;
cGifhvGwfedlkifwJh taexm;rSm&Sdw,f/ ppfwGif;rSmrdk@okH;eSKef;w,fqkdjyD;u|efawmfwdk@emvnfedkifw,f/ 'gayrJhppfjyD;umvrSm wOD;udkwOD;
ykyfcwfajymqkdaewmrsd;udkawmh u|efawmfwkd@ emrvnfekdifatmifjzpfcJh&w,f/ 'gxufykdrdkqdk;wmuordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wifwmrsdK;bJ
jzpfw,f/ ppftwGif;uokH;eSKef;cJw h Jh tokH;eSKef;awGudk ordkif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifwmrsdK;[mcGifhrvGwf p&mvkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//
1752-57/ckeSpfujzpfyGm;wJhrGef-ArmppfyGJrSm/ OD;atmifaZ,sa&$bdkArmwdk@bufrSmauG@&rS ;f awG/ t*FvdyfeJ@'wf(csf)1awGu yg0ifulnD
wkdufckdufay;wJhtwGufrGefvlrdsK;wdk@tay:ppfatmifedkifcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ppf&SKH;oGm;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmppf&SKH;olqdkawmh
ukd,fydkifordkif;a&;om;cGifhr&SdcJhbl;/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ywfoufjyD; ppftwGif;u rdrdwkd@csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfokH;pGJcw
Jh JhtokH;eSKef; ‘t&nf=uD;rsKd ;’pwJh
pum;vkH;rsdK;awGudkordkif;rSm rSwfwrf; wifcGifhr&vkdufbl; tJ'Dpum;vkH; awG[mrxifay:cJhbl; wdrf;jrKyfaecJw h ,f/
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bfdkArmawGu ppfedkiof lqkdawmhrdrdwkd@ppftwGif;uokH;eSKef;cJhpum;vkH;jzpfwJh ‘wvkdif;’ pum;vkH;udk
ppfatmifekdifolyDyDd rdrdpdwf=udKufordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wifedkifcJhw,f/ wvkid ;f qdw k Jhpum;[m ordkif;rSwfwrf;wif cH&jyD; xifay:
ausmf=um;wJh pum;vkH; wvkH;jzpfvmw,f/ ausmif;om; vli,fawGudktwif;&Gwfckdif;jyD;tvGwfusufapcJhw,f/ ausmif;om;
vli,fwkd@&J@toJjyifekekxuf0,f/ trJpufxifatmifpGrf;aqmifedkifcJhonf/ rGefvlrsdK;ukdtxifjrifao;atmifausmif;om; vli,fawG&J@
Oa%SmufxJrmS rSm;,Gi;f wJh tawG;ac:udkoGwfoGif;ekdfifcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;tjzpfrodawmhbl;/ wvkdif;vlrsdK;jzpfatmif
zefwD;cJhw,f/ ordkif;r&Sd/ tajcjrpfr&SdwJhvlrsdK;wrsdK;/ rxif&Sm;wJhvlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpfodk@zefwDvdkufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
tvGefawmufajymifcw Jh Jh twdwf &mZ0ifordkif;a=umif; wckvkH; udkacszsufypfcJhw,f//
'Dae&mrSm tav;eufxm;axmufjyvkdwJh tcsufuppfumvtwGif;rSm wzufudkwzufwOD;udkwOD;&ifh&ifhoD;oD; pGyfpGJajymqkd
=uw,f/"rRmwmbJ/ wOD;udkwOD;cspfcspf=unf=unf &if;&if;eSD;eSD;csdKcsdKomom ajymqkd=uawmhrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Doabmudk u|efawmf
emvnfjyD;cGifhvGwfedkifw,f/'gayrJhppfumvtwGif;wOD;eSifhwOD;&efoljzpfaewJhtcsdefrSm &ifh&ifhoD;oD;okH;pGJcJhpum;vkH;awGudk orkdif;rSm
rSwfwrf;wifjyD;w&m;0ifjzpfatmif=udK;pm;vkyfaqmifoifhygovm;/ tJ'Dtcsuftay:av;av;eufeuf u|efawmfwkd@pOf;pm;bkd@
vkdw,f/

1
t*Fvyd ef J@'wfcsfwkd@[mjyifopf&J@pD;yGm;a&;t&jydKifbuf&efolrsm;jzpfw,f/ jyifopfeJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ur[mrdwfrsm;jzpf=uw,f/ [kdif;=uD;u|ef;rSmjyifopfwkd@udkvGwfvyfpGm ukeful;oef;
a&mif;0,fcGifhudk rGefwdk@ucGifhay;xm;w,f/ t*FvdyfudkrlcGifhrjyKcJhbl; oHvsifrSm&SdwJht*Fvdyfwkd@puf&kHwkd@vJydwfyifcH&w,f/ rGefeJ@t*FvdyfuqufqHa&;rajyvJbl; aemufwcsufu
oHvsifrSm&SdwJh jyifopfwdk@[m tENd,rm'&yfrSm&SdwJht*Fvdyfpcef;udktcsdefra&G;tEW&m,fay;edkifw,f/ 'grdk@jyifopfeJ@rGefusqkH;a&;twGuf a&$bdkArmawGudkt*FvdyfeJ@ 'wfcsfwdk@u ppfa&;
tulnD ay;cJhw,f/ 0kdif;ul wdkufay;w,f
 7

tJ'DawmhppftwGif;uokH;eSKef;cJw h w Jh vkdif;pum;tokH;eSKef;udku|efawmfjyefvnfpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ 'Dpum;vkH;[mppftwGif;urdrd&J@&efol

wzufvl rGefvlrsdK;udkykyfcwfajymqkdcJhpum;jzpfw,f/ t"dy`g,ftwdusvJb,folrSraz:jyekdifbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vJrdrdwdk@&J@
pum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/rdrdwdk@vlrsdK;[mwvkdif;vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;qdkwmvJ twdtvif;jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufjiif;qkdae=ujyD;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dvkdt"dy`g,frodwJhppfumvwGif;okH;pGJwJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;eSifhrGefvlrsKd ;udkwvkdif;rsdK;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wif&ifrSefuefyghrvm;/ w&m;
ovm;/ pOf;pm;Om%f&Sdolwkdif; pOf;pm;qifjcif;=uapvkdygw,f/ tm%m&Sdwkdif; xifwkdif;r=uJrd=ubkd@vkdw,f/ tJ'DvkdrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
ordkif;rSwfwrf;wifcHae&w,fvkd@ rGefvlrsdK;xkw&yfvkH;u0rf;enf;pGm cHpm;ae=u&w,f/ 'g[mvJt=urf;jyif;tm;jzifh
em;vnfjyD;cH,lxm;wJh cH,lcsufw&yfyg/ wvkid ;f pum;vkH;&J@rlvt"dy`g,fwdwdusus uddkrodaomfvJ/emusnf;pdwfeJ@cHpm;ae=u&w,f/
wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udkokH;pGJwJhyk*~dKvf&J@&nf&G,fcsufudku rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk ykyfcwf qJqdkajymvkdwJhtwGuf/ rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;uvJ
emusnf;wJhpdwf/rcHcsifwJhpdwfeJ@cHpm;ae&jcif;jzpfw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wOD;taeeJ@wvdkif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;.t"dyg`,fudk odp&mrvkdbl; bmjzpfvJqkdawmh rdrdvlrsdK;u wvkdif;rSr[kwfwm
wvdkif;qkw d mvJrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl; rGefvlrsdK;[mrGefvlrsdK;bJjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;rS r[kwfbJtb,fa=umifh 'kuQcHjyD; wvkdif;qkdwJh
pum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,fudk&SmazSGpl;prf;ae&rnfenf;/olwyg;uom udk,fhudktwif;t"rR emrnfzsufjyD; ac:qkd aewmjzpfw,f
rdrdwkd@eSifhrqdkifbl; rGefvlrsdK;udkcsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrf &SKwfcsac:qkd okH;eSKef;aewJhyk*~dKvfawGeSifhomqkdifw,f/ wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;udk
ok;H pGJaewJholYomwm0ef&Sdw,f/ wvdkif;pum;ubmt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ bma=umifhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:qdkw,f/ pwJhorkdif;
oufaotaxmufxm;awGjynfhjynfhpkHpkHvkHvkHavmufavmufwifjyedkif&r,f/ vkkHavmufwJhordkif;oufaoawGtaxmufxm;awG
rwifjyekdifwJhpum;vkH;w&yf(odk@r[kwf)t"dy`g,ftwdtusrwifjyedkifao;wJh pum;vkH;w&yfudkrokH;pGJ=u&if taumif;qkH;ygbJvkd@
u|efawmfajymcsifw,f/a0g[m&w&yfudkr&Sif;jyedkfifbJwm0efrJht&rf;okH;pGJwJhtwGufrvkdvm;tyfwhJtusdK;jzpfxGef;rSKudkjzpfay:apw,f
/vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSKudkjzpfay:apw,f/tJ'Dvkdwm0efrJht&rf;okH;pGJwmudku|efawmfwkd@vufcH=ur,fqkd&ifaemiftem*gwfrSmajz&Sif;vkd@r&ekdif
avmufatmifwdkif;&if;om;=um;rSmtrkef;yGm;rSKawG/jy\emawGjzpfay:vmekdifr,fqdkwm u|efawmf=udKwifjyD;owday;ajym=um;vkdyg
w,f//
wvkdif;tac:cH&wJhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeSifh 0rf;enf;pGm cHpm;&onfuvGJI bmrSrwwfedifbl;/ rdrdwkd@uppf&SKH;ol Armwdk@uppfekdifol/
ppfekdifoljzpfwJhArmwdk@uolwkd@pdwf=udKuf'@dkrGefvlrsdK;udkcsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfac:qkdokH;eSKef;a&;om;ae=uwmbJvkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@0rf;enf;pGm
cHpm;ae=uw,f/ 'kd@uppf&SKH;wJholqkdawmh olwdk@a&;om;ovkd 'dk@uacgif;ikHcHae&,kHuvGJjyD;bmwwfedkifrvJ/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSm
tm%mr&Sdbl; rSefrSefuefuefa&;om; cGifhr&SdcJhbl;/ 'kd@uppf&SKH;ol tm%mrJholqkdawmh ppfatmifol&J@jiif;qJeSdyfpufrSKudk
acgif;ikwfcHae&rSmbJ/ tJ'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmrausrcsrf;eJ@ =udwfrSdwfjyD;cHpm;ae=u&w,f/ 'Drdkua&pDr&SdwJhacwfrSm zdeSdyfhcsKyfcs,fwJh
tpkd;&atmufrSm ydwfavSmifcHae&wJh rGefvlrsdK; awGtwGuf bmrSjyefvnfwkef@jyefjyD;rvkyfekdifbl; rauseyfvGef;&if uef@uGuf,kHom
uef@uGuf ekdifcJhw,f/
wvkdif; qkw d Jhpum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,ftrSefudkrodayrJh rdrdwkd@rGefvlrsdK;udkTodk@rw&m;ac:qkd okH;eSKef;aewJhtwGuf twdwfurdrdwkd@.
ppf&SKH;wJhb0udkjyefvnfowd&apcJhw,f/ wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;uzefwD;vkdufwJh emusnf;rSKa0'emawGwoDwwef;=uD;jyefay:
vmw,f/ tdrfajc(300)avmufbJ&SdwJha&$bdk&Gmuav;u ol@ukd,folbk&m;avmif;vkd@cH,lxm;wJh trJvdkuf rkqdk;OD;atmifaZ,s&J@
owfjzwf jiif;qJrSKudk cHcJh&wJhrdrdwkd@rGefvlrsdK;b0udkjyefvnf jrifa,mifvmapw,f/ rdrdwkd@.tbdk;tzGm;awG aqGrsdK;armifeSrawGudk
&uf&ufpufpufrkqdk;OD;atmifaZ,su rD;&SKd@owfcJhykHudk jyefvnf owd&apcJhw,f/rD;&SKd@rowfcif rD;&SKd@rnfhavSmifcsdKifhusnfxJrSm
&Sdae=uwJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@b0tjzpftysufukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rsuf0g;xifxifjrifa,mifvmw,f emusnf;pdwfawG waxmif;axmif;
jzpfvmw,f/a'gopdwfawGwzGm;zGm;jzpfvmw,f/ awmfvSefvkdwJhpdwfawG w[kef;[kef;tkH=uGvm=uw,f/ rGef&[ef; oHCm tyg;
(3000)wkd@tm; t=uifemw&m;uif;rJhpGmqifeif;jyD; owfckdif;aewJh rkqkd;OD;atmifaZ,s&J@=urf;wrf; cyfxefwJhrsufeSm/ &ufpuf
=urf;=uKwf,kwfrmwJhrsufeSmudk jyefvnfjrifa,mif vmrdw,f/ a'got[kef;[ke;f xGufvmrd=uw,f/ wvfkdif;qkdwJha0:[m&[m
Tr#avmufrGefvlrsdK;udkemusOf;rSKjzpfapw,f rGefvlxk w&yfvkH;. pdwfev S kH;xJrSmjyif;xefwJha0'em temw&jzpfapcJw h ,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;onf rGefvlrsdK;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef jiif;yrf;eSdyfpufvmcJhw,ff/ tckqkd&ifeSpfaygif;250ausmfyif&SdcJhygjyD; wae@rS
rGefvlrdsK;wdk@rarhekdifao;bl;/ Twvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udk jrifawG@wkdif;OD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bdkArmawG&J@ &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfrSK
awGG/jiif;yrf;eSdrfhpufrSKawG/ rw&m;teSdKifusifhrSKawG udkjyefvnfeSkKd;qGowd&apcJhw,f/ tema[mif;udkxyfavmif; xkd;qGaeovkd
jzpfapcJhw,f/ 'ga=umifh wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;udkrnfonfh rGefvlrsdK;wOD;wa,mufurSr=udKufeSpfouf=uay/ awG@wdkif;
toJem=uonf/ wvdkif;pum; vkH;&J@ t"dy`g,fudk rodayrJh pum;vkH;u zefwD;ay;vdkufwJha0'emutvGefjyif;xefw,f/
 8

yJcl;rSm&Sd=uwJhrGefawGjrpf0u|ef;ay:bufrSm&Sd=uwJhrGefawGuyg/Tpum;vkH;ukdrkef;wD;=uonf OD;atmifaZ,s&J@owfjzwfrSKjiif;yrf;
eSdyfhpufrSKudka&Smifwdrf;&if; xkdif;ekdifiHodk@ckdvkHa&muf&SdoGm;=uwJhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@uvJ r=um;vkdbl; &G@Hrkef; =uw,f/ twdwfu
emusnf;wJhorkdif;tjzpftysufudkowdapvGef;vkd@jzpfw,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&ifrnfonhfrGefwOD;wa,mufurSreSpfouf=ubl;/
yJcl;e,furGefawG[m/wvkdif;ac:wmukdeSpfouf=uygw,fvdk@a':cifapmEGJ@pmwrf;rSma&;om;xm;ovkdawmhrjzpfekdifygbl;/vkd&mqGJa&;
om;xm;wmbJjzpfedkifw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wOD;udkrGef[lIyif av;av;pm;pm; ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wmukd =um;vkd=uw,f wjcm;trnfemr
wckckeJ@ tpm;xkd;jyD; ac:a0:&if b,folrS r=udKuf=uyg/ rGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@rac:a0:bJ tjcm;rnfemrwckckeJ@ tpm;xkd;
ac:a0:wm[moufouf eSdyfcsvkdI ac:qkdwmbJ jzpfekdifw,f/ onfhtjyif&nf&G,fcsufawmhr&Sdekdifyg/ rGefvlrsdK;wkdif;u
=udKufeSpfoufrSmr[kwfygbl;/ rGefudkwvkdif;vkd@a&;om;ajymqkdwJhtwGuf rjzpfoifhwmawGtrsm;=uD;jzpfcJhbl; ygw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wOD;udk
wvkdif;vkd@ac:a0: rdwJh twGuf vlowfrSKawG/ ckwfxpfrSKawG &efyGJawG rkef;wD;rSKawGG wOD;eSifhwOD; =um;rSmjzpfay:cJh=uw,f/
oli,fcsif;˜tcsif;csif;rsufeSm=unfhvkd@r&atmifrkef;wD;oGm;=uw,f &efolvkd jzpfoGm;=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@
ac:a0:okH;pGJaewmudk rGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@u vkH;vkH;r=udKuf=ubl;//
'ga=umifhppf=udKacwfrSmacwW,m,Dbk&ifhcHjzpfolrGefvlrsdK;qma*satarmif=uD;u rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ rac:qkdbkd@rokH;eSKef;bkd@
ra&;om;=ubkd@ trdef@jyefwrf;w&yfxkwfjyefjyD; ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;[mwvkdif;r[kwf wvkdif;onfvnf; rGev f lrsdK;
r[kwfbl; rGefeJ@wvkdif;[mwjcm;pDbJqdkjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;jyD; wvdkif;vkd@rokH;eSKef;ra&;om;=ubkd@ ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhw,f/
'gayrJhvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufydkif;rSmArmpma&;q&mtcsdK@wkd@utrdef@jyefwrf;udk*&krpkdufawmhbl; igwkd@ekdifiH[m vGwfvyfwJh
ekdifiHjzpfvmjyD;bJ t*Fvdyfvufxufutrdef@jkyefwrf;awGudk bm*&kpdkufp&mvdkvkd@vJ [laomrmefrmepdwf0ifvmjyD; a&;csif
ovkda&;vm=uw,f tpkd;&uvnf;wm;jrpfjcif;rvkyfawmhbl; vuf&JZuf&Jjzpfvmw,f/ acwfvli,f awGudk awGa0apcJw h ,f/
rGefvlrsdK;qkdwmr&Sdbl;/ tajcjrpfr&Sdrxifr&Sm;wJh ppf&SKH;orm;wvkdif;vlrsdK;bJ&Sdw,f tjrifrsdK;jrifvm=uw,f rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;[lI
azgazgoDoD okH;eSKef;jyD; a&;om;vm=ujyefw,f 0rf;enf;bG,faumif;atmifawG@&SK&w,f rGefawGtoJememjzifhpmawGudk
zwfcJh&w,f/ u|efawmfonfyifArmpma&q&mawGa&;wJhwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udkzwf&if;rsuf&nfuscw Jh Jht=udrfaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm
&SdcJhbl;ygw,f//
tJ'Dvkdrqifjcif;rpOf;pm;a&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqkdrSKa=umifhrjzpfoifhwmawGukdjzpfcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay: rSm;,Gif;wJhtjrifawG
ukdkjzpf ay:apcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;qkdwmr&Sdbl; wvkdif;vlrsdK;bJ&Sdw,fqkdjyD; tnmom;ArmawGjrifvm=uw,f/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;awG
vnf; rGefvlrsdK;tay:rSm;,Gif;wJhtjrifjzpfvm=uw,f/ tajcckdifjrJrSKr&SdwJh rGefujym;awGvnf; igwdk@vlrsdK;u wvkdif;rsdK;bJvkd@yif
a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; jzpfvm=uw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;awGa&;om;wJhordkif;pmtkyfawG/ pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudkrSDjirf;jyD; taemufwkdif;
pma&;q&mawGvJ olwdk@a&;om;wJhpmtkyfawGrSm rGefvlrsdK;vkd@rokH;eSKef;awmhbJwvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vmwmudk
0rf;enf;bG,fawG@&w,f/ txl;ojzifhukef;abmifacwfaemufydkif; pma&;om;xkwfa0wJhpmtkyfrSefor#rSm rGefvlrsd;udkwvkdif;
vkd@&nfn$ef;az:jyvm=uw,f/ Oyrm *sD/tD/[mADa&;om;wJh “History of Burma/ G.E. Harvey” pmtkyfqkd&ifpmtkyf wtkyfvkH;rSm
rGefvlrsdK;qdkwmvkH;vkH;rawG@&awmhbl;/ yJcl;om;/ wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@bJa&;om;vmw,f/ pmtkyfwtkyfvkH;rSm ukef;abmifacwf
&mZ0iforkdif;avoHtwdkif; rGefvlrsdK;udkcsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrf;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwf&mZ0iforkdif;udktrSDjyKjyD;
urBmhpG,fpkHusrf;awGrSma&m/ edkifiHtoD;oD;rStbd"gefpmtkyfawGrSmyg rGefvlrsdK;udkwvdkif;qkdjyD;okH;eSKef; az:jyvm=uw,f/ raumif;wJh
tusdK;ouf a&mufrSKawGwoDwwef;=uD;jzpfay:apcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf0rf;enf;bG,ftvGefaumif;w,f//
1954ckeSpfrSm0rf;enf;bkd@tvGefaumif;wJhwu,fhtjzpfrSefwckudk Tae&mY u|efawmfa&;om;wifjyvkdygonf Tta=umif;&m udk
ra&;om;cifoufqdkifwJh um,uH&Sifrsm;udk=udKwifjyD;ajymvkdonfrmS Todk@ a&;wJhae&mrSm um,uH&Sifrsm;&J@ *k%foduQmrsm; udk
xdckdufepfemapvkdwJhapwemu|efawmfrSmvkH;0r&Sdyg/ apmfum;vkdI a&;om;jcif;vJ r[kwfygtjzpfrSefudkodjyD; ocFef;pm
,lekdif=ubdk@twGuf trsm;tusdK;udkar#mfudk;jyD; Tae&mYa&;om;wifjyjcif;omjzpfw,f/ uG,fvGefaoqkH; oGm;wJholyg touf&Sif
usef&Sdae=uao;wJh umu,H&Sif awGudkyg u|efawmfav;av;eufeufawmif;zefygw,f Tta=umif;a&;om; wifjywJh u|efawmf
tm; em;vnf cGifhv$wfapvkdygw,f/aemuftywfaqmif;yg;rSmqufvufzwf&SKyg/
 9

tydkif; (3)
u|efawmfa&;rJhta=umif;&m[m 1954-ckeSpfujzpfay:cJhwJh tvGef0rf;enf;a=uuGJp&maumif;wJh rif;atmifxGef;(ac:)udkaw;&J@
wu,fh tjzpfysuf jzpfw,f/ 'Dta=umif;udk u|efawmf vkH;vkH;ra&;csifygbl; 'gayrJh aemifvmaemufom;awG trSefudkod&SdjyD;
ocFef;pm ,lekdifbdk@twGuf&nf&G,w f ,f/ wvkdif;a0g[muzefwDay;vkdufwJhraumif;rSKtusdK;w&m;[m rnfr#euf&SdKif;onfudk
pmzwfolrsm;od&Sdekdifatmifa&;om;wifjy&jcif;jzpfw,f/
rif;atmifxGef;[m urm0uf&Gmom;jzpfw,f u|efawmfeJ@touf(3)(4)eSpf=uD;w,f urm0uftv,fwef;ausmif;rSm u|efawmfwdk@
twlwlynmoif=um;=uw,f udkatmifxGef;eJ@u|efawmfwkd@[m tvGefcifrif &if;eSD; =uolrsm; jzpf=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;&J@
rdbaqGrsdK;tokdif;0dkif;wkd@[m tv,fvwfwef;pm;jzpfw,f/ nDtpfudkarmifeSrawG tm;vkH; ynmwwf rsm;jzp=fuw,f
tpfr=uD;ua':at;=uL(0rf;qGJq&mr)tpfudk=uD;uekdifcifarmif (aemifwGif txufwef;ausmif;tkyf=uD;) tpfrvwfua':oef;&if
(aemiftxufwef;jyq&mr) rsm;jzpfw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;[m om;ti,fqkH;jzpfw,f/ wtdrfvkH;rSm rdbarmifeSrwdk@&J@
tcspfqkH;tcspfawmf jzpfcJhw,f/ 1954/ckeSpfrSm rif;atmifxGef; wa,muf urm0uftv,fwef;ausmif;rS (7)wef;atmifjrifjyD;
a,muFsm; olemjyK oifwef;wufbdk@ avsSmufv$m wifcJhw,f olemjyKoifwef; wufa&mufbdk@ atmifjrifcJhonf
urm0ufausmif;rSausmif;om;pkpkaygif;(3)a,muf olemjyK oifwef;atmifjrifoGm;=uw,f/ olemjyK oifwef;udk
wufa&mufbkd@twGuf rif;atmifxGef;wkd@(3)OD; &efukefodk@oGm;=urnfjzpfw,f urm0uf&GmrS oifwef;om;(3)OD; rxGufcGmcif
eSKwfqufyJw G &yfudk ausmif;u=uD;rSL; usif;yay;w,f/ xkdekwfqufyGJrSmjyKH;&$ifaewJh rif;atmifxGef;&J@ rsufeSmudk pOf;pm;rdwkdif;
u|efawmfjrifa,mif aerdao;w,f/ &GmutxGufrSmjyKH;jyKH;&$if&$ifeJ@ aysmfaysmfyg;yg;ajcvuf vSKyf&Sm; eSKwfquf cgxGufoGm;=uwJh
rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ausmif;om;(3)OD;udkvJ u|efawmfwkd@tbkd@b,ftcgurSrarhekdifcJh=ubl;/ 'Dw=udrf&Gmu xGufcGm oGm;&wJh
c&D;pOf[m rif;atmifxGef;&J@b0wckvkH;udk aZmufxkd;rdk;ar#mfjzpfoGm;apavmufatmif ajAmif;jyefvSef ajymif;vJypfvdrhfr,fvkd@
rnfol@wOD; wa,mufurS ar#mfrSef;jyD;rodvkduf=ubl; rif;atmifxGef;vJvkH;vkH;rodvkdufbl;//
olemjyKoifwef;rSm te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vma&mufoifwef;wuf=uwJh vlrsdK;aygif;pkHausmif;om;aygif;pkHwkd@eJ@ qkHqnf;cJh &w,f/
tvGef aysmfp&maumif;wJhoifwef;ausmif;=uD;wausmif;jzpfw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;wkd@rGefausmif;om;wpkvJ tvGefaysmf&$if
csrf;ajr@=uw,f/ rdwfaqGopf taygif; oif;opfawGeJ@awG@qkH&if;eSD;vmcJh&w,f aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@p&m tvGefaumif;wJh
ausmif;om;b0ukd tjynhf0 cHpm;ae=uw,f/ vlrsdK;aygif;pkHausmif;om;txJrS tnmom; Armausmif;om;awGvJ
trsm;tjym;yg0ifw,f/ twlwlpmoif twlwlpm;aomuf twlwlupm;&if;eJ@ wjznf;jznf; wOD;udkwOD; &if;eSD; cifrif
vm=uw,f/ taygif;toif; oli,fcsif;awGjzpfvm=uw,f/ wOD;udkwOD; aemufajymif ajymqdkwJhtxd cifrif&if;eSD; vm=u w,f/
wdkwkdajym&&iftJ'Doifwef;u oifwef;om;wOD; tnmom;wa,mufu rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; rSwfwrf; wifxm;wJh
ukef;abmifacwfordkif; pmtkyfukd zwfxm;[efwlygw,f/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tawG;ac: ol@acgif;xJ a&mufaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk
rGefvlrsdK;vkd@olrodbl; wvkdif;vkd@bJ olodw,f/ &kd;&kd;om;om;bJ em;vnfxm;[efwlw,f/ tJ'aD wmh atmufjynf atmuf&Gm
uvmwJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;udkawG@v#if (wvkdif;av;) (wvkdif;av;) vkd@ac:ajymjyD; aemufajymifwwfonf
tJ'DArmausmif;om;av;rSm b,fvkd &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ ac:w,fqdkwmukdrod&ayrJh/ rif;atmifxGef;wdk@ rGefausmif;om; wpktaeeJ@
tJ'Dvkdrdrdwkd@tm; ac:onfudk tenf;i,fr#rcHcsifbl; rdrdvlrsdK;udkapmfum;w,fvkd@ cHpm;aerd=uw,f/ rdrdwkd@udk tJ'Dvdkac:wJhtwGuf
rcHr&yf ekdifatmifjzpfvmrd=uw,f/ rdrdwdk@udkwvdkif;ac:jyD; eSdyfpufaewmudk qufjyD;rcHawmhcsifbl;/ wzufuvJ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@
rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@&J@ pdwfxJrSmjzpfrdwmu xkdtnmom;ausmif;om;[m trSefudkrodvkd@ igwdk@udk 'Dvkdwvkdif;vkd@
ac:qdkaewmbJjzpf&r,f/ igwdk@taeeJ@ol@udktrSeftwdkif;ajymjy&ifaumif;r,fvkd@ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@ rGefausmif;om;wpkwdk@u
pOf;pm;rdw,f/ wae@rSmtJ'Dtnmom;ausmif;om;&SdwJh tcef;qDudk rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@ oGm;=ujyD;ajz&Sif;w,f/
rif;atmifxGef;uOD;aqmifjyD;atmufygtwkdif;yGifhyGifhvif;vif;bJajymvkdufw,f/
“igwdk@udkrif;u‘wvkdif;’‘wvdkif;’vkd@ac:wm igwdk@r=udKufbl; ighwkd@vlrsdK;[m‘wvkdif;’vlrsdK;r[kwfbl; igwkd@
vlrsdK;[mjrifhjrwfwJhrGefvlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ rif;wkd@ Arm &mZ0ifuom 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;udkeSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ ‘wvkdif;’ vkd@ a&;om;jyD;
ac:aewm/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG vkH;0r=udKufbl; eSdKif;,SOfjyD; ajym&r,fqkd&if/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG u
rif;wkd@‘ArmvlrsdK;’udk‘t&nf;=uD;rsdK;’ vkd@eSdrfjyD;ac:ovkdygbJ rif;wkd@vJ =udKufrSm r[kwfbl; aemufwcg igwkd@
 10
rGefausmif;om;udk‘wvkdif;’vkd@rac:zkd@ igawmif;yefw,f/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;[m rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xufapmjyD; pmay
xGef;um;cJhwJhvlrsdK; rif;wdk@Armpmay[m rGGefpmayrS wqifhaygufzGm;vmwm/ rGefvlrsdK;[m apmjyD; Ak'<bmom
w&m;udkudk;uG,fcw Jh Jh vlrsdK;/,Ofaus;wJhvlrsdK;/ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@oxkHjynf=uD;rSm/ Ak'<omoem pnfyif zG@HjzKd;aewJhtcsdefrSm/
ArmvllrsdK;wkd@yk*HrSm/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;udk udk;uG,faejyD; ‘yef;OD;qGwf’qdkwJhp&kdufu xGef;um;aeqJbJ &Sdao;w,f/
ArmvlrsdK; awGt&nf;=uD; &[ef;udk;uG,f qnf;uyf/ ae&wJhb0rS Ak'<w&m;ppfw&m;rSefudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwwfwJh
b0a&mufatmif omoemjyK cJw h Jh&Sift&[H[m rGef&[ef;oHCmwyg;jzpfw,f *gr%dw&kwf ol&Jaumif;udk
,SOfjydKifxkd;owf tedkif,ljyD; rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;udk olwyg;aus;u|ef jzpf&r,fhb0rS u,fwifay;cJhwmvJ rGefol&Jaumif;
ordefA&mH jzpfw,f/ 'D*k%faus;Zl;awGudk rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awG odwwfbdk@aumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk
ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ b,fawmhrSvJ rodwwfbl;/ aus;Zl;uef;=uw,f/ Arm&mZ0ifu vGJvJrG Sm;rSm; a&;om;xm;wmudk
oif=um;jyD; rif;wkd@Armvli,f[m 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSm/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tjrifawG udef;atmif;ae=uwm/ rif;wkd@udk
igwdk@tjypfrwifcsifbl;/tjypfvJrjrifcsifbl; yk*H/tif;0acwfrSm rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvdk@bJokH;eSKef;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@
om;tzacwfukef;abmifacwfordkif;usawmhrSbJ/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ ‘wvkdif;’vkd@ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vm=uw,f/
t"dy`g,fu ‘vl&kdif;awG rdp>maumifawG’qkdjyD; ac:vmwm/ a&;om;vm=uwm/'kd@rGefvlrdsK;uppf&SKH;olqkdawmhwzufowf
teSdrfcHvmcJh&w,f/wvdkif;vlrsdK;vkd@ordkif;rSma&;om;cHcJh&w,f/ 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK tvGefjrifhrm;wJhvlrsdk;
jzpfw,f/ bmomw&m;udkif;&Skdif;w,f/ 'kd@vlrsdK;[m vl&kdif;r[kwfbl; Armya'o&mZf ordkif;q&m awG&J@ rSKdif;wkdufrSKudk
rif;wkd@vli,fawGcHae&wm/ igwkd@oabmaygufygw,f/ 'ga=umifhordkif;trSefudkrodem;rvnfwJh/ rif;wkd@Armvli,fawG
tay: ig'dk@u cGifhv$wf oD;cHcJhw,f//
rif;wkd@ em;vnfatmif &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if igwdk@rGefvlrsdK;[m xD;eJ@eef;eJ@ usiSef;eJ@ aevmcJw h JhvlrsKd ; Armtif;0e,f txd
'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG ykdifpdk;cJhbl;w,f/ 1752ckeSpfrSmtif;0e,f[m 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ ajczsm; atmuf a&mufcJhbl;w,f/ 'dk@rGefbk&if
Anm'vrif;[m tvGefpdwfxm;jrifhjrwfw,f bmomw&m; udkif;&SdKif;w,f owW0gwkd@tay: arwWm w&m;
=uD;rm;w,f Armjynfoljynfom;awGudk wa,mufrSrowfapcJhbl; OD;atmifaZ,svkdpdwfxm;r&SdcJhbl;/ ArmawG
tm;vkH;udk 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;awGu rsdK;jyKwfatmif rowfcJhbl; tu,fI 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awGOD;atmifaZ,svkd &ufpuf=urf;wrf;wJh
pdwf&SdcJh&if/ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rsKd;jyKwfatmif owfedkifcJhygw,f/ 'Duae@qkd&if rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;qkdwm 'DurBmrSmawmif
r&Sdawmhbl; 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;[m/ bmom w&m;udkif;&kdif;wJhvlrsdK;/ ,Ofaus;wJh vlrsdK;/ owW0gawGtay: arwWm
w&m;=uD;rm;wJh vlrsdK;jzpfvkd@ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rowfbJxm;cJhw,f oem;cJh w,f/ 'gayrJh 1757/ckeSpfrSm
igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ [Hom0wDekdifiHawmffudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;/a&$bdkOD;atmifaZ,su t*FvdyfeJ@ 'wf(csf) wdk@tulnDeJ@
vma&mufwkdufcdkuf zsufqD;vkdk@ ysufqD; cJhw,f/ igwkd@rGefvlrsKd;udkvJ/ rsdK;jyKwfatmifowfcJhw,f/ cav;i,feSifh rGef&[ef;
oHCm/ ukd,f0efaqmifrdef;cav;wkd@tyg0if/ rGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;udk wa,mufrusef vdkufvHzrf;qD; owfcJhw,f/
usLyifckwfusLikwf rusefqkdjyD; 'dk@rGef vlrsdK;udkowfcJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,s[m enf;enf;rSt=uifem w&m;r&Sdbl;
arwWmw&m; acgif;yg;w,f/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfw,f/ vlom;pdwfuif;rJ@w,f/ 'ga=umifh igwkd@rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ b0[m/
'Dtajc 'Db0a&muf ae&wm/ vlenf;pk jzpfae&w,f igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG b,fawmhrS tcJra=ubl;/ igwkd@ rGefwkdif;jynfudk
rw&m; usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufxm;wJh rif;wkd@ArmawGudk 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u b,fawmhrSra=ueyfbl; tckawmh
tm;redkifvkd@om oD;cH ae=uwm 'DavmufbJ igwkd@ajymcsifw,f/ aemufwcg igwkd@ rGefausmif;om;awGudk ‘wvdkif;’vkd@
rac:bkd@ igawmif;yef ygw,f 'Davmuf ajym&if rif;em;vnfr,f xifw,f/ uJ˜igwkd@oGm;awmhr,f/”
txufygtwdkif;rif;atmifxGef;eJ@rGefausmif;om;wkd@u xkdtnmom; Armausmif;om;udk rdrdwdk@pdwfxJrmS &SdwJhtwkdif;
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; raxmufrnSmajymvkdufw,f/rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@tJ'Dvkdw&Snfwac:=uD;ajymcsvdkuf&wJhtwGuf &ifxJrS
cHpm;csuftenf;i,fayghoGm;w,f/ rdrdajymoGm;wJhtxJrSmrdrdcHpm;csufeJ@twlcufxefrma=umwJh pum;vkH;awGvJygoGm;w,f
rajymoifhwJhpum;awG/ajymoifhwJhpum;awGa&mygoGm;w,f tJ'Dpum;vkH;awG[m tvkdvkd yg;pyfzsm;u rpOf;pm;bJ ol[mol
ay:xGufvmwmudk rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@ tHh=ovdk@rqkH;jzpfaerdw,f/ rlvu&kd;&kd;eJ@ at;at; aq;aq; ajymbkd@ &nf&G,fxm;ayrJh
ajym&if;ajym&if;eJ@ cHpm;csufjyif;xefvmw,f/ cHpm;csufeJ@twl pum;vkH;av;awGvJ rma=um cufxefvmw,f
vkd@rif;atmifxGef;odvdkfufw,f/ xkdtnmom;Arm ausmif;om; taeeJ@ em;vnfoabmaygufonf raygufonfudk
pOf;pm;raeawmhbJ rdrdteSpfeSpftvvu jrdKodyfxm;cJw h Jh &ifwGif;cHpm;csuftwdkif;zGifh[ajymcswmjzpfw,f/ e*kdu cHpm;csuf &SdaewJh
twGufpum;ajymwJhtcgtenf;i,f rmefygygajymqkdrdwmuvGJ&if rif;atmifxGef;ajymoGm;wJh ta=umif;&m tm;vkH;wkd@[m
 11
trSefcsDjzpfw,f/
'gayrJhrif;atmifxGef;&J@pum;awG[mxkdtnmom;Armausmif;om;tbdk@&ifhoD;ykH&w,f/ tenf;i,fcHjyif;wJh oabm
jzpfoGm;[ef&Sdw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;&J@ ajympum; awGudk vkH;0em,l[efr&Sdbl;/ rdrdtcef;rSausmckdif;xGufoGm;onfh
rif;atmifxGef;eJ@rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@udk/aemufrSrsufeSm&GJ@jyjyD; vsmxkwfjyao;w,f wvkdif;vkd@ac:awmh bmjzpf&rvJqdkwJh
oabm yrmrcef@wJh[ef jycJhw,f 'gayrJh aemufausm vSnfhxGufoGm;wJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;wpk uawmh
'Dausmif;om;&J@ yrmrcwJhtjyKrludk rodvkduf=ubl;/
tJ'DArmausmif;om;[m rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;udkawG@wkdif;awG@wdkif; ,cifaemufaeustwkdif;‘wvkdif;’vdk@bJ
aemufajymif ajymqkdaejyefw,f xrif;pm;cef;rSmvJaemufw,f/ pmoifcef; xJrSmvJ aemufw,f/ tm;upm;uGif; rSmvJ
aemufw,f a&csdK;wJh ae&mrSmvJ aemufw,f rif;atmifxGef;udkawG@&if ac:aeustwkdif; ‘wvkdif;’vkd@bJ qufvuf
ac:qkdaejyefw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf qufvufjyD; oD;rcHekdifawmhbl;/ rdrdudktJ'Dvkd rac:bdk@ t=udrf=udrf awmif;yef
ajymqkdyg&ufeJ@ rdrdudkxyfrHac:aejyefw,f/pdwfxJrSmrausrcsrf;jzpfaerdw,f//
wae@rSm rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf xrif;pm;cef;r aqmifrSm apmapm a&mufoGm;jyD; xrif;pm;aew,f/ tJ'Dtnmom;
Armausmif;om;uvJxrif;pm;bkd@xrif;pm;cef;xJokd@0ifvmw,f/ tcef;xJrSmacgif;ikHxrif;pm;aewJh rif;atmifxGef;udk
awG@&ifaemufrSaejyD; bmrajymnmrajymbJacgif;udkwcsufykwfvkdufjyD; “wvkdif;av;”vdk@ aemufajymif ac:qkdoGm;jyefonf/
'DwcgrSmawmh rif;atmifxGef;qufvufjyD; oD;rcHedkifawmhbl;/ tJ'Dausmif;om; vGefoGm;jyD;wJh aemufrSm rif;atmifxGef;[m
rdrdteD;tem;rSm&SdwJh/ acgif;avmif;acguf oHacsmif;aumuf ([kdacwfwkH;uAkH;ysuftcGHudk acgif;avmif;tjzpfausmif;rSm tokH;jyK
wwfw,f/ acgif;avmif;udk acgufbdk@twGuf oHacsmif;udktokH;jyKw,f/)udkaumufudkifjyD; xkdArmausmif;om; &Sd&mwJhae&mudk
wtm;ajy;v$m;oGm;w,f bmrajymnmrajymawmhbJ acgif;ikHjyD; xrif;pm;bdk@ [efjyifaewJh tJ'DArm ausmif;om;udk
aemufausmuaejyD; ausmif;om;&J@ OD;acgif;wnfhwnfhudk oHacsmif;aumuftc|efeJ@ wtm;vGJ&kduf csvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dtnmom;
Armausmif;om;&J@ OD;acgif;rSm oHacsmif;tc|efu eufeuf&Sdif;&Sdif; pl;0ifoGm;jyD;pdkufaxmifaeawmhw,f/ tJ'D ausmif;om;[m
pum;wcGef;awmifrS rajymekdif awmhbJ xkdifwJhae&mrSmyif arSmufvJusoGm;jyD; yGJcsif;yD;aoqkH;oGm;w,f/ wausmif;vkH;
&kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfoGm;w,f/ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;tkH;tkH;=uGwf=uGwfjzpfukefw,f/ csufcsif;yif rif;atmifxGef;udk &J@Xmeu
vlowfrSKeJ@ta&;,lzrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkdufw,f/ Ttjzpfysufudkoufqkdif&mrdbrsm;qDodk@ta=umif;=um;vkdufw,f/ Towif;udk
=um;&wJhESpfzufaomrdbaqGrsdK;wkd@rSmxdef@vef@ tHh=o=uukefw,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;&J@ rdbawGarmifeSrawG
aqGrsdK;awG[m ,l=uKH;r&atmif0rf;enf;a=u;uGJcJh&w,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf&ifxJrSm tylrD;xawmuf
avmifu|rf;jyD; ikda=uG;ylaqG;cJh=uw,f/ xkdtwl rif;atmifxGef;&J@ rdbwkd@ armifeSrwdk@aqGrsdK;wkd@uvJ pdwfeSvkH;a=uuGJ
0rf;enf;cJh=uw,f/ cspfwJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf tylrD;avmifu|rf;=uw,f/ ajzrqnf;edkfifjzpf=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;twGuf
urm0ufausmif;u rGefausmif;olom;tm;vkH;wkd@u 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh=uw,f rif;atmifxGef;twGuf qkawmif; arwWmykd@=uonf
rif;atmifxGef;&J@rdcif[mom;udkcspfwJhaZmeJ@pdwWZjzpfjyD;tjyif;xefemzsm;oGm;w,f//
aemufqkH;rSm rif;atmifxGef;udkvlowfrSKyk'fr (302)eJ@w&m;&kH;awmfrSm&JtrSKvkdufutrSKwifpGyfpJGw,f/ c&kdif&mZ0wf&kH;awmfrSm
eSpfOD;eSpfzuftrSKudk &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&w,f/ rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@trSefudktrSefwkdif;&kH;awmfudkav#mufvJwifjyonf/ rdrdtjypfudk
0efcHw,f/ trSKtoGm;vmudk pkHprf;ppfaq;jyD; aemufqkH;rSmjypf'g%ftrdef@csrSwfwJh ae@a&mufvmw,f tJ'Dae@rSm eSpfzufrdbwdk@
armifeSraqGrsdK;wkd@ pkHnDvma&muf=uw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmrif;atmifxGef;rSm jypfrSKxif&Sm;w,fqkjd yD; axmif'g%f woufwu|ef;
csvkdufw,f//
rif;atmifxGef;rSmi,f&G,folausmif;om;wOD;jzpfjcif;/ aoqkH;olu&efpvSKyfaqmfwJhtwGufjzpfjcif;/ wcsufwnfaom&kdufeSufcsuf
jzpfjcif;/pwJhtcsufvufawGudkaxmufxm;jyD; rif;atmifxGef;tay:oufoufnSmnSmtrdef@cscJhw,f/ aopmaoaptrdef@rcsrSwfbJ/
woufwu|eftjypf'g%fukdomcsrSwfcJhw,fvkd@od&w,f/ jypfrSKtrdef@udk =um;vkduf&wJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rdom;pkbufrmS
ajzrqnf;ekdfifjzpf=uw,f/ olwkd@om;i,fnDi,farmifi,f&J@axmifxJrSm b0qkH;&rJhtjzpfudkawG;jyD; ,l=uKH;r&jzpf=uw,f/
tvGef0rf;enf; a=uuGJ=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;udkoem=uw,f/ wzufrSmaoqkH;oGm;wJh rdom;pkwkd@ zufrSvJ0rf;enf;
a=uuGJ=uw,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,f nDi,ftwGuf,l=uKHr&jzpf=uw,f/ jyefvnftoufr&SifvmwJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf
ajzrqnf;ekdfifjzpf=uw,f/ ikda=uG;=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@axmif'g%fwoufwu|ef;jypfrSKcHoGm;&ayrJholwdk@om;i,frSmrl
'Dwoufjyefvnftouf&Sifp&mta=umif; vkH;0r&Sdawmhay/ 'gawGudkawG;awG;jyD; aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf
 12

ajzrqnf;ekdifjzpf=uw,f,l=uKH;r&atmif0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf=uw,f/ ynmtvGeaf wmfwJh rdrdwkd@.om;i,faoqkH;wJhtwGuf

aqGrsdK;armifeSrtm;vkH;wkd@u jyif;jyif;xefxef pdwWZ a0'em cHpm;=u&w,f/
'DvdkrvdkvmtyfwJhtrSKjzpf&wJhta=umif;udkprf;ppf=unfh&ifrrSefruefwJhordkif;rSwfwrf;a=umifhjzpfw,f/ rrSefruefwJhordkif;rS
ta=umif;&m[mvli,fawGudk tawG;ac:tqdyftawmufjzpfapcJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdrrSefuefwJh ta=umif;&mawGudk oif=um;rSwfom;
&jyD; vGJvJaG csmfacsmfrSwf,lxm;wJhtwGuf,ckvkdrvkdvmtyfwJh tusdK; qkwf,kwfrSK awGudk jzpfay:apcJhw,f/ wa,mufu
aoqkH;oGm;jyD;wa,mufuaxmifxJrSm b0qkH;rJhtjzpf a&mufoGm;w,f/ tjypfuif;rJhwJhvli,feSpfOD;&J@b0udk ajcrSKef; zsufq;D
ypfvkdufw,f/ 'Dvkdjzpf&wmtpkd;&rSm wm0efvkH;vkH;&Sdw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f/ ordkif;ynm&Sifwkd@rSmtjypf&Sdw,f/
rrSefruefrSwfwrf;wifa&;om;xm;wJhorkdif;awGudkzwf&SKjyD;,ckvkdrvdkvmtyfwJhtusdK;w&m;udkjzpfay:apcJhw,f/oifcef;pm,l=ubkd@
tvGefaumif;w,f/
rif;atmifxGef;wa,mufaxmifwoufwu|ef; usoGm;w,fqkdwJhowif; [murm0ufwckvkH;ysH@eSHoGm;w,f/ urm0uf &Gmu
vl=uD;vli,ftm;vkH;wkd@[m rif;atmifxGef;twGuf0rf;enf;a=uuGJ=uw,f/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wv*kefygvdw˜ vGDrmefx0f
bkef;=uD;ausmif;rSwv*keftdENdu (wv*kef,m;) wkd@uvJ rif;atmifxGef;twGuf pdwfrcsrf;ajr@jzpf=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;&J@
tjzpfysuf[m wv*kefygvdw˜ wv*keftdENu(v.lIWm.njTwj) wkd@tay: twdkif;wmwcktxd eufeuf&SKdif;&SdKif;
tusdK;oufa&mufapcJhw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&udk wkdufzsufbdk@twGuf ckdifrmwJh oHr%dpdwf"gwfudk jzpfapcJh w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if
rif;atmifxGef;&J@ tjzpfysuf[m urm0uf&Gmukd ausmfvGm;oGm;jyD; &mrna'owckvkH;eSifhrGefwrsdK;om;vkH;udk *,uf&kduf
oGm;apcJhw,f rif;atmifxGef;twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpf=uw,f wvkdif;qkdwJh a0g[m&u zefwDvdkufwJh raumif;qkd;usdK;
oufa&mufrSKudk ykdrdkxifxif &Sm;&Sm; jrifvmw,f/
'ga=umifhwv*kefygvdw twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lwJh [dw*a0oDrGef&[ef;ysdKtzGJ@u wvkdif;a0g[m& tokH;eSKef;
udkqef@usifbdk@twGuf jyif;jyif; xefxefwkdufyJ0G ifcJh=uw,f/ [dw*a0oDrGef&[ef;ysdKtzGJ@uxif&Sm;wJhacgif;aqmifawGrSm wv*kef
ukov (usdKufoDrGefausmif;q&mawmf=uD;/ ZmwduGmef&kduf) wv*keftdENmpm&([dw*a0oDOuUX/tHcJ) wv*kefygvdw(urm0uf)
wv*kefodCF (armfvjrdKifoabFmvJausmif;q&mawmf) wv*kefOwWr (0gwfqif;) wv*kefwdpP(anmifukef;) wv*kefyky‰(armfvjrdKif)
wdk@jzpfw,f wvkdif;a0g[m&qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJwkd@rSm tvGefxif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfawGjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;tokH;eSKef;udk jyif;jyif;xefxeff
qef@usifwkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uw,f/ wvkdif; a0g[m&udk okH;pJGa&;om;wJh pma&;q&mwkd@udk [dw*a0oDtzGJ@0ifwkd@uoGm;a&mufawG@qkHjyd;
vludk,fwkdif uef@uGuf cJh=uw,f/ tcsdK@ae&mrSmpma&;om;jyD; uef@uGufcJhw,f/ wvkdif;pmvkH;ygwJhpmtkyfrsKd ;udk xkwfa0wJh
pmtkyfwkdufudkvJ rGef&[ef;ysdKtzGJ@wkd@u oGm;a&muf0kdif;=uw,f uef@uGufcJh=u w,f/ tjypfwifu&Jh @J &SKwfcscJh=uw,f/ oufqdkif&m
tpkd;&XmejzpfwJh jyef=um;a&;Xme/,Ofaus;rSKXme ynma&;Xmewdk@udkvJ [dw*a0oDtzGJ@0ifwkd@u oGm;a&mufjyD; wdkifwef;w,f
rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@a&;om;okH;eSef;wJhpma&;q&mwkd@udkta&;,lay;bkd@ awmif;qkdcJh=uw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&tokH;eSKef;udkra&;om;
bdk@/ydwfyifwm;jrpfay;bdk@awmif;qkd=uw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;ygwJh pmtkyfudkpkykH rD;&SKd@wJhtxd wkdufyJ0G ifcJhw,f wvkdif;a0g[meJ@
ywfoufjyD; wv*kef ygvdw[mtjyif;xefqkH; wkdufyGJcHwJhyk*~dKvfjzpfw,f/ ae&mra&G;wkdufyGJ0ifcJhw,f/ um;rSm4if; &xm;rSm4if;
rdrdc&D;oGm;&if; wvkdif;ac:a0: okH;eSKef;wm=um;&if q&mawmf[mraebl; csufcsif;bJajymqkdwJholqDudkoGm;jyD;ajz&Sif;w,f/ ajzmif;
jzajymqkdjyD; aemufaemifrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ rac:a0:rokH;eSKef;bdk@ ajymqkdw,f/ tJ'Dtxdq&mawmf[m aqmif&Guf cJhw,f/
wkdufyGJ 0ifcJhw,f/

'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfvJc&D;oGm;&if;eJ@ rGeftrsdK;oRD;eJ@ArmtrsdK;oRD;wdk@wkd@&efjzpfwJhyGJwck wcg=uKHbl;ygw,f/ u|efawmf vkdufyg

pD;oGm;wJh &xm;rSm ae&mvk&if;eJ@ rGeftrsdK;oRD;wOD;eJ@ArmtrsdK;oRD;wOD;wdk@[m wOD;udkwOD;qJqdk&efjzpf=uw,f/ tareJ@
wkdif;wm/tazeJ@ wkdif;wm tpkHygw,f/ tJ'DqJwJhpum;vkH;xJrSm xl;xl;qef;qef;ArmtrsdK;oRD;u ‘[Jh-wvkdif;r’vkd@
okH;eSKef;jyD;rGeftrsdK;oRD;udk qJwmudk=um;vkduf&w,f rGeftrsdK;oRD;uvJ rav#mhbl;/ ArmtrsdK;oRD;udk ‘[J-h gkUtI’ ‘[J-h -bOtI’vk@d
rGefbmomeJ@&ifh&ifh oD;oD;jyefjyD; qJvkdufw,f/ rGeftrsdK;oRD;udk ArmtrsdKoRD;u‘[Jh-wvkdif;r’ vk@d qJvkdufwJhtoH[m
u|efawmhem;xJudk 'g;oGm;wckupl;&SjyD; 0ifoGm; w,fvkd@ cHpm;rdw,f/ tvGefjyif;xeffw,f wvkdif;qkdwJh a0g[m&[m u|efawmf
wOD;xJ r[kwfygbl; rGeftrsdK;om;wkdif;&J@em;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef; pl;&SaprSmaocsmw,f/ u|efawmfcHpm;ovkdolwdk@vJ
jyif;jyif;xefxeff cHpm;=urSm aocsmw,f/ wvkdif;vdk@qJvkdufwm rGefwrsdK;vkH;udk qJvkdufovkd cHpm;ae=uw,f//
 13
wcgrGeftrsdK;oRD;&J@okH;eSKef;qJqkdoGkm;wJh ‘[J-h gkUtI’ ‘[J-h -bOtI’a0g[m&udkjyefvnfokH;oyf=unfh&if tvGef,kwfnHh
=urf;wrf;wJhpum;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;vkd@qJqkdwmxufawmif emusifbdk@tvGefaumif;w,f wu,fvkd@omrGeftrsdK;oRD;ujyefjyD;
qJvdkufwJh ‘[J-h gkUtI’ ‘[J-h -bOtI’pum;vkH;udkom Armwkd@u od&if ArmwrsdK;om;vkH;vJ jyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;=urSm
aocsmw,f‘[J-h gkUtI’qkdwmu‘[Jh-t&nf;=uD;rsdK;’ jzpfjyD;‘[Jh- jbOtI’ qkw d mu ‘[Jh-t&nf;=uD;r,m; t&nf;=uD;&[ef;eJ@
nm;wJh aumif;r’vkd@ t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ yufyufpufpufqJvkdufwJh pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ tvGef,kwfnHhwJh pum;vkH;jzpfjyD;
tvGefemusif bkd@aumif;w,f/ 'gayrJt h J'D&efyJrG Sm rGeftrsdK;oRD;u ,Of,Ofaus;aus;eJ@ qJqdkvkdufwJh pum;vkH;&J@ t"dyg`,fudk
AArmtrsdK;oRD;urodvkdufawmh em&rSef; vJrodvdkufbl;/ awmfao;w,fvkd@qkd&rvkdjzpfw,f/ t"dyg`,ftrSefudkod&if
qwfqwfcgemrSm aocsmw,f/ t"dy`g,frodwmbJaumif;w,fvkd@ u|efawmf=udwfjyD; qkawmif;aerdcJhbl;ygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfqdkcsifwmu wvkdif;qkwd Jhpum;vkH;[m omrefqJqkdwJhpum;vkH;xufykdjyD; t"dy`g,fus,f0ef;w,f
t"dyg`,fydkeuf&SdKif;w,f/ rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;eJ@ ywfoufqufEG,foGm;wJh qJpum;jzpfoGm;w,f rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;udk emusifap w,f/
jyif;jyif;xefxefxdckdufapw,f/'grkd@wvkdif;qdkwJhpum;vkH;eJ@rGefvl rsdK;wOD;udkrqJqdk=ubkd@ 'Dae&muaejyD;u|efawmfav;av; eufeuf
wkdufwGef; eSKd;aqmfvkdygw,f/ tJ'DvkdygbJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vJ ArmvlrsdK; wOD;udk ‘[Jh-gkUtI’ ‘[Jh- -bOtI’
‘[Jh-t&nf;=uD;rsdK;’ ‘[Jh-t&nf;=uD;r,m;’vkd@rqJqkd rokH;eSKef;bdk@ tel;nGwf awmif;zefw,f/ 'Dpum;vkH;awG[m
ArmwrsdK;om;vkH;udk xdcdkuf epfemapwJh pum;vkH;awGjzpfw,f/ txl;a&SmifusOf&r,f/ tqkH;pGef;ajymcsifwmu
‘wvdkif;’pum;vkH;wkd@ ‘gkUtI’pum;vkH;wkd@udk rokH;eSKef;rdbdk@ txl;a&SmifusOf &r,f rvkdvm;tyfwJhvlrsdK;
t"d*&kef;udkjzpfapedkfifw,f rGefArmcspf=unfa&;eJ@ t"def@&Snfjidrf;csrf;pGm,OfwGJaexkdifa&;udk xdcdkuf ysufjym;apw,f rif;atmifxGef;&J@
tjzpftysufudkbJ u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH; ocFef;pm,l=u&r,f aemufxyf vli,ftoufawG b0awGrqkH;&SKH;bkd@
rjzpfoifhwmrjzpfbkd@ rGefArmtm;vkH;wkd@rSmwm0ef &Sdw,f//
u|efawmfpmudktqkH;rowfcifrif;atmifxGef;ta=umif;udkbJqufjyD; tenf;i,fa&;om;wifjycsifao;w,f/ woufwu|ef;jypfrSK
teSpf(20)axmif'g%f twGuf rif;axmifxGef;[mtif;pdefaxmif=uD;xJrSm aexkdif&w,f/ olemjyKoifwef;wufa&mufxm;bl;wJh
rif;atmifxGef;udk axmifaq;rSL;wm0efukday;w,f/ rdrdwwfu|rf;xm;wJh olemjyKtwwfynmeJ@ axmiftusOf;om;awGudk
aq;ukoay;w,f/ rif;atmifxGef;[myifudk,ftaeeJ@tvGefpdwfaumif;eSvkH;aumif;&Sdoljzpfw,f/ olwyg;udkulnDwwfw,f/
az:a&Gw,f/ 'grkd@a0'em&Sifa&m*gonfwkd@udk oef@&Sif;jzLpifaomapoemeJ@pdwfa&mudk,fygvkdufvHukoay;aomrif;atmifxGef;udk
axmiftusOf;om;wkdif;ucspfcifav;pm;=uw,f/
'DvkdeJ@1956-ckeSpfrSmrar#mfvifhbJwedkifiHvkH;&SdaxmiftusOf;om;awGtm;vkH;udk tHh=oapwJhajymifvJrSK=uD;wck &kwfw&ufjzpfay:cJh
w,f/ ta=umif;uawmhomoemouU&mZf2500jynfheSpftxdrf;trSwftjzpfaxmiftusOf;om;tm;vkH;udk OD;ektpkd;&uvGwfjidrf;
csrf;omcGifhay;rJhta=umif;owif;aumif;tjzpfausjimcJhw,f/ vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@udk =um;vkduf&wJh axmiftusOf;om;
rif;atmifxGef;rSmaysmfvdkufwJhjzpfjcif;/ ckefaygufajy;v$mrdwJhtxd0rf;omrdw,f/ wwdkif;jynfvkH;&Sdaxmiftm;vkH;rSaxmif
tusOf;om;awGukdvGwfoifhwJholawGudk OD;ektpkd;&ucsufcsif;vGwfypfw,f/ tjypf'g%fav#mhaygh oifholrsm;udk av#mhw,f/
rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf tjypf'g%fav#mhayghcGifh&oGm;w,f/ woufwu|ef; jypf'g%frS axmif'g%f(10)eSpfodk@ av#mhayghoGm;w,f/
axmif'g%f(10)eSpfqkdwm(10)eSpf tjynfhrae&bl;/ axmifrSm tvkyfudk=udK;pm;vkyfwJhtwGuf av#mh&ufawG &ao;w,f/
axmifoufav#mhaygh&ufawG&ao;w,f/ 'gawGudkeSKwfvkduf&iftvGefqkH;pkpkaygif; axmifxJrSm(7)eSpfavmufbJae&p&m&Sdw,f/
rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@axmifxJrSm(2)eSpfeD;yg;aexkdifxm;jyD;jyDjzpfw,f/aemufxyf(5)eSpfavmufbJaxmifxJrSmae&bG,f&Sdawmhw,f/
axmifrSvGwfrJh&ufudkar#mfawG;jyD; rif;atmifxGef;wa,mufonfaysmfvdk@rqkH;jzpfaerdw,f/ rdrdukday;tyfxm;wJholemjyKtvkyf
wm0efudk=udK;pm;vkyfjyD;axmifrSjrefjrefvGwfajrmufbkd@=udK;pm;vmw,f/ axmifxJrSm'Dvkdae&if;eJ@yk'fr(17)(1)eJ@ axmifusaewJh
(autif,l)u&iftrsdK;om;vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rS olemjyKq&mrwOD;eJ@cifrif&if;eSD;oGm;w,f/ axmifxJrSm tvkyfwm0ef
twlwlxrf;aqmif&ifcifrif&if;eSD;oGm;=ujcif;jzpfw,f/ wjznf;jznf; eJ@wOD;udkwOD; omrefcifrif &if;eSD;rSKxufydkuJwJhcspfu|rf;0ifrSKudk
wnfaqmufcJh=uw,f/ axmifxJrSmrif;atmifxGef;wa,muf aysmfvkd@rqkH;/armvkH;rqkH;&SdaecJhrd w,f//
tJ'DvkdaxmifxJrSmpdwful,Ofaysmf&$ifaewJhrif;atmifxGef;wa,muf[m rar#mfvifhbJrdrd&J@urBmwckvkH;udk tpdyfpdyftrGmrGmjydKvJ
ysufqD;apwJhta=umif;&mwckuvJ&kwfw&ufjzpfay:vmw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;axmifouf(4)eSpfavmuft=umrSm rif;atmifxGef;
.rdcifwOD;vJ om;tay:pGJvef;wJhpdwf/ vGrf;qGwf owd&wJhpdwf/ a=uuGJwJhpdwfeJ@a&m*ga0'emtjyif;txefcHpm;vm&onf/
xkdpdwfa0'emeJ@yif rif;atmifxGef;.rdcifonf &kwfw&ufuG,fvGef oGm;&Smonf/ rif;atmifxGef;wa,mufvJ rajzqnf;
 14

ekdifavmufatmifpdwftvGefxdckdufcJh&w,f/rdrda=umifhrdcifwOD;onfpdwfa0'emjzpfjyD; uG,fvGefoGm;&onfudk awG;&if;awG;&if;

pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/,l=uKHr&avmufatmifaemifwjzpfrdw,f/ om;rkdufjzpfwJhrdrd&J@tjypfukdcGifhvGwfbdk@&ifxJrSm =udwfrSdwf
a&&GwfjyD; rdciftm;t=udrf=udrfawmif;zef&Smw,f/ &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSrdciftm;awmif;zef,kHuvGJjyD; rdrdrSmbmrSrwwfedkifawmhjyD;/
rdciftwGufrdrdwoufrSmbmrSrpGrf;aqmifedkifcw Jh Jhtjzpfudk awG;jyD;rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf 0rf;enf;a=uuGJaerdw,f/ aemufqkH;rSm
jzpfor# ta=umif; taumif;=uD;bJvdk@oabmxm;vkdufonf//
rif;atmifxGef;rSmrdcifuG,fvGefoGm;aomfvnf;zcifeSifhnDtpfudkarmifeSrawG&Sdao;w,f/ 'gayrJhrif;atmifxGef;. b0[mrdcifjzpf
w,f/rdcifonfomrif;atmifxGef;b0jzpfw,f/ zcifxufrdcif udkydkrdkcifwG,fw,f/ydkrdkoHa,mZOf=uD;rm;oljzpfw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;
onfrdcifaoqkH;jyD;aemufydkif;wGif tcgwdkif;uuJhokd@ taygif;toif;awGeJ@aemufajymifaysmf&$ifjcif;r&SdvSawmhay/ tjrJwrf;rdcifudk
wrf;waompdwf/vGrf;qGwfaompdwfjzifhwdwfwdwf qdwfqdwf/ at;at;aq;aq;aexdkifvmw,f/ pum;vJtcgwdkif;uJhodk@
odyfrrsm;awmhay/ axmift&m&SdawG ay;xm;wJh tvkyfwm0effudkom=udK;pm;vkyfudkifawmhw,f/ axmifrSjrefjrefvGwfvkdpdwfvnf;
jzpfay:vmonf/ tvkyfxJrSmbJpdwfudkjrKyfjyD; ykdrdk=udK;pm;vkyfudkif&if;rdcifudkarhvmekdifatmif=udK;pm;w,f/ /rif;atmifxGef;[m
axmifxJrSm(6)eSpf ausmfausmfaevkduf&jyD;aemuf 1961-ckeSpfrSmvGwfvmw,f/ u&ifolemjyKq&mrvJ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@twl
w&ufwnf;rSm vGwfajrmufw,f/tJ'Dvkd@axmifrSw&ufxnf;twlwuGvGwfajrmufbdk@vJ/ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@u&ifolemjyKq&mr
wdk@u=udKwif jyD;axmift&m&SdawGeJ@ndSKeSdKif;xm;vkd@jydKifwlvGwfajrmufvmjcif;jzpfw,f/ olwkd@eSpfOD;w&ufxnf;axmifuvGwfjyD;
pdwfwl oabmwl vufxyfvkduf=uw,f/ jyD;awmh ac|ac|wmwm pkaqmif;xm;wJhaiGtxJu(2)usyfudk uHprf;wJhoabmeJ@
xDxkd;vkduf=uw,f/ odef;xDaygufbdk@vJav;av;eufeuft=udrf=udrfqkawmif;=uw,f/ odef;xDzGifhrJh&ufudkeSpfOD;om apmifhar#mf
aerd=uw,f/ odef;xDrJzGifhrnfh&ufodk@a&mufvmw,f/ odef;xDzGifhwJhae@rSm rar#mfvifhbJ rif;atmifxGef;wkd@eSpfOD; odef;qk=uD;udk
trSefwu,fyif qGwfcl;aygufoGm;w,f/ eSpfOD;om;aysmfvkdufwJhjzpfcsif; rdk;rjrifavrjrifatmifaysmfyg;vkduf=uw,f/ axmifuvGwfp
tvkyfvufrJhb0jzpfaewJhvif;r,m;eSpfa,muftbdk@aiG(1)odef;qkdonfrSmenf;wJhaiGr[kwfay/ xkdacwfaiGeJ@xGuf&if tvGefwefbdk;
=uD;rm;w,f/ rdk;rjrifavrjrifaysmfxkdufygayhw,f/ 'g'ifr[kwfao;yg/ 'gxufykdjyd;rif;atmifxGef;wkd@vifr,m;eSpfa,muf
aysmfp&maumif;wmuodef;xDzGifhjyD; aemufwae@rSm aiG&SifolaX;wOD;rar#mfvifhbJrdrdwdk@qD &kwfw&ufaygufvmw,f/
rif;atmifxGef;wdk@ aygufwJhxDvufrSwfudk aiG(2)odef;eJ@ay;jyD; csufcsif;0,f,lvkdufjyefw,f/ vufrSwf0,f,lwJh olaX;[m
rdrdvuf0,f&SdaiGrJawGudk aiGjzLjzpfatmifjyKvkyfwJhoabmeJ@xDvufrSwfudkeSpfqay;jyD; 0,f,ljcif; jzpfw,f/ xkdacwf
tcguaiG&Sifwdk@&J@jyKvkyfae=utvkyfjzpfw,f/ aiG(2)odef;qkdwm[kdacwfua&$aps;wusyfom;qdk&if aiG(300)usyfeSKef;eJ@ xGufr,f
qkd&if tvGefwefbdk;=uD;rm;wJhaiGvkd@ajym&rSmjzpfw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ vifr,m;eSpfa,muf[m ae@csif;ncsif;qkd
ovkdolaX;jzpfoGm; =uw,f/ axmifrSvGwfvmjyD;aemufrif;atmifxGef;eSifhZeDonfwkd@onf urm0ufrSmraexkdifbJoHjzLZ&yfjrdK@odk@
ajymif;a&$@ oGm;a&mufaexkdfif=uw,f/um;0,fjyD;um;vkyfudkifjzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKw,f//
axmifuvGwfvmjyD;aemufrSmudkatmifxGef;eJ@u|efawmfwcgw&HoHjzLjrdK@rSmawG@qkH=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;b0rS edkifatmifxGef;
b0odk@ajymif;vJoGm;onfudkawG@&w,f/ oHjzLZ&yf-rk'Hk/ta0;ajy;um;toif;rSm OuUXwm0efudk xrf;aqmif aeonfudk
awG@jrif&w,f/ 1987-ckeSpfrSm ekdifwifatmif(yi&Gm) ekdifatmif&Sdef(urm0uf)eJ@ u|efawmfwkd@ OD;aqmifjyD;ausmif;om;wpk
awmckdxGufvmwJhtcsdefxd/ edkifatmifxGef;wa,muf[m/oHjzLZ&yf-rk'Hk-armfvjrdKif ta0;ajy; um;toif;rSmyif toif;OuUX
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaev#uf &Sdonfukdod&w,f/ vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;jyD; oHjzLZ&yfjrdK@rSm tvGefxif&Sm;wJh jrdK@rsufeSmzkH;vl=uD;
wOD;jzpfaew,f//
(Tae&mYaoqkH;oGm;aom xkdausmif;om;tm; vGefpGmoem;rdonf xdkausmif;om;aooGm;onfhtwGuf/ u|efawmfvkH;0 pdwfraumif; jzpfrdonf/
tvGef0rf;enf;rdonf/ xkdaoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om;.*k%f rdbaqGrsdK;wkd@.*k%fudk xdcdkufapvkdaomapoem/ u|efawmfY
vkH;0r&Sda=umif;odapvkdygonf/ Ttjzpfudk a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh/ aoqkH;oGm;onfhausmif;om;. *k%feSifh edkifatmifxGef; wkd@.*k%f
oduQmudkxdckdufapekdifygonf[kjrifcJhv#if TtwGuf u|efawmfawmif;yefygonf/trSefudk trSeftwdkif; jynfolvlxkrsm; od&SdjyD; rrSm;oifh
onfudkrrSm;atmifocFefpm,ledkif&ef a&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf u|efawmftm; cGifhv$wf=u&ef aoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om; rdbeSifh
edkifatmifxGef;wdk@tm;tel;tnGwf awmif;yef ygonf// pma&;ol)
 15

tydkif;(4)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udkodcsif&if tJ'DvlrsdK;wkd@ukd,fwdkifa&;om;xm;wJhorkdif;ukdavhvm&r,f/ xkdvlrsdK;wkd@&J@pkdufxlxm;wJh
ausmufpmwkdifawG ajrwl;jrKyfxm;wJh ausmufpmawGudkavhvm okawoejyKjyD;aumufcsufcs&r,f/ a&;xkd;xm;wJh urŠnf;pmawG
aqmufvkyfxm;wJh apwDykxkd; *lausmif;uefwkd@udk avhvmjyD;/ avhvmawG@&SdwJh oufao taxmufxm;tay:rSmom
vlrsdK;wrsdK;ta=umif;udk tqkH;jzwfjyK&r,f/ ukd;um;jyD;ajymqkd&rSmjzpfw,f/ qdkvdkwJhtcsufu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta=umif;udk
odcsif&ifrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ udk,fwkdifa&;om;xm;wJhorkdif;udkbJ avhvm&r,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ pkdufxlxm;wJhausmufpmwkdifawG ajrwl;jrKyfeSH
xm;wJh ausmufpmawG/ aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;xm;wJhapwDykxkd;*lausmif;uefawG urŠnf;a&;xkd;xm;wJh rSwfwrf;awGukd avhvm&r,f
tJ'DavhvmawG@&Sdcsuftay:rlwnfjyD;rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufwJhaumufcsuf awGudkcs&rSmjzpfw,f 'Dvkdr[kwfbJ rGefvlrsdK;wkdf@&J@
ta=umif;udk odcsifw,fqkdjyD; tjcm;olwyg;u a&;om;xm;wJh rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ta=umif;udkavhvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:
aumufcsufcsr,f a0zefqkH;jzwfr,fqdk&ifvkH;vkH;rw&m;bl;/enf;vrf;vJrusbl;/ rSefuefrSKvJb,fenf;rS&ekdifrSmr[kwfbl;vdkd@
ajymcsifw,f/ 'gxufykdqdk;jyD;enf;vrf;ruswJhtcsufu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ ta=umif;udk odcsifw,f qkdjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&efoljzpfwJholu
a&;om; xm;wJhpmawG orkdif;rSwfwrf;awG avhvmjyD; aumufcsufcs=ur,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&@J &efolajymwJhpum;awGudk
em;axmifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tay:tqkH;jzwfjyKae=ur,fqkd&iftvGef,kwWd,kwWefrJh&musaew,f/ tJ'Davmuf tawG;ac:c|wfacsmf
vGJrSm;wm avmurSmr&Sdedkifawmhbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f//

vlrsdK;wrsdK;utjcm;vlrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udka&;om;ekdifatmiftJ'DvlrsdK;rSmbmtm%mawG&Sdvkd@vJ/ tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK; ta=umif;udk

tqkH;jzwfjyKekdifatmif tJ'DvlrsdK;rSm bmwHckd;awG&Sdaevkd@vJ/ tJ'Dar;cGef;awGudkajzprf;yg/ tajzay;& cufaerSm aocsmygw,f/
igwkd@Arm[mppfefdifwJhvlrsdK;rdk@ igwkd@a&;csifovkda&;om;ekdifw,f rif;wkd@ppf&SKH;wJh rGefvlrsdK;rdk@igwkd@a&;om;wJhtwkdif;cH,l&rnf/
ppf&SKH;wJhtwGufrGefvlrsdK;udkvJ igwkd@u trnfemr˜ay;csifovkd ay;edkifw,fvkd@tajzay;&,kHuvGJjyD; wjcm;tajzay;p&mr&Sdekdifygbl;
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ b0tjzpfu tJ'DvkdtedkifusifhcHae&w,f/ ppf&SKH;oGm;wJhtwGufppfekdifol&J@ tqkH;jzwfukd wzufowfcHae&w,f/
ppf&SKH;wJhtwGuf ajcvufawGudkwkwfjyD; wzufowf txkd;=udwf cHae&w,f/ yg;pyfudk ydwfcHxm;&jyD; wzufowfqJqkdwmudk
jidrfcHae&wJhb0a&mufaew,f/ ukef;abmifacwfrSmrGefeJ@Armwkd@[mjyif;jyif;xefxefppfjzpfcJh=uw,f/ &efoljzpfcJh=uw,f/
wzufeJ@wzufwOD;eJ@wOD;tjywf&Sif;wkdufcdkufcJh=uw,f/ tJ'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ppfjyKdifbuf&efolArmvlrsdK;wkd@ a&;om;xm;wJh
ordkif;awG rSwfwrf;awG pmayawGudk avhvmjyD; rGefvlrdsK;udk wvkdif;vkd@aumufcsufcsowfrSwfae=uw,f/ 'gw&m;ovm;/ jyD;awmh
edkifiHjcm;om;awGuvJ Armordkif;q&mawGa&;om;wJh rSefeef;&mZ0if ukef;abmifacwf &mZ0ifqkdwJh Armordkif; pmtkyfwdk@udk
udk;um;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@a&;om;vm=uw,f/ tqkH;jzwfjyKae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ odyfudkcHjyif;p&maumif;w,f
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,fwJhArmtpkd;&tqufqufatmufrSm ydwfavSmifjyD; nSif;qJcH ae&w,f/ bmrSwkef@jyefjyd;
ra&;om;edkifcJhbl; rdrdwdk@oabmtwkdif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&;om;cJh&if Armtpdk;&uOya'awG trsdK;rsdK;eJ@zrf;qD;jyD; tjypfay;
ta&;,lhjyefw,f/ Armpma&;q&mawGudkpdwf=udKufa&;om;cGifhjyKxm;ay;rJh rGefvlrsdK;pma&;q&mawGudkawmh trsdK;rsdK;ydwfyif
wm;qD;w,f/'kuQay;cJhw,f/ bmrSvGwfvyfrSK/w&m;r#wrSKr&Sdbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@u Armpma&;q&mawG Armordkif;ynm&SifawG
csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfeJ@ wzufowf pdwf=udKuf a&;om;wJh pmawGudkzwfjyD;pdwfqif;qif;&J&JeJ@eSpfaygif;&mcsDjyD; oD;cHvmcJh&w,f//
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ uH=urRmudk tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;u cs,fvS,fzefwD;wJhacwfr[kwfawmhbl; ukd,fuH=urRmudk udk,fuzefwD;wJhacwf
a&mufaejyD;jzpfw,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@uH=urRmudktjrifusOf;ajrmif;jyD; ArmvlrsdK;0g'udktjynfh0eSpfeSpfjcdKufjcdKufvufudkifjyKxm;wJhArm
ordkif;q&mawG Armpma&;q&mawGuzefwD;acwfukefqkH;cJhjzpfw,f/aemufususefcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/
'gayrJhya'o&mZfacwfuArmordkif;ynm&SifawG/ Armpma&;q&mawGzefwD;vkdufwJhorkdif;rSwfwrf;awG/pmtkyfawGukd,ae@acwf
Armordkif;ynm&SifawG/Armpma&;q&mawGut=uGif;rJhqufcHjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSmya'o&mZfacwftwkdif;jyKrlusifh=uHaeonfrSm
tvGeftHh=obG,faumif;w,f/emrvnfekdifatmifjzpfvmrdw,f/ /rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vlrsdK;jzpfatmifzefwD;csif=uw,f/
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@b0uH=urRmudkcs,fvS,fcsifovkdcs,fvS,fae=uw,f/zefwD;csifovkdzefwD;ae=uw,f rGefvlrsdK;udk aus;u|ef
vlrsdK;vkd@oabmxm;&mrusaebl;vm;/ u|efacwfudkjyefjyD;owd&rdw,f/ u|efacwfwkH;uppfwdkufvkd@ atmifekdifcJh&ifqef@usifbuf
&efolrSefor#udk owfypfvkd@&w,f u|eftjzpf a&mif;pm;vkd@ &w,f/ u|eftjzpfckdif;apvkd@&w,f aus;u|efwdk@&@JeHzl;jyifay:rSm
oHyljym;cyfeSdyfjyD; wHqdyftrSwfom; onmtrsdK;rsKd ;udkay;ekdifw,f/ eHygwf(1) (2)(3) xkeSdyfhjyD;vJ trSwfonmjyKxm;ekdifw,f/
 16

,ckvJbmxl;ovJ/ppf&SKH;wJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:Armya'o&mZfawG&J@jyKrlykH[m u|efacwfueJ@ bmjcm;em;ao;ovJ/

igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;udkppfwkdufvkd@atmifedkifcJhwmbJ ppf&SKH;wJhigwkd@&efol rGefvlrsdK;udk igwkd@=udKufeSpfouf ovkd ac:qkdekdifw,f/
trnfemrtckckudkwyfrSwfay;ekdifw,f/ igwkd@a&;om;wJhordkif;pmtkyfawGrSmrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;qkdwJhtrnf emrwckckudk
igwdk@ay;vkdufr,f/ tJ'Dvkda&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;vkd@&Sd&if rGefvlrsdK;r&Sdawmhbl;ppf&SKH;wvkdif;vlrsdK;tjzpfeJ@bJ urBmuodawmhr,f/
igwdk@[mppfekdifwJhvlrsdK;bJ/ ppfedkifolyDyDigwkd@vkyfcsifwmvkyfekdifw,f tJ'DvdktawG;ac:rsdK;eJ@ukefabmifacwfu Armorkdif;ynm&Sifwkd@
uorkdif;udkrSwfwrf;wifcJh=uw,f/ ,ae@acwfArmvl@abmifrSm'DtawG;ac:rsdK; r&Sdxkdufawmhbl;vkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ 'gayrJh
,ae@xdArmorkdif;ynm&SiftcsdK@wkd@u rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;jzpfatmif=udK;pm;yrf;pm;orkdif;okawoejyKjyD; oufaoxlaewkH;bJ
qkdawmh tvGef0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;w,f/ ya'o&mZftaawG;ac:rdsK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmtckxufxd eSpfepS fjcdKufjcdKuf &if0,fydkuf
odrf;qnf;xm;wJh oabmroufa&mufaebl;vm;/ rGeb f &k ifAnm;'vrif;2udv k J u|efjzpfxkdufwJholvkd@ tcsdL@jrefrmhorkdif;pmtkyfrSm
rSwfwrf; wifxm;w,f/ 'g[mrGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;udkapmfum;&musaew,f/ u|efacwfwkH;uqdk&ifurBmhay:rSm pdwfaumif;
eSvkH;aumif;&SdwJhol qifjcifw&m;eJ@jynfh0jyD; udk,fcsif;pmem wwfwJholawG ay:ao;w,f/ u|efpepf[m raumif;bl;rw&m;bl;qkdjyD;
trsdK;rsdK;a&;om;uef@uGufqef@usifcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJhArmvl@tzGJ@pnf;todkif;0kdif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vdk@ trnfemrowfrSwf
ay;aewmudk uef@uGufol pdwfaumif;eSvkH;aumif;&SdwJhol Armynm&Sdqdkvkd@wOD;wa,mufrS ray:xGufcJhbl;/ odyfhudkxl;qef;w,f
odyfudktHh=obdk@ aumif;w,f/ wvkdif;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;udk trnfemr owfrSwfay;aewmudk tm;vkH;ueSpfjcdKuf oabmusjyD;
jidrfoufae=uw,fvkd@pGyfpJGajym&rvkdjzpfaew,f/ 'Dvkd&ifhoD;wJhpum;vkH;awGeJ@Armordkif;ynm&SifawGArmpma&;q&mawGukd
u|efawmfrpGyfpGJxkdufygbl;qdkwmvJemvnfygw,f/ 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;udk,fpm;tvGefpdwfrcsrf;ajr@vGef;vkd@ajym&csifjzpfw,f/

acwfeJ@tcsdefcgu ajymif;vJvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdif;jynfwGi;f rSm ydwfavSmifxm;jyD; pdwf=udKufjiif;qJvkd@ r&awmhbl;

ajcvufawGudkwkwfaeSmifxm;jyD;=udKufeSpfoufovkd&kdufeSufjiif;qJvkd@r&awmhbl; yg;pyfawGudkydwfxm;jyD;=udKufeSpfoufovkd
wzufowf acgif;acgufqJaevkd@r&awmhbl; ekdifiHwumodk@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&mufae=ujyD; jzpfw,f/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
udk,fhtjrifawGudk a&;om;vmekdifjyD; vGwfvGwf vyfvyfajymqkdvmekdifjyD; rrSefruefr[kwfr[wfwmawGudk csufcsif;wkef@jyef
a&;om;vmekdifjyd; jzpfw,f/ ArmpmykHeSdyfwkduf[m ArmjynfwGif;rSmom&Sdwmr[kwfawmhbl; ArmpmykHeSdyfwkdufeJ@Armpma&;om;
ykHeSdyfxkwfa0rSKudkyg eSpfaygif;&mcsDvuf0g;tkyfxm;jyD;rdrdwdk@pdwf=udKuf eSpfoufovkda&;om;ekdifwJhacwfvJ ukefqkH;oGm;jyD; jzpfw,f
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdk@tay:rSmArmvlrsdK;awGtrsdK;rsdK;csKyfcs,fjyD;vuf0g;=uD;tkyfcs,fvS,fvkd@r&awmhbl; urBmteSHrSm b,fae&mrSm
rqkd Armpmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0vmekdifjyD; internet uwqifhvJa&;om;vmekdifjyD; ArmjynfwGif;rSm&Sd=uwJh jynfolawGudk
xkd;azgufjyD; ynmay;vmekdifjyD; rsufpdzGifhay;vmekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gawGudk tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJh ArmawG Armq&mq&mawG
Armorkdif;ynm&SifawG owdxm;rdbkd@aumif;jyD;/ tJ'DvkdacwfeJ@tnD ajymif;vJjyD; rjrifwwf&if ajymif;vJjyD;rusifhokH;wwf&if
wae@ae@rSmrdrdwkd@ArmawGtbkd@ 0wfa=uG;wkef@vJ@S tcsdefcgvJ rvGJra&Smifom a&mufvm awmhr,f qkdwm owd&Sdapcsifw,f/
ArmvlrdsK;wkd@ta=umif;udktrsdK;rsdK;a&;om;jyD; tqkH;jzwfjyKvmrJh tvSnfhtajymif; uav;ukdvJ ajy;rvGwfatmif =uKHawG@&rSm
aocsmw,fvdk@ owday;csifw,f/ wcsdefwkH;u tif;0Armbk&if "rR&mZm"dywd[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@bk&if Anm'vrif;&J@
ajceif;zsm;atmufa&mufcJhbl;wJhorkdif;udkvJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om; vmawmhr,f/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udk tjcm;vlrsdK;
wrsdK;ua&;om;xm;wJhtay: tajccHjyD;tqkH;jzwfjyKwmrSefuefw,fvkd@,lq&ifreG fvlrsdK;wkd@/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@/ &ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@
=uDdKufeSpfoufovkd a&;om;wJhorkdif;udk axmufxm;jyD; ArmvlrsdK;udktuJcwfwmvJrSefw,fvkd@ajym&Jekdif&r,f/ owdW&Sd&r,f/
wkdif;&if;om;wOD;OD;ua&;om;wJhorkdif;udk taxmufxm;jyKjyD; ArmvlrsdK;awGudktqkH;jzwfjyKwmcH&J&r,f/ ukd,fwOD;wnf;u
eSpfaygif;(250)ausmfausmfvuf0g;=uD;tkyjf yD; wzufowfa&;om;jyD;tqkH;jzwfjyKcJhw,fqdkawmh tckcsdefrSm wzufwkdif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;awGudkvJ tqkH;jzwfjyKekdifwJhtcGifha&;awGay;&awmhrSmaygh/ 'grSvJw&m;r#wr,fr[kwfvl;vm;/ OyrmvlwOD; wa,mufu
ArmvlrsdK;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkzwf&SK=unfhprf;yg
“Arm[laoma0g[m&onf(b»)[laoma0g[m&rS qif;oufvmaomyk'fysufjzpfonf umv=umjrifhvm
aomtcga0g[m&a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJwwfwJhoabmed,mrt&(b»)[laom a0g[m&rSonf‘brm’[laom
yk'fodk@ajymif;vJjzpfay:cJhonf/xkdrSwzef(brm)yk'frSonf‘Arm’[laomyk'fokd tqifhqifhajymif;vJjzpfay:vm cJhonf”
qkdjyD; a&;om;=uw,fqdkygpkd@
2
&weoDcr[m&mZ0if/ pm 162/
 17

ArmvlrsdK;awGtaeeJ@'Dta&;om;ukdzwfjyD;a'gotacsmif;vkdufxGufrSmaocsmw,f/ qwfqwfcgcgemusnf;rSmaocsmw,f/
txufyga&;om;xm;wJhpmyk'feJ@ywfoufjyD; atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkvJ tcsdeftenf;i,f,l pOf;pm;jyD;u|efawmfwkd@ ajz=unfh=u&if
aumif;vdrfrnfxifygw,f//
(1) xkdodk@t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHekdifygrh vm;/
(2) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkw&m;r#ww,frSefuefw,f/tusdK;ta=umif;ckdifvkHw,fqkdjyD;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tm;twif;vufcH
vmatmif=udK;pm;oifhygrh vm;/
(3) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vkH;0vufrcHrausbJvsufu|efawmfwkd@bmomu|efawmfwkd@vGwfvGwf
vyfvyfokH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkdaeoifhyghrvm;/
(4) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqkdwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@pdwfcsrf;ajr@pGm&Sdedkifyghrvm;
(5) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqdkae=uwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJhbmrSrajymrqdkrwkef@jyefbJacgif;ikH
cHaeekdifyghrvm;/acgif;ikHcHaebdk@u|efawmfwkd@ar#mfvifhoifhyghovm;//
txufygar;cGef;wkd@udkajz=um;=unfh&ifcHpm;csuftrSefudku|efawmfwkd@&=uvdrR,f/wvkdif;vkd@oufoufrJhtac:cHae&wJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
b0udkvnf;udk,fcsif;pmemvmwwfr,fvkd@xifygw,f/
'DOyrmudkray;csifygbl;/ 'gayrJhudk,fcsif;pmemwwfbdk@ay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/ wvdkif;vkd@ac:cH&wmb,favmufrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm
qwfqwfcgcg emusnf; wwfw,fqkdwmudk odapcsifvkd@'DOyrmudkay;&wmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsKd ;awGemusnf;ovkd rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSmvJ
xyfwlxyfr# emusnf;wwfw,fqkdwmudk odapcsifvGe;f vkd@rvGJa&SmifomOyrmay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/ udk,fcsif;pmemwwfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;
wkd@udk wvkdif;vkd@rajymqkd ra&;om;=ubdk@wkdufwGefekd;aqmfwJh Oyrmwckjzpfw,f/ tcsdK@ArmawGudk&kd;&kd;ajymvkd@ em;rvnf =ubl;
rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@rac: ajym=ueJ@ra&;om;=ueJ@ ajymvJemr,l=ubl; tJ'DvlrsdK;awGtwGuf 'DOyrmudk ay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwvkdif;vkd@qJjyD;eSpfaygif;(250)ausmfausmfnSif;qJeSdyfhpufcJhjyD;jyD r0ao;bl;vm; aemufxyfreSdyfpuf=ubdk@tel;nGwf
awmif;zefwifjyaewmjzpfw,f/ u|efawmfhudkem;vnfjyD;cGifhvGwfapvkdygw,f/ 'DOyrm[mArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;udk tvGefxd
ckdufepfemapwJh Oyrmjzpfw,fqkdwmu|efawmfem;vnfw,f/ tjrifusOf; ajrmif;aewJhArmvlenf;pktcsdK@twGuf Oyrm
ay;wmjzpfw,f/ tcsdK@ArmawG/Armpma&;q&mawGeJ@ tcsdK@Armordkif; q&mawG[m wvkdif;udk tom;vGwf a&;om;ae=uw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmqwfqwfcgcgemusnf;wwfw,fqkdwm ukd,fcsif; pmempdwfr&Sd=ubl;/ igwdk@rSmtm%m&SdwJhvlrsdK;bJ/ igwkd@a&;csif
wdkif;a&;vkd@&w,f/ b,fol@udkrSrSKp&mrvkdbl;vkd@txifa&mufae=uw,f/ rGefudkwvkdif;vdk@a&;wmbmjzpfvkd@vJ/ rGefvlrsdK;udk
wvkdif;vdk@ac:wmbmjzpfovJ/ tJ'Dvkdqifajc qifvufawG ay;wwfwJh ArmtcsdK@&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvkdqifajcqifvufrsm;wJhvlawGudk
&nf&G,fjyD; 'DOyrmukday;wmjzpfw,f/ ,Ofaus; odrfharG@wJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk &nf&G,fjyD;ay;wmvkH;0r[kwfygbl;/
xkd,Ofaus;odrf@arG@wJhArmrsm;ukdvJu|efawmftm;emvnfcGifhvGwfbdk@awmif;zefygw,f/ 'g[mOyrmom jzpfw,f/ wu,fr[kwfyg
Armyk'f[m (b»)yk'fu qif;oufvmwmr[kwfygbl;ArmeJ@ywfouf&if ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ,lqcsufudkbJ u|efawmfwkd@
av;pm;vufcH&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmoabmudk odatmif Oyrmay;wmjzpfw,f/ olwyg;a&;om;xm;wJh ta=umif;&mudk
taxmufxm;jyKjyD; tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udkaumufcsufcsvkd@r&bl; rrSefuefbl;qkdwJhoabmudk odomxif&Sm;apvkdvkd@
'DOyrmudkay;&wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'DvkdrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;om;xm;wJh pmyk'fukdtaxmufxm;jyKjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk tqkH;jzwfjyKr,f
qkd&ifrSm;wJh oabmudkom 'Dae&mrSmxif&Sm;odapcsifygw,f/

tJ'Dvkdta&;om;rsdK;udku|efawmfwkd@a&Smif&mS ;&r,f/ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;wkd@udk tvGefxdckdufepfemapygw,f/ ArmvlrSKtaqmuftHk=uD;

wckvkH;udk xdckduf apekdifwJhtokH;eSKef;jzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&@J*k%foduQmvlrSKa&;pD;yGm;a&;ekdifiHa&;wckvkH;udkyg xdckdufapedkif
w,fqkdwm u|efawmfaumif;aumif;em;vnfygw,f/ tJ'DvkdygbJwvkdif;vkd@Armpma&;q&mtcsKd@rqifjcif a&;om;okH;eSKef;vkdufwJh
tokH;eSKef;[m rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;udk xdckdufepfemapygw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@*k%foduQm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&JvlaerSKtaqmuftkH
wckvkH;udkxdyg;apcJhw,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@vlrSKa&; /pD;yGm;a&;/ekdifiHa&;/ynma&;/ordkif;a=umif;wdk@udkyg tvGefxdckduf epfemapcJw
h ,f
qdkwmudk odapcsiw f ,f/
'Dae&mrSmw&kwfvlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;ykHwckudkoGm;jyD;owd&rdw,f/pum;ykHu'Dvkdqkdxm;w,f
 18

“'g;eJ@ckwf'kwfeJ@&kdufvkd@&&SdoGm;wJh'g%f&m[m&uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSm aq;jzifhukovkd@aysmufuif;ekdifw,f/ 'gayrJh

eSkwfpum;eJ@qJqdkvdkufvkd@wzufom;rSm toJckdufepfemoGm;wJh'g%f&m[m aysmufuif;bdk@twGuf aq;jzifhukovdk@
r&bl;/ &moufyef woufvkH;wnf&SdoGm;wwfw,f/”
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkrsdK;jyKwfatmifqkdjyD;OD;atmifaZ,seJ@om;tzwkd@u'g;eJ@ckwf/ 'kwfeJ@&kdufowfcJhjyD;ygjyD 'g'ifrubl;usef&SdaewJh
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkArmorkdif;rSm pmpum;eJ@wvkdif;qJqdkjyD;&moufyef eSdyfpufxm;jyefw,f/ wvkdif;eJ@qJvkdufvkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm
&&SdoGm;wJh temw&'g%f&m'g%fcsuf[m urBma=uaomfvJ rGefvlrsKd ;wkd@tbkdf@ a=uekdifcJygw,f/ajyekdifcJygw,f/

rSefeef;&mZ0ifeSifh ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifwkd@[m Armya'o&mZfawGtiftm;=uD;xGm;aewJh ukef;abmifacwfrSm

a&;om;=uwJhorkdif;jzpfw,f/ rSefeef;&mZm0ifudk=unfhyg 1191ckeSpfb=uD;awmfbk&m; vufxufrSm a&;om;w,f/ 1119ckeSpfrSm
[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@wdkif;jynfudkwkdufckdufekdifcJhw,f [Hom0wDudk wkdufckdufodrf;ydkujf yD; eSpfaygif;(72)eSpf rSma&;om;wJh
ordkif;jzpfw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmrGefvlrsdK;wdk@[m trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf edkifiHteSH@rSm awmfvSef ykefuefae=uwJh
tcsdefjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSm trsdK;om;*k%farmufjyD; rmeawmifxdyf a&mufaewJh tcsdefjzpfw,f/ rdrdwkd@&J@
Armhb&k ifya'o&mZfrif;udk 'kwfeJ@zifxdk;rkd;aumif;uifa&mufatmifbkHajrSmufaewJhtcsdefjzpfw,f/ &efolwzufvl (rGef˜&Srf;˜&ckdif)udk
csD;ajcmufeJ@eSKdif;,SOrf pifuJhodk@&G@Hrkef;txifao;aewJhumvjzpfw,f/ tJ'DumvrSm a&;om;wJhordkif;awGrSm rGefvlrsdK;udk
‘wvkdif;’vkd@owfrSwfjyD;wzufowfa&;om;=uwmqef;ovm;/aemufwcsufpOf;pm;bkd@u/vGefcJhwJheSpfaygif;(72)eSpfujzpfysufcJhtjzpf
ysufwckudkjyefvnfpOf;pm;a&;om;w,fqkdwm/ rnfr#trSefw&m;eJ@eD;pyfjyD;/ rnfr#trSefw&m;eJ@uif;uGm;w,fqkdwmcef@rSef;,lekdif
ygw,f?
ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifudkyOPro*Fg,emwifwJhrif;wkef;rif;(1853-78)vufxuffrSma&;w,f/ rGefekdifiHudkwkdufckduf odrf;ydkuf
ekdifjyD;eSpfaygif;(100)ausmfrSma&;wmjzpfw,f/ ukefabmifqufr[m&mZ0ifordkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@vkH;0rokH;awmhbJ/
‘wvkdkif;’qkdjyD; rkd;r$efatmif okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;w,f/Anm;'vrif; udkvJ u|efjzpfxkdufwJholvkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om; xm;w,f/
'Dordkif;pmtkyf eSpftkyf[m Armya'o&mZfudk ajrSmufxkd;yifhaumfae=uwJh Armya'o&mZfordkif;q&mwpkupdwf=udKuf
a&;om;wJhorkdif;jzpfw,f/ 'DrSefeef;&mZ0ifordkif; ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0if orkkdif;wkd@udk ausmif;rSmjyXmef;jyD;
ausmif;om;vli,fawGudk oif=um;apwm rSefuefyghrvm; tqdyftawmuftawG;ac:wdk@udk eke,fwJhausmif;om;vli,fwkd@&J@
Oa%SmufxJodk@oGwfoGif;aewmeJ@wlw,f/ 'Dordkif; pmtkyfwkd@udk udk;um;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk tqkH;jzwfjyKw,fqkdwm w&m;
r#wrSKjzpfekdifovm;pOf;pm;Om%f&Sdolwkdif; pOf;pm;=uyg/ rdrduppfatmifekdifol yDyDrdrdwkd@pdwf=udKuf wzufowf a&;om;
ekdifcJhacwfjzpfw,f/ 'Dvkdwzufowftekdifusifha&;om;wJh ordkif; utcsufvufawGudk rSefuefygw,f qkdjyD;vkdufjyD;
okawoejyKoufaoxlaeao;&ifrcufb;l vm; ya'o&mZfacwfu rw&m;tedkifusifhwJhp&kdufawG ArmvlrsdK;rSm tckxufxd
vGrf;rdk;aeqJbJvkd@ owfrSwf&rvkdjzpfaew,f/ 0rf;enf;bkd@ tvGefaumif; w,f/

Oyrm 1885-ckeSpft*FvdyfvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@=um;jzpfyGm;cJhwJhppfta=umif;udk wzufowftjrifeJ@t*FvdyfvlrsdK;wdk@ a&;om;xm;wJh

orkdif;udk avhvmjyD;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udktqkH;jzwfjyKajymqkda&;om;&ifoifhav#mfygrvm;/ vkH;0roifhav#mfygbl;vkd@ ajz=urSmaocsmw,f/
u|efawmfqkdvkd&if;t"dy`g,fu&Sif;&Sif;bJ/ppfekdifvdk@wzufowfpdwf=udKufa&;om;xm;wJhordkif;pmtkyfawGudkudk;um;jyD;/ppf&SKH;oltay:
tuJcwftqkH;jzwfjyKw,fqkdwmrSm;w,f/ 'DpmtkyfawGudktaxmufxm;rjyKoifhbl;/vGwfvyfwJhorkdif;okawoDawG ordkif;ynm&Sif
awGavhvmawG@&SdcsufawG okawoejyKjyD;awG@&Sdxm;wJh oufaoom"uawGudk taxmufxm;jyKjyD;vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@aemufa=umif;udk
aumufcsufcstqkH;jzwfjyK&ifvufcHekdif p&m&Sdao;w,fvdk@ajymcsifw,f/ tckawmhppfekdifwJh ArmawGupdwfwkdif;us wzufowf
a&;om;xm;wJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;udk avhvmjyD;qkH;jzwfae=uw,f/ tvGefrw&m;&mus aew,f/ oxkHordkif;udkbJ=unfh=unfh
yk*Hordkif;uddkbJ=unfh=unfhrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@bJrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;xm;wmawG@&r,f/ oxkHrGefvlrsdK;wdk@xHrSm ydÉduwfokH;bkHudk
taemf&xm;rif;uvma&muf wkdufckduf oGm;w,f rGefbk&if rel[mrif;eSifhwuG rGef&[ef;oHCmawGrGefynm&SdawGudk
zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;w,f/ a&$aiGausmufoHywWjrm;awGudk qiftpD;(33)pD;wkduf o,faqmifoGm;w,f tJ'Dordkif;a=umif;udk
avhvmzwf&SK&r,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ a&;om;wJhordkif;awG pmwrf;awGrSm &SmazGjyD;=unfh=unfh xlpdkufxm;wJh ausmufpmwkdifawGudkbJ
avhvmavhvm ajratmufwl;jrKyfxm;wJh ausmufwkdifawGudk wl;az:=unfh=unfhrGefvlrsdK;udk rGev f lrsdK;vkd@bJ rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;
xm;wmudk awG@ekdifw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rdrdwkd@udk,fudk wvkdif;vkd@ a&;om;xm;wm b,frSmrSrawG@&bl;/ jrapwDausmufpm
 19

udkavhvm=unfhygrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta=umif;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@rGefpmta&;om;xufjrufykHudkawG@&r,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m& pum;vkH;qdkvkd@

bmrSmrS&Smvkd@rawG@&bl;/
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ ArmedkifiH xJodk@0ifa&mufpyxyOD;pGmtajccsaexkdifoGm;cJw h Jh ausmufqnf rdwˆdvma'oudkokawoejyKwl;az:=unfhvJ
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ajc&mvuf&moufaotaxmufxm;awGudkomawG@&w,f/ 'Gm&0wD ausmufpmawG y&yxkHausmufpmawGukd
avhvm =unfhvJwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;rSrawG@&bl; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;a&;xkd; rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
wvkdif;qdkwJh a0:[m&qdkvkd@b,frSmrS&Smvkd@rawG@cJh&bl; tJ'DavmufckdifrmwJh oufaoawG taxmufxm;awG &SdcJhw,f/
ukef;abmif acwfrwkdifcifa&;om;wJh orkdif;pmtkyfawGudk avhvm&ifvJ rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvlrsdK;vkd@bJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudk
awG@&w,f/ 'kwd,tif;0acwf(anmif&rf;acwf)udk xlaxmifwJh awmifilbk&ifhaemif(915-943)vufxufrSm a&;om;wJh
&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;udk avhvm=unfh&if rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta=umif;ukdawG@&r,f/ wvkdif;qkdwJh a0g[m& wvkH;wyg'rS
rawG@&bl; &mZm"d&mZmZfta&;awmfykHusrf;[m ukef;abmifacwfxuf apmwJh anmif;&rf;acwfrSm ArmbmomeJ@ a&;om; xm;wJh
orkdif;pmtkyfjzpfw,f/ bk&ifhaemif[mtif;0u Armrif;rsdK;rif;eG,feJ@ vkH;0qufpyfrSKr&Sdbl; ol[m omreft&yfom; wOD;jzpfw,f
awmifilbk&if wyifa&$xD;&J@ txdef;awmfom;jzpfw,f/ wyifa&$xD;eJ@ i,fpOf&G,fupm;az:upm;zufjzpfcJhw,f/
yifudk,ft&nfcsif;eJ@ pGrf;&nfowWda=umifh bk&ifwuf jzpfvmoljzpfw,f/ tif;0Armbk&ife&ywd(pnfolausmfxif)udkvJ
ppfwkduftedkif,lcJholjzpfw,f/ [Hom0wDrGefwdk@aejynfawmfrSmxD;eef;opfudk wnfaqmufcJhw,f/ tJ'DxD;eef;udk(uarBmZom'D)vkd@
trnfemray;xm;w,f/ uarBmZa'oqkdwm &Srf;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ aexkdifI&mae&ma'ojzpfw,f/ 'gawGudkaxmuf&ifol[m
&Srf;rsdK;eG,fwOD;jzpfedkifw,fvkd@ xifrSwf&bG,f&Sdw,f/
bk&ifhaemuf[mrGefpmayudk txl;jrwfekd;ol jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ "avhxkH;pH,Ofaus;rSKudk wefbdk;xm;jrwfekd;oljzpfw,f/
rGeftrwfynm&SdawG rGefppfol&Jaumif;awGudk csD;jrSifhajrmufpm;cJhw,f/ rGev f lrsdK;wdk@&J@ axmufcHtm;ay;rSKeJ@ [Hom0wDedkifiHrSm
xD;eef;pdkufjyD;bk&ifrif;wufjzpfekdifcJholjzpfw,f/ rif;jzpfjyD;aemuf[Hom0wDtifyg,mawmf=uD;ukkdxlaxmif&ef=udK;pm;cJhw,f/
(916)eSpf wykd@wGJvjynfhausmf(4)&ufwe*FaEGae@aer0ifcifrSm tif;0Armbk&if e&ywd(pnfolausmfxif)udkwdkufckdufacsrSKef;jyD;
ppfatmifedkifcJhw,f/tif;0txufnmwcGifeSifh&Srf;jynfxdwkdifatmifppfcif;jyD;atmifyJt G qifhqifhcH,lekdifcJhw,f/
olppfwdkufvkd@atmifedkifcw Jh Jhta=umif;&mawGudk anmifOD; a&$pnf;ckHbk&m;rSm a=u;acgif;avmif;oGef;avmif;vSL'gef;jyD; rSwfwrf;
urŠnf;a&;xkd;cJhw,f/acgif;avmif;rSmrSwfwrf;wif ola&;xkd;cJw h JhurŠnf;pmudk rGefpmjrefrmpm eSpfbmomeJ@ a&;xkd;xm;wmudk
awG@&w,f/ bk&ifaemif[m rGeftrwfAnm;'vudk tvGefav;pm;tm;udk;cJhw,f 'kwd, tif;0ekdifiH(anmif&rf;rif;acwf)udk
xlaxmif&mrSm Anm;'vudk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKcJhw,f vkd@rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uw,f/ ,kd',m;eJ@ vif;Zif;jynfrsm;udk vkyf=uHcJh
&mrSmvJ Anm;'vudk vuf&kH;wqltm;udk;cJhw,f/ edkifiHwum &mZmoH a&;om;&mrSm rGefynm&Sdtrwf Anm;'vudkbJ tm;udk;jyD;
a&;ckdif;w,f/ bk&ifaemif[m tar#mfjrif=uD;rm;olwOD;jzpfw,f/ rGefbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ ordkif;pmtkyf
‘&mZ0Houxm’udk ArmvlrsdK;awG ynmA[k okw&apbkd@ &nf&G,fjyD; ynm&Sd rGeftrwfAnm;'vudkbJ
jrefrmbmomodk@jyefqkda&;om;apcJhw,f/ jrefrmpmayorkdif;rSm tvGefxifay: ausmf=um;cJw h Jh pmtkyfwtkyfjzpfcJhw,f/ &mZm"d&mZf
ta&;awmfykHusrf;qdkjyD; rodolr&Sdoavmufxifay:cJhw,f/ Armpum;ajyta&;om;&J@ a&S@aqmifvrf;n$efwJhusrf; wapmif
jzpfcJhw,f/ Anm;'vtrwf[m Armacwfopf pum;ajy&J@ zcifjzpfcJhw,f/ Armpum;ajyta&;om;twGuf wHcGefv$ifhxl
ay;cJholjzpfw,f Anm;'vtrwf[m pmqkdppfol=uD;wOD; jzpfw,f vuf&kH;&nfeSvkH;&nfeJ@jynfhpkHoljzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tbdk@
tvGef*k%f,lp&m aumif;wJh yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfw,f/ &mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;udk avhvm=u&if rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@
ajymifajrmufwJhordkif a=umif;udkawG@jrifekdifw,f tJ'Dordkif; pmtkyfrSm rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvlrsdK;vkd@bJ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; a&;om;xm;w,f
wvkdif;qkdvkd@ rawG@&bl;/
&mZm"d&mZfta&;awmfykH[m ArmbmomeJ@ a&;om;wJh orkdif; pmtkyfxJrSm tapmqkH;pmtkyfjzpfw,f OD;ukvm;a&;om;wJh
OD;ukvm;&mZ0ifcsKyfxufteSpf(200)avmufapmw,f/ OD;ukvm;&mZ0if[m bk&ifhaemif xlaxmifwJh anmif&rf;rif;quf&@J
'kwd,aemufqkH;bk&ifjzpfwJhwe*FaEGrif; (c&mZfouU&mZf1714-1733) vufxufrSm a&;om;w,f/ 'DavmufckdifrmwJh
oufaoawG taxmufxm;awG ckdifckdifrmrm&Sdaewmawmif OD;atmifaZ,subma=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udk azsmufzsufypfjyD;
wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@tpm;xkd;jyD;orkdif;udkajymif;jAefvSefa&;om;csifovJ pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/ aemufqkH;rSm bmoGm;awG@ ovJ
qdk&ifppfumvrSmrdrd&J@ wzuf&efoludkcsdK;eSdrfjyD; trnfemray;wwfwJh oabmt&ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ &efolrGefvlrsKd ;udkvJ
OD;atmifaZ,su emrfeSdrfhwJhemrnfwckudkay;jyD;wkdufw,fvkd@aumufcsufcsvkd@&w,f/
 20

trSefw&m;udk&SmazGcsif&ifvGwfvyfwJhokawoDawGorkdif;ynm&SifawG&J@avhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKjyD;awG@&Sdcsufwkd@udk ukd;um;,lbkd@
vkdw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcJw h Jhtwkdif;/ 'Dae&mrSmvGwfvyfwJhordkif;ynm&Sif Forchhammer'&@JawG@&Sdcsufudk udk;um;jyD;wifjyvkd
ygw,f/ ‘Forchhammer' [m emrnf=uD;wJh jAdwdo#vlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ ol&J@okawoeavhvmawG@&Sdcsuft&qkd&if
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m rnfonfh ae&mrSmrS rawG@&bl; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ywfouf qufEG,fjyD; wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;rawG@&bl;vdkd@
olutcdkifrmqdkxm; w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if b,fausmufpmrSmrS wvkdif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;‘wvkdif;’ qkdwJh
pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,suwrifwumoufouf wDxGifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkckeSdrfwJhpum;vkH; jzpfw,f qkdwm udk oGm;awG@w,f/
atmufygtaxmufxm;udk =unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJhpmtkyf "Burma" (with special reference to her relations with China),
Printed and Published at the "Rangoon Cazette" Press, 1893. Chapter VII, Page 72
rSmatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;onfudkawG@&w,f/
"The use of the word 'Talaing' here disproves Forchhammer's contention, repeated by
Gay, and approved by Mr. Eales in his Census Returns, that the term was invented by
Alompra."
'Dpmyk'f&J@t"dy`g,fu/ “ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfwJh/ Forchhmmer, Gay eSifh Mr. Eales wkd@okawoe t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;/
rSefuefonf[ktcdkifrm/wifjyxm;wJhtcsuf((contention)w&yf&SdcJhw,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh/ (‘wvdkif;’qdkwJh a0g[m&
pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,su wrifwum wDxGifokH;pGJxm;aom pum;vkH;omjzpfw,f)vkd@ olwkd@u oufao om"u
taxmuftxm; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHeSifh wifjyxm;w,f (contention) tcdkifrm tqkdjyKcsuf jyKxm;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;[m
‘wvkdif;’r[kwfbl;vkd@ tcdkifrmoufaoom"ujzifhjyxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh/ 'Dae&mrSm ‘wvkdif;’qdkwJh pum;udk okH;pGJae=ujcif;[m
xkdorkdif; ynm&Sif wkd@&J@ tckdifrmwifjyxm;wJhtqdkjyKcsuf (contention)udk rrSefuefbl;vkd@qkd&m usaew,f”
'Dpmyk'fuaxmufjyxm;w,f/ qdkvkdwJhoabmu orkdif;ynm&SifawG oufaoom"u taxmuftxm;eJ@ rGefvlrdsK;[m
‘wvkdif;’r[kwfbl;vkd@ tcdkdifrmwifjyxm;ygvsuf/ ,ckvkd ‘wvdkif;’ pum;ukd xyfokH;aejcif;[m roifh bl;vkd@qkdwJh oabmygbJ
'Dpm&J@oabmu ‘wvkdif;’qkdwJh pum;udk rokH;oifhwJhta=umif; t"dy`g,f az:n$ef; aew,f/
Forchhmmer[m tvGefxifay:ausmf=um;aom a&S@a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ jrefrmedkifiHrSm/
a&S@a[mif;okawoe/ wl;az:a&;vkyfief; rsm;pGmudkvkyfudkifcJholjzpfw,f/ ausmufqnf rdwdˆvma'orSm orkdif;okawoe vkyfief;udk
vkyfudkifcwJh Jhxifay:wJhjAdwdo#orkdif;ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ jrefrmjynfeSifhqdkifwJh orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;udk vnf; a&;om;
xkwfa0cJholwOD;jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkdxifay:wJh yg&*lwOD;&J@ tcdkifrmoufaoom"ueJ@ wifjyxm;wJh tcsufudk vspfvsL&SkjyF;
rGefvlrsdK;ukd‘wvkdif;’vdk@ qufvufokH;pGJac:a0:aejcif;[mrGefvlrsdK;udkapmfum;&muswJhtjyif okH;pGJac:a0:wJholrSm r,Ofaus;
ao;wmudkvnf;jyaew,fvkd@u|efawmfqkdcsifw,f/
tm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajymcsifwmu/ tu,fIrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:qfdkokH;eSKef;csif&if oufaoawGtaxmufxm;awG/ orkdif;
tcsufvufawGudkckdifckdifrmrmwifjyekdif&r,f/ okH;eSKef;olrSmoufaowifjybkd@wm0eftjynfh&Sdw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ rnfonfh
orkdif;pmtkyfrSma[m'Dvkda&;om;xm;w,f 'grdk@rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ ac:qdkekdifw,f/ odk@r[kwfrnfonfhrGefausmufpmrSm
a[m'Dvdka&;om;xm;wJha0g[m&tokH;eSKef;udkaxmufxm;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@ ac:qdkygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdckdifckdifrmrm
wifjyedkif&r,f/ 'DvkdjynfhpkHwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk rSDjirf;jyD;rGefudkwvkdif;vdk@ ajymqkda&;om;&if rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vJ
vufcHrSmaocsmygw,f/ obm0vJusr,f/ vufvGwfpy,f okH;eSKef; wmrsdK;rvkyfoifhbl;/ wm0efrJhokH;eSKef;wmrsdK;
rjzpfoifhbl;vkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f/xkd@twlrGefvlrsKd ;wdk@udkuvnf;tu,fI ArmvlrsdK;udkt&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ okH;eSKef;ajymqkdcsif&if/
tb,fa=umifh t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;udkac:qdkokH;eSKef;&wJhta=umif;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@bufrS ckdifckdifrmrm oufao
taxufxm;awG ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkwifjyekdif&r,f/ 'grSvJwm0efausr,f/ vufvGwfpy,fwm0efrJhokH;eSKef;wmrsdK; rjzpfoifh
rjzpfxkdufbl;/
wvkdif;pum;tokH;eSKef;eJ@ywfoufjyD;tcsdK@wkd@uqifajcqifvufawGay;wwfao;w,f/
“wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mppftwGif;/wOD;eJ@wOD;wkdufckdufowfjzwfae=utcsdefrSmokH;eSKef;wJha0g[m&bJ/ ppfa&;edkifiHa&;t&okH;eSKef;wJh
a0g[m& pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ ppftwGif;rSmrdrdzufrSppfom;awGpdwf"gwfwuf=uGapjyD;wzuf&efoltay: txifjrifao;apwJh
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;t& ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ b,fvkdvkyfjyD;oufaoawG orkdif;taxmufxm; awGeJ@jyvkd@&rvJ/
oufaoawGjybkd@a&mvkdao;ovm;”
 21
txufygtwkdif;tcsdK@ArmawGuqifajcay;aumif;ay;=ur,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifOyrmwckudk u|efawmfwifjyyg&ap/ u|efawmfwifjyrJh
Oyrmu'Dvkdyg/
Oyrmoli,fcsif;eSpfOD; jzpf=uwJh/ rjreSifhrvSwdk@[m/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ t*FvdyfpmXmerSm usLwmtjzpftwlwl tvkyfvkyf=uw,f/
wOD;udkwOD;odyfcspf=uw,f/ pm;twloGm;twlvmtwl&SdcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJh wae@usvkd@ yk*~dKvfa&;&m ta=umif;wcka=umifh
tcef@roifhvkd@ &efjzpf=uw,fqkdygawmh/ wa,mufudkwa,muf/wOD;udkwOD; rjr/rvSvkd@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:=u awmhbl;/
rjru/ rvSu/kd ‘zgr’vkd@ac:r,f/ wzef/ rvSuvJ/ rjrudk ‘rdef;r&$if’vkd@jyefqJwmaygh/ tJ'DvkdbJ/ ArmeSifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@ppfjzpfawmh/
ArmuvJrGefudk rGefvkd@,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:qdkawmhbl;/ ‘wvkdif;’vkd@ ac:vmw,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ/ ArmudkArmvkd@
,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:awmhbl;/ ‘t&nf;=uD;rsdK;’awGvkd@jyefvJ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm rvS[m ‘zgr’r[kwfovdk
‘zgr’vJrvSr[kwfbl;/ rvS[m armfvjrdKif'Du&Daumvdyfu t*FvdyfusLwmq&mr wOD;jzpfw,f/ ololigigtvGef av;pm;&wJh
q&mrjzpfw,f/ rsdK;&kd;vJaumif;w,f/ aqG=uD;rsdK;=uD; todkdif;0kdif; ujzpfw,f/ tusifhpm&dwWvJtvGefaumif;rGefw,f/ 'gayrJh
'D&efyGJu rjrqJqdkvkdufwJhpum;udk/ tpGJjyKjyD;/ rvSudkawG@wkdif; ‘zgr’vkd@ac:qkd=u&if w&m;ovm;/ jzpfxdkufovm;qkdwm
vlwkdif;pOf;pm;oifhygw,f/ wzef/rvSudk ‘zgr’vkd@ ac:wJholua&m vl,Ofaus;jzpfedkifyghrvm;/ todOm%facgif;yg;aomol
vl@*Gpmwa,mufrjzpfaebl;vm; pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ rGefvlrsdK;awG[m &efyGJrSmqJqcdk Jh=uwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ 'Duae@xd oufoufrJh qJqkd
cHae&qJbJ&Sdaew,f/ w&m;ovm; oifhovm; qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfh =uyg/ wzef rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ae@txd qJae=uwJh
ArmawGua&m/ b,fvkdtqifhtwef;&SdwJhvlpm;vJqdkwm udk,fhudk,fudkjyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ vl@,Ofaus; wa,muf awmh
vkH;0r[kwfedkifbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//
 22

tydkif;(5)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@vJwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;trsdK;rsdK;&Sm=uHtajzxkwf=uw,f/ rdrdvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uac:a0: orkwfwJh
tay:rSSm ra=urcsrf;jzpfjyD;trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm=uHpnf=uw,f/ tb,fa=umifhrGefvlrsdK;uaewvkdif;jzpfvm&ovJ/ 'gayrJh
trSefw&m;udk b,folrSr&cJh=ubl;/ 'Da0g[m& b,fuvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@b,fvkd oufqkdifw,f/b,fvkd t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f
qkdwmb,folrStwdusrajymekdfifjzpfaecJhw,f tJ'Dvkdtajz&Smvkd@rawG@wJhaemufqkH;rSm ukd,hftjrifeJ@udk,ftrsdK;rsdK;ajymqdk
vm=uw,f/ qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuftrsdK;rsdK; (assumptions)xkwfjyD;udk,fhtjrifeJ@ udk,fa&;om;ajymqkdae=uwm &SdcJhw,f/
tJ'DtxJrSmu|efawmfodoavmuf xifay:wJh,lqcsufokH;&yf&SdcJhbl;w,f/
(1) tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/ tJ'Dxifjrif
,lqcsuf tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,f qkdwJh
qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf/
(2) rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su rD;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@u rdrdwdk@&J@ taz(zcif)
udk w’jyD;atmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (ÇtelcjrmWYw>) udktpGJjyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0:wm jzpfedkfif w,f
qdkwqJh ufpyf,lwJh,lqcsu(f assumption)w&yf/
(3) rGefbcifodk@r[kwfrGefrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJh ujym; om;oRD;rsm;udk rGefppfppf
r[kwfwJh twGuftJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; ‘rGefrppfol’ vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,f
qkdwaJh wG;ac:,lqcsuf (assumption) w&yf/
tJ'Dqufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf (assumptions)okH;&yfudkwckpDu|efawmfa0zefokH;oyfjyD;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/

(1) (1) tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;urGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@ tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/ tJ'x D ifjrif ,lqcsuf

tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,fqkdwJhqufpyf,lwJh ,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf
tdEdN,awmifydkif;wdv*FCu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@qif;oufvmwJh oufaotaxmufxm;orkdif;rSm vkH;0rawG@cJh&bl; tdENd,
awmif;ydkif;wdv*FCwdkif;urGefvlrsdK;wdk@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fqdk@wJh t,lq[mtajctjrpfr&Sdbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f/ ordkif;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce / orkdif;ygarmuQa'gufwmoef;xGef;eSifh orkdif;q&mOD;boef;wkd@u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrGef*kdvkduftEG,fjzpfw,f/
rGef-crmwkd@ tkyfpk[mw&kwfjynfawmifydkif;usefpDjrpf0Srf;wGifpwiftajcwnfaexkdifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce uola&;wJh ‘Old Burma, Early Pagan(1969)pmtkyfrSm'Dvkda&;om;xm;w,f/
“The pioneers in civilization both in Old Burma and Old Siam were the Mons. Significantly, the Mons
had played a major role as the most prominent agent in spreading and propagating Indian. And I hold that
the original homeland of the Mon-Khmers was Yangtze valley before they were pushed south by the
Chinese in time immemorial.”
“rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrlvyxrOD;pGmw&kwfawmifydkif; *kdbDoJuEWm&rSmaexkdifvmcJh=uw,f/ xkdaemufa&=unf&m jrufek&mae&m
a'oopfudk&mazG&if; w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;bufokd@ wjznf;jznf;a&$@ajymif;vm&mrSjrefrm jynfwGif;okd@ 0ifa&muf vm=u
w,f”vkd@oufaotaxmufxm;awGeJ@ tcdkifrmqdkxm;w,f/
ordkif;ygarmuQa'gufwmoef;xGef;uvJatmufyg twkdif; rSwfcsufcs xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
“rGefeSifhcar&fvlrsdK;wkd@um; rGef*kdvftEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfI 0/yavmif/ &d,efwdk@rSm rGef*kdvf tEG,frsm;jzpfaomfvnf;0˜wdk@Y
awmifzuf trsdK; (Australoid)a&maeSmrnf[k oHo,&Sdonf/”3vkd@ qdkxm;w,f/

aemufjyD;OD;boef;a&;wJhjrefrmh&mZ0if/pmrsufESm-50/rSmvnf;atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
“rGefvlrsdK;wkd@um;/wdbufwkd;bm;rif;(ysL/urf;,H/ouf)vlrsdK;wkd@ ra&mufvmrDuyif w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;
ukef;jyifjrifhrsm;rSawmifbufokd@qif;vm=ujyD;v#if{&m0wDjrpf0/ ppfawmif;jrpf0/ oHvGifjrpf0t&yf a'o
3
jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwef;trSwf(1)/ pm 86
 23
wkd@YjrdK@&Gmwnfaxmif aexkdif=uonf[kxif&ef&Sdonf/ rGef&mZ0iforkdif;wapmifYrGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ a&S;ya0o%D
tcgu rGefwd[ktrnfwGifvsuf&Srf;(apmxkdifodk@r[kwfxkdif)vlrsdK;wkd@eSifhtwl {&m0wDjrpfeiS fhovGijf rpfwkd@t=um; uke;f jrifh
awmifwef;=uD; wpfav#mufjrdK@&GmjyKpk aexkdif=ua=umif;/ aemifumv&Snfvsm;rSawmifbufodk@ a&$@qif;Itqkdyg
jrpf=uD;wkd@.t0&Sdt&yfa'owkd@wGif aexkdif=ua=umif;eSifh qkdonf”
tvGefxif&Sm;wJhtxufygordkif;ynm&Sif(3)OD;&J@ ta&;om;udk =unfh&if rGef-crmvlrsdK;wkd[mrGef*kdvftEG,fjzpfw,f/
w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;uke;f jrifhrSawmifbufodk@qif;oufvmjyD;jrefrmekdifiHwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/tdENd,edkifiH
wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ qif;oufvmwmudkrawG@&bJ/
wzefThe New Encyclopaedia Britannica pG,fpkHusrf;rSmvJatmufyg twkdif;a&;om; az:jy xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Mon kingdom, also called HANTHAWADDY KINGDOM, kingdom of the Mon people, who were powerful
in Myanmar (Burma) from the 9th to the 11th and from the 13th to the 16th century and for a brief period in
the mid-18th century. The Mon migrated southward from western China and settled in the Chao Phraya
River basin (of southern Thailand) about the 6th century AD.

“rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@rif;aejynfawmf[m[Hom0wDedkifiHjzpfonf/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@onf/ 9-&mpkrS 11-&mpk/ 13-&mpkrS m16-

&mpktxdeSifh 18-&mpkYeSpftydkif;jcm;wkdawmif;wJhumvrsm;rSm ArmedkifiHwGif tvGefwHckd;=oZm=uD;rm;cJhwJhjzpfw,f/
w&kwfjynftaemufydkif;rSmawmifbufydkif;okd@a&G@ajymif;aexkdifvmjyD; apmzk&m;jrpf0rS ;f ‘Chao Phraya River’ wkd@rSm
tajccs aexkdifvmcJhonf/”
txufygpmyk'fawGt&rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rmS w&kwfuqif;oufvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f
w&kwfjynf awmifydkif; usefpDjrpf0Srf;u qif;oufvmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;od&w,f/tdENd,ekdifiHwdv*FCwdkif;u
qif;ouf vmw,f qkdwmudkwOD;wa,mufurS a&;om;xm;wm rawG@&bl;/ b,fordkif;pmtkyfrSmrSvJrawG@&bl;/ 'gayrJh
tcsdK@ordkif; pmtkyfrSm wdv*FCwkdif;eJ@ qufpyfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;ukd a&;om;xm;wJhtcsufwcsuf&Sdw,f
b,fvkda&;om;xm; ovJqkdawm tdENd,awmifydkif; wdv*FCuvlrsdK;wkd@[m rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ &mrn a'oudkvma&muf
wkdufckdufw,f/ 'gayrJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ujyefvnfwdkufckdufacsrSKef;jyD;xkdusL;ausmfolwdv*FCwkdif;om;wkd@udk &mrna'orS armif;xkwf
ekdifcJh w,fvkd@ordkif;pmtkyfrSm a&;om;xm;wmudkzwfbl;w,f/ atmufyg pmyk'fu oufaojyv#uf&Sdonf/
“txufjrpfnmYjrdK@jywnfaxmifaexkdifaom wdbufwkdbmrif;(ysL/urf;,H/ouf)wkd@tay:wGif rZÆdra'otdENd,
ajrmufykdif;rSomuD0ifrif;wkd@vma&muftkyfcsKyfouJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:wGifvnf; tdENd,awmifydkif;(,ckr'&yfe,f)
w,fv*F%t&yfrrS if;rsm;vma&muftkyfpkd;[ef&Sdonf/ rnfodk@rqdkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@um;rdrdwkd@edkifiHodk@vma&muf=uaom tdENd,
wkdif;om;ukkvm;wkd@eSifh t=udr=f udrfwkdufckduf=u&onf”(OD;boef;a&;jrefrmh&mZ0if/pm51)
txufygtaxmufxm;awGtm;vkH;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfh&if/tdENd,awmifydkif; wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ qif;ouf
vmwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGvkH;0rawG@&bl;/ 'ga=umifhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mtdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u qif;oufvmwJh
vlrsdK;wrsdK; r[kwfa=umif;udku|efawmfwkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymqkdvmekdifw,f/
'ga=umifheHygwf(1)(Assumption),lqcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD; oufaotaxmufxm;vkH;0r&Sdbl;wJhtwGufrSm;,Gif;w,fvkd@ajym&r,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@toHwl&kd;rSm;jzpfwJhwdv*F%pum;vkH;udkqufpyfawG;ac:,lwJht,lqvkd@,lq&bG,f&Sdw,f/ ed*kH;csKyfaumufcsuf
cs&&if/'Dt,lq[m=uH&mr&wJhtqkH;rSmjzpfedkifekd;ekd;/ jzpfedkifaumif;&J@qkdjyD;twif;t"rRqufpyf,lwJh ,lqcsu(f Assumption)
w&yfom jzpfw,f/'DawG;awm,lqcsuf[mArmvlrsdK;wkd@uajymqkdwmr[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@urdrdrGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;ac:wJh tay:/
ta=umif;tppfrSefudk&Smr&wJhtcg/awG;awm=uHq&ifxGufay:vmwJh,lqcsufw&yfomjzpfw,f? Armorkdif;ynm&SifawG
Armpma&;q&mawG taeeJ@'DawG;awm,lqcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD;ajymqdkwmr=um;&bl;/ tdENd,awmifydkif; wdv*FCwkdif;u
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ qif;oufvmwJh twGufrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkdk@ac:qdk&a=umif;ArmawGtaeeJ@ajymqkdwm/ a&;om;wmr&SdcJhbl;/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uom rdrdwkd@bmomrdrdwkd@ awG;xifajymqkdae=uwmjzpfw,f/ udk,fhvnfyifukd,fuGif;pGyfae=uwmjzpfw,f/
'grdk@'Dt,lqudkvkH;0tajcjrpfr&Sdbl;/ ordkif; taxmufxm;r&Sdbl;vkd@bJ u|efawmf aumufcsufcsajymcsifw,f/

(2) rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,surd;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOf rGefvlrsdK;wdk@urdrdwdk@&J@ tazudk

wrf;wjyD;wdkifwnfatmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (ÇtelcjrmWYw>)udk tpGJjyKjyD;rGefvlrsKd ;udkwvkdif;vkd@ ac:a0:wm
jzpfedkfifw,f qdkwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf
 24

'Dt,lqeJ@ywfoufjyD;ordkif;tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk'Dae&mrSmwifjyrSom pmzwfolrsm;&Sif;&Sif;vif;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aejynfawmfudkodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf t&yf&yfrSm&SdwJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su vkdufvHzrf;qD;
apw,f/ zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkd@&wJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wdk@udk rD;&SKd@rowfcifpyg;usnfvkdusnfrSmtvkHydwfavSmifxm;w,f/ tJ'DtxJrmS
txl;ojrifhrdef;cav;awG/ edk@pkd@uav;i,fawG/ausmif;om;t&G,fcav;i,fawG/touf=uD;wJhvltkdawG rsm;w,f/ t&G,faumif;wJh
a,musFm;awG[mOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bkdArmppfom;awGudkwkdufckduf&if;touftaocHoGm;=uwmrsm;w,f/ usefwJhtenf;i,f
a,musFm;awG[m xGufajy;a&Smifwdrf;vdkuf=uvdk@r&Sdoavmufjzpfw,f/ awm=udKawmif=um;usef&pfwJh olwkd@[m rdef;cav;awG/
cav;awGeJ@touf=uD;ol&G,ftdkolwkd@om&Sdw,f/ 'Dordkif;tjzpftysufeJ@ywfoufjyD;/ aemifvmaemufom; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tjzpfrSef
od&Sdekdif&eftwGuf a&S@rGefpmqkdawGatmufygtwkdif; pyfqdkxm;cJhw,f vuFmvkd a&;pyfxm;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,srowfcif
pyg;usnfxJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ tajcaeudkrsufpdeJ@wyftyfaocsm/rsuf0g; xifxifawG@jrif&ouJhodk@ay:vGifatmif
atmufygtwkdif;uvuFmeJ@pyfqkdxm;w,f/
‘-------bOtlek.nj minjlwjek.njgNO minjTmOtHj p>cjgHjy.otO ek.njgHjer.tJ aJkuEmigNO mix.tjd,bkj
-gkjtuinj[qi]hjaO ek.nje/.tjgHjminjek.njezN.jgLinjnHO ek.njezN.jgHjy.o mielwjy.otO [t]okuE qm¹.
edoy.okuEek. kMinjkuEen.j tL-bOkuElTO ^y.okuEedo k.yepL.tjpLO TuY’njmocjpLnj xocjSokjsnjnHO
xocjzCOtoqN.oy.omocjqOqO xocj-b]gguE-b]qDuEtO an}duihjer. y.otOfIdW. pu&mnjb;]ezN.j
lupjeb.jzr.efkjtlicjsuihjruihjercjn.n.hu&elwjÇtelcjrmWYw> pu&d,kLkjgkU gu%jn}bm.---’
txufygvuFmudk&kd;&dk;pum;ajyeJ@bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwdkif;jzpfw,f/
“---------pyg;usnfxJrmS ydwfavSmifcHxm;&jyD; r=um;cifr;D &SdK@owfjcif;udkcH&rJh rGefrdcifi,fwOD;onf rdrd&J@edk@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f
om;i,ffav;ukd tomt,mayG@zuf ,k, ykdufaxG;jyD; edk@&nfwkdufau|;&if; w&SdKufiifiifikda=uG;ae&Smonf/ yg;jyifay:rSm
rsuf&nfrsm;wvdyfvdyf,kdpD;usqif;ae&Smonf rdcif&J@ikda=uG;ae&wJh tajcaetjzpfrSef udk rod&Smaom ekd@qkd@&G,f vlrr,f
om;i,fuav;rSm rdcifrsufeSmukd rsufawmifuav;aumh/ tomt,marmh=unhfjyD;ajcvuf vSKyf&Sm;apmhupm; ae&Smonf/
rdciftm;jyKH;&,fum=unfhae&Smw,f/ xkdodk@ekd@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f rdrd.om;i,fav;u jyKH;&,fum &$ifjrL; aeonfhtjzpfudk
jrif&&SmaomrdcifrmS &ifwGif;Ypkd@wufjyD; &SKduf=uD;wiifikda=uG;&Smonf tJ'v D kdrdcifu &SKduf=uD;wiif idka=uG;wJhtwGuf/ om;vwfeSifh
om;=uD;wkd@uyg toHygygvdkufIidka=uG;=u&Smonf/ xkdtcgrdcifcrsm; rxdef;ekdif&Sm awmhbJ toHukef atmf[pfcg idka=uG;&Smonf/
xkd@twlvifa,musFm;eSifhr,m; nDeSifhtpfudk wleSifhb=uD; tpfreSifh nDrwkd@onf wOD;udkwOD;wtm;zufwG,fIikda=uG;=uukefonf/
Tokd@wOD;udkwOD; wtm;zufwG,fI ikda=uG;ae=uykHrSm aumuf&dk; vdeu f spf xm;ouJhokd@jzpfae=uonf/ rdk;OD;us zg;atmfoHuJhokd@
wnHpDpDjzpfae=uonf/ wusnfvkH; rkd;xpfcsKH; aeouJhokd@ rnf[D;aeonf av;zufav;wefzufaygif;pkHrSmidk,kdae=uukefonf/
touf&G,f=uD;&ifhjyD;Zm&mt&G,fodk@a&mufae=uaomrGeftzdk;tkdtzGm;tdkwkd@onf/ pdwfajcmufjcm;xdef@vef@cg trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH
atmf[pf=uukef./xkdtxJr(S ÇtelcjrmWYw>) ‘taza& Twcgawmh ArmvlrsdK;a=umifh usKyfwdk@rGefvlrsdK;b0 qkH;&acs&J@
rGevf lrsdK;wkd@trsKd ;ysufokef;&acsjyD;’------”[kvnf;atmf[pfae=u&Smw,f/
rGefbmomeJ@ 'Dvkd a&;om; xm;w,f/ tJ'Dpmyk'fudk zwfjyD; rGefvlrsdfK;wdk@ tbdk@ ,l=uKH;r&atmif cHpm;cJh=u&w,f/ toJem cJh&w,f/
rdrdwkd@&J@&ifcGifukdcGJ toJeSvkH;udkwtm;qGJ=uKH;,liifvkduf&ouJhokd@cHpm;=u&w,f/ rdrd.toJeSvkH;udkudkifqJcG gausmufwkH;=uD;ay:rSm
wtm;v$J/ &kdufzGwfvdkufouJhodk@vJ qwfqwfcg emusnf;pGmcHpm;=u&w,f/ txl;ojzifhedk@&nfcsdKwkdufau|;aewJh rdcifwOD;
tjzpfudkawG;jyD; odyfoem;aerd=uw,f/ odyfhpdwfemp&mjzpfapcJhw,f rdcifrSmr=umcif t&Sifvwfvwf rD;&SdK@owfcH&jyD;
ao&rSmjzpfw,f/ raocif ekd@pkd@t&G,fvlrrmuav;udk ayG@csDjyD; edk@csdK&nfw0wkdufau|;csifao;w,f/ rdcif&J@tjzpfrSefudk
vlrr,fom;i,fav;rSmvkH;vkH;rod&Smbl;/ xkdtxJrS rGeftzdk;tkd tzGm;tkd wkd@uvJ a=umuf&G@Hxdef@vef@jyD; ua,mifuwef;
atmf[pfa&&Gwfajymqkdae=uw,f/ tazudkwdkifwnf ae=uw,f (ÇtelcjrmWYw>)vdk@ atmf[pfukefw,f/ tJ'Dvkd@ atmf[pfwJh
(ÇtelcjrmWYw>)udt k pGJjyK jyD;rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk wvkdif;vkd@ArmawG ac:ovm;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@upOf;pm;vm=ujyefw,f/
 25
'gvJbJ=uHqawG;awmjyD; qufpyf,lwJh aumufcsufw&yf omjzpfw,f/ rdrdwdk@udk bma=umifhwvkdif;vkd@ ArmawGu
ac:&ovJrodwJhtay:rSm tajccHjyD; 'Dta=umif;a=umifh jzpfwef&mw,f/ 'gav;awmh jzpfaumif;yg&J@qkdwJhawG;awm
=uHqcsufr#omjzpfw,f/tJ'DvdkqufpyfawG;ac:ekdifavmufwJhwkdufqkdifrSKtjzpfysufwckuvJ&Sdaew,fvkd@u|efawmfjrifw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udku|efawmfavhvmokawoejyK=unfhtcg atmufygwkdufqdkifwJhtjzpfysufwcku&Sd
cJhw,f/
“ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkrD;&SKd@jyD; rowfcifpyg;usnfrSm ydwfavSmifxm;w,fqkdwJh ordkif;tcsufudkoGm;awG@w,f/ tm;vkH; aygif;(9)usnfvkd@
rGefordkif;rSmqdkxm;w,f/ vlt&nfwGuftwdusudkawmh raz:jyxm;bl; tJ'Dvkdpyg;usnfrSmydwfavSmif cHxm;&wJhcsdefrSm
rGefuav;oli,fawG rGefrdef;uav;awG rGeftbdk;=uD;awGwkd@[m pyg;usnfae&m usOf;usOf;=uyf=uyfxJrSm wOD;udkwOD;
wkd;acG@ydwfnSyfjyD;ae=u&w,f/a=umuf&G@Hxdef@vef@jyD;olwaygufigwaygufeJ@ rdrdwdk@&J@rdcifzcifwkd@udkwrf;wjyD; (ÇtelcjrmWYw>)
(ÇtelcjrmWYw>)vkd@atmf[pfwkdifwnfidk,kdae=uw,f/'gutrSefjzpfw,f//
tJ'Dvkdatmf[pfidk,fdkqlnHae=uwJhtwGuf Armtapmifhppfom;awGa'goxGufvm=uw,f/ 'geJywfoufjyD;OD;atiffaZ,sqDodk@
oGm;a&mufowif;ydk@ta=umif;=um;w,f/ oem;nSmwmpdwfr&SdwJhOD;atmifaZ,su tJ'Dvkdpyg;usnfxJrmS ikd,dkqlnHae=uwJ@
rGefvl=uD;vli,f uav;rr,fwkd@tidkwdwfatmifqkdjyD;oHc|efeJ@xkd;ckdif;apjyefw,f/ (OD;atmifaZ,su Armppfom;awGudk
trdef@ay;ckdfif;wJhtwGuf Armppfom;awGuoHc|efeJ@xdk;w,fvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmqdkxm;w,f/)tJ'Dvkdtrde@f twdkif;
pyg;usnfywfywfvnfwav#muf &SdwJv h al wG&J@eHab;udkArmppfom;wkd@urnSmrwmoHc|efeJ@ vkdufxkd;w,f/ Armppfom;wkd@u
rnSmrwmatmf[pfqJqkdusdef;armif;w,f/
tJ'Dvkdrdrdwdk@eSHab;udkoHc|efeJ@wtm;xkd;cH&vkd@emusifvGef;jyD;udk,fudk,fhukdawmifrxdef;edkif=uawmhbl;/ vl;vdSrfhjyD;wtm;atmf[pf
idk,kdae=ujyefw,f/ tJ'DjrifuGif;udk jrif=uwJh Armtapmifh ppfom; awGutvGefaysmf=uw,f/ aysmf=uvGef;vkd@pyg;usnfudk
0kdif;=uD;ywfywfv,f/vSnfhjyD; ‘wvkdif;’ ‘wvkdif;’ vkd@jrL;wl;jyD; atmf[pf ajymifavSmif u’ ae=ujyefw,f/ 'Dtcsufvufwdk@[m
trSefbJjzpfw,f/ 'Dordkif;tcsufvuftrSefawGudku|efawmfawG@&SdcJhw,f/
'Dae&mrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@atmf[pfikd,kdwJh (Çtelcj)pum;eJ@ Armtapmifh ppfom;awG a[mf[pfwJh wvkdif;pum;vkH;wkd@[m
toHtm;jzifhqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaew,f/ toHqifwl&dk;rSm;jzpfwJh'Dpum;eSpfvkH;udkqufpyf,ljyD; wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (Çtelcj)
pum;udk ta=umif;jyKjyD; jzpfedkfifw,fvkd@ aemifacwfrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rdrdwdk@bmomrdrdwdk@ qufpyfpOf;pm;,l =uwmjzpfw,f/
bmjzpfvJqkdawmhrdrdudkta=umif;rJhbkrodbrodwvkdif;vkd@ac:cH&wJhtcg/ 'gav;awmhjzpfwef&mygw,f 'Dta=umif;bJ&Sdekdifw,fvkd@
qufpyf awG;awm=uHq,lwJh ,lqcsuf jzpfaew,f/pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;uvJtoHqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaewJhtwGuf qufpyf=uHqawG;awm
,ljcif;omjzpfw,f//
trSefwu,frSmrGefawGatmf[pfw(Jh Çtelcj)pum;vkH;eJ@Armppfom;awGa[mf[pfajymifavSmifaewJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;wkd@[mw
ckeJ@wckwjcm;pDjzpfw,f/qufpyfrSKvkH;0r&Sdyg/ wckeJ@wckvJvkH;0rywfouf=uyg/ wvkdif;qkw d Jhpum;vkH;[m c&mZfouU&mZf
1750ckeSpf (1111ckeSpf) rwkdifrSDuwnf;u tokH;jyKcJhw,f/ tif;0udkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufr&cifuwnf;u
wvkdif;a0g[m&udk tif;0edkifiHrSm okH;aejyD;jzpfw,f twdusajym&if 1740-ckeSpftkwfbdkrwW&mujynfolvlxkawG tkH=uGawmfvSef
uwnf;u wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk okH;aewmudk awG@&w,f/ tif;0edkifiHudk 1113(1752)ckeSpfrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkdufckdufodrf;ydkuf
ekdifcJhw,f/ eSpfaygif;(12)eSpfausmfapmjyD; wvkid ;f pum;vkH;udk tif;0ekdifiHrSmtokH;jyKaejyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gxufapmjyD;wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk
tif;0rSmokH;eSKef;aejyD;jzpf&ifvJjzpfekdifao;w,f/ 1757-ckeSpfrSmrSom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wdk@aejynfawmfudk OD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bdkArmawG
wkdufckdufodrf;ydkufekdifcJhw,f/ 'gudkaxmuf&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ [Hom0wD rGefaejynfawmfrSm wOD;eJ@wOD;
wkduf&kdufxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrxdawG@=ucifuwnf;u wvkdif;qdkwJhpum;vkH;udk tif;0rSokH;pGJaejyD; jzpfw,fqdkwmxif;&Sm;w,f/
'Dtcsufudk owdxm;rdbkd@ vkdw,f/ 'grdk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a'oukdOD;atmifaZ,swkd@om;tz wkdufckdfuf odr;f ydkufjyD;rS rGefvlrsdK;udk
wvkdif;vkd@ trnfemray;w,f qkdwmvkH;0rjzpfekdifjyefbl;/
ordkif;tcsufvuftm;vkH;udktzufzufrSavhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKjyD;wJhtcg (Çtelcj)pum;vkH;uaewvkdif; pum;vkH;
jzpfvmw,f qkdwJhawG;awm,lqcsuf[m,kwWdrwefjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ tajctjrpfr&SdbJrdrdwdk@xif&mpdkif;ajymqkdae=uwmudk
awG@&w,f/ 1740-ckeSpfrSmArmrif;tkyfcsKyfrSKudk qef@usifawmfvSef ae=uwJh tkwfzkdrwW&m;u jynfolvlxkawGudkwvdkif;awGqdkjyD;
emrnfwyfjyD;wkdufckdufacsrSKef;aejyD;jzpfw,f/ ,ckacwf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@awGudk olykefaomif;usef;olvkd@
trnfwyfjyD;wdkufckdufacsrSKefovkdjzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefykefuef=uwJhtkwfzdkrwW&m;ujynfolawGudktif;0bk&ifArmrif;u wvkdif;vkd@
 26

pGyfpJaG jymqkdjyD;wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/tJ'DawmhOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$$bkdArmawG [Hom0wDaejynfawmfudk odrf;ykduf&,ljyD;

aemufrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk vdkufvHzrf;qD;owfjzwfawmhrS wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;xGufay:vmw,fqdkwm vkH;0rjzpfekdifbl;/
tvGefrSm;,Gif; aewJh t,lqjzpfw,fqkdwm awG@&w,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkukef;abmifacwfrwkdifcifanmif&rf;acwfaemufqkH;rif; "rR&mZm"dywdvufxufuwnf;u okH;pGJcJhw,f
'geJ@ywfoufjyD; rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;rSm atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f
“---ol&defapmeSifhauG@uÀtdrf ieuf-iuwfwdk@onf tif;0utcGeftwkwfa&;ppfodrf;cHonf oHwrefxlxyf a&mufaygufonf
r,m;u|efjzpfom;u|efjzpfyljyif;vSonfqdkIol&defapmeSifhauG@trsm; rkHa&G;a&$ausmif;wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@aeonfh aus;&Gmrsm;udk
wkdufzsufav./----------rwW&mwGifwvkdif;wwyfwnfI aomif;usef;ykefuef=uavonf/ [Hom0wDodk@vnf;
rwW&mtkwfbdkpaomtnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor#wdkifyifnDnGwfI [Hom0wDwyfta&muf tqkdufudkom
4
ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonftvsifcsDwufvmrnfhta=umif;udkpmeSifhvlapv$wfonf---”
'Dpmyk'feJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfwkd@avhvm&if/ 1740-ckeSpftif;0ekdifiH&J@ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudkodekdifygw,f/
tif;0rif; "rR&mZm"dywd[m tkyfcsKyfa&; tvGefnHhzsif;wJhrif;jzpfw,f/ yGJvef;obiftaysmftyg;vGeu f sL;w,f rl;rwfaumif;rsm;udk
owfjzwfjyD; rdrdudkajrSmufyifhwwfwJhol rdrdeJ@eD;pyfwJholwkd@udkomrl;rwf&mxl;cef@w,f jynfojl ynfom;awG iwfrGwfacgif;yg;=uw,f/
olcdk;"g;jrawGaygrsm;w,f/*kd%f;awGtrsdK;rsdK;ay:w,f/uonf;wkd@eJ@t=udrf=udrfppfjzpf&w,f/ tcGeftwkwf awGrw&m;
aumufcHjyD;jynfoljynfom;awGudkrw&m;tedkifusifhw,f/ 'ga=umifh tkwfbdk rwW&mu vlawG rcH&yf ekdifvkd@ykefuef=uw,f/
rkHa&G;a&$ausmif; wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@ aeonfh aus;&Gmrsm;udk rD;&SKd@zsufqD;w,f/ tJ'DvkdykefuefwJh ae&mrSm rwW&mtkwfbdku
jynfolvlxkwdk@[m [Hom0wDxHrS wyftulnDukdawmif;w,f/ [Hom0wDrSmbk&ifordefaxmAk'<udwWd rif;jzpfaewJhumvjzpfw,f/
rwW&m tkwfbdk paom tnmjrpfpOf wav#mufrSm &SdwJhwvkdif; qkdor#wdk@udk pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;vkd@ nDnGwfae=ujyD;
[Hom0wDuwyftuludkapmifhar#mfaew,f tjrefvm ygawmhvkd@ pmeJ@vlapvGwfjyD; [Hom0wDrif;udktulawmif;w,f/ [Hom0wD
bk&ifordefaxmrif;vJ [Hom0wDwyfawGudktulnDtjzpfapvGwfcJhw,f/ rvGef;jrdK@udk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufekdifcJhw,f/ owdk;rif;
vSausmfxifeJ@ owkd;o&zsmArmppfol=uD;(2)OD;udkvuf&zrf;qD;rdw,f/ &rnf;oif;/ ,if;awmf/ rdwdˆvmtxd[Hom0wDwkd@wyf
xkd;azguf wkdufckdufedkifcJhw,f/ 'Dtaxmufxm;awGudk=unfhv#if wvkdif;a0g[m&[mrGefwkd@ e,fudk ArmawGodr;f ydkufjyD;rS ay:ayguf
vmaompum;vkH;r[kwfa=umif;xif&Sm;w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfrwdkifrSD anmif&rf; acwfaemufqkH;ydkif;umvuwnf;u okH;cJhw,f
qkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/
wkdif;jynfwjynfeJ@wjynfvlrsdK;wrsdKeJ@wrsdK;ppfwkdufckdufwJhae&mrSm &efoludkrwdkuf cifuwnf;u emrnfysufwckckudk
a&G;jyD;ay;wwfwJhoabmwm&Sdw,f/ ppfatmifjrifjyD;rS emrnf ysufay;avhay;xr&Sdbl;/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@uvJ tif;0rSm
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaewJh rGefwkd@udkawmfvSefpuwnf;uemrnfysufay;cJhw,f/ ,cifuArm&efoltkwfbkdrwW&mrS ykefuef
awmfvSeo f lawGudk wvdkif;emrnfysufay;jyD; wdkufcdkufacsrSKef;cJhbl;wmudktajccHjyD; OD;atmifaZ,suvJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk
wvkdif;emrnfysufay;jyD; wdkufckdufcJhwmjzpfw,f/ tif;0udkvma&mufusL;ausmfrif;vkyfaewJhrGefvlrsdK; 'kd@&efol wvkdif;awGudk
awmfvSef=uatmifqdkjyD;Armjynfolvlxkudkpnf;&kH;cJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK; wdk@udk awmfvSefykefuefwJh tprlv uwnf;u
rGefvlrsdK;udkcsdK;eSdrfvdkwJh oabmeJ@edyfhuswJh trnfemr wvdik ;f udk a&G;jyD;ay;wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd csdK;eSdrfwJh emrnfudkwzufrdrd&J@
&efoludkay;vkdufwmeJ@ rdrd&Jabmfppfom;awGudkpdwf"gwfwuf=uGapw,f wzuf&efoludkvJ txifjrifao; oGm;atmif
zefwD;vkdufwJhoabmjzpfw,f/ Oyrm jAdwdo#t*FvdyfvlrsdK;wdk@udk awmfvSefwJhae&mrSmt*Fvdyfudk csdK;eSdrfwJhtrnfemrudk
a&G;jyD;ArmawGay;w,f jAdwdo#t*Fvdyt f pm; e,fcsJ@ukvm;jzLawGay;cJhw,f/ 'Demrnfudk =um;wmeJ@t*Fvdyfudk cef@cef@nm;nm;
x,fx,f0g0grjrifawmhbl; txifjrifao;jyD;=uGwfpkwfvdk jrifvmapcJhw,f/ tJ'Demrnf=um;vkdufwmeJ@ &efoltay:
txifjrifao;jyD;rdrdwdk@bufrS &Jabmf&Jzuf ppfom;awG pdwf"gwfwuf=uGapcJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdygbJ *syefawGudk awmfvSefwdkufckdufwJh
ae&mrSmvJ *syefudk csdK;eSdrfwJhemrnfwckckudk a&G;jyD;ArmawGay;cJhw,f/ *syefudk aersdK;EG,f*syef vlrsdK;vdk@av;av;pm;pm;rac:bl;
tJ'Dtpm; zufqpfrpd m> aumif *syefiykawG qdkjyD;csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrf emrnfa&G;jyD; ac:cJh w,f/ tJ'DoabmeJ@
wzuf&efoludkwdkufcdkufacsrSKef;wJhtcsdefrSm emrnfa&G;jyD;ay;wwfcJh=uw,f ppfatmif ekdifjyD;rS ay;w,f qkdwm vkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;
t"dyg`,fvJ vkH;0r&Sdedkifbl;/ 'grkd@rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk rD;&SKd@rowfcif ydwfavSmifxm;csdefrSm rGefvlrsdK;wdk@u rdrdwdk@&J@tazudk

4
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;-wwd,wGJ/ pm 387-388
 27

h oH(ÇtelcjrmWYw>)udk tpGJjyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0:wmvkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;
wrf;w˜jyD;wdkifwnfatmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJt
oufaockdifrmrSKr&SdwJh qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsu(f assumption) w&yfomjzpfw,fvkd@u|efawmfwkd@ ckdifckdifrmrm ajymedkif w,f/

(3) rGefzcifodk@r[kwfrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJhujym;om;oRD;rsm;udk rGepf pfppf r[kwf wJh

twGuf tJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; ‘rGefrppfol’ vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,fqdkwJhawG;ac:,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf/
'DawG;ac:,lqcsuf (assumption)[mvJtajcjrpfvkH;0r&Sdekdifbl; rGefvlrsdK;wOD;urdrdudk bkrodbrodwvkdif;vkd@ ac:aewmudk
rauseyfvGef;vkd@ rdrdtm;wvdkif;vkd@ac:aewJholudk=uH=uHzefzefwkef@jyefjyD; pGyfpJaG jymqkdwJh,lqcsufw&yfvkd@ u|efawmf okH;oyfrdw,f
'Dwkef@jyefcsuf&J@t"dy`g,fu “ig[mrGefrdbrGefrdcifppfppfuaygufzGm;vmwJh rGefppfppfjzpfw,f igwvdkif; r[kwfbl;
rif;wdk@vkdrGefrdcifppfppfrGefzcifppfppfrS aygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;awGr[kwfwJhtwGufrif;wkd@om wvkdif;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;&J@
t"dy`g,furif;wdk@vkd rGefujym;udkqdkvkdwm rif;wdk@vdkrGefppfppfr[kwfwJh olawGudkomwvkdif;vkd@ ac:wm”
qdkjyD;jyefvnfacsyajymqkdpGyfqGJwwf=uw,f/ udk,fhtcsif;csif;udk pdwf0rf;uGJapwJh,lqcsufjzpfw,ff/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;
nDnGwfrSKudkxdckdufapw,f/ 'D,lqcsuf[m wvkdif;&J@ a0g[m&t"dyg`,fudk twdtus rodwJhtcg 'gav;awmh jzpfedkifaumif;&J@
'gav;awmh jzpfwef aumif;&J@qkdjyD; &rf;wef;jzef;wef; ajymqkd ae=uwmjzpfw,f/ rGefrdcifrGefbcifeJ@ vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@ aygif;pyfjyD;
&wJhom;oRD;[m tJ'Dom;oRD;tay:rSm rlwnfw,f/ ol[m ujym;jzpfwJhtwGufrGefrjzpfedkifbl;vkd@ b,folu owfrw S fedkifrvJ
b,foltqkH;jzwfjyKay;ekdifrvJ tcsdK@ujym;rGefawG[m rGefpdwf"gwf tjynfh0&Sdw,f olwkd@[mrGefvkd@ tjynfh0cH,lw,f/
olwdk@[mujym;jzpfayrJh rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpfrSmaygh/ vlwOD; wa,mufrGefjzpfw,frjzpfbl;qkdwm rGefppfppfrGefujym;eJ@ rqdkifbl;
ol&J@pdwf"gwfcH,lcsuftay:rSmrlwnfw,f/ ujym;bJ jzpfjzpf ujym;r[kwfbJjzpfjzpf rGefpdwf"gwfr&Sd&if/ udk,fhukd,fudk rGefvdk@rcH,l&if
rGefvlrsdK;rjzpfekdifbl;/
'DawG;ac:,lqcsuf&J@teSpfom&qkdvdkcsufu vlrsdK;jcm;eJ@aygif;pyfjyD;aygufzGm;vmwJhom;oRD;wdkif;udk wvkdif;vkd@ac:qdk&r,f qkdwJh
oabmoufa&mufaew,f/ ujym;jzpfwJh vlwkdifukd wvkid ;f vkd@ac:r,fqkd&if urBmrSm&SdwJhujym; wdkif[m wvkdif; jzpfukefjyD;aygh/
ArmeJ@ukvm; ArmeJ@w&kwf ArmeJ@rGef ArmeJ@&Srf;aygif;pyfjyD; &vmwJhom;oRD;awGtm;vkH;[m wvkdif;bJaygh/ t*Fvdyfujym;awG
w&kwfujym;awG ukvm;ujym;awG pydeu f jym;awG ,dk',m;ujym;awG tm;vkH;[m wvdkif;aygh rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@omqdkifwJh oabm
r[kwfawmhbl; ujym;wkdifeJ@ qdkifaewJh oabmudk az:n$ef;aew,f/ 'gqkd&ifbmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkomwvkdif;vkd@ac:ae=uovJ
bmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkom oD;jcm; &nf&G,fjyD; wvkdif;vkd@ ukef;abmifquf orkdif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a&;rSwfae&ovJ/ 1740-
ckeSpfrSmtif;0"rR&mZm"dywdrif;udk awmfvSefykefuef=uwJh tkwfzkdrwW&m;ujynfolvlxkawGudkwvdkif;vdk@owfrSwfjyD; Armwkd@
wkdufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdwkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhpOfuokH;eSKef;wJhwvkdif; a0g[m&t"dy`g,feJ@ rGefujym;wvkdif;&J@t"dy`g,fwkd@[m
qufpyfvkd@ r&jzpfaew,f/ rqDrqdkif jzpfaew,f/ 'ga=umifh 'DawG;ac:rSK[m uav;qefjyD; vkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;qdkwm pOf;pm;wwfwJh
olwkdif;odekdifygw,f/ u|efawmftaeeJ@ tus,fcsJ@jyd; oufao xljyaebkd@ rvkdbl;jrifw,f/ 'D,lq csuf (Assumption)[m
vkH;vkH;rSm;,Gif;w,f/ vkH;vkH; tajcjrpfr&Sdbl;/tqifhwef;tvGefedyfhjyD; uav;tvGefqefwJh awG;awm,lqcsufw&yfomjzpfw,f
qkdwm aumufcsufwifjyvkduf&w,f/
ed*kH;csKyftaeeJ@ u|efawmfaumufcsufcsajymcsifwmutxufygwifjycJw h Jhtajcjrpfr&SdwJh ,lqcsuf(Assumptions)awG[m
aoaocsmcsmavhvmprf;ppfvkduf&ifwckrSArmvlrsdK;wkd@uxkwfaz:wifjyvmwJh,lqcsufawGr[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@uom rdrdwkd@
bmomrdrd wkd@awG;awm=uHpnf pOf;pm;jyD;xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uwJh,lqcsufawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f tvGefxl;qef;bdk@
aumif;w,f/ trSefrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmbmrSwm0efr&Sdbl;/bmrSvJ,lqcsufxkwfaz:aebdk@vJrvkdbl;/ ukd,furSwvkdif;vkd@rcH,lxm;wJh
twGuf ,lqcsufawGudkxkwfaz:jyD;jiif;csufxkwfp&mrvkdbl;xifygw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;ukdokH;pGJa&;om;ajymqdkae=uwJh
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmomvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;wm0ef&Sdw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&J@t"dyg`,ftppfrSefukdxkwfaz:a&;om;&Sif;vif;wifjyekdif&r,f/Arm
vlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@rvif;&Sif;rwifjybJ/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@bmomrdrdwkd@trsdK;rsdK;awG;awmpOf;pm;jyD;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdae=uw,fqdkwm
tvGef&Dp&mjzpfaew,f/
,ckvkdwvdkif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;tay:rGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@trsdK;rsdK;t"dy`g,faz:jyD;trsdK;rsdK;xifa}u;ay;aewm[m/ bmeJ@oGm;wl
aeovm;qkd awmh “t&l;-31”ykHjyifxJut&l;a&;om;xm;wJh (31)*%ef; pmvkH;eJ@oGm;wlaew,f/ t&l;wa,mufu
olpdwful;ayguf&mopfwkH;wckay:rS (31)qkdwJh*%ef;ocsFmudk a&;om;xm;w,f/ aemufr=umcif vleSpfa,mufu
 28

tJ'DopfwkH;ae&mudka&mufvm=uw,f/olwkd@[moli,fcsif;awGjzpf=uw,f/ wa,mufaomolu pmwwfaywwftbd"rRmq&m

wOD;jzpfw,f/ wa,mufaomolu opfukefo,fjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmhtbd"rRmq&mu opfwkH;ay:u *%ef;ocsFm
(31)udkjrif&ifjrifcsif; ol@&J@tjrifudkxkwfaz: ajymvkdufw,f/ 'D*%ef;udka&;om;wJhol[momrefyk*~dLvfawmhrjzpfekdifbl;
tbdrRmq&mwOD;aomf4if;/w&m;orm;wOD;aomf4if;jzpf&r,f/ vlom;awGudk owdoHa0*&apvkdwJhapoemeJ@(31)bkHudk &nfn$ef;jyD;
a&;om;xm;wmjzpf&r,f” vkd@ol@&J@xifjrifcsufudkyGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymvkdufw,f/ opfukefo,fuvJ ra&Smhbl;/ olxifjrifcsufudk
'Dvkdajymcsvkdufw,f/ “'D*%ef;a&;om; xm;wJhol[m tbd"rRmq&mwOD;awmh vkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;/ opfwkH;ay:rSm*%ef;pmvkH;
a&;om;xm;wmudkaxmuf&ifopfukefo,f wOD;jzpf&r,f/ opfwkH;udk (3»1)opft&G,fpm;cGJpdyfbdk@ owfrSwfa&;om;xm;jzpf&r,f/
(31)bkH;&nfn$ef;jyD; a&;;om;xm;wm vkH;0rjzpfekdfifbl;”
vdk@jiif;csuf xkwfvkdufw,f/ wa,mufeJ@wa,mufra&Smhbl;/ rdrdt,lqudktcdkifrmajymqkdjyD;&yfwnf=uw,f/ trSefrSm
t&l;wa,mufu rdrdaumuf&xm;wJhajrjzLtydkif;pav;eJ@vuf,m;jyD;wckckukda&csifaew,f/ opfwkH;udkawG@awmh(opfwkH;)vkd@
opfwkH;ay:rSma&;om;csifw,f/'gayrJholrSmpmrwwfbl;/opfwkH;a0g[m&udkraygif;wwfbl;/1/2/3/ponfh*%ef;udkomola&;wwfw,f
/'geJ@opfwkH;eJ@toHqifwl&kd;rSm;&SdwJh(13)*%ef;udkopfvkH;ay:rSma&;csbkd@olt=uH&vmw,f/'gayrJholrsm;udkvSnfhpm;csifwJhpdwfuvnf;
ol@rSm&Sdao;awmh/ (13)vdk@&kd;&kd;om;om;a&&ifoludktxif=uD;rSmr[kwfbl;qkdjyD; (13)*%ef;udkajymifjyefvSefjyD;(31)vdk@a&;cs
vdkufwmjzpfw,f/wjcm;tawG;ac:ol@rSmvkH;vkH;r&Sdyg/
'Dae&mrSmtbd"rRmq&ma&m/opfukefonfygeSpfOD;pvkH;[m rdrdwkd@oef&mudkvkd&mqGJajymqkdae=ujcif;omjzpfaew,fudku|efawmfwkd@
awG@&w,f/ trSefw&m;eJ@vkH;vkH; vGJrSm;aeonfudkawG@&ayr,f/ wvkdif;a0g[mpum;vkH;vJxkdenf;wljzpfay:aew,f/ rdrdwkd@
pdwfoef&mvkd&mqGJajymqkda&;om;ae=uonfudkawG@jrif&w,f//
 29

tykdif; (6)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@wrsdK; odk@r[kwf wkdif;jynfwjynfeJ@wjynfppfjzpf=ujyD;qdk&if eSpfzufpvkH;urdrd&efoludk csdK;eSdrfwJhtrnfemray;jyD;
ykyfcwfajymqdkwkdufcdkufwwf=uw,f/ &efoludkyufyufpufpufcsdK;eSdrfajymqdkjyD; rdrd&J@jhynfolvlxkudkpnf;&kH; odrf;oGif;=uw,f
rdrdwkd@vlrsdK;&J@trsdK;jrifhjrwfrSKpGrf;&nfowWd&SdrSKwkd@udk trsdK;rsdK;xkwfaz:jyD;jynfoljynfom;awGudkpdwftm;wuf=uGapw,f/
rGefeSifhArmwkd@=um;jzpfyGm;wJhppfyGJawGrSmvJ'Dtwkdif;wzufudkwzufwOD;udkwOD;ykwfcwfajymqkd=uw,f/ 1752ckeSpfrSmtif;0udk
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@wdkufckdufodrf;ydkufjyD; rif;jyKtkyfcsKyfaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udke,fcsJ@ya'o&mZftjzpfArmvlrsdK;awGjrif=uw,f rGefwkd@udk
awmfvSeb f kd@ Armvlxkudkpwifpnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;=uw,f/tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaewJh rGew f kd@udk awmfvSefbkd@ pwnf pnf;&kH;pOfuyif
rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;qdkjyD;emrnfysufay;cJhw,f/ wvdkif;e,fcsJ@awGudk awmfvSeb f dk@qkdjyD; ArmawGtcsif;csif;rSm vSKyfaqmfpnf;&kH;
odrf;oGif;cJh=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJrdrdwkd@&J@tkyfcsKyfa&;udk qef@usifvmolawGudk aomif;usef;oltjzpf owfrSwfjyD; wkdufckduf
acsrSKef;w,f/ ArmvlrsdK;udk Armvkd@rac:awmhbl; qlylaomif;usef;wJh (gkUtI)t&nf;=uD;awG/ (RYekWtjmH.RYmis$.di@i)
t,lwdrf;rSm;wJh rdpm> 'dXdaumif awGqdkjyD;csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrftrnfemrwyfac:cJw h ,f tJ'DvdkArmvlrsdK;udk csdKK;eSdrfwJh trnfemrwyfjyD;
0g'jzef@wdkufcdkufwJhtwGuf rGefppfom;awG pdwf"gwf wuf=uGapw,f/ rGefjynfolvlxkawGudkpdwf"gwfwuf=uGapw,f/ wzuf&efol
ArmawGudk txifjrifao;oGm;apcJhw,f/
'Dae&mrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@okH;pGJwJh ta&nf;=uD;qdkwJhpum;vkH;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD; tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;wifjy&efvdktyfvmw,f/
t&nf;=uD;qdkwJha0g[m&[mb,fuvmovJ/ bmt"dy`g,fudkaqmifovJ aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;b,fvkd&SdovJ/ tb,fa=umifh
ArmvlrsdK;udktxifjrifao;odrfatmif&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ t&nf;=uD;a0g[m&udkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&G;cs,fokH;pGJco Jh vJ pwJhtcsufawGudk
pmzwfolwdk@odbkd@vkdtyfvmw,f/aemufcHordkif;a=umif;udkaoaocsmcsmodrSrGefvlrsdK;wdk@uokH;pGJwJht"dy`g,fudk&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odrSm
jzpfw,f/
orkdif;udktajccHajym&r,fqkd&ifvGefcw Jh JheSpfaygif;(1000)u oxkHjynfrSmrGefbk&ifreL[mrif; pdk;pHrif;vkyftkyfcsKyfaepOfyk*HrSm
Armbk&iftaemf&xmrif;u pkd;pHtkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaewJh umvudktpcsDajym&r,f/ oxkHrSm ax&0g'Ak'<omoemtvGefwdk;yGm;pnfyif
om,mzG@HjzdK;aewJh tcsdefumvjzpfw,f/ yk*HrSm t,lvGJrSm;wJh t&nf;=uD; &[ef;awGudk ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfaewJh tcsdefumv
jzpfaew,f/tJ'D t&nf;=uD; &[ef; awG[m umr*k%farxkeft&omudk cHpm;ekdifw,f/ arxkeftrSKudkvkdufpm;edkifw,f
Z,fawmufjcif; avmif;upm;trSKudkjyKedkifw,f/ ajy;v$m;ckefaygufwJhtm;upm; trSKudkvnf; jyKusifhedkifw,f qH&Snfvufav;opf
xm;ekdifw,f qDOD;axmywfqkdwJhtaumif;qkH;tpm;tpmudktxl;OD;pm;ay;pm;okH;cGifh&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJt h J'Dvkdyk*Holyk*Hom;awG
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwJh&[ef;awGrSmarxkefrSD0JekdifwJht,lq b,fvkduaeb,fvkday:aygufvmw,fqkdwm rnfolurS
twdtusrodbl; rSwfwrf;twdtusr&Sdbl;/ yef;OD;vGwf(c) yef;OD;qGwf qkw d Jh bmomt,l0g'vGJrSm;rSK=uD;[m trSefwu,fbJ
yk*HrSmtvGeftm;aumif;pGmxGef;um;cJhw,f/
wGif;oif;jrefrm&mZ0ifopfrSm 'Dvkda&;xm; wmudkawG@&w,f/ “xkdt&nf;=uD;wkd@ okH;usdyfeSifhwynfhajcmufaomif;wkd@
tqkH;trudkcHIrSm;aomt,lYwnf=uukefonfum; wr`0wDjrdK@wnfonfrSpI tqufqufaomrif;wkd@ vufxuf jzpfukef.”
vkd@qdkxm;w,f/ oabmu 'DrSm;,Gif;wJhtusifhqdk;[m taemf&xmrif; vufxufrwkdifrSDuwnf;u eSpfaygif; rsm;pGmxGef;um;
cJhygw,f/ yk*HacwfrwdkifrSDwr`0wDacwfuwnf;u xGef;um;vmwJh t,l0g'w&yfjzpfw,f/ wr`0wDacwfrS yk*Hacwf taemf&xmrif;
vufxufwkdifatmif xGef;um;vmcJw h Jht,l0g'w&yfjzpfw,f/ wr`0wDacwfeSifhyk*Hacwf=um;rSm acwfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm
&Sdao;w,f/ 'grdk@'Dt,l0g'[meSpfaygif;rsm;pGmxGef;um;cJhonfrSmxif&Sm;w,f/ 'DrSm;,Gif;wJht,l0g'udk wkdif;oljynfom; awG
ouf0if,kH=unfatmif t&nf;=uD; &[ef;awGu a[majymoGefoif qkH;rxm;[efwlygw,f/ yk*aH cwfyk*Holyk*Hom;awG[m
tvGef&kd;om;w,f bmomw&m;tay:rSm ,kH=unfrSKo'Ngxufoefw,f 'Dawmht&nf;=uD;awGa[majymor# t,l0g'tjrifrSm;udk
ouf0if ,kH=unfrd=uw,f/
yk*HrSmtJ'Dvkd t,l0g'vGJvGJrSm;rSm;t&nf;=uD;&[ef;udk;uG,faerSKudk vufydkufr=unfhedkifwJhoxkHjynfuomoemol&Jaumif;
&[ef;oHCmjrwfawGu yk*HudkoGm;a&mufjyD;omoemjyK=uw,f/ omoemjyKoGm;=uwJh&[ef;wkd@rSmtcsdK@vJvrf;c&D;rSmysHvGef
awmfrlolvJ&Sdr,f/vrf;c&D;rSmzsm;emjyD;ysHvGefawmfrlwJh&[ef;oHCmawGvJ&SdrSmaocsmw,f/ tcsdK@ut&nf;=uD;&[ef;awG&J@zrf;qD;
owfjzwfrSKcH&wmvJ&Sdr,f/ omoemjyKwJh rGef&[ef;awGrSm &Siftm&[Hwyg;[m touf&iS fjyD; yk*Heef;wGif;odk@ a&mufoGm;w,f/
&Siftm&[H&[ef;ukdktaemf&xmrif;utvGef=unfnKdrdw,f/ &Siftm&[Hw&m;udkem=um;rdwJhtcg rdrdudk;uG,f qnf;uyf
 30

aewJht&nf;=uD;&[ef;wkd@w&m;eJ@tvGefuGmjcm;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ teSpfom&vJrwlwrlxl; jcm;jyD;tvGefpdwfeSvkH; at;csrf;

jidrfoufrKS udk ay;pGrf;ekdifwJhw&m;awmfjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/tvGefoabmusjyD; &Siftm&[Hukd eef;wGif;rSm aexkdifapcJhw,f/
Ak'<w&m;awmf tppftrSefudka[m=um;apjyD;yk*Holyk*Hom;awGudkem=um;apcJhw,f/ aemufqkH;rSm &Siftm&[H&J@ wkdufwGef;
tm;ay;rSKeJ@ oxkHrSmydÉduwfokH;bkHudkoGm;a&mufawmif;apcJhw,f/ 'gayrJhoxkHbk&ifrel[mrif;uray;bJ racsriH =urf;wrf;wJh
eSkwfpum;eJ@5 wkef@jyefvkdufrdwJhtwGuf taemf&xmrif;updwfqkd;jyD; oxkHjynfrGefvlrsdK;wkd@Xmaeudk ppftiftm; tvkH;t&if;eJ@
oGm;a&muf wkdufckdufcJhw,fvdk@Armordkfif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhw,f/ (rGefordkfif;rSmoxHkbk&ifrel[mrif;u=urf;wrf;wJh
eSwfpum;eJ@wkef@jyefcJhw,fqdkwJhtcsufrawG@&bl;)/
tJ'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;wdk@aejynfawmfoxkHjynfudkwkdufckdufedkfifjyD;aemufrSmoxkHjynfrS ydÉduwfokH;bkHtjyifrGef&[ef;oHCmawGrGefvlynm&Sd
awGvufrSKpufrSK twwf ynm&SifawG tekynmawG a&S@a[mif;tarGeSpfawGausmufoHywWjrm;awGudk qiftpD;(33)pD;wkduf
tif;0Armwkd@uo,faqmif,loGm;w,f/ oxkHjynf=uD;udk zsufqD;ypfcJhw,f/ ydÉduwfokH;bkHudk&&SdjyD;aemuf rGef&[ef;
oHCmrGefynm&Sdwdk@&J@tulnDeJ@ yk*HrSmAk'<omoemtppf trSefudkjyef@yGm;apcJhw,f/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;wkd@udkvJ okwfoif
&Sif;vif;vdkufcJh=uw,f/ yk*Hol yk*Hom;wkd@vJ Ak'<bmomomoem tppftrSefudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfcGifh&vm=uw,f/ yef;OD;qGwf
tusifhqkd; p&kdufqkd; 0Ëf'kuQ=uD;rSvJ vGwfjidrf; csrf;om cGifh&vm=uw,f/
'Dae&mrSmyef;OD;qGwf(c)yef;OD;vGwfqkw d Jh t"dyg`,fudk tenf;i,f&Sif;jyrSemvnfrJhoabm&Sdw,f/ yef;OD;vGwf(c)yef;OD;qGwf qdkwJh
p&kduf[mtvGef=urf;wrf;,kwfrmwJhp&kdufwckyg/vl@usifh0wfeJ@vJtvGefqef@usifaewJhtusifhwckyg/ yk*HacwfrwdkifrSDwr`0wDacwf
uwnf;uxGef;um;cJhjyD; yk*Hacwftaemf&xmrif;vufxufwkdifatmif xGef;um;qJ&SdcJhw,f/ &kd;om;wJhyk*Hjynfolyk*Hjynfom;
awG[m 'DtvGef,kwfrmwJh t,l0g'&@Jom;aumifjzpfcJh&w,f/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm&[ef;usifh0wfoduQmeJ@vkH;0qef@usifwJh
umr*k%frSD0JcGifhudkcGifhjyKxm;w,f umrtvSLcHydkifcGifh t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm&Sdw,f/ yk*HolysdKjzLawG[m t&G,fa&mufvmvkd@
rdrdwkd@ tdrfaxmifjyKawmhr,fqkd&if rjyKcifyXrOD;pGmt&nf;=uD;xHyg;oGm;jyD; (1)nwdwd6tvkyfau|;jyK&w,f/ wenf;ajym&if
yef;OD;vGwf &w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; wGif;oif;wkduf0ef r[mpnfol a&;om;wJh wGif;oif; jrefrm&mZ0ifopfrSm 'Dvkd a&;om;
xm;w,f/ “xdkt&nf;wkd@um; ynwfawmfeiS fh rnDr[kwfr&m tvGJturf;oma[monfudk =um;awmfrlv#if eSpfoufawmf rrl/
xkdt&nf;wkd@. tavhtusifhvnf;jynfolwkd@wGif om;orD;udk xdrf;jrm; aomtcg yef;OD;vGwfonf[k nOD;u orD;udk ausmif;okd@
ydk@&av./ yef;OD;cHpm;jyD;I rdk;aomufrS rdb tdrfodk@ aqmif& aom[l.”7
'Dpmyk'f&J@oabmuynwfawmfeJ@ rnDwJhr[kwfr[wfw&m;awGudk t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGua[majymaew,f/'gukdtaemf&xm
rif;ureSpfoufbl;/ tJ'DvdkvJrG Sm;wJhw&m;awGudka[majymn$efjywJhtjyif t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm vl@usifh0wfeJ@ vkH;0 rukdufnDwJh
tvGefrSm;,Gif;cGswfacsmfaygufjyefwJhtusifhwckudkaqmifxm;w,f/ bmvJqkdawmh yk*Holyk*Hom;awG[m rdrdwkd@&J@ oRD;vufxufrJh
t&G,fa&mufvmjyD;vufxufawmhr,fqkd&if vufrxufcifwnudkt&nf;=uD;ausmif;odk@oRD;udk ykd@aqmifxm;&w,f/ wnwmudk
t&nf;=uD;&[ef;wkd@u yef;OD;qGwfcpH m;jyD; aemufwae@rS rdbutdrfodk@jyefvnfac:,laqmifcGifh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvkd t&nf;=uD;
&[ef;awGudkyef;OD;qGwfcGifhay;jyD;rSvufxyfr*fvmaqmuf&Gufekdifw,f/
aemufawmh [Hom0wDOD;b&ifa&;om;wJh ‘taemf&xm’ pmtkyfrSmvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yg&Sdw,f/
“rif;pkd;&mZmwkd@rSpI rSL;rwfuvefoHysifolaX;ol=uG,fjynfoljynfom;wkd@.om;orD;wkd@udk xdr;f jrm;r*FvmjyKrnfp&D if aomtcg
xdrf;jrm;vufxyfrnfhae@&ufrwdkifrDuyif owkd@orD;udkyef;OD;v$wfonf[I l xkdt&nf;=uD;wkd@xHodk@ nOf@OD;uyif ydk@&av./
eHeufvif;It&nf;=uD;wkd@ujyefjyD;ydk@vdkufrS omv#ifxdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;udkjyK&av./ xkduJhokd@ yef;OD;rv$wfbJ xdrf;jrm;cJhacsaomf
tpOfvmudkzsufonf[I l =uD;pGmaomrif;jypf&mZ'%fudkay;av.//”8
G.E Harvey a&;om;wJT h he History of Burma/pmtkyf.pmrsufrSm (18)rSmvnf; atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wmudk
awG@&w,f/
“Moreover kings and ministers,great and small, rich men and common people, whenever they celebrated the marriage
of their children, had to send them to these teachers at nightfall, sending, as it was called, the flower of their virginity.

5
rGefwkd@orkdif;rSmrel[mrif;u=urf;wrf;wJheSkwfpum;eJ@jyef=um;cJhw,fvkd@rawG@&yg/
6
tcsdK@aomorkdif;pmtkyfrsm;wGif(7)ae@(7)nwdwdvkd@qdkxm;onf/
7
wGi;f oif; jrefrm&mZ0ifopf pmrsuef Sm(80)(tcsdK@aomordkfif;pmtkyfrsm;wGif(7)&ufaz:jyxm;onfudkawG@&w,f/)
8
‘taemf&xm’ pmtkyf pmrsufeSm(44)
 31
Nor could they be married till they were set free early in the morning. If they were married without sending to the
teachers the flower of their virginity, it is said that they were heavily punished by the king for breaking the custom. The
sending of the flower of virginity meant an act of worship”.(G.E Harvey/ The History of Burma/p. 18)
txyfygpmyk'f&J@qkdvkdcsuf t"dy`g,frSm [Hom0wDOD;b&ifa&;om;wJh “taemf&xm”pmtkyfygt"dy`g,feJ@xyfwlxyfr#wlnDaew,f/
'Dpmyk'fawGudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh‘yef;OD;vGwf’&J@t"Dy`g,fudk odekdif avmufygw,f/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm umr*k%f tm&kHudk
cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sd=uw,f/rif;pdk;&mZmrSL;rwfuvefoHysifolaX;ol=uG,fjynfoljynfom;wkd@. om;oRD;vkd@qdkxm;w,f oabmu
bk&ifrif;wkd@.orD;/rSL;rwfwkd@.orD;/ t&m&Sdt&mcHwkd@.orD;olaX;ol=uG,forD;wkd@vJ vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhr&=ubl;/ bk&ifhoRD;bJ
jzpfjzpf/ rSL;rwfoRD;bJ jzpfjzpfolaX;ol=uG,foRD;bJjzpfjzpfrdrdwkd@vufrxufcift&nf;=uD;ausmif;rSm wnwmoGm;a&mufjyD;
yef;OD;vGwf&w,f/tysdKpifb0yef;OD;udkvSL'gef;&w,fvkd@t"dy`g,f&w,f/ tJ'Dvkdyef;OD;vGwfrvSL'gef;bJ wdwfwdwf ykef;ykef;
cdk;vufxuf=u&if =uD;av;wJh rif;jypf&mZm'g%fukd cH&w,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ oabmuwkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfwJh rif;uygtrdef@jyXmef;jyD;
'Dtusifh,kwfudk Oya'oeJ@ 0kdif;0ef;yHhydk;ay;cJ&h wJhoabm&Sdw,f 'gudk=unfh&if [kdacwfwkH;u t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm
b,favmuf=oZm tm%m&Sdw,f qkdwmodomxif&Sm;w,f/bk&ifrif;wkd@xufawmiftm%m&Sdw,fvkd@ajymekdifw,f/
[kdacwfwkH;u t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm/ omrefvlawGxuf tusifhtm;jzifhjrifhjrwfw,fvdk@ vlawGujrif=uw,f todOm%f
tm;jzpf jrifhrm;w,f/ pmayusrf;*ef avhvmvkdufpm;ojzifh ynmt&mrSm=uD;rm;w,f/ qDOD;axmywf taumif;qkH;
tpm;pmrsm;udk pm;ae&wJhtwGuf/ ukd,fum, vSywifhw,f˜w,f jynfhjzdK;w,f/ tcsdeftm;vyfI tm;upm;trSK
jyKvkyfae&wJhtwGuf omref t&yfom; awGxuf usef;rmoefpGrf;w,f/ tJ'Dvkdxl;jcm;wJh tcsufawGomrmef&Gmol&Gmom;awGxuf
t&nf;=uD;&[ef;awGrSm&Sdedkifw,f//
'Dvkdxl;jcm;wJhvuQ%mawGudktajccHjyD;jynfoljynfom;awGrSmvGJrSm;wJhudk;uG,frSKw&yf ay:aygufvmw,fvkd@ajymqdkbdk@&efvJvkH;0
rjzpfedkifyg/ 'gayrJhb,fvkd ta=umif;a=umifh yef;OD;qGwfqkdwJht,l0g'vGJrSm;rSKw&yfuxGef;um;vm&ovJqkdwm b,folrS
twdtusrodcJhbl;/ qufpyf pOf;pm;vkd@ r&bl; t&nf;=uD; acwfyxrOD;ykdif;rSm Oya'ojyXmef;csufawGeJ@ 'D,kwfrmwJh
tusifhudkyHhydk;ay;xm;[efrwlbl; 'gayrJh aemufydkif;usawmh/ t&nf;=uD; &[ef;awG[m/ tm;aumif;vmawmh/ 'D,kwfrmwJhp&kduf
,kwfrmwJh tusifhudk/ w&m;0if jzpfatmif/ =udK;pm;vmw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/ rnfonfhtysdKpifrqkd bk&ifhorD;
rSL;rwforD;olaX;ol=uG,ford;rSpjyD; tm;vkH;orD;ysdKwkd@[m vufrxyfcift&nf;=uD;&[ef;tm; yxrOD;pGm tJ'Dvdk oGm;a&muf
yef;OD;vGwf&w,f/ tcsdK@u yef;OD;qGwfw,fvkd@ ac:qkd okH;eSKef;=uw,f/ tcsdK@Armorkdif; pmtkyfawGrSm/ “yef;OD;vGwf”
w,fvkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;=uw,f/ “vGwf”w,fqkdwm/ “pGef@vGwfjcif;” “pGef@=uJjcif;” “ay;urf;vSL'gef;jcif;”qdkwJh t"dyg`,fudk
aumuf,l=uw,f/ t"dy`g,f uawmhodyfhrxl;vSbl; owdk@oRD;bufu=unfh&if rdrdtvGefjrwfeKd;wefbdk;xm;wJh tysdKpifb0
ekekxGwfxGwfudk t&nf;=uD; &[ef;tm; yxrOD;qkH; pGe@f vGwf ay;urf;vSL'gef;vkduf&vkd@ ‘yef;OD;vGwf’w,f vkd@ ajymqdk&ifrSefygw,f/
t&nf;=uD;&[ef;buf u=unfh&if tysdK&nfpif b0ekekxGwfxGwfudk yXrOD;qkH; qGwfcl; &,l cHpm;cGifh&vkdufwJhtwGuf
‘yef;OD;qGwf’w,fvkd@ qkd&ifvJrSefuefjyefw,f/ ‘qGwf’w,fqkdwJht"dy`g,fu ‘qGwfcl;onf’ ‘&,lonf’ ‘ykdifqdkifonf’
vkd@t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/b,fvkdbJajymajymt"dy`g,fuodyfhrxl;vSygbl;/ vl@usifh0wfeJ@vkH;0qef@usifjyD; tvGef,kwfrmwJh p&kdufqkdwm
udkawmhb,folrS jiif;vkd@ r&bl;/
'Dae&mrSmarG;zGm;vmwJh om;oRD;eJ@ywfoufjyD; taz(bcif)jy\emray:ekdifbl;vm;vkd@ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ pmzwfolawGvJ odvkdaZm
&SdrSmaocsmw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfrajz=um;vkdyg/ 'gayrJhu|efawmfckdfifckdifrmrmaoaocsmcsmajymekdifwm wckawmh&Sd w,f/
yk*HacwftcsdefumvrSm ,ckacwfvkdacwfrSDwm;qD;wJhaq;0g;awG wm;qD;wJhud&d,mwefqmyvmawGvkH;0r&Sdbl;ygbJ/ tJ'Dawmh
rdrdwdk@ todOm%feJ@ rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;jyD; qkH;jzwf,l=ubkd@om ajym=um;vkdygw,f/ yk*Holyk*Hom;awGukd tjypfjrifvkd@ r&bl;ol@acwfol@
tcg ay:xGef;vmwJh bmom,kH=unfrSKw&yfbJ/
'gxufqdk;0g;wJh bmom,kH=unfrSKawG urBmrSmae&mteSH@ay:xGef;um;cJhbl;ygw,f// ,ae@acwf awmiftcsdK@urBmh
tpdyftydkif;awGrSm'Dvkdtvm;wlwJhtusifhp&kdufawG/ uG,fudk;rSKawG&Sdaeao;w,fvkd@od&w,f/
tENd,ekdifiHrSmqdk&if,ae@acwfxdawmif'Dvkdyef;OD;vGwf/ yef;OD;qGwfwJhtusifhp&kdufawG wdwfwdwfykef;ykef;jyKvkyfv#uf &Sdao;w,fvkd@
=um;od&w,f/ rdrdwkd@.orD;ysKd t&G,fa&mufvmjyD;qkd&if “ysdKaz:0if”wJhtcrf;em;udk usif;yavh&Sdw,fvkd@ od&w,f/
vlolawGudkzdwf=um;jyD; rdrdwkd@.orD;ysdK “ysdKaz:0if” onfhtcrf;em;udk bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; (Temple)rSm =uD;=uD;
us,fus,fcrf;crf;em;em;usif;y=uw,f/ tvSsLtwef; vkyfjyD;vma&muf{nfhonfy&d\wfwdk@udkpm;aomufzG,frsdK;pkHeJ@ =uD;us,f
crf;em;pGm au|;arG;{nfhcH =uw,f/ rdrdwkd@wwfekdifwJhtajcae tay:rSmrlwnfjyD; tcrf;em;udk=uD;=uD;us,fus,f usif;y=uw,f/
 32
tJ'Dvkdtcrf;em;rSmysdKaz:0ifwJh rdef;cav;.tysdKpifb0udkvlod&Sif=um;ay;urf;pGef@vGwf&onf/
t&nf&[ef; wdk@udk yef;OD;qGwf cGifhay;&w,f/ “ysdKaz:0if”wJhtcrfem;vdk@ac:qkd=uw,f/
vl@usifh0wfoduQmeJ@rudkufnDwJh'Dvkd,kwfrmwJhtusifhrsdK;wkd@ukd tENd,tpkd;&uawmhjyifjyifxefxefw&m;0if ydwfyifwm;qD;
xm;w,f/ tjypfay;w,f/ 'gayrJh,ae@wkdifwdwfwdwfykef;=udwfjyD;rdrdoRD;ysdKudk bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;(Temple)odk@ twif;t"rR ykd@jyD;
yef;OD;vGwfapw,fvkd@avhvmod&Sd&w,f/NGOtzGJ@pnf;wck&J@tpD&ifcHpmrStmufygpmyk'fudkavhvm=unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
“These practices although forbidden by the Indian Government are still prevalent in parts of the
country today.”
“NGO’s estimate 5000 to 15000 girls are still dedicated to such or similar practices every year.”
“ysdKaz:0ifyef;OD;vGwfwJhtusihfudktENd,tpdk;&uydwfyifwmjrpfxm;aomfvnf;/ tENdekdifiH.tcsKd @aomtpdyyf dkif;rsm;wkd@wGif ,ae@xd
qufvufusif;yaeqJ&Sdw,f/
ysdKaz:0ifyef;OD;vGwfuJhokd@tvm;wlaombmoma&;usif;yyGJrsm;wGit f wif;ydk@aqmifcH&aomtrsdK;oRD;i,frsm;weSpef pS v
f #if-5000/
u ae-15000/txd&Sdaeao;onf[v k lrSKtzGJ@pnf;wck.tpD&ifcHpmwckucef@rSef;xm;onf”
Tpmwef;ukdzwf&ifxif&Sm;aejyD;jzpfw,f/tJ'DawmhvGefcJhwJheSpfaygif;(1000)eD;yg;ujzpfysufcw
Jh Jh yk*Hacwf&J@rSm;,Gif;cJhwJhbmom
,kH=unfrSKtusifhp&kdufawGudk u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;u em;vnfjyD; cGifhvGwf&rSm jzpfw,f/

txufygaz:jycJw h Jhyk*HacwfuxGef;um;cJhwJhvJrG Sm;wJhbmom,kH=unfrSKudktajccHjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdufckdufpGyfpJG

ajymqkdcJhjcif;jzpfw,f/ppftwGif;uwOD;udkwOD; ykyfcwfajymqkdcJh=ujcif;jzpfw,f//
'Dta=umif;&mawGudku|efawmftaeeJ@rajymcsifbl;ajym&rSm&G@Hrkef;w,f/ 'gayrJheSpfaygif;(250)pGJuyfaewJhwvkdif;a&m*gudkjrefjref
aysmufuif;apvkdvkd@rvGJra&Smifom xkwfaz:a&;om;wifjyae&wmjzpfw,f/ avmurSmvltrsdK;rsdK; pdwftaxGaxG&Sd=uw,f
vdk@qdkwJhtwkdif; wcsdK@vlawG[mrdrdudkrxd&if udk,fcsif;pmempdwfrxm;wwfbl; rdrdudk,fudkxdckdufvmwJhtcgrS todw&m;&jyD;
ukd,fcsif;pmempdwf xm;wwfvm=uw,f/ 'Dvl@oabmudkem;vnf&ifu|efawmfbma=umifh 'Dt&nf;=uD;ta=umif;udk xkwfaz:
a&;om;ae&ovJqkdwmudk em;vnfvdrfhr,fvkd@u|efawmfarS#mfvifhw,f/ b,ft&mrqkdwlnDwJhwkef@jyefrSKw&yfu&SdwwfpjrJbJ/
ArmuvJ rGefudkwvkdif;vkd@ yufyufpufpufac:a0:okH;eSKef;cJhovkd rGefuvJ Armudkt&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ yufyufpufpuf wkef@jyefjyD;
ac:rSmbJ/ yg;udkuf&if em;udkufwJh oabmbJ/
a&$bdkArmbufrS rdrd&J@&efol[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;uvJrdrd&J@&efola&$bdkArmawGudk
t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ac:qdkcJhw,f/'g[mordkif;t&jiif;y,fvkd@r&wJhtcsufjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhwvdkif;a0g[m&&J@ t"dy`g,fudkwdwdusus
b,folrSr&Sif;jyedkifcJhbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u&efolArmvlrsdK;udk tb,fa=umifh t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ ac:cJh&ovJ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;&J@
aemufcHordkif;ub,fvkd&SdcJhovJqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;wifjyedkfifw,f/ordkif;taxmufxm;eJ@tcdkifrmxlaxmifekdifw,f/ 'ga=umifh
pmzwfolwkd@ em;vnfod&Sdbkd@twGuf 'Dae&mrSrvGJra&Smifom t&nf;=uD;&[ef;ta=umif;udkxkwfaz:a&;om;&wmjzpfw,f/
t&nf;=uD;&[ef;orkdif;a=umif;udk axmufjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ aysmhuGufudkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ueif;cJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk
csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfemrnfay;jyD; wkdufckdufacsrSKef; cJhw,f/ (gkUtI) (RYekWtjmH.RYmis$.di@i) (t&nf;=uD;rsdK;) (t,lwdrf;rSm;wJh
rdpm> aumifawG)qkdjyD; ArmvlrsdK;udk csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrf ac:qkdcJhw,f/ rGefjynfolvlxkudk pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfcJhw,f/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@udk
pdwf"gwfwuf=uGapjyD; ArmvlrsdK;tay: txifjrifao;atmif0g'jzef@cJhw,f/ ppfumvrSmwOD;udkwOD;wzufeJ@ wzuf=urf;wrf;wJh
pum;vkH;awGokH;pGJjyD;0g'jzef@=uwJhoabmudkemvnfvdrfr,fxifygw,f//
'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm ppf&SKH;wJholjzpfwJhtwGuf rdrdwdk@0g'jzef@ okH;pGJcJhwJh pum;vkH;awGudk ordkif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifcGifhr&vkduf=ubl;
ArmudkeSdrfwJht&nf;=uD;rsKd ; pum;vkH;[mrxifay:cJhbl; ArmvlrsdK;u ppfatmifekdifyDyD rdrdwkd@a&;om;wJh orkdif;rSm wvkid ;f a0g[m&udk
rSwfwrf;wifekdfifcJhvkd@ xifay:wJh pum;vkH; jzpfvmw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwifjycsifwJh tcsufwcsufu ppfumvrSm
rdrdwkd@&efolwzufvlrsdK;udkcsdKeSdrfjyD;okH;pGJcJhpum;vkH;udkorkdif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifoifhygovm;qkdwJhtcsufbJjzpfw,f/ ppfumvwGif;u
wzufrdrd&efoludktrsdK;rsdK;0g'jzef@jyD; wkdufcdkfufacsrSKef; cJw h Jhpum;vkH;awGudk orkdif;rSmw&m;0if jzpfatmif rSwfwrf;
xm;wmrsdK;rvkyfoifhbl; u|efawmftaeeJ@jrifw,f/ 'Dvkyf&yfrsdK;udkjyif;jyif;xefxef &SKwfcsoifhw,fvkd@ajymcsifw,f/
ppftwGif;utokH;eSKef;awGudkordkif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifvkdufwJhtwGuf rvkdvm;tyfwJhtusdK;udk oufa&mufapw,f/ csD;ajcmufudk
tjrJwrf;a&el; aeovkd jzpfaew,f/ ,ckacwfrSm wOD;udk wOD; cspfcif&if;eSD;wJh cspf=unfa&;pum;udkom ajym=um;oifhwJh
umvjzpfw,f wvkdif;qkdwJh a0g[m&jy\em[meSpfaygif;(250)&SdcJhjyD; rGefvlxk udkeSdyfhpufnSif;qJcJhw,f/ rGefArm=um;rSm
 33
rkef;wD;rSKawG jzpfay: vmcJh=uw,f 'DeSpf&SnfpJGuyfaewJha&m*gqkd;=uD;udk
u|efawmfjrefjrefaysmufuif;apcsifygjyD; 'grkd@&ifhoD;w,fvkd@ u|efawmfudk ajymcsif ajym=uyg u|efawmftaeu rvGJra&Smifom
t&nf;=uD;&[ef; ta=umif;udkxkwfaz:jyD; a&;om; &wmjzpfw,f/ ra&;csifbJ a&;om;ae&wmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlxkawG tjrefqkH;
tjrifrSef&apvdk@ qkawmif;ygw,f/
Armordkif;rSmrdrdpdwf=udKufrSwfwrf;wifekdifovkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om;wJhorkdif;rSmvJrGefvlrsdK;wkd@pdwf=udKufordkif;udkrSwfwrf;wifekdifw,f
qdkwmtodw&m;&Sdvmapcsifw,f/ u|efawmf&J@&dk;om;wJh&nf&G,fcsufuawmhwOD;udkwOD;ykyfcwfjyD;rajymqkd=ubkd@ygbJ/ rGefvlrsdK;
uvJArmvlrsdK;udkt&nf;=uD;rsdK;vdk@rac:ajymrokH;eSKef;eJ@/ ArmvlrsdK;uvJrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ qufvufjyD;reSdyfpufeJ@awmh
rokH;eSKef;eJ@awmh/eSpfOD;eSpfzuf tjrifrSef&=ujyD; wOD;udkwOD;cspf=unf vmekdif=ubkd@jzpfygw,f/
'gayrJh0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;wJhtcsufu rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;qdkjyD; ArmawGu,ae@xd vkdufvkdufjyD;eSdyfhpufaewkH;bJ&Sdao;w,f/
rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;pum;vkH;eJ@pGyfpGJajymqkdedkifbdk@twGufokawoejyKjyD;=udK;pm;aewkH;bJ/ 'gawG[mrjzpfxkdufawmhbl;/ twdwfu
jzpfysufcw Jh Jh npfywfrSKawG rbG,f&mwJh trSKawGukdarhaysmufypf&r,f/ azsmufypf&r,f/ wOD;udkwOD;cGifhvGwf=u&r,f/
wOD;&J@aumif;uGufudk &SmazGjyD; jrifwwfbkd@vkdw,f/ wOD;udkwOD; csD;rGrf;&r,fhpum;awGajym=um;&r,f/ cspf=unfa&;
pum;awGudkwOD;udkwOD; csdKcsdKomomqkd&rJh tcsdefa&mufvmjyD;jzpfw,f/ rGefawGtaeeJ@ ArmvlrsdK;udk t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@
rac:a0:oifhovkd ArmawGuvJ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wvkdif;vkd@rac:a0:oifhawmhbl;/
twdwfuwOD;&J@aysmhuGuf wOD;&J@tm;enf;csufcsdk@,Gif;csufwkd@udk tom;,ljyD;ordkif;awGrSmvJ rSwfwrf;wifra&;om;oifhbl; rGefudk
wvkdif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudkvJ Armynm&Sdwkd@okH;oyfbkd@aumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ bk&ifAnm'vrif; udkvJ
u|efjzpfxkdufolvkd@ordkif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifjyD; ra&;om;oifhbl;vkd@ajymcsifygw,f/ Anm;'vrif;[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk ukd,fpm;
jyKoljzpfwJhtwGuf rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;ukdapmfum;&musaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;om;vkH;udk u|efjzpfxkdufolvdk@ ajymqkd&m usaew,f/
'gav;awGudkordkif;ynm&SifawGowdxm;qifjcifbkd@vkd@w,f/ Anm;'vrif;uppfajyjidrf;bdk@twGuf rdrd&J@oRD;ysdKudk OD;atmifaZ,sxH
qufocJhw,f/ [kdacwfwkH;uppfajyjidrf;bkd@twGuf'DvkdorD;ysdKay;jyD; aphpyfavh&SdwJhxkHpHtwdkif; Anm;'vrif;u aqmif&Guf
cJhwmjzpfw,f/ rif;orD;eJ@OD;atmifaZ,swkd@vufqufwJhtcrf;em;udk rvkdtyfbJtus,fcsJ@ jyD;pdwful;,Of,Ofa&;om;xm;=uw,f/
Armordkif;q&mawGutom;,ljyD; tom;vGwf tvGefpdwful;,OfqefwJh 0wÎKwyk'fvkd jrdef&nf,Suf&nf&Sd&Sd zGJ@EJ@G a&;om;
xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ 'DpmudkzwfrdwJh rGefvlrsdK;wa,mufaeeJ@ rGefvlrsdK;vkd@ xkwfaz:ajym&rSm&Sufvmapw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;
wOD;tjzpfcH,l&rSmwGef@qkwfoGm;apw,f/ 'Dta&;om;rsdK; ordkif;pmtkyfrSm ra&;om;oifhbl;vdk@ u|efawmftaeeJ@ t=uHjyKvdkygw,f/
('DtjzpftysufawGutjzpfysufrSefbJ tJ'aD wmhtrSefudktrSefwdkif; ordkif;rSmrSwfwrf;wifwmbmjzpf&rSmvJ/ rGefvlrsdK;awG
rauseyf&if aovkdufaygh)vkd@qifajcay;vkdolawGtcsdK@&Sdaumif;&Sdedkifw,f/ 'gqdku|efawmf a&;om;wJh yk*HacwfuykH*HoRD;ysdKwkd@&J@
yef;OD;vGwf yef;OD;qGwfwJh tjzpfysufua&m wu,fhtjzpfysuf trSefr[kwfvm;vkd@ jyefar;bkd@bJ&Sdawmhw,f/
trSefrSmjzpfoifhwmu rGefvlrsdK;wOD;[mrGefvlrsdK;jzpf&wm*k%f,lwwfatmif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@jrifhjrwfrSKawG/ wkdif;jynftwGuf
tusdK;jyKcJh*k%faus;Zl;awGudku|efawmfwkd@u az:jya&;om;ay;&r,f /&Srf;/&ckdif/u&if/ytdk@0f/csif;/ucsif/yavmif/u,m;/0’vlrsdK;pwJh
vlrsdK;wdk@ukdvJ &Srf;/&ckdif/ u&if/ytdk@0f/csif;/ucsif/yavmif/u,m;/0’vlrsdK;jzpf&wm *k%f,lwwfatmif u|efawmfwkd@ua&;om;
ay;&r,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ orkdif;udka&;om;&mrSm olzufudk,fhzufr#r#ww =unfhjyD;rS a&;om;&if ykdrdkaumif;r,f
obm0usr,f/ okd@r[kwfrdrdu ppfatmifekdifolyDyD xifwkdif;=uJ a&;om;=u&if rvkdtyfwJh tusKd ;oufa&mufrSKudk jzpfay:apw,f/
tpGef;a&mufekdifw,f/ wzuf&efoludk edk;qGovkd jzpfay: apw,fvkd@ u|efawmf &kd;&kd;om;om;t=uHjyKvkdygw,f/

u|efawmfhtjrifajym&&ifwvkdif;qkw
d Jhpum;vkH;a0g[m&[m trSefawmhqJqdkwJhpum; npfywfwJhpum; vkH;0r[kwfbl;/
trnfemrwckomjzpfw,f 'gayrJhokH;pGJo&l J@&nf&G,fcsufu&efoludk csdK;eSdrfvkdvdk@okH;pGJcJhwJhtwGuf wvkdif;pum;[m
wvGJwacsmft"dy`g,fudk aqmifvmjyD; rvkdvm;tyfwJhtusdK;w&m;oufa&mufrSKudk jzpfay:apcJhw,f/ wvkdif;pum;udk
ol@ae&meJ@ol rokH;wwfwJh twGufvJ vGJrSm;wJh tusdK;w&m;udkjzpfay:apcJhw,f/ rSefrSefuefuefokH;wwfcJh&if ,ckvkdwOD;udkwOD;
xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpfaerSmr[kwfb;l vkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ vGJvJrG Sm;rSm;okH;aewJhtwGuf qJovkdjzpfoGm;w,f/ wzufoludk
txifrSm; jzpfapw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&efolArmuwvkdif;vkd@ac:ajymvkdufwJhtwGuf rGefvlrsd K;uvJigudkbma=umifh 'Dvkdac:&ovJ
t"dy`g,f rodawmh 'g[mighudkqJwmbJjzpf&r,fvkd@cHpm;vmw,f/ pdwfxJrSmrauseyfjzpfjyD;wkef@jyefrSKawGjyKvmw,f/ Oyrm
tazemrnfuOD;armifwif om;emrnfuarmifcifqdkwJh om;tzeSpfOD;&Sdw,f/ tbdk;=uD;wa,mufu vrf;a&SmufvmjyD; armifcifudk
vrf;rSmapmhupm; aewmawG@w,f/ a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;eJ@ [Jh-armifwifvkd@acgif;ykwfjyD; ac:ajymvkdufrdw,f/ tbkd;=uD;rSm qJvdkwJh
 34
&nf&G,fcsufvkH;vkH;r&SdcJhwmtrSefbJ/ 'gayrJh armifcifu ol@tazemrnfudk ac:vkdufwJhtwGuf ol@udk qJw,f
xifvkdufjyD; (aomufokH;ruswJhtbdk;=uD;) vkd@jyefqJ vkdufw,f/ 'gubmudkjyovJqkdawmh tokH;eSKef;rwJh tokH;eSKef; rrSefwJhtwGuf
jzpfay:vmwJh raumif;rSKtusdK;w&m;awG/ aemufOyrm wcku cav;vli,fawG pkaygif;upm;=u&if; tcsif;csif;
&efjzpf=ujyD;qkd&ifwOD;&J@rdbtrnfudkwOD;uwyfwyfjyD;qJw,f trSefawmhrdbemrnfudk ac:ajymwmbJ qJw,fvkd@ b,fjzpfekdifrvJ
'gayrJhokH;eSK;ef;wJhyk*~Kdvf&J@&nf&G,fuqJvkdvkd@ okH;eSKef;wJhtwGufcH&wJholuvJemw,f/ &kd;&dk;pum;[m qJqkdwJhpum;jzpfoGm;w,f/
u|efawmfqkdvkd&if;t"dy`g,fuwvkdif;qkw d Jha0g[m&[m yifukd,frlvoabmt& qJqdkwJhpum;vkH; r[kwfbl; 'gayrJhtokH;rwJch Jhvdk@
qJovkdjzpfaew,f/ jyD;awmhtokH;jyKwJh yk*~dKvfuqJvkdvkd@ okH;eSKef;cJhwJhtwGuf wvkdif; a0g[m&[m rvkdtyfbJqJwJhpum;vkH;
wvkH;jzpfvmw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//
trSefrSmwvkdif;a0g[m&[mrGefpum;vJr[kwfbl;rGefeJ@vJrywfoufbl;/Armpum;vJr[kwfbl; ArmeJ@vJrqdkifbl; wvkdif;qkdwm
Armpum;vkH;0r[kwfwJhtwGuf ArmawGtaeeJ@toHzvS,fjyD;okH;&w,f/ tJ'DvkdtoHzvS,fxGuf&mrSm rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;&Sdvm
edkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfjrifw,f rlvpum;vkH;eJ@toHxGufwkd@[mtcsdef=umanmif;vmwmeJ@tr#wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmw,f/
=umawmh aemifvm aemufom;awGu rl&if;tprlvpum;vkH;aysmufjyD;ajc&maumufr&jzpfvmw,f rl&if;pum;vkH;udk
ajc&maumufr&wJh tcgpum;vkH;&J@ rlvt"dy`g,ftrSefudk rodjzpfvmw,f/ t"dy`g,frodwJhtcgtokH;jyKwmvJ rrSefruef
jzpfvmw,f/ okH;oifhwJhae&mrSmrokH;rdbJ rokH;oifhwJh ae&mrSmvmjyD; tokH;jyKrdvm=uw,f 'Doabmudk u|efawmfokH;oyfrdw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&[mArmpum;vkH;wvkH;r[kwfwJhtwGuf toHzvS,fokH;pGJ&mrSmrSm;wwfwJhoabmbJ/ rlvu ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@
twwfedkifqkH; trSefuefqkH; toHudk zvS,f,lokH;pGJvmayrJh umv=umanmif;vmwJhtcg toHzvS,frSK[m wjznf;jznf;rlveJ@
uGm[jcm;em; vmedkifw,f/ Oyrm tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;pum;a0g[m&wckudkyxrrlvwkH;u (wvkif)odk@r[kwf (wJvmif)vdk@
ArmvlrsdK;awGa&;om;okH;eSKefvmwmjzpfcsifjzpfekdifr,f/ toHzvS,fokH;&wJhtwGuftJ'DvkdArmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKryDroeJ@ tprSma&;om;
vmwmjzpfedkifw,f/ aemufumv=umanmif;vmwJhtcg pum;vkH;a0g[m& ajymif;vJrSK ed,mrt& ArmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK
yDyDoo(wvkdif;)qkdwJha0g[m&okd@ rajymif;vJvmbl;vkd@b,folajymekdifrvJ/ tJ'Dvkdajymif;vJ vmwJhtwGuf rlvpum;vkH;&J@
t"dy`g,ftppfrSefudk aumuf,lvkd@ r&awmhbl; a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;awG t"dy`g,faumuf,l vm=uw,f/ Oyrm &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;
wOD;ajymqkdwJh pum;vkH;wvkH;udk rdrd=um;wJhtwkdif; rGeftrsdK;om;wOD;u rGefbmomeJ@ (wmJvHif)vkd@ a&;om;xm;w,f
qkdygpkd@/wzef tJ'DrGefpmvkH;udkArmvlrsdK; wOD;taeeJ@ toHxGuf=unf@prf;yg b,fvkdtoHxGufvm rvJ/ jyD;awmhrdrd
toHxGufwwfwJhtwdkif; ArmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK yDyDooeJ@jyefa&;=unfhyg/ jyD;&ifrlvrGefpum;vkH;eJ@rdrda&;xm;wJh Armpum;vkH;[m
b,favmufuGm[wmudkavhvm=unfhyg/uGm[rSKudkawG@edkifygw,f/wzefrlv&Srf;wkdif;&if;om;pum;vkH;eJ@rnfr#uGm[oGm;ekdifonf
udkvJu|efawmfwkd@cef@rSef;,lekdifygw,f/
OyrmwckudkxyfrHjyD;ay;yg&ap(zsmykHjrdK@)[mb,fvkdt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ bma=umifhzsmykHjrdK@vdk@ac:qdk&ovJvkd@ wpkHwOD; ukdar;&if
‘,cifuzsmawGpkykHa&mif;cswJhae&mrdk@(zsmykHjrdK@)vdk@ac:qkd &a=umif;’ tajzay;=urSmaocsmw,f/ trSefrSmzsmykHqkdwm Arma0g[m&
pum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rlvu rGefpum;jzpfw,f (zsmyki)f jzpfw,f/ t"dy`g,fu zsmykHjrdK@[m avSqdyf&GmjzpfjyD;
xrif;rsm;a&mif;cswJhae&mjzpfcJhbl;w,f ukefuloef;a&mif;0,fwJhavSawGqkdufuyfwJhae&mjzpfw,f/ 'Dae&ma&muf&ifavSawG
tem;,l tyef;ajzjyD; xrif;[if;0,fpm;=uw,f/odk@r[kwfcsufjyKwfpm;aomuf=uwJhae&mjzpfw,f/
tJ'DwJhtwGuf(zsmykif)xrif;qdyfvkd@rGev f lrsdK;wdk@urdrdbmompum;eJ@ac:qkdcJh=uw,f/ ArmvlrsfdK;wkd@=uD;pkd;wJhvufxuf=urS
Armpum;yDyDooeJ@ajymif;vJa&;om;=uw,f/ zsmykifrzS smykHjrdK@ jzpfvmw,f/ uGm[rSKudk avhvmawG@&Sd edkifygw,f/
yxrrlvyk*~dKvfArmvlrsdK; awGurGefpum;vkH;twkdif;(zsmykif)vdk@ =udK;pm;jyD;a&;csif a&;vm =ur,f/ aemufrSArmpm
ta&;tom;zGJ@xkH;rSKyDyDooeJ@(zsmykH)vdk@a&;om;vmwmjzpfedkifw,f/ tJ'DvkdArmpum;vkH;ydDyDooeJ@a&;om;vmwJhtwGuf rlv
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ta&;tom;eJ@ uGm[vmw,f/ pmvkH;ta&;om;ajymif;vJoGm;ovkd t"dy`g,fvJ vkH;vkH; ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmw,f/
'DvkdygbJwvkdif;&J@rlv ta&;om;toHxGuf trSefudkrodwJhtwGuf rSm;,Gif;wJh toHxGufeJ@ rSm;,Gif;wJh t"dy`g,fudk &vm=uw,f/
wvdkif; pum;vkH;&J@ t"dy`g,f trSefrodawmhbJ a,mif0g;0g;jzpfvm=uw,f/ wjznf;jznf; aemifvm aemufom;awG
vrf;paysmufoGm;w,f/ rl&if;ta&;om;toHxGufeJ@t"dy`g,fudkygvkH;vkH;tpaysmufoGm;w,f wvGJwacsmf ta&;om;toHxGufeJ@
wvGJwacsmf t"dy`g,fudk aumuf,l vm=uw,f/ wvkdif;qdkwm 'gav;jzpfwefaumif;&J@'gav;awmhjzpfekdif aumif;yg&J@ jzpfvmw,f/
ok;H pGJ&mrSmvJ vGJacsmfjyD; &nf&G,fcsuf wjcm;jzpfvmw,f/ acwfumv=umanmif;vmwJhtcg ydkrdkjyD;awGa0 apvmw,f/ aemifvm
aemufom;awGuvJ bkrodbrodbJ a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; [kwfekd;edk;eJ@okH;pGJvm=uw,f rGefudkcsdK;eSdrfwJh
pum;tjzpfeJ@em;vnf,lvkdufjyD; rGefudkcsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfokH;pGJvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ rdrdudkrqDrqdkif wvkdif;eJ@ edKif;,SOf
 35
pGyfpJaG jym&rvm;qkdjyD; pdwfqdk; rmefqdk;jzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;[m ighwdk@udkwrif oufouf apmfum;wmbJ qJwJhpum;vkH;bJ
jzpf&r,fvkd@ xifrSm; vmapcJhw,f/ rvkdvm;tyfwJhjy\emawGudk jzpfay:apcJhw,f/ 'ga=umifh Armpum;ykHtwkdif; ajym&&if
‘ajymrwwfawmhqJ/ xkdifrwwfawmhjyJ’ qkdovkdrvdkvm;tyfwJh tusdK;oufa&mufrSK awGjzpfcJh&w,f/ rvdkvm;tyfwJh trkef;yGm;rSK
awG rGefeJ@ Arm=um;rSmay:aygufvmcJ&h w,f/
tm;vkH;udkcsKH;jyD;ajym&&ifwvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&pum;vkH;[m wu,fhawmh npfywfwJhpum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl;/ npfnrf;wJht"dy`g,fvJ
r&Sdbl;/ qJqkdwJh pum;vJ vkH;0r[kwfb;l vkd@bJ u|efawmftckdiftrmajymygap//

tykdif;(7)
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrlvub,fuvmw,f/ b,fol@&J@pum;vkH;tppfrSefjzpfw,f/ bmt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ jyD;awmhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@
rnfodk@rnfykHywfouf vmw,fqkdwmudk u|efawmfwdk@rqkH;jzwf=ucif/ wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&pum;vkH;eJ@ ywfoufjyD;pwifokH;pGJcJhykH/
ok;H pGJwJhumv/ okH;pGJcw
Jh Jhae&mXme/okH;pGJ&wJhta=umif;&if;pwJh ordkif;tcsufvufawG twdus&Sdoifhoavmuf&Sdw,f/
tJ'Dordkif;ta=umif;cHwkd@udk yxrtao;pdyf avhvmpl;prf;bdk@vkdw,fvdk@u|efawmfxifw,f/ u|efawmfvJtJ'DtjrifeJ@
avhvmcJhw,f/ wvdkif;a0g[m&ukdu|efawmftaeeJ@b,fvkdpwifavhvmcJhw,f aemufqkH;rSm bma=umifh'Dvkdaumufcsufcs&ovJ
qdkwmudk pmzwfy&d\wfrsm; odatmif u|efawmfwifjyoGm;rSmjzpfw,f/u|efawmfeJ@twl pmzwfoly&d\wfwkd@ pdwf&Snf&Snf
xm;jyD; 'Da0g[m& pum;vkH;udk okawoejyKavhvm=unfh=u&atmif/ 'grSudk,fwkdifudk,fusavhvmjyD;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
u|efawmfrSmrlvuwnf;u cH,lcsufwck&SdcJhw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&[m aemufcHorkdif; awmh&Sd&r,f/ ta=umif;rJhawmh rjzpfekdfifbl;vkd@
u|efawmfu cH,lxm;cJhygw,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifeJ@ ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifwkd@rSmvJ taocsm a&;om;xm;wmawGudk
axmuf&SK&ifwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;[mqJqkdwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJ rjzpfekdifbl;vkd@ tcdkifrm,kH=unfvkdufw,f/ qJqdknpfnrf;wJh
pum;vkH;qkd&if Armynm&Sdorkdif;ynm&SifawG orkdif;pmtkyfrSmrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;rSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ u|efawmfucH,lw,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&@J pum;vkH;vm;vdk@ u|efawmf taocsmavhvm=unfhawmhvJ r[kwfjyefbl;/
ArmawGudkar;jref;jyefvJ 'g[mrGefpum;vkH; jzpf&r,fvkd@bJ ajym=uw,f/ olwkd@Armpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;qkd=ujyefw,f/
'ga=umifhwvkdif;pum;vkH;[m rGefpum;r[kwfovkdArmpum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl;/ aemufqkH;rSmjzpfedkfifwmu ArmuArmrSK
jyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tprlvyxrpum;vkH;aysmufjyD; ajc&maumufr&jzpfvmw,fvkd@ u|efawmfuaumufcsufcsvkdufw,f/
'gayrJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;rSmaemufcHordkif;tckdifrm&Sd&r,f/&efoludkeSdrfwJhpum;vkH;jzpfekdifw,fokd@r[kwfArmvlrsdK;udk trsdK;om;pdwf"gwf
wuf=uGapwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;jzpf&r,f ppfwdkuf&mrSmjzpfjzpf ppfom;wkd@udk pkaqmif;odrf;oGif;&mrSm jzpfjzpf wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udk
ajymvkduf&ifArmawGtbdk@ trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfwuf=uGapedkifwJhoabm&Sd&r,f/ 'grdk@vkd@wvkdif;pum;vkH;ukdokH;jyD; Armjynfol vlxkudk
vSKyfaqmfcJhwmjzpf&r,f/ edkifiHa&;ppfa&;&nf&G,fcsufeJ@tokH;jyKcJhwmjzpf&r,fvkd@u|efawmfucH,lxm;cJhw,f/
'ga=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udku|efawmfavhvmwJhae&mrSmtajccHtjrif(3)&yfudktajccHjyD;avhvmcJyh gw,f/
(1) wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrGefpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@wenf;r[kwfwenf;qufeG,frSK&Sd&r,f/
wdkuf&kdufodk@r[kwfoG,f0kdufjyD;qufpyfrSK&Sd&r,f/
(2) wvkdif;pum;vkH;pmArmpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/'gayrJhwvdkif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m
ArmvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@ywfoufqufEG,fwJhta=umif;&m&SdcJh&r,f/ wdkuf&kdufokd@r[kwfoG,f0kdufjyD; ywfoufrSK&Sd&r,f/
(3) wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m aemufcHordkif;ta=umif;t&mcdkifckdifrmrm&Sd&r,f/rlvpum;vkH;twdtus&SdcJh&r,f/
tJ'DtajccHtjrif(3)&yfeJ@u|efawmfwvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udkavhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKcJhygw,f/

yxrOD;qkH;,ae@xdxifa,mifxifrSm; udk,fxifovkdjrifovkdajymqkdae=uwJh,lqcsuf (Assumptions)awGudk b,feSpfrsdK; &SdcJhw,f

qkdwmudku|efawmfavhvmcJhygw,f/ udk,fxif&mjrif&majymqdkae=uwJh,lqcsufawG(3)rsdK;avmuf&SdcJhw,fqdkwm u|efawmfawG@
w,f/wckpDudku|efawmftav;eufxm;jyD;pl;prf;&SmazGcJhygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmbmoGm;awG@ovJqkd&if wvkdif;a0g[m&tac:a0:eJ@
ywfoufjyD; tajz&Smvkd@ r&ekdifwJhtqkH;rSm jzpfekdif wmawGudk =uHzefawG;awm pOf;pm;,l=u&if;eJ@ qufpyfawG;ac:,lwJh ,lqcsuf
 36
(Assumptions) awGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
okH;rsdK;pvkH;udkvGefcJhtcef;rSmu|efawmftao;pdyf&Sif;vif; wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/
'gayrJhxyfrHjyD;&Sif;vif;wifjycsifwJhtcsufwcsufubmvJqkdawmh/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrsdK;rppfwJhtwGuf wvkdif;vkd@ac:w,fqkdwJh
tcsufbJjzpfygw,f/ 'DtjrifeJ@tcsdK@ArmawGu wvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwkdufckdufvmwm&Sdw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
u|efawmftav;av;eufeuftenf;i,fajym=um;yg&ap/ 'Dt,lq[mvkH;0tajcjrpfr&SdwJh ajymqkdcsufjzpfw,f/ uav;
uvm;qefqef xif&mpdkif;ajymqkdrSKomjzpfw,f/ tqifhwef;atmufuswJhtawG;ac:jzpfw,f/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;udkapmfum;&musaew,f/
wu,fhwu,frSm rsdK;rppfwm b,folvJ/ rGefvlrsdK;vm; 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;=uD;=uD;us,fus,f tjiif;yGm;aebkd@rvkdbl;
ordkif;taxmufxm;udk qef;ppf =unfh&ifodom edkifygw,f/ &mZ0if oufao taxmufxm;ckdifcdkifrmrmeJ@ odomekdifygw,f/
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ aysmhnHhcsuftm;enf;csufudk orkdif;eJ@ axmufjyD;vJ tom;,ljyD;u|efawmfrajymcsifbl;/ u|efawmftaeeJ@
vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSKrjzpfapcsifygbl;/ 'gayrJhrsdK;rppfwJh vlrsdK;qkdwmrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmf ajymyg&ap/
tJ'Dawmhwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,fudkb,folrSrodbl;/ b,fvkduae b,fvkday:aygufvmovJqdkwmvJb,folrS rajym
ekdifbl;/t&rf;ajymqkdokH;eSKef;ae=uw,fqkdwmawG@&w,f/
txufygu|efawmfwifjycJw h JhavhvmawG@&Sdcsufwkd@avmufeJ@u|efawmfrauseyfao;bl;/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;awGu rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk
b,fvkdac:a0:cJo h vJ/ acwfjydKifay:xGef;cJw h Jh &Srf;(t,k',)ordkif;/ &Srf;=uD;vlrsdK;(Tai) wdk@&J@ ordkif;eJ@&ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
&mZ0ifordkif;wkd@rSmrGefvlrsdK;udkb,fvkd okH;eSKef;a&;om;cJh=uovJ 'gawGudkygu|efawmfavhvmcJhw,f/ 'Dordkif;awGtm;vkH;udk
avhvm=unfhawmhvJrGefvlrsdK;udkrGeo f dk@r[kwfrGef-crm/okd@r[kwf &mrefvkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@& jyefw,f/ &ckdifvlrsdK;
wkd@&J@ ordkif;udk avhvm=unfhwJhtcgrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/

167// “rGefjynfudkwkdufjcif;”
“rGefjynfudkwdkufapaompvuFmolonf/ rGefwkd@eSifhwkdufavaomfckeSpf&ufpm&duQmudkom cg;wGifygapvsufusef
or#&duQmwkd@udka&wGifoGefapIavStm;vkH;udkrD;wkdufapjyD;aomf tcsif;csif;&JrufAkdvfygwkd@onf wpfnD wpfnGwf
wnf;wkdifyifIwkduf=uavv#ifrGefwkd@onf xGm;xGm;nufnufysufpD;av.// xkdokd@ysufpD;avv#if rsm;pGm aoma&$aiG/
qif/jrif;/vufaqmify%mwkd@udk rGefrif;qufoGif;awmfrlvkduf. pvuFmolvnf; jyefvmcJhjyD;v#if
9
rif;=uD;tm;qufawmfrlavjyD;aomf rif;=uD;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om qkvmwfay; awmfrl .//”
vkd@yg&Sdw,f&ckdif&mZ0ifrSmvJwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;vkH;0rawG@&bl; rGefvkd@bJrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/

'geJ@vJu|efawmfrauseyfao;bl;/anmif&rf;acwf/[Hom0wDacwfwkd@eJ@acwfjydKifay:xGef;cJw h Jht,k',acwf xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ orkdif;

rSwfwrf; awGudkvJ&SmazG avhvmzwf&SKjyefw,f/ tJ'DrSwfwrf;ordkif;rSm xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@u rGefvlrdsK;udk rGeo
f dk@r[kwf &mref(&mrn)
vkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ atmufaz:jyygxkdif;bk&ifwkd@&J@ eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;udk avhvm =unfh&ifodekdifw,f/

“The Burmese and [BCEF: Mon soldiers] [D: Raman host], however, scattered because of the royal
majesty and power.--------------------All the chief ministers and army officers who [BCEF: set out in pursuit of]
[D: pursued] the enemy slashed [BCDF: and killed] Burmese and Mon all along the way to Kancanaburi.”10
“At the same time the Raman army officers had advanced and reached Martaban just as the boat carrying
the report from [BCD: Tenasserim] [EF: Tanao], Marit and Tavoy reached Martaban.”11

txufygt,k',eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfh&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@rGefppfom;wkd@udk rGefppfom;/&mrefvkd@bJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudk

awG@jrif&w,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;okH;eSKef;xm;wmvkH;0rawG@&bl;/
wcg&Srf;=uD;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@.orkdif;avhvm=unfh&ifrGefvlrsdK;udkrGef/ okd@r[kwf rGef-crmtkyfpkvkd@rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
tm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajym&&iftzufzufrSu|efawmfavhvmcJhw,f/wvkdif;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkduf&kduf ywfoufekdifwJh tcsufvufawG
taxmufxm;awG rSwfwrf;awG rSwfpkawGudk eSH@pyfatmifu|efawmf &SmazGavhvmpl;prf;cJhw,f/ 'gayrJ@wvkdif;eJ@ rGefqufpyfwJh
9
q&mawmfOD;Om%."n0wD&mZ0if/ pm 65
10
The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya. P. 131
11
The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya. P. 136
 37
taxmufxm;qdkvkd@wckrSrawG@cJh&bl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om;xm;cJhwJh ajrpdkuf ausmufpmawGudka&m
ajratmufrSwl;az: &&SdwJhausmufpmawGudkyg avhvm=unfhjyefw,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ rdrdwkd@udk,fudk wvkdif;vkd@
a&;om;xm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;/ 'ga=umifh aemufqkH;rSm wvkdif;pum;vkH;eJ@rGefwdk@[m wkduf&kdufywfouf qufeG,fwJh tjrifudk
u|efawmfvufavsmhvdkuf&w,f/ tJ'Dvkda&S@acwfausmufpmawG/ ordkif;taxmufxm;awG tjcm;vlrsdK;wkd@ rSwfwrf;awG
urBmhorkdif;awGudkeSHeSHpyfpyf u|efawmf avhvmokH;oyfjyD;rS wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;eJ@roufqkdifbl;/ vkH;0ywfoufrSK
r&Sdygbl;vkd@qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf&w,f/ omrefavhvmjyD;qkH;jzwfvdkufwmr[kwfbl;/ aoaocsmcsmeSH@eSH@pyfpyf zufaygif;pkH
pmtkyfrsdK;pkHavhvmjyD;rS qkH;jzwfwmjzpfw,f/
wvdkfif;a0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@roufqdkifayrJhoG,f0SufwJhenf;awmhywfoufrSK&Sdedkifao;w,fvkd@u|efawmfcH,lxm;qJbJ/
'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfrarhbl;/
'gayrJhrar#mfvifhbJtcsdK@Armorkdif;ynm&SifawGuwvdkif;pum;vkH;[mrGefvlrsdK;eJ@wkduf&kdufywfouf&r,f/ wvkdif;[m rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@
pum;vkH;bJjzpf&r,fqkdjyD; =udK;pm;aejyefwmudk=um;rdwJhtwGuf u|efawmftaeeJ@ tvGef0rf;enf;rdw,f rvkdvm;tyfwJh
tusdK;w&m;udkomjzpfay:aprSmaocsmw,f/ wvdkif;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrywfouf ywfoufatmif wrifwum =udK;pm;jyD;&SmazG
oufaojyae=uw,fvkd@jrifw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,su ppfumvrSmppfa&;t&tokH;jyKcJhw,f/ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;okH;pGJcw Jh Jhpum;vkH;udk rSm;w,fjrifjyD; aemufqkwfbkd@
aumif;ygw,f/ &kwfodrf;bdk@ aumif;w,f/ okd@r[kwf&if ol@ae&meJ@olokH;pGJwwfbdk@ qifjcifbdk@aumif;w,f/ tckawmh'Dvkdr[kwfbJ
OD;atmifaZ,su&nf&G,fcsufwckckeJ@jyKcJhtrSm;udk trSefjzpfvmatmif a&S@odk@wvSrf;jyD;wvSrf;wkd;jyD;=udK;pm;vmawmh tcufawG@rSm
udkjrifa,mifaerdw,f/ trSm;udktrSefjzpfatmif r&ruwrifwum vkdufvH&SmazGoufaoxlvmwJhtcg trSm;wckuae
trSm;eSpfckjzpfvmekdifw,f/ trSm;eSpfckuaejyD trSm;okH;ckjzpfvmedkifw,f/ rjzpfoifhrjzpfxkdufwJhtusdK;qufawG jy\emawG
wbkHwacgif;=uD;jzpfvmrSm aocsmygw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&[m rGefpum;vkH;[kwfovm;r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkcsOf;uyfjyD;tenf;i,far;bkd@aumif;w,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om;udpP[mrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ qkH;jzwfrSKomt"du jzpf&r,f/ r[kwfbl;vm;/ tJ'Dvkdjzpfoifhjzpfxkdfufw,f/
tckawmhynm&SdrGef&[ef;awG rGefvlrsdK;xJrSpmwwfaywwfvlyk*~dKvfawGudkcsOf;uyfjyD;ar;bkd@pdwful;r&=ubl; pmwwfaywwf
rGefvlrsdK;yk*~dKvfawGudktodrSwfrjyKcsif=ubl; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkr,kH=unfovkd roifumwJht=unfheJ@=unfh=uw,f ar;jref;&rSm
*k%foduQm usoGm;ovkd cH,lxm;[ef&Sdw,f/ rxm;oifhwJhrmefrmeawGudkydkufaxG;xm;=uw,f rdrdoabmeJ@xif&mqkdif; oufao
xlaxmifbkd@=udK;pm;ae=ujyefw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ ywfoufqufEG,fjyD; tvGef=uD;rm;wJh udpP=uD;wckudk rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkr,kH=unfbl;
rar;jrefbl;qkd&ifb,fol@udkar;jref&rSmvJ/ ArmawGudkar;jref;&rSmvm; w&kwfawG ukvm;awGudk oGm;ar;jref;&rSmvm;/
aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ ,ckvkdrGefvlrsdK;udkvkH;0rar;rjrefbJ vkyfaewJhvkyf&yf[m tvGef&kyfqkd;wJh vkyf&yfjzpfaew,f/
ArmawGurGefvlrsdK;ta=umif; b,favmufeSH@eSH@pyfpyfodvkd@vJ rGefpmudkb,feSpaf ,muf zwfwwfvkd@vJ/ rGefpmudkb,feSpfa,muf
a&;wwfvkd@vJar;&if&kdif;&musayr,f wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkd@udkcspfw,fvkd@ajym=uw,f wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ArmawG[m
nDtpfudkawGbJqkdjyD;toHaumif;[pfajymae=uw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;bmompmay pum;udk ArmvlrsdK;awG b,feSpfa,mufu
pdwf0ifpm;jyD;avhvmvkdufpm;wm&Sdvkd@vJar;&if tajzay;&rSm cufaer,faocsmw,f/ wdkif;&if;om; pmaypum;awGudk
txifao;wmbJ&Sdw,f/ tckawmhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@trsdK;om;udpPrSmtrdef@csrSwfwJhw&m;ol=uD;ae&mudk ydkifpdk;ykdifeif; rw&m;
,lvkduf=ujyeffw,f tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;udpPudk pdwf=udKuftrdef@csqkH;jzwfbkd@=udK;pm;=ujyefw,f 'grvGefbl;vm;/ tvGeft"dy`g,f
rJw
h Jhvkyf&yfjzpfaew,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;wu,ftrSefjzpfcJh&if rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;uvdrn f mzkH;tkyfxm;vkd@&rvm;/ rGefwOD;
wa,muf odk@r[kwfwtkyfpkuvdrfnmzkH;tkyfvkd@&w,fxm;tkH;/ zkH;zkH;zdzdajymekdifw,fxm;tkH; rGefjynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;
wa,mufrusef tm;vkH;utrSefw&m;udkzkH;zdxm;vkd@&yghrvm; vdrfnmxm;vkd@&rvm; todOm%f&Sd&Sd pOf;pm;=unfh&if
odekdifygw,f/ udk,fcsif; pmempdwfeJ@ pOf;pm;bkd@aumif;w,f/ tckawmhrGefvlrsdK;tay:xm;&SdwJhoHo,pdwfwckxJeJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wOD;
wa,mufudkrS rar;rjref;bl; udk,fhoabmeJ@ukd,fhokawoejyKae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udpPudkrGefvlrsdK;udk acgufxm;jyD; rdrdvkyfcsifovkd
vkyfedkifwJhoabmjzpfaew,f 'Dvkyf&yfawG[mbmudkaz:jyaeovJqkdawmh rdrdwkd@udk,fudk oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZf t&Sifocif
vkdoabmxm;jyD; wkdif;&if;om;udpPudk ukdk,fhoabmtwkdif; trdef@cs tqkH;jzwf jyKae=uwJh oabmoufa&mufaew,f/
,ae@acwfumvrSm 'DvdkrsKd ; rdrdwkd@oabmtwdkif; tqkH;jzwfjyKxkdufrjyKxdkufqdkwm pOf;pm;rdbdk@ aumif;w,f/
 38
wu,fvdk@ wkdif;&if;om;awGunDnGwfjyD; ArmvlrsdK;udktrnfemrwckck0kdi;f jyF;ay;=u&if vufcHekdifyhgrvm;
taocsm pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ at;at;aq;aq;pOf;pm;jyD;ajz=um;yg/ tvGef0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;w,f rGefvlrsdK;udk
b,fvkdoabmxm;&musae ovJqkdwm pOf;pm; rd=u&J@vm;/ ppfekdifolyDyDppf&SKH;ol tay:tedkdifusifhcsifovkdtedlifusifhaewJhoabm
oufa&muf aew,f/ ya'o&mZf tawG;ac:awGtjrifawGudk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ,ckxdodrf;ydkufxm;aeao;w,f/
acwfumvajymif;vJ vmjyD;qkdwmudk owdxm;rdbdk@vkdw,f/ udk,fhoabmeJ@udk,f okawoejyKjyD; udk,fhoabmeJ@udk,f tqkH;jzwf
jyKwmjzpfoifhovm;pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ trSefjzpfoifhjzpfxkdufwmu&Srf;udpPudkpmwwfaywwf&Srf;vlynm&Sd/ &Srf;&[ef;ynm&Sdwkd@udk
csOf;uyfar;jref;pkH;prf;&r,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK; yg0ifwJhaumfr&SifzGJ@jyD; okawoejyK&r,f/ 'DvkdbJ&ckdifudpPrGefudpPwkd@udk vJtJ'Dvkdpkaygif;
okawoejyKjyD; tqkH;jzwfjyKoifhw,fvdk@ u|efawmfjrifw,f ArmudpPwckudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@udkrar;jref;bJ wkdif;&if;om;awG
upkaygif;avhvm okawoejyKjyD; tqkH;jzwf=ur,f qdk&if ArmvlrsdK;awG auseyfrSK&Sdekdifyghrvm;/ udk,fhudk,fudkar;=unfhyg/
rGefvlrsdK;udkrsdK;jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;atmifOD;atmifaZ,seJ@om;tzwkd@uowfjzwfcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@om;tz owfvkd@
rukef=uGif;usefaeao;wJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk wa,mufrusefrsdK;jyKwfatmif aemufydkif;tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJh ukef;abmifquf
ya'o&mZfArmrif;awGuvJ enf;rsd;pkH=udK;pm;cJh=uw,f/ rdrdwdk@oabmusa&;om;wJh &mZ0ifordkif;awGrSm rGeftpm; wvdkif;vlrsdK;
tjzpfaz:jyjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkazsmufzsufbdk@=udK;pm;cJhw,f/ ya'o&mZfacwfuArmordkif;a&;om;olawG[m&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd
rGefvlrsdK;udkurBmhu rodatmif=udK;pm;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/ bmoabmeJ@wlovJqkdawmhrGefvlrsdK;udk tyifudkckwf/ tjrpfudkeSKwf
tikwfudk ajrvSef tpterusefatmif azsmufzsufypf bkd@=udK;pm;aew,fvkd@u|efawmfjrifw,f/ ukef;abmifacwf wav#muf
a&;om; xkwfa0wJh pmtkyaf wGorkdif;awGudk;um;jyD; taemufwkdif;om;awG a&;om;wJh urBmhorkdif;rSma&m tbd"gef pmtkyfawG
pG,fpkHusrf;awGrSmyg rGefvlrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;u wvkdif;vkd@ac:=ua=umif; a&;om;vm=uw,f/ tcsdK@urBmhordkif;pma&;q&mawGqkd&if
rGefvlrsdK;vkd@awmif raz:jyawmhbJwvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@bJaz:jya&;om;vmwmudkvJawG@&w,f/Oyrm rSefeef;&mZ0ifordkif;pmtkyfeJ@
ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0iforkdif; pmtkyfrsm;udkrSDjirf;ukd;um;jyD;a&;om;wJh *sD/tD [m0D (G.E Harvey) . History of Burma
pmtkyfudkavhvm=unfh&ifodomxif&Sm;w,f/tJ'DpmtkyfxJrSmrGefpum;vkH;qkdIwvkH;rygawmhbl;/ pmtkyftprStqkH;xdwvdkif;vkd@bJ
okH;eSKef;xm;udkawG@&w,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@tvGef0rf;enf;bdk@aumif;w,f/ 'g[mr[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'Dwdk@&J@ vkyf&yfqdkwm
b,folrS rjiif;edkifbl;/ ukef;abmifacwfArmya'o&mZfawG[mwkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH; &ckdif/&Srf;tyg0ifwdk@udk 0g;rsdKbkd@eJ@
azsmufzsufbkd@ =udK;pm;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/r[mArmvlrsdK;eJ@r[mArmtifyg,mxlaxmifbkd@=udK;yrf;csufjzpfw,f/ ysL/uef,H/
oufvlrsdK;wkd@udk0g;rsdKjyD;tpm;xkd;ae&m,lvmekdifouJhokd@rGefvlrsdK;/&Srf;vlrsdK;/&ckdifvlrsdK;/u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@udkvJ0g;rsdKjyD;tpm;xkd;ae&m,lbkd@
=udK;yrf;vmwJh oabmawG@&w,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK; tm;vkH;wkd@udk 0grsdK;bdk@ Armya'o&mZfwkd@&J@ =udK;yrf;csuf[m
tvGefxif&Sm;w,f/ tvGef=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/ 'Dtcsufudkowdxm;rdbdk@vdkw,f/ ya'o&mZfacwf
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tqdk;0g;qkH; vl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKvkyf&yfwckudk,ae@xdArmwkd@uqufvuftaumifxnf az:aer,fqkd&if
tvGef0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;w,f/ ,ae@acwfrSmwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd ;wkdif;rdrdwkd@.oD;jcm;wnf&SdrSK(Identity)udk ryaysmufatmif
xdef;odrf;ay;&r,f/ ajrawmifajrSmuf tm;ay;&r,f/ wkdif;om;vlrsdK;wdkif;wdk@.pmay/pum;/ ,Ofaus;rSKwkd@udk wdk;wufzGH@jzdK;atmif
aqmif&GufcGifhay;&rhJacwfjzpfw,f/ 'grSwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@wefwlnDwl&SdwJhjynfaxmifpk=uD;jzpfr,f/ jynfaxmifpk=uD;vJ
tpOfxm0& wnfwef@ ckdifjrJr,f/ wkd;wufzGH@jzdK;pnfyif om,mr,f/ jynfwGif;ppfyaysmufekdifr,fjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhacwftqufquf
vGrf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvmcJw h Jh Armtpkd;&wkd@u'DtjrifawGr&Sd=ubl;/ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwfr&Sd=ubl;/ ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkrleJ@
ywfoufjyD; tjrifwvGJwacsmf jzpfatmif0g'jzef@jyD;ArmjynfolvlxkudkvSnfhpm;xm;cJh=uw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vkH;wkd@udk
aus;u|efvkyfcsifae=uw,f/0g;rsdK;azsmufzsufbkd@=udK;pm;ae=uw,f/ r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'tjrifudk eufeuf&SdKif;&SdKif;oGyfoGif;
vmcJhw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wkd@.oD;jcm;wnf&SdwJh vuQmrSefor#wkd@udk=udK;pm;jyD;azsmufzsufvmcJh=uw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;wkd@.
pmay/ pum;/,Ofaus;rSKtm;vkH;wkd@udkyaysmufatmifvkH;yrf;=udK;pm;cJh=uw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a=umifhArmawGpmay&vmw,f/Ak'<bmomtppftrSef udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvm&w,f/ pyg;pdkufysdK;rSKenf;ynmudk
&vmw,f/ 'gawGudkArmtpdk;&tqufqufwdk@u0efcH&rSmudk pkd;&drx f def@vef@a=umuf&G@Hae[ef&Sdw,f/ pmay/,Ofaus;rSK tekynmu
tprGefvlrsdK;qDuavhvmoif=um;,lvm&w,fqdkwJhtrSefw&m;udk0rf;cH&rSm&Sufa=umufae=u[ef&Sdw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@wnfxm;
udk;uG,fwJha&$'*kHapwDawmfukdvJrGefvlrsdK;wkd@wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhapwDvkd@urBmhodrausjimcsif=ubl;/ trSefudkzkH;uG,f csifae=uw,f/
'Dvkyf&yf[mrSefuefygovm;qkdwmtodOm%f&Sd&SdpOf;pm;=unhf=uyg/ urBmh'Drdkua&;pDtjrif/ vl@tcGifha&;tjrif&SdwJh ,ae@vlom;
wOD;taeeJ@ awG;awmjyD;qkH;jzwfcsufjyKprf;yg/ rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ tpm;xkd;a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifvkdufwmrsdK;[m tvGefjypfrSK
 39
=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/ ,ckacwfrSm'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifha&;twGuftm;wGef;cGefpkduf
vkH;vjyKjyD; aqmif&Guf awmif;qkdae=uwJhu|efawmfwkd@[m'Dtcsufudk tav; eufxm;pOf;pm;=uzkd@ajymcsifw,f/
ukef;abmifacwfr[m&mZ0ifordkif;rSmrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifvkdufwJhtwGuftvkdvkdrGefvlrsdK;udk owfypfjyD;
om;jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'g[mpmay ordkif;eJ@ owfypfwJh enf;wenf;jzpfw,f/tvGeftjypf=uD;wJh&mZ0wfrSKwckjzpfw,f/ vl@tcGifha&;
csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/ 'gawGudkowdxm; rd=uapcsifw,f/
'g[m r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'Dwdk@&J@=udK;yrf;rSKvkyf&yfawGjzpfw,f/ 'Dvkyf&yfawGudk &yfwef;u&yfbkd@ aumif;jyD;/ 'Dvkyf&yfawG[m
rGefvlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGuf Armya'&mZfawG ukefabmifacwfwav#mufvkH; =udK;yrf;cJw h Jh vky=f uHrSKw&yf qkdwm jrifbkd@vkdw,f/
'DrSm;,Gif;wJhvkyf&yfudk trSm;jrifjyD;aemufqw k fbkd@aumif;w,f/ trSefw&m;twGuf =udK;pm;=ubkd@aumif;w,f/ rrSefruefwJh
&nf&G,fcsufeJ@vkyf=uHokH;pGJcJhwJhArmya'o&mZfawG&J@vkyf&yfrSm;awGudk qufvufjyD; ,ckacwfArmvlrsdK;awGtaeeJ@
qufvufjyd;taumifxnfraz:oifhawmhbl;/umuG,faebdk@r=udK;pm;oifhbl;vkd@u|efawmftaeeJ@ &kd;&kd;om;om;wkdufwGef; ajymcsif
w,f/
trSefjzpfxkdufwmu ukef;abmifacwfordkif;wkd@rSm 'DvkdrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;wmudk rSm;,Gif;rSef;odjyD; trSefjzpfatmif rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
yl;aygif; =udK;pm;bkd@aumif;w,f/ tkyfpkd;ola&mordkif;ynm&SifawGa&m ynm&SdrGef&[ef;awG ynmwwf vlyk*~dKvf awGyg yl;aygif;jyD;
trSefjzpfatmif=udK;pm;bkd@vkdw,f/ urBmteSH@jyef@aewJh trSm;udktrSefjzpfatmif=udK;pm; azsmufzsuf ay;&r,f/
u|efawmfqkdvkdwmu rGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m wkduf&kdufvkH;0ywfoufrSKr&Sdbl;qkdwm ausmufpm oufaoom"uawG
&Sdw,f/ pmaytaxmufxm;awG ordkif;taxmufxm;awG jiif;r&atmif tjynfh0&Sdw,f/ rGef&[ef;awG rGefynm&SdawGuvJ
trsd;rsdK;a&;om; ajz&Sif;cJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;qkdwJh a0g[m&[m vkH;0rywfoufbl;qdkwmodavmufygjyD; bmjzpfvkd@
rsufpdrSdwftwif;pGwfwkd;jyD;rrSefwmudktrSefjzpfatmif=udK;pm;yrf;pm;vkyfaecsif=uovJ/ bmjzpfvdk@usm;usm;rD;,yfw&m;ao0g'udk
vufudkifpGJxm;&ovJ/trSefjzpfoifhjzpfxkdufwmurGefvlrsdK;eSifhwvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[mvkH;0ywfrSKr&Sdbl;odjyD;&if ukefabmifacwfu
Armordkif;q&mawG rSm;,Gif;jyD; udk;um;cJhrdovm; odk@r[kwf ekdifiHa&;ppfa&;t& OD;atmifaZ,swkd@om;tzu
ok;H pGJcJhovm;qkdwmudk pl;prf;avhvmjyD; tajzrSef&Smbkd@vkdw,f tJ'DvkdrSefuefwJhtjrif yXrOD;pGmxm;&Sdbkd@vkdw,f/
tJ'DvkdrSefrSefuefuefoabmxm;jyD;rS avhvm&if ydkrdkjyD; tajzrSef&bkd@twGuf taxmuful jyKedkifw,fvkd@ u|efawmftaeeJ@
&kd;&dk;om;om;t=uHjyKvkdygw,f//
 40

tykdif;(8)
wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmf.avhvmcJhykHokawoejyKcJhykHudkqufvufjyD;a&;om;wifjyoGm;ygr,f/ rGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;
pum;vkH;[mvkH;0ywfoufrSKr&Sdbl;vkd@odjyD;aemufrSmwjcm;tjrifeJ@ u|efawmfcsOf;uyfavhvmjyefw,f/ oG,f0SufjyD;qufpyfekdifw,f/
edkifiHa&;ppfa&;tusdK;jrwftwGuf OD;atmifaZ,swkd@u tokH;jyKcJhwmjzpfedkfifw,fqkd@wJhtjrifeJ@ avhvmcJhw,f/ tJ'DvdktjrifeJ@
avhvmwJhtcgrSm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om;wJhorkdif;wrsdK;wnf;udkomavhvm&awmhw,f/ bmjzpfovJqkdawmhrGefArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
acwfjydKiftiftm;=uD;rm;cJhwJh&ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;/ &Srf;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvmcJhw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkokH;pGJcJhwm
vkH;0rawG@&bl;/ t,k',acwfxkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;awGukd avhvm=unhfwJhtcgvJ wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkrawG@cJh&jyefbl;/
wvkdif; pum;vkH;okH;eSKef;cJhwmwae&mrSmrSrawG@cJh&bl;/ aemufqkH;rSmArmvlrsdK;wkd@ a&;om;wJhordkif;wrsdK;wnf;rSm
omxl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG@&w,f/ pOf;pm;vkd@r&avmufatmifxl;qef;rdw,f/
wvdkif;a0g[m&ta=umif;&mudkavhvmokawoejyKvkdwJh u|efawmftbdk@aemufqkH;rSm Armordkif;wckwnf;udkomt"duxm;
avhvm&awmhw,f/ Armordkif;udkavhvm&mrSmvJ b,facwfb,fumvtydkif;jcm;rSpjyD; wvkdif; pum;vkH;udkokH;pGJco Jh vJqdkwmudk
yXrOD;pGmt"duxm;u|efawmfavhvmcJhw,f/ acwfumvtydkif;jcm;udk avhvmprf;ppfwJhtcg yk*Hacwftaemf&xmrif;eSifh
rGefbk&ifrel[mrif;wkd@vufxufrSmvJ wvkdif;pum;vkH;okH;pGJcJhwmudkrawG@cJh&bll;/ yk*HacwffrSmrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvkd@bJrSwfwrf;wif
=uw,f/ tif;0acwfbk&ifrif;acgifeJ@ [Hom0wD&mZm"d&mZfrif;wkd@acwfrSmvJ wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;ray:cJhbl;/

'Dae&mrSmtif;0acwfrSmay:aygufcJhovkdvkd xifrSwfp&mta=umif;wckawmh&SdcJhw,f/ 'gubmvJ qdkawmhtcsdK@pmtkyfwkd@rSm

Anm;"&mrfudkwvkdif;ac:rdvkd@ Anm;"&mrf [Hom0wD odk@jyefoGm;w,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ tcdsK@ArmawGajymqkdwmudkvJ
=um;bl;w,/f 'gqkdwvkdif;pum;vkH;[m &mZm"d&mZfbk&ifacwfuwnf;u ay:xGef; aejyD;vm;/ tif;0acwfrSmuwnf;u
ay:cJhjyD;vm; trsdK;rsdK;xifjrif ,lqp&mjzpfapjyefw,f/ 'Dtcsufukd&Sif;vif;bkd@twGuf rGefbmomeJ@a&;om;xm;wJh
‘&mZ0Houxm’rGefwkd@&mZ0iforkdif; pmtkyfudkvSefavSmjyD; Anm;"&mrfta=umif;avhvm &jyefw,f/ ‘&mZ0Houxm’
rGefwkd@&mZ0iforkdif;udk u|efawmfaoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfhwJhtcg wvkdif;ac:rdvkd@ Anm;"&mrfjyefwmr[kwfbl; ‘aus;u|efrsdK;’
vkd@ ac:ajymrdwJhtwGuf [Hom0wDudkjyefoGm;w,fqdkwmod&w,f/ 'DawmhrS u|efawmrSmjzpfay:aewJh Za0Z0gpdwfvJ
ajyaysmufoGm;w,f/
Anm;"&mrfta=umif;udk=um;bl;em;0&Sdolrsm;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh'Dae&mrSm Zmwfvrf;udkoabmaygufatmif tenf;i,f
twdkcsKH;jyD;ajym&rSmjzpfw,f/ tif;0acwfbk&ifrif;acgifvufxufrSmjzpfw,f/ Anm;"&mrf[mtif;0rSmbk&ifrif;acgif&J@
ppftusOf;om;wOD;jzpfaewJhumvjzpfw,f/ tJ'DdtcsdefrSmw&kwfvlrsKd ;wkd@u rdrdwdk@&J@ol&Jaumif;*gr%dudktm;udk;jyD; tif;0edkifiHudk
&efpusL;ausmfapmfum;vmw,f/ w&kwfol&Jaumif;*gr%deJ@ ,SOfjydKifbkd@tif;0ekdifiHoledkifiHom;awGb,folrS r&J=ubl;
aemufqkH;rSmAnm;"&mrfu,SOfjydKifbkd@qENjyKvmw,f/Anm;"&mH[m w&kwfol&Jaumif;*gr%dudk jrif;csif;pD;,SOfjyKdif tekdif&vkdufvkd@
ArmvlrsdK;awG w&kwf&J@ &efpusL;ausmfrSK uif;vGwfcJh&w,f/ 'gtwGufbk&ifrif;acgifu *wd&Sdxm;wJhtwkdif; Anm;"&mrfudkrdrdoRD;
&mZm"dwmeJ@ vufxyfay;w,f/ tdrfa&S@pHtjzpfcsD;jrSifhajrSmufpm;vkdufw,f/ tdrfa&S@pH&mxl;udk vufrcHcifAnm;"&mrfu
tcGifha&;(2)csufudkawmif;qkdcJhw,f/ (1)tcsufurdrdtm; aus;u|efrsdK;vdk@ rac:bdk@ (2)tcsufu wu,fvkd@ [Hom0wD rS
rGefbk&if&mZm"d&mZfrif;utif;0udkppfcif;vm&ifrdrdtm;ppfrwdkufapbJ=um;aecGifhay;bkd@*wdawmif;qkdxm;w,f/ bk&ifrif;acgifu
awmif;qdkcsuf(2)csufudkvkdufav#mcJhw,f/
 41
Anm;"&mrf[m bk&ifrif;acgifoRD;&mZ"dwmeJ@vufqufjyD; om;a,musfm;av;&w,f/ Anm"&mH&J@om;udk bk&ifrif;acgif
u tvGefcspfcifeSpfoufw,f/ oGm;av&majr;i,fukdayG@csDjyD;oGm;wwfw,f/ nDvmcHtwGif;odk@vJajr;i,fudkayG@csDjyD; ,laqmif
oGm;wwfw,f/ wae@rSmAnm;"&mrftygt0if rl;rwfwkd@pHknDwufa&mufwJh nDvmcHwckrSm tvGefaqmhwJhajr;i,f
(Anm;"&mrf&J@om;)udk bk&ifrif;acgifu ‘aus;u|efom;’vkd@ owdvGwfjyD;ekwfrS trSwfrxifajymrdvdkufw,f/ 'Dvkdac: vkdufwmudk
Anm;"&mrf=um;vkdufwJhtwGuf[Hom0wDudkjyefoGm;w,f/
rGefbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJhordkif;pmtkyf &mZ0HouxmrSm atmufygtwkdif;rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
(aY/]ikjef;hjpsuitjdHjqr.YtLx,tuYSg,aY/]ikja.tjan]x.tj’>q.jr\mWYq.jhWokuEmNihjgmL]icjek.jg,dHjgL]Y\ ywjr x,luE
ek.jaY/]ikjgWomicjtuY aY/ikja.tjkelcj/]cjhoq.wtIr\\ ywjrpN.njr.Dir.zjzkjkL]cjk.lluEtuY aY/]ikja.tj hWoppN.nj
quJ’>lP.j)12
(FWok.lmWYtCYminjgWosOtuY tuinja.p?Yrucjekcjk. eku.oeq%.ptitajgmL]icjmek.oqMhj bx.Dr.mjmdhjApr.z. mqIkLI
dN.YgHjkuJ\n}ek.njcC.jd>rkgHj me/.tjhWotJgl.nj%J\ aeG.gL.njKluikjk=]En}TW.YtuY dtOmocjtuYgHj lupjlwj pN, tLx,
frcjmcjgocjtuY ektjtYtuinjrpjektjekq. p?Y@.njqL]cjtLx,frcjmcjgocj x.tjq.jgHjtuY huJtitj w>s. q.j%aj
muek.njgLY%aj mN]osuitjm-gi]hjel.njr\\)13
'Dpmyk'f(2)udku|efawmftaeeJ@jrefrmpum;ajyjyefqdka&;om;&&if atmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“t&Sifrif;=uD;. ol&Jaumif; tjzpfu|ekfyftrSKawmfudk xrf;aqmifygrnf[kpdwfudk,ckqkH;jzwfvkdufygjyD;/ okd@aomf t&Sifrif;=uD;xHrS
tcGifha&;eSpf&yfudkawmif;cHvkdygonf// yxrtcsufum;rnfolwOD;wa,mufurSu|efkyftm; ‘u|ef’ [krac: ap&/ ,if;odk@
u|efkyftm; ‘u|ef’ [lIac:oHudk u|ekfyf=um;&ygrl// [Hom0wDjynfokd@ jyefbkd@ u|ekfyfcGifhawmif;rnf// 'kwd,tcsufrSm
rnfhonfhtcsdefumvrqkd tif;0odk@&mZm"d&mZfrif;onfppfcsDcJhygrl u|ekfyfonfrnfhonfhzufudkrS ppfrjyKvdkygI =um;aecGifhjyK&rnf/”
“wae@aomtcg/ ppfaoemywdrsm;/trwfrsm;eSifhtdrfa&S@ rif;om;&mxl;udk&&Sdxm;onfh Anm;"&mrfwdk@onf vGwfawmfwGif
rdrdwkd@oufqdkifae&mtoD;oD;Yae&m,lcg bk&iftm;apmifhqkdif;ae=uonf/ bk&ifrif;acgifonfajr;udkayG@ydkufjyD; vGwfawmf&kH;awmfokd@
0ifa&mufvmonf/ nDvmcHodk@ a&mufoGm;aomajr;i,fonf bmr#rodwwfaomt&G,fjzpfonfhtnD tvGefaqmh./
xkdifae&mrSxcg bk&ifrif;acgif. ykckH;udk udkifcgtjcm;vufwzufjzifh bk&ifrif;acgif.OD;acgif;&Sd qHxkH;udkqkyfudkifvkdufw,f
tJ'DvkdjyKrlwJh cav;i,fudk bk&ifrif;acgifuekwfpum;eJ@ ‘'Daus;u|eo f m;utvGefpdwf cufxefw,f’vdk@ trSwfrxif ajymvkduf
rdw,f” 'Dpum;udk=um;rdwJhAnm;"&mrf[m pdwfraumif;jzpfjyD; [Hom0wDudk jyefoGm;w,f”/
'Dpmyk'feSpfyk'fudk =unfh&ifxif&Sm;jyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;ac:vkd@Anm;"&mrf[Hom0wDodk@jyefoGm;wmr[kwfbl;/ aus;u|efrsdK;ac:
rdvkd@jyefwmjzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmbmjzpfvkd@Anm;"&mrfurdrdtm; aus;u|efrsdK;rac:bkd@awmif;qkd&ovJar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ Anm;"&mrf
[m [Hom0wDbk&if&mZm"d&mZfrif;xHrSm trSKxrf;wJhppfol&Jaumif;wOD;omjzpfcJhw,f/ rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fu qif;oufvmol
wOD;r[kwfbl;/ bk&iftrSKxrf;olwdkif;rnfolrqdkppfol&Jaumif;bJjzpfjzpftrwfbJjzpfjzpff tm;vkH;[maus;u|efrsdK;jzpf=uw,f/
omref taexm;t& ol@udkaus;u|efrsdK;vkd@ac:wmbmrSta=umif;rjzpfekdifbl; 'gayrJhol@udktdrfa&S@rif;om;b0udk ay;tyf xm;jyD;rS
ol@udkaus;u|efrsdK;vkd@ac:&if apmfum;&musw,f/ Anm;"&mrftaeeJ@tcH&cufr,f/ 'gudkAnm;"&mrfu =udKwif jrifxm;w,f/
'grdk@ol@udktdrfa&S@rif;om;&mxl;ay;tyfbdk@pDpOf=uwJhtcg/ ol@taeeJ@pOf;pm;rdwmu/ ig[mrif;nDrif;om; wOD;r[kwfbl;/
jyD;awmhbk&ifrif;acgifrSmom;awG&Sd&ufom;eJ@ tdrfa&S@&mxl;udkray;bJ rdrdtm;ay;tyfvkdufwJhtwGuf rauseyfrSKawG &Sdekdifw,f/
rauseyfwJholawGurdrdudkeSdrfjyD;wae@r[kwfwae@ighudkaus;u|efrsdK;vkd@ ac:jyD;eSdyfcsvmrSm =udrf;aow,fvkd@ Anm;"&mrfu
tar#mfjrif&Sd&SdwGufqrdw,f/'grdk@'Dta&;udkawmif;qkdxm;wmjzpfw,f/ 'Dtaxmufxm;awGudk=unfh&if tif;0acwfrSmvJ
wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;[mray:ao;wmudkawG@&w,f/

anmif;&rf;acwfordkif;udku|efawmftao;pdyftptqkH;avhvmjyefw,f anmif&rf;acwfudkxlaxmifol bk&ifhaemif[m rGefpmayudk

tvGefeSpfoufjrwfekd;wefbkd;xm;oljzpfw,f/ rGefjrefrmpmudkyl;wJGokH;cJhw,f/ rGefynm&Sdtrwf Anm'vudk csD;ajrSmufcJhw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&mZ0ifordkif; ‘&mZ0Houxm’ udk ArmvlrsdK;awG ynmA[kokw jzpfapbkd@&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ jrefrmbmomodk@
jyefqkdapcJhw,f/jrefrmbmomjyefqdk a&;om;xm;wJh &mZ"d&mZfta&;awmfykHusrf;rSmwvkdif;qdkwJh pum;vkH; wvkH;rSrawG@&bl;/

12
r.z.woqkT.\ muhj 339
13
r.z.woqkT.\ muhj 341
 42
anmif&rf;acwfudkpwifwnfaxmifol bk&ifhaemif[m[Hom0wDrSmeef;wufwJhtcg
rGef"avhxkH;pHtwkdif; eef;wufcJhw,f/ ouU&mZf(915)ckeSpfewfawmfvqef;(13)&ufaom=umae@wGif eef;awmfudk “uarBmZom'D[k
orkwfjyD; eef;opfqmufawmfrlw,f/ wydk@wGJvqef;(6)&ufacrm'Gg&wHcg;rS0ifjyD; eef;wuf awmfrlw,f/ (oD&dok"rR&mZm)bGJ@udk
cH,lawmfrlw,f/ eef;awmf&J@ trnfemrrSmuarBmhZom'D,lxm;wJhtwGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@Xmae&Srf;ukef;ajrjrifhudk &nfn$ef;
xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ 'grdk@bk&ifhaemif[mArmvlrsdK;vkd@ajym&rSm u|efawmfrSmoHo,jzpfrdw,f/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,fvkd@,lqp&m
pOf;pm;p&mjzpfrdw,f/ anmif&rf;acwfudk avhvmwJhtcg anmif&rf;acwfOD;ydkif;rSm wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;ray:cJhbl;qkdwm
awG@&w,f/ anmif;&rf;acwf&J@ aemufqkH;rif; "rR&mZm"dywdvufxufrSmrSwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udk wdwdususokH;eSKef;vmwmudk
avhvm awG@&Sd&w,f/ twdtus ajym&&if wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk 1740-ckeSpftkwfbkdrwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJhjynfolvlxkawG tif;0
bk&if"rR&mZm"dywdrif;udk awmfvSef ykefuefwJh umvrSm okH;eSKef;vmwmudkxif&Sm;pGmawG@&w,f/ aomif;usef;wJh tkwfbdkrwW&m
auG@wvkdif;awGvkd@ a&;om;okH;eSKef; xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
'Dae&mrSmpmzwfolrsm;udktenf;i,ft=uHjyKvkdwmuukef;abmifacwftwGif;rSm a&;om;ykHeSdyfxkwfa0wJhpmtkyfawGrSefor#rSm
rGefvlrsdK; udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@ra&;om;awmhbl;wvkdif;vkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vm=uw,f/ yk*Hacwfordkif;jzpfjzpf/tif;0acwforkdif;udk
jzpfjzpfjyefvnfa&;om; jyKpkwJhtcg rGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvkd@ra&;om;awmhbJ wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;eJ@tpm;xkd;a&;om;ykHeSdyfvmwmudk
awG@&wwfw,f/ 'gxuf qkd;0g;wmua&S@a[mif;ordkif;pmtkyfawGudkvJ ukef;abmifacwfrSmjyefvnf&kdufeSdyfxkwfa0wJt h tcg
,cifurGefpmvkH; ae&mrSm wvkdif;a0g&eJ@tpm;xkd;jyifqifvkdufjyD;&kdufeSdyfxkwfa0vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ Armordkif;pmtkyfrsm;udk
udk;um;jyD; pma&;=uwJhtaemufwkdif; om;awG@&J@orkdif;pmtkyaf wGrSmvJ/rGefudkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0gokH;eSKef;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/
tJ'DvkdpmtkyfawG udkavhvm&if;yk*Hacwf tif;0acwfu wnf;u wvkdif;qdkwJhpmvkH;[mokH;pGJcJhw,fvdk@xifp&mjzpfapw,f/
anmif&rf;acwf rwdkifrSDuwnf;u ay:cJhw,fvkd@ xifrSwfp&m a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;jzpfapwwfw,f/
u|efawmfqkdvkdwJhoabmu/ ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk aoaocsmcsm&SmazGavhvmprf;ppf=unfh&if yk*HacwfrSmvJ
wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;ray:cJhbl;/ tif;0acwfrSmvJray:cJhbl;anmif&rf;acwfOD;anmif&rf;acwfv,frSmvJray:cJhbl;/ ckdifckdifrmrmajymedkif
wmu anmif&rf;acwfaeSmif; aemufqkH;rif;"rR&mZ"dywdvufxufrSmom wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;vkH;udkwdwdusus pwifokH;pGJ
vmwmukd awG@&w,f/wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkokH;eSKef;wJhtcsdefcgumva'oeJ@tJ'DumvrSmjzpfay:aewJh tif;0ekdifiH&J@tajcaeeJ@
ywfouf jyD; rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm xifxif &Sm;&Sm;a&;om;xm;w,f/ 1740-ckeSpfrSmtif;0rif;udkjzKwfcsbdk@ tkwfbdk rwW&mujynfol
vlxkawG awmfvSefykefuef=uw,f/ awmfvSefykefuefwJhtkwfbkdrwW&mujynfolawGudk tif;0rif;u aomif;usef;ol
wvkdif;awGqdkjyD; wdkufckdufacsrSKef;vmw,f/tkwfbkdrwW&muykefuef=uwJhjynfolvlxkudkwvkdif;vkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om; vmwmudk
wdwdususawG@&w,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mawmfvSefykefueffrSKeJ@ywfoufjyD; rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;wmukd
avhvm=unfh&iff awG@ekdif w,f/
(---xkdtcgtif;0rSmvnf;ipOf@udkifta&S@buftkwfbkdawmifajceSKdufauG@wkd@udk tcsKyfttkyfcef@xm;onfh ol&defapmeSifh
auG@*kÀtdrfieuf-iuwfwdk@onf tif;0utcGeftwkwfa&;ppfodrf;cHonfoHwrefxlxyfa&mufaygufonf r,m; u|efjzpf
om;u|efjzpfyljyif;vSonfqkdIol&defapmeSifhauG@trsm; rkHa&G;a&$ausmif;wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@aeonfhaus;&Gmrsm;udk wkdufzsufav.//
tkwfbdkodk@jyefvnfa&mufv#ifigwkd@auG@t0iftygvlwpkeSifhomaxmifxm;aomfvnf;rcHedkif&m wdkifyif=uHpnfI rwW&mjrdK@ t=uyf
axmuef--ol&JaoG;aomuf=uD;wdk@udknDnGwfv#if pdwfnD=uI,kd;',m;uvma&mufonfh v0tdrfqkdol--rif;avmif;ay:onf
t&kdtaocsD;ajrSmufjyKpkowif;v$wfajymjyD;v#if tkyfwdk@udkawmifajc&if;wGifauG@wyf/ rwW&mwGiw f vkdif; wwyfwnfI
aomif;usef;ykefuef=uavonf/ [Hom0wDokd@vnf;rwW&mtkwfbkdpaom tnmjrpfpOfwav#muf wvkdif; qkdor# wdkifyifnDnGwfI
[Hom0wDuwyfta&muftqdkufudkom ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonf tvsifcsDwufvmrnfh ta=umif;udkpmeSifh vlapv$wfonf
{&m0wDta&S@bufausmfpnfwwef;wGif&Sdonfhjrefrmwkd@vnf; auG@wvkdif;wkd@axmifxm;avv#if taemufbufodk@csnf;ul;
=uav. tif;0upusif0wGifwwyf/ ipOfhudkifwGif wwyf&yfaeapI auG@wkd@udk t=udrf=udrf wdkufapaomfvnf;
&Jrufawmfwkd@xdckduf&Sebefrsm;avv#if auG@wvkdif;wkd@pusif0wyfudkwkdufzsufI a&$=uuf,ufwkdifatmif aygufa&muf./
ipOf@ukdifwGifwyfudkvnf;wkdufjyefonfysufI [vif;rSufxdwkdifatmifxdyg; aygufa&mufv#if b0&Sif rif;w&m;=uD;vnf;
rvGefwyfrSm owkdif;rif;acgifudkac:awmfrlI udk;ode;f ocifbk&ifrif;acgif[laom trnfeSifhipOf@udkifwGif
a&wyf=unf;wyftcdkif&yfae&.ipOf@udkifo@kd owkdif;rif;acgifa&mufa=umif;=um;avv#ifauG@wkdvnf; awmawmif=uD;&m tnmodk@
 43
wufrnf rwW&mwvkdif;wkd@vnf;/ [Hom0wDokd@oGm;=urnf[krnDrnGwf&SdonfwGif/ auG@t=uD;
ol&defapmeSifh rwW&mt=uyfawmuefwkd@wkdifyifpk&kH;IipOf@udkifwyfudkw=udrfwcgprf;&apOD;[ki,fom;wkd@udkem;csjyD;v#if/--)14
txufygpmyk'fudkavhvm=unfh&if ppfudkif;ta&S@buftkwfbdkawmifajcrSm aexkdif=uwJhauG@wkd@&J@t=uD;tuJol&dfefapm eJ@
ukÀtdefwkd@utif;0utcGeftwkwfawG tqrwefaumufcHvkd@rauseyf=ubl;/ rif;rSKxrf;awGuvJ r=umc% tkwfbkd
rwW&mudkvmwJhtwGuf 'DtrSKxrf;t&mxrf;awGudk{nfhcHjyKpk&wm olwdk@om;oRD;awGr,m;awGvJ aus;u|efjzpfukefw,f/ 'gudk
rauseyfvkd@ awmfvSefykefuef=uw,f/ rkH&Gma&$ausmif;wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@aewJh aus;&Gmwkd@udkrD;&SKd@zsufqD;=uw,f/ tkwfbdkrSm
olwdk@tcsif;csif;pka0;nDnGwfwkdifyifjyD;,kd;',m;uvmrJhrif;avmif;udk=udKqdk=ubkd@vSKyfaqmfxm;w,f/ tkwfbdkrSmauG@wwyf
rwW&mrSm wvkdif;wwyfzGJ@pnf;=uw,f/ rwW&mtkwfbkdeJ@ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&SdwJh wvkdif;wkd@udkvJ pnf;vkH;odrf;oGif;
xm;=uw,f/ tnmjrpfwav#muf&SdwJhwvkdif;wkd@nDnGwf=ujyD;jzpfwJhta=umif;udk [Hom0wDodk@ ta=umif;=um;w,f/
[Hom0wDuppful wyfawG tjrefqkH;vmygvdk@pmeJ@wuGvlapv$wfvdkufw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/
'Dae&mrSm rif;avmif;udk=udKqdkaxmufcHr,f/ tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefr,fqdkwJhoabmygw,f/ ,kd;',m;uvmonfh
rif;avmif;v0tdrfvkd@pmrSmqkdxm;w,f ,kd;',m;urif;avmif;v0tdrf qkdwmb,folvJ ordkif;rSmv0tdrfqdkwm r=um;cJhbl;yg/
'DtcsufawG[m tvGef ta&;=uD;wJh ordkif;tcsufvufawGjzpfw,fvdk@u|efawmfjrifw,f/ txl;av;av; eufeuf avhvm&rJh
orkdif;tcsufvufawG jzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&m ‘tnmjrpfpOfwav#muf wvkdif; qkdor# wdkifyifnDnGwfI [Hom0wDuwyf
ta&muf tqdkufudkom ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonf’ vkd@pmuqdkxm;w,f/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdwmb,folvJ/
'DtcsufvJtvGefta&;=uD;wJh ordkif;tcsufvuf jzpfaejyefw,f/
wzefrSefeef;&mZ0ifwwd,wGJ pmrsufeSm390rSm atufygtwkdif;a&; om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyef w,f/
“owdk;rif;acgifvnf; [Hom0wDwvdkif;wdk@ppfrrDrwW&mtkwfbdkudkodrf;,lrnf[kqkdjyD;v#if jrpfxdyfwGifowkd;rif;vSausmfxif/
aAm"dt&yfwGifr[meENo=uFefwkd@udkwyfckdifwnfI/rwW&mjrdK@udk0ef;&Haponf//”15
'Dpmoabmu[Hom0wDwvkdif;wyfawGppfulra&mufvmciftkwfbdkrwW&mudk odrf;ydkufekdifbdk@tif;0wyfwkd@u qkH;jzwfjyD; tkwfbdk
rwW&mudk oGm;a&muf0kdif;0ef;wkdufckduf=uw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mjynfolawGu[Hom0wDrSppftul awmif;w,f/
tif;0Armwyfwkd@uvJ[Hom0wDrSwyftulra&mufciftkwfbkdrwW&mudkodrf;ydkufr,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/
'gudk=unfh&if[Hom0wDuvma&mufulnDrJhwyf[m eSpfzufpvkH;twGuf odyfhta&;=uD;wJhoabmjzpfaew,f/ ppfudktqkH;jzwf
ay;ekdifwJhoabmjzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'Dtcsdef [Hom0wDrSm b,folurif;jzpfaeovJ/ 'Dtcsufudkodbkd@odyfhta&;=uD;
vmjyefw,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ [Hom0wD rGefwdkif;jynfrSm b,folb,f0g rif;jzpfaew,fqdkwmwdwdususodrS
tajz&Smvkd@&r,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ordkif;udku|efawmfavhvmwJhtcg 1740-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wD&J@edkifiHa&; tajcae
tvGef&SKwfaxG;aewmudkawG@&jyD; &Srf;(Tai)rsdK;EG,fjzpfwJh ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ 1740-ckeSpf[Hom0wD
wkdif;jynf&J@ tajcaeudk rGefvlrsdK;wdk@orkdif;rSm atmufyg twkdif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
“1740ckeSpfOD;ydkif;rSm[Hom0wDjrdK@0efArmtrsdK;om;OD;omatmifuol@udk,folrif;tjzpfausjimjyD; tif;0rif;"rR&mZ"dywdudk
axmifxm;jcm;em;w,f/ OD;omatmif[m tvGef=urf;=uKwfoljzpfw,f/ [Hom0wDwkdif;oljynfom;wkd@tay: nSif;yrf;eSdrfpufw,f/
taumufcGeftqrwefaumufcH,lw,f/ 'grkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tcsif;csif;pkaygif;nDnGwf=ujyD; OD;omatmifudkvkyf=uHowfjzwfvkduf
w,f/ [Hom0wDekdifiHrSm OD;omatmif[m(1)vcGJomrif;jzpfjyD;tedpPa&mufoGm;w,f/ OD;omatmifr&SdwJh aemufrSm tif;0rif;
"rR&mZ"dywdu rif;&Jatmifedkifudk [HomwDjrdK@0eftjzpfxyfrHtpm;xkd; cef@tyfjyefw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm rGeftrsdK;om;Anm;'v
(x0f&jZifarm0f)[m [Hom0wDjrdK@k0efrif;&Jatmifedkifudk ulnDaqmuf&Guf ay;&ol ppfol=uD;wOD; jzpfaew,f/
jrdK@pm;rif;&JatmifedkifvJ tusifhpm&dwWazgufjyefoljzpfw,f vm'fvmb tvGefpm;oljzpfw,f/tjypfuif;rJhwJhrGef wdkif;oljynfom;udk
nSif;qJw,fowfjzwfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk ykefuefwJhOD;omatmifudk ulnDcJhw,fqkdjyD; tjypfrw Jh JhrGeftrwfawGppfol=uD;awG/
tjypfrJhrGefjynfol/jynfom; tajrmufrsm;udk owfjzwf ypfw,f/ [Hom0wD jynfoljynfom;awGu ol@tay: rauseyfjzpf=uw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm [Hom0wDajrmufbufawmrSm rif;avmif;ay:w,fqkdjyD; wkdif;oljynfom;wkd@u oGm;a&mufpka0;=uw,f/
&kyf&nfom;em; cef@nm;wJJh&[ef;vlxGuf&Srf;rif;rsdK;eG,f rif;om;wyg;jzpfwJh ordefaxmauoD (orde"f 0fauoD)16udk wdkif;ol
jynfom;wkd@u rif;tjzpf wifajrmufjyD; udk;uG,f=uw,f/ wynfhwyef;vlxktajrmuftrsm;eJ@wAkdvfwrif;tjzpfaew,f/
14
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 387- 388
15
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 390
16
ordefaxm]ordef"0f]oMicjDwj]w&m;rif;]rif;avmif;
 44
tJ'DtcsdefrSm[Hom0wDedkifiH&SdrGefjynfolvlxkwkd@uvJ Anm;'veJ@nDnGwfwdkifyif=ujyD;tvGef&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfjyD;
tusifhysuf vg'fpm;wJh [Hom0wDjrdK@0efopf rif;&JatmifekdifudkjzKwfcsbdk@twGuf=uHpnf=uw,f/&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmudk
wdwfwqdwf qufoG,f tulnD awmif;w,f/ ordefaxmvJrif;&Jatmifekdifudkwkdufckdufbkd@twGufoabmwlw,f/ ordefaxm
ppfcsDvmrJh ta=umif;udk rif;&Jatmifedkfif=um;wJhtcg ordefaxmudkwkdufcdkufbdk@twGuf ppftiftm; tjynfheJ@ppfol=uD;Anm;'vudk
apvGwfvdkufw,f/ Anm;'v[mppftiftm;eJ@ordefaxmudkoGm;a&muf wkdufcdkufacsrSKefrJ@tpm; rif;&Jatmifekdifudk 0kdif;0efzrf;qD;jyD;
owfypf vkdufw,f/ rif;&JatmifedkifjrdK@pm;ouf(4)veSifh &uf(20)rSm aoqkH;oGm;jyefw,f/ rif;&Jatmifedkif r&SdwJhaemufrSm
ordefaxm[m [Hom0wDudk odrf;ydkuf ,lbdk@ ppftiftm;eJ@csDvmw,f/ ppfol=uD;Anm'veJ@ [Hom0wDrSm &Sd=uwJh
rGefjynfolxkawGu ordefaxmudk jyefvnfckcHawmfvSefbkd@pOf;pm;ao;w,f/ 'gayrJhordefaxmrSm aemufvkdufvlxktif;tm;
ppftiftm;u tqrwefrsm;jym; aewJhtwGuf rGefvlrsdK;wkd@vufav#mhjyD; [Hom0wDjrdK@udkxkd;tyfay;vkduf&w,f ordefaxm [m
[Hom0wDrSm rif;jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 1740-ckeSpftkwfbdkrwW&mrSm awmfvSefykefuefwJhtcsdefrSm atmufjynf
atmuf&Gm[Hom0wDrSm &Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmAk'a< uoDu rif;tjzpfudk&&Sdxm;wJhtcsdefjzpfaew,f/ 'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@
tav;eufowdxm;rdbkd@ vkdw,f/

'Dae&mrSmu|efawmftav;eufxm;ajymvkdwJhtcsufu[Hom0wDrmS OD;omatmifacwW(1)vcGJbk&ifwufjzpfwJhtcsdefrSm tkwfbdk

rwW&mujynfolawGawmfvSefykefuefwmr[kwfbl;/ tcsdK@ordkif;rSmr&Sif;rvif;a&;om;xm;wJhtwGuf OD;omatmif bk&ifjzpfaewJh
tcsdefrSmtkwfbdkrwW&mujynfolawGykefuefw,fvkd@xifrSwfp&mjzpfapw,f/aemufwcsufutkdwfbdkrwW&mujynfolawGykefuefwJh
tcsdef[m/[Hom0wDrSmrif;&Jatmifekdif jrdK@pm;jzpfaewJhtcsdefvJr[kwfbl;/ trSefrSmOD;omatmifeJ@rif;&Jatmifekdifwkd@aoqkH;uG,fvGef
jyD;aemuf [Hom0wDrSm&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,o f rdefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tjzpfudk &vkdufwJhtcsdefrSmrS tkwfbdkrwW&mjynfolawG awmfvSef
ykefuefwmjzpfw,f/ 'ga=umifhrSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmaz:jyxm;wJh ,dk;',m;uvmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdrfqdkwmvJ wjcm;yk*~dKvf
rjzpfedkif[Hom0wDrSm tJ'Dtcsdefrif;avmif;tjzpfxifay:ausmf=um;jyD;rif;jzpfaewJhordefaxmAk'<udwWd (ordef"0f Ak'<auoD) udk
qdkvkdw,fvkd@ u|efawmftcdkifrmajymcsifw,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;az:jyrdwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mu
jynfolvlxkawGu tif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefaewJhtcsdefrSm rif;avmif;vdk@ orkwfcH xm;&wJh &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmu
rif;wufjzpfaewJhtcsdefjzpfw,f/ [Hom0wDrSmrGefwkd@=uD;pkd;aewmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dordkif;tcsufvufuodyfhta&;=uD;w,f/
rSef;eef;&mZ0ifrSmvGJvJrG Sm;rSm; rSwfwrf;wif a&;om;xm;wJhtwGufordkif;udkajc&mcHaumuf&mrSmrsm;pGm&SKwfaxG;rSKudkjzpfapcJhw,f/
'Dtcsufudk&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odjyD;rS u|efawmfrSmordkif;trSefudk ajc&mcH&mrSmvG,fulvmw,f/&SKwfaxG;rSKawGuif;&Sif;vmw,f/

ordefaxmu cef@vkdufwJh 0ef=uD;trwfwkd@ukd avhvm =unfh&if &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf=uwmudkawG@&w,f/ Oyrmtrwf=uD;apmjA/

apmjAmqm/ apmjA[wWd&mZm/ apmjAykH&Gwf/ apmjAaumiftdef17pwJh trwf0ef=uD;wdk@[m &Srf;vlrsKd ;&Srf;emrnfrsm;jzpf=uw,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&muauG@vlrsdK;wkd@[Hom0wDrSwyftulnDawmif;w,f qdkwmvJ ordefaxmrif;&J@ wyfudktulnDawmif;wmjzpfw,f/
'Dordkif; tcsufvufawG[modyfhta&;=uD;wJhtcsufawGjzpfw,f/ ordkif;udkaoaocsmcsm avhvmwJhtcg ,dk;',m;u vmwJh
rif;avmif;v0tdrf qdkwJhyk*~dKvf trSefwu,frSmvkH;0r&Sdbl;/ oufouf rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; orkdif;rSwfwrf;wifrSKwckjzpfaew,f/
okd@r[kwfwrifwumzefwDvkdufovm;vkd@pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/ tJ'DvkdrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; ordkif;rSwfwrf; wifxm;rSKa=umifh
ordkif;ukdavhvmwJhtcg taxmufxm;jyKwJhtcg tjzpfrSefudkr&ekdifbJ/ rSm;,Gif;vGJacsmfwJhtaxmufxm;awGudkjzpfay:apjyD;
rSm;,Gif;wJhtjrifawGt,lqawGudk jzpfay:apcJw h ,f/ ,dk;',m;u vmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdrq f dkwJhrSm;,Gif;wJh orkdif;rSwfwrf;a=umifh
u|efawmfrSm a,mifvnfvnfjzpfcJh&w,f/ordkif;uGif;quftrSefudkr&ekdifbJjzpfcJh&w,f/ aemufqkH;rSm ,dk;',m;u vmwJh
rif;avmif;v0tdrfqkdwJh yk*~dKyfvkH;0rjzpfekdifbl;odawmhrSorkdif;uGif;quftrSefudk pOf;pm;vkd@ &vmw,f/

wcg Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f

“An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam ‘Zimme, &c., went on.-------------------The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers
called Binya Dala, and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers.”18

17
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-373
18
Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77
 45
“1740-ckeSpfrSmbkef;=uD;vlxGuf&Srf;vlrsdK;refwvmAk'<auoD (Mengtara Buddha Ketthi) udkbk&if tjzpfwifajrmuf=uw,f/
olbk&ifjzpfwJhumvrSm Zif;r,feJ@yÉdyuQjzpfjrJtwkdif;jzpf=uw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmol@&J@t&kduf&mbk&ifae&mudkol@&J@t&m&SdwOD;
jzpfolAnm;'vuqufcw H ,f”vkd@qdkxm;w,f/
txufygpmyk'fudk=unfh&if tkwfbdkrwW&ujynfolvlxkawGawmfvSefykefuefwJh1740-ckeSpftcsdefrSm [Hom0wDrSm
refwvmAk'<auoD jzpfaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK; Anm;'v rif;tjzpfudkr&ao;bl;qdkwmaocsmw,f/ ordefaxmAk'<udwWdr&SdwJh
aemufydkif;(1747)-ckeSpfrSm Anm;'vrif;tjzpfudk &&Sdw,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSmta&;om;rSK r&Sif;vifwJhtwGuf
Anm;'vrif;tjzpfudk&&SdrS tkwfbdkrwW&mu jynfol vlxkawG tif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefovkdvkdxif&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmxyfrHjyD;
tckdifrmajymcsifwJhtcsufutkwfbkdrwW&mjynfolvlxkawGtif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefwm [Hom0wDedkifiHrSm ArmvlrsdK;
OD;omatmif acwWbk&if jzpfwJhtcsdefvJ r[kwfbl;/ rif;&JatmifekdifacwWjrdKpm;jzpfwJhtcsdefvnf;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;Anm;'v
rif;jzpfwJhtcsdefr[kwfao;bl; &Srf;rsdK;eG,frif;avmif; ordefaxmAk'<udwWdu rif;tjzpfudk &&Sdxm;wJh tcsdefjzpfw,f/
'Dtcsufudku|efawmfwkd@tav;eufowdrl&rJhtcsufjzpfw,f/ aoaocsmcsm prf;ppfvdkuf&if Armjynfatmufydkif; [Hom0wD
rGefwdk@wkdif;jynfrSm &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ =uD;pkd; rif;jzpfaewJh tcsdefrSm tkwfbdkrwWmuauG@vlxw k kd@ tif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefw,f
atmuft&yf[Hom0wDu rif;avmif;&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'u < dwWdqDukd ppftulawmif;vmwm jzpfw,fvkd@
u|efawmfav;av;eufeufajymcsifw,f/ atmufygpmyk'fudk =unfh&if odedkifw,f/
‘[Hom0wDokd@vnf; rwW&mtkwfbkdpaomtnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor# wdkifyifnDnGwfI[Hom0wDuwyf
ta&muftqdkufudkom ajrSmv f ifhIae=uygonftvsifcsDwufvmrnfhta=umif;udkpmeSifhvlapv$wfonf’’ 'Dpmyk'f&J@ oabmu
rwW&mtkwfbdkpaomtnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&Sd=uwJhwvkdif;wkd@eJ@ wdkifyifnDnGwfvkd@&SdaejyD; [Hom0wDuwyf tulom
tjrefqkH;vmygawmhvkd@ vlvGwfvkdufwJhoabmjzpfw,f/ &Srf;rif;ordefaxmbk&ifxHrS tulnD awmif;wmjzpfw,ff/
‘owdk;rif;acgifvnf;[Hom0wDwvdkif;wdk@ppfrrDrwW&mtkwfbdkudkodrf;,lrnf’qkdwJhpmyk'fyg [Hom0wDrSwvkdif;wyfqw kd mvJ
&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxm&J@ppftulwyfudkqkdvkdwmjzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;qDuppftulnDawmif;wmr[kwfbl; 'Dtcsuf[m
tvGefta&;=uD;wJh ordkif;tcsufvufjzpfw,f/ta&;=uD;wJhtajc&mcHaumuf&rJhtcsufvuf(clue)awGjzpfw,f/
'De&mrSmtkwfbdkrwW&mpaomtnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor#vkd@pmuqkdxm;w,f/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufqdkwJh 'Dpmyk'fu
u|efawmfudktvGefpw d f0ifpm;apcJhw,f/ wvkdif;[mrGefvlrsdK;udkwu,f&nfn$ef;aoma0g[mjzpf&kd;rSef&iftkwfbdkrwW&mipOf@udkif&J@
tnmjrpfpOf wav#mufrSmrGefvlrsdK;wdk@aus;&GmvlxkawG&SdaewJhoabmjzpfaew,f/ 'Dordkif;tcsufvuf[m u|efawmfudk
Za0Z0gjzpfapw,f/ 'gtcsufvJtvGefta&;=uD;wJhajc&mcHaumuf&rJhorkdif;tcsufvufawGjzpfaew,f/ ipOf@udkif(ppfudkif;)jrdK@
txuftnmbufrSm [kdacwfwkH;urGefvlrsdK;awGreG fjynfolawG xkx,f =uD;=uD; rm;rm;aexkdifcJh=uvkd@vm; aemufawmh
rkH;a&G;a&$ausmif;wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@ aeonfh aus;&Gmrsm;udkwdkufzsufav. qkw d Jhtyk'fudkvJ u|efawmft=udrf=udrf tzefzef
pOf;pm;aerdjyefw,f/ rkHa&G;(rkH&Gm)a&$ausmif;qdkwm b,ftem;rSm&SdovJ ajrykHudk=unfhjyefw,f/ rkH&GmjrdK@qkdwm a&$bdkjrdK@teD;em;bJ/
tif;0jrdK@&J@txufem;rSm&Sdw,f/ wcgipOf@udkif(ppfudkif;)jrdK@qdkwm b,ftem;rSm &SdovJ avhvmjyefw,f/ ppfudkif;jrdK@vJtif;0jrdK@&J@
txufem;rSm &Sdw,f tkwfbkd rwW&mjrdK@&Gmwkd@qdkwmvJ tif;0jrdK@&J@ txufem;u jrdK@&GmawGjzpfw,f/ tif;0eJ@tvGefeD;uyfwJh
jrdK@&GmawGbJ/ tJ'DjrdK@&Gmwdfk@rSm tJ'DacwfwkH;u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifcJh=uvkd@vm; u|efawmfpOf;pm;aerdw,f/ tif;0edkifiH&J@txufnmrSm
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@xkx,f =uD;=uD;rm;rm; aexdkif;cJhw,fvkd@vJr=um;cJhbl;bl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@jrdK@&GmawG&SdcJhbl;w,f qdkwmvJr=um;bl;bl;/
u|efawmfrSm a0cGJr&atmif Za0Z0gjzpfaerdw,f/ wzefrSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmygwJhatmufygpmyk'fukdvJ u|efawmfav;av;eufeuf
pOf;pm;aerdjyef w,f/
“nOf@tcgaygif;ajrSmifa&maxGvdkufvmonfhauG@wvdkif;wkd@ jrefrmwyfwGif;rSmrD;wdkufI wyftvkH;vef@onf// auG@wvdkif;
trsm;aemufxyfcsDwdkufvmIwyfwGif;odk@csO;f a&mufv#ifrD;xif;wkduf&SdK@xkd;ckwfypfcwfavonf// AdkvfrSL;wyfrSL;wkd@vnf;nOf@tcg
jzpfaoma=umifhrtkyfrcsKyfrpnf;r=uyfekdifavI owkd;rif;acgifudkabmif(azgif)odk@wufI cGmawmfrlyg[kav#muf=uaoma=umifh
owkd;rif;acgifabmifodk@wufI taemufbufodk@ul;&. auG@wvkdif;wdk@vnf;jrpfem;wav#muf vkdufvHxkd;ckwfypfcwfonf
vlwaxmif ausmfaoav./”19
txufygpmyk'ft&awmfvSefykefuefolawG[mauG@wvkdif;vkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/ wcgarmifaomfa&;om; wJh
ukef;abmifacwfppfwrf;pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/

19
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-390
 46
“r%dyl&uonf;wkd@onfjrefrmedkifiHtwGif;odk@ t=udrf=udrf0ifa&mufzsufqD;onf// 1747-ckeSpfwGif
pOf@udkifta&S@/ tkwfzkd awmifajcY&Sdaom auG@vlrsKd ;rsm;uvnf;*kÀtdrfudkt=uD;tuJjyKItif;0udkawmfvSefykefuef avonf/”20
'Dpmykk'frSmtkwfbdkrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefolawG[m auG@vlrsKd ;vkd@twdtusqkdxm;w,f/ 'gqkdrGefvlrsdK;udk [kdacwfwkH;u
auG@vlrsKd ;vdk@ac:=uovm;/ auG@vlrsdK;/auG@wvkdif;qdw k Jha0g[m&awG[m wu,fbJrGefvlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;aeovm;/ 'gvJbJ
u|efawmfhtwGufajc&mcHaumuf&rJhordkif;tcsufvufawGjzpfvmw,f u|efawmf woufwmrSm rGefvlrsdK;[m auG@vlrsdK;vkd@
r=um;cJh&bl;bl;/rGefvlrsdK;[m auG@wvkdif;qdkvkd@vJr=um;cJh&bl;yg/ tkwfzkdawmifajcrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aexdkifcJhw,fqkdwmvJ
r=um;cJhbl;yg/u|efawmfpdwfxJrSmodyfhudktxl;tqef;jzpfrdw,f/tvGefpOf;pm;&cufcJjyD; wduswJhtajzudkrqkH;jzwfedkifbJjzpfaerdw,f/
wcgrSefeef; &mZ0iforkdif; tcsdK@pmyk'frSm tkwfbdkrwW&m wvkdif;vkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om;=ujyefw,f/ 'Dta&;om;tokH;eSKef;tm;vkH;ukd
okH;oyfjyD; aumufekwfajym&&if auG@vlrsdK;/ auG@wvkdif;/tkwfbdkrwW&mwvkdif;wkd@[m tkwfbdkrwW&mrSmaexkdif=uwJh
vlrsdK;udktoD;oD; &nfn$ef;aewmudk awG@&w,f/ 'Dtcsufudkb,folrS jiif;uG,fvkd@r&bl;/ ckdifckdifrmrmxyfrHjyD;ajym&&if txufyg
ordkif; tcsufvuf taxmufxm;t& tkwfbdkrwW&mrSmaexkdif=uwJh vlrsdK;udktrnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;uGJuJG jym;jym;eJ@&nfn$efjyD;
a&;om; xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/ auG@vlrsdK;/auG@wvkdif;/tkwfbdkrwW&mwvkdif;/ pwJhpum;vkH;wdk@[m a0g[m&pum;vkH;om
uGJjym;w,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJh vlrsdK;udktoD;oD;&nfn$ef;ae=uw,f/ 'gqdktkwfbdk rwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJhvlrsdK;wkd@[m
auG@vlrsKd ;vkd@qkdxm;w,f auG@vlrsdK;qkdwmb,folawGvJ/ trSefwu,fbJrGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mauG@vlrsdK;jzpfaeovm;/ auG@vlrsdK;qkdwm
trSefwu,fbJrGefvlrsdK;jzpfaewmvm;/u|efawmftm;tawG;&SKyfaxG;apcJhw,f/ wzefwu,fvkd@rGefvlrsdK; r[kwfbl;vkd@ajym&if
b,fvlrsdK;jzpfedkfifovJ/ auG@eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&wGJjyD;okH;eSKef;xm;w,f/ b,fvkdqufpyfrSKawG&SdaecJo h vJ/ 'DtcsufawGudk
av;av;eufeufxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJh tcsufjzpfvmw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmcsKyfvkduf&if tkwfbkdrwW&mrSm aexkdif =uwJh
jynfolvlxktppftrSefukd wu,fvkd@ &SmazGaz:xkwfedkifcJh&if wvkdif;qdkwJhpum;vkH;[m b,fol@udktrSew f u,f &nfn$ef;
aew,fqdkwJhtajzudkvJ&ekdifr,f teSpfeSpftvvu tvGefodcsifae=uwJh wvkdif;a0g[m&&J@tajzudkvJ &ekdifr,fvdk@
u|efawmfjrifvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJhvlrdsK;udk az:xkwfbkd@twGuf u|efawmfpdwfqkH;jzwfvkduf w,f/

20
armifaomf.ukef;abmifacwfppfwrf;/pm-81-82
 47

tykdif;(9)
tkwfbdkrwW&muawmfvSefykefuef=uwJhjynfolvlxkawG[m b,fvlrsdK; tppfrSefjzpfekdifovJ/ vlrsdK;tppftrSefudkaz:xkwfbkd@twGuf
u|efawmftaeeJ@pdwfqkH;jzwfvkdufjyD;aemufrSmckdifrmwJhoufaotaxmufxm;awG&SmazG&jyefw,f/ tif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuef
=uwJh tkwfbdkrwW&mujynfolvlxkawG[m wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm twdtvif;qdkxm;wJhtwGuf trSefwu,fbJ
rGefvlrsdK;jzpfaeovm;/ wvkdif;omtrSefwu,frGefvlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;&kd;rSefjzpfcJh&ifrGefvlrsdK;wdk@aexkdifwJhjrdK@&GmbJjzpf&r,f/ tjcm;vlrsdK;
rjzpfedkfifbl;/jiif;csufxkwfp&mvJr&Sdedkifawmhbl;/ 'gayrJh rSefeef;&mZ0iff pmrsufeSm 387-388 rSmyg&SdwJh ‘rwW&m tkwfbdkpaom
tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor#wkdifyifnDnGwfI [Hom0wD wyfta&muf tqdkufudkomajrSmfvifhI ae=uygonf’
qkdwJhtcsufudk u|efawmft=udrf=udrfzwf&SKavhvmaerdw,f/ zwfwkdif;zwfwkdif; u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm txl;qef;jzpfaew,f/
txuftnma'orSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@aus;&GmawG&Sdw,fvdk@ u|efawmfhwoufrSmr=um;cJh&bl;yg/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ ordkif;rSmvJ
rzwfrdcJhbl;yg/ tckawmhppfukdif;txufnmu wvkdif;awGvkd@ qkdxm;w,f/ tnmjrpfpOf wav#muf wvkdif;qkdwJh tcsufudk
u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm txl;qef; jzpfaerdw,f/ wvkdif; pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;ukd&nfn$ef;wm trSefwu,fbJjzpf&J@vm;
rSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfjyD; ukd;um;aerd=uovm;pwJhtawG;rsdK; u|efawmf&J@ OD;a%SmufxJudk yxrOD;qkH;pwif0ifa&mufvmw,f/
rwW&mtkwfbdkpaomtnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qdkor#wkdifyifnDnGwfIqkw d Jh tcsufudktav;eufpOf;pm;wkdif; u|efawmf
pdwfxJrSm Za0Z0gjzpfvmrdw,f/ tif;0jrdK@txufem;u tkwfbdkrwW&ma'owkd@rSm &Gmwnfaxmif ekdifavmufatmif rGefvlrsdK;awG
rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&Sdedkifyghrvm; rGefordkif;awGrSm o&ufjrddK@ jynfjrdK@atmufydkif; wkd@rSmom rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ aexkdif=uw,fvdk@qdkxm;=uw,f/
tnma'orSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aus;&Gma'ojzpfekdifrjzpfedkifqdkwJhtcsufudkav;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;aerdw,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSm
a&;om;az:jyxm;wJh wvkdif;pum;vkH;tokH;eSKef;tay:oHo,tjrifeJ@ a0zefqef;ppfvkdpdwf jzpfay:vmrdw,f/ wvkdif;qdkwJh
a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkom oD;oef@&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwJhtcsuftay: yxrOD;qkH;tcsdef u|efawmf oHo,
jzpfvmrdw,f/ ,cifu wvdkif;qkd&ifrGefvlrsdK;udkbJ &nfn$ef;w,fvkd@i,fpOfb0upjyD; odvmcJhw,f/ ,ckawmhoHo,
pdwfeJ@wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk tuJcwfvdkpdwfjyif;jyif;ysysjzpfay:vmw,f/ wvdkif;qkdwmrGefvlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wm[kwf&J@vm;/
tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wma&mrjzpfekdifbl;vm;/ oHo,pdwfawG u|efawmf &ifxJrSmwzGm;zGm;jzpfvmrdw,f/
tif;0rif;"rR&mZ"dywdvufxufrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tkwfbfdkrwW&mrSm tajccsaexkdifcJhbl;=uovm;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifcw Jh Jhae&m
a'ovdk@ajymedkifatmif ordkif;oufaotaxmufxm;&SdcJh=uovm;/ tJ'Da'oawGrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ jrdK@&Gm&Sdekdifavmufatmif
/jrdK@wnfekdifavmufatmifvJ vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&Sdedkfifvkd@vm;/ pwJhar;cGefwoDwwef;=uD;udk ukd,fhudk,fudkar;jyD; tajzxkwf
=unfhaerdw,f/ tif;0jrdK@ txufem;xd rGefvlrsdK;wkd@jrdK@&Gmwnfjyd; aexkdifw,fqkdwmvJ wcgbl;r#r=um;cJhbl;yg/ tjzpfekdifqkH;qdk&if
rGefukefonfawGtenf;tusOf;avmufawmh&Sdedkfifw,f/ 'ga=umifh'Dpmyk'frSmygwJh tkwfbkdrwW&m tnm wvkdif; pum;udk u|efawmf
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;apcJhw,f/ t*Fvdyfbmom ordkif;pmtkyfawGa&m jrefrmbmomordkif;pmtkyfawGukdyg vdkufvH&SmazG
zwf&SKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifcw
Jh Jhaus;&GmjzpfekdifwJh taxmufxm;udk &SmazGcJhw,f/ urBmhordkif;jrefrmhordkif; taxmufxm;awGudk
vkdufvH&SmazGjyD; wkdufqdkif=unfhvJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ aexdkifcw Jh Jh taxmufxm;rawG@&bl;/ aemufqkH;rSmEdward Harper Parker
a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrS atmufyg pmyk'fukd oGm;awG@rS tenf;i,fpdwfxJrSm &Sif;vif;ayghyg;oGm;w,f/
(In such a situation revolt was bound to ensue. It begun in 1740 with a colony of Gwe Shans at Okpo near Madaya, not
many miles away from the capital. They were discontented because of the exorbitant taxes demanded on their areca
 48
palms. So, under the leadership of a minlaung Gonna-ein, they united with a band of Mon deportees settled at
Madaya and drove the Burmese out of the district.)21
'Dpmyk'fudkjrefrmbmomjyefv#ifatmufygtwkdif;t"dy`g,f&w,f/
“tJ'DvkdtajcaerSmawmfvSefykefuefrSKwckckjzpfbkd@wmpl;aew,f/1740-ckeSpfrSm jrdK@awmfeJ@ odyfhra0;wJh auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ e,fa'o
tkwfbkdteD; rwW&mrSmawmfvSef ykefrSKjzpfcJhw,f/ olwkd@xefyiftay:tcGefaumufaumufcHrSKudk rauseyf=ubl;/ 'ga=umifh
rif;avmif;*kÀtdfefacgif;aqmifrSKatmufrSpkpnf;nDnGwf=uw,f/ e,feSifcHxm;&wJhrGefvlrsdK;wtkyfpkeJ@ yl;aygif;jyD; tJ'De,frSm
&SdaewJhArmwkd@udk armif;xkwf cJhw,f”
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if1940ckeSpfrSmtif;0jrdK@awmfeJ@odyfhra0;wJhrwW&mtkwfbdkrSm&SdwJh auG@&rS ;f awGuykefuefw,f/ taumuftcGef
aumufcHwJhtay:rauseyf=uvkd@ykefuefw,f/ olwkd@acgif;aqmif[mrif;avmif; *kÀtdrfjzpfw,f/ tJ'De,fa'orSme,feSif
cHxm;&wJh rGeftkyfpkwpkeJ@yl;aygif;jyD;ykefuefw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ auG@&Srf;eSifhrGeftkyfpkvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ 'gqdkauG@&Srf;eSifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@[m
vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;r[kwfb;l ay:vGifaew,f/auG@vlrsdK;qdkwm/&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfnSGef;w,fqdkwmvJ&Sif;&Sif;odvmw,f/t"dux=uGykeu f
efol[mrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;/rGefvlrsdK;[meS,feSifcHxm;&wJhtkyfpkwpkavmufbJyl;aygif;yg0ifcJhw,f/ rGefvlxkawGrsm;rsm;pm;pm; jrdK@&Gm
xlaxmif edkifavmufatmif ppfudkif;jrdK@teD;em;rSmr&Sdedkifbl;qdkwJh u|efawmfawG;ac:rSKurSefuefaew,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&ma'o[m
auG@&rS ;f vlrsdK;wkd@ aexkdif&ma'ojzpfaew,f/ tif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefolawG[m &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfaewmudkd od&w,f/
'Davmuftaxmufxm;eJ@vJu|efawmfauseyfvkd@r&ao;bl;/ tkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdifwJh vlrsdK;wkd@[m &Srf;vlrsdK;awGvkd@ckdifckdifrmrm
rqd&k Jao;bl; tjcm;oufao taxmufxm; awGudkvJ &SmazGavhvm&jyefw,f
owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armifa&;wJh tavmif;bk&m; pmtkyfudk avhvmwJhtcg tkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdifolawG[m
rGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbJ&Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfaewmudkawG@&jyefw,f OD;odrf;armifpmtkyfrSm ygwJhtcsufwcsufudk 'Dae&mrSmaxmufjy
csifygw,f/pmtkyft&qkd&iftif;0rSm tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaewJhrGefwkd@udk awmfvSefykefuef =ubkd@twGuf OD;atmifaZ,seJ@
ol@nDtpfudkawGaqG;aEG;wkdifyif=uw,f tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSmtkwfbdkrwW&mrSm&SdaewJh tiftm;pk ta&;udkvJ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@u
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;=uw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armifa&;om;wJh tavmif;bk&m; pmtkyfrSm atmufygtwkdif;
a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
atmifaZ,s// “rwW&mtkwfzkduauG@&rS f;wkd@twGufudkawmhrnfodk@pDrHoifhovJ/”22
txufygpmyk'frSm rwW&mtkwfzkduauG@&Srf;vkd@wdwdususqkdxm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmOD;atmifaZ,swdk@tkyfpkutif;0rSmrif;vkyf
tkyfcsKyfaewJhrGefvlrsdK;udkawmfvSefykefuefbkd@twGuf wkdifyif=u&if;rwW&mtkwfzkduauG@&rS ;f wdk@ta&;ukd b,fvkdoabmxm;
=urvJvkd@ OD;atmifaZ,suar;xm;w,f/ oabmutkwfbdkrwW&mtiftm;pkukd &efolvkdoabmxm;jyD; wkdufckdufoGm;rvm;
okd@r[kwfr[mrdwftjzpfowfrSwfjyD; yl;aygif;oGm;=urvm;ar;xm;wJhoabmjzpfw,f/
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifhrwW&mtkwfbdkuvlxktiftm;[m rGefr[kwfbl;qkdwmod&w,f/ =um;tiftm;pk auG@&Srf;wkd@
jzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dawmhtif;0rSmrif;vkyftkyfcsKyfaewJhvlrsdK;[mrGefvlrsdK;jzpfjyD; tkwfzkdrwW&mrSm&SdwJhvlrsdK;u=um;tiftm;pk
auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@twdvif;qdkxm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh rGefvlrsdK;eJ@rwW&mtkwfzkdauG@&Srf;wdk@[mwoD;wjcm;jzpfw,f qkdwm aoaocsmcsm
ajymedkifvmw,f//
wcga'gufwmwkd;vSa&;wJh ‘ukef;abmifa&$jynf’pmtkyfpmrsufeSm(5)udkavhvmwJhtcgatmufygtwkdif;awG@&jyefw,f/
“Todk@ekdifiHawmfjydKvJysufpD;vm&jcif;rSm uonf;wkd@0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;/ auG@&Srf;eSifhrGefwd@kykefuef=ujcif;wkd@a=umifh[k
vwfwavmta=umif;tm;jzifhjrifomayonf/”
txufygpmyk'fukdavhvm=unfh&ifauG@&rS f;eSifhrGew f kd@ykefuef=ujcif;vkd@qdkxm;w,f/auG@&Srf;eSirhf eG w
f kd@udkoD;jcm;xifxif&Sm;&Sm;az:jya&;
om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f//
tJ'Dawmh rwW&mtkwfzkdrSm awmfvSefykefuefwJh jynfolvlxkawG[m &Srf;vlrsdK;qkdwm aocsmaew,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mrSmaexkdif=uwJh
vlxkwkd@[m ordkif;taxmufxm;t& rGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbJ &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfaewmudk wdwdususajymvkd@&vmw,f/
wzef Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfxJrSm atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f
“Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with
the Gwe Shans of Madara (near Ava) with a view of extending his conquests from Prome and Taungu over Burma”23

21
Burma, p. 75
22
OD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/pm-217
23
Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77
 49
'Dpmyk'fukdjrefrmjyefaomf
“bk&ifaemiftifyg,m;=uD;jyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@qdkwJh&nf&G,fcsufudk Anm;'v[mtwdtvif;xkwfaz: ausjimvkdufw,f/jynf/
awmifilrStxufArmjynfudkwdk;csJ@atmifjrifekdifa&;twGuf/ tif;0teD;em;rSm&SdwJhrwW&mauG@&Srf;wkd@eJ@ r[mrdwfzJ@G w,f/”
txufygpmyk'ft&tif;0udkodrf;ydkufedkifbkd@twGuf[Hom0wDrGefbk&ifAnm;'vuauG@&Srf;wdk@eJ@r[mrdwfzJ@G cJhw,fvkd@qkdxm; w,f/
rGefeJ@auG@&Srf;wkd@[mwjcm;pDjzpfaewmudkawG@&jyefw,f/ ordefaxmr&SdwJhaemufydkif;1747-ckeSpfrSm rGefvlrsdK;Anm;'v[m
[Hom0wDrif;tjzpfudk&&Sdvmw,f/rif;jzpfjyD;wJhaemufrSmbk&ifhaemifxlaxmifcw Jh Jh[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udkjyefvnfxlaxmifbdk@qdk
wJhrdrd.&nf&G,fcsufudkAnm;'utwdtvif;ausjimcJhw,f/ tif;0teD;rSm&SdwJh rwW&muauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@eJr[mrdwfzJG@w,f/
txufygordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk=unfh&iftkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJh vlrsdK;wkd@[m rGefr[kwfbJ &Srf;vlrsdK;qkdwm twdtus
ajymedkifw,f/
wzefu|efawmfi,fpOf&G,f ausmif;om;b0rSm oif=um;cJh &wJhorkdif;rSm auG@&rS ;f acgif;aqmif *kÀtdefvkd@bJ oif=um; cJh&wmudk
trSwf&ao;w,f/ auG@rGefqdkwm roif=um;cJhyg/ tkwfbdkrwW&mppfudkif txufnm a'orSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifw,fvkd@vJ
wcgbl;r#r=um;cJh&bl;/u|efawmf'Dae&mrSm t"du jiif;csufxkwfcsifwmu tkwfbdkrwW&mykefuefrSK[m rGefvlrsdK;wdk@OD;aqmifjyD;
awmfvSefykefuefwm r[kwfbl; &Srf;acgifaqmif *kÀtdrfeJ@ ol&defapmwkd@uacgif;aqmifwmjzpfw,f/ 'DawmfvSefa&;rSm
ppfokH@yef;tjzpf e,feifcHxm;&wJh rGev f lrsdK;tenf;pk omyg0ifw,f/ 'Dtcsufukdu|efawmfwkd@ av;av;eufeufxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJh
ordkif;taxmufxm;jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh auG@vlrsdK;/auGG@wvdkfif;/tkwfbdkrwW&muwvkdif;awGqdkwJhpmyk'f[m b,fol@udktrSefwu,f&nfn$ef;aeovJ/
awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk OD;aqmif=uwJhauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;ovm;odk@r[kwfawmfvSefa&;rSm tenf;usOf;omyg0ifwJhrGefvlrsdK;udk
&nfn$ef; ovm;/ pOf;pm;p&mjzpfw,f/ auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk r&nfnGef;bJ ykefuefrSKrSmyg0ifwJhppfokH@yef;rGefvlrsdK;tenf;pkudk OD;pm;ay;
&nfn$ef;w,f qdkwmjzpfedkifyghrvm; wvkdif;qkdwm awmfvSefa&;rSmyg0ifwJhrGefvlenf;pk wpkudk&nf&G,fw,fqdkwm,kwWdr&SdvSbl;/
awmfvSefwJh acgif;aqmif &Srf;*kÀtdef ol&defapmwkd@udk&nfn$ef;wmjzpf&r,fvdk@ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSmckdifckdifrmrm jzpfay:aerdw,f/
tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefcJh=uwJhtkwfbdkrwW&muauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ awmfvSefrSKordkif;tcsufvufudk u|efawmfxyfrH avhvm
&SmazG@=unfhjyefw,f/ auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tkwfbkdrwW&mykefueftkH=uGrSKudku|efawmfavhvmwJhtcg tHh=o avmufatmif
tiftm;=uD;rm; aewmudk awG@&w,f tcGeftaumuftay:rauseyf=uvkd@ xaomif;usef;wmr[kwfbl; qkdwmod&w,f/
auG@&Srf;wkd@b,favmuf tiftm; =uD;rm;w,fqkdwmudk atmufyga&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSma&;om; xm;wJhpmyk'fukd avhvm&if
odedkifw,f/
“auG@wdk@onfjrefrmwyfudkwdkufzsufIa&$=uuf,ufwkdifatmifaygufa&muf. ipOfudkifwyfudkvnf; wkdufjyef onf/
ysufI [efvif;rSwfxHwkdifatmifxdyg;aygufa&mufavonf//
auG@wdk@onfjrefrmwyfrsm;udk omru uonf;jynfodk@ jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;aom *g&pfem0gpf uonf; wyf
rsm; udkvnf; wkdufckdufonf// t0odk@vmonfhw&kwfoHtzGJ@eSifhvnf;wkdufckduf=uonf/ w&kwfwkd@onf t0rif;.
&efolrsm;udkokwfoif &Sif;vif;ay;cJh&rnf[k rdrdwdk@t&Sifocif w&kwf {u&mZfrif;jrwfu rSmvkdufa=umif;
jzifhajymqkdI rwW&mbufodk@ul;umauG@wkd@udkwkdufavonf/ w&kwftzGJ@.Akdvfygtiftm;rSm waxmifcef@&Sdonf/
auG@wkd@eSifhwkduf&mwGifw&kwfwkd@ta&;edrfhIqkwfcGmcJh&avonf// auG@wkd@onf t0ysuf jyD;aemuf tavmif;rif;
w&m;=uD;vufxufodk@wkdifatmif qufvufI ykefuefaomif;usef; ae=uqJ jzpfav onf//”24
'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&ifauG@&Srf;wkd@tiftm;udkcef@rSef;,ledkfifw,f/ tif;0ut&SKH;ay;vufajrSmufxm;ae&wJhuonf;aomif;usef;ol
awGukdawmifauG@&Srf;wkdk@uwdkufxkwfedkifcJhw,f/ tif;0rif;zdwfac:rSKt&w&kwfjynfuvma&mufulnDwJh w&kwfwyfwkd@udkvJ
tedkfifwkdufedkifcJhw,f twdtvif; qdkxm;w,f/ tif;0ysufjyD;aemuf OD;atmifaZ,s vufxufrSmawmif qufvufawmfvSef
ykefuefaeao;w,fvkd@ qkdxm;w,f/ auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tif;tm;b,favmuf=uD;rm;w,fqdkwmudkcef@rSef;edkifygw,f/
wzeftkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ykefuefrSK tif;tm;taxmufxm;udk rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm u|efawmf&SmazG=unhfjyefw,f/
rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,ftiftm;[m(5000)ausmfygw,fvdk@a&;om;xm;w,f/ 'Davmufrsm;jym;wJhtiftm;udkvJ
auG@&Srf;wdk@u wdkufckdufedkifcJhw,fvkd@a&;om;wmukdawG@&w,f/ rSeef ef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSm a&;om; xm;wJh w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,f
ta=umif;udk atmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f/ /
“w&kyfOwnfrif;uoHapv$wfjcif;ta=umif;”
24
a&$bdked’gef;//pm-24
 50
“t&kyf(w&kyf)eSifh rdwfo[m,jzpfrnfta=umif;udk{ol&J'Gefwm&Jwdk@eSifh
vlaygif;ig;axmifausmfa&mufvmonfwGif
raem&rRO,smOfuaeapItawG@cHawmfrlonf//w&kyfwdk@vnf;auG@wvkdif;wkd@&kdif;jyonfudkbrf;qD;vkda=umif;eSifhav#muf
v#ifudk,fwkd@ocifuppfulrap/ rdwfjzpfa=umif;udkomapacsonf/ ppfwkdufrckdif;oifh trdef@awmf&Sdonfudk
{ol&J'Gefwm&J25wkd@ uvnf;u|efawmfwkd@udkppfwkdufrapaomfvnf; t&Sifh&efolawmfonf
u|efawmfwkd@t&Sif&efolawmfyifjzpfonfqkdIvlig; axmifausmfeSifhauG@wvkdif;wkd@udkwkdufonf/
ta&;r&v#ifoHbufcef@I{ol&J'Gefwm&Jwkd@udkw&kyfjynfodk@jyefoGm;ap./”26
'Dpmyk'fukd&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;vnfatmifa&;om;&rnfqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“vlaygif;(5000)ausmfygwJhw&kwfr[mrdwftzGJ@wzGJ@ rdwfquf&eftif;0udka&mufvmw,f/ raem&rRO,smOfrSmaeapjyD; tif;0rif;u
awG@qkHw,f/ w&kwfr[mrdwftzGJ@u auG@wvkdif;wkd@u&kdif;jyaewmudkolwkd@u zrf;qD;ay;vkda=umif; tif;0rif;udk awmif;qkdw,f/
Armbk&iftif;0rif;u,ckrif;wkd@vmwmArmeJ@r[mrdwfzGJ@bkd@jzpfw,f rif;wkd@ocifw&kwfrif;jrwfuvJ ppfwkdufay;bdk@rapcJhbl;/
r[mrdwfzGJ@&efomapvGwfcJhw,f/'grdk@rwkdufbdk@trdef@&Sdvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJhw&kwfcspf=unfa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@uTodk@jyefajymonf/
‘Armbk&ifrif;udkulnD wkdufay;bkd@ w&kwfrif;jrwfurapcJhwmrSefayrJh Armbk&if&J@&efol[m w&kwfbk&if {u&mZfrif;&J@&efol
jzpfw,f’vdk@jyefajymjyD; w&kwfcspf=unfa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wkd@u vlaygif;(5000)ausmfwdk@eJ@auG@wvkdif;wkd@udkoGm;wdkufw,f/
ta&;&SKH;edyfw,f/ ArmeJ@zdwfzJ@G jyD;aemufw&kwfjynfodk@ jyefoGm;w,f” vkd@ a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Armrif;udkulnDwkdufckdufay;bdk@twGuf w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udkw&kwfrif;{u&mZfurapcJhvkd@ rSeef ef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSm
a&;om;xm;w,f/ Armrif;uvJulwkdufay;bkd@vJtrdef@r&Sdbl; 'gayrJhw&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,fwkd@u olwkd@bmomoloabmeJ@
tkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@&Srf;wkd@udkoGm;a&mufwkdufckdufacsrSKef;w,fvdk@qdkxm;w,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifordkif;rSmygwJhtcsufvufeJ@
a&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSm ygwJhtcsufvufwkd@[mwckeJ@wck uGmjcm;aewmudkavhvmawG@&Sd&w,f/ a&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSmw&kwfrif;
{u&mZfuArmrif;&J@&efoludkwkdufcdkufacsrSKef;ay;bkd@trdef@ygcJhw,fvkd@ oHudk,fpm;vS,fuajymjyD; tkwfbdkrwW&mbuful;jyD;
auG@&Srf;wkd@udk wkdufckdufw,fvkd@ygw,f/ a&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSmygwJhatmufygtcsufuaxmufcHaew,f/
‘w&kwfwkd@onft0rif;.&efolrsm;udkokwfoif&iS f;vif;ay;cJh&rnf[k rdrdwdkt&Sifocifw&kwf {u&mZfrif;jrwfurSmvkdufa=umif;
jzifhajymqkdIrwW&mbufodk@ul;umauG@wkd@udkwdkufavonf/’ 'Dtyk'fudk=unfh&ifw&kwf{u&mZfrif;jrwfu rSmvkdufvkd@auG@wkd@udk
oGm;a&mufwkdufckdufw,fvkd@yg&Sdxm;w,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmwkdufcdkufbdk@trdef@awmfr&SdwJhtwGufrwdkuf&eftif;0rif;wm;w,fvkd@
rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;xm;w,f/wzefw&kyfppfom;vltiftm;eJ@ywfoufjyefvJpmtkyfeSpftkyfrSmt&nfwGufwlnDrSKr&Sd=ujyefbl;/
a&$bdked'gef;rSmw&kwfwyftiftm;(1000)cef@vkd@az:jyxm;jyD; rSefeef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSmw&kwfwyftiftm;(5000) ausmfvkd@az:jy
xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
u|efawmftaeeJ@pOf;pm;rdwJh tcsufucspf=unfa&;w&kwfoHtzGJ@[mwyftiftm;(5000)eJ@vmbkd@vkdovm;/ 'Davmuftiftm;eJ@
vmekdifyghrvm;/tif;0rif;udkawmifjzKwfcsedkfifwJhppftiftm;jzpfaew,f/
w&kwfcspf=unfa&;tzGJ@taeeJ@olwkd@&J@w&kwfbk&ifrif;{u&mZfuppfulwkdufay;bkd@trdef@rygcb Jh J auG@&Srf;wkd@udk wkdufw,fqdkwm
jzpfedifyghrvm;/ aemufawmhtif;0rif;uvJppfulwdkufay;bkd@ w&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udkrajymbl;/rwdkufbdk@omajymw,f/ w&kwf
{u&mZfrif;urapwJhtwGuf auG@wvkdif;udkrwkdufoifhbl;vkd@ tif;0rif;utrdef@awmf&Sdvkdufw,f vkd@rSefeef;&mZ0ifrSm a&;om;
xm;w,f/'gayrJhw&kwfoHudk,fpm;vS,fwkd@utif;0rif;&J@trdef@udkvJemrcHbl;/ w&kwfrif;&J@trdef@vJrygbJeJ@ auG@wvdkif;wkd@udk
olwkd@bmomolwkd@ oGm;a&muf wkdufwJh oabmqdkxm;w,f/ a&$bdked'gef;pmtkyfrSmw&kwfrif;{u&mZfutif;0rif;&J@&efoludk
wkdufckdufacsrSKef;ay;&r,f trdef@&Sdvkdufvkd@w&kwfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@wkd@uauG@wkd@udkoGm;a&mufwkdufw,fvdk@qdkxm;w,f/ 'Dordkif;
pmtkyfeSpftkyfrSm ygwJh tcsuf[mwckeJ@wckrwlnDbJuGm[aewmudkawG@&w,f/b,forkdif;tcsufujzpfedkifjyD; b,fordkif;pmtkyfu
tcsuf[m rjzpfekdifbl;qkdwJhtcsufudk u|efawmfokH;oyf=unfhaerdw,f/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkvJ ukd,fh[mudk,far;=unfh
aerdw,f/
(1) cspf=unfa&;twGufvmwJhw&kwfr[mrdwfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@[m vlaygif;(5000)ausmfausmf=uD;rm;wJhtiftm;eJ@
vmyghrvm;/ (cspf=unfa&;oHudk,fpm;vS,fvm&ifppftiftm;tajrmufrsm;eJ@vmp&mrvkdbl;/ w&kwfArm e,fpyf
a'orSm e,fpyf apmifhwyfawGeSpfzufvkH;rSm&Sdw,f/ rnfonfhbufuoHudk,fpm;vS,fbJjzpfjzpf/ vm&if tiftm;
25
‘{ol&J'eG fwm&J’qdkwmw&kwfcspf=unfa&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udkqdkvdkw,f
26
rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/wwd,wGJ//pm-394-395
 51
tajrmufrsm;eJ@vmp&mrvdkbl; e,fpyfapmifhwyfwkd@u
oHudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@&J@vkHjcKHrSKeJ@ c&D;oGm;a&;vma&; udpPwkd@udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&w,f/)
(2) cspf=unfa&;tzGJ@uolwkd@&J@bk&ifrif;jrwf&J@trdef@rygbJwkdufckdufw,fqkdwmjzpfedkifyghrvm;/
(3) tif;0rif;urwdkufbdk@trdef@&SdvkdufaomfvJw&kwfoHtzGJ@uolwkd@bmomolwkd@ oGm;wkdufw,fqdkwmjzpfedkifyghrvm;
pwJhar;cGef;awGudku|efawmfbmomu|efawmfar;jyD; tajzxkwf=unfhaerdw,f/ wduswJhtajzqdkvkd@ bmwckrSr&edkifbJ
rwifruseJ@pdwfxJrSmvdyfcJwif;vif;jzpfaerdw,f/ jzpfedkifrjzpfedkifa0cGJr&jzpfaerdw,f/ urBmhordkif;pmtkyfawGudk&SmazGzwf&SKjyD;
taxmufxm;awGudk vkdufvH&SmazG=unfh&SK&jyeffw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD; Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmygwJhrSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfhawmhrS u|efawmfpdwfxJrmS
r&Sif;vif;jzpfaewJhtar;awG&J@tajzudk&awmhw,f/Edward Harper Parker uatmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;w,f/
“The King of Burma had sent envoys to the ‘Empereror of China, representing the great danger “which
then threatened his kingdom, and asking for support. In reply to his appeal two Chinese and Manchu
officers arrived at capital with an escort of one hundred horsemen and a thousand foot. They
suggested that an attack should be made on the Talaing stockade a Madara. This was done, and as it
failed, the Chinese officers retired without making any promise of assistance.”

txufygpmyk'f&@Jt"dy`g,fudk&Sif;vif;atmifa&;om;&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“Armbk&if[mw&kwfbk&ifrif;jrwfqDokd@oHorefapv$wfjyD; tulnDawmif;w,f/tif;0ekdifiHrSm=uD;rm;wJh tEW&m,fusa&muf aejyD;
edkifiHawmfudkjcdrf;ajcmufaew,f/tulnDay;bdk@jzpfw,f/ tulnDawmif;qdkvmwJhtay:wkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@w&kwfrif;uvJ tif;0Arm
bk&ifudkulnDbkd@twGufw&kwft&m&Sd(2)OD;eSifh refcsL;t&m&Sdrsm;apv$wfoGm;w,f/ olwkd@eJ@twljrif;pD;ppfom;(100)eJ@
ajcvsifwyfom;(1000)ygvmw,f/olwkd@urwW&mrSm&SdwJhwvkdif;pcef;udkwkdufbdk@t=uHjyKw,f/ rwW&mpcef;udkoGm;a&mufwkdfufw,f/
ratmifjrifbl;&SKH;edyfhoGm;w,f/ w&kwft&m&SdeJ@ppfom;awGvJaemufqkwfoGm;jyD;w&kwfjynfokd@jyefoGm;w,f/ aemufxyftulnD
ay;bkd@vJ bmwckrS *wdray;awmhay” vkd@qdkxm;w,f/
'DpmtkyfrSmygwJhtcsuft&qkd&ifArmrif;u tulnDawmif;vdk@ w&kwfrif; {u&mZfu w&kwfppfAkdvfcsKyfeJ@ ppfom;awGudkapv$wf
vmwmjzpfw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ Armrif;&J@&efoludk wkdufckdufacsrSKef; ay;&r,fvkd@ trdef@ygcJhvkd@auG@vlrsdK;wkd@udk oGm;a&mufwkdufckduf
cJhwmjzpfw,fqkdwmtwdtvif;qkdxm;w,f/u|efawmftajzxkwfvkd@r&jzpfaecJw h Jhar;cGef;awG&J@tajzudktckrSbJ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
od&awmhw,f/ tJ'DawmhrSefeef;&mZ0iforkdif;rSm w&kwf oHudk,fpm;vS,feJ@ ywfoufjyD; rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; a&;om;xm;wmudk
awG@&w,f/ Armbkk&ifrif;eJ@r[mrdwfzJ@G bkd@twGuf vmwJhw&kwfcspf=unfa&;tzGJ@r[kwfbJ Armrif;utulnDawmif;vdkufvkd@
w&kwfbk&ifrif;{u&mZfuppfrpf&SifwzJG@vGwfvkdufw,f/ Armrif;&J@&efoludkvma&mufulnDwkdufay;rJhppfrpf&SiftzGJ@wzGJ@ jzpfaewm
udkawG@&w,f/
rSefeef;&mZordkif;rSmygwJhtcsufubmudkjyaeovJqkd&if ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@*k%foduQmudkzkH;zdwJhoabmeJ@rrSefruefa&;om;xm;wmudk
awG@&w,f/jynfwGif;&efoludkwkdufckdufbdk@twGuf wdkif;wyg;ppftiftm;udktulnDawmif;&w,fqdk&if ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&J@*k%foduQm
xdcdkufapekdifw,f/ 'grkd@trSefudkra&;&J=ubJ/ vkyf=uHwZJh gwv f rf;eJ@a&;om;vmwmjzpfw,f/ oufoufrJhvkyf=uHa&;om;wJhorkdif;jzpf
w,f Armhordkif;udkzwf&SKwJhtcg'grsdK;awGtrsm;tjym;vkyf=uHa&;om;xm;wmawGudkawG@&w,f/ r[kwfwJhae&mrSmt[kwfa&;/
r&SdwJh ae&mrSmt&Sd az:jyjyD;a&;om;wmrsdK;orkdif;ukdzwf&SKwJhtcgawG@&wwfw,f/ trsdK;om;*k%fudkzgax;wJhtaeeJ@ trsdK;rsdK;
jyifqif a&;om;wmrsdK; ,kwWdrwefvkyf=uHZgwfvrf;awGzefwD;jyd;a&;om;=uwmrsdK;udkawG@&w,f/ trSefudkazsmufzsufjyd; rdrdwkd@
pdwf=udKufjyefvnfa&;wwf=uw,f/ tJ'DvdkrrSefruefa&;om;rSKa=umifh rSm;,Gif;csufawG c|wfacsmfrSKawG Armordkif;rSm trsm;tjym;
awG@&wwfw,f/bmudkjyaeovJqdk&ifArmya'o&mZfrif;wkd@&J@tvkdusordkif;a&;om;wJholawG[m rdrd&J@cg;0wfvkHcsnfykqkd;uav;eJ@
OD;acgif;udkvkHbkd@=udK;pm; zkH;zd&if; zifay:aewJhrdrd&J@tjzpfudkrodbJ jzpfae=uw,f/
'Dae&mrSmpum;pyfjyD;ajymp&m ta=umif;csufw&yf&Sdw,f/OD;atmifaZ,s[m [Hom0wDrGefwkd@udkykefuefbkd@twGuf w&kwfrif;
{u&mZfxHrSm tulnDawmif;cJhao;w,f/ 1754-ckeSpfrSm OD;atmifaZ,s[mol@udk,folw&kwfrif;&J@rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fjzpfw,f
ol[mw&kwf (T’an)(wefrif;quf)rS (Yung-Yu) (a,mif,krif;) &J@rsKd ;qufvkd@qdkjyD; w&kwf{u&mZfrif;xHrStulnDawmif;w,f/
emrnfvJ w&kwfemrnf (Yung Tsih-ya), (a,mifZD,s) eJ@ tulnDawmif;w,f tif;0rSmpdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfaewJhrGefwdk@udk
ykefuefbdk@twGuf ppftulnD awmif;w,f vufaqmif ypPnf;rsm;eJ@ udk,fpm;vS,fapv$wfjyD; w&kwfrif;{u&ZfxHyg;rSm
 52
awmif;cJhw,f/ aemufawmh OD;atmifaZ,s[mt*Fvefua*smhbk&if (George III)
27
qDudkvJhpma&;jyD;tulnDawmif;w,f/ 'Dordkif;tcsufawGudkArmordkif;q&mwkd@uzkH;uG,fxm;vkdufw,f/ 'grdk@Armordkif;
pmtkyfukdzwf&SKavhvmwJhtcg rsufpdus,fus,f zGifhxm;bkd@vkdw,fvkd@ u|efawmft=uHjyKvkdygw,f/ Armordkif; pmtkyfawG
ta=umif;udkajym&if ukefqkH;edkifbG,fr&Sdawmhbl;/ 'grkd@1740-ckeSpfrSmtif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuef=uwJh auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@
ta=umif;ukdbJ u|efawmfqufvufwifjyoGm;rSmjzpfw,f/

txufygu|efawmfwifjycJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGoufaoawGtcsufvufawGtm;vkH;wkd@udk taotcsmavhvm=unfh&if
tkwfbdkrwW&mrSm aexkdif=uwJhjynfolvlxk[m rGefvlrdsK;r[kwfbJ&Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfw,fqkdwm jiif;csufxkwfp&mr&Sdavmufatmif
ckdifrmaew,f/ ,kHrSm;oHo,uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aumufekwfcsufxkwfvkd@&w,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcsiw f ,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfwkd@
tav;eufxnfhpOf;pm;&rJh tcsufuwvdkif;qkdwm b,foludkOD;wnf&nfn$ef;ovJ/ tif;0rif;ukdwdkufcdkufacsrSKef;jyD; tm%m&,l
edkifavmufatmiftiftm;=uD;rmwJhauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;ovm;odk@r[kwf awmfvSefa&;rSmyg0ifwJhppfokH@yef; tenf;usOf;avmuf
jzpfwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkOD;pm;ay;&nfn$ef;ovm;qkdwJhtcsufbJjzpfw,f/ ppfokH@yef;vlenf;pkavmufbJ yg0ifcw Jh JhrGefvlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;
w,fqdkwJhtcsuf[m,kwWdr&Sdbl;/vkH;0rjzpfekdifbl;vkd@u|efawmfckdifckdifrmrmajymcsifvmw,f/
wvdkif;pum;vkH;[mawmfvSefa&;rSma&S@aqmifyg0ifcw Jh JhauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;xk=uD;udk&nfnS$ef;wmjzpf&r,fvkd@u|efawmftcdkifrm,lqvkduf
w,f/ u|efawmf&J@,lqcsufudkaxmufcHaewJhorkdif;tcsufawGtajrmufrsm;&Sdygao;w,f/ tif;0edkifiHrysufrSDwkdif;jynftajcae
tvGefqkd;0g; ,kd,Gif;aewJhtcsdefrSmjzpfay:wnf&SdaewJh edkifa&;ppfa&; tiftm;taexm;udk xyfrHavhvm=unfh&if txufyg
u|efawmfajymcJw h Jhtjrif[mrSefuefw,fqdkwm ykdrdkxifxif &Sm;&Sm;odekdifw,f/ tif;0ekdifiHawmfrSm tajcae,kd,Gif;
ysufqD;vmwJhtcsdefrSm edkifiHawmftm%mudk vk,ledkifwJhtiftm;pkokH;pk &Sdw,fvkd@ a'gufwmwkd;vS&J@ukef;abmifa&$jynfpmtkyf
rSmatmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;w,f/
(,if;wdk@wGiftvm;vmtaumif;qkH;wkd@rSmtajctaeudkapmifh=unfhaeolvnf;trsm;yif&Sdavonf
(1) Anm;'vOD;aqmifaom[Hom0wDtiftm;pk
(2) *kÀtdrfOD;aqmifaomrwW&mtiftm;pk
(3) tavmif;rif;w&m;OD;aqmifaoma&$bdktiftm;pk wdk@yifjzpf=uavonf/vwfwavmtajctaeudk=unfhv#if
[Hom0wDtiftm;pkonf tiftm;t=uD;rm;qkH;jzpf./ tif;0rif;eSifhwuG&mZXmeDudkyg odrf;ydkufxm;ekdif
olrsm;jzpf=u.// &Srf;jynfudkausmaxmufaemufcHjyKxm;aomrwW&m tiftm;pkwdk@tiftm;onfvnf;
rao;i,fvSacs/ tif;0rif;.wyfrsm;yif racsrSKef;edkifaomtaetxm;wGif&Sdygonf// ,if;wkd@eSifheSKdif;pmv#if
tavmif;rif;w&m;. tiftm;rSmtao;i,fqkH;yifjzpf./)28
'Dpmyk'fudkaxmuf&iftif;0edkifiHudkjcdrf;ajcmufekdifwJhtif;tm;pkokH;pk&Sdw,f/ yxr[Hom0wDekdifiHuAnm;'vtiftm;pk/ 'kwd,
tiftm;pku&Srf;jynfudk ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKwJhrwW&mtiftm;pk wwd,tiftm;pkOD;atmifaZ,swkd@tiftm;pk&Sdw,f/
'Dtiftm;pkwdk@[mrif;aejynfawmftm%mudkodrf;ydkuf,ledkif=uwJhtiftm;pkawGjzpf=uw,fqdkxm;w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkausmaxmuf
aemufcHjyKxm;wJhrwW&mtif;tm;pkvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkausmaxmufaemufcHjyKw,fqdkwJhyk'fudk=unfh&iftkwfbdkrwW&m
tiftm;pk[m&Srf;vlrsdK;bJjzpfedkfifp&m&Sdw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;jzpfedkifp&mta=umif;vkH;0r&Sdekdifbl;/ &Srf;jynfudkausmaxmufaemufcHjyKw,f
qdk&if &Srf;vlrsdK;bJjzpfekdifw,f/ wzef'DrwW&mtiftm;pkudktif;0rif;uawmifracsrSKef;edkifcJhbl;vkd@qkdxm;w,f 'gukd=unfhv#if
[Hom0wDrGefwdk@ tiftm;uwjcm; &Srf;jynfudk ausmaxmuf aemufcHxm;wJhrwW&m*kÀtdrfwdk@tiftm;pkwkd@[m wjcm;jzpfw,f
qkdwm xif&Sm;aew,f/ wtiftm;pkeJ@ wtiftm;pkrwluGJjym;jcm;em;w,fqdkwmodomekdifw,f/ &Sr;f jynfudktm;jyKxm;wJh
auG@&Srf;wkd@ tiftm;[mtvGef=uD;rm;w,f wkdif;jynf&J@ tm%mudk odrf;ydkufjyD;rif;qufxlaxmifekdifrJh tajcrSm&Sdaew,fqkdwm
xif&Sm;w,f/
'grdk@tcGeftwkwfaumufcHtay:rauseyfvkd@awmfvSef ykefuefw,fqkdwJh tcsuftay:rSmvJ u|efawmfoHo,jzpfrdjyefw,f/
'DudpP[momreftcGeftwkwfudpPa=umifhvkd@rjzpfedkifygbl;/ 'Davmuftiftm;=uD;rm;wJh tkwfbkdrwW&muvlawG&J@ tkH=uGrSK[m
ekdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufwckckawmh&Sd&r,f/ tif;0rSm&Srf;vlrsdK;tm%mjyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@ edkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf&Sd&r,fvkd@ u|efawmf

27
Burma/ Edward Harper Parker, p. 83
28
a'gufwmwdk;vS. ‘ukef;abmifa&$jynf’/ pm 12/
 53
xifjrifrdw,f/
'gayrJh'DtcsufudkArmbk&ifuzkH;uG,fjyD;txifjrifao;oGm;atmif tcGefwkwfa=umifh aomif;usef; vm=uw,fvkd@
omrefavmufbJrSwfwrf;wifvkdufwmjzpfedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfuwGufqvkdufw,f/ OyrmtaeeJ@ eSKdif;,SOf&&if,ae@ trsdK;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGufvufeufudkif awmfvSefae=uwJh rGef/u&if/&ckdif/&Srf;/u,m; ucsif/csif;wkd@udkvJ ekdfifiHwumu
txifao;oGm;atmif 'g;jrtkyfpkolckd;tkyfpkolykefawGvkd@ urBmhrSmvkdufvH0g'jzef@aewmudk axmufxm;&ifodekdifygw,f/
tkwfzdkrwW&mrSm&SdwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.trsdK;om;awmfvSefykefuefrSKudkao;wdrfoGm;atmifvkyf=uHjyD; taumufcGeftay:rauseyfvkd@
aomif;usef;=uw,fvdk@wrifwuma&;om;xm;jzpfw,f/ tJ'DawmhtkwfzdkrwW&mrSm&SdwJhvlrsdK;[mrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;trsdK;om;
rsm;jzpfw,f/&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@uomreftcGeftwkwftay:rauseyfvkd@ tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefwmr[kwfbl;qkdwJhtcsufu
xif&Sm;w,f/1740-ckeSpftkwfbdkrwW&mykeu f efawmfvSefrSK[m&Srf;trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJeJ@ tif;0edkifiHrSm &Sr;f rif;quf
tm%m jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;wkdufyGJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynf&Sd&Srf;jynfolvlxkukdausmaxmuf aemufcHjyKjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&mu
auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ OD;aqmifawmfvSefyek fuefwmjzpfw,ff/ tif;0rSm&Srf;rif;rsdK;tm%mxlaxmifa&;twGufawmfvSef ykefuefrSKvkd@
u|efawmftckdifrmajymcsifw,f
'Dvkdajym&wJhta=umif;&if;u|efawmfrSm orkdif;taxmufxm;oufao ckdifckdifrmrm&Sdw,f tif;0acwf wav#mufvkH;udk
=unfh&ifArmrif;eJ@ &Srf;rif;wkd@&J@ tm;jydKifrSKudktxif&Sm;awG@&w,f/ tif;0eef;awmfudk &Srf;rif;wvSnfh Armrif;wvSnfh
tkyfpkd;wJhacwfjzpfcJhbl;w,f/ atmufygpmyk'fudkavhvm&ifodedkifw,f/
“owkd;rif;zsm;pwifcJhonfhtif;0rif;qufonfa&$eef;a=umh&Sifrif;vufxuf 1527-ckeSpfwGifrdk;nSif;bufrS arm&Srf;rdk;nSi;f pvkH onf
tif;0udkwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufIom;jzpfol odk[efbGm;udktif;0xD;eef;wGifwifcJhonf// Tum;txufjrefrmekdifiHudk&Srf;wkd@vkH;0
tkyfpD;vkdufjcif;jzpfavonf/”29
'gukd=unfh&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tif;tm;=uD;rm;rSKtif;0rSmtm%mxlaxmifjyD;rif;vkyfcw Jh Jhtcsdefcgukdodekdifw,f/
“odk[efbGm;aemufqufcHaomukekf;abmifckefrSKdif;onf4if;/om;.om;rkd;jAJe&ywdonf4if;/ xufjrufaomrif;rsm;r[kwfojzifh
tif;0xD;eef;vnf;tiftm;awmifhwif;jcif;r&Sdacs/ rkd;jAJe&ywdonfppfudkif;pnfolausmfxifeSifh t=udrf=udrfppfxkd;jyD;aemuf&SKH;I
tif;0 xD;eef;pGef@v$wfvdkuf&onf/odk@jzifh 1551-ckeSpfwGifppfudkif;pnfolausmifxifonf tif;0xD;eef;udkudkodrf;jref;onf/
rdk;jAJe&ywd um;tif;0eef;rSusv#iftvkH;t&if;eSifh[Hom0wDqifjzL&Sifrif;xH0ifavonf/” 'Dpmyk'ft&tif;0acwfaemufydkif;
&Srf;vlrsdK;awG tif;0rSm pkd;rdk;bkd@tiftm;enf;vmw,f ArmeJ@tm;jydKifrSK&SKH;eSdrfhwJh vuQ%mawG@&w,f/ 'grkd@&Srf;rif;nDrif;om;awG
rif;aqG rif;rsdK;awG[m tif;0eef;awmfrSqif;ay;cJh&w,f/ tm;jydKifrSK&SH;edyfhoGm;wJh &Srf;rif;rsdK;eG,fwkd@[m txl;ojzifh awmifileJ@
yJcl;ajrmuffjcrf;e,fw0SufrSmvma&mufckdvSKHavh&Sd=uw,f/ 'Dtcsufudkodxm;rS [Hom0wDedkifiHrSm bma=umifh &Srf;rif;awG
=uD;pkd;vm&ovJqkw d Jhtajzukdodr,f/ Oyrm1740-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wDrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eef;wifvkdufwJh ordefaxmAk'<uwWd[m
rGefrif;rsdK; rif;EG,fr[kwfbl;/Armrif;rsdK;rif;EG,fvJr[kwfbl;/ &Srf;rif;rsdK;rif;EG,frif;om;wOD;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkdtif;0rSm
tm%mjydKifyGJ&SKH;eSdyfcJhwJh &Srf;rif;rsdK;qufwkd@[m tjrJwrf;tcgaumif;tcGifhaumif;udk acsmif;ajrmif;vmcJhw,f/ tif;0rif;
tiftm;enf;vmwJh tcsdefudk apmifhqkdif;cJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdkapmifhqkdif;vmcJh&if;eJ@rar#mfvifhbJ 1740-ckeSpfrSm [Hom0wDedkifiHrSm
&Srf;rif;rsdK;rif;EG,f ordefaxmubk&ifrif;jzpfvmw,f/ teSpfeSpftvvu&Srf;trsdK;om;wdk@rsdKodyfhxm;cJ&h wJhtrsdK;om;pdwfonf
ay:vmjyefw,f/ tif;0rSm&Srf;rif;qufxlaxmifa&; ar#mfvifhcsuf=uD;udk taumifxnf az:bdk@tcsdefjzpfvmjyefw,f/
tif;0Armrif;&J@ tm%mpufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tdrfrufrufvmcJhwJh &Srf;trsdK;om;awG edk;=um;vmw,f/
ordefaxmudktif;0eef;rSm eef;wifjyD; &Srf;rif;quftm%mxlaxmifa&;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsuf jzpfvm=uw,f/
wjcm;ta=umif;wcsufutJ 'Dtcsdef 1740-ckeSpfrSm tif;0ekdifiH&J@wkdif;jynftajcae[m tvGef,kd,Gif;ysufqD;vmwJhtcsdef jzpfw,f
r%dyl& uonf;wkd@&J@ usL;ausmfwkdufckdufrSKudkt=udrf=udrf cHcJh&w,f/ a&ab; rD;ab; t=udrf=udrf=uKH&w,f/ tcGefaumufawG
tqrwefaumufcHw,f/ wkdif;oljynfolawG qif;&JiwfrGwf=uw,f/ olcdk;'g;jrawGtvGefaygrsm;w,f/ bk&m;ausmif;uefZ&yfrS
taqmuftOD;rsm;udkjzKdzsufckd;,la&mif;pm;=uwJhtxdaomif;usef;=uw,f/iwfrGwfacgif;yg;=uw,f/
tif;0bk&iftaeeJ@vJbmrSrwwfekdifbl;/olckd;'g;jrawGudkvJreSdrfedkifcJhbl;/wkdif;oljynfom;wkd@uvJbk&iftay:rSmt,kH=unfr&Sdjzpfvm
=uw,f/rif;avmif;udkar#mf=uw,f/rif;avmif;ay:rSwkdif;jynfat;csrf;om,mr,f/ wkd;wuf=uD;yGm;r,fvkd@edrdwfawGwaygifawG
trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGufaew,f/ *kd%f;trsKd ;rsdK; tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK;ay:jyD;aomif;usef;olawGtvGefaygrsm;w,f/ ol@e,feJ@ol*kd%f;awGxlaxmif
jyD; =uD;pkd;=uw,f/*kd%f;acgif;aqmifawGvJrdrdwdk@oufqkdifwJhe,frSm udk,fykdif=oZmtm%mawGxlaxmifvm=uw,f/ udk,fhe,frSm
29
armifaomf.ukkef;abmifacwfppfwrf;/ pm 49
 54
udk,fpdk;rdk;=uw,f/
tcsdK@*kd%f;acgifaqmifwkd@[mrdrdwkd@udk,fudkbk&ifvkd@awmifwifajrSmuf=uwJhtxd aomif;usef;vm=uw,f/
bk&iftm%mudkzdqefvm=uw,f/a&$bdke,fbufrSmOD;atmifaZ,swkd@vnf;*kd%f;w*kd%f;xlaxmifw,f//
OD;atmifaZ,s[mol@*kd%feJ@olacgif;aqmifvkyfjyD;a&$bdke,frSm=uD;pkd;ae=uw,f/OD;atmifaZ,s[mbk&ifodyfhjzpfcsifoljzpfw,f/ol@udk
olbk&ifvkd@awmiftr$rf;wiforkwfaew,f/'Dvdkrdrdudk,fudkb&k ifrif;vkd@txifa&mufaewJh OD;atmifaZ,sudk awmifil&mZm
trwf=uD;uac:cg ‘&Sifbk&ifapmfeo H nf[jl cif;rSmrSefuefygoavm’ ar;jyD;owday;&onfhtxdjzpfvmw,f/
txufygwkdif;jynf&J@tajcaeudktuJcyf=unfh&if tif;0rif;aejynfawmf&J@jzpf&SdaewJhtaexm;udkodekdifygw,f/ tif;0bk&if&J@
t&nfcsif;udkvJodomekdifw,f/ anmif&rf;acwf&J@aemufqkH;rif;"rR&mZ"dywd[m t&nfcsif;nHhzsif; oljzpfw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/
wkdif;jynf tkyfcsKyfa&;raumif;bl;/ pdwfvJ r0ifpm;bl; taysmfyg;rsm;w,f/ 'Dtajcae[mtcGifhaumif;awGvkd@ tkwfbdkrwW&m&SdwJh
&Srf;rsdK;EG,fwkd@u jrifvmw,f/ &Srf;rif;tm%m pufxlaxmifa&;twGuf wzef=udK;yrf;vm=uwmjzpfw,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/
tcGeftaumufa=umifh aomif;usef; =uw,fvdk@ tif;0tkyfcsKyfolawGu0g'jzeff@jyD;ykefuefrSKudk ao;odrfatmif jyKcJhw,f/
&Srf;rif;quf tm%mxlaxmifa&; twGuf awmfvSefykefuefrKS vdk@qdk&if &Srf;wrsdK;om;vkH;uygvm edkifw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;w&yfvkH;
edk;=um;vmjyD; &Srf;jynf&Sd&Srf;jynfol w&yfvkH;&J@ tkH@=uGykefuefrSK jzpfoGm;ekdifw,f/ 'grdk@taumufcGefudk rauseyfvkd@ aomif;usef=uwJh
auG@wvkdif;awGvdk@ vkyf=uH0g'jzef@vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;vdk@rokH;eSKef;bJ aomif;usef;ol auG@wvdkif;vkd@ rvSdyfhwywf a0g[m&
pum;vkH;eJ@ okH;eSKef;vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ wkdif;oljynfom;awGudkvJ rsufpdvnfatmifvSnfhpm;vkdufw,f &Srf;trsdK;om;xk w&yfvkH;udk
vdrfnmvSnfhpm;vkdufw,f/ &Srf;trsdK;om;tkH@=uGrSKrSmryg0ifvmatmif vdrfnmjyD;0g'jzef@vkdufw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&muauG@wvkdif;
qkd&if b,folb,f0gqkdwm wkdif;oljynfom;awGrodbJ rsufpdvnfoGm;w,f/ vkyf=uH0g'jzef@rSK w&yfjzpfw,f awmfvSefa&;udk
txifjrifao;oGm;atmif wvkdif;awGqkdjyD; okH;eSKef;a&;om;vdkufwmjzpfw,f 'g[mtkyfpkd;ol tm%mvuf&Sdrif;wkd@&J@
usifhokH;wJhenf;pepfjzpfw,f/ wzufrSmwvkdif;&efukd wkdufckdfuf acsrSKef; =ubkd@twGuf wkdif;ol jynfom;awGudkvJ vSKyfaqmf
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJhw,f/
&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefa&;[mtvGeftiftm;=uD;rm;w,fqkdwmjiif;p&mr&Sdbl;/ Armrif;uvufav#mhxm;cJh&wJh uonf;
&efol udkawmif auG@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@u wdkufckdufarmif;xkwfedkifcw Jh Jhtxdtiftm;=uD;rm;w,f/ w&kwfjynf bk&ifrif;jrwfxHrSm
tif;0rif; "rR&mZm"dywdu tulnDawmif;jyD;eSdrfeSif;&wJhtxdjzpfcJh&w,f/ auG@&Srf;wkd@uvJ [Hom0wD&Srf;rif;ordefaxmxHrS
tulnD awmif;wmjzpfw,f/,dk',m;uvmwJhrif;avmif;v0tdrfqdkwmwjcm;olrjzpfekdif [Hom0wDrSm rif;avmif;tjzpfemrnf
ausmf=um;jyD; rif;tjzpf&xm;wJh&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,fordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk qdkvdkwmjzpfw,f ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudktif;0rSm jyefvnf
eef;wifay;&ef&nf&G,fcsufeJ@rif;avmif;udk=udKqdk=uvdk@vSKyfaqmf=uwmjzpfw,f/ “owdk;rif;acgif vnf; [Hom0wDwvdkif;wdk@
ppfrrDrwW&mtkwfbdkudkodrf;,lrnf”30 [krSefeef;&mZ0ifrSma&;om;xm;w,f/ 'Dpmyk'fyg [Hom0wD wvkdif;wyfqkdwmvJ
[Hom0wDrS&Srf;rif;ordefaxmwyfudkqdkvkdw,fvkd@ u|efawmftckdifrmajymcsifw,f/ ‘rwW&mtkwfbdk paom ppfudkif;txuf
tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;qkdor#wkdifyif nDnGwfI [Hom0wDwyf ta&muf tqdkufudkom ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonf’
pmyk'fygtxuftnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&SdwJhwvkdif;awGqdkwm rGefvlrsdK;vkH;0rjzpfedkfifbl; txuftnmrSm rGefvlrsdK;awG r&Sdedkifbl;
&Srf;vlrsdK;om&Sdekdifw,f/ txufnmu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk qdkvkdwmjzpf&r,f/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufrSm&SdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk
pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;vkd@ &xm;jyD;jzpfw,f/ [Hom0wDrS ppftulom tjrefqkH;vmjyD;tif;0wkdufbkd@ vlapv$wf
tulnDawmif;vdkufw,f/ ordkif;taxmufxm;t&obm0usjyD;,kwWdwefvdk@qdkekdifw,f/ tkwfbkduauG@&Srf;wdk@ tulnD
awmif;wJhtwdkif; [Hom0wDrS &Srf;rsdK;EG,fordefaxmAk'<uwWdrif;uvJ ppftulwyfawGydk@jyD; tif;0udkwkdufapw,f/ ordefaxm
apv$wfvkdufwJh[Hom0wDwyfawG[m tif;0jrdK@&kd;wkdifxd a&mufcJhw,f/ csif;wGif;jrpf/ {&m0wDjrpftnmtxda&mufw,f/
&Srf;jynfxda&mufw,f/'gayrJhtif;0udkrodr;f ydkufcJhedkifbl;/t=udrf=udrf=udK;pm;wkdufckdufayrJhtif;0udkrodr;f ydkufekdifcJhbl;/ aemufqkH;rSm
ordefaxmapv$wfvkdufwJh[Hom0wDwyfawGaemufqkwfjyefvmcJh&w,f/ tif;0 eef;awmfrSm &Srf;rif;ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk
eef;wifay;bkd@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ =udK;yrf;rSKvJ ratmifjrifbJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ ordefaxm Ak'<udwWdvJpdwf"gwfusjyD; 1746-
ckeSpfrSmZifr,fbufokd@ xGufoGm;jyD; b0jrKyf vkdufw,f/
txufygu|efawmfwifjycJw h Jh ordkif;oufaotaxmufxm;awG tcsufvufawGtm;vkH;wkd@udk aoaocsmcsmavhvmokH;oyf
=unfhvkduf&if[Hom0wDrSmrif;avmif;vkd@emrnfausmf=um;aewJhordefaxmAk'M<uwWdudk ta=umif;jyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSef=u
wmjzpfw,f/ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudktif;0rSmeef;wifjyD;&Srf;rif;quftm%mxlaxmifa&;twGuf tkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@&Srf; vlrsdK;wkd@
30
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 390
 55
awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfw,f/ trSefudkzkH;uG,fjyD;awmfvSefa&;udk ao;odrfatmiftcGeftaumufudk ra=ueyfvkd@
aomif;usef;=uwJh
auG@wvkdif;awGvkd@orkwfjyD;vdrfnm0g'jzef@vkdufwmjzpfw,f/&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,frif;avmif;ordefaxmvkd@rSwfwrf;wifa&;om;&rJhtpm;
ordkif;ajc&mcHaumuf,lvkd@r&ekdifatmif/,kd;',m;urif;avmif;v0tdrfudk=udKqdk=uvdk@vJrSefeef;&mZ0ifrSmajymif;v$Ja&;om;vkduf
w,f/
tm;vkH;udkjcKHjyD;aumufekwfcsufcs&&ifauG@vlrsdK;/auG@wvdkif;/tkwfbdkrwW&mwvkdif;/ tnmjrpfpOfwav#mufwvkdif;/ [Hom0wDrS
vmwJh wvkdif;wyf pwJh wvkdif;a0g[m&wkd@[m &Srf;vlrsdK;udkOD;wnf&nfn$ef;ae=uwmudkawG@&w,f/ wvdkif;qdkwJha0g[m&[m
rGefvlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wm r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk OD;wnf&nfn$ef; aew,fqdkwm u|efawmfckdifckdifrmrmajym&Jvmawmhw,f/
wvdkif;a0g[m&[m woufvkH;rGefvlrsdK;vkd@om odxm;=uwJholawGtwGuf tJ'Dvkdwvkid ;f pum;vkH;[m &Srf;vlrsdK;udk
&nfn$ef;w,fvkd@=um;wmeJ@ eSmacgif;&SK@HjyD; r,kHouFmjzpfrSmaocsmw,f/ 'grkd@wvkdif;a0g[m&[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fvkd@
u|efawmfvG,fvG,fajymjyD;vG,fvG,feJ@ausmckdif;oGm;vkd@rjzpfao;bl; txufujycJhjyD;jzpfwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGeJ@yif
wvdkif;[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fvkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymedkifayrJh rvkHavmufao;bl; u|efawmfrSm wm0efrjyD;qkH;
ao;bl;vkd@cH,lvkdufw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk tb,fa=umifh Armbk&iftif;0rif;u wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@&nfn$ef;okH;eSKef;cJ&h ovJ/
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m b,fvdkqufpyfrSK awG&SdcJhovJ wvkdif;qkw d Jha0g[m&pum;vkH;&J@ aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;u
b,fvkd&SdcJhovJ pwJhtcsufawGudk vkdufvH&SmazG az:xkwfbkd@twGuf u|efawmfzckH;tay:rSm =uD;av;wJh wm0efawGu
usa&mufvmjyefw,f/
 56

tydkif;(10)
vGefcJhwJhtywfu wvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmf&@J&SmazGawG@&Sdcsufwkd@udk wdwdususajymcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&
tokH;eSKef;[m &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@omoufqkdifw,f/ &Srf;vlrsKd ;udkom &nfn$ef;w,f rGefvlrsdK;udk r&nfn$ef;bl;vdk@
tcdkiftrma&;om;wifjycJhw,f 'Dvkda&;om;wifjy&mvJ ta=umif;rJha&;om;cJhwmr[kwfbl;/ oufaoawG taxmufxm;awG
jynfhjynfhpkHpkHeJ@ a&;om; wifjy cJhjyD; jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh wvkdif;a0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@omoufqkdifw,fvkd@ woufvkH;
odxm;vmcJw h Jhyk*~dKvfawGtzkd@r,kH=unfekdifavmufatmifjzpfae=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'grdk@wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSK/
wvkdif;qdkwJha0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&&J@ aemufcH ordkif;pwJh tcsufvufwkd@udk &SmazGaz:xkwfbkd@ wm0efuusefae
ao;w,fvkd@ u|efawmfucH,lvdkufw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; oufaojy edkifbkd@twGuf ckdifrmwJhoufao taxmufxm;awG
udk&SmazGcJh&w,f/ ae@rtm; nrtm;pmtkyfawGtajrmufrsm; udkzwf&SKjyD; &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@wvkdif;a0g[mwkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudk
&SmazGcJh&w,f/ tajymvG,f oavmuf wu,fvufawG@rSm&SmazGwJhtcg vG,fvG,feJ@rdrdvkdcsifwJhoufaoawG
ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk r&edkifcJhbl;/ t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyftrsdK;rsd;udk &SmazGzwf&SKayrJh
vkHavmufckdifrmwJhwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ &Sr;f vlrsKd ;wkd@ qufpyfrSK taxmufxm;awGudk rawG@edkifbJjzpfaecJhw,f/
'gayrJhu|efawmftaeeJ@pdwf"gwfrusqif;oGm;bl;/ u|efawmfwifjycJw h Jht,lq[m rSefuef&r,fvdk@ pdwfxJrSm ckdifckdifjrJjrJ
,kH=unfqJbJ&Sdw,f/ 'grkd@ZJrG av#mhbJrawG@,awG@atmif&SmazGw,f/ pm=unfhwkduftpkHoGm;a&mufjyD;pmtkyf pmwrf;awG tpkHvifudk
vkdufvH&SmazGzwf&SK&wJhtjyif &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.ordkif;rSwfwrf;udk&SmazGzwf&SK&jyefw,f/ atmufyg&Srf;orkdif;rSpmyk'fukd=unfh&SK
avhvmwJhtcgtpetenf;i,f&vmw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwdk@udk,folwkd@ Tai ac:a=umif;od&w,f/

“In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai instead of
Shan State. The origin of the name Shan is not very clear, but has been discussed by many scholars. One of
the hypotheses concerning the origin of the name Shan is that Shan, Siam and Assam had been derived from
the word "Sian" (Hsian, Sein), which designates a group of mountainous people who migrated down for
Yunnan in the 6th. century AD. Another says that the Shan people were named after the "Mighty Shan", the
Great Mountain Ranges of China from where they had migrated. A third hypothesis suggests that Shan is a
corrupt word of Syam, a name given to Kshatriya (warriors) on duty of the Khmer empire in the early period
of the Tai history. In fact, all peoples of Mon-Khmer language family call the Tai "Shan", "Shen", "Sham",
or "Syam". However, all hypotheses lead to the names Shan and Tai as being one and the same race.”31

'Dae&mrSmtwkdjcKH;jyD;bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“&Srf;omompum;rSmolwkd@udk,folwkd@Tai odkr[kwf Tai Long vkd@ac:w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkvJ&Srf;jynftpm; Mong Tai vkd@
ac:qdkokH;eSKef;=ua=umif;/&Sr;f emrnfjzpfvmykHudkwdwdususrod&bl; &Srf;emrnfeJ@ywfoufjyD; ynm&Siftawmfcyfrsm;rsm;[m
ukd,fhtjrifeJ@udk,f aqG;aEG; wifjy=uw,f/ ynm&SifwOD;u &Sr;f pum;vkH;[m ‘Siam’(pD,H/xkdif;/) eSifh ‘Assam’ (tmoH)
pum;vkH;rsm;u qif;ouf vmw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wjcm;aomynm&SifwOD;u &Srf;pum;vkH;[m olwdk@tprlvaecJw h Jhw&kwfjynf&Sd
(Mighty Shan ) (rdkufwD&Srf;) &kd;rawmifwef;udk tqGJjyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:w,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wwd,,lqcsufu&Srf;pumvkH;[m
olwkd@&J@ ol&Jaumif; trnfemr (Syam) rSqif;oufvmwJhpum;vkH;ysufjzpfw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ rGef-crmtkyfpkrSvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@u
Tai udk &Srf;/&Sif/ o#rf;/odk@r[kwf pD,Hvkd@ac:=uw,f/'gayrJh 'Dt,lqtm;vkH;wkd@[m Tai eJ@&rS ;f twlwlbJ jzpfw,fqdkwmudkn$ef;jy
aew,f/”
txufygpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,fol&rS ;f vkd@rac:bl;/olwdk@udk,folwkd@(Tai)vlrsdK;okd@r[kwf(Tailong)vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qdk=u
w,f/ rGeef J@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uom Tai vlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ Tai
vlrsdK;wkd@[mvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnfjzpfw,f/ twlwlbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwmod&w,f/ u|efawmf odu|r;f wJh
31
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
 57

&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;udkar;=unfhawmhvJolwdk@udkolwkd@‘Tai’vkd@ac:ajym=ua=umif;od&w,f/olwdk@vlrsdK;udkrGefeJ@Armwkd@uom
&Srf;vkd@ac:qkdae=uwm/(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,folwkd@(Tai)vkd@bJac:w,f/od=uw,f/&Srf;vkd@olwkd@tcsif;csif;rSmrac:/rajym/rokH;
eSKef;bl;/rod=ubl;/rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uolwdk@udk&Srf;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;ae=uudkawmholwkd@odw,f/

‘Tai’ vlrsdK;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoH)vkd@ac:cJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ‘Tai’ vlrsdK;udk &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:aewmjzpfw,f/ rGefeJ@Arm[m

ta&;om uGmjcm;w,f/ toHxGufu wlavmufeD;yg;jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:wJh ‘aoH’toHudk,ljyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Sr;f vkd@
ac:a0: w,fvkd@u|efawmf,lq&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfajymcsifwmu &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@uolwkd@udkolwdk@ Tai vdk@ac:jyD;rGefeJ@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vdk@ac:w,f/ Tai toHxGufeJ@ &Srf;toHxGufcsif; vkH;0rwlwmudkawG@&r,f/(Tai) toHxGufudktu,fvkd@
rGefbmomeJ@a&;om;r,fqkd&if ‘wmJ’ vkd@wduswJh toHxGufudk&edkifygw,f/ Armpm ta&;om;eJ@a&;r,fqkd&if ‘wJ/ w’ vkd@
teD;pyfqkH;a&;vkd@&w,f/ tckawmh rGefeJ@Arm vlrsdK;wkd@u&Srf;vdk@ ac:vdkuf=uw,f/ bma=umifhrGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@uTai vkd@rac:bJ
&Srf;vkd@bma=umifhac:qkdokH;eSKef;ovJqkdwmukdaoaocsmcsmavhvmwJhtcg/ Siam qdw k Jhpum;vkH;uqif;oufvmwmukdawG@&w,f/
Tai rS&Srf;vlrsdK;trnfemrodk@ ajymif;vJ vmykHudkavhvmwJhtcg wdwdusustajzudk rawG@&bl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;udk
avhvmcsif&if ‘Tai’vlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;ukdbJ&SmazGavhvm&w,f/ atmufygpmyk'fukdavhvmwJhtcg ‘Tai’ ac: &Srf; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm
rsdK;EG,fpkuGJtajrmuftrsm;&SdwmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
Why Tai Nation

Tai People have many different subgroups namely, Tai Nue (Northern or Chinese Shan), Tai Lam (Black Shan of
Laos,Vietnam), Tai Sa (in China), Tai Mao (living along the China/Shan State border), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson Panna
(Eastern Shan StateI), Tai Kham Ti ( Northrn Shan State, Kachin State), Tai Ahom (Assam, India) Tai Lue (Lanna,
Thailang), Tai Long (Thailand,Central Shan State), Tai Leng (Kachin, Shan State border), Tai Loi (Mountain Shan/Hill
Shan), Tai Lai. All Tai/Shan people call themselves “Tai” and not as members of the different subgroups. Identifying
themselves separately only serves to classify them as a people.(Tai-Nation. Org/p.1)

'Dpmyk'fudkoifhav#mfovkdbmomjyef&&if

“(Tai )&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@rSmtkyfpkuJrG sdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&Sdw,f/4if;wkd@rSm Tai Nue (ajrmufydkif;&Srf; okd@r[kwf w&kwf&Srf;), Tai
Lam (avm/Ad,uferf&Srf;rJ), Tai Sa (w&kwfjynfxJrSm&SdwJh&Srf;), Tai Mao(w&kwfArme,fpyfae&Sr;f ), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson
Panna (&Srf;jynfta&S@ydkif;ae@&Srf;), Tai Kham Ti ( ajrmufykdif;&Srf;eJ@ucsifjynfe,f&Srf;), Tai Ahom (tmoHjynf&Srf; tdENd,&Srf;),
Tai Lue (xkdif;jynf&Sd&Srf;), Tai Long (xkdif;jynf&Sr;f eJ@&Srf;jynftv,fydkif;&Srf;), Tai Leng (ucsifjynfe,feJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fpyf&Sd&Srf;),
Tai Loi (awmifay:&Srf;), &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,folwkd@ ‘Tai’ vkd@ac:=uw,f/ tkyfpkuGJemrnf taeeJ@rac:=ubl;/
oD;jcm;rsdK;EG,fpkudk&nfn$ef;wJhtcgrSmomtkyfpktEG,ftrnfemrudkwyfjyD;ac:=uw,f/”
txufyg'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSmtkyfpkuGJrsdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&SdwmudkawG@edkfifw,f/tkyfpktrnfudkokH;pGJcJw,f/tm;
vkH;wOD;udkwOD;(Tai)vdk@bJac:ajym=uw,f//
'gayrJhtxufyg Tai &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@udkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;awGac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&rS f;trnfemrudkrawG@cJh&bl;/
arm&Srf; (Tai Mao) trnfemrudk aw@G&w,f/ arm&Srf;trnfemrudkawmhpmzwfolrsm;tu|rf;0ifjyD;jzpfr,fu|efawmfxifygw,f/
arm&Srf;wkd@XmeDoDcsif;vJ&Sdw,f/arm&Srf;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&if;eSD;jyD;omjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmTai rsdK;EG,fpk trnf pm&if;xJrSm auG@&Srf;eJ@qufpyfwJh rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmf pdwfxJrSm
txl;qef; jzpfrdjyefw,f wcgtkwfbkdrwW&mrSawmfvSefykef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;aewmudk
32
u|efawmfwkd@ odcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm=unfhwJhtcg ‘aoHaumJ’ vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Armordkif;rSmauG@&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;rSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk ‘aoHaumJ’rsdK;EG,fvkd@
a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@w,f/ rGefpum;vkH; ‘aoH’ [m&Srf;vlrsdK;ukdac:jyD; ‘aumJ’[m &Srf;rsdK;eG,fpkwpk&J@trnfjzpfw,f/

32
edkifxGef;odef;a&;om;wJh[Hom0wDordkif;rSwfpkrS
 58
‘aoHaumJ’ [m&Srf;rsdK;EGk,fpktrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpkjzpfw,f/ ArmawGu ‘auG@ &Sr;f ’vkd@ ac:vkdufw,f/ rGeftoHxGuf ‘aumJ’
eJ@ArmtoHxGuf ‘auG@’ wkd@[mwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/ wcgrGeftoH aoH [mArmtoH &Sr;f eJ@wlnDw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;
rGefeJ@ArmtokH;eSKef;[m vkH;0wlnDw,fvkd@ajym&if &edkifw,f/ ta&;om;wm rwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/rGeftoHxGuf ‘aumJ’udk Armwkd@u
‘auG@’ vkd@,lvkdufwmjzpfekdifw,f/'grdk@aoHaumJrGeftokH;eSKef;eJ@ArmtokH;eSKef; auG@&rS ;f qdkwmwlnDw,f toHxGufrSm wlnDrSK&SdjyD;
auG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkudk &nf&G,fwmtwlwljzpfw,f/

'gayrJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk pm&if;xJrSmauG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmfrSm=uH&cufaew,f/ rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u

&Srf;vlrsdK;pkwpkudk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ ac:qkdayrJh ‘Tai’vlrsdK; awGtaeeJ@tjcm;emrnfeJ@ rdrdwkd@ukd,fudkrdrdwdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wm
jzpfedkifw,fvkd@bJaemufqkH;rSmaumufcsufcs&awmhw,f/ 'grdk@ auG@&Srf;eJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmf avhvm wJhtcg wduswJh
ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkrawG@&bl;/ Armorkdif; ynm&SifawGvJauG@&Srf;ta=umif;ukdwdwdususrod=ubl;/ OD;boef;a&;wJh
jrefrmhorkdif; pmtkyfrSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wmukdawG@&w,f/
“auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;t&mudkpmaytxift&Sm;rawG@&acs/ auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ae&mrSmyJcl;teD;&Sdt0kdif;&GmeSifhrEWav;'Dp=wdwf&Sd tkwfzkd
t&yfrsm;jzpf=uonf/”33
'DavmufbJodcJh&w,f/'gxufykdjyD;auG@&Srf;ta=umif;udkrodcJh&bl;/

txufyg Tai rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrtrsm;tjym;rSm auG@&rS f;trnfrawG@wmudk axmuf&SK&if rGefvlrsdK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJh

auG@&Srf;tac:ta0:eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tac:ta0: tokH;eSKef; rwlwm aocsmw,f/ Oyrmqkd&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@Armwkd@u
‘Tai’vlrsdK;udk&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;jyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,fholwkd@ ‘Tai’vkd@ac:a0: w,f/ tac:a0:csif;rwlnD=ucJhovkd ,ckvJ
rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u auG@&rS ;f vkd@ac:a0:wmeJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ac:a0:wm rwlwmbJjzpf&r,fvkd@ aemufqkH;rSmu|efawmf
aumufcsufcsvkdufw,f/

auG@&Sr;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK; ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ ac:aewJh rsdK;EG,fpk[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;wJh arm&Srf; (Tai Mao)jzpfaeovm;vdk@

u|efawmfpOf;pm;aerdw,f/ ‘Tai’ &Sr;f vlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ ‘arm&Sr;f ’ vkd@ac:a0:aewmudk rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u ‘auG@&Srf;’vdk@
ac:a0:aeovm;vkd@u|efawmfpOf;pm;awG;awmaerdw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmtxufyg &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfpm&if;rsm;txJu wtkyfpk &J@
trnfemr[m auG@&Srf;jzpfekdifw,fvkd@bJ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm cH,lvkdufw,f/

'DtcsufawG[myXrtqifhtaeeJ@u|efawmf&SmazGawG@&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfw,f tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkudk

bma=umifhrGefeJ@Armwkd@u auG@&Srf;vkd@ ac:&ovJ auG@&rS ;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:aewJhrsdK;EG,fpk[m b,f&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk
xJrSm yg0ifaeovJ u|efawmf wa,mufwnf; av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;aerdw,f u|efawmftav;eufxm; t"du
&SmazG&rSmuauG@&rS ;f ta=umif;jzpfw,f/ auG@&rS ;f eJ@wvkdif; pum;vkH;wkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudku|efawmf&SmazG wifjy&rSmjzpfw,f/
oufaotaxmufxm;ckdifckdifvkHvkHu|efawmfrSmvkdtyfaew,f/ 'grkd@auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkeJ@ ywfoufwJh ordkif;tcsufvufawGudk
rawG@,awG@atmif u|efawmf&SmazG&OD;rSmjzpfw,f/ pmtkyfrsdK;pkHzwf&SKavhvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ okH;eSKef; ac:qkd
ae=uwJhauG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkta=umif;udk u|efawmfxyfrHavhvm&jyefw,f

atmufyg Tai &J@orkdif;pmtkyfudkawG@&SdawmhrS auG@&Srf;&J@tptevrf;pudkawG@&Sd&awmhw,f/

“In the 10th. and 11th. century, there is little doubt that a powerful Tai kingdom, the Nam Mao Long
Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao (now called Shwe Li River). It is believed
that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan.
Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80

33
jrefrmorkdif;/ OD;boef;/ pm-116
 59
years until he died in 1104. During that period the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons,
when the three groups were struggling for dominance in Burma.”34

“10-&mpkeJ@11-&mpkrSm oHo,tenf;i,f&Sdwmu tvGeftm;=uD;wJh&Srf;ekdifiHawmfwckudkerfarm (,cktac:a&$vDjrpf)&J@

ajrmufbufydkif;rSm xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/ 'DedkifiH[m 7-&mpk ,leef&Srf;vlrsdkK;wkd@ xlaxmifwJh “Tai Mao Kao”
“armaum&Srf;” ekdifiH=uD;&J@ tpdyftydkif;wckvkd@ ,kH=unf&w,f/ Nam Mao rsdK;eG,fuapm[kefz[mArmjynfrSm&SdwJh Tai Nam
MaoLongKingdomedkifiHawmfudkeSpfaygif;(80)eSpfxdtkyfcsKyfcJhw,f/1104-ckeSpfrSm uG,fvGef oGm;w,f/ tJ'D umv rSm
Armjynfpkd;rkd;a&;twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmeJ@ rGefwkd@&J@t"dujydKifbuf awGjzpfcJhw,f/” 'Dae&mrSm Tai Nam
MaoLongKingdom &J@t"dy`g,fudkwvkH;jcif;pmzwfolrsm;emvnfoabmvG,fatmifu|efawmftenf;i,f&Sif;jyygr,f/
(Tai=&Srf;/ Nam=jrpf/a&/ Mao=a&$vDa'o/Long= vkif/ Kingdom=edkifiHawmf=uD;)jzpfw,f/

txufygpmyk'frS"Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom “armaum&Srf;” ekdifiHawmf udku|efawmftm; txl;yifpdwf0ifpm;apcJw h ,f/

“armaum&Srf;”ekdifiHawmf vkd@qdkxm;w,f/ (Kao) ‘aum’ pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;pGJwJh ‘HaumJ’ eJ@eD;pyfrSK&Sdaew,f/
Kaw ‘aum’pum;vkH;udkbJreG fvlrsdK;wdk@u ‘aumJ’vkd@rdrdwdk@bmomeJ@ajymif;vJ a&;om;vm=ujyD; ‘aoHaumJ’vk@d
jzpfvmovm;pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/ wzefreG fvlrsdK;wkd@tokH;teSKef;ta&;om; ‘aumJ’ udkArmwdk@urdrdwdk@bmompum;eJ@ ‘auG@’
vkd@ajymif;vJ a&;om;vmovm;u|efawmfrSmpOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/

aum(Kao)pum;vkH;eJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfeJ@tvGef&if;eSD;wJh&Srf;trsdK;om; Ph.D bGJ@twGuf =ooa=wvD;,mekdifiH e,lapmufa0;

wuUokdvfrSmynmqnf;yl;aewJhudkpdkif;avmifvif;(Sai Lao Leang ) udkar;=unfhwJhtcg/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@bmompum;t& (9)*%ef;
t"dy`g,f&Sdw,fvkd@ u|efawmftm;&Sif;jyw,f &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;t&w&kwfjynfawmifydkif; ,leefjynfrSmwcgwkH;u&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.
xlaxmifwJh udk;wkdif;udk;Xge&Srf;ekdifiHawmf=uD;wnf&SdcJhbl;onf[uk dkpkdif;avmifvif;(Sai Lao Leang) uyifxyfrH&Sif;jyonf/
aum(9)[mxkdudk;(9)wkdif;udk;(9)XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;udk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmftm;t=uHjyKajymjyw,f/

udkpkdif;&Sif;jywJhtcsufeJ@ “the Nam Mao Long Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao
(now called Shwe Li River). It is believed that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded
in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan”. pmyk'fygtcsufvufwkd@[mudkufnDaewmudkawG@&w,f/ ‘ Nam Mao Long
Kingdom’[mw&kwf,leefjynfe,frSmwnf&SdcJhbl;wJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ ‘udk;wkdif;udk;XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;’&J@wkdif;/Xmewck jzpfw,f
qdkwmxif&Sm;w,f/udk;wdkif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tifyg,mekdifiHawmf=uD;[mtvGefus,f0efw,f/tif;tm;vJtvGef=uD;rm;wJhtifyg
,mekdifiHawmf=uD;wckjzpfw,f/xkdudk;wkdif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.tifyg,m=uD;xJrSm Nam Mao Long Kingdom’ edkifiHawmfvJ
XmewcktaeeJ@yg0ifcw Jh ,f/ ‘Nam Mao Long Kingdom’ [mArmjynfwGif;odk@ (Tai Long)&Srf;wdk@ 0ifa&muf vmjyD;aemuf/
Armjynftxufydkif;a&$vDjrpf(Nam Mao) udktajccHwnfaxmifcw Jh JhekdifiHawmfwckjzpfw,f/ Armjynfajrmufydkif; a&$vDjrpf0Sr;f rSm
wnf&SdwJh (Tai Long)&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ edkifiHawmfjzpfw,f/'Dtcsufvufwkd@udk u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif;odvm&awmhw,f/ (Nam
Mao=a&$vDjrpf// Long=Tai Long=&Srf;vlrsdK;)

tusdK;ta=umif;tm;vkH;wkd@udkfqufpyfjyD;u|efawmfpOf;pm;wJhtcg/ "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom” “udk;wdkif;udk;Xmearm&Srf;”

qdkwm/a&$vDjrpfwav#mufrSm (Armjynftxufykdif;eJ@w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;tyg0if) ‘udk;wkdif;udk;Xme’edkifiHawmf=uD;udk (Tai Long)
&Srf;vlrsdK;=uD;uxlaxmifcJhbl;onf/ 'Dudk;wkdif;udk;XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;udkta=umif;jyKjyD; 'Dae&m'Da'o 'DedkifiHawmf=uD;rSm aexkdifwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoHaumJ)vkd@ ac:qdkvdkuf[efwlw,fvdk@,lq&w,f/ bmjzpfovJqkd&if/&Srf;tac: aum pum;vkH;eJ@
rGeftac: aumJpum;vkH;wkd@[mwlnD;rSK&Sdaew,f/ wcgrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJhpum;vkH;udk (aumJ)udkyifArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
rdrdbmompum;eJ@(auG@)vdk@a&;om;okH;wmjzpfedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfaumufekwfcsvdkufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ac:qdkwJh ‘aoHaumJ’
ArmawGGac:aewJh ‘auG@&Srf;’vlrsdK;qkdwm'DedkifiHawmf=uD;u (Tai Long)&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfedkifw,f/ 'DekdifiHawmf=uD;udk

34
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
 60
ta=umif;jyKjyD;rS'DekdifiHawmfrSae=uwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;udk(aoHauJ)aum&Srf;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uac:qkdjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ (auG@)&Srf;ac:wmjzpfekdifw,fvdk@bJu|efawmfaumufekwfcsuf,lqvdkufawmhw,f/

ArmjynfxJodk@0ifa&mufvmwJhrlv&Srf;vlrsdK;[m/ (Tai-Long)vlrsdK;pk=uD;jzpfw,f/ ArmjynfxJudk0ifa&mufvmjyD; a&$vDjrpf0Srf;

(Nam Mao) a&$vDjrpfudktajccHjyD;edkifiHawmfwnfaqmufaexkdifojzifh (arm&Srf;) vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmwmjzpfw,f/ csKyfjyD;ajym&&if
(arm&Srf;)vkd@emrnfwGifvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m(Tai Long)rsdK;EG,ftkyfpk=uD;rS qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmydkrdk&Sif;atmiftenf;xyfrHjyD;a&;om;wifjyvkdygw,f/ ArmjynfudktpyXrOD;qkH;0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m (Tai-
Long)&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkjzpfw,f/ Armtac: a&$vDjrpf0Srf;[m/ (Tai) vlrsdK;wkd@tac: (Nam Mao)jzpfw,f/(Tai=&Srf;/ Nam=jrpf/a&/
Mao=a&$vDa'o)Armjynfodk@(Tai-Long) rsdK;EG,fpktaeeJ@0ifa&mufvmw,f/ /a&$vDjrpf0Srf; (Nam Mao)
t&yfa'orSmtajcwnfaexkdifojzifh/armf&rS f;vkd@trnfemrwGifvmwmjzpfw,f/

atmufygpmyk'ft&qkdvJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mrdrdbmomeJ@rdrdwkd@udk,fudk (Tai) odk@r[kwf (Tai Long) vkd@ac:qkd=ua=umif; az:jy

xm;w,f/“In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai
instead of Shan State”.
wzefatmufygpmyk'fudku|efawmftav;eufxm;avhvm=unfh&SKaerdjyefw,f/
“The Shan imgrants of upper Burma were the oldest branch of Tai ethnic group being known as ‘Tai
Long’ or ‘Tai Yai’, that is ‘Great Tai’. Tai Mao and Tai Nua were also classified as ‘Tai Long’.”35

“Armjynftxufydkif;udktapmqkH;0ifa&mufcdkvkHwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;pk[m"Tai Long" or "Tai Yai"wkd@jzpfjyD;/ ‘&Sr;f =uD;’vkd@ ac:w,f/

Tai Mao (arm&Srf;)eJ@ Tai Nua (&Srf;i,f)wkd@udkvJ "Tai Long"tkyfpkrSmyg0ifw,f” 'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&ifa&$vDarm&Srf;(Tai
Mao)vJ "Tai Long" tkyfpkjzpfw,fvdk@qdkxm;w,f/

tm;vkH;udkjcKHjyD;ajym&&if ArmjynfxJudk0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpki,ftm;vkH;wkd@[m/ (Tai Long) rsdK;eG,ftkyfpk=uD;rS qif;ouf

vmwmudkawG@&w,f/(Tai Long) t&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk=uD;[mtvGeft"duusw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&w,f/ 'Dtxdawmh
u|efawmfwkd@ &Sif;&Sif; odvmjyD;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ta=umif;udkavhvmvkdwJh u|efawmf[maemufqkH;rSm"Tai
Long".vlrsdK;wkd@ ta=umif;udkbJ t"duxm;avhvm&awmhw,f/ wzefatmufyg pmyk'fudkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;/ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
twlwla&maeSm aexkdifwJh &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[mTai Long rsdK;EG,fpkjzpfaewmudkawG@&jyefw,f/'Dtcsuf[mt"duuswJhtcsufjzpfw,f/
The Tai Long did not only establish their power in the lowland and upland of Burma Proper, but slowly, by following
the rivers they infiltrated to all the river valleys of South-east Asia. Small groups, as well as setting amongst the Mons
and Burmese, went as far as Cambodia and Vietnam. The majority made their homes in the Shan State and some
went further west into Thailand and Laos.

“Tai Long” vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynfajrjyef@eJ@ Armjynftxufykdif;rSm tm%mxlaxmif,kHrubl;/ wajz;ajz;eJ@jrpfukd

vkdufoGm;jyD;a&S@awmiftm&Sjrpf0Srf;wav#mufrSm oGm;a&mufaexkdifvm=uw,f/ tkyfpki,fwpk[mrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
a&maeSmaexkdifjyD;uarBm'D,m;AD,uferftxdjyef@eSHa&mufoGm;w,f/ trsm;pkuawmh &Srf;jynfe,frSmtajccsaexkdifjyD;tcsdK@[m
xkdif;ekdifiH/vmtkdedkifiHtxdjyefeSH@oGm;w,f”

'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if Tai long &Srf;rsdK;EG,f[m rGefvlrsdK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@&if;&if;eSD;eSD;a&ma&maeSmaeSmeD;eD;uyfuyfaexkdif =uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;

jzpfaewmudk awG@&w,f/ 'grkd@rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m wjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,f tkyfpkrjzpfekdifbl;/
Tai Long &Srf;rsdK;EG,ftkyfpkbJjzpfedkifw,fqkdwm u|efawmf ckdifckdifrmrm ajymvm ekdifawmhw,f/ 'Dtqifhtxdawmh pmzwfolrsm;
&Sif;vif; vdrfhr,fvkd@u|efawmfxifygw,f/

35
The Shan Settlement in Myanmar/p. 2
 61

aemufwqifhu|efawmfxyfrHavhvm&rSmuauG@&Srf;vdk@u|efawmfwkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh (Tai Long )&Srf;eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ wkd@[m

b,fvkd qufpyfrSK &Sdw,f qdkwJhtcsufbJjzpfaew,f/ 'DqufpyfrSK[mt"duusjyD; ta&;=uD;qkH;tpdyfydkif;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;eJ@ Tai
Long pum;vkH;wkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKukdu|efawmf tvGefodcsifw,f/ bmjzpfvJqkdawmh wvkdif; eJ@ Tai Long pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;&J@
toHxGufudk aoaocsmcsmavhvm&iftvGefwlnDaewmudk awG@&w,f/ toHxGufcsif; tvGefeD;pyfaewJhtcsufudk u|efawmf
txl;pdwfpm;rdw,f/'gayrJhwlw,fvkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymr&ao;bl;/ oufaoawGom"uawGvkdao;w,f/ 'Dpum;vkH;
eSpfckqufpyfrSK[m tvGefpdwf0ifpm;bdk@ aumif;w,f pmvkH;eSpfvkH;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSKudk aoaocsmcsmodcsifwJhpdwf u|efawmfrSm
ykdrdkjyif;jyif;ysysjzpfay:vmw,f/ ckdifrmwJh oufaotaxmufxm;eJ@ pmzwfoludkwifjycsifw,f/ 'DpmvkH;eSpfvkH;&J@ qufpyfrSK
rawG@or# u|efawmfrSm pdwfrat;ekdifbJ jzpfaeao;w,f/ 'grdk@auG@&Srf;vkd@u|efawmfwkd@odwJh(Tai Long) &Srf;
eJ@wvkdif;pum;vkH;wkdk@&J@qufpyfrSKukd u|efawmfrem; raexyfrHjyD;pmtkyfawGudk zwf&jyefw,f/ todu|rf;
&Srf;ausmif;om;/&Srf;oli,fcsif; awGudk csO;f uyfjyD; ar;jref;pkHprf; &jyefw,f/ 'gayrJhu|efawmf tvGefvkdcsifaewJh tajz twdusukd
r&ekdifbJ jzpfaejyefw,f/ aemufqkH;rSm u|efawmf tvGefvkdcsifaewJh ckdifrmwJhqufpyfrSK taxmufxm;wckudk
uHaumif;axmufrvkd@rar#mfvifhbJ atmufygpmtkyfwtkyfrSm awG@&cJhw,f/ pmtkyf[m vGefcw Jh Jh eSpfaygif;(100)ausmfu
tdENd,ekdifiHpmykHeSdyfwkdufrS&kdufeSdyfhxkwfa0xm;wJht*Fvdyfbmompmtkyfwtkyfjzpfw,f/ orkdif;ynm&Sifa'gufwmvl@&J@ pmtkyfpifu
jzpfw,f/ (Dr. Lue’s collection in Australia National library).

Linguistic Survey of India

VOL. II

MOM-KHMER AND SIAMESE-CHINESE FAMILIES

(INCLUDING KHASSI AND TAI)

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

G.A. GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT., I.C.S.

CALCUTTA

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1904

txufygpmtkyfpmrsufeSm (64)rSatmufygpmyk'fudkuHaumif;axmufrvkd@u|efawmfoGm;awG@rdw,f/ pmyk'frSmatmufyg twkdif;

jzpfw,f/

"We have seen that the Northern Shans were always spoken of by the other branches of the family as the
‘Tai Long' (w’vki)f or 'Great Tais'. In Shan the letters l and r are freely interchanged, so that another form
of the name is 'Tai Rong'. One section of the Shans who at various times entered Assam has retained this
name, and its members are now known as Tairongs, Turungs, or Sham (i.e., Shan) Turungs. ……….Their
own tradition is that they originally came from Mung-mang Khau-shang on the North-East of Upper
Burma, and settled on the Turungpani River, which took its name, 'the Tai-Rong Water', from them."36
'Dpmyk'fudktwkdcsKH;jyD;bmomjyef&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/

36
Mon- Khmer and Siamese Families.p.64/(The above is based on the note on page 284 of Mr. Gait's Census Report.)
 62
“ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wkd@udktjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@u 'Tai Long' (w’vki)f okdr[kwf (Great Tai )&Srf;=uD; vkd@
tjrJwrf;ac:qdkwmudk u|efawmfwkd@=um;od&cJhw,f/ &Srf;wkd@rSm l eJ@ r pmvkH;rsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zvS,fjyD;okH;aewmudk awG@&
w,f/ xkda=umifh tjcm;emrnfykHpHwcku Tai Rong jzpfw,f/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpk[m tmoHjynfe,fxJodk@
0ifa&mufoGm;jyD; 'Demrnfudk &vmw,f/ 'DrsdK;EG,fpk0ifwkd@udk Tairongs, Turungs, odk@r[kwf Sham vkd@od=uw,f/
olwkd@&J@udk,fydkif"avh xkH;pH[m rl&if;tm;jzifh txufArmjynfta&S@ajrmufydkif; Mung-mang Khau-shang uvmw,f/
Turungpani jrpfrSm tajccsaexkdifw,f/”

'Dordkif;ynm&Sifu/ ol@&J@t*Fvdyfvdka&;om;xm;wJhpmwrf;rSm/ &Srf;pmvkH;(w’vki)f udkygyl;wGJjyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk xl;xl;qef;qef;

awG@&w,f/ (w’vki)f qkw d Jh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;ta&;om;[m wvkdif;pum;vkH;&J@ta&;om;eJ@ tvGefeD;pyf aewmudk
awG@&jyefw,f/ 'DpmvkH;eSpfvkH;[mta&;om;csif;tvGefeD;pyfrSK&Sd,kHrubl; toHxGufcsif;vJtvGefwlnDaewmudk awG@&w,f/ tvGef
xl;qef;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ u|efawmfudktxl;pdwfvSKyf&Sm;apcJhw,f/ 'geJ@u|efawmfodu|rf;wJh &Srf;trsdK;om;udkpkdif;avmifvif;udk
csOf;uyfjyD; &Srf;bmomta&;om;udk ar;jref;&jyefw,f/ udkpdkif;avmifvif;uvJ pdwf&n S f vuf&SnfeJ@ a&;jyw,f/ &Sif;jyygw,f/
udkpkdif;avmifvif;&Sif;vif;csuft&qdk&if(Tai)pmvkH;udk&Srf;bmompmayeJ@(w’;)vkd@a&;om;=uw,f (Long)uk(d vli)f vk@d &Sr;f bmom
pmayeJ@ a&;om;=uw,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&Sif;jyawmhrS ‘Tai Long’ pum;vkH;udk &Srf;bmomeJ@ (w’;vlif)a&;om;ykHudk
u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&awmhw,f/'g[m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@pmaya&;om;rSKeJ@ywfoufjyD;yxrtqifh u|efawmf odvkduf&w,f/
Tai Long udk (w’;vli)f vdk@&Srf;bmompmayeJ@ a&;om;=uw,f qdkwm&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odayrJh/ u|efawmfrSmauseyfrSKr&ao;bl;/
bmjzpfvkd@vJqkd&if udkpkdif;avmifvif;a&;om;wJh (w’;vlif)pmvkH;eJ@ pmwrf;rSmyg&SdwJh (w’vkif)pmvkH;wkd@[mtenf;i,f
uGmjcm;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm tvkdqENrjynfhao;bJ jzpfaerdjyefw,f/ 'geJ@ (w’vkif)[m &Srf;bmompmvkH;
r[kwfbl;vm;vdk@ udkpdkif;avmifvif;udk u|efawmfur&Jw&JeJ@ar;vdkufjyefw,f/ 'DawmhrSudkpkdif;avmifvif;uqufvufjyD;xyfrH
&Sif;vif;jyjyefw,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&J@tajz[mu|efawmfvkdcsifwJhtajztwdusjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ (w’vkif) pmvk;H vJ
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@&Srf;bmomta&;om;bJjzpfw,fvkd@ udkpdkif;avmifvif;utckdifrmtwdusajz=um;w,f/ (w’vkif) pmvkH;[m
&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ ta&;om;tppftrSefjyD; acwfa[mif; &Srf;bmompmay ta&;om; tokH;eSKef;jzpfw,f/ ,ckacwfrSm (w’;vlif)
vkd@ajymif;vJ a&;om;vm=uw,f/ (Tai Long) udk,cifacwfwkH;uokH;eSKef;Ia&;om;aewJh &Srf;bmompmayeJ@ (w’vkif) ae&mrSm
&Srf;toHxGufykdrdkwdwdusus&ekdifatmifqkdjyD;,ckacwfopfrSm (Tai Long)udk &Srf;pmayeJ@ “w’;vlif”vkd@ ajymif;vJa&;om;
vm=uwmjzpfw,f/ ,ckacwfopfrSm(w’;vli)f vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;vmwJhta=umif;&if;udkyg udkpdkif;avmifvif;updwf&Snfvuf&Snf
&Sif;jyw,f/u|efawmfrSm0rf;omvGef;vkd@rsuf&nfrsm;yifpdk@rdw,f/tHh=ovGef;vkd@pum;yifajymrxGufavmufatmifjzpfrdw,f/
u|efawmf&ifxJrSmteSpfeSpfeSpftvvuwif;usyfydwfpdk@vmcJw h Jhjy\emtvkH;=uD;vJ,ckrSyifajyaysmufoGm;awmhw,f/
rdrdtvGefvkdcsifaewJhtajzufkdvJ&vdkufwJhtwGuf/ u|efawmfpdwfonfvJtvGefat;csrf;oGm;w,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;udkvJ
twdkif;rod aus;Zl;wifrw d ,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&J@ &Sif;jycsufutvGef&Sif;vif;ygw,f/ (w’vkif)[m a&S@a[mif;&Srf;bmom
ta&;om;jzpfw,f/ ,cifacwfa[mif;rSm&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u (Tai Long) udk (w’vkif) pmvkH;ta&;om;eJ@a&;om;okH;ESKef;cJhw,f/
u|efawmhpdwfxJrSm r&Sif;rvif;jzpfcJhwmawG &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&wJhtwGuf0rf;omvkd@rqkH;jzpfrdw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@
ywfoufjyD; &SKwfaxG; vmcJh&wJhu|efawmfrSm ,ckrSbJ&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpfvmawmhw,f/ u|efawmfvJ udk,fvdkcsifwJh
tajz&vdkufwJhtwGuf twkdif;rod0rf;omoGm;rdw,f/ aemufwqifhusefwJh tcsufu (w’vkif)a0g[m&pum;vkH;uae
wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;odk@ ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmykHudk &Sif;vif;wifjybdk@twGuf jzpfw,f/ 'DtwGufu|efawmftbdk@
vG,fuloGm;jyD;jzpfw,f/

'Dae&mrSm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@jrefrmrSKjyKjyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;om;wwfwJh tavhtxudkpmzwfolrsm; owd&atmifjyefvnf

az:jy&r,f xifygw,f/ ‘zsmykif’ qkw d Jh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ta&;om;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u zwf&wmv#macgufaew,fracsmaebl;/
rajyjypfbl;jrefrmrSKjyKjyD; ‘zsmykH’ a&;om; vmwmudkpmzwfolrsm;owd=ur,fxifygw,f/ ‘zsmyki’f rGefpumvkH;rS‘zsmykH’jzpfvmykHudk
u|efawmf&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ (w’vkif) pum;vkH;udkvJ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ac:&wm v#macgufaeykH&w,f/
‘vkif’[m Armpma&;om;zGJ@xkH;rSKppfppfr[kwfbl;/ zwf&wmvJ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ cufcJw,f v#macgufaew,f/ rajyjypfbl;/
'gudkArmvlrsdK;u rdrdwdk@jrefrmpma&;om;zGJ@xkH;rSKppfppfeJ@ ‘vkdif;’ vkd@ ajymif;vJa&;om;jyD; jrefrmrSKjyK vkdufwmjzpfw,f/
‘zsmykif’qkdwJh rGefa0g[m&udkjrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKyD;yD;ooeJ@‘zsmykH’ vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;wwfwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ jrefrmjyKrSKudk jrif&if/
 63
,ckvJ&Srf;vlrsdK;awGu (w’vkif) vkd@a&;cJw
h Jha0g[m&udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK yDyDooeJ@ ‘wvkdif;’
vdk@ajymif;vJa&;om;vmwmudkvJjrifvdfrfhr,fvdk@u|efawmfar#mfvifhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmykdrdk&Sif;atmif jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKeJ@ ywfoufjyD;
u|efawmftenf;xyf&Sif;jycsifygw,f/ ‘ykif’ ‘vkif’ ‘ukif’ ‘bkif’ ‘rkif’ wkd@ta&;om;rdsK; ArmawGa&;om;avh r&Sdbl;/
tvGef&Sm;yg;w,f/ jrefrmpm zGJ@xkH;rSKvJr[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dvdkta&;om;rsdK;udk ArmawGa&;&ifvJ rGefvlrsdK;/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@
toHxGufouJhokd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@toHrxGufedkifbl;/rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@upmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@toHxGufw,f/'gayrJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
pmvkH;eSpfvkH; taeeJ@ toHxGuf w,f/ ta&;rSmpmwvkkH; toHxGufrSmpmeSpfvkH;jzpfaew,f/ Oyrm ‘vkif’ pmvkH;udk avhvm=unfhyg
rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u ‘vki’f vkd@bJ pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHxGufw,f/ 'gayrJhArmwdk@u tJ'Dvkdta&;om;rsdK;udk
a&;&ifpmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufwwfbl;/ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cGJjyD;toHxGufw,f/ ‘*dwvkif’vkd@ArmawGa&;avh&Sdw,f/ ‘vki’f
pmvkH;udktoHxGufwJh ae&mrSm pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufekdifbl;/ pmvkH;eSpv f kH;cJGvkdufjyD;toHxGuf&w,f/ ‘vki’f pmvkH;udk
‘vk+vif’ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cJGjyD;/ ‘vk’ ukdoD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,ff ‘vif’udkvJ oD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,f/ 'ga=umifh ‘*dwvkif’
pmvkH;udktoHxGufzwfwJhtcg ‘*dwvkvif’ vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u toHxGufwmudk u|efawmfwdk@=um;&w,f/ wcg ‘vkifysdK’
vkd@ArmvlrsdK;awGa&;om;rSKudk awG@vdrfr,f/ ‘vkifysdK’ pmvkH;udktoHxGuf&mrSm ‘vkvifysdK’ vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u toHxGufw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@vdk pmvkH;wvkH; taeeJ@toHrxGufwwfbl;/'grdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta&;om; (w’vkif) pmvkH;rS
(vkif)pmvkH;ukdArmvlrsdK;wdk@u toHxGufwJh ae&mrSm v#macgufaewwfw,f/ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;taeeJ@ toHeSpfrsdK; xkwfae&w,f
rajyjypfbl;/ toHajyjypfwJh ta&;om;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjyD;a&;om;vmw,f/ (vkif) ae&mrSm (vkdif;)vkd@ajymif;vJ
a&;om;vmwmjzpfw,f/
‘vkdif;’vkd@a&;om;awmhrSArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ac:a0:&wmoufawmifhoufom&Sdvmw,f/toHxGuf&mrSmvnf;vG,fvG,fululeJ@
toHwvkH;wnfudkxGufvmekdifawmhw,f/aemufqkH;rSm (wvkdif;) a0g[m&[m (w’vkif) Tai Long qkdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@
a0g[m&pum;vkH;rSqif;oufvmw,fqkdwm&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&awmhw,f/
tcdkifrmqkH;oufaoom"ujzpfw,fvdk@u|efawmfjrifw,f 'gxufykdrdkckdifrmwJh oufao taxmufxm;qdkwmr&Sdedkifawmhbl;/
'ga=umifh ‘wvkdif;’ a0g[m&[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@a0g[m&pum;vkH; (w’vkif) rSajymif;vJ a&;om;vmwJh a0g[m&
pum;vkH;jzpfw,fqkdwm u|efawmf ckdifcdkifrmrmajym&J vmawmhw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsufudktaxmufuljyKwJhtaxmufxm;tcsdK@udku|efawmfxyfrHwifjycsifao;w,f/OyrmrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdL;wkd@
urGefbmompmeJ@ ‘ref’ vkd@a&;om;=uw,f/'gudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@uArmpmtoHxGufeJ@ ‘rGe’f vdk@ajymif;vJa&;om; okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
wcg ‘ytkd@0fvlrsdK;’ wkd@urdrdwkd@bmompmayeJ@ ‘ytkd@0’f vkd@a&;om;w,f'gukdArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ArmpmtoHxGufeJ@ ‘ytkd@’vdk@ajymif;vJ
a&;om; okH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dtaxmufxm;awGudk=unfh&if &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@bmompmayeJ@ ‘w’vkif’vkd@a&;om;wmudkvJ
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u rdrdbmompmaytoHxGufeJ@ ‘wvkdif;’vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;okH;eSKef;vmw,fqdkwmjiif;r&atmif tvGef,kwWdwef
aejyefw,f/

tprlvuwnf;uu|efawmfxifrSwf,lqcJw h Jhtwkdif; ‘wvkdif;’a0g[m&[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@a0g[m&pum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk

&nfn$ef;wJh pum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@a0g[m&pum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl;qkdwm rSefuefaew,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&[m
=urf;wrf;&kdif;jywJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;/npfywfqJqdkwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;qkdwmrSefuefaew,f/ tvGefaumif;rGef
oef@&Sif;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;jzpfw,f/tvGef,Ofaus;odrf;arG@jyD;wefbdk;&SdwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@udkudk,fpm;jyKwJhpum;vkH;
wvkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ (w’vki)f pum;vkH;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ujrefrmrSK jyKvkduf&mrS &&SdvmwJha0g[m& pum;vkH;jzpfaew,f/
tpyXrrl&if;t"dy`g,ftrSefukdrodbJ/tvGJokH;pm;jyKrdwJhtwGufrvdkvmtyfwJhtusdK;oufa&mufrSKawGudkjzpfay:apcJhw,f/ rGefArm
cspf=unfa&;udkvJysufjym;apcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;udkvJeSpfaygif;&mcsDjyD; 'Dpum;vkH;eJ@nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpuf'kuQay;vmcJhw,f/
t"dy`g,frq Jh JqkdvmcJhw,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktnGef@wkH;apcJhw,f/Armtm%m&rif;tpkd;&wkd@.npfywfrSKjzpfw,f/aumufuspfpif;vJrSKjzpf
w,f/ =uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifh a&;csdK;azgufrSKjzpfw,f/
aemufqkH;rSmckdifckdifrmrmaumufcsufcsvkd@&wmuwvkdif;a0g[m&[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ (w’vkif)a0g[m&rS ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwJh
pum;vkH;jzpfjyD; Tai Long &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,fqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&awmhw,f/ wdwdususckdifckdifrmrm
ajymekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/
u|efawmfvJ twkdif;rod 0rf;omoGm;w,f/ teSpfeSpftvvu aysmufqkH; oGm;wJh tvGefwefbdk;rjzwfedkifwJhywWjrm;wvkH;udk
jyefvnf &SmazGawG@&SdwJhvlwOD;uJhodk@twdkif;rod u|efawmf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfrdawmhw,f/ rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;vJ
 64
u|efawmfeJ@xyfwlxyfr# 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpf=ur,fvkd@xifygw,f wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m
rGefvlrsdK;xk w&yfvkH;udk eSpfaygif;250'kuQay;cJhw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;a=umifh rGefvrl sdK;xkw&yfvkH;wkd@[meSpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pdwfqif;&J yifyrf;vmcJh&w,f/ emwm&Snf elema&m*gqkd;wckuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktjrJwrf;eSdyfhpufnSif;yrf;vmcJhw,f/
ArmvlrsdK;awGu wvkdif; a0g[m& pum;vkH;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktrsdK;rsdK;eSdrfcHcJh&=uw,f/ &SKwfcsuJh&J@cJh=uw,f/ qJqdkcJh=uw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmbkrodbrodbJ wvkdif;pum;vkH;eJ teSdyfhpuf cHvmcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@pnf;yGm;a&;/vlrSKa&;/ynma&;wkd@udkyg
xdckdufqkH;&SKH;epfemapcJhw,f/ ,ckawmheSpf&Snfvrsm; cHpm; vmcJh&wJhemwm&Snfelema&m*grS rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;
aysmufuif;edkifjyD;jzpfw,f/ vlopfpdwfopfeJ@ urBmopfudk OD;wnfa&S@&SKekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ acgif;armh&ifaumhcg ‘wvdkif;’
qkdvmolrsm;udk&ifqdkif&JekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfbkd@ tvGefaumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;xkw&yfvkH; ukd,fpdwfeSpfjzm usef;rm
csrf;om=uygap 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpf=uygap vdk@ u|efawmf av;av;eufeufqkawmif; vkdufygw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;od&jyD;jzpfw,f/ aemufqkH;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odbdk@vkd
aeao;wJhtcsufwcsufuusefaeao;w,f/ b,fvkda=umifhrqDrqdkifwvkdif;a0g[meJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ywfoufvmcJh&ovJqkdwJh
jy\embJjzpfw,f/ bma=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ nDtpfudkwkd@u orkwfpGyfpGJjyD;ac:qdkcJh&ovJ pwJhar;p&m
ta=umif;awGu&Sdaeao;w,f/'Dtcsufudkr&Sif;jyekdifor#pmzwfolrsm;taeeJ@vJauseyf=urSmr[kwfbl;/pdwfxJrSmrwifrusjzpfaerSm
aocsmw,/f'grdk@'DtcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD;&Sif;vif;wifjybkfd@u|efawmfrSmwm0ef&Sdao;w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; aemuftywf rSm
u|efawmfxyfrHaqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/qufvufzwf&SKoGm;yg/
 65

tydkif;(11)
w’vkif(0g)wvkdif;qkw d Jhpum;vkH;[mrGefpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@vJrqdkifbl;/ qJqdk=urf;wrf;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;
tvGefwefbdk;&SdwJhpum;vkH;/tvGef,Ofaus;odrfharG@wJhpum;vkH;qdkwm&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (Tai)
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ w’vki(f Tai Long) pum;vkH;rSqif;oufaygufzGm;vmwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuef=uwJhtkwfbdkrwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk&nfn$ef;okH;pGJcJhw,fqdkwmvJ u|efawmfwkd@ &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; od=ujyD;
jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhusefaeao;wJhjy\memu bma=umifhordkif;rSmrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;om;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vkd@ac:a0:cJh =uovJ/
bma=umifh rGefvlrsd;udk,ckxufwkdifwvkdif;vkd@ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;ac:qdk okH;pGJae=uao;ovJ qdkwJhtcsufygbJ/
twdwforkdif;rSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@(w’vkif)od@k r[kwf (wvkdif;)a0g[m&wkd@&J@qufpyfywfoufrSK b,fvkd&SdcJhovJ/ bma=umifh
a&$bdkArmOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:cJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkraqG;aEG;cif tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefwJh
tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;rac:qkdbJ bma=umifh (auG@wvdkif;) okdr[kwf (wvkdif;)
tac:a0:eJ@okH;pGJac:qdkcJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkyxrOD;qkH;em;vnfbdk@vdkw,f/ omreftcsdefrSm&Srf;vlrsKd ;vkd@okH;eSSKef;ac:a0:cJhjyD; awmfvSef
ykefuefwJhumvrSmbma=umifh wvkdif; udkokH;eSKef;ac:a0:cJhovJ/ 'Dtcsuf[m odyfhta&;=uD;wJh tcsufjzpf w,f/
wOD;eJ@wOD;&efjzpfwJh ppfwGif;tcsdefumvrSm okH;eSKef;wmudkaxmuf&if wvkdif; (w’vkif)a0g[m&tac:ta0:eJ@ywfoufjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf twdwfrSmem;usnfwJh aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;wckckawmh&SdcJhrSmbJqkdwm awG;q,lvkd@&edkifygw,f/
'Dpum;vkH;udk tokH;csjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@&J@ArmvlrsdK;pdwf"gwfudkwuf=uGapwJh&nf&G,fcsufjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&udk
ekdifiHa&;ppfa&;t&okH; w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh w’vkif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ twdwf umvrSm
qufpyfwJh aemufcHordkif;a=umif;udku|efawmfavhvm&jyefw,f/ w’vkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ twdwfordkif;a=umif;udk
u|efawmfvkdufvH&SmazGavhvmwJhtcg atmufyg ta=umif;udkod&SdcJh &w,f/
w’vkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;awG [m usm;uJhodk@ &J&ifhjyD; usm;waumifvkdvJvsifjrefjzwfvwfw,fvkd@ajymqkd=uw,f/
w’vkiv f lrsdK;wkd@&@JrlvZmwd ajr[m w&kwfjynf tv,fydkif;a'ovkd@qkd=uw,f/ w’vkiv f lrsdK;awG[m olwdk@&J@rlv&yfajr
ZmwdjzpfwJh w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;rS awmifydkif;bufodk@ a&=unf&m jrufek&mudk &SmazG&if;wjznf;jznf;eJ@ Armjynf
a&S@ajrmufydkif;xJokd@ bDpD(1)&mpkavmufu a&mufvm=uw,f/ Armjynfa&S@ajrmufydkif;ae&muaewqifh wjznf;jznf;
atmufbufydkif;odk@a&$@qif;vm=uw,f/ eSpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm =umanmifvmwJhtcg Armjynftnmydkif;a'otxd a&muf&Sd
vm=uw,f/ waumif;/ Aefarmf/rdk;eJ/ rdk;aumif;/ oDaygpwJhjrdK@jyedkifiH(Mong)rsm;udk wnfaxmifjyD; tajcwus aexkdifvm=uw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&ifod&Sdedkifygw,f/
“5 million people inhabited the Shan State (Mong Tai), the majority being the Shan or Tai. The early history of the
area is hazy, though it appears that the first entry of the Shans into Burma took place in the 1st. century BC, when
rebellions in Central China drove many people from that area to seek their fortune elsewhere. These people moved
south into Burma and founded such ancient Shan cities as, Ta Gong, Mongnai, Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
Most of Northern Shan Chronical also indicate that a great wave of Shan imigration took place in A.D. 6th
Century with the Shan shifting from the mountain of southern Yunnan into the Nam Mao valley and to
adjacent region, establishing many Mongs like Bhamo, Mong Mit, Hsipaw and other”37
“&Srf;jynf(Mong Tai)rSmvlOD;a&5oef;&Sdw,f/trsm;pkrSm(Tai) &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f&J@ yxrOD;ydkif;orkdif;[m
rxifr&Sm;jzpfcJhw,f w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;ykefuefrSKjzpfay:wJh bDpD(1)&mpkeSpfrSm tJ'Da'orSm &SdwJhvlawGk[m tjcm;ae&m
opfajr,mopf&SmazGvm&mrSyxrOD;qkH;jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@0ifa&mufvmw,f tJ'DvlawG[m jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@ 0ifvmjyD;
awmifbufydkif;odk@wajz;ajz;a&$@ajymif;aexkdifvm=u&if;a&S;a[mif;&Srf;jrdK@ekdifiHjrdKiHrsm;jzpfwJhwauif/ rdk;eJ/ &Sif0D/ odDayg jrdK@edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifcJh=uw,f/ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wdk@&J@ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmvJ at'D(6)&mpkrSm ,leefawmifydkif; awmifwef;rS &Srf;wkd@[m
tiftm;=uD;=uD;rm;rm;eJ@a&$vDjrpf0Srf;&J@rsufeSmcsif;qkdifae&mrsm;wkd@rSm ajymif;a&$@oGm;jyD; Aefarmf/ rkd;rdwf/ oDayg eJ@tjcm;jrdK@ edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifaexkdifvmw,f”
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m(Tai)trnfeJ@jrefrmekdifiHxJudkbDpD(1)&mpkrSm0ifcJhw,f/ waumif;jrdK@/rdk;eJjrdK@ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/
&Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ponfhjrdKjyedkifiHwkd@udkxlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@av;av;eufeuf xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rJh
37
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
 66
ordkif;tcsufvufawGtajrmuftrsm;&Sdw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;uae a&$@ajymif;oGm;jyD; e,fjcm;ajrjcm;
jrefrmekdifiHrSmjrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkoGm;a&mufwnfaxmifw,fvkd@ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rSm qdkxm;w,f/ ordik f;rSwfwrf; pmrsufeSmrSm
jrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkxlaxmifw,fqdkwJhpma=umif; wa=umif;avmufbJyg&Sdw,f/ 'DrSwfwrf;pma=umif;udk=unfhjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfudk
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ xlaxmifedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfwkd@ xifjriffaumif; xifjrif=ur,f/ ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck okd@r[kwf
ordkif;a=umif;ajymif;vJrSKwckckjzpfay:ajymif;vJjzpfay:bdk@qdkwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudk
u|efawmfwkd@owdrlbdk@vkdw,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if e,fjcm;ajrjcm;rSm jrdK@edkifiHopfrsm;udk xlaxmifw,f qkdwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@
oGm;a&mufxlaxmifekdifwm r[kwfbl;/ rlvuwnf;u&SdaewJh Xmae wkdif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@ aemufrS a&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;jcm;wkd@[m
rvGJra&Smifom&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rJh yÉdyuQawG wkdufckdufrSKawG ckcHawmfvSefrSKawG owfjzwfrSKawG&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gawGudku|efawmfwkd@rjrif&if vG,fvG,f ululeJ@ a&opfajropfae&mopfrSm jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwkd@udkae@csif;ncsif; xlaxmifekdifw,fvdk@
vGJrSm;pGm,lqwwfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@rodwJhta=umif;&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@jrdK@jyekdifiH opfxlaxmifwJh'Da'oawGrSm
tprlvyxraexkdifol wkdif;&if;om;awG[mb,folawGvJ/aemufwcsufrlv&SdaewJh wdkif;&if;om;eJ@ aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@qufqHa&bJjzpfw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@0ifa&mufvmjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfawGudkxlaxmifwJh ae&ma'oawGudk
=unfhvkdfuf&if Armwdkif;&if;om;awGaexkdifwJha'oe,fajrawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&ayr,f/ tJ'Dawmhu|efawmfwkd@ t"duxm;
owdjyK&rJhorkdif;tcsufvufu tprlvyxrtajccsaexkdifae=uwJhwdkif;&if;om;Armtnmom;awGeJ@ aemufrSa&mufvmwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@&J@ qufqHa&;bJ jzpfw,f/
tprlvtajccsaexkdif&Sdae=uwJh wkdif;&if;om;tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemufrS0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;(Tai Long) vlrsdK;
wkd@&J@=um;rSmyÉdyuQawG/ &ifqkdifwdkufcdkfufawG/awmfvSefykefuefrSKawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG tajrmuftrsm;&SdrSm aocsmw,f/
rnfonfhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@orkdif;udkbJavhvmavhvm'DtajccHyÉdyuQordkif;tcsufvufudkawG@&r,f/ tprlvaexkdifwJhwkdif;&if;om;eJ@
aemufrS0ifaa&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@yÉdyuQukdtxif&Sm;awG@&rSmjzpfw,f/
tprlvyxr&Sdae=uwJh Xmaetnmom;wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@ taeeJ@vJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@ rdrdwdk@e,fajra'oudk
usL;ausmfvmoludkvufajrSmuf t&SKH;ay;rSmr[kwfbl;/ aemufrS0ifa&muf vmoludk &ifqkdifwkdufckduf=urSmaocsmw,f/
toufeJ@vJjyD; rdrdwkd@ e,fajra'oukdckHcHumuG,frSm aocsmw,f/ 'DtcsufawG[mordkif;rSmjrKyfuG,faecJhw,f/ aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh vlrsdK;jcm;u tiftm;=uD;rm;jyD; rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;wkd@ tay: ppfa&;t&tekdif,ljyD;rS jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwdk@udk
xlaxmifekdifw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSomv#if jynfhpkHr,fvdk@xifjrifygw,f/'Dae&mrSm(Tai Long)vlrds;eJ@
tnmom; wkdif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@qufpyfrSKudk u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm pOf;pm;=unfh&if/ &Srf; (Tai Long)ordkif;rSm
waumif;jrdK@/ rdk;eJjrdK@/ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/ &Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ edkifiHawmfwkd@udk xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ waumif;jrddK@[m
u|efawmftm; txl;pdfwf0ifpm;apcJhw,f/ pmzwfolrsm;vJ'Dtcsufudkjrifrdvdrfr,fvdk@u|efawmfxifygw,f/waumif;jrdK@[m/
tdk;pnfqdyfurf;jrdK@vkd@&Srf;bmompum;t&t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/
(Several northern towns have shan names-Tagaung is Takawng ‘”Drum Ferry” Mogaung is Mongkawng “ Drum Town”
G.E Harvey/The History of Burma/ p15.)
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&if ‘Armtpwaumif;u’vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmtqkd&SdcJhw,f/ ‘Armtpwaumif;u’qdw k Jh ordkif;
rSwfwrf;udkvlwkdif; =um;bl;w,f/ ‘waumif;’[m tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tprlvyxrXmaejzpfw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@tprlvyxrjrdK@edkifiHvkd@ tckdifrm qkd=uxm;w,f/ 'Dpm&J@oabmt& ajym&&if vGefcJhaom eSpfaygif; rsm;pGmuyif
tprlvyxr uwnf;u waumif;rSm wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG aexdkifvkyfudkif pm;aomufvmcJh=uw,f/
tJ'Dawmhwaumif;rSm rlv&Sdae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkeJ@aemufrS a&mufvmwJh ‘w’vkif’ vlrsdK;wkd@[mwOD;eSifhwOD;
xdyfwdkuf &ifqkdif=ujyD; yÉdyuQjzpf=urSm aocsmw,f/'Dtcsufudk rnfolrS rjiif;ekdifwJh tcsufjzpfw,f tav;euf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJhtcsufjzpfw,f/atmufygpmyk'fvJArmwdkif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@yÉdyuQjzpfjzpfay:cJw
h Jhtajcaeudkaz:n$ef;ae
w,f/
“The Tai Long did not only establish their power in the lowland and upland of Burma Proper, but slowly, by following
the rivers they infiltrated to all the river valleys of South-east Asia……….. Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was
the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80 years until he died in 1104. During that period
 67
the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons, when the three groups were struggling for
dominance in Burma.”38 …………
“(w’vkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynftxufykdif;ajrvwfydkif;wkd@rSmtm%mxlaxmifvm&kHrubl;/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@jrpfpOfwav#muf
a&S@wdk;oGm;jyD;a&S@awmiftm&Sjrpf0Srf;wav#mufodk@jyef@eSH@0ifa&mufoGm;w,f/”
“ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh (Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom ) ekdifiHawmfudk apm[GefzueSpfaygif;(80)tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhw,f/ 1104-ckeSpf
uG,fvGefoGm;w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefumvrSm ArmekdifiHpkd;rdk;a&;twGuf&Srf;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@[m ArmeJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ t"du
jydKifbufjzpfvmw,f/”
'Dpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mjrefrmjynftxufydkif;tv,fydkif;rSmtm%mxlaxmifcJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ tm%m jydKifzuf
jzpfvm=uw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ 'gxuf&Sif;atmifajym&&iftnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemuf0ifa&mufvmwJh w’vkif&Srf; (Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tm;jydKifrSK/ tm%mvkrSKawGu jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpffrSmaocsmw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@vJ qdk&ifw’vkif&Srf;(Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wdk@tm%mxlaxmifw,fvkd@qkdxm;wJhae&ma'oawG jrdK@ekdifiHrsm;udk=unfh&if tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG
aexkdif=uwJh jrdK@&Gma'oawGjzpfaew,ffqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&w,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ aexkdfifwJh a'oe,fajreJ@
tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifwJhae&m a'oe,fajrawG[m wckeJ@wck xyfaew,f/qufpyfaew,f tcsdK@qkd xyfwlxyfr#jzpf
aew,f/ 'DtcsufuvJ&Srf;eJ@Armwkd@&J@rvGJra&Smifjzpf&rJhyÉdyuQudkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;n$efjyaewJh tcsufjzpf w,f/ aemufrS 0ifa&muf
vmwJh (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;Armtnmom;wkd@[m rvGJra&Smifom yÉdyuQjzpfrSmaocsmw,f/
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ jrdK@jyedkifiHopfrSmrdrdwkd@tm%m/ rdrdwkd@tkyfcsKyfa&;udkxlaxmifedkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudku|efawmfwkd@
arhypfvkdfufvkd@r&bl;/; rlvyxr&SdaewJh Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkwkd@uvJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@t&SKH;ay;tnHhcHjyD; vufatmufcH
tjzpfcH,lrSm r[kwfbl;/ aemufrS 0ifa&mufvmwJh w’vkif ‘Tai Long’ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk cspfcspf =unf=unf &if;&if;eSD;eSd; =udKqdk
vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;/rdrdwdk@yxrrlv&SdaewJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfeJ@tkyfcsKyftm%mwkd@udkvkH;0pGef@vGwfjyD;/ vlrsdK;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfopf/
tm%mopfukd=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcH=urSmr[kwfbl;/ yÉdyuQawG/awmfvSefckcHrSKawG jyefvnfwdkufckdufrSKawG rvGJra&Smifom
&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gayrJhaemufrS0ifa&mufolu(Tai Long)(w’vkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[m usm;vkd&J&ifhjyD;usm;waumifuJhokd@ vsifjref jzwfvwf w,f/
ppfa&;ppf&mu|rf;usifw,f/ ppftwwfynmxufjrufw,f/wkdufa&;ckdufa&; =uG,f0w,f/ &JpGrf;owWd=uD;rm;w,f 'grdk@rlv
yxr&Sdae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@xuf ppfa&;ppf&mrSmtrsm;=uD;omvGefw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/ e*kdrlv&SdaewJh
wkdif;&if;om; tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@tay:rSm tedkif&vkdufjyD; jrdK@ekdifiHawmfwkd@udkxlaxmif tkyfpkd; vmedkifw,fvdk@ aumufcsufcs
&rSmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@taeeJ@t&kH;ay;jyD;rausreyfbJ/&Srf; (Tai Long)wkd@.pkkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSmaevmcJh&w,fvkd@
ajymqkdekdifw,f/ b,fordkif;udk =unfh=unfh ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck odk@r[kwf ordkif;jzpfay: ajymif;vJrKS wckckjzpfay:bkd@u
tcsdeftwdkif;wmumvwckudk rv$Jra&Smifom jzwfausmfvm&w,f/ vlrSKyÉdyuQ awGajrmufrsm;pGmudk ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;jyD;rS
pHepfopfwckodk@r[kwf vlrSKtaqmuftkHopf wckudk xlaxmifvkd@&w,f/ rlv&SdaewJh tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;wkd@&J@
tm%mtkyfcsKyfrSKudk jzdKzsufjyD;rS (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;opf w&yfodk@ ul;ajymif; vmwmjzpfw,f/
'DvdktkyfcsKyfrSKpHepfopfw&yfudkxlaxmifwJhae&mrSm yÉdyuQawG awmfvSefrSKawG/wkdufyGJawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG/ nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawG/
zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK awGudk jzwfausmfvm&rSm aocsmw,f/ Xmae&Sdwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwdk@udk wkdufckdufwefonfudk wkdufckduf
acsrSKef;ypf&r,f/ 'gawG[m orkdif;rSm=uKHawG@&wJhvlrsdK;pkyÉdyuQqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@ odem;vnfekdifygw,f/ 'gxufydkrdkjyD; u|efawmfwkd@
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=unfh&if (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSm vlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQawG/ vlrsdK;zdeSdyfrSKawG
nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawGtqifhwef;cGJjcm;rSKawGtekdifusifhrSKawG owfjzwfrSKawG[m rvGJra&Smifom&SdcJhrSm aocsmw,fvkd@ ajymedkifw,f/
aemufqkH;rSmtm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajym&&ifppfa&;ppf&mrSm u|rf;usifwJh ‘w’vkif’ vlrsdK;udk wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;u ppfa&;t&
&SKH;edyfhoGm;jyD; ‘w’vkif’vlrsdK; wkd@&J@ wdkufckdufrSK acsrSKef;zsufpD;rSKudk rvGJra&Smifom cHcJh&w,f/wdkif;&if;om;Armwkd@u tm;rekdifvkd@
t&SKH;ay; vufajrmufwmbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;ArmvlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQa=umifh wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSmvlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK
&SdcJh=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'Dordkif;yÉdyuQ udkta=umif;jyKjyD; ‘w’vkif’vlrsdK; udk tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawGu usL;ausmfapmfum;ol
‘awmifay:om;t&dkif;’vkd@ jrifvdkuf=uw,f/ tJ'Duwqifh tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm ‘w’vkif’
‘awmifay:om;’udk rdrde,fajrudk usL;ausmfapmfum;vmoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ jrifvm=uawmhw,fvkd@ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f/
aemufawmh ‘w’vkif’&Srf;vlrsdK;tay: wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ cHpm;csuf udk az:n$ef;wJh pmyk'fwyk'fvnf;&Sdo;w,f

38
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
 68
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm tjrJwrf;udef;atmif;aewJh pum;ykHwcktjzpf usef&pfcJhw,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh
‘w&kwfuzd &Sr;f utd &SdwJhArmtaemufrSm’ qdkwJh pum;pkygbJ/ tJ'Dpum;pk[m orkdif;a=umif;trSefudkwdwdususaz:jyaew,f/
tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rS emusnf;rSKcHpm;csufeJ@twl aygufzGm; vmwJhpum;&yfjzpfw,f/ tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ cHpm;csufudk o&kyfaz:xm;wJh pum;ykHjzpfaew,f/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk tajccHjyD; ordkif;wGifusef&pfcw Jh Jh
'Dpum;pk[m ‘w’vkif’eSifhwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@. b0tjzpfrSefudk az:nGef;aew,f/ 'Dpmyk'fudk=unfhvkduf&if
‘w’vkif’&Srf;eSihf tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@=um;rSm yËdyuQjzpfcJhw,f qkdwm jiif;r&atmifrSefuefaew,f/ 'Dpum;pku u|efawmf&J@
awG;ac:rSKudktjynfh0axmufcH aew,f/
tJ'Dvkdrdrde,fajra'oudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmoljzpfwJh ‘w’vkif’(Tai Long), vlrsdK;udk wdkif;&if;om;tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;pktaeeJ@u taumif;rjrif=ubl;/ w’vkiv f lrsdK;wkd@tay:cHjyif;aompdwf emusnf;aompdwfjzpfay:aecJh=uw,f/
usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;udkcH&wJh tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm ‘w’vkif’ (Tai Long) vlrsdK;qkdv#if
‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ ‘usL;ausmfol’ tjzpfeJ@bJ jrifaeawmhw,f/ acwfumv =umanmif;vmaomtcg tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tjrifrSm‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ eJ@ ‘w’vki’f (Tai Long),vlrsdK;wkd@[m wom;wnf;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ ‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’vdk@ajymvkduf&if ‘w’vkif’udk ajy;jrif =uw,f ‘w’vkif’vkd@ ajymvkduf&if
‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’ vkdk@ odvm=uawmhw,f tJ'Dvkdom;pOf ajrquf vufqifhurf; ajymqkdvm=u&mrS
‘w’vkif’qkd&if ‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;’ vkd@tnmom;ArmawG&J@ &ifwGif; eSvkH;om;rSm pGJpGJjrefjrefwnf&SdcJhw,f
'Dae&mrSmbmeJ@oGm;wlovJqkdawmh t*Fvdyf*syefwkd@udk u|efawmfwkd@ ckeSdrfwifpm;ajymqkd cJh=u ovkdjzpfw,f/
e,fcsJ@rdp>maumifawGvdk@ ajymvkdufwmeJ@ t*Fvdyfudk &nfn$ef;rSef;odw,f/ zufqpf rdp>maumifawGvkd@ ajymvkdufwmeJ@
*syefudkqkdvkdw,fqdkwmvlwdkif;odw,f/ e,fcsJ@rdp>maumifeJ@ t*Fvdyf[m wom;wnf;jzpfoGm;ovkd/ zufqpfrdp>maumifeJ@
*syefwkd@[mwom;wnf;jzpfoGm;ovkd (w’vkif)vlrsdK;eJ@ ‘usL;ausmfapmfum;ol’ ‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ qdkwm
wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;w,f/ usL;ausmfoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ w’vkdiv f lrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrifvm =u w,f/
'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfajymcsifwJhtcsufuArmvlrsdK;wdk@rSmeSpf&Snfvrsm;pGJusef&pfaecJw h Jh w’vkif vlrsdK;wkd@tay: cHpm;csufudk
tif;0rif;utokH;csjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh&rS ;f vlrsdK;wdk@udkaomif;usef;wJh ‘wvkdif;’awG ‘auG@&Srf;’awGvdk@
okH;eSKef;vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ ‘auG@&Srf;’qdw k Jhpum;vkH;[mArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ‘Tai Long’ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;okH;eSKef;wJh pum;vkH;om
jzpfw,f/ ‘wvkdif;’qdw k pJh um;vkH;vJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodu|rf;wJh pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@u rdrdwkd@udk,fudk ‘w’vkif’(Tai
Long)bJodw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u ‘w’vkif’pum;vkH;ukd &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ toHxGufovkd rxGufwwfbl;/
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@toHxGufwwfwJhtwkdif; ‘wvkdif;’vkd@bJ toHxGufjyD; okH;eSKef;ac:a0:vkdufw,f/ 'grdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u ‘wvkdif;’
‘auG@wvkdif;’pum;vkH;wdk@[m rdrdwkd@&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wJh pum;vkH;tjzpf rodvkdufbl;/ ‘auG@wvkdif;’pum;vkH;&J@
Zpfjrpfudkprf;ppf&if auG@&Srf;pum;vkH;eJ@ wvkif(wvdkif;)pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;wdk@udk aygif;pyfac:qdk vkdufwm jzpfw,f/

'grdk@ ‘wvkdif;’ ‘auG@wvkdif;’ pwJh pum;vkH;wkdudk okH;eKef; vkdfufwm[m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKudk ao;odrfatmif

jyKvkdufwmjzpfw,f/tif;0Armrif;wkd@&J@vSnfhpm;rSKw&yfjzpfw,f/tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ trsd;om; awmfvSefykefuefrSK udk
tjcm;e,fajra'orSm&SdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rodatmif tjcm;e,fajra'orS&Sr;f vlrsdK;wkd@redkf;=um;atmif/ ryg0ifvmekdifatmif
rsufaphvSnfhvkdufwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mu ‘auG@wvkdif;’qdk&if b,folrSrodbl;/ aomif;usef;ol tjzpftif;0rif;u
vkyf=uHjyD; 0g'jzef@vkdufw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&muawmfvSefwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdufckdufzkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awGudk pnf;&kH;awmhvJ &Sr;f vlrsdK;udk
oGm;wkdufr,fvdk@ rajymbl;/ ‘auG@wvkdif;’vlrsdK;oGm;wkdufzkd@qkdjyD; pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif; cJhw,f/ oabmu tkwfbkdrwW&mu
awmfvSefwJhvlrsdK;udk ‘awmifay:om;usL;ausmfolawG’ ‘rdp>maumif’tjzpf jrifatmif ‘auG@wvkdif;’awG‘wvkdif;’awG
qkdjyD;tif;0rif;u emrnf a&G;jyD; ay;vkdufw,f/ 'DawmhrSpnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfrSK[m ydkrdkxda&mufw,f ydkrdkjyD;ArmvlrsdK;pdwf"gwfudk
ydkrdkwuf=uG vmapw,f/ a=umuf&GH@rSKr&SdbJ &J&ifhapw,f/ usL;ausmfapmfum;ol ‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’udkoGm;a&muf
wkdufckduf &r,f qkdawmh/ Armwkdif;u pdwf"gwfwuf=uGjyD;vkdvkdvm;vm;bJ ppfxJ0ifvm=uw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;om;om;okH;eSKef&ifArmvlrsdK;udkpnf;&kH;&rSmcufcJekdifw,f/ bmjzpfvJqdkawmh&Srf;vlrsdK;[m ,Ofaus;rSKt&jrifhrm;wJh
vlrsdK; Ak'b< momtvGefudkif;&SdKif;wJhvlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ppfa&;ppf&mu|rf;usifw,f/ jyD;awmhwcsdefu &Srf;rsdK;EG,fwkd@[mtif;0rSmrif;jzpfjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;tay: tkyfpkd;cJw h JhacwfumvvJ&Sdcw Jh ,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udktxifao;tjrifao;jzpfatmifvSnfhpm;vkd@r&bl;/ 'Dtjyif&Srf;
vlrsdK;wkd@rSm &JpGrf;owWdeSifh jynfhpkHwJh vlrsdK; opPm&SdwJhvlrsdK;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u odxm;=uawmh pnf;&kH;&wmcufrSm aocsmygw,f
 69

tJ'Dawmh&rS ;f vlrsdK;udkedyfhusapwJhemrnfwckudka&G;jyD;ay;vkdufwm xif&Sm;w,f/ArmawGtxifjrifao;edkifwJh ‘auG@wvdkif;’vlrsdK;

(wvkdif;) vlrsdK;vkd@ orkwfjyD;jynfolvlxkudkpnf;&kH;cJhwmjzpfw,f aomif;usef;=uwJh ‘usKL;ausmfolawmifay:om;’ ‘usL;ausmfol
rdp>maumif’ vkd@ ArmawG em;vnfodxm;wJh (wvdkif;) trnfay;vkdufwm/ rnfonfhppfyGJrSmrqdk &efoludkwkdufwJhae&mrSm &efoludk/
edyfhusapwJh emrnfa&G;jyD; ay;wwfbdk@vJ tvGefta&;=uD;w,f/ 'g[mppftwwfynmw&yfbJ/ Oyrm *syefawmfvSefa&;umvrSm
*syefudk ‘zufqpfrdp>maumif’awGt*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udk‘e,fcsJ@rdp>maumif’awGqkdjyD; ArmawG pnf;&kH;a&;qif;cJhpOfu emrnfysuf a&G;jyD;
ay;cJh=uw,f/ ,ckacwf trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf/ vufeuf awmfvSefae=uwJh/ rGefvlrsdK; &Srf;vlrsdK; u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@udk/
rGefaomif;usef;ololykefawG/ &Srf;aomif;usef;ololykefawG/ u&ifaomif;usef;ololykefawGqkdjyD; ppftpkd;&u emrnfysufwyfjyD;
wdkufcdkfuf acsrSKef; aewmudk =unfh&if/ u|efawmfajymwJhtcsufudkem;vnfoabmaygufr,fvkd@xifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 1740-
ckeSpfrSmawmfvSefykefuefwJh tkwfbkd rwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk tif;0rif;u aomif;usef;ol ‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’
(wvdkif;)awGvkd@ orkwfjyD; wdkufckdufacsrSKef; vmwm jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk ‘usL;ausmfolawmifay:om;’
‘awmifay:om;rdp>maumif’ tjzpfeJ@ tnmom; ArmawGu jrif=uatmif wvkdif; (0g) w’vkif vkd@ csdK;eSdrfwJhemrnf ay;vkdufwm
jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmhusefaeao;wJhjy\emu bma=umifhrGefvlrsdK;udkvJwvkdif;vkd@ ac:a0:orkwfjyD;wkdufckdufcJhovJ qdk@wJhtcsufbJ jzpfw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odbdk@vdkao;w,f/ 'Dorkdif;tcsufudkaemuftywfrSm qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfw,f//
 70

tydkif; (12)
ordkfif;a=umif;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfhwJhtcg wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m rlvw’vkif (Tai Long) pum;vkH;u qif;ouf
vmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhtb,fa=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m& pum;vkH;udk rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
ok;H pJGaeovJqdkwJhta=umif;&if;udk avhvmwJhtchgbmoGm;awG@ovJqkdawmh anmif&rf;acwfaeSmifydkif;eJ@ ukef;abmifacwfOD;ykdif;rSm/
wvdkif;a0g[m&orkdif;a=umif;udkodoltvGefenf;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm w’vkif a0g[m& aemufcH
orkdif;a=umif;udkvlawGvkH;vkH;rod=uawmhbl;vdk@ ajym&ifydkrdkrSefuefw,f/jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tp rlvorkdif;a=umif;
aysmufuG,foGm;w,f/ ajc&maumufr&atmifjzpfoGm;w,f/wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m w’vkif (Tai Long)vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wJh
pum;vkH; tjzpf odolr&Sd oavmuf jzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;a0g[m&[m (w’vkif)a0g[m&u qif;ouf
vmwmudkvJrodawmhbl;/ wvkdif; pum;vkH;udk rlvpumvkH;vkd@ ,lqvm=uw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&[musL;ausmfol
apmfum;oludk&nfn$ef;wJh t"dy`g,fudkbJ odvm=uawmhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfvmw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ acwfrSm rGev f lrsdK;udk wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@bJ okH;eSKef; ppfxdk;vmw,f/ &efolrGefudk ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufacsrSKef;wJhtcg
wvdkif;a0g[m&udkoGifoGifokH;eSKef; vmwmudk awG@&w,f/
'ga=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udktb,fa=umifh wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ &nfn$ef;okH;pGJwmeJ@ywfoufjyD; avhvmwJhtcg tajzokH;rsdK;ukd awG@&Sd&w,f/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m&Sd &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifvdkufw,f 'Dta=umif;a=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;(w’vkif)vkd@okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
(2) rlv&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfwJhw’vkipf um;vkH;udk jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf wvkdif;pum;vkH;taeeJ@bJ
odvmw,f/ rlvw’vkif a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;w,f wjznf;jznf;acwfumv
=umanmif;vmwJhtcg w’vkiaf 0g[m&&J@aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;udka&mrlvt"dy`g,fudkyg ArmvlrsdK;wkd@
rodjzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m usL;ausmfapmfum;oltjzpfomodvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdfK;udkvJusL;ausmfol
tjzpfArmvlrsdK;wkd@udkjrifapcsifwJhtwGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk ppfa&; ekdifiHa&;t&
wkdufckduf&mrSm wvkdif;a0g[mudk vufeufwcktjzpftokH;jyKvmw,f/
(3) ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGuf ArmvlrsdK;awG =udK;pm;
vmwmudkawG@&w,f/rGefvlrsdK;vdk@okH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkd&rJhae&mrSm wvdkif;pum;vkH;udkwoGif;oGif;tokH;jyK
vmw,f/ vlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[mtokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsuf(3)ckeJ@ywfoufjyD;wckpDudku|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyf=unfh&atmif/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifvdkufw,f 'Dta=umif;a=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;(w’vkif)vkd@okH;eSKef;vmw,f/

txufygaumufekwfcsufe@J ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyfr,fqdk&ifyxrOD;qkH;wvkdif;a0g[m&[m b,fvkdta=umif;u

pjyD;jzpfay:vmw,f/ b,fvkdta=umif;a=umifhokH;pGJvmcJh=uw,fqkdwJh rlvta=umif;&if;udkOD;pGmtenf;i,f tpjyefaumuf
avhvm&rSmjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&ay:aygufvmwJhta=umif;&if;[m tkwfbkd rwW&m&Sd &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om;awmfvSef
ykefuefrSKut"dujzpfaewmudk awG@&w,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ rif;aejynfawmf[Hom0wDrSm ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;jzpfvmwmudk
ta=umif;jyKjyD; tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ykefuefawmfvSefrSK[m jzpfay:vmwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&m awmfvSef
ykefuefrSKudkta=umif;jyKjyD; (auG@wvkdif;)qkdwJh a0g[m& ay:xGufvmwmjzpfw,f/ awmfvSef ykefuef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk
auG@wvkdif;vkd@tif;0rif;u okH;eSKef;jyD; wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;om;om;rokH;bl;/
aomif;usef;olauG@wvkdif;qdkjyD;okH;eSKef;cJhw,f'geJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmf&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD; jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ awmfvSef
ykefuefrSK ao;oddrfoGm;atmif/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@trsdK;om;awmfvSefrSKray:vGifatmifeJ@ tjcm;&Srf;trsdK;om;awG awmfvSefa&;rSm
ryg0ifvmatmif csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrftrnfemrwyfvkdufwmjzpfw,f/ auG@wvkdif; okH;eSKef;vkdufwJhtwGuf &Srf;trsdK;om;
wkd@udk,feSKdufuyifrodbJjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmf txl;tav;eufxm;jyD; pmzwfolrsm;udk owdxm;apcsifwJhtcsufu
auG@wvkdif;qkdwm&Srf;vlrsdK;udkoD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;a0g[m&jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufygbJ/
 71

wzefrGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSKta=umif;&if;udkavhvm&if[Hom0wDrSm rif;jzpfvmwJh&Srf;rif;om;
ordefaxmAk'<udwWdrif;u t"duta=umif;&if;jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ 1740-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wDjrdK@pm; ArmvlrsdK; rif;&Jatmifekdifukd
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ur=udKufeSpf=ubl;/ tJ'DtcsdefyJcl;ajrmufydkif;awm&yfrSm/ rif;avmif;tjzpfemrnf=uD;jyD;vlxktiftm;eJ@jzpfaewJh
ordefaxmAk'<udwdWudkrGefvlrsKd ;wkd@u oGm;a&muftulnDawmif;w,f/rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ordefaxmAk'<udwWdwkd@ yl;aygif;jyD; rif;&Jatmifekdifudk
vkyf=uHowfjzwfvkdufw,f/ [Hom0wDrGefekdifiHrSm ordefaxmAk'<udwWdurif;jzpfvmw,f/ordefaxmAk'<udwWd[mrGefrsdK;EG,f
rif;nDrif;om;wOD;r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,f rif;nDrif;om; wOD;jzpfw,f/ordefaxmAk'<udwWdudkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoHaumJ)
auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fvkd@ordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wif xm;w,f/
1740-ckeSpfawmfvSefykefuefrSKudkavhvm&iftif;0rif;udkjzKwfcsjyD;tif;0aejynfawmfrSm &Srf;rif;tm%mjyefvnf xlaxmifa&;
twGuf &Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'DawmfvSefykefuefrSK[mvJ
[Hom0wDrSm &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<udkta=umif;jyKjzpfvmwmjzpfw,f/ 'DawmfvSefykefuefrSKudk OD;aqmifwJhrwW&m tkwfbdku
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udkaomif;usef;ol olykefawGauG@wvdkif;qkdjyD; tif;0rif;ucsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfemrnfay;jyD; wkdufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/
'gayrJhwkdufckdufacsrSKef;vkd@rekdfifcJhbl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKtiftm;u tvGef=uD;rm;w,f/ w&kwfjynfudk tulnD
awmif;jyD; acsrSKef;&wJhtxdjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhracsrSKef;ekdifcJhbl;/ awmfvSefykefuefwJh&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ tiftm; tvGef=uD;rm;
wmudkcef@rSef;,lekdifw,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSK[m omreftcGefaumuftay:rauseyf=uvkd@
tif;0rif;udk awmfvSef ykefuefw,f vkd@rSefeef;orkdif;rSmqdkxm;ayrJh wu,fhvufawG@rSm wjcm;pDjzpfaew,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufrSK awmfvSefa&; jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&m awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfay:&wJhta=umif;&if;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvmokH;oyf&iftcsufeSpfcsufudkawG@&jyefw,f/
(1) [Hom0wDrSm&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tjzpfudk&vkdfuf&wJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f/
(2) tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;jyD;wkdi;f jynfudkaumif;rGefpGmrtkyfcsKyfekdifwJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f
'Dta=umif;eSpfcsuf[mtkwfbdkrwW&m&Sd&Srf;acgif;aqmifwdk@awmfvSefykefuefbdk@twGuf t"duwGef;tm;ay;wJhta=umif;&if; awG
jzpfw,f/jrefrmhordkif;udk=unfh&iftif;0aejynfawmfrSm Armbk&ifwvSnfh&Srf;rif;wvSnfhwjyefpD tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhwmudk orkdif;udk
avhvmolwkdif;od&Sdw,f/ 'grdk@tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;vmwJhtcg tcGifhaumif;,ljyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u tif;0rSm &Srf;rif;qufudk
jyefvnfxlaxmifbdk@=udK;pm;vmcsifjzpfw,f
[Hom0wDrGefwkd@edkifiHrSmrif;avmif;qdkjyD;jynfoljynfom;awGu &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<udwWd (ordef"0fAk'<auoD)39udk
rif;ajrSmufjyD;udk;uG,fae=uw,f/ [Hom0wDekdifiHrSm &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoD rif;jzpfvmwJhtajcaeu
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@edkf;=um;rSKudkjyefvnfjzpfay:apcJhw,f tif;0edkfifiHrSm&Srf;rif;t%mjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdwJh teSpfeSpftvv u
&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ar#mfvifhawmifhwcsufudkjyefvnf edkf;=um;x=uGvmapcJhw,f/ tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;vmwmudk
tcGifhaumif;,ljyD; tif;0ekdifiHawmfrSm&Srf;bk&if &Srf;rif;tm%mjyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@twGuf awmfvSefykefuefwkdufyJG0if vm=uwm
jzpfw,f [Hom0wDu&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudkyifhaqmifjyD; tif;0rSmeef;wifbkd@&nf&G,f=uw,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefwJhtcg ,dk;',m;jynfuvmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdefudk=uKdqdk=ubkd@ vSKyfaqmf
cJh=uw,fvdk@ rSefeef;&mZm0ifrSma&;xm;wJhtcsuf[m rSm;,Gif;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ ,dk;',m;jynfuvmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdeu f dk
=udKqdkbdk@qdkxm;wmr[kwfbl;/ordkif;taxmufxm;t&,dk;',m;urif;avmif;v0tdefqdkwmvkH;0r&Sdbl;qkdwmawG@&w,f/
ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfhwJhtcg tJ'DtcsdefrSm rif;avmif;tjzpf ausmf=um;jyD; [Hom0wDrSm
rif;jzpfaewJhrif;avmif; &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk =udKqdk=ubkd@vSKyfaqmfxm;jcif;jzpfw,f qkdwmxif&Sm; aew,f
tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsKd ;wkd@ edk;=um;vm&wmvJ [Hom0wD rGefedkfifiHrSm&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoD rif;jzpfvmwJh
tcsufut"duta=umif;&if;jzpfw,f/ tif;0edkfifiHrSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudkeef;wif=ubkd@ &nf&G,f=uwmjzpfw,f/
'grkd@rif;avmif;&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk =udKqdk=ubkd@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@uvSKyfaqmf=uwmjzpfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefueff ae=ujyD;jzpfwJh ta=umif;udk [Hom0wDu&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDqDudk vlapv$wfjyD; ta=umif;=um;
cJhw,f/ [Hom0wDrSppfwyfawG tjrefqkH;vmjyD;tif;0ukdodrf;ykdufbdk@ vlv$wf ta=umif;=um;cJhw,f &Srf;jynf&Sd&Srf;vlrsdK;
tm;vkH;wkd@udkvJ pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;&xm;jyD;jzpfa=umif; [Hom0wDrS &Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmauoDudkta=umif;=um;cJhw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK; tm;vkH;wkd@udkvJ rif;avmif; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk=udKqdkaxmufcHbkd@vSKyfaqmfxm;cJhw,f/ tif;0rSArm
39
ordeaf xm=ordef"0f=rif;avmif;
 72

bk&if"rR&mZm"dywdudkjzKwfcsjyD;tif;0rSmbk&ifrif;vkyfbkd@ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk vlapv$wfjyD;ta=umif;=um;cJhwmjzpfw,f/
ordefaxm Ak'<auoDvJ ppftiftm;wkd@eJ@ tif;0udkwkdufckdufbdk@ csDwufcJhw,f/ [Hom0wDrS ordefaxmAk'<auoD wyfcsDwuf
vmwmudk Armwkd@u [Hom0wDwvkdif;wyfawG csDwufvmw,fvkd@okH;eSKef; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhw,f /[Hom0wDrSm
rif;jzpfaeol[m rGefrif;rsdK;EG,fr[kwfbJ &Srf;rif;rsdK;EGk,f ordefaxmAk'<auoDu rif;jzpfaewJhtcsdefcgjzpfw,f/ tif;0ukdwkdufckdufbdk@
apv$wfvdkufwJh [Hom0wDwyfudk =unfh&ifvJ &Srf;ppfol=uD;rl;rwf awGOD;pD;wJh wyfawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f
Oyrmtrwf=uD;apmjA/ apmjAmqm/ apmjA[wWd&mZm/ apmjAykH&Gwf/ apmjAaumiftdef40pwJhtrwf0ef=uD;wdk@[m
&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;emrnfrsm;jzpf=uw,f/ 'grdk@[Hom0wD wvkdif;wyfqdkwm ordefaxm Ak'<auoDudk &nf&G,f okH;eSKef;wJhtwGuf
rSefw,fvkd@qkd&r,f/ 'Dae&mrSmokH;wJhwvkdif;a0g[m&[m rGefvlrsdK;udkr&nf&G,fao;bl;qkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@tulnDawmif;w,fqdkwmvJ &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmauoDrif;&J@wyfudktulnD awmif;wmjzpfw,f/
'Dordkif; tcsufvufawG[m odyfhta&;=uD;wJhtcsufawGjzpfw,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;wdk@ tulnD awmif;wJhtwdkif; [Hom0wDrS
&Srf;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;uvJ ppftulwyfawGydk@jyD; tif;0udkwkdufapw,f/ ordefaxmauoDwyf[m tif;0jrdK@&kd;wkdifxd
a&mufcJhw,f/ csif;wGif;jrpf/{&m0wDjrpftnmtxda&mufw,f/ &Srf;jynfxda&mufw,f/ 'gayrJhtif;0udk rodrf;ydkufcJhedkifbl;/
ppfjyefaemufqkwfcJh&w,f/ tif;0eef;awmfrSm &Srf;rif;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk eef;wifay;bkd@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om;
&nfrSef;csufvJ txrajrmuf ratmifjrifbJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ tif;0rSmeef;wufxkdifbdk@ar#mfvifhcsuf&SdcJhwJh ordefaxmAk'<auoDvJ
rdrd&nfrSef;csufratmifjrifojzifhpdwf"gwfusjyD; 1746-ckeSpfrSmZif;r,fbufokd@ xGufoGm;jyD;ckdvkHcGifh,l vkdufw,f/
ordefaxmAk'<auoDr&SdayrJhvJtkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mtif;0rif;udk awmfvSefykefuefjrJ awmfvSefykefuefaeao;w,f
tiftm;rav#mhoGm;bl;/
[Hom0wDrSmordefaxmAk'<auoDr&SdwJhaemufrSm eSvkH;&nf/vuf&kH;&nfpwJhpGrf;&nfowWdwkd@eJ@jynfhpkHwJh rGefppfol=uD;Anm;'vudk
rl;rwfeJ@ppfol=uD;awGunDnGwfwdkifyifjyD;trsm;oabmwl rif;wifajrSmuf=uw,f/ Anm;'vppfol=uD;[mtvGefopPm&Sdol
jzpfw,f/ ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tay:opPmapmifhodw,f/ rif;tjzpfudkrvkdcsifbl;/jypfjypfcgjiif;y,fw,f/ ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;
tjyefukd opPm&Sd&Sdapmifhae=ubdk@oluwifjyw,f/ 'gayrJh wkdif;oljynfom;tusdK;udkar#mfudk;wJh ppfol=uD;awGeJ@rl;rwfwkd@u
[Hom0wDrSm bk&ifrif;r&Sdv#if wkdif;jynf=uD;uarmufurjzpfekdifw,f/wkdif;oljynfom;tusdK;axmuf&SKjyD; rif;tjzpfudkvufcHbdk@
Anm'vudk twif;wkdufwGef;awmif;qdk=uw,f/ tu,fIrif;tjzpfudkvufrcH&if Anm'vudkzrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifjyD;owfypfbdk@txd
qkH;jzwf=uw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmtwif;tusyfwifajrSmuf=uvkd@b&k ifrif;tjzpfudkAnm'vucH,lvkdufw,f/ Anm'v[myxrOD;qkH;
aomtrsm;jynfolvlxkawGoabmwl wifajrSmufwJhrif;jzpfvmw,f/ rif;jzpfjyD;aemufrSm/ bk&ifhaemif xlaxmifcJhaom
[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifr,fvkd@Anm'vuurBmodausjimcJhw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
“An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam ‘Zimme, &c., went on.--------------For some superstitious reason or other he suddenly
abdicated and left his kingdom in 1746,………..The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers called Binya Dala,
and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers. Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to
reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with the Gwe Shans of Madara,… ”41
txufygpmyk'fukdbmom&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
“1740-ckeSpfrSmbkef;=uD;vlxGuf&Srf;vlrsdK;refwvmAk'<auoD (Mengtara Buddha Ketthi) udkbk&if tjzpfwifajrmuf=uw,f/
olbk&ifjzpfwJhumvrSm Zif;r,feJ@yÉdyuQjzpfjrJtwkdif;jzpf=uw,f/ 1746-ckeSpfrSmtpGJvef;=uD;wJhta=umif;&m wcka=umifh
eef;awmfudk pGef@vkdufw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmol@&J@t&kduf&mbk&ifae&mudkol@&J@t&m&SdwOD; jzpfolAnm;'vuqufcHw,f/
w&kwfeef;wGif; rSwfwrf;rSm rSwfwrf;wifxm;wJhyk*~dKvf[mAnm'vudk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfekdifbG,f&Sdw,f/ Anm;'v rif;tjzpfudk
cH,ljyD;aemuf/ bk&ifhaemifxlaxmifcw Jh Jh[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udkjyefvnfxlaxmifr,f/ rwW&muauG@&Srf;wkd@eJ@ r[mrdwfzJ@G r,fvkd@
twdvif;xkwf az:ausjimcJhw,f/”vkd@qdkxm;w,f/
1747-ckeSpfrSmAnm;'v[mrif;jzpfvmjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&mu tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefaewJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@eJ@ r[mrdwfzJ@G w,f/
tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefaewJhauG@&Srf;vlrsdK;udkAnm'vrif;uppftiftm;/ vltiftm;tulnDay;cJhw,f/ 'gudkta=umif;jyKjyD;
40
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-373
41
Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77
 73

Anm'vrif;udkvJ[Hom0wDwvkdif;rif;vkd@Armbk&iftif;0rif;uemrnfwyfjyD;wkdufckdufvmwmjzpfw,f/tkwfzkdrwW&muauG@&Srf;vl
rsdK;ukda&m/[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkyg&efolwvkdif;awGvkd@oabmxm;vmwmjzpfw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefupjyD;rGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&[mqufeG,fywfoufvmwmjzpfw,f/ rGefbk&ifAnm'vrif;eJ@ [Hom0wD&Sd
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkyg wvkdif;rif;/wvdkif;vlrsdK;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ujrifvm=uwmjzpfw,f/ 'Dordkif;ta=umif;&mudktajccHjyD;
rSefeef;&mZ0ifeJ@ ukefabmifacwfr[m&mZ0if=uD;wkd@rSmrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@rSm;rSm; ,Gif;,Gif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;wm jzpfw,f/
Armordkif; ynm&Sifwkd@u&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk a&maxG;jyD; jrifoGm;wmjzpfw,f/ ordefaxmAk'<auoDuom &Srf;rif;rsdK;eG,f
ppfppfjzpfjyD; Anm;'vrif;[m&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,fr[kwfbl;rGefrsdK;eG,fppfppfjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk Armorkdif;q&mawGu oJoJuJGuJG
od[efray:bl;/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,ftjzpfeJ@ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;rSwfwrf;wifvkdufw,fvdk@,lq&w,f/
[Hom0wDrSmppfol=uD;Anm'vukdtrsm;jynfolwkd@ubk&iftjzpf0kdif;0ef;wifajrSmufjyD;aemuf rGefeJ@Armwkd@&J@ekdifiHa&;ppfa&;wkd@udk
avhvm=unfhv#ifatmufygtajcaeudkawG@jrif&w,f/
Anm;'vrif;jzpfvmjyD;aemufrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mpnf;vkH;nDnGwfvmw,f/ Anm;'vrif;[mtvGefxufjrufwJhbk&ifwyg;jzpfw,f/
ppfa&;ppf&m u|rf;usifw,f/tkyfcsKyfrSKaumif;w,f/ rGefjynfoljynfom;tm;vkH;wkd@u Anm;'vrif;udk cspf=uw,f/ Anm;'vrif;&J@
pnf;&kH;rSKatmufrSm pkpnf;nDnGwfvm=uw,f/ edkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&;/vlrSKa&;/uloef;a&mif0,fa&;wkd@w&Sdef'dkwkd;wufzG@HjzdK;vmw,f/
[Hom0wDedkifiH[mae@csif;ncsif; pnfyifom,m wkd;wuf=uD;yGm;vmw,f/ [Hom0wDrGefvlrsKd ;wkd@. ppftiftm;vJwae@wjcm;
=uD;xGm;vmw,f/awmifhwif;vmw,f/ Anm;'vrif;tajcaeudk&ifwrrapmifh=unfhaewJhtif;0rif;uvJ [Hom0wDrSm rGefbk&iff
Anm;'vrif;&J@ ppftiftm;wae@wjcm;=uD;rm;vmwmudk pkd;&drfa=umuf&G@Hvmw,f/ Anm;'vrif;eJ@tkwfbdkrwW&mrS
&Srf;acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefol&defapmwkd@eJ@yl;aygif;rdjyD;rdrdftm;awmfvSefjzKwfcsrSmudk tif;0rif;utvGefpdk;&drf;xdef@vef@aew,f/ 'grdk@
1750-ckeSpfavmufrSm [Hom0wD rGefbk&if Anm;'vrif;udkd jzKwfcsbkd@twGuf ppftiftm;=uD;=uD;rm;rm;apv$wfjyD; wkdufcdkuf
acsrSKef;ckdif;w,f/ [Hom0wDAnm;'vrif;udk &efolwvkdif;rif;qkdjyD; ArmjynfolvlxkudkvSKyfaqmfcJhw,f/ [Hom0wDwvkdif;vlrsdK;udk
wkdufckdufacsrSKef;bdk@qkdjyD; tif;0rSm&SdwJh Armjynfoljynfom; awGudkpnf;&kH; odrf;oGif;cJh=uw,f/ Armppfom;awGudkapv$wfwJhtcgvJ
[Hom0wDu&efolwvkdif;wkd@udk wkdufckduf acsrSKef;bdk@qdkjyD;apv$wfwm jzpfw,f/'g[myxrOD;qkH; [Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;udk
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; wvkdif;awGqkdjyD; rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; az:jyvmwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mrSmawmfvSefyek fuefaewJh
&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@eJ@[Hom0wDu rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk rSm;rSm; ,Gif;,Gif;a&maxG;vkdufjyD; wrsdK;wnf; jrifvkdufwmjzpfw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefupjyD;
rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&ma&maxG;axG; rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk wvdkif;vkd@ &nfn$ef;okH;pGJvmwmukdawG@&w,f/ Anm;'vrif;uvJ
ppftiftm;pkaqmif;jyD;tif;0rS usL;ausmf vmwJhArmwyfudk&ifqkdifwkdufckdufw,f/tif;0rSvma&mufwkdufckdufwJh ArmwyfawGudk/
usL;ausmfvmwJht&nf;=uD;wyfawGvkd@[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uac:qkdokH;eSKef;w,f/usL;ausmfvmwJhtif;0t&nf;=uD;wyfawGudkwkduf
ckdufacsrSKef;bkd@qkdjyD;[Hom0wD&SdrGefawGpnf;vkH;nDnGwf=uw,f/tcsif;csif;pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmf=uw,f/ tJ'DvkdArmwkd@&J@xkd;ppfudk ckHcH
wkdufcdkufwJh[Hom0wD rGefwyfwkd@udkArmordkif;rsm;rSm rGefwvkdif;wyfvkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vmw,f//
[Hom0wDrSrGefwyfwkd@tiftm;=uD;vkd@ Armwkd@uppfa&;edyfjyD;wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwf oGm;&w,f/ usL;ausmfwdkufckdufvmwJh
tif;0ArmwyfawGudk[Hom0wD rGefwyfwkd@u wjznf;jznf;armif;xkwfedkfifcJhw,f/ aemufqkH; 1752-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wDrGefwyfwkd@u
tif;0aejynfawmfudk 0dkif;0ef;wkdufckduf odrf;ydkufedkifcJhw,f Armbk&if"rR&mZm"dywdeJ@ rdzk&m;om;oRD;tm;vkH;wkd@udk [Hom0wDudk
zrf;qD;ac:aqmif oGm;w,f/ [Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@utif;0aejynfawmfrSmrif;tm%mxlaxmifedkifcJhw,f tJ'Dvkdtif;0rSm
rGefrif;tm%m xlaxmif vmekdifwmudk rGefwvkdif;vkd@bJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;jyefw,f/ tif;0rSmrif;tm%mxlaxmifjyD;
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaewJh rGew f kd@udk a&$bdkOD;atmifaZ,swkd@ om;tzwkd@ujyefvnfawmfvSefykefuef=uw,f tJ'DvkdykefuefwJhtcgrSm
vJwvdkif;wkd@udkawmfvSefykefuefbkd@qkdjyD;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udkpnf;&kH;cJhw,f/vSKyfaqmfcJhw,f/ rGefvlrdsK;ukd&Srf;rsdK;EG,feJ@ v$JrSm;jyD;
wvdkif;vkd@udk;um;okH;eSKef;vmwmudkawG@&jyefw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;rGefppfol=uD;wvAmefukd &Sr;f rsdK;eG,fvkd@ rSm;rSm; ,Gif;,Gif;
az:jyxm;wmwJhatmufygpmyk'fuoufaojyaew,f/
“jrefrmomwnf;a,musFm;avm/igwkd@vnf;a,muFsm;yifudkum;/ rif;{u&mZfcsif;jzpfIomta&;&ygrnfaponfudk ta&;ray;
vkdv#if ae&rnfvsuf cufxefaompum;udkqkd&avonf/ rif;{u&mZfcsif;ppfrufawG@ojzifhqif;&Jom;wkd@ aoausysufpD;jcif;odk@
a&muf&rnfudkompkd;Iaeuaus;Zl;awmfudkcHpm;I a,muFsm;r[kwf.odk@&Sdawmhr,f/ onfwpfcg jrefrmppfonfeSifh u|efkyfwefap/
a&S;ola[mif;wkd@xm;cJhonfh &Sr;f eSifh&Sifv,fjyifrmS od&rnf[laom odkufwabmif vnf;&Sdonf/ ‘&Srf;’ [lonfum;igwkd@t&Sif
&Sr;f rsKd ;&Sr;f EG,foufacsonf/ ‘&Sif’ [lonfrSmjrefrmrif;aoavjyD;rS aus;u|ef xlaxmifIk&Sifjyefonf[kqkdvdkonf/ v,fjyif
 74

[lonfum;igwkd@yJcl;v,fjyifudkqkdvdkonf/igwkd@a&$eef;&SifrSma&$eef;awmfxufrSmpHawmfrl/u|efkyfwkd@wpfpk&SdavjyD;onf/'g;csif;,SufI
toufeSifht&Sifhaus;Zl;udkqyfrnf/”42
txufygpmyk'f[ma&$bkdArmwkd@ua&;pyfxm;wJhpmyk'fjzpfw,f'Dpmyk'fudk=unfhv#if rGefvlrsdK;eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@udk a&ma&maxG;axG;
jrifjyD; rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;ukd;um;a&;om;aewmudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awG@&w,f/txufpmyk'frSmygwJh (&Srf;[lonfum;
igwkd@t&Sif&Srf;rsdK;&Srf;EG,foufacsonf) udk=unfh&if rGefppfol=uD;wvAmefu rdrd&J@t&Sifocif[m &Srf;rsdK;&Srf;EG,fjzpfw,fvkd@
a=uG;a=umfwJhoabma&;om;xm;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk &Srf;rsdK;EG,fvkd@ qdkxm;wmawG@&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;[m &Srf;rsdK;EG,f
r[kwfbl;&Srf;rsdK;EG,f[mvJ rGefrsdK;EG,fr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudkukefabmifacwfordkif; ynm&SifawG oJoJuJuG GJ rodvdk@
rGefeJ@&Srf;udka&ma&maxG;axG;rSm;rSm; ,Gif;,Gif; jrifaewJh oabmudk az:n$ef;aew,f/ tif;0rif;aejynfawmfrGefwkd@&J@vufatmuf
usa&mufoGm;jyD;wJhaemuf/ a&$bdkArmawG ykefuefwJh yxrOD;ykdif;txd rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ v$JvJr$ Sm;rSm;a&ma&maxG;axG;
jrifaewmudkawG@&w,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJhtwGuf&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufwm&,f aemufwcsufu rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJrSm;jrifwm&,f/ 'Dta=umif;eSpfcsufa=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkvJ wvkdif;vkd@okH;eSKef;w,fvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@aemufqkH;rSm
aumufekwfcsufcsvkd@ &vmw,f/
(2) rlv&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfwJhw’vkipf um;vkH;udk jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf wvkdif;pum;vkH;taeeJ@bJ odvmw,f/
rlvw’vkif a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;w,f wjznf;jznf;acwfumv =umanmif;vmwJhtcg
w’vkiaf 0g[m&&J@aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;udka&mrlvt"dy`g,fudkyg ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ rodjzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m
usL;ausmfapmfum;oltjzpfomodvmw,f rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk ppfa&; ekdifiHa&;t& wkdufckduf&mrSm wvkdif;a0g[mudk
vufeufwcktjzpftokH;jyKvmw,f/

txufygaumufekwfcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyfr,fqkd&if wvdkif;a0g[m&ay:aygufvmwJh tkwfbkd

rwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKudk tajccHavhvm&rSmjzpfjyefw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSK
ukdta=umif;jyKjyD; wvkdif;pum;vkH;ay:aygufvmw,fvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ yxrOD;qkH;okH;wJha0g[m&udk avhvm&if
auG@wvkdif;vkd@okH;eSKef;xm;wmudkawG@&r,f/ auG@qkdwm&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwpkudk&nfn$ef;wJha0g[m&jzpfw,f/ wvkdif; a0g[m&l[m
w’vki(f Tai Long) &Srf;=uD;vlrsdK;qdkwJh pum;vkH;uqif;oufvmw,fvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'grkd@auG@wvkdif;qdw k Jh
a0g[m&[mauG@&Srf;eSifw h ’vkif&Srf;pum;vkH;eSpfckufdkaygif;pyfac:a0:okH;eSKef;wJha0g[m&jzpfw,f/ 'Dpum;vkH;eSpfvkH;aygif;pyfokH;eSKef;wJh
auG@wvdkif;qkdwm&Sr;f vlrsKd ;wrsdK;eJ@omoufqdkifw,f/ &Srf;vlrsKd ;udkoD;oef@&nfn$ef;okH;pJ&G wJh pum;vkH; jzpfaew,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@omoufqkdifwJh oD;oef@a0ga[m&jzpfwJhtwGuf wjcm;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;okH;pGJvkd@r&bhl; 'gayrJhtif;0rif;ukd
awmfvSefjzKwfcsedkifwJh 1752-ckeSpftxd &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ yl;aygif;jyD;tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf
rGefvlrsdK;eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifjyD; wvkdif;a0g[m&udk&Srf;vlrsdK;a&m rGefvrl sdK;udkyg okH;eSKef;w,f qkdwmem;vnf
,lekdifao;w,f/ 1753-ckeSpfaemufydkif;rSmrwW&m&Srf;acgif;aqmifwkd@eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tqifrajyrSKawGjzpfvmw,f/ tkwfzdkrwW&mu
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ awmfvSefa&;t"du&nf&G,fcsuf[mtif;0rif;udkjzKwfcsjyD;&if tif;0rSm&Srf;rif;udkeef;wifbdk@jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@vkdvm;csufudkypfy,fjyD; rGefrif;tm%mudktif;0rSxlaxmifvkdufwJhtwGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSmrausreyf
jzpfvmw,f/ 'grkd@&Srf;rif;om;udktif;0rSmeef;wifedkifbdk@&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ &Srf;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG[ma&$bfdkuOD;atmifaZ,swkd@
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkeJ@ oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk jyefawmfvSefykekfuefw,f/ 'gayrJt h J'Dvkd&Srf;wkd@urGefwkd@eJ@
vrf;cGJoGm;jyD; a&$bdkuOD;atmifaZ,sArmwkd@eJ@oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;wJhaemufykdif;rSmvJ rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@qufvufokH;pGJ
aeonfrmS em;rvnfekdifatmif jzpfvmapcJhw,f/ 'gayrJhOD;atmifaZ,swkd@rSmckdifrmwJh&nf&G,fwckckawmh&Sd&r,fvkd@ u|efawmf
wGufqrdw,f/
tif;0rif;aejynfawmfrSmrGefvlrsdK;wdk@urif;tm%mxlaxmifjyD;tkyfcsKyfwJhaemufykdif;rSm tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ awmfvSef
ykefuefrSK[mOD;wnfcsufajymif;vJoGm;w,f/ tif;0rSmrGefrif;tm%mxlaxmifvkdufwJh twGufauseyfrSK r&SdwJh&Srf;acgif;aqmif
*kÀtdefeJ@ol&defapmwkd@u rkqdk;zkdrSm&SdwJh OD;atmifaZ,s ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;vkdufw,f/ tif;0&SdrGefwkd@&J@
rif;tm%mudkjzKwfcsbkd@twGuf wdwfwqdwf=uHpnfvm=uw,f/ &Srf;acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefeJ@ol&defapmwkd@[m wzufrSmrGefeJ@
42
owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/ pm 357-358
 75

r[mrdwfrysuf[efaqmifaygif;jyD;tjcm;wzufrSma&$bdkArmOD;atmifaZ,swkd@eJ@ wdwfwqdwfyl;aygif;jyD; rGefwkd@udk

awmfvSefykefuefbkd@=uHpnfvmw,f atmufygpmyk'fukd =unfh&ifodomekdif ygw,f/
“nDawmf// //rwW&mtkwfzdkrSmwpfpcef;eSpfpcef;r#omeD;vSonf(wpfntdyfeSpfntdyfc&D;qdkvkdonf) r&D;awmfcifyGef;
(pnfomrif;=uD;)vnf;auG@&Srf;wkd@vufwGif&Sdao;onf//tckdfuftwef@auG@opPmcHjyD;olwkd@eSifhyl;aygif;umcHwkdufrnf//
yJcl;om;wdk@jyefv#ifajrmufbufwpfcGifjrdK@aus;&Gmrsm;udkodrf;&kH;Ioifhovkd=uHoifhygonf//”43
txufygpmyk'fODatmifaZ,s&J@nDawmfwOD;uwifjyaqG;aEG;csufjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mauG@&Srf;wkd@vma&mufyl;aygif;bkd@
urf;vSrf;wJhtay:OD;atmifaZ,swkd@nDtpfudkawGaqG;aEG;wkdifyif=uwmjzpfw,f/ rwW&mtkwfzkduauG@acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefeJ@
yl;aygif;bkd@t=uH jyKxm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ auG@&Srf;wkd@eJ@yl;aygif;jyD;yJcl;rGefwkd@udk awmfvSefykefuefbdk@t=uHjyKxm;w,f/ rGefwkd@udk
tif;0rS armif;xkwf edkfifjyD;rSajrmuf bufwpfcGif&Sd&Srf;jrdK@wkd@udkvJodrf;ykduf,lbdk@t=uHjyKxm;w,f/
&Srf;acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefeJ@ol&defapmwkd@&J@yl;aygif;=uHpnfrSK[mOD;atmifaZ,stwGuf tcGifhaumif;w&yfjzpfoGm;apcJhw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ a&$bkdArmwkd@twGuf=uH&mr&tm;i,faewJhtcsdefrSm ,ckvkdppftiftm;tvGef=uD;rm;wJh &Srf;acgif;aqmif awG
vma&mufyl;aygif;rSK[m tm;wufrSKjzpfapcJhw,f/ aovkeD;yg;a&rSmepfjrKyfaewJholwOD;udk u,fq,fvkdufovkd jzpfoGm; w,f
a&$bdkArmwkd@[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rxDav;pm;jzpfvmapcJhw,f rGefvlrsdK;udkopPmcHrnf[k [efaqmifvSnfhpm; vkdufjyD;aemufydkif;rSm
tiftm;pkaqmif;vmcJhw,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJrdrdopPma&udktvGef,kH=unfwJhvlrsKd ;jzpfw,f/ rdrdtm; opPmcHrnfqkdjyD;opPma&udk
aomufokH;vkdufwmeJ@tJ'D yk*~dKvftay:t=uGif;rJh,kH=unfoGm;w,f/ vSnfhr=unfhavmufatmif ,kH=unfwwfw,f rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@
c|wf,Gif;csufudkodwJh OD;atmifaZ,swkd@utcGifhaumif;,lvkdufw,f/ [efaqmifopPma& aomufjyD;aemufuG,frSm wdwfwqdwf
ppftiftm;pkaqmif;edkfifcJhw,f/
&Srf;eJ@a&$bdkArmwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; rGefwkd@udkvkyf=uHbdk@ =uHpnf;tm;xkwfvm=uw,f/ &Srf;acgif;aqmifeSifhOD;atmifaZ,swkd@ eSpfOD;eSpfzuf
v#dK@0SufoabmwlwJhtwkdif;&Srf;acgif;aqmifwkd@urGefvlrsdK;wkd@qDoGm;a&mufvSnfhpm;jyefw,f/ a&$bdkArmawGudk wkdufckdufacsrSKef;bdk@
qdkjyD; &Srf;acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefu rGefvlrsdK;udkvma&mufzsm;a,mifac:aqmifw,f/ rGefwkd@uvJ&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk,kH=unfw,f/
trSefwu,f&kd;&kd;om;om;vma&mufac:aqmifw,fxifrSwfjyD; rGepf pfom;(5000)vufeuftjynfhpkHeJ@ oHuGyfavStpD;(200)
apvGwfvkdufw,f/ vrf;ckvwfy0kd t&yfudka&mufwJhtcgy0kd t&yfrSm toifhapmifhaewJh &Srf;Armtiftm;pkwdk@u tvpfrSmrGefppfom;
(5000)udk 0kdif;0ef;wkdufcdkufowfypfcJh=uw,f/ yd0k wkdufyGJrSmrGefwdk@tvGefxdemoGm;w,f/rGefppfom;awGtm;vkH;vdkvkdusqkH;jyD;
rGefwkd@xHuoHuGyfavStpD;eSpf&meJ@ rGefppfom;(5000)rS acwfrSDvufeufrsdK;pkHudk &Srf;Armwkd@u&vkdufw,f/ a&$bdkArm
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ twGuf ppftiftm;jzpfapcJhw,f/ pdwf"gwf =uGvmapcJhw,f/ atmufygpmyk'fukd =unfh&ifodomedkifygw,f/
“auG@*kÀtdrfonf w&kwf0efqkdoltm;vl(300)eSifh tavmif;rif;w&m;xHapv$wfIauG@rsm;opPmawmfudkcHI trSKawmfudk
xrf;ygrnfht=uH&SdI nDieufudkyifajc&if;awmfrSmjrJygaponf[laompum;jzifh a&mufvmonfudk wJuem;eSifhaumif;pGm
au|;arG;aexdkfifapav.// tavmif;bk&m;um; tpOf;pm;tqifjcifOm%f=uD;awmfrlojzifh oabm&kd;[kwfr[kwf pkHprf;ap&m
Tenf;eSifh yJcl;bk&iftm;opPmcHygrnfI yJcl;om;wkd@t[kwfrSwfumoHavS(200) vl(5000)eSifh v$wfvkdufonfudk taumuf=uHI
yk0d t&yfwGifowfjzwfvkdufa=umif;/ rkqkd;bkdrSmvnf; Todk@=uHrnfjzpfa=umif;odawmfrlv#if w&kwf0efeSifh taygif;ygvlwkd@tm;
wpfa,mufrusefzrf;qD;ap./”44
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if&Srf;wkd@urGefwkd@udkvSnfhzsm;ac:aqmifvmjyD; yd0k t&yfwGifowfypfvkdufw,fqdkwmxif&Sm;aew,f/ 'Dpmyk'fukd
pmzwfolrsm;&Sif;&Sif;em;vnfatmifu|efawmftenf;i,f&Sif;jybdk@vkdr,fxifygw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkydk0t&yfrSm &Srf;eJ@Arm
yl;aygif;vkyf=uHjyD;aemufrSm Armwkd@rSmwae@wjcm;ppftiftm;wkd;wuf=uD;rm;w,f/ OD;atmifaZ,sOD;aqmifwJh a&$bkdArmwkd@udk
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@t=udrf=udrfoGm;a&mufwkdufckdufacsrSKef;ayrJhratmifedkifbJjzpfvmw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,s[m vufeufypPnf;ppfom;
tiftm;awmifhwif;ckdifrmvmjyD;aemufqkH;rSm bk&iftvGefjzpfcsifwJhOD;atmifaZ,s[m a&$bdkudk rif;aejynfawmf owfrSwfjyD;
ol@udkolbk&ifvkd@ausjimvkdufw,f/ 'Dtay:&Srf;vlrsdkK;wkd@urausreyfjzpfvmjyefw,f/ bmjzpfvJqkdawmh tif;0rSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk
armif;xkwfekdfifjyD;&if&Srf;rif;quf tm%mxlaxmifbkd@wdwfwdwfykef;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSm&nf&G,fcsuf&SdcJhw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@yl;aygif;jyD;
tif;0rif;udkjzKwfcspOfuvJ/ tif;0eef;awmfrSm&Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,fudkeef;wifbkd@&nf&G,fcJh=uw,f/ ratmifjrifcJhbl;/ ,ckwzefvJ
OD;atmifaZ,surdrdudk,fukdbk&iftjzpfowfrSwfausjimvkdufjyefw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@&nfrSef;csuf[mratmifjrifbJjzpfvmjyefw,f//

43
owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/ pm 217
44
owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/ pm 256
 76
OD;atmifaZ,seJ@yl;aygif;cJw h Jh&Srf;acgif;aqmifwkd@u OD;atmifaZ,s tay:rSm rausreyfjzpfvmw,f/ 'grkd@a&$bkdArm
OD;atmifaZ,sukdvkyf =uHowfjzwfbkd@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@=uHpnf vm=ujyefw,f/ vl(300)eJ@twl w&kwf0efqdkoludkOD;aqmifapjyD;
OD;atmifaZ,sxHrSmoGm; a&mufcHpm;apcJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,s,Hk=unfatmifqkdjyD; *kÀtdef&J@nDieufudkvJ OD;atmifaZ,srSm
tyfeSHxm;cJhw,f/ 'gayrJhOD;atmifaZ,s[m tuif;yg; oljzpfw,f/ &Srf;wkd@udkr,kH=unfbl;/ OD;atmifaZ,s[mtprlvuwnf;u
tvdrfrm okH;jyD;&Srf;wkd@eJ@ yl;aygif;cJhwmjzpfw,f/ rGefwkd@udkckHcHawmfvSefwJhae&mrSm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@tiftm;udkOD;atmifaZ,swdk@
a&$bdkArmtaeeJ@b,fvkd@rSrawmfvSefekdifbl;/OD;atmifaZ,sutiftm;enf;w,f/ vufeufypPnf;enf;w,f/ 'grdk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk
awmfvSeef kdifatmifqkdjyD; tiftm;=uD;rm;wJh&Srf;eJ@,m,Dyl;aygif;cJhwmjzpfw,f/ tvdrRmokH;jyD;&Srf;wkd@eJ@yl;aygif;cJhwm jzpfw,f/
&Srf;wdk@udkvJwae@ae@rSm okwfoif&Sif;vif;bkd@ e*kdu OD;atmifaZ,srSm t=uHpnf&SdjyD;om;jzpfw,f tJ'Dawmhykd0t&yfrSm
wcsdefurGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;ac:aqmifvmjyD; 0kdif;0ef; wkdufckdfufowfjzwfcw Jh Jhtjzpfudkjyefvnfaxmuf&SKjyD;
,ckvJvl(300)vGwfjyD;ighqDudkvmwm &kd;&kd;om;om;vmyl;aygif;wmr[kwfedkfifbl;/ ighudkvkyf=uHbkd@vmwmjzpf&r,fvkd@
OD;atmifaZ,supOf;pm;rdvkdufw,f/ 'geJ@OD;atmifaZ,s[m w&kwf0efqkdoleJ@&Srf;(300)wkd@udkvufOD;rSK&Sd&Sd zrf;qD;owfypf
vkdufjyefw,f/ usefwJh&Srf;acgif;aqmifwkd@udkvJ OD;atmifaZ,s[m vkdufvHzrf;qD;owfypfjyefw,f/ &Srf;acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk
wdk@[mw&kwfjynfbufudk@xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcdkvkHvkduf=uw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&ef wzufrSmat;oGm;w,f/ tif;0rSt"du
&efolrGefvlrsdK; wdk@udkbJarmif;xkwfbkd@omusefawmhw,f/
'Dae&mrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkvJwvkdif;vkd@ OD;atmifaZ,suokH;eSKef;jyD;ppfa&;t&pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfjyefw,f/ ,cifurGefeJ@&Srf;wkd@
yl;aygif;aewmudkta=umif;jyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;udkvJ&efolwvdkif;vkd@owfrSwfokH;eSKef;wmem;vnfedkifw,f ,ckawmh &Srf;eJ@rGefwdk@[m
&efoljzpfoGm;jyD;wjcm;pDjzpfoGm;w,f/ &Srf;awmfvSefa&;orm;wkd@udkvJ OD;atmifaZ,suokwfoif&iS f;vif;vkdufjyD;jzpfw,f/
wvdkif;a0g[m&[m&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@eJ@omoD;oef@oufqdkifwJha0g[m&wckjzpfw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk wvkdif;vkd@ qufvuf
ac:a0:okH;eSKef;aeao;ovJ pOf;pm;&wmem;rvnfedkfifatmifcufcJoGm;w,f rGefvlrsdK;onfom ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ &efoltjzpf
usefwJhtcsdefrSm wvkdif;a0g[m&udkjyefokH;wm[mOD;atmifaZ,swdk@ArmbufrSm &nf&G,fwckawmhaumif;aumif;&Sdedkfifw,f/
rlvokH;eSKef;a&;om;cJw h Jh auG@wvkdif; rwW&mwvdkif; ta&;om;rsdL; ra&;om;awmhbl;/ tkwfbdkrwW&mu
&Srf;acgif;aqmif*kÀtdefudkvJ wvkdif;vkd@rokH;eSKef;awmhbl; auG@&Srf; auG@*À k tdefvdk@ajymif;vJ okH;eSKef;vmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkom
wvdkif;vkd@ oD;jcm;okH;eSKef;vmwmudk xl;xl;qef;qef; awG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwf &mZ0ifordkif;&J@rmwdumudk=unfh&if
odomedkifygw,f/ rmwdumrSm atmufygtwkdif;a&;om; xm;wmukd awG@&w,f/
“wvkdif;Oy&mZmeSifhauG@*kÀtdefwkd@uv$wfaomoHeSpfOD;rkqkd;ykdodk@opPmay;a&muf=ujcif;/”
“auG@*kÀtdew f kd@uwvkdif;wkd@udkaoG;aqmifIykd0t&yfa&mufac:jyD;v#iw f vdkif;trsm;udkowfvkdufjcif;/”
txufbek fabmifacwf&mZ0iforkdif;&J@rmwdumudk=unfh&if rlvokH;eSKef;aeusauG@wvkdif;ac:qkdokH;eSKef;rSKudk azsmufzsuf
ypfvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dae&mrSmauG@*kÀtdefvkd@ ajymif;vJac:qdkvmwmudkawG@&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkomwvkdif;vkd@oD;oef@
&nfn$ef;ac:qdkokH;eSKef; vmwmudkxl;xl; qef;qef;awG@&w,f/
'ga=umifha&S@a[mif;ordkif;okawoeynm&Sif zkdcsf[ef;rm;‘Forchhammer’ ajymovkdajym&&if wvkdif;a0g[m&udk
OD;atmifaZ,sku wrifxGifjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkokH;pGJcJhw,fqdkwmrSefuefaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkwvdkif;vlrsdK;vkd@ ac:a0:okH;pGJwJh
OD;atmifaZ,s&J@&nf&G,fcsufu&Sif;aew,f/ wvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwdkufckduf&wmykdrdkxda&mufw,f/ [Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;
wkd@eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ yl;aygif;jyD;tif;0rif;udkd awmfvSef wkdufckdufuwnf;u[Hom0wDwvkdif;vdk@rGefvlrsdK;udkokH;eSKef;ac:qdkcJhw,f
ArmtrsdK;om; wkd@&J@ trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfudk vSKyfaqmfvmcJhw,f/[Hom0wDwvkdif;rkef;wD;a&;pdwf"gwf ArmvlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSm
t&Sdefjrifhrm;cJ@w,f/ 'gudkOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u tokH;cs vdkufwmjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;vlrsdK;qkdwm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&efol/
usL;ausmfapmfum;olvkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSm em;vnfxm;cJh=uw,f/ wvkdif; pum;vkH;eJ@ wvkdif;vlrsdK;qkdwm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ukd
usL;ausmfapmfum;ol rdp>maumifqkdwJh t"dy`g,feJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSm&if;eSD; vmcJh=uw,f/ teSpfeSpftvvu ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
&ifxJrSmodxm;jyD;wJh t"dy`g,fjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;qdkvkdufwmeJ@ usL;ausmfapmfum;ol rdp>maumifqdkwm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ OD;a%SmufxJ
rSmcsufcsif;odw,f/'Dtjrifudk OD;atmifaZ,swkd@u tokH;cs vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ 'grdk@wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk OD;atmifaZ,swkd@u
ppfa&;twGuf tokH;csvdkfufw,f/ tu,fvkd@ rGefwkd@udkwkdufckdufacsrSKef;bkd@ &kd;&kd;om;om;ajymqdkjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk
pnf;&kH;&ifpJaG qmif&wmcufcJw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmf&wmrxda&mufbl;/ wvkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdufckduf acsrSKef;bdk@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk pnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmf&wmvG,fulw,f/ 'ga=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;tjzpfjrifatmifOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u
 77
wrifwumzefwDvkdufwm jzpfw,f/ rGefwkd@udk usL;ausmf apmfum;ol rdp>maumiftjzpf ArmvlrsKd;awG jrifvmatmif
wvkdif; a0g[m&udk woGifoGif okH;vmwmjzpfw,f vkd@u|efawmfwkd@ aemufqkH;rSm aumufcsufcs &vmw,f/

(3) ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSmwvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGuf ArmvlrsdK;awG=udK;pm; vmwmudk

awG@&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;vdk@okH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkd&rJhae&mrSmwvdkif;pum;vkH;udk woGifoGiftokH;jyK vmw,f/ vlrsdK;0g;rsdKbkd@
twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[m tokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
txufygokH;oyfcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmfavhvmawG@&SdwJhtwdkif;ajym&&if wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkwoGifoGifokH;jyD;rGefvlrsdK;
udkurBmhrodatmifArmvlrsdK;wdk@=udK;pm;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ OD;atmifaZ,sowfvkd@rukefusef&Sdaeao;wJhrGefvlrsdK;udkurBmrS
yaysmufoGm;atmif=udK;yrf;rSKw&yfjzpfw,f/ tyifudkckwftjrpfukdekwftikwfudkajrvSef tpterusefatmif azsmufzsuf
enf;jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udkvkH;vkH;tpazsmufvdkwJh =uD;rm;wJhr[mArmvlrsdK;=uD;0g'&J@=udK;yrf;csufw&yfjzpfw,f/ ukef;abmif
acwfrSma&;om;wJhrSefeef;&mZ0if/ukef;abmifacwfordkif;pmtkyfwdk@udkavhvm=unfh&ifxifxif&Sm;&Sm;od&w,f/ tJ'Dorkdif; pmtkyf
eSpftkyfrSmrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@rokH;eSKef;awmhbJ wvkdif;qdkjyD;rkdk;r$efatmifokH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;w,f/ 'gxufykdqkd;wmu
ukef;abmifacwfrSm a&;om;xkwfa0wJhordkif;pmtkyfwkdif;rSmwvdkif;vdk@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vmw,f/ jyefvnf&kdufeSdyfh xkwfa0wJhorkdif;
pmtkyfa[mif; rSefor#awGrSmvJ rGefvlrsdK;pum;vkH;ae&mrSm wvkdif;pmvkH;tpm;xkd;jyifqifjyD;&kdufedkyf xkwfa0vmwmudkawG@&w,f/
jrefrmvkda&;om;xm;wJh Arm&mZ0if usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udkvJ t*Fvdyfbmomodk@jyefqdkjyD; urBmodk@jzef@jzL;cJhw,f/
t*FvdyfbmomjyefArm&mZ0ifeSpftkyfeJ@ ukef;abmifacwfxkwforkdif;pmtkyfwkd@udk udk;um;jyD; taemufwkdif;om;wkd@u
pmtkyfa&;wJhtcg rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@ okH;eSKef;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ G.E Harvey a&;om;wJh History of Burma
pmtkyf=unfhv#ifodomxif&Sm;wJhoufaotjzpfawG@jrif&r,f/ tJ'gtjyif urBmhpG,fpkHusrf; tbd"gefwkd@rSmvJ rGefvlrsdK;udk
wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@okH;eSKef;a&;om;vm=uw,f/ oef;acgifpm&if;wkd@rSmwvkdif;vkd@ okH;eSKef;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/
atmufygoufaotaxmufxm;awGudkavhvm=unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica page. 242 rSmrGefvlrsdK;ta=umif;udkatmufygtwkdif;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdxm;w,f/
Mon, also spelled mun, Burmese Talaing, people living in the eastern delta region of Myanmar(Burma) and in west-
central Thailand, numbering in the late 20th centur more tha 1.1 million. The Mon have lived in their present area for the
last 1200 years, and it was they who gave Myanmar its writing (Pali) and its religion (Buddhism).
Mon Language, also called TALAING, or PEGUAN,

The Oxford English Dictionary(1989 Second Edition), pmtkyf&J@pmrsufeSm(984)rSm rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD; atmufyg

twkdif;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdxm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
Mon: A. sb. A people of Indochinese origin, also called TALAING, now inhabiting eastern Burma and western Thailand
but having their ancient capital at Pegu in Southern Burma;---------Moan, the name by which the Talaings now call
themselves.
1911-ckeSpfxkwfoef;acgifpm&if;udk=unfh&ifrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@raz: jyawmhbJwvkdif;vlrsdK;taeeJ@ az:jyxm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
atmufygoef;acgif;pm&if;tpD&ifcHpmudkavhvm&ifodedkifygw,f/
Census of India, 1911,Volume IX, BURMA
Part 1- Report by C. Morgan Webb, M.A. I.C.S (1912)
oef;acgifpm&if;tpD&ifcHpmpmrsufeSm (208) rSm atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;w,f/
219. Talaing.-… Upon the conquest of Pegu by Alaungpaya in 1757 the Burmese strongly discouraged the use of the
Talaing language,……… Its teaching in the Buddhist monasteries or other schools was then prohibited and in the
interval between 1826 and the reoccupation of Pegu by the British in 1852 the language practically became extinct in
Burmese territory………But the remarkable vitality shown by the language is a demonstration that the absorption of the
Talaing race by the Burmese and the disappearance of the Talaing language are neither so immediate nor so inevitable
as has been generally assumed.
Talaing 1911 1901
Strengthe race 320,629 321,898
Numbers peaking racial language. 179,443 154,483
 78

txufygoef;acgifpm&if;[m Armjynft*FvdyfvufxJusa&mufjyD;aemuf xkwfjyefwJhoef;acgifpm&if;tpD&ifcHpmjzpfw,f/

ukef;abmifacwfArmoef;acgifpm&if;udkukd;um;,lxm;wmjzpfw,f/txufygpmyk'fudktwkdcsKH;jyD;bmomjyef&r,fqdk&if/
“1757-ckeSpfyJcl;udktavmif;bk&m;atmifjrifjyD;aemufykdif;rSm wvkdif;pum;ajymqdkokH;eSKef;wmudk wif;wif;=uyf=uyf csKyfcs,f
vmw,f/wvdkif;pmayoif=um;rSKudk Ak'<bmombkef;=uD;ausmif;rSma&m tjcm;ausmif;awGrSmyg ydwfyifvmw,f/ 1826-
ckeSpfrSArmjynfudk t*Fvdyfwkd@odrf;ykdufwJh 1952-ckeSpftxd wvkdif;pum;[m ArmjynfrSm vufawG@t& wdrfjrKyf aysmufuG,f
cJhw,f/,ae@xdxl;xl;jcm;jcm;pum;&J@touf&SifaerSKubmudkjyaeovJqdk&if wvkdif;vlrsdK;udk0g;rsKdbkd@ wvdkif; pum;udk
azsmufzsufbdk@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@=udK;yrf;tm;xkwfrSK[m xifovkdjzpfrvmbl;qdkwmjyaew,f” 'Doef;acgif pm&if;rSm rGefvlrsdK;qkdwm
vkH;0rawG@&bl;/wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@az:jyxm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ wjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfwJh Arm/&ckdif/&Srf;/paumu&if/
ydk;u&if/yavmif/ytkd@0f/0vlrsdK;wkd@tm;vkH;ygjyD; rGefvlrsdK;taeeJ@oef;acgifpm&if;rygbJwvkdif;vkd@az:jyxm;w,f/ 'gbmudk
jyaeovJqdk&if ArmjynfrSm rGefvlrsdK;qkdwmr&Sdawmhbl;/ wvkdif;vlrsdK;bJtenf;tusOf;om&Sdawmhw,fqdkwmudk=udK;pm;xm;
wmudkawG@&w,f/ txufyg pmyk'fudk =unfh&if rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkazsmufypfbdk@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@=udK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhw,fqkdwm
xif&Sm;w,f/
txuftaxmufxm;wkd@udkavhvmokH;oyfjyD; ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udkArmvlrsdK;wdk@u
woGifoGifokH;jyD;rGefvlrsdK;udk azsmufzsufypfbkd@0g;rsdKypfbdk@=udK;pm;w,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@xifxif&Sm;&Sm;od&w,f/ ordkif;
taxmufxm;tm;vkH;wkd@udkavhvmokH;oyfjyD;csKyfajym&&iff txufygwifjycJw h Jhaumufekwfcsuf(3)&yfwkd@[m rSefuefaew,f
qdkwmawG@&w,f/
aemufqkH;taeeJ@u|efawmfwifjyajymcsifwmu wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;[momref=unfhv#if b,favmufrSta&;r=uD;bl;
vkd@xifrSwfp&m&Sdygw,f/aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;&if tvGefa=umufbkd@aumif;w,f/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;udkrsdK;jyKwfatmif =udK;yrf;rSK
qdkwmawG;rd&iftvGefxdef@vef@p&maumif;ygw,f rGefvlrsdK;udkurBmajrjyifrSyaysmufoGm;atmif azsmufzsufbdk@ =udK;yrf;rSK
w&yfjzpfw,f/ rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;wkd@&J@trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfudkjzdKcGifzsufqD;vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@nSdKE$rf;odrfi,foGm;atmif
vl&mr0ifedkifatmif wvkdif;pum;vkH;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkcdsK;eSdrfwdkufckdufxm;wmjzpfw,f/ tvGef=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifhcsdK;azgufrSK
w&yfjzpfw,f/ 'DvkdtvGef=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKudktm%m&tqufqufaomArmtpkd;&wdk@udk,fwkdifusL;ausmf
azgufzsuf aewmjzpfw,f/ Oyrmukvor*~rSmawmif rGefvlrsdK;qdkwmr&Sdawmhbl;vkd@ukvor*~qkdif&m ArmoHtrwf=uD;u xkwfaz:
ajymcJhbl;w,f/ 'gukdukvor*~qdkif&m xkdif;oHtrwf rGefvlrsdK; ynm&mc|efujyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGuf wkef@jyefajz=um;cJhw,f/
“u|efawmfudk,fwkdif rGev f lrsdK;wOD;jzpfw,f/ xkdif;ekdifiHrSmrGefvlrsdK; tajrmufrsm;&Sdw,f/ [Hom0wD rSmvJ rGev f rl sKd ;wk@d
tajrmufrsm;&Sdygw,f” vkd@ajz=um;cJhbl;w,f/
'grdk@wvkdif;pum;vkH;udk rGef&[ef;&Sifvlwkd@ujyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uGufwkdufyJ0G ifcJh=uwmjzpfw,f/ txl;jyKjyD;wv*kefukov
(bmusmfoDref)/ wv*kefygvdw(urm0uf)/ wv*kefodCF/wv*kefykz‰/wv*kefpENdrm/ wv*kef0g,rwkd@udkcsD;=uL;bkd@aumif;w,f/
'Dyk*~dKvfawG wkdufyGJ0ifcJhvkd@ ,ae@wvkdif;a0g[m&[m arS;rSdefae&wm 'grdk@'Dyk*~dKvfwkd@&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk u|efawmfwkd@
tpOftjrJatmifarhowd&bkd@vkdw,f/ wvdkif;a0g[myaysmufa&;twGuf usef&Sdaeao;wJhwm0efudk u|efawmfwkd@u qufvuf
wkdufyJG0ifjyD; 'Dyk*~dKvfwkd@&J@*k%faus;Zl;udk wkef@jyefbkd@vkdw,f u|efawmwkd@zckH;ay:rSm usa&mufvmwJhwm0efu trsm;jym;&Sdygw,f/
(1) wvdkif;a0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;eJrqdkifbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;[mwvdkif;vlrdsK;r[kwfbl;/ ukef;abmifacwfrSmrSm;,Gif;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk
wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@okH;eSKef;cJhrdw,f xkdokd@okH;pGJcJhrdwJhtwGuf Armtpdk;&taeeSJ@ vGefpGm0rf;enf;a=umif;
w&m;0ifwkdif;odjynfodurBmodw&m;0ifausjimjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkawmif;zefbkd@u|efawmfwkd@ wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;&r,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@rGefvlrsdK;udk&nf&G,fjyD;vkH;0rokH;jyKbkd@jyif;jyif;xefxefw&m;Oya'xkwfjyD;ydwfyifwm;jrpfay;&r,f/
(2) rSefeef;&mZ0if ukef;abmifacwf&mZ0ifeJ@tjcm;Armhordkif;pmtkyfawGudk rSDjirf;udk;um;jyD; taemufwkdif; pma&;q&mawGu
a&;om;wJhpmtkyfrSmyg&SdaewJh wvkdif;a0g[m&wkdufzsufypfbdk@ u|efawmfwkd@=udK;pm;&r,f/ oufqdkif&m
pma&;q&m/pmtkyfwdkufwkd@udkcsOf;uyfjyD; aemufaemifa&;om;xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfawGrSmrGev f lrsdK;udk rGev f lrsdK;vkd@
okH;eSKef;a&;om;bkd@/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;udkrokH;bkd@ wifjyawmif;qdk&r,f/ tbd"gefwdkuf/ pG,fpkHusrf; wkdufwkd@qDukd oufqdkif&m
rGeftzGJ@pnf;awGoGm;jyD;wifjyawmif;qkd&r,f/ Oyrmt*FvefrSm&kdufeSdyfxkwfa0wJh The Oxford English Dictionary (1989
Second Edition),pmtkyfwkdufqDodk@t*FvefrSm&SdwJh rGeftzGJ@pnf;wkd@uoGm;a&mufjyD;aemufw=udrf xkwfa0wJhtcg
wvkdif;ae&mrSmrGefvlrsdK;vdk@jyifqifxnfhay;bdk@aqG;aEG;wifjyawmif;qkd&r,f/
 79
(3)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkrsdK;jyKwfatmifowfcJhwJholOD;atmifaZ,s&J@ta=umif;udk rGefjynfe,fpmoifausmif;wkd@rSm roif=um;
bkd@wkdufyGJ0ifawmif;qkdoGm;&r,f/ (rGefvlrsKd ;wkd@udkrsdK;jyKwfatmifowfcw Jh Jhol OD;atmifaZ,sudk ol&Jaumif; wOD;taeeJ@
rGefausmif;om;awGujyefvnfoif=um;ae&wm[m =uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSK wckjzpfw,f/rdrdwdk@&J@ bdk;zGm;rdb
rsdK;qufw&yfvkH;udkrsdK;jyKwfowfcJhwJhOD;atmifaZ,svkdvlwOD;udkol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpfoif=um;apwm[m rGefausmif;om;
vli,fwkd@ukdoufoufrJhapmfum;&musw,f/ tu,fIOD;atmifaZ,somtouf&Sif &Sdaeao;&if urBmhukv
or*~ppfckH&kH;(UN war crime court)rSm “,l*kdpvyfAD,m;u rDvkd&SDypf (Slobodan Milosevic)”vkd trSKwif
w&m;pGJcH&rJholjzpfw,f/ 'kwd,urBmhppftawmwGif;rSm *sL;vlrsdK;udk owfcw Jh Jh *smr%D ppf&mZ0wfaumifawGudk
,ae@xd*sL;vlrsdK;wkd@u vdkufvH&SmazGtrSKwifqJbJ&Sdw,f/urBmhppfckH&kH;uta&;,ltjypfay;vsuf&Sdao;w,f/ 'grdk@
rGefvlrsdK;udk rsdK;jyKwfatmif owfcw Jh JhOD;atmifaZ,svkdvludk ol&Jaumif;tjzpf rGefausmif;om;vli,fwkd@udk
oif=um;apjcif;[mvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSK=uD;w&yfjzpfw,f/'gudktjrefqkH;ydwyf ifwm;jrpfbkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkdufyJG 0ifoifhw,f
vdk@jrifw,f//
txufygawmif;qdkcsufwkd@[mw&m;rSefuefwJhawmif;qkdrSKawGjzpfw,f/ 'gawGudktrSefw&m;jzpfatmifrGeftrsdK;om;wkdif;rSm
=udK;pm;bkd@ wm0ef&Sdw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;bkd@vkdw,f edkifiHtoD;oD;tbdef"gefpmtkyfawGrSm
urBmpG,fpkHusrf;awGrSm az:n$ef;xm;wJh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@okH;eSKef;ac:a0:aewmudk 'Dtwdkfif;vufydkuf=unfhae=urSmvm;/
wckckawmh rvkyfoifhbl;vm;qkdwmav;av;eufeufpOf;pm;=ubdk@tcsdefa&mufjyD;vkd@ u|efawmft=uHjyKvdkygw,f/ tbd"gefwdk@
pG,fpkHusrf;wkd@[m urBmwnfoIwnfoGm;r,fhta=umif;&mjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dusrf;wkd@rSmygwJhta=umif;&mwkd@[m urBm@edkifiH
toD;oD;&Sd vlom;wkd@&J@ xkwfeSKwfukd;um;&mta=umif;&mjzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@trSefjzpfatmif=udK;pm;bkd@vkdw,f 'Dtwdkif;
vufydkufjyD;=unfhraeoifhbl;vkd@xifjrifrdw,f/tbd"gefxkwfvkyfol pG,fpkHusrf;xkwfvkyfwJhaumfrwDvl=uD;wkd@udkcsOf;uyfjyD;
trSefudk&Sif;jybkd@vkdw,f/pmayeJ@vJa&;om;jyD;aemufw=udrfxkwfa0wJhtcgjyifqifay;bkd@awmif;qkdoifhw,f/ ,cifwkH;uArm
edkfifiHrSmydwfavSmifrdaevdk@ wifjybkd@tcGifha&;r&cJhayrJh ,ae@qdk&ifu|efawmfwkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[m urBmteSHudka&mufae=ujyD; jzpfw,f/
urBmhtjrifvJ&SdvmjyD;jzpfw,f/awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoifhwmudk&J&J0Hh0Hhawmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifvmedkifjyD;jzpfw,f/
wvkdif;qdkwJha0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;ukd0g;rsdKbkd@eJ@ rGefvlrsdK;udkazsmufzsufbdk@twGuf ArmvlrsdK;awG&J@=udK;yrf;rSKqdkwmudkurBmu
odatmifrGefvlrsdK;wkd@=udK;pm;bkd@vkdw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,surGefvlrsdK;udkrsdK;jyKwfatmif 'g;eJ@ckwf'kwfeJ@&kdufowfcJhjyD;jyD usefaewJh
t=uGif;tusefudkpmayeJ@owfbdfk@ukefabmifacwfuArmawG=udK;pm;wmjzpfw,f/ ordkif;eJ@azsufzsufypfbkd@=udK;yrf;wmjzpfw,f/
tyifudkckwftjrpfudkeSKwftikwfudkajrvSeftpterusefatmif=udK;yrf;rSKjzpfw,f/
'g[mtvGefjypfrSK=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSK w&yfjzpfw,f/ vl@tcGifha&;udkav;pm;wJhArmvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ u|efawmfwkd@vkdbJ
jrifrSmaocsmygw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,s[m rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udkrsdK;jyKwfatmif owfjzwfcJholjzpfw,f/ 'Dyk*~dKvfrsdK;udkol&Jaumif;=uD;
wa,muftjzpfeJ@ rGefausmif;om; vli,fawG jyefvnfoif=um;ae&jyefw,f/ rdrdwdk@bdk;zGm;abbifwkd@udk owfjzwfcJhwJh
vlowform;a,mufudk ol&Jaumif;=uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ jyefjyD;ukd;uG,fae&wJhoabmjzpfaew,f/ aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;=unfh&if
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tbdk@tvGefpdwfqif;&Jbkd@ aumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;udkapmfum;&musaew,f/ udk,fcsifpmemw&m;
&Sdolwkdif;/trSefw&m;udkjrifekdifolwkdif;emvnfekdifygw,f/ 'g[m tvGef=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/
vl@tcGifha&;twGuftoufeJ@vJjyD;wkdufyGJ0ifaewJhArmawG/rSefuefwJhtawG;ac:&SdjyD;trSefw&m;udkvufcHwJh ,ae@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ
u|efawmfwkd@wifjycsufudkvufcHrSmaocsmygw,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@trSefw&m;twGufwkdufyGJ0ifrSKudkvJaxmufcHrSmaocsmygw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@'Dtwkdif; vufydkuf=unfhaevkd@ roifhbl;vkd@ jrifw,f/ wkdufyJ0G ifoifhw,fvdk@ av;av;eufeuf wkdufwGef;
vkdufygw,f/
(q0GHwJ'k Sftkdwf&/ wif*k%fAGJravmef&)

eldifazodef;jZm
(zuf'&,fwuUodkvf)
25/07/2006