ဗမာ့ေခတ္ ဦးဘရင္ - ဆရာေတာ္ ဦးဥတၱမ လြတ္လပ္ေရးစိတ္ဓာတ္ မ်ိဳးေစ့ခ်ခဲ့သူ

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EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[m&ef a&muf&Sdvm-uaom ae&l;ESifh orD; tif'&m*END
q&mawmf OD;OwWr. !$ef-um;csuft& ppfawGòrd ha&$apwDausmif;okd h

EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[m&ef a&muf&Sdvm-uaom ae&l;/ orD; tif'&m*END/
a&$apwD q&mawmf/ usm;&kyfq&mawmfESifh &cdkihfEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;

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òrd holòrd hom;rsm; ppfawGav,mOfuGif;Y trSwfw&"gwfyHk
q&mawmf OD;OwWr.
nDr rtdrfpdk;(,myHk)

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tcef; (1)
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; arG;zGm;cJo

h nfh ae&m
(ppfawGòrd /h &lyajrmuf)

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
zGm;jrifjcif;ESihf ynmoifjcif;twGuf pGef ph m;cJ&h yHk

ppfawGòrdŒ &ly&Gmac:&yfuu G w
f pfcYk omrefuek o f nfjzpfaom
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&uf wevFmaeŒY om;OD;&wem zGm;jrifcahJ vonf? xdo k m;tm; rdb
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aemufxyfzmG ;jrifaom orD;i,fwpfa,mufuu kd m; rtdrpf ;kd
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upm;wwfaomt&G,fwGifyif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rcGJrcGm
aewwf=uav&m ay:xGe;f atmif toufig;ESpw f iG f ppfawGòrd@ acsmif;
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roifrtH / r}uHrar;
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aycsyaf &jzifh / oifacsygvnf;
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ynmudk wwfv=kd uayonf?
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jzifoh m rdbudck cJG mG I wòrd@w&Gmod@k ajymif;a&G@ae=uojzifh trdtb
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ay:xGef;atmifESifh ausmfxGef;atmifwdk@onf t*Fvdyfausmif;wGif
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qif;&Jcv H #uf ZGaJ umif;aumif;jzifh aecJ=h uavonf? 15-&uf=um+yD;rS
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
awG@&.? xdt k cgryS if ppfawGòr@d rlvwef;t*Fvyd af usmif;wGif oGm;a&muf

tyfEaHS wmhavonf?
yxrqH;k ausmif;tyfaomtcg t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d ausmif;q&mu
tpfuakd &m nDuykd g oli,fwef;od@k csxm;avonf? xdt k cg tpfujkd zpfol
ay:xGe;f atmifu “u|eaf wmf t*Fvyd pf m wwfygw,f? wwd,wef;rSm
xm;yg”[k &J&ifph mG q&mudak jymvdu k . f ? q&mu [kwrf [kwf od&
atmif yxrwef;/ 'kw, d wef; pmtkyrf sm;udk zwfcikd ;f avonf?
ay:xGef;atmifonf }uHhcdkifaomvkH@vjzifh óud;pm;xm;cJhol
jzpf.? t*Fvyd af usmif; oli,fcsi;f rsm;xHrw S qifh oif,x l m;onfukd
rdbrsm;yif rodvu kd =f uay? od@k twGuyf if q&mar;aompmudk txpf
taigrh &Sb d J zwfjyvdu k of jzifh q&muth=H opGm ausmowf+yD; 'kw, d
wef;udx k m;ay;&.?
'kw, d wef;jzifh rauseyfao;aom ay:xGe;f atmifu wwd,
wef;rSm xm;ay;zd@k q&mtm; xyfrI H awmif;qdak vonf?
q&mu “rif;bmr#rylleJ@/ r=umcifpmar;yGJppfvdk@atmif&if
twef;wifay;r,f/ óud;pm;+yD;awmhomoifyg”[k tm;ay;pum;
ajym=um;ojzifh ay:xGe;f atmifrmS auseyf+yD;v#if 'kw, d wef;Yoifae
onf? 6-vwpf}udrf pmar;yGpJ pfaq;aomtcg yxr&&Sd atmifjrif
ojzifh wwd,wef;od@k wifay;jcif;cH&av.? nDi,frmS rl yxrwef;wGif
tawmfq;kH ausmif;om;tjzpf owfrw S jf cif;cH&avonf? xdak usmif;Y
2-ESp=f umaomtcg ay:xGe;f atmifu 5-wef;/ ausmx f eG ;f atmifu
4-wef;wGif pmar;yG0J if=u&m toD;oD; atmifjrif=u.? E_wjf zifah r;I
oifyek ;f jzifah jz&aom pmar;yGu J kd ppfar;aepOf ay:xGe;f atmifu aemuf
az;od@k omG ;vdak =umif; cGiw hf ikd +f yD;xGuo f mG ;&m ykpm> wpfcu k kd rajzvdu k &f
ojzifh *%ef;ocsmF Y 3-rSwf avsmI h 'kw, d jzpfao;.? nDi,frmS vnf;
tjcm;bmomwd@k wiG f yxrom&I ocsmF wGi'f w k , d r#om &vdu k Ef ikd .f ?
pmar;yG+J yD;aomtcg t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d &cdik wf ikd ;f rif;}uD;uawmf ud, k w f ikd f

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ausmif;od@k a&mufvmI trSwt f rsm;qH;k ausmif;om;wd@k ukd yxrqk/

'kw, d qk pmtkyEf iS chf w J pH onfw h @kd ukd ay;urf;cs;D jri‡ jhf cif;ðyonf? ay:xGe;f
atmiftm; ocsmF wGif 'kw, d qkcs;D jr‡i&hf ef emrnfac:aomtcg yxrY
roGm;bJaeI q&m}udrf;awmhrS x+yD;oGm;,lvdkufonf? ausmif;rS
jyefvmaomtcg ppfawGòr@d qyd u f rf; ukvm;wefjrpfo@kd tpfuakd c:oGm;I
nDi,fyg vdu k o f mG ;onf? qdyu f rf;od@k a&mufaomtcg tpfuu kd “rif;
'kw, d qk&wJh pmtkyu f akd y;prf;” [kawmif;I nDuay;vdu k af omtcg
tpfuu kd ol&aom 'kw, d qktwGuf pmtkyEf iS hf nD&aom 'kw, d qk
pmtkyu f kd pdprd rG q G w
k +f zJ+yD; tkwcf w J pfv;kH ESihf ememxkvsuf jrpfxo J @kd
ypfcsvu kd +f yD;v#if “ a[hignD aemufukd 'kw, d qk b,fawmhrrS ,le@J /
yxrqkom&atmifvyk &f r,f” [k qH;k r+yD; jyefc=hJ u.? xdt k jzpftysuf
rsm;ukd nDi,fu tdro f @dk a&mufaomtcg tm;vk;H ajymjy&m tarjzpf
olu “ bma=umifh 'Dvv dk yk &f ovJom;&,f ” [k jrnfweG af wmufw;D
avonf// xkt d cgwiG f tdrw f iG &f adS eaom touf (60) ausmf zGm;at
rif;ratmifu “orD; nOf;qlraeeJ@ igah jr;awG 'Dvv dk yk wf mrSew f ,f/
'kw, d qk bmvkyzf @dk v/J aemufuidk gah jr;awG yxrqk r&&atmif óu;d pm;
r,f qkw d maumif;w,f” [k 0if+yD;ajym&avonf// ppfawGòrd@ rlvwef;
ausmif;Y 5-wef; ynmoif=um;aepOfyif umvuwWm;rS t*Fvyd f
c&pf,mef bkef;awmf}uD;wyg;onf ppfawGòrd@odk@a&mufvm+yD; 4if;
ausmif;rS ^m%fpGrf;^m%fp xufjrufaom ausmif;om;uav;
ESpaf ,mufavmuf rdru d adk rG;pm;zk@d ay;yg// umvuwWm;wGif q,fwef;
txdoifay;+yD; bdvyfokd@ ynmoif=um;&ef apv$wfcsifygonf[k
ausmif;tkyq f &m}uD;xHY awmif;avonf//
q&m}uD;uxdo k @kd vw $ &f ef toifah wmfq;Hk ausmif;om;tjzpf
jzifh ay:xGe;f atmif/ ausmx f eG ;f atmif nDtpfudk ESpaf ,mufuydk ifar;&m
ynmoifvpdk w d jf yif;aeaom nDtpfuEdk pS af ,mufuvnf; tvGeyf if
pdwx f ufoefv#uf vku d yf gvadk =umif;ukad jym=u.//

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ynmtwGuf Edik if &H yfjcm;oGm;vdpk w

d f
q&m}uD;ESib hf ek ;f }uD;uvnf; óuduEf pS o f ufojzifh rdbrsm;xH
od@k cGiahf wmif;vduk af v.? trdjzpfou l om;rsm;ta0;od@k xGucf mG oGm;
rnfukd tvGepf ;kd &dr&f mS ojzifh cGirhf ay;Edik [ f k ajymvduk af v&m ay:xGe;f
atmif u “tarrv$wcf siaf e u|eaf wmfw@kd bmom xGuaf jy;rSmbJ”
[k ZGwaf jymojzifh rdcif}uD;rSm id, k Ikd yif om;ESpaf ,mufukd wm;jrpf&
avonf?
wm;jrpf&w Hk iG rf u q&m}uD;xHo@kd omG ;I om;ESpaf ,mufu
xGufajy;rnfajymygonf? 4if;wdk@udk xGufrajy;&atmif wm;ay;yg?
rwm;Edik cf ahJ omf om;rsm;udk ausmif;rxm;[k ajym&avonf? ay:xGe;f
atmifonf rdcifu rnfo@kd yif uef@uu G w
f m;jrpfapumr_ bke;f }u;D xHo@kd
oGm;+yD;v#if “u|efawmfwdk@ xGufajy;vmcJhygr,f/ b,fudkvm&r,f
qdkwmom vdyfpmay;xm;cJhyg ”[k awmif;ojzifh bkef;awmf}uD;u
“rif;wd@k oabmESihf rif;wd@k xu G v f mr,fq&kd if igvufcrH ,f” [kajym+yD;
vdypf muav;wpfapmif ay;xm;cJah vonf?
nDtpfuEkd pS af ,mufrmS [du k pf ul;od@k vnf; rdcifu rtyfojzifh
ynmqufvuf oif=um;cGiu hf kd r&cJah y? od@k aomfvnf; tm;ravsmh
aom ay:xGe;f atmifu nDi,fEiS hf wdik yf ifonfrmS “igawmh umv
uwWm;udk xGuaf jy;r,f / vdu k rf vm;” nDi,fuvnf; vdu k v
f akd =umif;
ajymonf? “od@k aomf tpfurkd mS p&dwaf iG b,fu&rvJ” [k ar;onf?
tpfudku “ig t}uHay;ovdk rif;vkyfyg/ rif;utzGm;ESifhtwlwl
tdy&f w,f/ ntdyw f ek ;f rSm tzGm;&J@cg;rSm csnx f m;wJh aomhwu JG kd a[m'D
armif;cs"g;ESihf jzwfyg / aomh&awmh reufapmapm aowWmudzk iG +hf yD;
wpfcck &k atmif igc;kd jyr,f” [k t}uHay;avonf?
nDi,fuvnf; tpfudk}uD;rSmonfhtwdkif;yif ntzGm;
tdyaf ysmaf epOf cg;rSaomhóud;ukjd zwf,+l yD; ay;vku d .f // eHeufapmapm

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vl}uD;awGrxrDyif ay:xGef;atmifu aowWmukdzGifh+yD; a&Gvuf

aumufESpfuGif;ukd ckd;,lxm;avonf// zGm;at}uD;rSm tawmfae
jrifhaomtcgrS cg;wGifaomhr&Sda=umif;ukdod&I ausmfxGef;atmifudk
ac:+yD;ar;avonf? ausmx f eG ;f atmifu rSeo f nfth wkid ;f ajymavonf?
zGm;atjzpfou l “igah jr;awGudk zGm;zGm;u ynmukeaf tmif oifay;yg
r,f// bdvyfukdvJ ykd@ay;ygr,f// ,lxm;&if jyefay;yg” [k acsmharmh
ajymawmhryS if ay:xGe;f atmifu ,lxm;aom vufaumufEiS ahf omhudk
jyefay;avonf?
rdcifurlum; xkpd um;uk=d um;vdu k &f v#if &ifEpS jf crf;uGrJ wwf
aomuawmufavmifomG ;ojzifh “ 'D t*Fvyd yf nmukd qufoifay;
ae&if igoh m;awGe@J a0;&awmhr,f// rif;wk@d udk 'Dausmif;rSmvJrxm;bl;?
ynmvJqufoifray;awmhb;l ” [k ajym&m ay:xGe;f atmifu “tar
u b,fvb dk rJ xm;csiaf eyg u|eaf wmh[ f mu|eaf wmf b,fvb dk jJ zpfjzpf
a&mufatmifomG ;rSmbJ” [k ajymI rdcifrmS rsu&f nfrsm;yif us&av.?
xk@d aemufrS rdcifjzpfou l xkad usmif;wGiv f nf; 5-wef;txdom oif
ojzifah usmif;rSxw k +f yD; tdrwf iG xf m;avonf// zGm;at rif;ratmif u
rlum; ajr;jzpfow l @dk ynmvkv d m;yku
H dk oabmusonft h wkid ;f om;awG
ukd ausmif;uxkw+f y;D tcsed v f pf[if;atmifrxm;bJ quf+y;D oifay;bk@d
orD;tm; wku d w f eG ;f onfw h ikd f orD;u “ tar&,f tarhom;awGudk
u|erf b,fvydk J oifray;ay; olw@dk [molw@dk xl;xl;c|ecf |ew f wfatmif
oifvrd rhf ,fqw dk m u|erf ,k=H unfw,f// u|erf ay:xGe;f atmifudk yxr
oaE<aeawmhum tdrrf ufrufwmukd tarbJ edrw d zf wfw,f r[kwf
vm;? 'Dtwkid ;f qk&d if u|erf om;[m rkcs olawmfojl rwf bke;f }u;D &[ef;
jzpfrmS bJ 'Dvjdk zpfwmukad wmh u|erf vkv d m;w,f// tpk;d &tr_xrf; t&m
xrf;jzpf+yD; [kdòrd@ajymif;'Dòrd@a&G@ ae&wmukdawmh u|efrb,fenf;eJ@rS
rauseyfv@dk t*Fvyd yf nmukad wmh quf+yD;oifray;awmhb;l /” [k ZGwf
twif;om jiif;avonf//

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
rdcif}u;D tdrrf ufrufyHk

wnoY a':atmifausmo f ol nf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tdrrf ufxYJ
a,mif&rf;+yD; “tr,fav; =u,f}uD;u vSvu dk wf m” [k tm;&0rf;
omajymav&m a':atmifausmo f . l a,musmf ; -OD;jru ykwI f E_;d rSyif
Ek;d vmavawmhonf// a':atmifausmo f ul armif&,f usKyftrd rf uf
qef;qef;=u,f=u,fruf+yD; a,mifrdygw,f// 'DtdrfrufvJ }uD;us,f
vku d w f m u|erf tdraf emufzufu =urf;jyifrmS vomcsed f Adik ;f iifaewke;f
(&ckid jf ynfwiG f oDwif;u|wyf aJG wmftcg 0wfz@dk awmfovif;vw}udr/f
o}uFeyf aJG wmftcg0wfz@dk waygi;f vw}udrf csn, f ufuef;,uf yGv J rf;
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om&Sad vonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ud,
k 'hf ;l ud,
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rdcifuausmif;u xkwx f m;onfw h ikd af tmif ay:xGe;f atmifu

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xm;.?
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
v#iðf yyg / rðyvdu

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k =f uavawmhonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
&SiOf wWrESihf &Sit

f &d,[lI q&mawmfb&k m;u bG@J trnf cs;D jri‡ ahf y;vdu k f
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a&mufonf? rtlyifrw S qifh &efuek /f &efuek rf S awmifiòl rd@o@kd a&muf
oGm;.? awmifiòl rd@Y &uftawmf=umanmif;ojzifh awmifiw l iG f &Sif
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arG;pm;vdu k umvuwWm;udk ynmoifz@dk vGwrf vm;” [k ar;av.?
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vdck siaf om xd&k rS ;f r}uD;. axmufyaHh omaiGjzifh 17-ESpo f m;ausmaf usmf
wGif vltjzpfESifh umvuwWm;odk@a&mufoGm;&m umvuwWm;odk@
a&mufI t*Fvyd pf moif=um;ae+y[ D k ponfrh yS if ppfawGrS rdbrsm; od&

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
avonf? touf 17 -ESpf / 18-ESpf / 19 ESpw f iG f t*Fvyd yf nm 10-

wef; pmar;yGu J kd tvGwyf nmoiftjzpfEiS hf ajzqdEk ikd cf o
hJ nf? xdEk pS w
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wGif &Si0f wfEiS hf Ak'b
< mom pmayusr;f *efrsm;udk qufvufoif=um;
jyef.? xdkodk@oif=um;aepOfyif yckuULwGifaeaom bHkb,fbm;rm;
udk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;atmifausmf (ppfawGwGifaepOfu oda[mif;
u|r;f a[mif; aqGwprsK;d wpawmfol ) u yO…i;f 'g,umðyvsuf touf
19 ESpf 2-v pGe;f wGif &[ef;cHonf?
Tod@k yxrtqifh atmifjrifjcif;onf uH&I dS a=u;a&wwfEiS hf
awG@+yD; tcGio
hf moGm;onf[k rqdo k m? olu, kd wf ikd u
f r&rae[laom
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[k qd&k ayrnf?
Edik if jH cm;odk h jyefºujG cif;
Ak'b < mom pmayusr;f *efw@kd Y avhvmwwfu|r;f +yD;onfh wdik f

atmif t&SifOwWrtm; rdrd. avmukwfw&m; tusKd;udpP+yD;pD;&Hk
udpw P ckuo kd m tmodoxm;v#uf orx0dy\emvrf;pOfukd vdu k f
pm;jcif;tr_jzifh raeao;bJ rdrw d wfouJo h @kd tjcm;oluv kd nf; wwf
atmif aus;Zl;ðyvdkaom pdwf"gwf&Sdav&m Ak'<bmomr[kwfaom
tjcm;bmom0ifw@kd o@kd jzef@jzL;vdak om tmodojyif;jyvsu&f jdS yef.?
t&SiOf wWronf yckuLU rSaeIwzef umvuwWm;od@k &[ef;
0wfEiS o hf mG ;jyefonf? umvuwWm;od@k a&mufaomtcsed w f iG f tdE, dN
Edik if aH &;rSm wrsK;d wpfzakH jymif;vJ+yD; tdE,
dN acgi;f aqmifw@kd vGwv f yfa&;
twGuf xºuGEdk;=um;onfhtcdkuftwef@ESifh óuHóudufae.? ,if;odk@
óuHóudufjcif;onfyifvsif OD;OwWrtm; EdkifiHa&;Y pGef@pm;csifaom
pdw"f mwfukd oGi;f ay;vdu k af vonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tdE,
dN Edik if aH &; tajctae
tdE, dN Y 1899-ck bk&ifccH sKyftjzpfjzifh avmhumZif a&muf

vmcJh&m tkyfcsKyfcef@cGJr_wGif tvGefawmfonfqdk+yD; ESpfESpfwdk;wuf
cef@xm;jcif; cH&onf? 4if;bk&ifccH sKyfu 1904-ckEpS w f iG f b*Fvm;e,fukd
ta&S@ESifhtaemuf ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;vdkuf&mu b*Fvm;rS trsKd;om;wdk@
rcHr&yfEdkifI qlyGufvm=uonf? xdktcsdefY a'gufwm &mbif'&m
ewf o f w *d k ; ES i f h p d t m'wf ( pf ) qd k a om ynm&S d y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; ES p f O D ; u
acgif ; aqmif v suf ql y G u f u ef @ uG u f v m=u&m ynmwwf y k * ~ d K vf
trsm;uyifv#if xdkta&;udpPtwGuf &Gwf&Gwfc|efc|ef aqmif&Guf
vm=uonf? trsK;d om;aumvdyw f pfcu k kd wnfaxmif=u&m AifE*kd &kd fS
qd k o nf h td k i f p D t uf p f t&m&S d } uD ; wOD ; u tvk y f r S x G u f + yD ; v#if
ausmif;tky}f uD;tjzpfjzifh aqmif&u G If xdak umvdyw f iG f t&Sif OwWru
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ulnDaqmif&Gufavonf? odk@aqmif&Guf&if;jzifhyif ouUË/ b*FvD/
em*&Dpaoma&S;a[mif; [dENLusrf;pm wdk@udkoif=um;jyefonf?
xdkausmif;Y ygVdya&mfzuffqmtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfyif trsKd;om;
twGuf aqmif&u G vf pkd w
d f jyif;jyvmjyef.? tdE, dN trsK;d om;wd@k um;
wqifx h uf wqifw h ufI rdrw d @kd wikd ;f jynftwGuf &oif&h xdu k af om
tcGit hf a&;wd@k ukd awmif;qdv k m=u&m ajymufusm;enf;jzifh tpd;k &Xme
wd@k ukd òzdciG ;f wdu k zf su&f efyifóud;pm;=u+yD;v#if v#Kd @0u S of yl ek t
f oif;rsm;
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jcif;cH&cJo h nf?
ArmhEikd if aH &;pvmcJyh kH
xdt
k csed u
f yifv#if ArmjynfArmrsm;rSmvnf; Edik if aH &;udk jyif;
jyif;xefxefyif raqmif&Guf=uao;apumrl EdkifiHa&;udk tajcðyay;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vduk af om 0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;rsm;um; pvsu&f adS e+yD; jzpfonf?

bmoma&;toif;rsm;[lI 1897 ckESpf (jrefrmouU&mZf
1259-ckEpS )f wGirf E aW v;Y Ak'b< mom Ek*[ ~ toif;[lI zGi=hf u+yD;v#if
omoema&;oufoufukd aqmif&u G =f uonf? 9-ESpaf vmuf=um+yD;
1906-ckESpfwGif 0dkiftrfbDattoif;udk &efukefòrd@wGif pwifzGifh&m
OD;baz (,ck b}uD;az) OD;armif}uD; (trfat)ESifh OD;pdefvSatmif
(0wfvakH wmf&) wd@k u OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif=uonf? 1908-ckEpS f 4if;0dik t f rf
bDat tpnf;ta0;udk usK;H }uD;vrf; rif;}uD;uawmf a': jrarausmif;
wGif usi;f y&m pmawmfjyefòrd@tyk f OD;bu OuUXtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf?
1910-ckEpS w f iG f 0efaxmufO;D bd;k ajAmhu OuUXtjzpf aqmif&u G +f yD;v#if
e,frsm;Yvnf; zGifhvSpf&efvdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwf=uv#uf ynm0ef
axmuf OD;rHk;ESifh 0wfvHkawmf& OD;aratmifwdk@u e,fodk@xGuf+yD;
aqmif&u G =f uI tvif;rsm;tawmftoifh wd;k wufvmcJah vonf?
ArmhEikd if aH &; yxrpcef;
tdE, dN . Edik if aH &;tqift h wef;onf awmfawmfjrifI h jyif;xef

vsu&f adS e+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; Armjynf 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;rsm;rSmum;
xkcd sed t
f cguqdv k siS f a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwf bke;f awmf}uD;I oufawmf&n S f
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vnf; Edik if aH &;rlvblwtoif;}u;D [k qdt k yfaom uGe*f &uftoif;}u;D
onf 1885-ckEpS w f iG f attd[ k rG ;f qdo
k l t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wOD;u pwifwnf
axmifc&hJ mrS tajctaet&ajymif;vJ+yD;vsiS f 1920-ckEpS Yf r[wWr
*EN}D uD;. aoG;xGuo f ,
H rkd jzpfaom tm%mzDqefrt _ wGuf ,ckacgi;f
aqmif}uD;ae&l;ESiw hf uG uGe*f &uftoif;om; 3000-ausmf axmifus
cJ=h uonf? xdek nf;wlyif Armjynf 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;rsm;onf xdpk Of
u umvHa'oH t*~"H ge[ H k qdo k uJo h @kd rD;pif=unfI h ucJ=h u.? jrefrm

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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< mom bke;f awmf}uD;
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ESppf Ofusi;f yaom xdt k oif;rsm;. uGezf &ifrh sm;Y a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwfukd
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1915-ck/ atmufwb kd mv 26 &ufae@ 0dik t f rfbaD t uGezf &ifh
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aom tcGit hf a&;udk ajymqdjk cif;/ awmif;cHjcif;ESihf t&wdu k , f jl cif;yifv#if
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aomif;jzjz em;vnfr_ &vm=uayawmhonf?
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a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&;rsm;jzifh òrd@/ &Gm/ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;udk pwifum
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csrw S cf ohJ nf?
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Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m twGi;f 0ef}uD; rpPwmrGeaf w*locifonf tdE, dN Edik if H
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apv$waf wmif;qdck =hJ u&m Armjynftm; oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfa&; ay;xdu k f

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tawmrowf &ifo h efvmcJah vonf?
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bke;f awmf}uD;.w&m;yGrJ mS vnf; tvGerf w S o
f m;zG,af umif;
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ul;+yD; ig.ud, k af y:rSeif;vsuf ajy;=uavavm” [kq. kd ? trsm;aom
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urlum; igjzifh Tw}udrw f iG f ao&awmhrnfjzpf.? igaovdu k aoap?
od@k aomfvnf; T&efou l o hJ @kd iguh Ekd ydS pf ufaeaom arsmuf}uD; touf
csr;f om&mudk &ap+yD;rS aoygap[k pdww f iG tf "dXmefrysuf olwyg;.
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
TuJo h @kd w&m;udek m,l+yD;rSyif aemifawmfonfum; tvGef

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vm=uawmhonf?
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ta=umif;=um;xm;+yD;jzpf.? od@k aomf ta&S@bufurBmu *syefonf
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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pOf;pm;vsuyf if Armjynfo@kd jyefvmcJ&h avonf?
tcef; (3)
q&mawmfEiS hf ArmhEikd if aH &;
1911-1912 ckEpS Yf OD;OwWronf Armjynfo@kd jyefa&muf

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at toif;uvnf; ynmwwfO;D aratmif (0wfvakH wmf&) ESihf OD;rH;k
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toif;wGif vl}u;D wpfO;D jzpfol OD;ausm&f efonf rE aW v;Y jrefrmynm&Sd
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udk xkwaf 0vsu&f adS vonf?
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OD;ausmf&efuyifv#if rE Wav;odk@ºuGvm&ef yifhac:oGm;+yD; ynma&;/
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vSacs? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &uomv#if oGm;av&mpHak xmufrsm; vdu k yf gap

vsuf acsmif;ajrmif;tuJcwfvsuf &Sad eavonf? q&mawmfO;D OwWr
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*syefo@kd jyefomG ;&mYvnf; &nf&, G cf suf r&Sb d rJ [kw?f q&m
awmfonf ol.ESrti,fq;kH rtdrpf ;kd ESihf Armvli,fuav; 3-a,muf
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u awmif;yefonft h wdik ;f 1912-ck*syefjynfo@kd jyefomG ;+y;D aemuf xdpk m
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uyif a&mif;csco hJ nf? od@k wu G yf if q&mawmfEiS o hf &l ,d OD;baz/ OD;vSaz
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pmwdu k w f iG f trsm;tm;jzifh awG@ae&ayonf?
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oavmuf opfacguu f vnf; &ifah &mfxx l I
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
cdik +f rJru_ kd vdt

k yfonf[k qdx
k m;cJoh nfrmS rSwo f m;xdu k af om pum;
wpf&yfyifjzpfonf?
q&mawmfO;D OwWronf olem;vnfor#/ olwwfoo d r#EiS hf
Armjynfwpfav#mufuakd v#mufI a[majymaeaomfvnf; c&D; a&muf
oifo h avmufa&mufrnf r[kwaf y? tqift h wef;csi;f rSm uGmjcm;+yD;
rdr. d w&m;pum;wd@k ukd vlrsm;vufceH m,lrnf r[kw[ f Il od&+dS y;D jzpf&m
yxrajcvSr;f tjzpf ol&, d owif;pmrS acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f ESihf tjcm;aqmif;yg;
wd@k ukd ulnaD &;om;ay;vsuf &daS eavonf?
trsm;qHk;a&;om;aom t}uHay;csufrsm;um; 0HomEk
&udw Q w&m;udk jrefrmrsm; apmifph nf;zd@k &mESihf Edik if jH cm;t0wftxnf
wd@k ukd wwfEikd o f avmufy,f&mS ;+yD;v#if trsK;d om;rsm;ud, k w
f ikd f &uf
vkyfaom 0HomEkyifeDESifh a,mxrDudkom qif;jref;=u&ef v_H@aqmf
csurf sm;jzpfonf?
xdtk cgu urm&Gw&f yfuu G f ausmif;cef;wpfcef;wGif wyg;
wnf;ae+yD; OD;OwWrtm;awG@vI kd vmv#if wdik ;f &if;jzpfukd 0wforl o S m
vufcpH um;ajym.?
q&mawmf OD;OwWr r-umc%oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl zhJ ;l onfh

urm&Gwaf ps;teD; wyfwiG ;f ausmif;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
od@k aomfvnf; vlrsm;ESib hf ek ;f }u;D rsm;u OD;OwWrtm; omref

EdkifiHa&;bkef;}uD;wyg;[lI todtrSwfðy+yD; oGm;vmaygif;oif;aom
&[ef;oHCmF awmfawmfyifenf;yg;cJ. h ? 1918-ckEpS rf S p+yD; ArmhEikd if aH &;
tajctaeum; awmfawmfyifajymif;vJvmcJo h nf? yxrurBmppf}u;D Y
*smrefEiS t hf *Fvyd f t}uD;tus,w f u kd w f ikd ;f *smrefw@kd u ta&;omae
onfudkom awG@vdkjrifvdk=u&m owif;pm0,folzwfol awmfawmf
uav;rsm;vmonfhtwdkif; ol&d,owif;pmonfvnf; tcgtcGifh
&oavmuf awmfawmfóud;pm;I trsKd;om;rsufvHk;udk zGifhay;v#uf
&Sad vonf? 1914-ckrS 18-ck yxrurBmppf}uD;twGi;f rSmyif jrefrmh
tvif; / ynmtvif;[laom &ufjcm;owif;pmESpaf pmif xyfraH y:
vm+yD;v#if Edik if aH &;udk a&;om;pðyvmcJ=h u&m 0dik f / trf / bD / at
toif;rSmvnf; vl}uD;ydik ;f ESihf vli,fyikd ;f [lI ESpyf ikd ;f ay:xGuv f monf?
vl}uD;ydik ;f wGif trwfO;D bul/ OD;bd;k om/ OD;oif;[lI oH;k OD;wd@k u xifay:
vm=uv#uf vli,fyikd ;f wGif OD;baz/ bdvyfrS jyefvmpjzpfaom 0wfvkH
awmf& OD;odr;f armif/ OD;cspv f id_ w
f @kd uwzuf twdu k tf cHjzpfc=hJ u&onf?
bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,f u&ufa'guu f vnf; vl}uD;ydik ;f rS 3-
OD;tm; twdik yf ifcH trwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef@xm;vsuf vli,fyikd ;f .
xºuGE;kd =um;r_ukd tqifoifo h vdk ESrd ef if;&ef Oya'rsm; trsK;d rsK;d ðyjyif
ay;av&m tqd;k 0g;qH;k Oya'rSm xdt k csed u f owif;pmjzpfap/ *sme,f
jzpfap xkwaf 0v#if tmrcHaiG (3000)wif&rnf[I l yxr ynwfcsuf
yifjzpfavonf? xdktcgu aemufxyfay:vmaom owif;pmESifh
*sme,fuav;rsm;rSm tmrcH rwifEikd I f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydwv f u
kd &f
av&m ol&, d / jrefrmhtvif;/ ynmtvif;ESihf AE<Kv*sme,f 4-apmif
om &efuek òf rd@wiG f useaf eawmhonf? 1921-ckEpS w f iG f a0vrif;om;
(,ck eef;pGe@f b&k if tuf'yG 0f ifqmòrd@pm;}uD;) Armjynfo@kd tvnfvm
rnfjzpf&m rE aW v;òrd@ 9-}udraf jrmuf *sD / pD / bD / at ESpyf wfvnf
tpnf;ta0;}uD;u a0vrif;om;tm; oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfjyef

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
onf? 1920-ckEpS f jynfòr@d Yusi;f yaom 0dik f / trf / bD / at ESpyf wfvnf

uGezf &ifph +y;D 0dik f / trf / bD / at Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0toif;rsm;.
toif;csKyfukd *s/D pD/ bD/ at (*sief &,f aumifpD atmh bm;rD; tqdpk aD t;
&Sif;) [k EdkifiHa&;toif;csKyf}uD;toGifudk vHk;0ajymif;vJvdkufav+yD?
1919-ckEpS f ykord u f eG zf &ifuh p+yD; armfvòrdiòf rd@ ode;f aygi;f rsm;pGmºuG,f
0+yD; rsK;d csppf wd wf u,fwef;&Sad om vli,f0wfvakH wmf& OD;cspv f id_ t
f m;
OuUXtjzpf wifajr‡mufco hJ nf? *sD / pD / bD / at [laom trnfukd &J&J
awmuf owWAd vESihf jynfph o kH l 0wfvakH wmf& OD;pdev
f aS tmifu a&G;cs,f
+yD; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJIh xdjk ynfòrd@ (8) }udraf jrmuf uGezf &ifrh S p+yD;v#if
oCFmawmfrsm;udk ab;csyd rf xm;bJ yifah c:I aqG;aEG;wdik yf if vm=u
avonf? 4if;jynfòr@d uGezf &ifh rwdik rf u DS av;yif ol&, d owif;pmrSaeI
&[ef;ESiv hf rl sm;onf uGu J mG aumif;onf r[kw[ f al om v_@H aqmfcsuf
bk&m;a[m w&m;uav;rsm;ESihf a&;om;onfukd awG@&onf?
vlEiS hf &[ef;awmfrsm;
“tm*g&mtem*g&mp / Oabm / tanmned\w d m/ t&EN

,E dW o'NrHR / a,m*auQrH tEkw&W ”H [lI ygVad wmfvm&S. d ? (teufum;-
tm*g&mp vlw@kd onf4if; / tem*g&mp &[ef;wd@k onf 4if;/ Oabm
ESpOf ;D aom yk*Kd~ vfw@kd onf / tanmned\w d m tcsi;f csi;f wOD;ESiw hf OD;
trSDo[Jðyv#uf ae=uukef.? a,m*auQrH udavomwdk@ ukef&m
jzpfaom/ tEkw&W H jrwfaom edAmŠ efuakd &mufapjcif;iSm/ o'<rHR olawmf
aumif;w&m;udk / t&EN,E dW yl;wGI J om tm;xkw=f u&m.?)
TuJo h @kd aom w&m;jzifyh ifv#if bke;f }u;D &[ef;wd@k tm; Edik if H
a&;udk ajcpHyk pfvsu0f ifatmif v_@H aqmfvm&m ArmjynfY bke;f }u;D =oZm
róuduaf omvl[I l &Sm;vS.? bke;f }uD;ujzLqkjd zLI rJqv kd #if rJ=ujcif;
tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;rSm v#ijf refpmG pnf;&H;k Edik v
f mcJ&h m bk&ifcqH m&,f*seD ,f

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
u&ufa'guu f (bdik ;f aumh) tufOya'[lI vlwa,mufukd oydwf

arSmufv#if axmif'g%ftjypfay;Edkifaom Oya'wdk@udk xkwfjyefvm
cJjh yef.?
a0vrif;om; &efukefudka&mufcsdef eD;uyfvmaomtcg
OuUX OD;cspv f i_d Ef iS hf 'k-OuUX OD;bpD/ owif;pmq&mOD;bvdi_ f wd@k ukd ykvyd f
rif;}uD;u &efuek rf zS rf;I awmif}uD; / puFmyl paom&yfa0;Y acwW
tus,cf sKyfcsxm;+yD;v#if a0vrif;om;tm; arSmufxm;onfh oydwf
wpfv;kH udk uJo G mG ;apjyef.?
bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gu. f wif;rm=urf;wrf;aom
tkycf sKyfa&;udk vlwikd ;f E_ww f iG f wzGzaG jymqdv k m=uav&m xdt k csed wf iG f
q&mawmfO;D OwWronf bk&ifcx H o H @kd pmwpfapmifa&;om;ay;yd@k .? xdk
pmrSm “qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGuo f mG ;vdu k yf g”
[laom pum;yifjzpf.? xdpk mudk ol&, d owif;pmu xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy
vdkuf&m [m[,fESifhArmrsm; rsufvHk;zGifhvmavonf? yGifhyHkum;
OD;OwWru ta&;ydik Ef iS hf ykvyd t f &m&Sad vmufuykd if 'l;wkeaf tmif a=umuf
&G@H &dak oae&aomacwfY bk&ifcu a[h rif; xGuo
H kd “a[h f mG ;;” [k &J&aJ wmuf
ajym0Hyh gayonf[k txl;yif pdwx f ºuGvm=ujcif;jzpf.?
wu,fpifppf bk&ifcHuvnf;xGufoGm;rnfr[kwf? odk@
aomf OD;OwWru wd@k ArmvlrsK;d awGrmS 'Dvakd jymEdik w f thJ cGithf a&;[m &Sad e
w,fq+kd y;D oifay;vdu k jf cif;omjzpfonf? aemufwpfcrk mS tpd;k & t&m&Sd
qdak ompum;rSm t*Fvyd b f momwGif “jynfo@l 0efxrf;” [lI qdo k nfh
twdkif; t&m&Sdr[kwf? jynfol@tapcHawGomjzpfI olwdk@udk bmrS
a=umufp&mrvd[ k k v_aH qmfa&;om;onfuv kd nf; u|Eykf wf @kd zwf&&_ ao;
onf? xdt k csed u f q&mawmfO;D OwWr. v_@H aqmfay;csurf sm;onf rEd;k
=um;ao;aom ArmvlrsK;d rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;yg t&ma&mufaom
v_H@aqmfcsufjzpfonfudk u|Efkyfwdk@ b,faomtcgr# arhEdkif=urnf
r[kwaf y?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
OD;OwWr. Edik if aH &;ppfqifykH
vufatmufcH Armwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;u rdrw d @kd &oif&h xdu k f

aom tcGit hf a&;twGuf qlqyl yl l vkyv f mav/ tkycf sKyfol vlrsK;d jcm;
tpd;k &. &mZyv†irf mS v_y&f mS ;avav jzpfvmawmh&m bk&ifcH qm&,f
*seD ,fu&ufa'guu f vnf; twdik yf ifct H rwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;bd;k om
/ OD;oif;ESihf OD;bwlw@kd ukd cef@xm;+yD;v#if tkycf sKyfa&;.toGiu f kd wrsK;d
wzHak jymif;vJ+yD; qlyrl r_ sm;udk wwfEikd o f r#aom enf;y&d,m,fw@kd jzifh
òzdciG ;f &ef tm;xkwóf ud;pm;jyefavonf?
xdt k cgwiG f 0dik f / trf / bD / at toif;csKyf.twGi;f Y
1919-ckEpS rf pS +yD; vl}uD;ydik ;f vli,fyikd ;f [lI uGjJ ym;cJ&h m ol&, d owif;
pmrSm/ vli,fyikd ;f u txl;yg0if v_@H aqmf+yD;v#if a&$w*d b kH &k m; b¾m
awmfxrd ;f tzG@J onfyif vl}uD;awG. oabmus &moufyef a*gyu
vl}uD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;rnfhtpm; (5)ESpfwpf}udrfus
a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufjcif;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk vufawG@usio hf ;kH
=u&ef E_d;aqmf+yD;oumv a*gyuvl}uD; wpfae&mvpfvyfonfudk
bdvyfrjS yefvmump 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ode;f armif (,ckEikd if aH wmf w&m;
a&;0ef}u;D csKy)f udk yxrqH;k ,SOòf yid t f a&G;cHz@kd v_@H aqmfay;cJ&h m wdik ;f oljynf
om;wd@k vnf; tawmfyifem;0ifoabmaygucf o hJ jzifh OD;odr;f armifrmS
vlxrk q J ENjzifh ta&G;cH&avonf?
1917 ckEpS /f tdE, dN twGi;f 0ef}u;D csKyrf eG af w*l tdE, dN od@k ðyjyif
ajymif;vJaom tkycf sKyfa&;udk ay;tyf&efvmI jyefomG ;+yD;aemuf Arm
jynfraS pv$waf om txl;ojzifh 0dik f / trf / bD / atrS apv$wo f nf[k
qdk&aom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;. wifjyajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm c&D;r
a&muf&adS e&onft h jyif 0dik f / trf / bD / at toif;rS a&;qGw J ifjyaom
Armjynftyk cf sKyaf &;pnf;rsO;f ESihf bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'guf a&;qGJ
wifjyxm;aom pnf;rsO;f rsm;onfvnf; bmwpfcrk S c&D;ra&mufcahJ cs?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
Armjynftm; tdE, dN vufatmufcH vufzwif eif*g0gem

wOD; tkycf sKyfae&mrS *g0gembk&ifcH tkycf sKyfaom jynfe,fwpfco k m
jzpfap&rnf? w&m;pD&if&mY csyd ukwt f pm; [du k u f w k &f ;kH jzpfapxdu k f
onfqakd om tcsuEf pS cf suo f m xl;jcm;vmcJah vonf? xdo k @kd jzpf&m
0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;vli,fyikd ;f u Tr#EiS hf auseyfae=u&efr[kw?f
bdvyfygvrD efo@kd a&mufatmif ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apv$w+f yD; awmif;qdk
rnf[k qH;k jzwf+y;D v#if yxrt}urd f OD;baz ( ol&, d )/ OD;yk (0wfvakH wmf
&) ESihf OD;xGe;f &deS w
f @kd ukd a&G;cs,af pv$w=f uaomtcg wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf
vH;k u aomif;aomif;jzjz p&dwpf u 0dik ;f 0ef;vSL'ge;f =uavonf?
aemufwpf}udrYf 1920-ckEpS w f iG f OD;xGe;f &deS f uG,v f eG o f mG ;
ojzifh OD;odr;f armiftm; tpm;xd;k +yD; apv$w=f ujyefonf?
xdo k @kd apv$w=f u&ojzifh Armjynfrv S v kd m;aom ('drk eD , d H
[kr&R ;l )udk twdtus&onf[k rqdEk ikd af omfvnf; 1921-ckEpS f tdE, Nd
jynftm; ('dik t f mcD) ac: tpd;k &ESihf jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; xuf0ufpD
tm%m,lI tkycf sKy&f aom tkycf sKyaf &;udk ay;tyfaomtcgY Armjynf
udk rnfonft h yk cf sKyfa&;r# ray;ao;bJ rpPwm0du _ f }uD;rSL;aom aumfr
wDtzG@J wckukd pHpk rf;tpD&ifc&H ef apv$wv f ukd af vonf?
q&mawmfOD;OwWrum; ArmEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifpGufzuf+yD;
aemuf Ekid if aH &;tm;jzihf v_y&f mS ;r_uav;rsm;.twGi;f Y rkew f ikd ;f qifI
wdu k af om Edik if aH &;y&d,m,foabmw&m;udv k nf; txl;rSwo f m;zk@d
oifhojzifh atmufwGifazmfjyvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&;onf trSefpifppf
ppfqifrw _ pf&yfyifjzpf&m &mZ0ifY pEN*w k rf if;. ppfqifro _ nf A[dpk cef;
udk OD;pGmwdkufojzifh ta&;rvS r=umc% ysufpD;qHk;&H_;&zl;.? xdkrS
aemufwiG f penf;waygief map&m rke@f onfrom;onf rke@f tem;om;udk
rpm;bJ cv,fom;udk pm;ojzifh b,fawmr# 0rnfr[kw/f eifrek @f pm;
wmu pEN*w k rf if; ppfwu kd o
f vdo k m&So d nf[k trduqH;k raom pum;
udk =um;&.?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
xdrk aS emufwiG f awmpGeaf us;vufup+yD; wdu k cf u

kd of rd ;f ,l
ojzifh pEN*w
k rf if; ppfEikd zf ;l onfh xH;k &So
d nf? xd@k twl q&mawmfO;D OwWr
onf EdkifiHa&;w&m;udk a[m&majym&mY òrd@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;Y rsm;pGm
ra[mao;bJ awmvufaus;&Gmuav;rsm;odk@ yxrav#mufI
a[majymv#uo f m &Sad v&m a';'&Jtydik f qkuvyf&mG wGif 1922-ckEpS f
wGif a[majymaom w&m;yJt G wGuf zsmyHt k a&;ydik u
f w&m;pGq J +kd y;D v#if
ausmif;uke;f òrd@Y w&m;a[maepOf ykvyd rf sm;vma&muf zrf;qD;oGm;
av&m owif;pmrsm;Y xl;jcm;aom owif;w&yftjzpf ygvmav
onf? ArmvlrsKd;wdk@onf EdkifiHa&;udk aqmif&Gufv#if tzrf;cH&rnf?
axmifusc&H rnf? igw@kd vJ 'Dvykd if tzrf;cH=urnf? axmifuscaH wmhrnf
[k pdwrf sm;wufºuG+yD;v#if Ed;k =um;onfxuf Ed;k =um;vm=uavonf?
xdt
k cg rEd;k =um;cJv h #if ,cktcgY vGwv f yfa&; a0;ayao;onf?
1922 ckEpS /f
q&mawmf OD;OwWr
EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[mI
zsmyHktusOf;axmifY
axmifuscH&pOfu
oCFmawmft&Sijf rwfw@kd vnf; raeomawmhbJ igw@kd vnf;

OD;OwWruJo h @kd yif aqmif&u
G =f uawmhrnf[k &nfoef+yD;v#if oHCor*~D
[lI Edik if aH &;t"duxm;aom tzG@J aygi;f 37-zG@J wd@k ukd xdEk pS w
f iG f zG@J pnf;
wnfaxmifvmav&m 4if;tzG@J rsm;. OuUXtjzpf tv,fawm q&m
awmf / tusK;d aqmiftjzpf a&$usiw f ukd f OD;"rR"& u aqmif&u G af wmfrl
=uavonf? aemuf OD;"rR"& ysHawmfrlI OD;a0ykv†u qufvuf

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
aqmif&u G o f nf? OD;0do'k < / OD;0dpm& (axmifxw J iG t f pmiwfcI H ysaH wmfrl

aom q&mawmf) ESihf OD;paENmbmo (Am;u&m;q&mawmf) wd@k vnf;
Edik if aH &;udk OD;wdu k +f yD; a[majymaqmif&u G af wmfr=l uonf?
1919-1920-1921 ckEpS f txufyg w&m;pGq J akd om tr_
rjzpfrt D wGi;f Y q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efuek Ef iS hf umvuwWm;od@k
ul;csjD yefcsED iS hf aexdik cf . hJ ? xdo k @kd ul;cso D ef;csaD ejcif;rSmvnf; eufeaJ om
&nf&, G rf eS ;f xm;csuw f ckjzifyh if jzpfa=umif;udo k &d ayonf? 1920 ckEpS /f
wefaqmifrek ;f vwGif OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;wGif &Sad ecJ. h ?
xdEk pS u f OD;OwWr.OD;&D;awmfol ppfawGòrd@rS OD;csicfh ikd Ef iS hf ZeD;
rpHvjS zLwd@k onf rsuaf pha&m*g uko&ef umvuwWm;od@k acwWomG ;
=uonf? xdt k cgwiG f OD;OwWr. nD ausmx f eG ;f atmifonfvnf; ygomG ;
v#uf umvuwWm;òrd@ &cdkifyGJpm;wpfOD;.tdrfwGif wnf;cdkaexdkif=u
onf?
wae@aomtcgY q&mawmfO;D OwWronf a=u;eef;pm&Guf
uav;wpf&u G u f u kd ikd +f y;D òy;H òy;H &D&ED iS hf yGpJ m; tdro f @dk ºuv G monf? a'G;awmf
awmfol rpHvjS zLu “ tvdk / OD;yÍif; 'Dwpfcg&v D @kd armvd@k bmrsm; o
abmus+yD; vmjyefovJ” [k qD;I av#mufxm;onf?
“ 'g,umr}uD; 'Dwpfcgawmh usKyfuu kd sKyf aoaysm+f yDv@kd
0rf;omtm;& &Sw d meJ@ òyH;vmwmbJ”[k trde@f &adS vonf? a'G;awmfu
bmrsm;jzpfvmovJar;&m OD;OwWru “igw@kd ArmvlrsK;d awG vle@J ole@J wl
vm+yD? vlpw d &f v dS m=u+yD? 'Dvv kd pl w d &f v dS mvd@k ig0rf;omvmwmbJ” [k
qd. k ? “t&ifuawmh ArmawG[m vlpw d rf &Sv d @kd acG;pdwf &Sad eovm;
bk&m;”? OD;OwWru “vlpw d &f w dS ,fqw kd mu 'Dvakd v vl[m vltcGihf
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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v#uyf if apmifah e.//
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[k nifompGmyifar;.//
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omjzpfonf//
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tcef; (4)
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rsK;d zsurf suu f ef;pojzifh tawmfyif qlqyl yl l jzpfae=uonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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21 OD;vl}u;D pk
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f m

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q&mawmf OD;OwWr
OD;cspfvi+d Ef iS hf OD;OwWr
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hJ nf?
“,ck u|Eykf w f @kd tv,fo@kd t&SiOf ;D OwWrud, k af wmf}uD; ud, k f
wdik ºf uaG &muf&yfawmfrv l #uf &Scd ahJ v+y?D xdt k &Sio f nf twW[w d wnf;
[laom ud, k uf sK;d pD;yGm;udk wHaxG;ayguu f o hJ @kd rSwx f ifpeG @f ypfawmfr+l y;D rS
y&[dwwnf;[laom jynfot l rsK;d om;ta&;udak wG;I pdrphf rd +hf crd +hf crd hf
vH@_ aqmf aqmif&u G af wmfrjl cif;a=umifh rGejf refrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . pdwaf e
tmoDoonfum; a&S;uESirhf wl trlajymif;a&$@ a&S@a&;wGio f m y'krmR
=umv$m0wfrw _H @kd onf aetm&k%w f efc;kd jzifh yGiòhf zd;oefprG ;f vef;vef;
pGiphf iG &hf o
dS nfh trlt&m qifu h mqifu h m omIomIyif vsiv f sif uGe@f
jrL;jcif;&Sad vonf?
xdtk &SiOf ;D OwWr. axmif'g%t f usO;f cHjcif;wnf;[laom 'kuQ
p&d,ma=umifh trsK;d om; }uD;yGm;csr;f oma&;vkyif ef;onf v#r;f onf
xufv#r;f use;f use;f cdik rf mvsuf aqmvsirf =um atmif&rnfh tajc[k
oloil gigw@kd u tm;usrcH pdwrf mefwufºuG &Sv d m=uav+yD?”
q&mawmfonf Tod@k v#iw f wdik ;f jynfv;kH . OuUXem,u wd@k
u av;pm;or_ *&kðytm;ud;k jcif; cHc=hJ u&avonf?
*sLyvDa[mY ajymcJh+yD;aemuf q&mawmfOD;OwWronf
rE Wav;òrd@rSyifhaqmifI ºuGawmfrlonf? 0gacgifvqef; 5-&ufae@
rE aW v;òrd@trd af wmf&m bk&m;twGi;f 9 cef;Z&yfwiG f tdE, dN uGe*f &uf
toif;/ rlqvif cDvmzuftoif;/ w&kwfAk'<bmomtoif;ESifh
&[ef;y&dowf/ vly&dowfw@kd u =obmpmzwf=um;jcif;udk cH,+l yD;vsif
jyefvnfajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;pum;rS xkwfEkwfcsufrSm atmufyg
twdik ;f jzpf.?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
“&[ef;awmft&Sijf rwfrsm;ESihf 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k /

q&mawmfonfrE aW v;òrd@o@kd 0gacgiv f qef; 1-&ufae@wiG f a&mufvm
pOfu òrd@}uD;olòrd@}uD;om;ESihf omuDE, G 0f ift&Si&f [ef;wd@k yg róuHpzl;
txl;wvnf c&DOD;óudqdk=uonfudk jyefIqyf&ef rukefEdkifavmuf
atmif aus;Zl;}uD;vSygonf?”
“&efukefòrd@uxGufvmpOfu TuJhodk@ òydifbufr&Sdavmuf
aom o'Ngw&m;rsKd;jzifh trdjrefrmjynf}uD;. a&S@a[mif;&mZXmae
rif;aejynfawmfrS ra&wGufEdkifaom jynfolwdk@onf p&dwfa=u;aiG
tajrmuftjrm; tuket f uscv H #uf ,ckavmuf 'kurQ sm;pGm a&muf
&rnfukd pdwu f ;l r# rxnfrh yd ga=umif;?”
“,ckºuGa&mufvmaom rif;y&dowfwdk@wGif rif;aqGrsKd;&dk;
vlrsK;d qufE, G af [mif;wd@k . om;ajr;rsm; yg0if=uvdrrhf nfjzpfyga=umif;?
OD;yO…i;f onfvnf; &efuek òf rd@teD; urm&GwYf xif&mS ;ausmaf Zmaom
ppfo}l uD; 3-OD;wd@k . cHwyfwnf&m wyfuek ;f [laom trnfa[mif;
ae&mwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;wGi;f rS vma&muf&ygonf?
4if;cHwyfa[mif;ae&mwGif cHwyf&ifwm; ta[mif;tjrif;wd@k . tp
tersm; bmr#r&Sad wmhbJ &[ef;ausmif;om &Sad eygI xdo k &l owWEd iS hf
jynfph akH om ppfo}l uD;a[mif;wd@k . wnf&mXmewd@k EiS hf ol&aJ umif; owWd
aumif;wd@k onfvnf; 4if;cHwyfw@kd EiS t hf wl jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k . pdww f iG f
uif;&Si;f aysmufu, G o f mG ;yga=umif;?”
“,ae@wiG f jrefrmwd@k tm; rdrt d a&;t&mwd@k ukd ud, k w f ikd f pDrH
cef@c&JG ef roifah vsmaf o;aom vlrsK;d nH[ h k trSwðf yxm;ygojzifh trsKd ;
ysu+f yD;vmaom òrd@oòl rd@om;wd@k onf &_u d }f uD;wiif id,
k &kd efom &Sad wmh
yga=umif;? xdo k @kd id, k okd uH kd rdrw
d @kd em;rsm;rS rjywfyif=um;&zefrsm;I
rdrud , kd w
f ikd yf if pGypf =JG uonft h wdik ;f roifjh rwfaom vlrsK;d nhyH if jzpfwef
&monf[k xifrSwfp ðyvm=uyga=umif;? avmu"mwfynmwGif
pdw! f @_d aom twwfwpfc&k o dS nf[k =um;zl;ygonf? 4if;pdw! f @d_ aom

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
twwfjzifh vd&k mudk t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um;emae&aomtcg rdrw d @kd

twdwfta&;udk arhavsmhv#ufoGm;yga=umif;? jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@tm;
roifhavsmf ravsmufywfao;[k tac:cH&+yD; ynmA[kokwr&Sd[k
qdk=uav+yD? bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;=oZmudkom t&m&mrSmcH,lonf[k
uJ&h @J =uav+yD? &kid ;f pkid ;f onf[k ajym=um;=uav+yD? pdw! f @d_ aom ynm
rsK;d jzifh 4if;wd@k qo kd r#onf trSeo f mjzpfonf[k xifrw S pf ðyvm=uyg
a=umif;?”
“xyfrI H ajym&efrmS jrefrmvlrsK;d jzpfaea=umif;udk arhavsmah pI
b,ftcgrS wzefjyefr&Edik af om bd;k bGm;rdbwd@k cHpm;cJ=h uaom pnf;pdrf
csr;f omESihf ºu, G 0f aygrsm;jcif;wd@k ukd rrSe;f qwwf=uav+y?D bd;k bGm; rdb
wd@k ydik qf ikd cf pH m;cJ=h uaom jrifjh rwf}uD;rm;aom avmuD avmukw&W m
twwfynmwd@k ukd oif=um;Edik pf rG ;f onf [lor#w@kd uv kd nf; qH;k &_;H =u
&av+yD jzpfyga=umif;?”
jrefrmhO;D pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;
“pmoifausmif;wd@k Y4if;/ t*Fvyd w f @kd a&;om;aom owif;pm
wd@k Y4if;/ u|epf w d af &mufaeaom jrefrmowif;pmwd@k Y jrefrmbk&ifw@kd
tm; &dik ;f pdik ;f &ufpufonf[k ajymqd=k uonfw@kd ukd ae@pOfyif=um;&ap
umrl =urf;=uKwf&ufpufa=umif; pHerlemtenf;i,f&rdS nf jzpfaomf
vnf; rkcso=d u&onfrmS trsm;qH;k aom jrefrmrif;{u&mZfw@kd onf
ykxpk Ofjzpf=uonft h wdik ;f rSm;,Gi;f ygaomfvnf; jrefrmvlrsK;d &if;rS ayguf
zGm;v#uf jrefrmwdk@tv,fwGif }uD;jyif;&I rnfr#avmuf rSm;,Gif;
c|waf csmaf pumrl jrefrmrsK;d &d;k Zmwdjzpf+yD;v#if jrefrmwd@k ta=umif;udk
aumif;pGm odu|r;f em;vnf=uyga=umif; xdb k &k ifw@kd vufatmufwiG f
jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf }u;D rm;aom OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifw@kd jzpfygonf? jrefrm
vlrsKd;wkd@tm; rmefwufºuGapvsuf t}uHt^m%faumif;aponf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
xdrk if;wd@k vufatmufwiG f jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf rSL;}uD;rwf&m aoem

ywd jzpf=uyg onf? jrefrmwd@k onf ppfb&k ifppfo}l u;D rsm; jzpf=uygonf?
txGÉt f xdyq f ;kH rSm jrefrmwd@k onf wxD;weef;pH vH;k 0vGwv f yfjcif;
tif'yD if;'ifu h kd &=uygonf? jrefrmwd@k rmS rdrw d @kd yikd f pGr;f &nfowWd &S=d u
onft h wdik ;f jrefrmbk&ifw@kd vufatmufwiG f jrefrmwd@k onf ,ckae&
onfxufomI vlcsi;f wlaomtjzpfukd &=uyga=umif;? ,ae@jrefrmwd@k
jzpfysu&f yHu k m; vlrsK;d uGjJ AL&ku d &ufw@kd vufatmufwiG f tvH;k pHk u|ejf zpf
vsuaf eygI jrefrmwd@k onf vlrsK;d jzpf&aom pGr;f &nfowWrd S uG,af ysmuf
aeaoma=umifh ppfo}l uD;rsm; jzpfvmEdik &f ef rxifjrifEikd af vawmh+yD?
jrefrmwd@k . &mZXgae rif;aejynfawmfjzpfaom a&$òrd@awmf}uD;yifv#if
,cktcg wHv#yo f bG,f òrd@rr,fuav; jzpfIaeayonf?
“vGefav+yD;aom a&S@a[mif;aemufjzpfwdk@udk topfjyefI
rawG;awmvdb k J Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m; a[m=um;awmfral om uH=urRmwd@k .
ta=umif;udk ,H=k unf=uonft h wdik ;f vlrsK;d wrsK;d rSmvnf; xdcu kd yf gvrd hf
rnf? 0rf;enf;zG,t f wdwt f a&;udk arhaysmufap=u+yD;v#if tem*gwf
ta&;ESihf om;pOfajr;qufw@kd ukd cs;D jr‡iahf xmufy=hH u&ef om;csi;f &if;
csmuJo h @kd jrefrmwd@k pnf;vH;k aygi;f oif;=u&ygrnf? tkypf ;kd ol t*Fvyd f
wd@k tm;vnf; nDom;tpfuu kd o hJ @kd xifrw S =f u+yD;v#if 4if;wd@k . yl;aygi;f
qufqjH cif;ESihf oem;jcif;wd@k ukd r&Edik af pumrl jrefrmwd@k rmS u|epf w d f
a&mufaecJhrdI 4if;wdk@&&Sdaeaom vspfvsLrav;pm; rxDrJhjrifðyjcif;
wd@k urkd l csK;d zJzh suq f ;D &awmhrnf jzpfyga=umif;?
“wavmuvH;k rS t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wd@k onf twdwu f mvwd@k Y
vGwv f yfa&;udk vdv k m;onf[k 0if0h gc=hJ uonf? t*FvefEikd if o H nf xºuG
aomif;use;f aom vlrsK;d uGt J m;vH;k . rScD &kd ma'ojzpfcyhJ gI avmavm
q,fq,frSm vuf&EdkifiHudkvdkvm;aom vd_if;wHydk;wdk@u t*Fvef.
*kwaf oG;udyk if jyefveS pf w k af omufI aeav&um; jrefrmwd@k u r&yf
rem;at;csr;f pGm rdrw d @kd yikd qf ikd of nfw@kd ukd jyefI&Edik &f ef tm;xkwjf cif;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tm;jzifh t*Fvef. a&S@pw d xf m;a[mif; jyefIay:vm&ef ðypk=uygv#if

4if;wd@k EpS o
f ufvmaom vGwv f yfa&;ESihf arwWmonf rkcsay:xGuv f m
&rnf rSeyf ga=umif;? jrefrmjynf.uH=urRmtwGuf ylaqG; 0rf;enf;rdyg
aomfvnf; bk&m;.om;awmf&[ef;jzpfonfhtwdkif; twdwfrSjzpfcJh
onfw@kd ukd jyifqif&efEiS hf wcgwnf;azsmufzsu&f ef&o dS nf[k ,H=k unf
rdygI twdwu f ta=umif;wd@k ukd tjypfrwifvb kd J vuf&ydS pPKy`ef tajc
taeudyk if tvH;k pHv k u kd pf m;vsuf 0rf;ajrmuf+yD;v#if jrwfpmG bk&m;.
pdwaf wmfrsK;d udk tm&kðH yum omIjrifjh rwfaomb0udk &=u&ef *k%f
toa&redru hf saom tajctaeud&k =u&ef rSeu f ef&mudo k m jrifwwfI
pdwq f ENxufoef+yD;v#if aemufq;kH Y vd&k mud&k =u&ef bk&m;jrwfpmG .
=o0g'udk vdu k ef m=uygrl vd&k mqdyu f rf;od@k raESmif;aES;&bJ vsijf refpmG
qdu k af &mufEikd +f yD;v#if [kr&R ;l udk r=umrDtwGi;f atmifjrifEikd yf ga=umif;?
OD;yO…i;f udk cs;D usL;=uonft h wGuf aus;Zl;wifyg.? OD;yO…i;f aqmif&u G f
onfukd ESpo f uf=uonfum; OD;yO…i;f wGif wpHw k &m tzd;k wef&I dS r[kwf
yg? jrefrmwd@k u pHrk ufv#u&f o dS nfukd odyga=umif;? jrefrmwd@k E;kd =um;jcif;
onf avmu}uD;. ya,m*tajcomv#if ta=umif;&if;cHI xdo k @kd
Ed;k =um;&mrS OD;yO…i;f u wenf;wzHk Ed;k aqmf&m usa&mufaeygv#if OD;yO…i;f
rSm auseyf+yDjzpfa=umif;? tdk y&dowftaygi;f wd@k trdjrefrmjynfonf
trsK;d om;wd@k . tm;xkwjf cif;udk apmifq h ikd ;f vsuEf iS hf um,uHajrmuf
rðypk=uygI azsmah wmhae&Smygonf? wcsK@d aom rE aW v;o[m,wd@k u
OD;yOPi;f udk ajym=uonfrmS teE w W efc;kd ESijhf ynfph akH om jAL&du
k &ufw@kd ukd
rnfuJhodk@ ppfckcHrnfenf;? 4if;wdk@.=oZmudk pnf;urf; owfrSwf
ay;rnfjzpfaom Edik if aH &;tv_yt f &Sm;udk rESpo f ufygaoma=umifh 4if;wd@k
udk rnfo@kd ajz&Si;f rnfenf;[lI4if;/ jAL&du k &ufw@kd . qENukd w&m;ojzifh
ckcaH e=uygaom aus;vufw@kd ukd &rf;um;pGm t"rRzEd ySd af =umif;ud4k if;
ajym=u&m 4if;wdk@onfodrfi,faom taESmifht,Sufr#omjzpf+yD;
oufO;D qHyidk f tm%m&Siu f kd vlwpfO;D wa,mufavmufom Ed;k =um;&HEk iS hf

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ckcaH wmfveS I
f rjzpfEikd o
f nft h wdik ;f jrefrmwrsK;d om;vH;k Ed;k =um;vmaom
edrw d v
f uQ%mudk xdrk w d af qGw@kd onf jrif=u[ef rwl=uyga=umif;?
bmomudk rsKd0g;vmcJ_h yD
tpd;k &u jrefrmjynfrS tcGeaf wmfEiS ahf xmufyahH om Edik if jH cm;
omoemtopfuykd if jrefrmjynfo@kd oGwo f iG ;f ygaoma=umifh xdo k m
oemopf tm%matmufo@kd usa&mufaom Oyoumwd@k onf jrefrm
jynfwiG f tenf;trsm;yg&&dS yga=umif;? wae&mwGif atmufygpm&if;
wd@k ukd jyxm;aom Z,m;wpfcu k kd awG@jrif&ygonf? “4if;Z,m;um;
jrefrmjynfwGif ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;aygif; 371000-a,muf
&So
d nft h euf 213-a,mufwiG f wa,mufusjzpfaom ausmif;om;
aygi;f 2828-a,mufw@kd onf c&pf,mefuav;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? odyH`
ausmif;om;aygif; 747-a,mufr# &Sdonfhteuf 154-a,mufrSm
c&pf,mefrsm; jzpfyga=umif;? 5-a,mufv#if wa,mufus c&pf,mef
jzpfaeygonf? tv,fwef;ausmif;om; 127254-a,muf&Sd&m
4if;ta&twGuw f iG f c&pf,mef 14747-a,mufyg0ifaoma=umifh 9
-a,mufwiG f wpfa,mufusrmS c&pf,mefjzpfaeyga=umif;?
“Tazmfjyyg *%ef;wd@k a=umifh ta&;}uD;wckjzpfvmonfrmS
tvGeq f ;kd &Gm;aeygI &[ef;awmfrsm;Y xdt k a&twGuw f @kd onf "rRwm
tavsmuf tylyefaomu a&muf&yga=umif;? 4if;oli,fw@kd tm; Ak'<
bmom omoemawmfo@kd jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmap&eftwGuf 4if;wd@k
}uD;jyif;vmaomtcg Ak'b < momudk em;vnfap=u&rnf?
“&[ef;awmfw@kd onf jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k ab;tE &W m,ftwGuf
temcH=uv#uf ppf.tjyif;jyqH;k e,frS wdu k cf ukd =f uygvrd rhf nf? xd@k jyif
jrefrmwdk@twGuf a&S;txufuuJhodk@ aygrsm;csrf;ompGmaeEdkifvsuf
[kr&R ;l &&ef tm;xkw=f uygvrd rhf nf? “wumwd@k - [kr&R ;l &&ef cdik v f akH om

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vrf;rSm rsm;pGmr&_yfaxG;vSyg? Oyoumwdk@rSm 4if;enf;vrf;twGuf

toem;cHvsuf 'kuaQ &muf&efrsm;pGmr&Syd g? od@k &mwGiv f w l ikd ;f yif ud,
k pf D
udk,fiS wm0ef0wW&m;udk aqmif&Gufapvdkygonf? 4if;ta&;wdk@udk
aqmif&u G &f ef ouFe;f 0gEiS hf &[ef;awmfrsm; &Sad e=uygI &[ef;awmfw@kd
onf 'dp}wdww f ckrw
S cko@kd / wòrd@rw S òrd@o@kd / w&GmrSw&Gmod@k a'opm&D
vSnv hf nf+yD; wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k tm; wvH;k wpnf;wnf; tm%mzD
qef&ef a[majymrnfr[kwb f J &d;k &d;k aexdik If pdw&f ifo h ef&ef tm;xkwf
&rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdu k ef mwwf=u&ef rsuv f ;kH zGiahf y;&Hrk # a[m
ajym=urnfjzpfyga=umif;? jrefrmwd@k onf Edik if jH cm;txnftvdyf [l
or#ukd pGe@f ypf&rnf? Edik if jH cm;pm;bG,af omufb, G f Edik if jH cm;pnf;pdrw f @kd
omjzpfaomt&m/ puULaq;vdypf ojzifh tjcm;raumif;aom t&m[l
or#ukd a&Smif=unf&rnf? jrefrmwd@k onf oDvudak pmifx h rd ;f I trsK;d udk
cspfcif=uv#uf tvkyftudkifudk tm;xkwfaom vlrsKd;jzpfap+yD;vsSif
ud,k wf ikd af vhvmoif=um;um tjcm;vlwOD; (od@k r[kw)f vlwpfrsK;d udk
tm;rud;k aom vlrsK;d jzpfap&rnf? ysw0f yfaomoabmudk jrefrmwd@k .
pdwrf S E_wyf ,fypf&rnf? trsK;d om;ynma&;udk tm;ay;=uI rGejf rwf
aom jrefrmwd@k EiS yhf ;l aygi;f um ud, k 'hf ;l ud,
k cf |ejf zpfap&rnf? jrefrmwd@k
onf t&m&mY vHak vmufaom vlrsKd ;jzpfap&rnf? tcsi;f csi;f ,H=k unf
tm;xm;apEdik &f ef ajzmifrh wfpmG tm;xkw=f u&rnf? jrefrmwd@k onf pGr;f
&nfowWEd iS hf ^m%fynm&Sad =umif; jyo=u&rnf? Tr#avmuf usihf
aqmifEikd =f uaomtcg urBmay:wGif rnfonfv h rl sK;d r# jrefrmwd@k ukd zdEydS f
xm;Edik af wmhrnf r[kwaf y?
“tm%mzDqefjcif;onf apm'uwufxu kd af om jy\em
r[kwfonfrSm yxrta=umif;u at;csrf;pGmnD!$wf&rnfudkom
a[mjyaom Ak'b < mom omoemawmfa=umif4h if;/ 'kw, d ta=umif;rSm
urBmay:wGif wefc;kd t}uD;qH;k +Adwo d #tifyg,mrS }uD;rm;aom tiftm;
udk òzdzsucf sK;d zJI
h tm%mzDqefa&;udk rvkyx f u kd af o;jcif;a=umih4f if;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
jzpfygonf? jrefrmwd@k onf +Adwo d #ujkd zpfap/ tjcm;vlrsK;d uGu J jkd zpfap
4if;wd@k ukd ydrk I
kd vufcv H =kd uyga=umif;? jrefrmwd@k rmS &eforl &Sb d J Ak'b < m
om omoemawmftwdik ;f ajray:rS cyford ;f aom owW0gw@kd onf nm
wdo*F[csn;f jzpf=uygI 4if;vlrsK;d uGw J @kd jrefrmjynfo@kd 0ifvm=uonfukd
0rf;ajrmuf=u&ygvrd rhf nf? 4if;wd@k tm;wckwnf;udo k m awmif;qdv k kd
onfrmS jrefrmwd@k uakd usmef if;vsuf v$r;f rd;k tkypf ;kd +yD;vsiS f jrefrmwd@k xrH S
jcpfuw k ,f &l ef aumif;uifraS pv$wcf &H aom xm0&bk&m; tvdak wmf
t& vlrsK;d uJo h @kd jrefrmwd@k +iD;wGm;aomcg uefausmufjcif;udk rðy=u
&efjzpfa=umif;? Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m;. "rRcw H @kd ukd twk,=l uygv#if jrefrmwd@k
atmifjrifrnfreS yf ga=umif;?
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q&mpHu acgif;aqmifvsSuf OD;pdk;odrf;ESifh q&mawmfOD;OwWrwdk@um;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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&S&ad e&l;.zcif A¾dwrf w kd v d mae&l;ESihf pDtm&f'wfpw f @kd u acgi;f aqmif
v#uf “qGm&yfygw”D [ktrnfay;+yD; wdik ;f jynfzufu wwfEikd af om
ae&mwGif tm;vH;k ydwyf ifuef@uw G zf @kd vGwaf wmftwGi;f od@k 0if=uonf?
xdak cgi;f aqmif}uD;wd@k . t}uHtpnfum; tawmfyif atmifjrif x
ajrmufco hJ nf? b*Fvm;vGwaf wmfwiG f ynma&;t&m&Srd sm;/ ausmif;rsm;
vcr&I &yfqdkif;xm;&.? tpdk;&u awmif;aomaiGtm;vHk;udk
bwf*suw f iG f jzwfawmufypfonf? xdjk zwfawmufaiGrsm;udk bk&ifcu H
ADwo kd abmESijhf yefay;zd@k qH;k jzwf&ef }uHpnfaomtcg [ku d u
f w
k rf aS eI
w&m;pGq J +kd yD; bk&ifc. H tm%mudk ydwyf ifco hJ nftxd atmifjrif.?
tdE, dN ESiAhf rmjynfw@kd u qdik rf eG ;f aumfr&Siu f kd oydwaf rSmuf
vdkuf=uI aumfr&SifjyefoGm;+yD;v#if tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;aomfvnf;
xdt k pD&ifcpH mr#jzifh bdvyftpd;k &u aemufxyfbmr#rvkyEf ikd f rudik Ef ikd f
&Sad wmhonf? bdvyfEikd if rH S bk&ift h pd;k &onf tdE, dN ESihf jrefrmjynfrS acgi;f
aqmifw@kd ukd bdvyfo@kd zw d af c:+y;D v#if rsuEf mS pHn k t D pnf;ta0;udk usi;f y
aomtcg r[wWy*EN}D uD;ud, k w
f ikd yf if tpd;k &ESihf rqufqaH &;vkyif ef;udk
vkyfaev#uf bdvyfodk@vdkufygoGm;+yD; tpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&muf
onf? jrefrmjynfukd tdE, dN rS cGx
J w k &f ef vdvk m;=uolrsm;vnf; &So d jzifh
tdENd,rsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0;wGif jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,f OD;baz/
OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdik /f qm'D*vifAED iS hf OD;aomif;wifw@dk rmS qufvuf
ryg0ifbJ jyefvmcJh=uojzifh aemufw}udrf jrefrmjynf rsufESmpHknD
tpnf;ta0;udk oD;oef@usi;f y&.? xdt k pnf;ta0;rSm 1932-ckEpS f az
azmf0g&v D wGif jzpfonf? wufa&muf=uaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;rSm (1) OD;baz/
(2) OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdik /f (3) trfat OD;armif}uD;/ (4) OD;bpD/ (5)
a'guw f modr;f armif/ (6) OD;cspv f i_d /f (7) om,m0wD OD;yk/ (8) OD;xGe;f
atmifausm/f (9) om,m0wD OD;armifarmif/ (10) OD;pk/ (11) OD;eD/

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
(12) a': jrpde/f (13) qpf'eD vle/D (14) q&m a&$b/ (15) qm*vifb/D
(16) rpPwm[m*s/D (17) rpPwmum0yf*s?D
(rSwcf su?f ? Tpm&if;rSm OD;bcdik . f “Edik if aH &;&mZ0if” rS&
aom pm&if;jzpfonf? xkt d pnf;ta0;od@k a'guw f mbarmfvnf; wuf
a&mufonf? OD;pd;k odr;f *s/D pD/ bD/ atESihf q&mawmfO;D OwWrwd@k url
xdt k pnf;rsm;udk bmr# ta&;rvky=f uay?)
xdak emufrS Armjynfukd tdE, dN ESihf cGo
J ifrh cGo J ifu h kd wdik ;f jynf.
rJqENjzifh qHk;jzwfzdk@&m 1935-ckESpf jrefrmjynftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'udk
ray;tyfrD 1932 -ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif a&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f yaponf?
vlxrk pJ m&if;wGif wGaJ &;bufu rJ (5) ode;f ausmyf I kd tjywftowfom
aeaomfvnf; trwfrsm;pnf;a0;aomtcgY cJaG &;jzpfomG ;ojzifh tdE, dN
ESichf +GJ y;D (91) Xge tkycf sKyfa&;[lI ay:vmonf? 1935-ckEpS af y;tyfaom
(91)Xmetkyaf &;wGif yxra'guw f mbarmf/ aemuf OD;yk/ aemuf OD;apm
wd@k u eef;f &if;0ef&mxl;udw k qifph , D I
l vkyu f ikd af e=upOfyif 'kw, d urBm
ppf}uD; jzpfvmonf?
Edik if aH &;*d%
k ;f *% cGjJ ym;=uaomtcg wbufEiS w hf buf jyif;
pGm pGypf aJG 0zefwwf=u&m q&mawmf OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;wGif
aepOfu rdef;r,lxm;oa,mifa,mif owif;pmtcsKd@u pGyfpGJa&;
om;jcif;udyk if cH&.? od@k aomf OD;OwWrum; &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm; a'gorxGu?f
bk&m;yifv#if ZdÍrme pGypf jJG cif;udyk if cH&.? rnfou l rnfo@kd yif pGypf JG
apumrl q&mawmfonf xdkol.pum;udk yk*~v"dXmefjzifh jyefI
acsyjcif;udu k m; rðy? xdo k El iS whf uG trsm;y&dwo f wfu csichf sichf sed cf sed f
ESihf ,Hrk mS ;jcif;rjzpf&atmif "rR"Xd gef ajz&Si;f csuaf y;onfukd awG@&onf?
olu, kd wf ikd uf “OD;OwWrta=umif;[k” pmwtkyu f kd a&;+yD;xkwaf 0&m
olEikd if aH &;w&m;a[mpu ykord ef ,fausmif;uke;f wGif olaX;wpfa,muf
. tdrt f ay:xyfwiG f oDwif;oH;k ./ xdo k al X;wGif orD;ysKw d pfa,muf&&dS m
olaX;u ol@orD;udk vlxu G +f yD;,lyg? pnf;pdryf g yHt k yfrnf[ak jym.? xdk

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
i,fpOfuyifv#if avmuDumrpnf;pdrfudk rpifbifzkwfuJhodk@ pGef@ypf

vmcJyh u kH kd w&m;"rRjyI a&;om;xm;onf? xdo k al X;.emrnf emrudyk if
a&;om;azmfjy&m xdo k @kd xwk af zmfa&;om;jcif;jzifh r[kwrf rSev f #if qdik f
&mwd@k u w&m;pGq J jkd cif;/ jiif;uG,jf cif;/ ðy=urnfjzpfonf? xdpk Ofu r
jiif;=uay?
onf;cHjcif;Y q&mawmfonf enf;,lavmufayonf? wcgu
umvuwWm;wGif ArmjynfrS a&Smifwed ;f oGm;+yD; pm;ayguyf iG ahf eaom
vlwpfa,muf.owif;udk ol&, d owif;pmod@k a&;yd@k z;l I xdo
k ul &ef&mS
+yD; &du
k Ef u
S jf cif;udk cHc&hJ onf? *syefrt S jyef bHak bòrd@ rD;&xm;blwmwGif
jrefrmjynfrS ajymif;oGm;aom rsuEf mS jzL &mZ0wf0efwpfa,mufu
“a[haumif” [lI Armpum;jzifh &dik ;f jypGmac:.? q&mawmfu bHak b
ta&;ydik Ef iS hf E_wq f ufpum;ajymaeqJjzpf&m ta&;ydik u f em;rvnfI
bmajymwmvJ[k OD;OwWrudkar;&m/ OD;OwWru a[haumifqdkwm
w&dpm> efukd oH;k pGw J phJ um;[k ajz&Si;f jy&.? ta&;ydik u f &mZ0wf0efukd
bma=umifh Tod@k ac:&ovJ/ xGuo f mG ;vdu
k [
f k armif;xkwrf S &mZ0wf
0ef xGuo f mG ;onf[k od&.?
&[ef;wdk .
h tqif;vSjcif;*k%f
rde;f rwk@d rmS / qif;&lygum;
vifom;jrwfE;kd / &dak ousK;d wnf/h
vlrsK;d taygi;f / &kyrf aumif;vnf;/
wwfa=umif;ynm/ tqif;omwnf/h
ausmif;rSmaysmrf eS ;f / &[ef;wd@k rmS /
onf;cHygu/ tqif;vS.?
avmueDwyd sKd h
q&mawmfonfruG,fvGefrSD rwfwwfemjzifh tawmfyif
OD;aESmuftiftm; vltiftm;csKd@wJhae&m &efukefòrd@xJwGif pdwfrESH@

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
olwpfO;D uJo h @kd oGm;vmaewwf.? od@k aomf pdwu f m;azgujf yefonf

[lI rqdkom? u|Ekfyfudk,fwdkif uGrf;+cHblwmtxGufwGif awG@qHk+yD;
pum;ajymqd=k unfo h nf? wckr# c|w, f iG ;f aom pum;ryg? tm;enf;
onfh vuQ%mom awG@&onf? ysHvGefawmfrlaomtcgYyif ,dkudk
[mrmpydpb d %fwu kd Yf ol@yikd f &HyakH iG ,ef;-20000 &So d nf? xdt k cgu
ArmaiG (25000)r# wefao;.? aiGukd a&vko d ;kH Ekid af omfvnf; xdak iGjzifh
use;f rmv#if Edik if jH cm;od@k oGm;a&mufomoemðy&ef &nf&, G I f wjym;
wcsyrf S roH;k bJ qGr;f yifah u|;rnfo h rl &Svd #if tiwfco H nftxd ac|wm
òcd;+cH+yD; rdru
d , kd u f ykd if qif;&Jco H nf? od@k twGuf q&mawmf. ud, k u f sihf
w&m;rSmpd;k pOfr# ,Hrk mS ;p&mr&Sad y?
od@k EiS yhf if q&mawmfonf oGm;&if;vm&if; tm;enf;I wcg
w&Hvu J s.? awG@aomolrsm;u ayG@x+l y;D aq;&Hyk @kd &onf? +ird +f ird af evsiS f
ol.a&m*g ydq k ;kd rnf[I l b,faomtcgr# tem;raebJ vrf;av#mufI
om aeonfuakd wG@&.?
q&mawmfO;D OwWr ðypkysK;d axmifcahJ om wufºuGonfh Edik if aH &;
pdw"f gwrf sm;rS qufo, G I
f 1292-ckEpS f ukvm;Arm&du k yf aJG emufwiG f
'd@k Armtpnf;t&H;k trnfjzifh ocifygwaD y:vm.? xdt k cgrpS I ocifb
aomif;ESihf ,ckArmacwf OD;tH;k cifw@kd ocifwpkonf 0dik /f trf/ bD/ at
q&mwifa&;aom 'd@k ArmoDcsi;f udk vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I pwif
oDqv kd m=u.? vli,frsm;. wufºuGaeaom pdw"f mwfukd &Jpw d &f aJ oG;
xyfrjH znfph u G af y;=uonf? xdrk S aemufwiG f 'd@k Armocif[I l ausmif;
om;trsm;u OD;aqmif+yD; pnf;&H;k =u&m 1936-ckEpS Yf aumvdyo f ydwf
rSpI atmifausmaf o&+yD;aemuf 'd@k Armocifw@kd . txl;xºuGaom
tpdwftydkif;wGif t+rJacgif;aqmifIyg0ifum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
&Jabmf 3-usw d w f @kd *syefo@kd xu G o f mG ;+yD; 'kw, d urBmppfwnf;[laom
tcgaumif;ud, k I l *syefEiS yhf ;l aygi;f vsuf t*Fvyd u f kd awmfveS . f ? aemuf
t*Fvyd Ef iS yhf ;l aygi;f +y;D *syefuckd s.? 1948-ckEpS w f iG f vGwv f yfa&;&&Scd &hJ m

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
xdt
k qifq h ifah om awmfveS af &;wd@k wiG f q&mawmfO;D OwWr. yxrqH;k
pdw"f gwaf wmfveS af &;u ta=umif;t&if;cHonfrmS rvGaJ =umif; ygvrD ef
vGwaf wmf t&yf&yfyif xkwaf zmfpum; qdx k m;=u+yD;jzpfonf?
1939-ckEpS f pufwifbmv 9-&uf (1301-ckEpS f 0gacgiv f
qkwf 11-&uf) ae@wiG f q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efuek af q;&H;k }uD;Y
b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfr&l m/ ysaH wmfrIl 2-&uf=um+yD;aemuf pufwif
bmv 11-&ufae@wGif usif;yaom Armjynf atmufvGwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;Y trwfrsm;tm;vH;k 0rf;enf;onfh txdr;f trSwjf zifh 5
-rdepf&yfem;+yD; t&dktaoðy=uonf? oufqdkif&maqGrsKd;rsm;odk@
vGwfawmfrSwfwrf;t& 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$m ay;ydk@=uonf?
vGwaf wmftrwfrsm; tus,w f 0ifh cs;D usL;=u.? 4if;teuf *ef*gqif.h
pum;udk txufY azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf?
q&mawmf OD;OwWr &kyu f vmyfukd a&$w*d bkH &k m;ajc&if;okd h ykd ah qmif&m
odr}f u;D aps;a'gift
h a&mufwiG f awG &h yHk (&ufpGJ = 9/ 9/ 1939)
xkad emuf 1954 ckEpS f pufwifbmvu usi;f yaom jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ygvDrefwGifvnf; OD;OwWr. *k%faus;Zl;wdk@udk

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
cs;D usL;owd&aom txdr;f trSwjf zifh ajymqd=k uayonf? q&mawmf.

ynm*k%af us;Zl;/ ud, k u
f sK;d rzuf wdik ;f jynftwGuf tepfemcHcahJ om
*k%af us;Zl;/ bk&m;om;&[ef;awmfyyD D oDvodumQ wd@k ukd xde;f odr;f awmf
rlvsuf w&m;"rRw@kd ukd usiohf ;kH awmfral om aus;Zl;/ cE yDW g&rDukd aumif;
pGm jznfhawmfrlaom aus;Zl;awmfwdk@udk &nfrSef;+yD;v#if u|Efkyfonf
Tpmapmifjzifh &dak oav;jrwfpmG ylaZmfuefawmhjcif;ðyvsuf tqH;k
owfvu kd &f ayonf?
aemufqufwJG
q&mawmfO;D OwWr. *sLbvDred f ch eG ;f
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;twGuf tjyif;txefwu dk yf q
GJ ifae&pOf w}urd u
f
q&mawmf OD;OwWr ta&;}u;D aom Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[mcJo h nfh &efuek òf rd h
*sLbvDa[m taqmuftOD;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
jrefrmhtmZmenfom;}u;D rsm;
aemifawmfoif;yif;rsm;ESifh 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygif;wdk@?

rtlyifaxmifrS q&mawmf vGwv f m+yD;onfah emuf ,ck *s/D pD/ bD/ at/
jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; tpnf;ta0;onf yxrpnf;a0;jcif;jzpfonf?
trdjrefrmjynf}uD;twGuf }uHch ikd pf mG aqmif&u G af om tmZmenf om;
}uD;wd@k teuf om;wpfa,muf aoqH;k &onft h wGuf tvGerf 0S rf;enf;
vSonfjzpfa=umif;? q&mawmf. tr_upd u P kd aqmif&u G &f mY OD;pdev
f S
atmifukd r&%aorif;u rc|i;f rcserf &%Edik if u H kd tjreford ;f ,ljcif;
a=umifh q&mawmfonf omIyif 0rf;enf;vSayonf? trsK;d om;jzpf
aom tmZmenfa&Sah ersm;onf &efuek rf x S u G o f mG ;I ESpef m&DtwGi;f
q&m. a&S@aeav;a,mufw@kd rmS qd;k vSaom uyfa&m*g pGu J yfzpd ;D onf
jzpfa=umif;? 4if;tjyifEpS &f uftwGi;f OD;pdev f aS tmif aoqH;k &I trsK;d
om;taygi;f wd@k rmS xdyk *k Kd~ vftm; pGe@f vw $ q
f ;kH &H;_ &rnfjzpfa=umif;udk wpHk
wpfa,mufaomolw@kd rS rod&EdS ikd f r&dyrf Ed ikd f &S=d u&avonf?
q&mawmfonf yxr bDat 0wfvakH wmfO;D yk/ 4if;aemuf
OD;pdev
f aS tmif/ 4if;aemuf 0wfvakH wmf& ESpOf ;D wd@k ruse;f rrm&Sjd cif;udk
=um;od&aomtcg tH=h ooifI h b,ft h wGuaf =umifh ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufw@kd
teuf wzufaomolw@dk bufuomv#if Tr#twd'u k Q cHpm;=u&bd
oenf;[k q&mawmfu, kd u
f kd q&mawmfar;jref; awG;awmrd.?
0HomEkacwfu q&mawmf.rdef@cGef;rsm;udk yHkESdyfcJh=uaomfvnf; ,ckacwfwGif
tvGefrS &Sm;yg;vsuf&Sd&m *sLbvDrdef@cGef;wckonfyif ,ckacwfEkdifiHa&; tjzpf
tysufrsm;ESifh pyfrd[yfrdvsuf &SdonfjzpfI rSwfom;&ef oifhonfhtwdkif; rdef@cGef;
tptqH;k udk aemufqufwt GJ aejzifh xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyvku
d &f ayonf? Trde@f ceG ;f udk
¹rGuf=um;onfhtpnf;ta0;rSm 1284-ckESpf/ 0gqkdvqkwf (7)ae@u *sLbvDa[m
wGifusif;yonfh vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;yifjzpfonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif 0wfvHk
awmf& OD;bpD u em,utjzpfaqmif&Gufonf?
Ñ Ñ Ñ

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
xdtk cg od@k avmod@k avm[k tawmawmtwefwef r}uw H wfrqwwf

yif &Srd . d ? ,if;od@k pw d Yf 'G[
d ,lrqEdik /f awG;rdi_ }f uHtu kd +f yD;v#if ouFm,
e ruif;wr# &Sad eqJwiG f OD;yk.a0'emonf r=umc% &G&w G ;kd vmojzifh
txl;pDrI H &efuek òf rd@o@kd a&G@,o l mG ;&avonf?
OD;yktwGuf jynfot l m;vH;k wd@k .pdwYf aomuruif;&S&d jcif;/
4if;jyif *s/D pD/ bD/ at. p&dwaf iGonfvnf; rsm;pGmukeu f sc&H jcif; jzpfav
onf?
xdkodk@&SdaecdkufwGif "n0wDom; tmZmenfa&S@ae OD;pdefvS
atmifonf tedpaP &mufav+yD/ &kwcf si;f rvS a=u;eef;pm&&Sad omtcg
jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd trsK;d om;/ orD;wd@k rmS ,lusKH ;r& tloEJ v S ;kH wd@k ukd
}urd rf ;D tH;k wr# &S=d u&onft h jyif rtlyifòr@d i,frmS ylaqG;aomu yGm;jcif;
}uD;yGm;=uI iko d u l idk rsuaf &,du k s &_u d }f uD;wiif cspcf ifjrwfE;kd cdu k ;kd &m
arG;ayguaf zmf qH;k &bdouJo h @kd &S=d u&avonf?
ukodkvfuHaxmufrI OD;ykrSmum; rsm;pGmaom &ufaygif;
twGi;f xdak 0'emudk cHpm;&+yD;onfah emuf use;f rmcsr;f omI ,cktcg
jynfa&;jynf&mudk trsK;d om;wd@k EiS t hf wl aqmif&u G v f #u&f adS vonf?
OD;bpD/ OD;ausmOf ;D / 0wfvakH wmf& ESpOf ;D wd@k teuf OD;ausmOf ;D onf omIyif
xdak 0'em. zdp;D jcif;udck &H aomfvnf; xdo k wl @dk EpS Of ;D rSm aorif;vufo@kd
rygbJ csr;f omuse;f rmv#uf &Scd ahJ vonf?
xdyk *k Kd~ vf 3-OD;wd@k ukd trsK;d om;wd@k u vufvw G q f ;kH &H;_ jcif; r&Sd
onft h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf=u&onfyif jzpfaomfvnf; OD;pdev f aS tmif
wpfO;D udk qH;k &H;_ &onft h wGuf ,cktcg pdwrf =unfomEdik af vmufatmif
xdt k mZmenfqifajymifukd jrifa,mifE;kd Ed;k &S=d uayonf? OD;pdev f aS tmif
onf pG,pf akH jymifajrmuf qifayguf wpD;uJo h @kd tm;ud;k avmufaom
&mZ"rRt&mY u|r;f usio f l a&Sah ewpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf? aumif;rGepf mG
!Smwm=uifem oem;wwfaom rdwaf qGvnf;jzpfonf? avmu"rR
obm0a&;&mwd@k Y ajciHu|r;f 0ifov l nf; jzpfonf? 4if;tjyif trdjrefrm

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
jynf}uD;. vH;k 0udpw P @kd Y rqkwrf epfaom vHv k 0d&, d jzifh apmifr=unfh
&_ov l nf;jzpfayonf? A[d'o R ¾mef (av)/ ([ef) yumoeudk vdv k m;
ºuGm;&ifw h wfov l nf;r[kw/f tZ|wo W ¾mefYvnf; pd;k pOf;r# a=umuf
pdwfr&Sd/ aemufqkwfwkefv_yfwwfaom trlt&mr&Sdonfhjyif vlwdk@
obm0wW tavhtvmrSm ynm^m%fjzifh pD&ifprD w H wfaomolvnf;
jzpf.? xdyk *k Kd~ vf. vsijf refaom (Z0e)^m%fjzifh rSeu f efaom t"dXmef
opPmudkðyv#uf jynfusKd;twGuf xrf;&GufE_d;aqmfjcif;ðycJhonfhtcg
or,wGif t=uifo@kd aom tmZmenfygarmuQ r&Sq d ;kH &H;_ &onft h wGuf
q&mawmfuyifv#if pdww f iG rf csd 0rf;enf;avbd.? od@k a=umifh jrefrm
jynf trsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k EiS hf aomuavmifr;D yGm;pD;rcsad om xdk OD;pdef
vSatmif.ZeD;^mwdwdk@udkyg q&mawmfu edAE<um&knjzpfbd.?
(u&k%maESmifz@JG ro d nf[v l ?kd )
bke;f awmf}u;D OD;"arRm',onf r=umrDae@&uftwGi;f Y ysv H eG f
awmfrl&jcif;rSmvnf; Ak'<bmom omoemawmf. ppfol}uD;wpfOD;
aysmufq;kH &jcif; jzpfayonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vft&Sijf rwfonf omoemawmf.
0efuo kd m aqmif&u G of nfr[kw?f óud;ukww f zef jynfcef;jynfa&;wGif
vnf; qDr;D .ozG,f toG,o f , G af omudpw P @kd Y arSmifru kd rf uif; r&Si;f
&_yaf xG;aomt&mwd@k wiG f xifxifvif;vif; =o0g'enf;edosw S @kd EiS hf tpOf
usus enf;jyaom 0HomEk&uQw d }uD;jzpfavonf? xdu k o hJ @kd aom yk*Kd~ vf
xl;ESpyf g;udk trsK;d om;wd@k u vufav#mph eG @f vw G &f onft h wGuf &wuf
Asmyg rsm;pGmyGm;pD;&aomfvnf; ykxZk e a0ae,sw@kd . avmu"rRwm
xHk;oHk;jzmrSm tedpPr+rJ &Sdavbd[k uJuJrSwfxif/ awG;qifjcifaomf/
oufv#i&f cdS u kd /f vH@k vpdu k I f / arSmifru kd f t0dZm… / 0J=oCmrSm/ aqmif&m
udp/P ðy+yD;rSr/l ae@nrjcm;/ jzpf&mS =uonf/ ocF g&"rRwm/ wd@k csn;f om
wnf;[laom urRXmef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf aomupdwu f kd aysmufapoifh
=uonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
,ckuo hJ @kd uG,v f eG of w

l @kd . ta=umif;tcsuuf kd ¹rGu[ f zGihf
qdck +hJ y;D jzpfI q&mawmftm; 0wfvakH wmf& OD;armif}u;D / trfat t,fvf
t,fbD OD;odr;f armif/ 0wfvakH wmf& OD;yk/ OD;bxGe;f wd@k rpS I toD;oD;
aom a&Sah ersm;wd@k EiS w hf uG *s/D pD/ bD/ atwGif yg0ifaom toif;om;
'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k yg tm;vH;k rusef q&mawmf. tr_upd P
twGuf rdrw d @kd . p&dwu f ek vf yl rf; tcrf;crf;aom 'kuw
Q @kd uckd I
H aqmif
&Gu=f uonfukd txl;aus;Zl;wifyga=umif;?
wdik ;f jynfE;kd -um;I0rf;omjcif;

jrefrmjynfwpf0rS ;f vH;k &Sd a0ae,s taygi;f rsm;uyifv#if q&m
awmftm; &mZ0wfr_ ðyvkyw f &m;pGqJ kd tjypfay;jcif;rSm xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd u
ckcaH csy w&m;,SOòf yid jf cif;twGuf wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k txl;th=H ozG,&f m
Ed;k =um;xºuG&v dS m=uonfjzpfjcif;a=umifh xdx k ykd *k Kd~ vfw@kd ukd aus;Zl; Oy
um,wifz, G jf zpfaya=umif;? q&mawmfuvnf; xdyk *k Kd~ vw f @kd . aus;Zl;
*k%x f ;l udk arhavsmEh ikd zf ,
G &f mr&Sad y? jrefrmjynf&dS trsK;d aumif;om;§
orD;wdk@udkvnf; q&mawmftm; u&k%mESifharwWmouf0if cspfcif
=uifem=ujcif; twGuf xufvpS mG aom raemr,aZmjzifh twH@k tjyef
arwWmESI H arwWmoHuwd ðybdrnf[k t"duopPmudk ðytHah wmhonf
[l.?
rtlyifaus;Zl;
rtlyifòr@d ae 'g,um/ 'g,umrwd@k tm; q&mawmfEiS hf axmif
aomif;ruaom y&dwo f wftaygi;f wd@k ukd vufc0H wfðy {nfch rH _ ausyeG f
pGm au|;arG;odr;f ydu
k =f ujcif;twGuf tvGev f #if aus;Zl;wifygonfjzpf
a=umif;? ,if;odk@r&%rD;wd jzpfzG,f&m ta=umif;jcif;&mwdk@udk

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
wjyefjyefajymif; atmufarhxifjcif; odjrifxif&mS ;bd&um; taESmiftzG@J

[laom 'ku&U p&d,mudk q&mawmfu usi&hf avaomfjim;vnf; pdwf
tm;r,d yDw&d iG v f ef;pGmESihf xdo
k @kd aom 'G'H \rm,twGi;f (pkpak ygi;f v
20 udk qdv k okd nf?) pdww f if;aomrmefjzifh axmiftusO;f cHcahJ vonf?
axmift&m&Sdrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;udkvnf; om,m!Sif;
ajymif;pGm apwemESihf xde;f odr;f =unf&h _ =uonft h wGuf txl;yifv#if
aus;Zl;wifyg.?
'g,um 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k -
rlvtpyxrY aomuruif;zG,f&m tjcif;t&mwdk@ESifh
awG@óuHc&hJ onfw h ap ,cktajcrSm omIa0a0qdik ;f qdik ;f !drk id_ ;f aom
tjcif;t&mwdk@jzifh tkyfqdkif;vsufvmacs+yD? rsm;r=umrDumvwkdif
atmif jrefrmjynfzmG ;trsK;d om;wd@k pdwx f m;nD!w $ f vGwv f w G pf eG @f pm;
óud;tm;wukwf ðyvkyaf qmif&u G cf =hJ u&rnfjzpfavonf?
,ck&ufowW tenf;i,fr#twGi;f wGif jzpfymG ;v#u&f adS eaom
t"du&%0d0g'wd@k . t&dyt f qifukd awG@jrifcsed qf &ygrl jynfo@l acgi;f
aqmifv}l uD;rsm;wd@k . t,ltq 0g' oabmxm; uGjJ ym;qef@usiI f
jynfwGif;&Sdor# a0ae,swdk@. awZmwefcdk; ,kwf!_d;acGtdzG,f&m
ta=umif;onfum; xif&Sm;vSav+yD? ,if;odk@w+yD;um; aveD=uyf
qifaom a&jyifork'f 0JZvkyYf jrefrmjynf}uD;onf epfðryfz, G &f mom
&Sad cs+yD?
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD; t=uL;tvGef
&Gwfc|ef&ufpufpGm tcsif;csif;.oduQmudk ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;
raumif;*H;k acsm ykwcf wfaomt&mjzifh ajymqd&k @_H csu&hJ =hJ uygrl jynfo. l
vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; aESmif;aES;awG;av#mh aqmaqm{uef ysupf ;D csed f
wef& acsawmhrnf? od@k jzpfjcif;a=umifh 'g,umtaygi;f wd@k u tcsi;f csi;f
jzpfymG ;=uaom 0d0g't"du&k%;f udk y,f&iS ;f ajzazsmuf=uI ormpm&
orm0g,r jzpf=u&atmif txl;usK;d aqmif usirhf x l u
kd =f uayonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
T,ckor,Y jzpfv#u&f adS om udpjP y\emrSmvnf; jrefrmjynf wpf

0Sr;f vH;k &Sd vlAvkd af jctaygi;f ESihf aemifvmaemufom;wd@k . ta&;udpP
udyk ifv#if tEdrW tajcwdik af tmif zG@J aESmifx;kH xm;&rnft h csuf jzpfay
onf? odk@vihfpum; e,fuyk*~dKvfrsm;u orm"dw&m;udk a&Shxm;I
pOf;pOf;pm;pm; rrSm;aomt,ltqjzifh vrf;rSefusatmif qHk;jzwf
aqmif&u G of if=h uonf rc|wjf zpfacsonf?
wOD;ESiw hf pfO;D t,lwrd ;f yg;onfrsm;udk pdwxf m;rck a'gojzifh
r&_bJ =unfjzLor_ *&k"rR okpw d jW zifo
h m yÉdy'gjzpfatmif 0dbwl urBmh
ed,mrw&m;udk (azmufjyefr)_ +rJpmG aomtmoDo xm;&Sad p&rnf? (0g)
wOD;ESiw hf OD;. tjypftemtqmudk vpfvsLðyI onf;cH=uifemjcif; &Sad p
=u&rnf? Ak'j< rwfpmG a'oemawmfrmS vnf; onf;cHjcif;ESihf csr;f +idr;f
om,mjcif; &Sad p&rnf[k twkvb*0g oH;k vl@xÉG cf sm apmr[mu
Asmu&%ðycJb h . d ?
ormomrd\okc
jAL&du
k &uftpd;k &wd@k u atmufusaemufus &S=d uonf[k uJ&h hJ
&_@H csajymqdjk cif;udck &H aom jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf wpdww f oHwnf;
ajymqd[ k pf=uL;vsuf pdw0f rf;ruGJ ausmufco J w H ikd u f ohJ @kd usirhf al qmif
&Guv f mcJ=h uonft h wGuf wurBmvH;k &Sd Adv k af jctaygi;f wd@k u tH=h or
ukeEf ikd f &Scd =hJ u&av+y?D jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k u aqmif&u G u f sirhf Il wpwp
xGiv f m=uonfrmS ivsiaf wmfvJ rD;awmifayguu f o JG nfo@kd 4if;/ avrkef
wdik ;f a=umifh 'Dvi_d ;f òzd;armufonfo@kd 4if;/ wqifx h ufwqifh }uD;jrifh wd;k
yGm;aomtiftm;ESifh jynfhpHkvm=uav&m ausmufaqmif. yrm%
ºumG ;ºumG ;}uchH ikd f r,dr;f r,dik f wnfEikd af omtajcod@k a&muf&cdS =hJ uav+y?D
TuJo h @kd }uHch ikd w
f nfEikd =f ujcif;rSm or*~ge/H waygoak cgwnf;[laom
pnf;vH;k nD!w G jf cif;wnf;[laom ormomrd\. okcyifwnf;?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
1917-ckEpS w f iG f jAL&du
k &uftpd;k &wd@k u jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k ukd
tvGen f zhH si;f I tuif;ryg; Ed;k =um;xºujG cif;r&Sad om atmufus aemuf
us&SdvSonfholrsm;[k qdkcJhzl;ayonf? rpPwmrGefaw*lESifh taygif;yg
aumfrw D w D @kd ukd jrefrmjynfo@kd rvm&bJ 4if;wd@k u ppfaq;pHpk rf;aomtcg
xko d wl @kd pwd x f YJ jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf tvGen f zhH si;f onf[al om
oabmrsK;d ESihf txiftjrifao;vSpmG ppfaq;pHpk rf;I jrefrmtrsK;d om;
wd@k onf tdE, dN wGi;f Y ao;odrv f aS om c&dik ef ,frsm;u &xdu k af om
ðyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;r#EiS yhf ifv#if rxdu k rf xefaomvlrsK;d [k qdx k m; qH;k jzwf
cHzl;avonf? xdkrsm;pGmaom tpnf;ta0;wdk@udkac:I ,if;uJhodk@
qH;k jzwfjcif;udk rcHEikd rf auseyfEikd =f ua=umif;jzifh woHwnDwnf; [pf
atmf=uonfjh yif t*Fvefjynfo@kd jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,w f refawmfrsm;udk
yifv#if ygvrD efY av#mufxm;ajymqd&k ef trsK;d om;wd@k u pGe@f pm; ap
v$waf omfjim;vnf; tusK;d rrsm; rxl;jcm;&Scd &hJ avonf?
oHajccsif;awGtoifh
twd0g'/ Á\&d,/ awaZrmejzif+h y;D aom tpd;k &awmfrif;wd@k
onf &mZ*k%jf zifh jrLr_eaf jr‡;uyfaompuULjzifh r&_rxif jynfow l @kd .
t&nftcsi;f udk rjrifEikd &f jdS cif;a=umifh a0ae,sAv kd af jcwd@k . azGazGvpS f
=uL;aomtoH tajrmftjrifEiS hf ^m%ft}uHukd trSerf &l if;twdik ;f rod
Edik &f adS e=uojzifh jrefrmjynf}uD; trsK;d om;wd@k . taetxm; pD;yGm;
csr;f oma&;udyk if xdcu kd v
f su&f adS vonf?
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k ukd Ed@k p@kd oil ,frsm;uJoh @kd rxDrjhJ rifðybd.?
od@k vifu h pm; jrefrmrsm;. av#mufxm;yef=um;jcif;rsm;/ jynfo@l tpnf;
ta0;rsm;u rausreyf roufrom&Sad =umif;rsm;ESihf [pfatmf=uonf
rsm;yifv#if tusK;d rxif vdt k ifrjynfh &Scd &hJ avonf? ,if;rnfaom
ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf txl;xl;aom tcsurf sm;wd@k a=umifh jrefrm

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
trsK;d om;wd@k onf pnf;vH;k nD!w $ jf cif; &Scd =hJ uavonft h jyif pdwtf m;
xufoefI igw@kd .t}uHonf ratmif&ifrae t}uHatmifajrmufrS
em;ae&yfwef@=u&rnf[k 'kw, d wzef t*Fvefjynfo@kd wrefawmf ud, k f
pm;vS,}f u;D rsm;ukd apvGw=f ujyefavonf? xdu k , dk pf m;vS,}f u;D rsm;wd@k
onf tvGepf &dwu f ek f yifyef;pGmjzifh tvGe&f n S =f umatmif oGm;a&muf
}uHaqmifbd&um; av#mufxm;cGifh&I txl;arsSmfvifhzG,f&m&Sdaom
t&dyef rdwrf sm;udk awG@jrifc=hJ u&onf? xdo k @kd &adS epOftcgwiG f jAL&du k &uf
tpd;k &wd@k u jrefrmjynf}uD;udk aESmifz@JG &ef oHajccsi;f ESit hf vm;wlaom
enf;pepfrsm;udk vkyu f ikd xf m;&SEd iS =hf uavonf?
jrefrmajray:&St d pd;k &wd@k u jrefrmwd@k ukd tav;*&krðy r&_rjrif
&Scd =hJ uavonf?jrefrmjynf&dS Oa&mywdu k o f m;wd@k u jrefrmwd@k . tmoD
opdwx f m;jzifh vdv k m;awmifw h aom tcsuw f @kd ukd aESmif, h u
S uf ef@uu G f
vdak om apwemESihf xdt k pd;k &tm; ulnaD z;rjcif;ðy=uavonf? jrefrm
trsK;d om;wd@k onf jzpf&adS eaom acwfor,. ed&wWu/ edrw d wW nf;
[laom tusK;d r&Sad om qif;&Jjcif;. ta=umif;&if;tajccHu rD;&_;rD;v#H
uJo h @kd {uefxif&mS ; rrSm;awG@jrifc=hJ u&av+yD?
0dik /f trf/ bD/ attoif;rsm;wk@d onf jynfaxmifwav#muf
xGe;f ayguyf mG ;ajrmuf ay:vm=uav+yD;v#if ,ckjzpf&adS om ab;&efukd
ckcw H eG ;f vSe&f ef pdww f oHwnf; pnf;vH;k aygi;f oif;I }uH=uavonf?
ud,
k zf kd óh uHv#if oufvakH umif;-uap
vlrsK;d tedrthf jrif[
h I
l oabmrmew&m;udk y,fazsmufI
ay:ayguaf om ab;&efukd wnDwoHwnf; ckcw H eG ;f vSe&f ef jrefrmtrsK;d
om;wdk@u wpdwfwoHwnf; }uH+yD;jzpfv#ufudk jynfydkiftpdk;&rif;u
tvsO;f rod owdrrl jynfow l @kd .pum;udyk if em;raxmifb&J v dS if.
h ?
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . Zmwdrmeudk qdwq f o G nft h aejzifh raxrJjh rif

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ðyvsu/f [efaqmif&;kd rSm; y&d,m,frsm;aomOya' tzG@J tpnf;udyk if

v#if pD&ifwx D iG If xm;avbd.?
tdE,dN tpd;k &uvnf; xdo k @kd pD&ifwx D iG af om enf;pepfxuf
wd;k wuf!mS wmI oufomatmif ðyvkypf rD jH cif; r&Sw d wf&um; jynf
om;taygi;f wd@k u jAL&du k a&pDtm; ud;k pm;,H=k unfjcif; ,kwaf vsmv h S
ojzifh pd;k ykid af om rif;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd u ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu cHpm;pHpm;
cJ=h u&aom Á\&d, awZudk tb,faomtcgryS ifvsiS f pifppf pGe@f
vGw=f uawmhrnfr[kw[ f I
l od=u&+yD;aomf rdrw d @kd . vGwv f yfa&;udk
rdrw d @kd ud, k wf ikd o
f mv#if “ty`rma'e orŠma'x” [laom ygXEf iS t hf nD
(ud, k zf @kd óuvH #if oufvakH umif;ap&rnf?) pum;t& óu;d pm;tm;cJ =urS
&=uawmhrnf[k t"dXmefðy=uav+yD? trsKd;om;wdk@. Zmwdrme
pdw"f mwfaoG;"mwfw@kd onf vH;k vH;k Ed;k =um; oefprG ;f =uav+yDjzpfaom
a=umifh tcsi;f csi;f rsu=f uKyfu;kd wef/ rmeftedX r,H=k unf=uaom o
abm t,l0g'wd@k onf &kwjf cnf;c%yaysmufatmif óud;pm;oif=h u
av+yD? jynfow l @kd . pdwaf eoabmxm;onf a&S;uESirhf wl wrlujJG ym;
cJah v+yD? a&S;txufu jAL&du k &ufw@kd tm; rDcS jkd cif;/ c,jcif; xdt k &m&Sd
wd@k . a&Sah rSmufo@kd a&muf&=dS uaomtcg wkev f y_ &f @HG a=umufjcif;oabm
pdwx f m;wd@k onf ,cktcgor,Y ysujf ym;uif;uGmI &J&ifw h nf=unf
aom Zmwdrmeonf xif&mS ;ay:vGif &daS v+yD?
wavSxpJ ;D olrsm;
trsK;d om;wd@k onf jrefrmjynfYaomfvnf;aumif;/ tdE, dN jynf
Yaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfysuv f #u&f adS om ta&;awmfywkH @kd ukd ukeuf ek f
zGifhvSpf pDppf ppfaq;=uaom *&k"rRudk vHk@vqkyfESpf wpfwpfcGcGðy
=uav+y?D r[wWr*EN. D rlpepfenf;opf tjzmjzmwd@k ukd jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f
vH;k . Zeyk'rf #rusef wefwef&p_ m; owdxm;I qifjcif=u+yD;v#if xkd

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
yk*~dKvfausmf ðyrlaqmif&Gufjcif;udk aocsm*epGm rodjim;aomfvnf;

wwftm;or# oif=um;em;vnf=uav+yD? qGmrd&S&'refESifh rpPwm
tAwf0w d &EN*sw D @kd onf jrefrmjynfo@kd vSnv hf nf&aomtcg rsm;pGm
aom jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdk@u &$ifvef;tm;usvsuf óudqdk{nfhcH=u
avonf?
tdE, dN trsK;d om;wd@k EiS hf jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf wavSxpJ ;D
wc&D;xJ oGm;=u&rnfo h rl sm; jzpfjcif;a=umif/h toGirf jcm; pdwx f m;trl
twlwyl if &So d if=h uayonf[al om ed,mrpum;udk tòrd@òrd@t&Gm&Gm
wdik ;f Yyif ,cktcg =um;em&avonf? 0HomEk&uQw d / ^mwwWo*F[
w&m;wd@k EiS hf ac|wmoH;k pGpJ eG @f }ujJ cif;w&m;/ onf;cHjcif;w&m;/ 'kupQ &d,m
usijhf cif;w&m;wd@k onf wpwp yGm;rsm;wd;k wuf vmcJ=h uonf? jynfol
wdk@onf rnfuJhodk@aomtcsufudk tvdk&Sd=uonf[kvnf; 'dX{uef
od=u em;vnf=uav+yD? xdka=umifh rdrdwdk@vdkvm;awmif;waom
tcsuu f kd &&SEd ikd af p&ef òcd;+cHpeG @f }uJjcif;ESihf qdu
k óf uHvwHah om twd'uk Q
udck aH wmhrnf[k t"dXmefðy=u+yD;acs+yD?
trsKd;om;wdk .
h AswW^d m%
,cktcg jrefrmjynfom;wdk@u udk,fhtm;udk udk,fudk;I
ukefukefpGef@pm;=uawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ tem*wfumvESifh }uD;yGm;
csrf;om tm;xkwf,Hk=unfvsuf&Sda=umif;rsm;udk w&HwxHvlrsm;eSifh
jAL&du k &uf tpd;k &rsm;u xif&mS ;vdvd od=uao;[efrwlacs? xdo k wl @kd EiS hf
tpd;k &wd@k u jynfow l @kd . xHt
k jcif;/ qif;&Jyifyef;aom'kuu Q kd vspv
f sL&_I
ae=uawmhonfr[kw/f pd;k tkyaf omt&m&Sw d @kd . tod^m%fjzifh xifjrif
E_id ;f csed f awG;qod&onfxuf v#ijf refpmG jrefrmrsm;u Ed;k =um;=uI qlyl
v_yf&Sm; pdwfxufoef&Sd+yD;jzpfa=umif;udk xif&Sm;odomayawmhrnf?
0_dufaumfrwD ac: tzGJ@toif;udk jrefrmjynfodk@ apv$wfvdkufav

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
aomfvnf; xd0k u _d af umfrwDukd wnDwnmwnf; (bdKG if;aumh) vky=f u

jcif;Y/ aumif;rGefpGm atmifjrifjcif;a=umifh xdk0d_ufaumfrwDwGif
0ifa&mufpu G zf uf aqmif&u G jf cif;xuf trsm;}uD;tm;&p&m atmifjrif
&+yD;v#if jrefrmh t,lbmomwk@d . ol&owWd Zmwdrme Asw^dW m%rSpI
aoG;"gwfpdwf"gwfwdk@udk od&Sdxm;apcJhjcif; trsKd;om;wdk@. *k%fonf
xifay: ausmaf ZmcJ&h jcif;jzpfavonf?
trsK;d orD;wd@k onf a&;}u;D cGiu f s,Ef iS hf óuóH uud af omtcg rde;f r
wdk@. w*FEky`wWd^m%f/ Z0e^m%f Áwˆd,rmeft}uHwdk@jzifh oefoef
pGr;f pGr;f aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonfrmS rsm;pGmcs;D rGr;f O'ge;f ra=u &Sad payonf?
vl}uD;vli,frpS I tenf;i,f omrnaom olw@kd rt S y jrefrmtrsK;d
om; tm;vHk;wdk@yifv#if 0d_ufaumfrwDwGif 0ifa&mufoufaocHjcif;
rvky=f uonft h wGuf jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd u,kd w
f ikd f wm0ef
cHI tkycf sKy&f ef tajctaeESihf xdu k wf efa=umif;udk ud, k jfh refrmtrsK;d om;
wd@k uu kd &dak oI tajc}uD;jrifah tmif ðycJah vonf?
ta,mifaqmifrsS om
tdE, dN jynfwiG Ef pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm qlyv
l y_ &f mS ; aºuG;a=umf=u+yD;
aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfY&&Sad om 'dik t f mcDpepfavmufr# aumif;rGepf mG
r&&Scd =hJ uay? q&mawmfonf 'dik t f mcDenf;pepfukd ESpo f ufIr[kw?f
'dik t
f mcDpnf;pepfY tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f zG,&f m tESpo f m& Oya'&So d nf[k
r,Hk=unfEdkif? xdkpnf;pepfonf qdk;0g;vSojzifh jynfoltrsm;wdk@udk
taESmiftzG@J rS wd;k I epfðryfcsKyfcs,&f maom pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfavonf?
jAL&duk &ufwpf enf;pepfEiS hf 'dik t f mcDpepf jcm;em;jcif;rSmrlum;
jAL&dku&ufpepfwGif tpdk;&wdk@u jynfoludk rwdkifyifbJv#uf4if;/
jynfow l @dk qENukd ta&;rrlI4if;/ tpd;k &wd@k tvd&k &dS m ðyvkyEf ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
'dkiftmcDenf;pepfrSm jynfolwdk@teuf tod^m%fr&Sdaom t&kyfwdk@

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ozG,f wnfxm;jy&kyðf y+yD;v#if tpd;k &wd@k tvd&k &dS m pDraH qmif&u G jf cif;Y
jynfow l @kd tvdw k al ,mif cGiðhf ya,mif y&d,m,faqmifaom pnf;pepf
jzpfacsonf?
rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefu (xdo k rl mS jrefrmjynfwiG f c&dik f
0eftjzpf aqmif&u G of mG ;aom tdE, dN yÉd^mOfcH 0efxrf;a[mif;wOD;
jzpfI e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmwGif bdvyfrS aqmif;yg;a&;om;aeol
ormorwfy*k Kd~ vfwpfO;D jzpfonf?) 'dik t f mcDonf tpdwt f ydifk ;f jzpfaom
enf;pepftjzmjzmwdk@udk jAL&dkua&pDu pDrHEdkif&ef vGJtyfxm;onfh
twGuf axmifacsmuf!w $ u f iG ;f ESihf wla=umif;? jAL&du k a&pDu Á\
&d, tm%mtm;vH;k udk vuf&odr;f ,lxm;I (rSw&f ef? TY Xmeav;
ckcx GJ m;&m jynfxaJ &;ESihf b¾ma&; tcsKyftjcmudk tpd;k &udik x f m;rnf?
xdXk mersm;twGuf jynfo@l trwfrsm;u bmr#ajymydik cf iG rhf &S/d ynma&;
ESio hf pfawmudk jynfo@l trwfrsm;od@k vGaJ y;xm;onf? Tud&k nf&, G If
rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefu a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf?)
jynfow l @kd ukd jAL&du
k &ufw@kd tiftm;Av }uD;apjcif;tvd@k igS
ulnyD ;l aygi;f =u&ef aoG;aqmifac:,ljcif;r#jzpfa=umif;? jynfow l @kd tjcif;
t&m. tajcrSefudk aocsmpGm=unfh&_pHkprf;rnfh ta,mifaqmify&d
,m,fudk rðyrvkyfoifha=umif;? tjcif;t&m. tajc[lonfrSm
wbufaomae&mu tpd;k &t&m&Sw d @kd onf ud, k w f ikd wf m0efcH tkycf sKyf
jcif;ppfppfukd pGr;f tm;&So d r# ckcyH w d yf ifvrd nR ?f tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
xdt k &m&Sw d @kd onf Á\&d,tm%mudk vdv k m;olrsm;jzpfI enf;t
rsKd;rsKd; toHk;csvsuf xdktm%mtiftm;udk vufrvGwf&atmif
}uH+yD;v#if ud, k yf ikd wf m0efct H yk cf sKyfa&;udk ray;&atmif zifEh aJG ESmifah ES;
apvdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif;ESihf qdx k m;cJah vonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
wpfcw
k nf;aomvrf;pOf
'Dru
kd a&pDpnf;pepfwiG f tpOfrjywf &eforl sm; &Sad eavonf?
,ckuo hJ @kd aom pnf;pepfukd jAL&du k &ufw@kd . tvdt k wdik ;f vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd f
ap&ef vGtJ yfxm;jcif;jzpfayonf? ,if;od@k jzpf&adS jcrl trsK;d om;wd@k onf
rnfonfeh nf;ESihf xdt k aESmiftzG@J rS xGuEf ikd =f urnfenf;[lum; xdo k @kd
xGuaf jrmufEikd af om enf;vrf; wpfcw k nf;om&So d nf? ,if;od@k aom
enf;vrf;[lonfrmS trsK;d om;wd@k . ta&;udpo P nf rnfo@kd yif w&m;
enf;vrf;usonfjzpfap/ rnfo@kd yif rdrw d @kd . &oif&h xdu k af om tcGihf
ta&;onf aqmvsipf mG +yD;pD; atmifjrifoifo h nfreS af p/ jynfow l @kd u
olwxl;tm; ud;k pm;rScD &dk ef r}uH rar#mv f ifo h if=h uay? jynfou l ,kd wf ikd f
O\[xkwI f atmifyef;qGwcf ;l &ef }uH=u&rnf[I l rpPwm bm;ewf
a[mufwefuyif qdak vonf?
acgif;axmifvm-u_yD
tdE, dN jynfonf jAdwo d #tpd;k &wd@k . w&m;ojzifph ;kd tkyjf cif;
uwdopPmwnf=unfjcif;wdk@udk r,Hk=unfEdkif&Sd=uI udk,fh'l;udk,fc|ef
tvkyu f pkd I vky=f uav+yD? ,if;ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI onf&u kd f
atmfema&bD/ &Syx f &D; (bk&ifccH sKyf.trwf}uD;wOD;) =opa=w;vsjynf
od@k xGucf mG roGm;rD tdE, dN bk&ifccH sKyf. {nfch x H rif;au|;yJYG ajymqdk
aompum;rSm tdE, dN jynfow l @dk onf tpd;k &rif;wk@d tm; ,H=k unfu;kd pm;
jcif; r&Scd +hJ yjD zpfa=umif;/ tdE, dN vlrsK;d wd@k u vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&;udk tvd&k dS
ygaomf rdrw d @kd u, kd of m tvsit f m;xm;zG,&f mjzpfa=umif;? xd@k a=umifh
tdE, dN trsK;d om;wd@k onf urBmay:wGif xif&mS ;ausmaf pmaom t}uD;
qH;k aom wdik ;f a&;jynfa&; jynfru _ kd aqmif&u G vf #u&f =dS u+yDjzpfa=umif;
a&S;ya0o%Duyifv#if 0yfatmif;arS;uyfvsu&f adS om pdw"f mwf aoG;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
"mwfw@kd onf Ed;k =um;uGe@f jrL;&S=d u+yD;v#if &mZ0iftoGio f iG w

f @kd Y&Sad om
tr_"avhw@kd onfvnf; aysmufcahJ v+yD? tedrq hf ;kH aom qif;&Jom; u
yifv#if rdrd.OD;acgif;udkarmfvsuf rwfrwfwnfhwnfh taESmiftzGJ@rS
vGwuf if;aomoluo hJ @kd vrf;av#mufomG ;vm0H=h uav+yD?
aoG;rxGuaf omppfy}GJ u;D udk EG-J u

jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf a&S@o@kd w;kd wufvrS ;f oGm;&ef rnfo@kd
}uH=urnf[k qH;k jzwf&efoih=f u+yD; tdE, dN jynfuo hJ @kd jrefrmjynfonf
vnf; vGwv f yfa&;udrk & &atmif,rl nf[k t"dXmefxm;=uavonf?
t&m&Sw d @kd onf rdrw d @kd u,kd uf sK;d udk ar#mu f ;kd rufarm&Sjd cif;a=umifh tpd;k &.
zGix hf wk jf yefq+kd y;D jzpfaom tkypf ;kd enf;pepfuykd ifv#if *&krxm; ausmv f m$ ;
azmufjyefðy=uonf? jrefrmjynfY aoG;xGuo f , H &kd t dS ahH om t=urf;
bvufum,udk rðyI Á\&d,tm%m uGecf smyðcyfrS vGwaf jrmuf
Edik =f uatmif ppfy}JG uD;wr# wdu k cf u kd =f uayvdrrhf nf? ,if;od@k omv#if
jrefrmjynfY }uHa&;qdu k óf uHavawmhrnf? vGzJ ,fa&Smifwrd ;f Edik &f ef r&Sd
awmh+yD? atmifjrif=utHhavm/ &H_;edrfh}uHtHhavm [laomjy\emudk
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k u ajzqd&k ef &Sad yawmhrnf?
tpd;k &[lonf rnfr#yif onf;xef&ufpufapumrl jynfow l @kd
. wvH;k wnf;aygi;f pnf;}upH nfI vGwv f yfa&; &Sm=uawmhrnf[al om
t"dXmefjzifh vky}f uHjcif;udk wm&Snpf mG rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfacsonf?
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k .vkyaf &;rSm toif;zG@J jcif; aygi;f pnf; nD
!$wjf cif;udðk yI woHwnf; rdrw d @kd . vdv k m;&&Sx d ukd af om tcGit hf a&;
twGuf aqmif&u G yf grl rnfuo hJ @kd yifv#if jynfo. l tusK;d udk rvdv k m;ol
jzpfapumrl vufavsm, h rd ;f yg; &ayvdrrhf nf?
a&S@acwftcgw@kd Y jrefrmwd@k onf tvGe}f uD;us,I f vmcJ=h u
zl;+yD;r[kwf wHkavm tem*wfumvtwGuf twd'kuQawG@óuH=u&

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
aomtcg a=umufvef@wv kH y_ f aemufqw k jf cif;r&So d if=h uay? jrefrmwd@k

onf ,cktcg eufe}J uD;av;aom ta&;udpEP iS hf óuHawG@c+hJ yD;jzpfjcif;
a=umifh rnfo@kd aom cvkyu f ef;oif;wd@k EiS yhf if &ifqikd rf =d uonfjzpfap
rdrw
d @kd . vGwvf yfjcif;atmifyef;udk qGwv f rS ;f cl;,l&ef pGr;f opfaom
owWjd zifh wdu
k cf u
kd =f u&rnf?
ukvm;trwfavmif;. 0g'
trsK;d om;wd@k teuf 'dik t f mcDaumifpD twGi;f ty ESp0f aom
XmerS wdu k cf ukd rf S &,latmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nf txiftjrif&=dS uaom vl
ynm&Srd sm;&Sad =umif;udk q&mawmfuoday.? trwfa&G;aumuf&ef
Edik ef if;atmif ðyvkyEf ikd o f nfvnf; [lwef&m.? aumifpt D wGi;f Y rdrw d @kd
bufawmfom; rsm;atmifðyvkyEf ikd o f nfvnf; [lwef&m.? *s/D pD/ bD/
at/ toif;}uD;u xdak umifpo D @kd 0if&ef vlrsm;apvGwEf ikd af pjcif;iSm pDrH
Edik o
f nfvnf; [lwef&m.? xdo k @kd 0ifa&mufrnfo h rl sm;teuf tcsK@d aom
yk*Kd~ vfw@kd onf tjcm;aom omrntrwfw@kd tm; rdrw d @kd pum;udk em;
axmifatmif tkycf sKyford ;f qnf;Edik o f nfvnf; [lwef&m.? xdo k @kd aom
t}uHukd rpPwmw&y`*su D azmfjyenf;ay;avonf? (w&y`*srD mS aemif
wGif jrefrmjynfY tdE, dN wdik ;f om;xJrS trwfwpfO;D jzpfvmoljzpfonf?)
owif;pmwd@k Yyifv#if twke@f tjyef jiif;cHv k su&f =dS uavonf? xdt k }uH
onf tjcm;olxrH S enf;,lrw S o f m; t&if;tzsm;rnDaom t}uHjzpf
[efwo l nf?
xdtk }u. H tprlvrSm Zmwdrme ol&aJ bmqkw, f w k &f jcif; jzpf
I tqH;k Y tajcrusaomtjzpfo@kd omv#if a&mufz@kd &adS vonf? xdk
t}uHYtajccHxm;I pnf;om;aqmif&u G &f eftcsuf wpHw k &mr# rawG@
rjrif&ay? rpPwmw&y`*sDonf jrefrmjynf uGefu&ufaumfrDwD.
twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfavonf? od@k a=umifh tpd;k &ESirhf qufqjH cif;tvkyu f kd

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tpOfrjywfa[mcJo h jl zpfacsonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vf.t}ut H usirhf mS uGeu f &uf

enf;pepftwdik ;f jzpfoifo h nf? od@k &mwGif xdyk *k Kd~ vf. t,l0g' vGaJ jymif;
jcif;r&Scd rhJ l ,ckay;aom xdyk *k Kd~ vf. t}uHonf ty ya,m* yl;uyf
ojzifh xGuaf y:vmaom t}uHjzpfonfv h uQ%m wlacsonf?
xdyk *k Kd~ vfEiS hf q&mawmfE;DS aESm=uaomtcgwiG f uGe*f &uft
oif;. pnf;urf;pepfrS waoGrwdr;f bJvsuf uGe*f &uftoif;}uD;.
t}uH^m%fEiS hf woabmwnf;jzpfa=umif; ¹rGuq f ykd gvsuf ,ckowif;
pmwGif awG@jrif&aom enf;ay;t}uHonf jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . tajc
udvk u kd I f t}uHay;jcif;ESiw hf ol nf[k q&mawmfoabm&ayonf? xdk
yk*Kd~ vf. xifjrifcsurf mS jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf atmufusaemufus
jzpfvsuyf if &S=d uao;.? acgi;f aqmifv}l uD;wd@k onfvnf; tvGef av;
vH zifEh I JG aemufusvsuyf if&=dS uao;.? xdo k @dk &jdS cif;a=umifh atmufus
aemufus&Sdaom vlrsKd;wdk@ESifh xdkufwefaom tdrfwGif;ykef;atmif;
aewwfaom olw@kd twGuf ay;aomt}uHyifv#if jzpfwef&m.?
xdkyk*~dKvfuqdkonfrSm &Sif;.? xifjrifcsufrsm;ta=umif;udk
wpHw k &mjyEdik yf grl ,if;od@k txiftjrifao; ay;bdaom t}uHtwGuf
0rf;enf;a=umif;udk zGi¹hf rGu0f efcI H rdrtd }uHujkd yefI E_wo f rd ;f ygrnf[k
0efc. H ? q&mawmfonf rnfonft h cgrS tpd;k &wk@d EiS hf rqufqv H +kd y[ D I
l
yif t"dXmefðy+yD;ol (EGe;f udak tmfya&;wm) uGeu f &uftoif;om; w
a,mufu TuJo h @kd &y_ ef;rvS txrajrmufEikd af om t}uaH y;I OD;acgi;f
rmaom jAL&du k a&pDEiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G vf #uf tcufóuHóudu&f adS p
atmif t}uHay;oltm; tH=h oI rukeEf ikd af tmifyif &S&d acsonf?
tpd;k &wd@k EiS hf yl;aygi;f a&mpGuf aqmif&u G cf ahJ csrl omIyif pdwrf
csr;f omp&m ud, k yf gErG ;f ,d 'kut Q wd awG@óuH+yD;v#if trsK;d om;wd@k .
vGw+f ird ;f csr;f om&ef aqmif&u G &f ef 0wW&m;wd;k yGm;rsm;I vmayvdrrhf nf?
trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif vl}uD;rsm;uvnf; Tod@k yifqo kd nf?
tcsK@d aomacgi;f aqmifv}l uD;rsm;u ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;cH&rnfukd a=umuf

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
=uonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vw f @kd .txifrmS tpd;k &onf zdEydS jf cif;enf;pepfudk ðyvkyf
&ef vdv k m;ar#mu f ;kd &S=d uonf[k xif=uonf? 4if;jyif rsm;vSaom t&m
&Sw
d @kd u jynfow l @kd tm; oem;*&k%m &S=d uaomfvnf; tkycf sKyfjcif;
pnf;pepf. tajccHu Á\&d,tm%mwGif wnf&o dS nf jzpfaom
a=umifh t&m&S}d uD;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd =oZmtm%m }uHch ikd w f nfwahH p&ef
jynfolwdk@u vHk;vHk;&dkaoudkif;&_dif;&atmif zdESdyfjcif;iSg tm;oef=u
avonf?
jAL&dku&ufwdk@onf jynfoltay: Y pdwfaeoabmxm;
ajymif;a&G@vmonfr&Sad o;bJ rdrw d @kd vufY &&S+d yD;jzpfaom tm%mudk
toH;k cs+yD;v#if jynfow l @kd u yqpf';l wkyI f &dak ocanmif;atmif ðyvkyf
&ef &nfoefvsuyf if &daS csao;onf?
aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifvu kd af omtrsK;d om;wd@k onf txuf
qdck ahJ om qifajcrsK;d udk ta=umif;jycJo h nf[rl u l m; xdq
k ifajcrsK;d jzifyh if
q&mawmfu aumifpt D wGi;f od@k r0ifxu kd =f uay[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf?
Á\&d, tm%mpuf
tpd;k &ESiq hf ufqu H |r;f 0ifI rsuEf mS vdv k m;=uaom oltrsm;
yif&adS oma=umifh 0HomEktrsK;d om;wd@k aumifprD 0ifaomfvnf; aumifpD
Ytrwf r&&SEd ikd [ f k q&mawmfurqdv k kd jAL&du
k &ufw@kd EiS hf aESmuf,u S f
uef@uu G &f aomf tusK;d xl;wpHw k &m cHpm;=u&vdrrhf nf[k &d;k ajzmifph mG
t,l&Sdaom olrsm;vnf; &Sd=uayonf? q&mawmfwdk@Y taygif;yg
rdwaf qGw@kd uo hJ @kd yifv#if wdik ;f jynfEiS t hf rsK;d om;wd@k ukd cspcf ifaom olw@kd
yif &S=d uayonf? od@k aomf xdo k w l @kd onf aqG;aqG;aEG;aEG;aqmif&u G jf cif;
udk tvd&k I dS ol&aJ bmowWed nf;aom olrsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifh &Gw&f w G f
c|ecf |ef raqmif&u G 0f =hH uay? xdyk *k K~ v
d rf sm;wd@k onf pGe@f pm;I &Gw&f w G f
c|ecf |ef aqmif&u G o f rl sm;u a&Smif&mS ;I ay;aomtcgrS toifo h mG ;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
a&mufI ausmfapmxif&Sm;pGm jynfoltrsm;. em,uOD;pD; ðyvkyf

=uygap? od@k &mwGif umv&Snv f sm;Ivmaomtcg xdo k @kd aomyk*K~ v
d w
f @kd
onf tpd;k &wd@k . yduk u
f eG t
f wGi;f od@k qif;v#uf tpd;k &.oabmrsK;d t,l
tqtwdik ;f ,lq=uayvdrrhf nf? xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd onf Á\&d,tm%m
jzifh zdp;D wwforl sm;yifv#if jzpfvmayvdrrhf nf?
ol&owWed nf;v#if ysufp;D &rnf

trsK;d om;wd@k onf ol&owWed nf;yg;=urlum; cGet f m;AvESihf
jynfph akH omolw@kd EiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf ahJ omf rkcsysupf ;D &vdrrhf nf? ol&
owWed nf;aomtrsK;d om;wd@k onf jAL&du k &ufw@kd . =oZmtm%mom;
rsm; jzpf=u&ayvdrrhf nf? xdyk *k Kd~ vw f @kd onf rdrw d @kd .rlv&nf&, G &f if; t}uH
udpk eG @f I wdik ;f jynfa&;&mwd@k wiG f ayvm,sjzpf&=dS uayvdrrhf nf?
q&mawmfEiS t hf rsK;d om;wd@k rmS jAL&du k &ufw@kd EiS hf awG@qEkH ;DS aESm
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taumif;udjk rifv#if jAL&du k &ufw@kd u tqd;k xifavonf? jynfow l @kd u
}uD;yGm;csr;f om&mjzpfaom [kr&R ;l vH;k vH;k udk &kwjf cnf;c% &vd=k u.?
tpd;k &wd@k u Á\&d,tm%m vuf&+dS yD;jzpfI xdt k m%mudk wpGe;f
wpr# cGJa0vdkaom qENr&Sd cGJa0ay;&efudkvnf; tvGefrESpfoufEdkif
jzpfacsonf? jynfow l @kd u [kr&R ;l &&ef onf;onf;xefxef }uH}uH tm;
pduk f awmif;qd=k uaomtcg tpd;k &wd@k u jynfow l @kd onf qlyv l y_ &f mS ;
awmfveS yf ek u f efjcif; pdwx f m;ay+y[D k pGypf =JG uavonf? tpd;k &wd@k . pd;k rl
pd;k usio hf nf óud;}udrt f m%mESihf vufeuftiftm;ay:rSmomwnf.?
jynfow l @kd onf xdrk nfonfh tm%mtiftm;rsK;d udrk qdk csK;d zsuyf aysmuf
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a[mufwefu xdt k a&;udk rnfuo hJ @kd tm;xkwaf tmifjrif&ef t}uHay;
aptyfonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
,ckvmvwHah om 'Dru kd a&pDacwf}uD;onf ESv;kH &nfAvjzifh

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um; txufxufu aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifa&muf&ef vdv k m;wdu k w f eG ;f
=uaom yk*K~ v d }f uD;wd@k onf ,cktcg tdraf cgi/f vrf;ab; t00wd@k uyif
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pDtwGi;f Y wpHw k &mtaESmift h csuu f kd rðyEdik af =umif; zGi¹hf ru G 0f efc=H u+y;D rS
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onf[k rqdv k /kd od@k &mwGif xdyk *k K~ v d w f @kd rmS ynm^m%f tajrmftjrif
r&S=d ujcif;a=umifh pmayrwwf/ ryg;eyfaom jynfoq l if;&Jw@kd u 4if;wd@k

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tm; aumifpo D @kd 0ifEikd af tmif rm,mjzifh xdo k @kd vn

S jhf zm;I rJqENay;
apjcif;tvd@k igS xdo
k @kd aumifpo D @kd 0ifa&mufrnf[k ajymqdo k nfh vuQ%m
&Sad =umif; q&mawmf.pdwYf rjiif;y,fom Tod@k reS ;f &m awG;xifawmh
avonf?
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h u
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h }uH
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udk q&mawmfuazmfjyyg.? aESmifh,Suf&eftwGuf aumifpDodk@ 0if
a&mufjcif;onf 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufcI H tpd;k &udk yl;aygi;f uln&D m a&muf
onf? tpdk;&wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;ulnDjcif;twGuf 'dkiftmcDudk xajrmuf
atmifaqmif&u G af omolw@kd rmS &Hzef&cH gw@kd Yyif tpd;k &. tvdo k @kd rvduk f
bJ jiif;qefcck &H avonf? od@k rS aESmif, h u S 0f ifa&mufvmolw@kd rmS vH;k vH;k
ckc&H m a&mufonf? xdo k @kd v;kH vH;k ckcH 0ifa&mufvmaomolw@kd rmS tpOf
rjywf rdrdwdk@bufu oabmwlrJqENay;rnfhtrwfrsm; &Sdap&rnf?
odk@jzpfI tpdk;&wdk@aqmif&Gufvdkaom tvkyfpnf;urf;rsm; txr
ajrmufEikd af tmif ðyvkyv f o kd w l @kd bufu tpOfrjywf trwfO;D a&rsm;rsm;
r&&SEd ikd o
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h u S &f ef t}uH
onf atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw?f
q&mawmfonf aumifpo D @kd taESmift h ,Suf 0ifjcif;tm;jzifh
tpd;k &wd@k vyk if ef;ysuEf ikd af =umif;udk rjrif? od@k &mwGif aESmif, h u S jf cif; rpGr;f
Edik o
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or# umvywfv;kH rpOf;pm;xdu k =f uay?
,ckacgif;aqmifvl}uD;rsm;u cef@rSef;csuft& aumifpDwGif
trwfae&maygi;f 40-xuf ydrk &Edik af =umif;? awmaus;vuf Zeyk'f

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
rsm;Y 0HomEktoif;wd@k u rnfr#yif atmifjrif&=dS uonfjzpfap òrd@rsm;

wGif tpd;k &t&m&Sw d @kd . =oZmzH;k v$r;f ayvdrrhf nf? tu,fI 0HomEkw@kd u
a&$;aumufyJG 0ifEaJG tmifjrif=uonfjzpfap aiGtajrmuftjrm; uke=f u
ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomfvnf; 0HomEkw@kd EiS hf twdu k t f cHðyvkyrf nfo h rl sm;
rSm omIyif aiGa=u;tiftm;rsm;vSayonf? ,if;od@k w+yD;um; aumif
pDtwGi;f od@k 0ifI aESmif, h u S rf nf[al om t}uo H nf rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf #
txajrmuf atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf cs?
,if;tcsufrsm;udkpOf;pm;I aumifpDtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf
aESmif, h uS &f ef t}uHay;aomyk*K~ v d wf @kd onf xdo k @kd t}uHjzif/h tpd;k &wd@k .
enf;pepfukd ajymif;vGaJ pEdik rf nf[k t,l&jdS cif;onf rdrw d @kd pw
d u
f kd rdrwd @kd
vSnphf m;jzm;a,mif;&mvnf; usonf? jynfot l rsm;wd@k tm; vrf;vGJ
vrf;rSm;od@k !$ejf y&mvnf;jzpfayonf? aumifp0D ifvakd om olw@kd onf
0if=uay? od@k aomfvnf; xdak umifpo D @kd 0ifI taESmift h ,Suðf yvky+f yD;
v#if tpd;k &.t,l0g'udk ajymif;vGaJ pEdik rf nf[al om t,l0g'jzifh r0if
xdu k =f uay? ta=umif;udq k akd omf xdo k w l @kd onf aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0if
a&muf aqmif&u G af omtcgrS trsm;olw@kd . &,fz, G jf zpfvrd rhf nf?
tcsKd@aomrdwfaqGwdk@u rpPwmbdvyf. enf;twdkif; 0if
a&mufaqmif&u G =f u&ef t}uaH y;avonf? xdek nf;twdik ;f tpd;k &wd@k u
jynfol@tvdkodk@ vdkufygoifhaomtcgrS trwfwdk@u vdkufygulnDI
tvdrk wlaomtcg twif;ckcjH iif;qef&rnf[k t}uHay;onf? Tt
wdik ;f ðyvkyaf omfvnf; xdt k }uHonf atmifjrifEikd rf nfr[kwaf cs? {uef
ysujf y,f=uayvdrrhf nf?
'dik tf mcDonf enf;opfr[kwaf y xdek nf;udk tjcm;c&dik ef ,f
rsm;Y prf;oyfcJhzl;av+yD? tpdk;&wdk@onf jynfoltvdkodk@rvdkufbJ
zdEydS jf cif;ESihf óu;d }urd tf m%mudk jyjcif;rsm;vSojzifh armf'&dwf ac: tpd;k &
ESihf yl;aygi;f vdak om tvdak wmf&w d @kd yifv#if rcHr&yfEikd af tmif &Scd =hJ u&
avonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tdE, dN rif;wdik yf ifaumifptD zG@J rsm;Y tqdt k ajcESiw hf uG ajymqdk

=uaomtcsurf sm;udk pOf;pm;=uaomf tao;tzG@J jzpfaom tcsurf sm;
rSwyg; tjcm;aomta&;udpPwdk@Y jynfolbufu aqmif&Gufaom
trwfw@kd u wpHw k &mtcGio hf mcJzh ;l onf r&Sad =umif; awG@=u&ayvdrhf
rnf? rsm;r=umrDu rpPwm&Sypf w&D tdik , f m; ajymqdak ompum;rSm
'dik t
f mcDukd ESpof ufvv kd m;aomolw@kd onf ,cktcg xd'k ikd t f mcDaumif
pDY0ifI jynfot l usK;d twGuf wpHw k &maqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; tcGirhf &I
rsm;pGmpdwyf suv f ufav#m&h a=umif;? xdo k @kd jynftusK;d twGuf raqmif
&GufEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; jAL&dkua&pDwdk@. pdwfoabm taetxm;ESifh
txiftjrifonf wpHw k &majymif;vJjcif; r&Sad o;aoma=umif[ h k qdk
onf?
xd;k qGay;±Ho
k m
rpPwmtdkif;,m;u aumifpD.pGrf;aqmifjcif; ta=umif;ESifh
ywfoufI qdjk yefonfrmS ðyjyifajymif;vJtyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf ywfoufI
tusKd;xl;wckomv#if &Sda=umif;? xdktusKd;xl;onfum; jynfolwdk@
onf wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;twGuf Ed;k =um;wufºuGatmif xd;k qGay;jcif;om
v#ijf zpfa=umif; od@k &mwGif xdt k yk pf ;kd jcif;. pnf;urf;wd@k onf tvGe&f y_ f
axG;vSonf jzpfaoma=umifh p&dwpf uudt k vGew f &m armufòz;d ukeu f s
ojzifh/ tdENd,jynfolwdk@a&S;uxuf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif; jzpf&avonf
jzpfa=umif;/ xdo k @kd qif;&Jjcif; rlvtajconfum; Oya'ðyaumifpt D zG@J u
wdik ;f jynf. tqDtcGeb f ¾mwd@k ukd rnfuo hJ @kd o;kH pG&J rnf[k ajymqdEk ikd f
cGirhf &Sjd cif; aumifp. D tpGr;f ukeo f wWrd mS t}uaH y;Edik &f rHk #jzpfjcif;/ aumifpD
ud0k ifaomtrwfw@kd u rdrw d @kd t}uHay;csuu f kd rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpd;k &
wdk@u vdkufemaqmif&Guf=uvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwf=ujcif;/ odk@twGuf
r=umrDu awG@&cdS zhJ ;l aom udpw P @kd wiG f trwfw@kd u xdt k oH;k &efyakH iGukd

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
oabmwl cGiðhf yEdik &f o

kH mjzpfI xdak iGukd 4if;wd@k tvdt k wdik ;f oH;k pGv
J rd hf
rnf[k uwdwpHw k &m r&&Sjd zpfa=umif;ESihf qdak vonf?
,if;uJhodk@qdkjcif;rSm tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyfonf urBmw0Srf;vHk;
tES@t
H jym; od=um;apjcif;tvd@k igS rnfo@kd aqmif&u G ðf yvkyrf nf[k uwd
xm;aom pum;twdik ;f aomf4if;/ armf'&dwf ac: tvdak wmf&rd sm;u
bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD;tm; udk;pm;ar#mfvifhonfhtwdkif;aomf4if; wpHkw&m
bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;u aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; r&S[
d q
k v
kd o
kd nf?
vGwv
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G Ef ikd cf iG hf
TuJo h @kd tcuftcJ óuHawG@&jcif;wd@k yaysmufapEdik &f ef enf;
vrf;ESpcf o k mv#if &Sad =umif;? yxrwpfcrk mS jynfow l @kd tm; tpp t&m
&mY vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; tcGiv hf ;Hk vH;k udv
k #iv f nf; csucf si;f
ay;&rnf? od@k wnf;r[kwf jynfow l @kd u ,H=k unftm;xm;ojzifh ud, k f
pm;vS,t f jzpfEiS hf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom trwfrsm;. aumifpYD
ajymaompum;rsm;udk tvGew f &mta&;}uD;I tpGr;f xGuaf omtcg
rsm;rSwyg; jAL&du k a&pDw@kd u ry,fr&Sm;bJ emcHaqmif&u G rf nf[al om
pdwx f m;t"dXmef&adS p&rnf jzpfa=umif;?
4if;jyiftpd;k &wd@k u ,ckuo J @kd usirhf pl rD jH cif;onf tdE, dN xuf
+Aw
d o d #.tusK;d udk vdv k m;apmifx h rd ;f &ef qEN&jdS cif;a=umifh jzpfayonf[k
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awmh[k tcGiv hf w G jf cif;iSg orRmqEN&cdS yhJ grl {uefrck s t*Fvefom;wd@k .
tusK;d onf tdE, dN jynftwGuf rnfr#yif epfemonfreS af p xdek pfemjcif;
udck I
H tdE, dN tm;+ird ;f csr;f oufomcGiu hf kd ay;awmhrnf[k pdwYf qH;k jzwf
&ef oifo h nfjzpfa=umif;? ,if;od@k qH;k jzwfaomfvnf; tdE, dN jynfu
rdrdtusKd;aus;Zl;twGuf aqmif&Gufwdk;wufvmor#wdkif;yifv#if
+Adwo d # tusK;d qkw, f wk v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf =umif;?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
Tenf;ESpfenf;wdk@teuf wenf;enf;udkr# rvdkufacsaomf

tdE, dN jynfonf (ae&Sief ,fvpf) [laom 0HomEktrsK;d om;[k woif;
wnf;&Sad yvdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif;? xdu k o
hJ @kd jzpf&cdS ahJ omf pdwaf uscsr;f Edik If
wdik ;f jynfa&;wGif w0ufwpdwrf # pdw0f ifpm;ol 35-ukaËaom Adv k af jc
taygi;f wd@k ukd tb,fuo hJ @kd +Adwo
d # vlrsK;d wd@k u tkycf sKyfEikd v
f rd rhf nf[k
awG;xifr&a=umif;?
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kd &ufwpfacwf
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,cktcsurf mS &d;k ajzmifph mG aqmif&u G of ifah =umif;udv k nf; qdak vonf?
+Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k onf +Adwo d #w@kd .tusK;d udo k m apmifph m;=unf&h o _ nfh
twGuf ,ckuo hJ @kd jzpf&adS eonf[k od&EdS ikd af =umif;udv k nf; qdak vonf?
Trm'&yfe,fu rif;wdkifyiftrwf rpPwmtm,m;.pum;ESifh
rauseyfEikd af o;v#i/f bHb k ikd ef ,ftrwf.pum;udv k nf; em;axmif=u
bdavm? xdt k rwfonf bHb k ikd ef ,faumifpt D zG@J rS [kr;f rif;om; ac:
jynfwGif;a&;qdkif&m jAL&dku&uftrwf}uD;. tcspfawmftrwf jzpf
ayonf? xdt k rwfuvGecf ahJ om&ufaygi;f rsm;r=umrDu 'dik t f mcDukd
jypfy,f&@H_ csI ajymqdjk cif; tpd;k &.pdwt f aetxm; ajymif;vJjcif;wd@k ukd
txl;tjypfqjkd cif;rsm;jzifv h nf; jynfow l @kd u owdtxl;xm;I pOf;pm;
vdu k =f uayonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD ac: 'Dru kd &ufwpfacwftvdu k f
trsm;oabmudik n hJ m‡ I aqmif&u G &f ef t"dXmefxm;aom rif;wdik yf if
trwf toif;acgi;f aqmifOuUXjzpfol a'guw f akd *:0g uvnf; xdo k @kd yif
qdak vonf?
tvdak wmf&t d pd;k &bufu xm0&aeI a&;om;aom (tv
[mowf) owif;pm acgi;f }uD;ydik ;f u Tod@k a&;om;vsuyf g&o dS nf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
“ðyjyiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf t*FvefjynfY/ 'dkif[wf ac:

tm%mwefc;kd vdv k m;aom ygvrD efv}l u;D . vufwiG ;f Y4if;/ tdE, dN jynf
wGif (&Dtuf&iS ef m&D) ac: jynfo@l tusK;d udk ysupf ;D aESmifah ES;atmif vkyv f kd
olw@kd . vufwiG ;f Y4if; ysupf ;D a=urG+yD;jzpf&+yD ”
xdo
k @kd tjyif 4if;owif;pmu wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wd@k pkaygi;f
oif;zG@J +yD;v#if wusw d /f w^m%f/ woHwnf; nDnmI wdik ;f jynftusK;d
udk ysupf ;D aESmifah ES;atmif vkyo f wl @kd t}uHonf wjznf;jznf;tiftm;
}u;D vmI xdt k }uu H kd ckcw
H u
kd zf suvf rd rhf nf rc|wjf zpfa=umif;ESihf a&;om;
zl;av+yD? od@k jzpfI rpPwmtdik ;f ,m;. E_;d aqmfcsuu f kd tav;*&krðybJ
aezd@k &mroifah y?
apmifq
h ikd ;f ar#mv
f ifah omfvnf;
avmh&'D if;/ tdE, dN bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;onf tdE, dN jynfo@kd qdu k f
a&mufpu jynfow l @kd ar#mv f ift h m;ud;k &Sad p&atmif rsm;pGmyif zGi¹hf rGuf
ajymqdak omfvnf; ,ckwikd w f pHw k &mudk ajymqdzk ;l aom pum;twdik ;f
rwnfao;jcif;a=umifh jynfow l @kd u tm;ud;k &mra&mufojzifh jynfol
wd@k tay: =oZmwefc;kd ,kwaf vsmh vsuv f mcJ+h yD?
tdE, dN jynfY ,cktcg c%acwWr# +idrq f w
d v f #uf &Sad ejcif;
a=umifh zdEydS jf cif;/ oif;cGjJ cif;wd@k a=umifh xdjk ynf}uD;Y eef;udak tmfya&;&Si;f
=unfa&Smifjcif;tvky. f rlvtajcjzpfaom qlyEl ;dk =um;jcif;wd@k onf ,ck
tcg yaysmuf+yD at;+yD[k rqdEk ikd af o;acs?
avmh&'d if;u xdo k @kd jynforl sm;tm; csr;f omausat;atmif
b,fuo hJ @kd vyk rf nf[k pnf;urf;pepf &Syd gao;.avm[k tdE, dN jynfom;
taygi;f wd@k u apmifq h ikd ;f ihv H ifv h #uf &Sad e=uao;onf?
,ckuJhodk@ apmifhqdkif;ar#mfvifhvsuf &Sdae=ujcif;rSm tdENd,
awmif y d k i f ; taemuf y d k i f ; r#omr[k w f wjynf v H k ; Yyif j zpf o nf ?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
rpPwm*GdKufrnfaom qm'l&efewfbifem*sDydkifaom bifa*:vD ac:

owif;pmwGif azaz:0g&v D u a&;om;zl;onfrmS tdE, dN jynfonf vrf;
cGv
J rf;qH;k od@k a&muf&adS e+yD[al om pmacgi;f wyfvsuf azmfjya&;om;
onfrmS 'dik t f mcDðyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;enf;pepfonf jynfow l @kd ud, k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfa&;&Edik af om enf;vrf;jzpfatmif pDrjH cif;enf;vrf;ok@d a&muf
aomtajccHr[kwf xkx d uftvGe, f w
k ef rd ahf vjcif;a=umif; trsm;u
Av0tjypfqI kd y,fcgG a&Smif&mS ;=ua=umif;[lI qd. k ?
xdo k @kd qakd omyk*K~ v
d .
f bifa*:vD ac: owif;pmonf tpOf
rjywf tpd;k &bufuyifaeI a&;aeaom owif;pmyifjzpfonft h jyif
jynfow l @kd onf tpd;k &ESihf yl;aygi;f }uHpnfjcif;rS vGw+f idr;f jcif;&Edik rf nf[k
t+rJxifjrif,q l oabm&aom owif;pmyifwnf;?
taozGm;aomom;
'dik t
f mcDaumifpo D @kd 0ifv=kd uaom rdwaf qGw@kd onf rpPwma&;
u aemufxyfajymqdak ompum;udk owdxm;I pOf;pm;xdu k =f uonf?
xdyk *k K~ v
d af jymaompum;rSm aumifpw D iG f trwfw@kd u jynfo@l tusK;d udk
pDr=H uaomtcg bk&ifc. H “ADw”kd ac: tm%mESihf “qmwDzikd ;f ” ac:
tm%mwnf;[laom twnfjzpfap/ ysufap wcsufvGwftrdef@
vufeufawZrsm;jzifh rsm;pGmzdEydS zf suq f ;D jcif; cHc&hJ avonf?
rGezf @kd puif; ac: rGeaf w*lEiS hf avmhcsipf zd@k w@dk 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;
enf;pepfw@kd onf t*FvefygvrD efu ðyjyifqif,ifI ay;vdu k af omtcg
uyif taozGm;aomom;uJo h @kd toufygvmcJo h nfh emrfr&Sad om &kyf
tavmif;uJo h @kd yif &Sb
d .
d ?
ykvyd Xf me/ tpd;k & &mxl;cef@xm;a&;Xme/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme
wd@k ukd tpd;k &vuf&x dS m;I (&DZAfywf*su)f oD;oef@cjJG cm;xm;aom Xme
rsm;Y yg0ifapor# umvywfv;kH jynfow l @kd tm; wm0efcaJG y;pDraH pjcif;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEikd f wm0efvaJG y;&mrusI jynfow l @kd .

vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; rwd;k wufEikd b f J &Sad evdrrhf nf? Tod@k qd, k if;pum;
& csichf sed af wG;qaomf 'dik tf mcDaumifpo D @kd 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G jf cif;Y
tb,ftusK;d udk &&SEd ikd af ytHeh nf;?
rpPwma&;u 0HomEktrsKd;om;wdk@onf aumifpDudk r0if
a&muf=ujcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;vSa=umif; qdak yonf? od@k aomfvnf;
bk&ifcv H ufY ADwEkd iS q f mwDzikd ;f yg0g ac: wnfap/ ysuaf p[laom tm
%m}uD; &Sad eoIrlum; 0HomEktrwfrsm;u tb,fo@dk pGr;f aqmifEikd f
ygtehH nf;?
rpPwma&;u tpd;k &udo k wday;onfrmS jynfow l @kd tm; wm
0efct H yk cf sKyfa&; wd;k wufay;&ef tcsed o f ifv h +S yD? xdo
k @kd wd;k wufay;ygu
tdE,dN ESihf t*Fvefjynfonf a&S@o@kd qufvuf ESpo f ufcspcf ifpmG wm
&Snf t+rJaygi;f oif; qufqEH ikd =f uayvdrrhf nf[k qdak yonf?
±Gmol}u;D awGu-kd unfh

jrefrmjynftpd;k &wd@k u jynfow l @kd tvdo k @kd vdu k af vsmu
h si}hf uH
jynfow l @kd ukd n‡mwmvdak om oabm&Srd &Su d o kd v d #if vGecf ahJ om tenf;
i,f &uftwGi;f u aus;vufwu kd ef ,ftzG@J ðyI tkypf ;kd jcif;enf; Oya'
wGif &Gmol}uD;rsm;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwef ,ftzG@J wiG f yg0if&aomf &Gmol}uD;
&mxl;rS E_wx f uG &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}wdwt f zG@J o@kd &Gmol}uD;rsm;u
vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk Ekwx f uG &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}ww d tf zJ@G o@dk
r0ifv=dk ua=umif;ESihf od&onfjzpfI xk'd pd }ww d t f zJ@G o@dk &Gmol}u;D rsm;u
vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk rpGe@f vw $ &f atmif 4if;&Gmol}uD;rsm;pGmwd@k ukd
tpd;k &u wdu k ef ,fEiS 'hf pD }udwtf zG@J o@kd v$wf oGi;f wifajr‡mufcef@xm;Edik f
&ef 4if;Oya'udk twnfrðycif jyifqifjznfph u G jf yef.?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
Tta=umif;udak xmufaomf *sD / pD / bD / at . tr_aqmif

aumfrwDv}l uD;rsm;u xdak us;vufwu kd ef ,ftzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufa&;ESihf
ywfoufI xdk *sD / pD / bD / at trlaqmiftzG@J rS xGuv f #i4f if; / *sD / pD
/ bD/ at . trde@f yifv#if xdyk *k K~ v d rf sm;ESihf toif;tcsK@d w@kd u zDqef&ef
toif&h =dS uygv#uf jzpfaecdu k w f iG f tpd;k &rsm;u ,ckuo hJ @kd aus;vuf
wdu k ef ,f ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;. ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfaom (&Gmol}uD;)
udpu P kd Oya'jyifqif&ef pDro H jzifh xdk *sD / pD / bD / at u xGuaf om
trlaqmifv}l uD;wd@k EiS hf toif;om;tcsK@d w@kd .tajcudk tm;ay;cs;D jr‡ihf
atmifjrifatmifrvkyf taeusyt f xdik u f syf r}uHwwfatmif uysuf
u,uf vky&f ma&mufacsonf? xdak us;vufwu kd ef ,f tkycf sKyfa&; Oy
a'udk jyifqifcsuo f iG ;f &ef pDrcH suu f kd Zlvikd vf 25-&ufae@ jrefrmjynf
Oya' rif ; wd k i f y if O ya'ðytzG J @ tpnf ; ta0;wG i f twnf ð y&ef
wifoiG ;f vdrrhf nf? &efuek w f ikd ;f owif;pmtqdrk mS aus;vufwu kd ef ,f
tzG@J twGuf Oya't&aqmif&u G &f ef cJ,Of;jcif;udk awG@jrifo&d &dS jcif;
a=umifh 4if;Oya' jyifqifcsurf sm;udk xyfrpH rD &H jyefonfjzpfa=umif;? 4if;
jyifqifcsuw f @kd rmS XmeoH;k ydik ;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;&Sad =umif;? yxrtcsurf mS
aus;&Gmwd@k u e,fEiS 'hf pd }wdwt f zG@J o@kd 0ifa&muf&efv}l uD; a&G;aumuf
jcif; r&Scd ahJ omf tpd;k &u a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ uf cef@xm;Edik af pjcif; tvd@k
iSg4if;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm 'dp}wdwftzGJ@rS aq;&kHaumfrwDtzGJ@udk4if;/
wwd,tcsurf mS Oya'yk'rf topfjzpfI a&m*gq;kd ay:ayguv f maom
tcg ta&;ydik rf if;udk ta&;,lI taqmhwvsif pDrEH ikd jf cif;tvd@k igS jzpf
a=umif;?
tcsK@d aomaus;&Gmpkrsm;u xdak umifpo D @kd 0if&ef vl}uD; a&G;
aumufjcif;rðybJ aeaumif;ae=uvdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;? tu,fI
xdo k @kd a&G;aumufvakd omfvnf; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwaf umifpo D @kd
0ifv#if rdrv d uf&&dS mxl;udk pGe@f vw $ &f rnfjzpfI vuf&&dS mxl;udk rpGe@f
v$wv f jkd cif;a=umifh aumifpo D @kd r0ifvakd =umif; jiif;qef=uayvdrrhf nf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
,ck wnf+yD;aomOya'rSm jrLeDpy,fOya'rsm;uJo h @kd a&G;aumufwif

ajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh vl}uD;rsm;ae&mY vpfvyfcahJ omf tpd;k &u vl}uD;
wifajrm‡ ufcef@xm;Edik af om tcGit
hf m%m rygr&So d nfjzpfI tpd;k &wd@k u
xdkodk@wm0efcHaumifpDvl}uD; rpHkrvifaom 'dp}wdwftzGJ@udkyifv#if
wnfaxmif&rnfjzpfonf? od@k r[kwf Oya'ðy rif;wdik yf ifaumifpD o
abmwlcsuu f kd awmif;,lI 'dp}wdwt f zG@J udk rwnfaxmif&ao;rlI
ae@&ufuef@owfjcif; umvtydik ;f tjcm;r&Sb d J a&G@qikd ;f xm;&vdrrhf nf?
awmaus;vufrsm;ta&;
Oya'yk'rf (8) udk jyifqifcsut f =urf; pnf;urf;rSm 'dp}wdwf
aumifpt D wGuf vl}uD;a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;r&SI d &Gmol}uD;udk
tpdk;&u xdk'dp}wdwfaumifpDodk@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcef@xm;cJhrl
xd&k mG ol}uD;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd vuf&dS &Gmol}uD;&mxl;rS E_wx f u G &f efrvd?k
tu,fI aumifpDtwGuf vl}uD;rif;a&G;aumufjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&
&Gmvl}uD;rsm;udk wifajr‡mufcef@xm;aponfjzpfap/ xdo k @kd cef@xm;jcif;
a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom &Gmvl}uD;rsm;wd@k onf rdr&d mxl;udk
pGe@f vw G &f rnfqakd om xdak umifpw D @kd twGuf vl}u;D &zd@k yif rjzpfEikd af wmh
ay?
trde@f eyH gwf (3) wGif ausmufayguaf &m*g / yvdyaf &m*g/ umv
0rf;a&m*gw@kd twGuf wm0ef,I l aqmif&u G af &;onf 'dp}wdwt f zG@J EiS hf
wpHkw&mrqdkifa=umif;udk qdkxm;avonf? xdktrdef@yk'fr (3) udk
xdOk ya'rS xkwEf w _ yf ,fzsuv f ukd yf gu 'dp}wdwt f zG@J onf xdak &m*gw@kd
ta&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;odk@yifjzpfaomfvnf;
aumifpt D pnf;ta0;onf w}urd Ef iS w hf }urd f pnf;a0;&efumv a0;jcm;
vSaoma=umifh &kww f &ufay:ayguf ul;pufjyef@ymG ;vmaom a&m*gq;kd
wd@k ukd umuG,Ef rdS ef if;&ef cufcaJ yvdrrhf nfjzpfa=umif; xdo k @kd ta&;w}u;D

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ay:aygufvmaom a&m*gqdk;udk ta&;ydkifrif;u pDrHEdkifaom tcGifh

tm%m &&Sad p&ef yk'rf 65 (u) t& jyifqifcsuf ðyvkyx f m;&ayonf?
xdak &m*gq;kd wd@k ukd umuG,w f eG ;f vSe&f eftwGuf p&dwaf =u;aiGw@kd ukd 'd
p}wdwt f zG@J u ukeu f sc&H rnfjzpfI aus;&Gmrsm;udk oef@&iS ;f atmif xdk
aumifpt D zG@J aumfrwDw@kd u txl;owdðyI pDr=H u&ayvdr@f rnf? Tod@k
v#if &efuek w f ikd ;f owif;pmwGif yg&adS vonf?
'gawGukd zd-uEdyS -f utrdef h

Zlvdkifv 11-&ufae@ &efukefa*Zuf owif;pmwGif azmfjy
aom jrefrmjynftpdk;&wdk@. “ &Daqmf vsL;&Sif;” ac: qHk;jzwfcsuf
trde@f awmfjyefwrf;rSm tpd;k &wd@k . pdwaf eoabmxm;udk xif&mS ;pGmjrif
Edik af yonf? 4if; trde@f awmfjyefwrf;u Tod@k q. kd ? taemufwikd ;f om;
wd@k . “'Dru kd a&pDyvkd pfwpf” enf;pepfonfum; tpd;k &wd@k . tkycf sKyf
a&; enf;emud4k if;/ u,fbeD ufrifepfpwm ac: pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfaom eef;
&if;0eftrwf}uD;wd@k . ðyrl&efenf;pepfu4kd if;/ ckcq H yl l atmf[pfvy_ &f mS ;
=uonfr&S?d tpd;k &. tufp=D uLwpf ac: tr_aqmifw@kd .trde@f ukd zDqef
jcif;/ xdt k rde@f w@kd onf enf;vrf;us./ rus.[k pHpk rf;ar;jref;jcif;udk
rðy=uacs? tdE, dN ESijhf refrmjynfrsm;Yum; 4if;uJo h @kd r[kw?f xdok @kd r[kwf
aom t&if;rlvta=umif;udu k m; zGix hf wk ¹f ru
G qf &kd efrvd?k Tjynfrsm;Y
um; tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;. trde@f tm%mudk zDqef=ujcif;/ &Gmvl}u;D rsm;od@k
aom tpd;k & tvky0f wW&m;udk zDqef=ujcif;wd@k jzifo h m tpd;k &.tkycf sKyfykH
enf;pepfukd róuduEf ikd af =umif; ajymqdq k yl l v_y&f mS ;vm=uavonf?
jynfoyl ikd t f pd;k &wd@k u aus;&GmOya'rsm;udk jyifqif&atmif
jynfow l @kd u w&m;ojzifh qlyv l y_ &f mS ;jcif;udu k m; wpHw k &m taESmifh
t,Suf wm;qD;uef@uu G jf cif; ðyvdrrhf nfr[kw?f ,cktcg aus;&Gm Oya'
udk jyifqifajymif;vJ&eftcsed f a&mufav+yDr[kwaf o;[k tcsKd @aom

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
t&m&Sdwdk@u qifjcifoabm&=uonf? aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;. trdef@

tm%mudk r&drk ao rxdrjhJ rifðy=ujcif; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf jynfoEl iS hf
yl;aygi;f I tpd;k &ESihf qef@usib f uf ðyvky=f ujcif;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f
Oya'ao0yfwnfwHhjcif; jynf&Gmat;csrf; +idrfoufjcif;wdk@. tajccH
tkwfjrpfudk zsufqD;&musjcif;a=umifh xdk@aomtvkyfwdk@udk 'dp}wdwf
t&m&Sw d @kd u pGr;f tm;&So
d r# zdEydS cf sKd ;zsu=f u&ayrnf[I l qdx k m;cJoh nf?
tpdk;&wdk@u txufwGifqdkcJhaom oabmxm;pdwfxm;rsKd; &SdcJhacsrl
jynfow l @kd u tb,fo@kd aomenf;ESihf xdt k pd;k &wd@k EiS hf aygi;f oif; quf
oG,I f jynfusKd ;csr;f omudk aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gtehH nf;?
tdE, dN jynfwiG f tpd;k &ESiyhf ;l aygi;f rS jynfusKd ;csr;f omcGihf &Edik rf nf
[k t,lonf;vSaom arm'&dwf ac: tvdak wmf&w d @kd yifv#if rdrwd @kd .
onf;vSaomt,l rSm;aea=umif;udo k Id pdwyf suv f ufysuf vufavsmS h
ch=J uav+yD? tv[mbwfòrd@ “vD;'g;” ac: owif;pmu tvdak wmf&d
rif;wdik yf iftrwfrsm; vcpm; wm0efct H rwfrsm;bufrS ckcI H a&;om;
onfrSm xdktrwfwdk@onf tpdk;&wdk@ xkwfjyefxm;aom zdESdyfjcif;
trde@f tm%m pnf;pepfw@kd EiS rhf qdik af =umif;? xdt k rwfEpS rf sK;d wd@k onf
tpd;k &.zdEydS jf cif;/ tkycf sKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufI wpHw k &m pGuzf uf ajym
qdEk idk =f uonf Tod@k qx kd m;.?
zdEydS jf cif;ESihf trwfrif;

,if;pum;t& q&mawmfuqdv k okd nfrmS tvdak wmf&t d rwf
rsm;. qifajcpum;twdik ;f yifv#if tvGew f &m tESpo f m&jynf0h onfh
jynfow l @kd . csr;f ompD;yGm;&Edik af om 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfjcif; enf;pepfjzpf
onf[k txl;wrGef tvGet f rif; a=umfjimxm;aom enf;opf pnf;
urf;rSm trwfw@kd u jynfoq l if;&Jom;wd@k . &xdu k af om atmufq;kH
wef;pH vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifajymqdkjcif;yifv#if r&Edkifatmif rw&m;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ydwfyif zdESdyfaomtrdef@rsKd;udkr# aumifpDtrwfwdk@u rwm;jrpfEdkif

a=umif; xif;&Sm;vS.[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? [if'o l wif;pmu qdo k nfrmS
+Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@u tdENd,jynftwGuf tvGeftHhzG,fjzpfatmif
ðyvkyaf ybd.? od@k &mwGif tdE, dN jynfow l @kd ukd aºuG;wifu|ejf zpfaom
b0 ra&mufr4SD if; tpd;k &wd@k . &mxl;[lor#w@kd rmS tdE, dN wdik ;f &if;om;
wd@k jynfEh u S pf mG r0ifa&muf&cif4if;/ [kr&R ;l ay;cJv h #iu
f m; xdo k @kd ay;jcif;
twGuf armfueG ;f a&;I aovmtuQ&m ausmufpmwifoifah yrnfjzpf
a=umif;? tb,fa=umifrh u l m; +Aw d o
d #tpd;k &wd@k onf ajymqdk uwdxm;
aomtcgYrlum; xdkodk@ajymqdk0efcHwwf.? xdkodk@0efcHonfhtwdkif;
ay;aomtcgusrS pnf;urf;pepfwdk@udk oG,f0dkufusOf;ajrmif;atmif
vkyu f ikd If xdu k wdxm;cJoh nft h wdik ;f vufajr‡muf,o l w l @kd u r,lEikd f
atmif qd;k 0g;onf jzpfavbd.? Ttvdak wmf&rd sm;onf jAL&du k &uf
tpdk;&. tcspfawmfrsm; jzpf=uonf? odk@&mwGif omrnyk*~dKvfrsm;
r[kwfvSacs? xdkyk*~dKvfwdk@onf tvGefynmwwfajrmuf=uonfhjyif
avmu. tavhtvmudv k nf; odu|r;f olrsm;jzpf=uonf? wdik ;f jynf
ESit hf rsK;d udvk nf; tvGecf spcf if=uaomolrsm;jzpf=uonf? od@k &mwGif
xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd . t,ltqrSmum; jAL&du k a&pDtpd;k &wd@k onf xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd
xuf tvGet f iftm; }uD;rm;vSonft h wGuf ckcw H u
kd cf u kd &f ef cufcv J S
onf[k xifrw S v
f suaf e=uonf? TwGio f m xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd cufcjJ cif;
&Sad vonf? xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfa&;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifvsux f m;aom
wHcg;udk xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd u csK;d zJah zmufzsujf cif;rSm rpGr;f =uacs? xdyk *k Kd~ vf
wd@k onf jAL&du k &uftpd;k &. =oZmatmufwiG f vkyu f ikd af e=u&onf
jzpfI 4if;wd@k teuf tcsK@d aomyk*Kd~ vfw@kd onf pdwaf ysmt h ! d w $ af jymif;
&Sjd cif;/ tpd;k &bufo@kd ,dr;f ,dik jf cif;&S&d avonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
acwftvdu
k f em;rsufpyd iG _hf yD
Tod@k tmZmenf (oHcw J ikd )f yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;yifv#if jAL&du k &uf
wd@k . =oZmzH;k v$r;f jcif;udk }uchH ikd pf mG rcHEikd =f ujcif;a=umifh t&nftcsi;f ESihf
ynm^m%futp ysujf ym;azmufjyefjcif;&S=d u&v#if jrefrmtrsK;d om;
wd@k rmS tb,fo@kd &S=d uavtheH nf;? od@k a=umifh jrefrmrsK;d cspt f aygi;f wd@k u
Tod@k tqdyrf r$ ;f aom !$wu f iG ;f avSmiftrd o f @kd r0if=ubJ }uH}h uHch I H
jiif;qefxu kd v
f aS yonf? jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif;wd@k onf +Adwo d #w@kd u
jynfou l kd vGwv f yfciG ahf y;I tkycf sKyfjcif;/ omrmpm& w&m;"rRY anmif;
jcif;wd@k ukd ,k=H unftm;xm;=u&ef a&S;tpOf arG;zGm;puyif ouf0if
,H=k unfc=hJ uayonf? ,ckacwftvdu k f aemufom;vli,fw@kd Ed;k =um;
xif&mS ;=uonfeh nf;um;/ xdv k al [mif;}uD;wd@k .oabmwGif =urf;wrf;
&ke;f &if;=uonfjzpfI róudu0f Hh rvdu k 0f &hH =dS uayonf?
,cktrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifw@kd rmS xdak &S;a[mif;vl}u;D rsm;uJo h @kd
r[kw?f acwftavsmuf em;/ rsupf d zGiI hf od=um;jrifajrmfEikd =f uaom
owWpd rG ;f &nf&=dS uayonf? Tod@k v#if aus;Zl;xl;I tusK;d rsm;acsonf?
,ckacwfopfwGif usa&mufzGm;jrif ae@pOf=um;odrSwfom;
=u&aom A[kow k jzifh 'Dru
kd &pDacwf}uD;. tusK;d xl;um; tm;xm;
&S=d u&onfh tcdu k t f cg vomwke;f Adik ;f iif qdak ompum;t& Zmwd
rmewd@k òz;d v#aH wmufyapvsuf ol&owWu d kd pG+J rpJ mG vufuikd x f m;+y;D v#if
auo&mZmjcaoFw h @kd . twktrlu, kd v l #uf a&S@o@kd pu kd pf u
kd f tzd;k xdu k f
vSpmG aom vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;od@k ajcvSr;f rqkwf pdwrf óuHbJ óud;
pm;aqmif&Guf=ubdavm? ,if;odk@rSomv#if jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdk@.
oGm;vrf;yGiahf csawmhrnf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
&Jv#i}f u/H a-umufv#ijf yef

vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;udk qGwcf ;l &vd=k u.avm? xdo k @dk &vd=k u
v#iu f m; 'kuw Q @kd ukd yrm%rxm; a=umuftm;rydb k J oJrI J óud;ukwf
aemufqw k w f eG @f wjkd cif; pdwxf m;r&So d if=h uay? “&Jv#i}f uH/ a=umufv#if
jyef” [laom ed,mr=o0g'udk taxmuftxm;ðy+yD; óud;pm;oif=h u
ay.?
taESmiftzG@J EiS hf ae&jcif;onfum; tpOfojzifh tusO;f tcsKyf
wGi&f adS om vGwv f yfueG @f jrL;jcif;r&Sad om pdwaf eoabmxm;ESihf ae=u
&onfomwnf;?
ol&owWd tenf;i,fw;kd yGm;zG@H òz;d wd;k wufoefapI usi}hf u&H u G f
aqmif=uygrlum; wae@ae@wGif jrefrmjynf}uD;onf taESmiftzGJ@rS
vGwaf jrmufI trsK;d .*k%f xifay:ausmaf pmpGm j'yfou d mQ ESihf jynf0h
aom t&nftcsif;udk&=uv#uf OD;acgif;armfI oGm;vmaexdkifEdkif
=uayvdrrhf nf? Tenf;Oya'udu k m; wrsK;d om;omv#irf [kwf urBm
ay:&Sd vltaygi;f wd@k u "rRwmobm0 ESpòf cdujf rwfav; &S=d uonfom
wnf;? ESpaf ygi;f 150-ywfv;kH tdE, dN jynf}uD;onf jAL&du k a&pD. vuf
atmufwGif EdkifiHjcm;u vma&mufpdk;rdk;olwdk@. tpDtrHudkcH+yD;rS
wdik ;f jynfa&;&mY wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k 0ifa&muf pDrcH ef@c&JG ef tcGirhf &aomf
vnf; onf;cHauseyfvsuf trsK;d om;wd@k . ZmwdaoG;pdww f @kd qkw, f w k f
a&G@vsm;vmonfukd yrmr&_ *&krxm; pGr;f tm;raqmif &Sad ecJah vonf?
xdo k @kd v#if tpd;k &wd@k u 0rf;ajrmufatmif uwday;jcif;jzifh 0rf;omvdu k &f
jcif;/ xdu k wdtwdik ;f csr;f omcGirhf & ray;aomfvnf; a&mif&h w J if;wdrf
vsuf jAL&du k &ufw@kd u tkypf ;kd I (xrf;yd;k ) wyfxm;jcif;udk onf;cHvsuf
ae=uonf? aemufq;kH wpfae@wiG f tdraf cgirf ;kd uGt J ufòydvmonfuo hJ @kd
Ed;k =um;xºuGvm=uav.? r[wWr*EN. D E_;d aqmftm;ay;aom=o0g'
pum;rSm “tdt k csi;f wd@k tusO;f rSvw G af jrmufatmif xGuo f mG ;Edik =f u

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ygv#if tb,fa=umifh taESmiftzG@J wnf;[laom ydu k u

f eG w
f iG ;f Y ae=u
bdoenf;? tcsif;wdk@. pdk;rdk;ol tpdk;&ydkifrif;. vufwGif; "m;/ vSH/
aoewf vufeuftiftm;Av&Sad yonf? ok@d yifwap xku d m,Av
wnf;[laom vufeuftiftm;xuf }uD;rm;aom vufeuf}uD; &Sad y
ao;onf? tpd;k &ESihf wpHw k &m qufqaH ygi;f oif; ulnjD cif;rðy[lI
y[m,e OayuQmom &_=uavmh? tpd;k &udk =unfa&Smif=uavmh? xdo k @kd
ðyEdik =f uayrlum; xdak oewftajrmuf vufeufw@kd onf =uL&d;k jruf
ajcmufw@kd uo hJ @kd tvdt
k avsmuf tv[\ a=urGysupf ;D =u&ayvdrhf
rnf”?
vGwv
f yfa&;atmifqo
k nf igwdk v
h ufwiG ;f rSm&So
d nf
tcsi;f wd@k ukd taESmiftzG@J EiS x hf m;aom tusO;f axmif.wHcg;rS
xkyaf vsmS ufwef;vsm; oHwikd rf sm;onf ysu+f yD; av#mus&ayvdrrhf nf?
,if;od@k w+yD;um; tcsi;f wd@k . vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; atmifyef;onf
vufvrS ;f rS&D mY tomqGwcf ;l &,lEikd af pjcif;tvd@k imS wnfvsuyf if
awG@&=dS u&ayvdrrhf nf? TuJo h @kd eufav;qef;=u,faom ed,mr=o0g'
}uD;twdik ;f tdE, dN wdik ;f oljynfom;taygi;f wd@k u vdu k ef musi}hf uH =u
acs+yD?
,ck xdt k rsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k aqmif&u G vf su&f adS e=uonfrmS
tH=h ozG,f ta&;ta=umif;}uD;rsm;udyk if atmifjrifcahJ v+yD? vlw@kd .
Zmwdpdwfonf oefpGrf;vmcJhav+yD? a&S;umvu or,wdk@uJhodk@
r[kw?f pdwaf [mif;ajymif;I pdw"f mwftopf ay:ayguv f m=uav+yD?
a=umufpw d af ysmufI ig.pdwx f m; t"dXmef tmodoudk csK;d zJEh rdS ef if;jcif;
iSg tb,fow l @kd pGr;f Edik b
f .
d enf;[laom rmeaoG;"mwfonf ay:vmcJh
av+y?D vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGio hf nfum; igw@kd .&xdu k af om urBm. tarG
tESpf jzpfonf? Tod@k aom tarGtESpu f kd r&v#irf ae awGawGóud;

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ukwv f suf rqkwrf epfaomvH@k vowWjd zifh &atmif,rl nf[al ompdwf

ay:ayguv f m=uav+yD? a&S@o@kd qifq h ifph w D ef;I wd;k wufvrS ;f cGi&hf =dS uav
+yD? jAL&du k a&pDw@dk onf T,ckwESpt f wGi;f yGiv hf if;vmaom Zmwdrm
e aoG;"mwf vGwv f yfjcif;vdv k m;tyfaom tmodoqENukd jynfow l @kd
u pdw0f ifpm;atmif ESpaf ygi;f waxmifyifv#if pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyf oif=um;ay;
=uapumrl oif=um;ay;Edik v f rd rhf nfr[kwaf cs?
r,drf;r,dkif }uHhcdkifwnfwHhaom tvGeftHh=ozG,fjzpfaom
TrnfaomtdE, dN . acwfx;l ta&;awmfyo kH nf tdE, dN &mZ0ifwiG f
vnf; róuHczhJ ;l ay? urBmay:&Sd wdik ;f jynfEikd if w H @kd wiG v f nf; róuH r=um;
zl;cJah y? ukaÉ(30) avmuftrsKd ;om;wd@k u rdrw d @kd ukd a&S;ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm
uyif tpOfaESmifz@JG vsux f m;aom tusO;f avmiftrd . f wHcg;udk csK;d zsuf
zGivhf pS =f uav+y?D jrefrmjynf}u;D . usuo f a& tdE, dN jynf}u;D . enf;ay;
vrf;jyOya'onf Ak'j< rwfpmG . 0drw k &dW o a'oemawmfw@kd ukd axmuf
xm;tm;rDSjcif;ðyvsuf Edk;=um;=uavm/ vHk@vxkwfI aqmif&Guf=u
avm[k T,ck'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD;u 'g,um/ 'g,dumrtaygif;
trsK;d aumif;0HomEkw@kd tm; aqmf=owdu k w
f eG ;f vsuaf eacs+yD? Ed;k =um;
xºuGaomvH@k vjzifh aqmif&u G =f uyg.avm/ vGwv f yfjcif;atmifqu k kd
óud;yrf;pGm vk,lxdkufonfr[kwfygavm/ vGwfvyfa&;atmifqkudk
&Edik &f ef tajconf 'g,um/ 'g,u d mrwd@k . vufwiG ;f Yyif&adS yonf?
xdt
k ajconfum; rdrw d @kd u rnfuo hJ @kd tmoDoxm;=uonf?
rnfuo hJ @kd aom &JprG ;f owWEd iS hf pGe@f pm; }upH nf=uonf? Tod@k aom tajc
taewd@k onfomv#if atmifqu k &kd Edik =f urnf? 'l;ykqpfwyk I f vufprkH ;kd
vsu&f cdS ;kd yefwmG awmif;qd&k monfr[kw/f xdo k @kd c,awmif;qdjk cif;jzifh
vnf; r&Edik af y?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
'dik t
f mcDEiS hf bm;ewfa[mufwef
rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefu 'dkiftmcDudk vufcHxdkuf

a=umif; t}uaH y;cJah v+y[ D k 'g,um/ 'g,u d mrwd@k em;Y rsm;pGm =um;=u
&ayvdrrhf nf? xdo
k @dk aomowif;pum;udk em;wGi=f um;atmif ajymqdk
olw@kd onf rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefta=umif;udk aumif;aumif;
od=u[efrwlay?
bm;ewfa[mufwefonf &ufowWtywfwikd ;f e,l;bm;rm;
owif;pmxJwiG f 'dik t f mcDukd jiif;y,f&ef a&;om;I t}uaH y;vsuf csn;f
omwnf;?
1921-ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D 20-&ufae@ e,l;bm;rm; owif;pm
pmrsuEf mS -7 wGibf m;ewfa[mufwefu Tod@k a&;om;cJo h nf?
oifwkd u
h akd pmfum;cJ_h yD
“tb,fa=umifh oifwdk@onf ,ckumvaygufzGm;aom
oli,fwdk@tm; xdkolwdk@&xdkufaom vGwfvyfa&;udk ay;&Edkifatmif
}uHaqmifcGifhudk aESmifhaES;zifhEGJIae=ubdoenf;? tb,fha=umifh
xdok il ,fw@kd . pdw/f ^m%f/ t}uHueG @f jrL;tyfaom vGwv f yfjcif;b0udk
r&atmif ydwfyif=ubdoenf;? tb,fha=umifh ,ckcsufcsif; rdrdwdk@
&xdu k af om ray;bJraeEdik af om urBm. tarGtESpjf zpfaom vGwv f yf
jcif;ta&;udk csucf si;f raESmif; rawmif;qd=k ubdoenf;? y&d,m,fjzifh
qifw&l ;kd rSm; vSnphf m;jzm;a,mif;I (tqmajy[efaqmif tpmtm[m
&ozG,)f ay;aom'dik t f mcD tkycf sKyfa&;udk &J&pJ eG @f ypf jiif;y,f=ubdavm?
jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k EiS 4hf if;/ trdjrefrmjynf}u;D ESi4hf if;/ oifah vsmx f ukd w
f ef
vSaom [kr&R ;l tppfuo kd m ,lrnf[k t=uyftwnf; awmif;qd=k uyg

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
bdavm?” Tod@k a&;om;wdu k w f eG ;f .? 4if;aemufxo kd wif;pm azaz:

0g&v D 27-&ufae@/ pmrsuEf mS -8 wGipf macgi;f }uD;ydik ;f Y qdx k m;azmfjy
onfum; -
“'dkiftmcDonf trdjrefrmjynf}uD;. &if0Ypdkufxdk;aom
"m;ajrm‡ ifyifv#ijf zpfa=umif;? od@k jzpfjcif;a=umifh tpd;k &. jrefrmwdik ;f usK;d
owif;pmESihf ol&, d owif;pmwd@k omv#if 'dik t f mcDbufu ajymqdck s;D y
a&;om;=uonfjzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;trsKd;om; owif;pmwdk@u
vH;k vH;k ppfppfjzpfaom [kr&R ;l udo k m vdv k m;a&;om;=uonf? 'dik t f mcD
ay;jcif;onf jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . pGr;f &nfowWu d kd apmfum;&efp&m
usa=umif;? xd'k ikd t f mcDukd ay;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd jynfukd rdrw d @dk u,kd yf ikd f
wm0efct H yk cf sKyfEikd af om pGr;f &nfAswrdW &Sad o;[k qd&k ma&mufa=umif;?
xdo k @kd aom qifajcem;oGi;f pum;rsK;d ESihf tpd;k &ay;tHah om vmbfvmb
wd@k jzifh 'dik t
f mcDvv kd m;aom vltrsm;wd@k ukd usK;H oGi;f avonf? 'dik t f mcD
orm;wd@k uvnf; [kr&R ;l &Edidk &f ef 'dik t f mcD pcef;vrf;ayguu f oGm;jcif;
onf ab;&efuif;&Si;f I c&D;oGm;&ef tvHòk cHq;kH tjrefq;kH enf;vrf; jzpf
a=umif;[k ajymqdck s;D usL;=uI 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufrcHbJ y,f&mS ;jiif;qef
=urnfqakd omf jrefrmwd@k onf a&S@o@kd w;kd wufEikd jf cif;r&Sb d J aemufqw k f
wH@k jyef=uvdrrhf nfjzpfa=umif;udk qd=k uonf? ,if;od@k qd=k ujcif;onfum;
u|epf w d af ygu=f uaomolw@kd . pdwaf eoabmxm;udk vltrsm;odom
xif&mS ;&Hrk #yifv#ijf zpfa=umif;? 'dik t f mcDorm;wd@k onf 'dik t f mcD tkypf ;kd
enf;udk ay;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k ukd tvGerf eG jf rwfaom qk}u;D ay;
onf[yk if xifaumif;xif=uayvdrrhf nf? od@k &mwGif xd'k ikd t f mcDorm;
wd@k onf jrefrmjynf}u;D . vGw+f ird ;f csr;f oma&;onf jrefrmwd@k . vufY
yif wnf&adS =umif;? xdv k wG +f idr;f csr;f oma&;udk óud;yrf;wukwf txl;
vH@k vxkwI f raqmif&u G uf rkcs&Edik rf nfr[kwaf =umif;”ESihf twdt
vif ; zG i f h q d k a &;om;azmf j yavonf ? xd k e ,l ; bm;rm;owif ; pm
azaz:0g&v D 3-&ufae@/ pmrsuEf mS eHygwf (9) wGi-f ---

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vGwv
f yfueG f jh rL;pGm ae-utHah vm
“jrefrmjynf}uD;rSmvnf; aumif;qd;k udpjP zpfysu&f zd@k tcdu k óf uH
vmcJah v+y?D jAL&du k &ufw@kd . acwfyifjzpftahH vm/ trsK;d om;wd@k . acwf
yifjzpftahH vm vGwv f yfueG @f jrL;pGmyif ae=utHah vm/ tdE, dN twGuf
rSmrlum; 'dik t f mcDtedpaP &mufI toufaysmufcahJ v+y?D jrefrmjynf}u;D
uvnf; 'dkiftmcD xdkodk@toufaysmufatmif ðyvkyf=ubdavm?
xd'k ikd t
f mcD tpd;k &u taiG@jzifrh id_ ;f wdu k af om tqdy. f o¿mefjzpfaom
u|ef.b0Y aevdkaomolwdk@. t}uH^m%fay;csufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;
y,f&mS ;=uI rdrw d @kd . ZmwdtarGukd &&Sad tmif awmif;qd=k ubdavm?
“'dik t
f mcDurkd vdk / [kr&R ;l omvdo k nf? 'dik t f mcDurkd ,l/ [kr&R ;l
ppfppfr, S rl nf? Tod@k omv#if yef;rH;k wdik &f . dS ? xdo
k @kd atmifyef;qk &&S&d ef
jrefrmwd@k rsuEf mS rlI óud;pm;=u&rnf? tpnf;tvH;k jzpfatmif óud;pm;
=uavmh? wnDw!$wfwnf; a&S@wl&SLudkvSrf;csDI wuf=ubdavm?
tiftm;jynfh0ol&owWd&Sdaom vlaygif; 10-oef;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@
awmif;qdkcsufonf w&m;"rRobm0ESifh nDvSonfjzpfaoma=umifh
rnforl # aESmif, h u S w f m;qD;Edik rf nf r[kwaf cs?” [k Tod@k qjkd yefao;.?
[kr&R ;l ppfppfrS vufc-H u

azaz:0g&Dv 2-&uf jynfvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;ta0;}uD;
ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI 4if;owif;pmuyif “t&dyt f a&mifr#om jzpf
aom 'dik tf mcDvma&mufonf&adS omf rjywfrvyf raerem; wdu k cf ukd f
vkyf}uH=u&rnf jzpfacsonf? xdkodk@wdkufcdkuf&rnf jzpfaoma=umifh
[kr&R ;l wnf;[laom csr;f oma&;onf wjznf;jznf;aemufo@kd qkwcf mG
oGm;I aemufq;kH tcsed w
f iG f xd[
k rk &R ;l yef;wdik o
f nf vH;k vH;k aysmufu, G f
rsufajcjywfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? rnfodk@ tkyfpdk;enf;udkyif ay;cJhavap

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
jrefrmwdk@onf [krR&l;ppfppfuvGJv#if jiif;y,fpGm pGef@ypf&kHom

&Sad vawmhonf?”
-umv#if pdwaf zmufjyefvmrnf
{+yDv 6-&ufae@ xdo k wif;pmuyif pmrsuEf mS -8 Y ”ynm&Sd

vlwpfpku t=urf;rzufbJ =uOfa&Smifjcif;tvkyfwGif tusKd;r&Sd[k
oabmxm;=uavonf[k” u|Ekfyfwdk@rSm pdk;rdk;jcif;cH&aom vuf
atmufEikd if o H m;jzpfjcif;a=umifh =uOfa&Smifaomtvkyu f kd wnDw!Gwf
wnf; pdwt f m;xufoefpmG ESihf ðyvky=f u&rnf? xdek nf;vrf;wckomv#if
[kr&R ;l vGwv f yfa&; &Edik &f efvrf;a=umif; jzpfacsawmhonf?”
arv 18-&ufae@ pmrsuEf mS -5wGif “jAL&du k &ufw@kd . vuf
atmufwiG f aexdik &f jcif;onfum; toufEiS hf ae&onfuo hJ @kd r[kw/f
emrf0^d m%fr&Sad omolEiS hf wlacsonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd .ud,
k u f kd taESmiftzG@J
ESihf xm;jcif;cHae&onfjzpfI v_y&f mS ;uGe@f jrL; touf&LS jcif; rðyEdik &f adS csrl
um; raumif;aompdwf azmufjyefvmI a&m*ga0'em uyfvmayvdrhf
rnf? ud, k pf wd uf se;f rmcsr;f oma&;twGuf vlwikd ;f yifv#if vGwv f yfa&;
&&Sad p&rnf” [k TuJo h @kd q.
kd ?
&efou
l &kd ifqikd &f rnf
pufwifbmv 6 &uf ae@u “jrefrmwd@k onf rdrw d @kd vGwv f yf
a&;twGuEf iS hf rdr*d %
k jf 'yf !_;d ydejf cif;udk rcHEidk I
f xkjd 'yfou d mQ udk jyef
vnfyiG vhf ef;vmapjcif;iSg wdu k cf u kd &f ayrnf? rnforl # rdrw d @kd vuf0,f
&&Sad omtm%mwefc;kd udk tvdt k avsmuf ay;urf;pGe@f vw $ v f =kd urnf
r[kwaf y? tcsK@d aom jrefrmwd@k onf xdo k @kd wukd cf u
kd &f rnfukd &G@H a=umuf
xdwv f ef@I aemufo@kd qkw=f uonf? wdww f qdwyf ek ;f atmif; a&Smif

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
wdr;f =uI 'dik t f mcDukd vdv k m;onft h aeESihf taygi;f toif;wd@k ukd cGcJ mG
pGe@f ypfI oGm;=u+yD;v#if &efow l @kd EiS hf yl;aygi;f =uavonf?
“od@k a=umifh pdwu f ckd ikd cf ikd xf m;I &efou l rkd suEf mS rlI &ifqikd f
awG@q=kH ubdavm? xdo k @kd vt l csi;f csi;f nDnmI wpdww f oHwnf; &JprG ;f
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ဗမာ့ေခတ္ ဦးဘရင္ - ဆရာေတာ္ ဦးဥတၱမ လြတ္လပ္ေရးစိတ္ဓာတ္ မ်ိဳးေစ့ခ်ခဲ့သူ

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ဗမာ့ေခတ္ ဦးဘရင္ - ဆရာေတာ္ ဦးဥတၱမ လြတ္လပ္ေရးစိတ္ဓာတ္ မ်ိဳးေစ့ခ်ခဲ့သူ

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