i

!:

TECFNICAL

NOTE

NO.

8_.

TPIE CHOICE

OF

T}._; SPEED

OF

/'.NAiPSHIP.

oui=erlo_ an airship of and

navigation improve

can its is

increase

corsiderabiy One of the most

the

range

of

economy. the question,

imports_nt _o choose at .... conditions nay be cf

_roblems every answer Jt is

navigation and on to in

"_hich steer but

speed the -"

moment depends possible if is with

which

direction

to

many give

considerations, some fairly

for rules

usual which

simple

advantage it course est the m:W side

reasonably

applied. first of all to keep always that <ohso_u_e the shortof :_ind the the _s baokto

desirable respect distance

to

the

earth's

surface zoint the in of

"<-hich gives and

absolute

between the

starting and

destination of cases and, the

vova. g_,_ whatever be. rind This is

strength of

dire __on the rare airship; _ that _. that , the in of it.

impossible the strong airship

course speed it may

that if

exceeds ,_na is the

grextest enough on her

the

contrary a..l_ to _-_rds. be tive under voyace, able to

_aN_e .. _ but

*'_= navigator o.',_ it is driven

hold Under to _ t_

course,

ordinary her is

conditions, and 't_e the to

however advance path

air s=_-iJ ought "_'_= ....path

keep wind

course then that

rela-

relative wind is is the

shortest during

distance, the if entire the wind

the

condition hence

constant most

and

the

course

favorable,

r%

changes be

but

"" -'_'_, s._ig._.y, increased. different, ".ind is is

the

distance For

relative changes

to

.._ the _ind of the k_ov;

" w_.!l

mot

materi_.il7 may 5e

extreme navigator change; any

side in

_-ind in -___

this

but going

the to than

cannot the

general it

v.-hat v:ay the cons_r,_ is the in most

_-,probabi._ '' .... that j. and of any other

greater

other, The

sss-.nu_tiDn _ind oc; is

c_scs ._:,__:',.,s.nz

q_,_ite a_'bitrs_ry. one and simplest,

case

coasta.n_ and should

mc'_ s ed. In

therefore,

d].-_c.us

o]ear cou:r or

_a_her
50.

the

n_vlg&to-_" he sea can he

is

well

_ble the

to

deoermine n_otion

the of .... i

c _b _'__ ...........

'_4"e

Over

land

observe can and water the drop

re).s.tive hiD it.

objects vi_J.cle object

lig?ts,

s.nd over at

down

i..o_i.n_ The

oh _,_-_'_,luminoas assume_ the

night, of the but of

obsel_-e and

floa_-in_. ..: i:_

velooity it i_ true; speed be

does of and

_-_ot _.__'- _t is

}-_l.%ce&bsolut_,3y, when in comps_red

motion

_:nt_r is

su'._,l _ knc-v:: is

_.:ith the can

the into

airship

moreover

_.-:_any_oo_-_ and : however_ longsr then

tzken of

oo:_sideration. obje_s rye

I _ th =_ _ir beneath the

foggy, is no

the

method It

obse_,ing that

.:_irship o-._n be

Fossibie. by other

:._ay be

_revzo_s: if Che

me_hod 3]'4, is

r_p,.a,, ble, o2 Now .re._peot no_ts _ourse be of

r.:etnods,

astronomical

visi-

alectrica!. let to the "Speed" as V, denote by at the the velocity speed of meter. tc tn_ a.i_'.=,hi/', comi:.c:with

the

air, speed denoted W

measured

The the

this be by

p_%:"_.lle! and V_ ;tn@. V_. be

right The

_ngle

-_so!ute_ _:my
_U

may

abso__._te into the

_-ind

vel.%c- ty

denoted

an,! may

resolved

t-_vo co_tonents

._

tree side

_ind_

at

r-_gnt

sng!es

to

the

a_sc -

_ite

co_Ar

se.

I-'

'L- ""_

_-v

"r

i
vl

/
/

Fig.

I.

It

can

e_sily is to V_ the

Oe _

se._n ,,_ :

,_. ... t t_e . O" th._t to be is

condition to s_y, and s}eed the

for that

keeL:-_L.g ,he the s[eed to the

absolute

_or_rse angle T%e teed the

c.t ri__ht si_e and s}eed wi:.d. i _r_of

course of the

h_s

equal side

c_-cosite is thus

qusstion to the

absolute

settled the

chief

proalem,

that

is

_:ag._.!tude of

_irsb ip. _-_, me favorable of speed of an " alrsn _ i p is cf chiefly fuel per determined uuit of The it wind is or by _,a, resultf_vcr-con-

the ed ing

conditior, dist_m _= rules that wind,

t]_e i._.st othethe in

consumption conditions of

olthough on

come the of

into

_lav.

depend is

character the

-,-_'_ind; _vhether travel, of side the

_.bie, trary

nearly they

direction on the

and

de_end

variability

ef',:.'_-.'iE'.:::3 _

cf

the

e:_.gine-propsi!er

units.

With

respect

to this

last

consid-

eration

._wo main cases are of

to be distzngu_.shed." " speed the =:'ciency__,._c_r. "_,e.sui:pcssd in this case the consumFtion speed, of fuel that

:"''_'w;1_,_r,.;;_ds rsng:; a to b_ praotic_lly per unit is, of time

-,-,............ is proportional to is

to the

cu_be of the

proportional this time

(V. 2 + W2 s!2 _) (V_ + W_).

and the traveled

distance per unit In this

and are of the that

during

Hence _he consumption to

V1 + ":t

of traveled
expression therefore th_ minimum

distsnce
?I, and given;

is wrenortional _
Vi_ _re the two

(V 2 W 2)_/2 . -_ =_
of _the V !. The wind

components is then

the

only

variable unit respect of

condition is is that

oonsumption quctient

per with

traveled to this

distance va_'iable

differential
is

zero,

_)_/_ dV, V_ + W_

V_ (V._.. + V,',)

_-

(V_ _

r _.3/2 ',") =-O

(V_

+ Wl) _

9.

-J

z6

The

expression that the

is

still the

too

complicated of are the

for

practical is and

aRplication. only never of ap,r:rox_exactly its

Considering mate, that

constancy components

effiziency too,

wind

variable :"_n the

-_._,'"_"'"_.._,_hat

:_;cireov_.r _,,e consumption

t<e_g.,hc_,_o&

minimum is hrord!y si:._lified si_i_lification teri_ under s_:.,?re root witLout

noticeably dimiuidhing

increased,

the

3xLres,_ion of the facto,'

may be result. The first off the

the usefulness i/2 the

consists the ra_ic_l

by some

".n replacing by 9/16, thus

of the

incre_s'.ng

the value

percent.

43 W:

+_-_; W : _

43

(+_ ,j

_ ,r,:)

If and

the V_ i

,_ide v;ind is i;._y be

feeble, by

Vi _'J.

is practically So that

the

velocity

repllced

v =-i,:;
4.

_+_3w
4.

-,_

are

two

clses,

_herefore,

to

be

considered:

V 3"_T'- _ W= -'3:

o3 W

Hep.ce

V/ most

has

i negative sneed This

value, of the the the

_. e. , it airship speed -.vind. of is

is

contrary halves

wind; of the

and this

the

fs_Torable u'ind. -_

_D.ree

contrary one-half

makes of

the

airship

over

..... a t

,ma_itude

2.

3 W 4

+-5 W = 4

0 a_ir

Hence obviously,

the the

wind

is

in

the

direction Frocedure means. wind. wind is

of

the/ship's be not over

course_ to

arid

iuost econci_ical is the ''._ vn_t sFeed V cf = 0 the the

would T_ _me

consume earth

&-_y fuel , _vhich . is then If, simply on _n_

speed

the

other

hand,

not

strono_,

but

on

the

- 6":hole is a cow,reaty t e_e_ we canroi. _eglect the si6._ _ind.

""

i. eo, _.itude

Zhe of

velocity the _ind ms but,

,._..,_ _ ..... be !d. _-_.,_ the the as is second is

thr_e-fourths con[_Ls_ry _,ind. assumption,

o_

_,___s_m_ of *' _

the

m_g-

Consider not th_ constar.t, the

+' = _he ,,aa_ the

e ff! c iency ,.,..._,= V The

is

_ ....

_"__ to to

ca._c at _.,eed ....

eff_. c.i_n_y is then

_.op_r_iona! Uf" _ '_

the

s_cific _"

ccnstumption

i_royortional

--A

"L

_nd

the

minimum

condition

is

now

V_ _

+ _V_WI

- W_ _ : 0

V:

: - W_

go=

+ W_ _

V: :

+ W - W_

Without that of

any the

side

wind

the wind. by the to

most The

favorable expression it is

speed

has

to

be

twice the one The

contrary only of

d_ffers _/3 times as

from as

obtained =_.,er_l it Obviously_ can be

before character is

a factor; condition calculate variability and 1.

Treat,

remains the of is

before. for more the to have cases. factor the

_mnecessary for _ smaller

condition the not

efficiency_ necessary

taken

between

.75

It

&bsoiute

:<<inimum. nor is case.

the vo_riability it

known exactly

enough in has no the heT"c _m-

every- single time

And even if

were so, the navigator formr!as tc sn@ _th

to oa!cul&te

tl_e speed _7itL lon_ m_chine. I wlsh

of a calculation ple rule

simply

ziv_

him a fairly

",:hich he o_%n kegp in mind_ and which speed, For the application

"_:ill

give him _ hint it is

as to the right only silered dinary low3r tion the left

of the results

to decide

down to what speed the efficiency With the usual propellers

_n be cons,nd under or-

to be constant. present limit. ccnditions_ For lo:-er th_n

65 mi/hr speed,

may be considered arrival

to be the

the quick

_t the destina-

rather

a sme_ll consumption of the pilot.

of fuel

becomes more and more absolute _,in-

consideration that

SO mi/hr

may be the

imum speed; rules i. with II. ity result

depends on the circumstances. investigation thus course finished: e,nd steer side

The follov:ing

from the

Always _keer_ the absolute reference Strong -'_t

at such an angle

as to neutralize _,y wind.

the

wind. times the veloc-

Take a speed i-!/_

of the wind. III. General rule. Take the velocity of the wind and the velocAdd them together them from if the

ity

of the

course

component of the wind. component, but subtract

wind has a contrary if

each other de-

the wind has a favorable the (a) speed of the

component. airship relative

This

sum or difference air

termines

to the 86 mi/hr.

to be chosen_ Choose the

The sum or difference speed 3/4 of it.

exceeds

35 (c) The not

;-.:i,,/h_. _" , choose

_.n._ose_" the _" '" the gives of speed

spee_ " sm_l]gz

$5 . .......

",n:..," hr. _._s,, 65

_.,_ _

",'_ /_'_"
S_nl OZ

uP_-%.= _" "" IT_ '

di _.__.._ consumption

direotiv, fuel.

the

speed

_" s_'_,_Te_t .........

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