SIR M A REFALO CENTRE FOR FURTHER STUDIES A LEVEL - PHYSICS 1st year

HALF YEARLY EXAM 2009 TIME ALLOWED: 2hr 30min 2.

Whenever required take the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s Section A - Attempt ALL questions

1. (a) State Newton's Second and Third Laws . (b) By considering the total momentum of an isolated system of two particles and using Newton's Second and Third Laws, derive the Principle of Conservation of Momentum. 2. (a) State Newtons law of universal gravitation. (b) The International Space Station (ISS) is in orbit around the Earth at an altitude 380 km. What is the period of the ISS in seconds? (Radius of Earth = 6.4 106 m, Mass of Earth = 6.0 1024 kg, Total mass of ISS = 5 105 kg Universal gravitational constant G = 6.7 1011 N m2 kg2 ) 3. (a) State the principle of Archimedes for a body immersed in a fluid. (b) Archimedes was asked to determine whether the King of Macedonia's crown was made of gold or brass. He weighed the crown in air and found its weight to be 8.0 N. He immersed the crown completely in water and measured its "apparent weight to be 7.0 N. What did Archimedes tell the King? [Density of gold = 19.3 103 kg/m3; density of brass = 8.0 103 kg/m3; density of water = 1.0 103 kg/m3 . We suppose that Archimedes used SI units!] 4. (a) Derive the formula v = r, where the symbols have their usual meaning. (b) A barrel of moment of inertia 1.5 kg m2 about its own axis is to be rolled without slipping down a slope of height 8.0 m. The barrel has mass 30 kg and radius 0.8 m. Calculate its speed at the foot of the slope, after it has been released from rest at the top of the slope. 6. Five kilograms of water at a temperature of 80 C is poured on to a large block of ice at 0 C. How much ice melts? (Latent heat of fusion of water: 335 kJ kg-1. Specific heat of water: 4.185 kJ kg-1 C-1) 7. A car of mass 1000 kg is being towed on a level road by a van. The vehicles are travelling at a constant speed. The tension in the horizontal rope is 300 N. (a) Using Newtons laws of motion, explain why the car is travelling at a constant speed even though there is a tension force acting on it. (b) The van now accelerates at 0.5 m s2 for a period of 5 s. (i)What is the tension in the rope during this period? Assume that the forces due to friction and air-resistance remain constant. (ii)What is the change in the momentum of the car? 8. Give details of a situation in which an object: (a) is in equilibrium but is not stationary (b) has its acceleration and its velocity (i) at right angles to each other 1

(ii) in opposite directions. (c) is accelerating while it is stationary (d) has zero resultant force on it but is not in equilibrium. 9. Friction is sometimes described as a force which prevents motion. How is it that a forward frictional force on tyres is essential to give a car a forward acceleration? 10. a) What is the difference between a scalar and a vector quantity? Give an example of each in your answer. b) Many people get confused by the terms weight and mass. What is the difference? c)State what feature of a velocity-time graph may be used to calculate (i) acceleration, (ii) displacement. 11. a) i) A satellite is in a circular orbit of radius r about a spherical planet of mass M. Show that the orbital period of the satellite is given by

ii) Hence, show that if the satellite is in a low-altitude orbit its period is independent of the size of the planet for a given planetary density . d) Communications satellites are placed in orbit above the equator in such a way that they remain stationary above a given point on Earth. Determine the radius of the orbit. Section B - choose TWO questions. shm,grav, heat, 12. A rod of length 2.0 m and mass 4.0 kg is hinged horizontally to a vertical wall at one end and suspended from the wall by a cable which is attached to the other end of the rod at an angle of 30o to the rod. Assume the cable is massless. a) Draw a free body force diagram for the beam. b) What is the tension in the cable? c) What angle does the pivot force make with the beam? d) What is the magnitude of the pivot force? 13. During a bungee jump, the jumper falls a distance of 150 m before stopping for the first time. The jumpers mass is 80 kg. (a) Assuming that frictional losses are negligible, complete the following table to show the energy changes between the top and the bottom of the fall. One value has been given. energy at the top / J energy at the bottom / J gravitational potential energy of jumper 0 kinetic energy of jumper elastic potential energy of elastic rope 2

(b) The elastic rope being used has an unstretched length of 50 m and spring constant of 24 N m1. Calculate the tension in the rope when the jumper stops at the bottom. (c) For a rope obeying Hookes law show that the elastic potential energy stored in the rope is given by E = (1/2) kx 2 where k is the elastic spring constant and x is the extension. [2] (d) (i) Another jumper has a mass of 100 kg. For this bungee jump a rope of unstretched length 45 m and a spring constant 26.7 N m1 is used. Show that this data is valid for the same 150 m fall before stopping for the first time. (ii) In fact, the rope used by the second jumper is a shorter length of the rope used by the first jumper. Explain why the spring constant for the shorter rope is larger. 14.

The diagram shows the forces acting on a stationary kite. The force F is the force that the air exerts on the kite. (a) Show on the diagram how force F can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. (b) The magnitude of the tension, T, is 25 N. Calculate (i) the horizontal component of the tension, (ii) the vertical component of the tension. (c) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the vertical component of F when the weight of the kite is 2.5 N. (ii) State the magnitude of the horizontal component of F. (iii) Hence calculate the magnitude of F. The graph represents the motion of a car of mass 1.4 x 103 kg, travelling in a straight line. 3

(a) Describe, without calculation, how the resultant force acting on the car varies over this 10 second interval. (b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the car. (c) At some time later, when the car is travelling at a steady speed of 30ms.1, the useful power developed by the engine is 20kW. Calculate the driving force required to maintain this speed. a) State the conditions for a body in equilibrium. b) The adjacent diagram shows a horizontal rigid beam PQ of negligible mass pivoted on a wall at P and tied by a string to a point R. The string makes an angle of 60 with the beam. A load of 50 N is hung from the mid-point of the beam. i) Draw a free body force diagram for the beam PQ. ii) Calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the tension T. iii) By taking moments about a convenient point, calculate the tension, T in the string? iv) Find the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction at the hinge and hence its magnitude and direction.