Present perfect

http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/presentperfect/menu.php USE: You can use the present perfect to talk about an activity or activities that happened at some temps in de past. Dont you say exactly when they happened. This is the life experience use of the present perfect simple. Collection of events/actions (conjunt desdeveniments que ens han passat) Up to now (fins ara).

Hes travelled all over the world. Theyve never been interested in travelling. Have you ever seen an elephant?

You dont say when the activity happened.

Shes been to New York twice in her life. (You dont know exactly when).

Unfinished periods (canvis fets fins ara)

I have changed job twice. (He canviat de feina dues vegades.) I have lived in Tarragona since I was born. Michael has sung many songs. (El Miquel ha cantat moltes canons.)

Have/has been can be the present perfect form of be:

Theyve never been interested. Shes been to New York twice.

You use the present past simple to say when something happened.

He went to Istanbul last year. /You know when it happened.

Affirmative SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS HAS (3a. columna) ( -ed)

Verbs regulars I have visited my cousin She has visited her aunt Verbs irregulars I have bought a present. She has bought a car. They have learnt English. Negative SUBJECT + HAVENT + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS HASNT (3a. columna) ( -ed) Verbs regulars The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the past simple form. I havent arrived to London. She hasnt arrived to London. Jo no he arribat a Londres. Ella no ha arribat a Londres. Jo he comprat un regal. Ella ha comprat un cotxe. Ells/elles han aprs angls. Jo he visitat al meu cos. Ella ha visitat a ka seva cosina.

Verbs irregulars Some of de most common verbs in English have irregular past participle. I havent seen Tom. She hasnt seen Tom. Jo no he vist al Tom. Ella no ha vist al Tom.

have I You We They He She It Interrogative have havent ve never

past participle

has hasnt s never

been seen travelled

to Egypt. the Pyramids. by boat.

HAVE + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE + COMPLEMENTS HAS (3a. columna) ( -ed) Have I/you/we/they ever been to Egypt? Yes, I have. / No I havent. Has he/she/it ever been to Egypt? Yes, she has. / No she hasnt.

pretrit indefinit

present perfect verb regular verb irregular I have drunk you have drunk

he jugat has jugat ha jugat

he begut has begut ha begut

I have played you have played

he, she, it has played he, she, it has drunk we have drunk you have drunk they have drunk

hem jugat hem begut we have played heu jugat han jugat heu begut you have played

han begut they have played

Have you ever...? Has tu mai...? Has he/she ever...? Ha ell/ella mai?
Have you ever visited Paris? Yes, many times. Yes, once. Yes, a few times. Has visitat mai Paris? S, moltes vegades: S, una vegada. S, unes poques vegades.

Yes, twice. No, never.

S, dos cops Mai.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple http://clic.xtec.cat/db/act_ca.jsp?id=3669 http://www.xtec.es/~eromo2/englishgate/elementary/pasts1.htm http://www.michellehenry.fr/perfect.htm http://blocs.xtec.cat/ellie/2009/05/17/on-present-perfect/

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Have you done your homework yet? I have already done my homework. I haven't done my homework yet. I am still doing my homework. I have lived in Barcelona for ten years. I have lived in Barcelona since 1999. Have you ever been in London? I have been in London many times. I have never been in China. I was in London three weeks ago.

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Has fet ja els deures? Ja he fet els deures. No he fet els deures encara. Encara estic fent els deures. He viscut a Barcelona durant deu anys. He viscut a Barcelona des de 1999. Has estat alguna vegada a Londres? He estat a Londres moltes vegades. Mai he estat a la Xina. Vaig estar a Londres fa tres setmanes.

Present perfect: already, yet, just, for, since, ever, never; still, ago.

Just: (justament ara) --- affirmative

(Acaba de passar.)

Already: (ja) ------------ affirmative

(Ms aviat del que es pensa.)

Yet: (encara) ------------- negatives

(ja) ------------- questions

Do you want a cup of coffee? - Yes, thanks. - No, I have just had one. Have you posted the letter yet? - Sorry, I havent posted it yet. - Yes, I have already posted it. Have you cooked dinner yet? - Yes, I have already cooked it. - No, I havent cooked it yet. - Yes, I have just cooked it. Have you finished your homework yet? No, not yet. / I havent finished yet.

Nota Compare the present perfect of go and be. Hes gone to Paris. = Hes in Paris now. Hes been to Paris. = He went to Paris and came back. Been (go and come back)

 Gone ( just go) Where has Anna gone? She has gone out. Where have you been? I have been to the loo (toilet).
http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/presentperfect/exercise5.swf

Ever/never and present perfect simple EVER (alguna vegada)

You use ever in questions or negative sentences to mean in that persons life.

NEVER (mai)
You use never in sentences to mean at no time.

Have you ever played golf?

No, I havent. I have never played golf.

http://blocs.xtec.cat/anglesitaca/? page_id=81http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english2/exercise-english-4147.php http://www.carmengomez.com/Web %20carmengomez.com/Upload/PRESENT%20PERFECT_archivos/frame.htm http://www.isabelperez.com/ad1.htm http://www.isabelperez.com/pp1.htm http://www.isabelperez.com/Already%20Yet%20Still.htm http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/stillyet.html

Present perfect + for / since. how long ? FOR (durant)

Use for + period of time. FOR + periods of time.

SINCE (des de)

Use since with the beginning of a period of time SINCE + the start of period.

Two hours A long time A long period A week 20 minutes Six months Ages Five days 50 years Years

8 oclock. Monday 12th May April 2004 Christmas We arrived I go up Lunchtime The end of last year The beginning of the year

Sally has worked here for two years. It hasnt rained for months.

I have studied French since 1998 Paul has lived in London since he was born. Ive been afraid of water since I was a child.

Use the present perfect + for or since to talk about actions and states which started in the past and are still true now. Ive lived in Manchester since 1990. = I came to live in Manchester in 1990mand I live in Manchester now.

http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/usf.html
http://a4esl.org/q/j/vm/fb-afterforsince.html http://a4esl.org/q/h/9807/km-sincefor.html http://a4esl.org/q/h/9704/bd-for-since.html

Present Perfect Simple/Simple Past

(British English and American English have different rules for the use of the present perfect. The comments being made here and the exercises state the correct grammar for British English. However, in American English, it is often considered acceptable to use the past simple in some of these examples.)

We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past that have finished. It talks about 'then' and definitely excludes 'now'. We use the present perfect simple to look back on actions in the past from the present. It always includes 'now'. These sentences are in the past with no connection to the present.

I first met him 10 years ago. I started work here in 1987. I ate too much at lunchtime.

Now look at these same situations seen from the present.

I've known him for 10 years. I've worked here since 1987. My stomach hurts. I've eaten too much.

Typical time phrases that we use with the past simple are 'yesterday', 'ago', 'last year', 'in 1999'.

I spoke to him yesterday. She came in a few moments ago. We made our last purchase over a year ago. He joined the company in 1999.

Typical time phrases that we use with the present perfect are 'ever', 'never', 'since'.

I've never seen so many people. Have you ever been more shocked? I've done a lot since we last spoke.

Typical time phrases always used with the present perfect in British English but often used with the past simple in American English are 'already', 'just', 'yet'.

I haven't done it yet. (UK) I didn't do it yet. (US) I've just done it. (UK) I just did it. (US) I've already done it. (UK) I already did it. (US)

The time phrase 'for' can be used with both forms, but with different meanings.

I went to Munich for the weekend but I came back on Sunday evening. I've been in Munich for the weekend and I've brought you back some German sausages.

Nota
Conversations often begin in the present perfect (with a general question) and them change to the past simple (with questions asking for specific details, when, where, who, with, etc

Use the past simple to ask/ say exactly when something happened. Have you ever been to Mexico? Yes, I have, When did you go there? I went last year.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper
http://www.english-grammarlessons.com/presentperfectorpastsimple/menu.php http://www.slideshare.net/Vanesa.campillejo/present-perfect-vs-pastsimple-5853063

We often use a superlative with the present perfect.

Russia is the coldest place weve ever been to. Its the most beautiful church Ive ever seen.

Present Perfect Simple/Present Perfect Continuous

There is often very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable.

I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

They've been working here for a long time and Andy has worked here for even longer.

When we want to emphasize the action, we use the continuous form.

I've been working really hard lately. She's been having a hard time.

When we want to emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form.

I've phoned 32 people today. She's written a 64 page report.

Look at these examples to see the contrast.

I've been driving for 5 hours and I've driven 500 miles. She's been speaking on the phone for 20 minutes and she's not managed to convince him yet. We've been talking about this for month and we still haven't found a solution.

If an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form.

Your eyes are red. You've been crying. You're out of breath. Have you been running?

If you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form.

I've never met her. Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life?

Exercise 1. Exercise 2. Exercise 3. Exercise 4 and explanation. http://www.english-grammarlessons.com/presentperfectsimpleorcontinuous/menu.php