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THE

CHANGE IN RELATIVE UNIVERSALITY OF THE OFFICIAL


Authors: William Sullivan & Christopher R. Bellon. Department of Exercise Science & Physical
KEY KNOWLEDGE
METHODS (conJnued) University Variables The subdivisions within the category of universality & their respec,ve variables (n = 40) reported in both the 2005 & the 2009 OPC report are the following: Member naJonal federaJons (NF). o The number of NFs aliated with a given sports interna,onal federa,on (IF), in total & by con,nent (Africa, America, Asia, Europe, & Oceana). AcJve member NFs. o The percentage of the total NFs aliated with the IF that organized na,onal championships in the year before the Olympic games, male versus female. o The percentage of NFs that took part in con,nental qualifying events for the Olympic games, male versus female. o The percentage of NFs that took part in the last IF-sponsored con,nental championships, male versus female. Global spread of excellence. o The number of Olympic medals awarded, in total & by con,nent. o The number of na,onal Olympic commi6ees that won Olympic medals, in total & by con,nent. o The rela,ve (%) distribu,on of Olympic medals, by con,nent. Total Data versus Event-Only Data Total data. Some sports reported total data for all variables. Other sports reported total data for some variables, but event-only (e.g., beach versus indoor volleyball) data for other variables in both the 2005 & the 2009 OPC report. When total data were available, total data were used in this analysis. Event-only variables. Event-only data were reported by some sports for the following variables in both the 2005 & the 2009 OPC report: o The percentage of NFs that took part in con,nental qualifying events for the Olympic games, male versus female. o The percentage of NFs that took part in the last IF-sponsored con,nental championships, male versus female. o The percentage of total NFs aliated with the IF that organized na,onal championships, male versus female. Handling of event-only data. o Where sports reported data by event only, data were handled in the following manner in order to put the sport in the best light: o We dened the dominant event within the sport as the event with highest score for the majority of variables where event data were available & used this events data throughout the study when total data were not available. Data Analysis The following were analyzed via the IBM SPSS Sta,s,cs Version 19 soXware program: o The cumula,ve percent for each sports raw score for a given variable. o The mean cumula,ve percent for the 40 universality variables for each sport.

In 2002, the Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee (IOC) approved a measure to limit the Summer Olympic Programme (SOP) to the following (IOC, 2009): o 28 sports. o 301 events. o 10,500 athletes. In 2004, the IOC approved the Olympic Programme Commissions (OPC) plan for a quadrennial evalua,on of the ocial medal sports in the following seven categories (IOC, 2009): o History & Tradi,on (7 variables). o Universality (40 variables). o Popularity (30 variables). o Image & Environment (4 variables). o Athlete Welfare (5 variables). o Development (4 variables). o Costs (3 variables). The following ac,ons were taken aXer the publica,on of the 2005 versus 2009 quadrennial OPC report (IOC, 2009): o 2005 report baseball & soXball were eliminated as ocial medal sports. o 2009 report golf & rugby were added to the 2016 SOP.

Both the 2005 & 2009 OPC quadrennial report: o Included raw scores for the 40 universality variables for each ocial medal sport. But did not include an analysis of the rela,ve universality among the sports of the SOP. For each ocial medal sport of the SOP, this study quan,es rela,ve universality by adding the following informaJon: o The cumula,ve percent for the raw score (among all sports raw scores) for each universality variable (2005 versus 2009). o The mean cumula,ve percent for the raw scores of the universality variables (2005 versus 2009). o The 2005 versus 2009 universality ranking, based on the mean cumula,ve percent of the universality raw scores.

HOW THIS WORK ADDS TO THE FIELD

The universality raw scores analyzed in this study were those reported for the post-Sydney (2000) through the Athens (2004) games (Olympic Programme Commission, 2005) versus the post Athens through Beijing (2008) games (Olympic Programme Commission, 2009). The quadrennial OPC reports are available in the public domain online at the IOC website. ObjecJves The objec,ves of this study were to determine the rela,ve universality for each ocial medal sport of the SOP & the change in rela,ve universality for each sport from the 2005 to the 2009 OPC report.

METHODS

MEDAL SPORTS OF THE SUMMER OLYMPIC PROGRAMME


Educa,on. Montclair State University. Montclair, NJ USA
The mean cumula,ve percent for the universality variables, the universality ranking, & the change in universality ranking from the 2005 to the 2009 OPC report for each ocial medal sport of the SOP are reported in Table 1. Table 1. The mean cumula,ve percent of the raw scores for the universality variables, the universality rank, & the change in universality rank for each ocial medal sport of the Summer Olympic Programme (2005 versus 2009).

RESULTS

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2005 = 2005 OPC report data; 2009 = 2009 OPC report data; Rank = change in universality rank; Cum % = cumula,ve percent; n = number of variables for which data were available; Sw = swimming; Sp = sprint; R = road; J = jumping; A = ar,s,c; I = indoor; FS = freestyle; No = no change in ranking; * = 2005 score below both baseball & soXball; NA = data not provided by IOC.

This is the rst study to determine the following for each ocial medal sport of the SOP: o The cumula,ve percent for the raw score for each universality variable. o The mean cumula,ve percent for the raw scores of the universality variables. o The 2005 versus 2009 universality ranking for each ocial medal sport of the SOP. The major limita,on of this study was that aqua,cs, canoe, cycling, equestrian, gymnas,cs, volleyball, & wrestling reported event- only raw scores for several variables. RecommendaJons The IOC should require standardized repor,ng of data for all variables in order to allow a comprehensive analysis of the universality data. The leaders of each ocial medal sports IF should consider using these data to help guide the development of the IFs strategic plan. References Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee. (2009). Factsheet: the sports on the Olympic programme update September 2009. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons Olympic Programme Commission. (2005). Olympic Programme Commission report to the 117th IOC session. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons Olympic Programme Commission. (2009). Report on the 26 core sports for the games of the XXXI Olympiad. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons

DISCUSSION

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