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In 2002, the Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee (IOC) approved a measure to limit the Summer Olympic Programme (SOP) to the following (IOC, 2009): o 28 sports. o 301 events. o 10,500 athletes. In 2004, the IOC approved the Olympic Programme Commissions (OPC) plan for a quadrennial evalua,on of the ocial medal sports in the following seven categories (IOC, 2009): o History & Tradi,on (7 variables). o Universality (40 variables). o Popularity (30 variables). o Image & Environment (4 variables). o Athlete Welfare (5 variables). o Development (4 variables). o Costs (3 variables). The following ac,ons were taken aXer the publica,on of the 2005 versus 2009 quadrennial OPC report (IOC, 2009): o 2005 report baseball & soXball were eliminated as ocial medal sports. o 2009 report golf & rugby were added to the 2016 SOP.
Both the 2005 & 2009 OPC quadrennial report: o Included raw scores for the 40 universality variables for each ocial medal sport. But did not include an analysis of the rela,ve universality among the sports of the SOP. For each ocial medal sport of the SOP, this study quan,es rela,ve universality by adding the following informaJon: o The cumula,ve percent for the raw score (among all sports raw scores) for each universality variable (2005 versus 2009). o The mean cumula,ve percent for the raw scores of the universality variables (2005 versus 2009). o The 2005 versus 2009 universality ranking, based on the mean cumula,ve percent of the universality raw scores.
The universality raw scores analyzed in this study were those reported for the post-Sydney (2000) through the Athens (2004) games (Olympic Programme Commission, 2005) versus the post Athens through Beijing (2008) games (Olympic Programme Commission, 2009). The quadrennial OPC reports are available in the public domain online at the IOC website. ObjecJves The objec,ves of this study were to determine the rela,ve universality for each ocial medal sport of the SOP & the change in rela,ve universality for each sport from the 2005 to the 2009 OPC report.
METHODS
RESULTS
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2005
=
2005
OPC
report
data;
2009
=
2009
OPC
report
data;
Rank
=
change
in
universality
rank;
Cum
%
=
cumula,ve
percent;
n
=
number
of
variables
for
which
data
were
available;
Sw
=
swimming;
Sp
=
sprint;
R
=
road;
J
=
jumping;
A
=
ar,s,c;
I
=
indoor;
FS
=
freestyle;
No
=
no
change
in
ranking;
*
=
2005
score
below
both
baseball
&
soXball;
NA
=
data
not
provided
by
IOC.
This is the rst study to determine the following for each ocial medal sport of the SOP: o The cumula,ve percent for the raw score for each universality variable. o The mean cumula,ve percent for the raw scores of the universality variables. o The 2005 versus 2009 universality ranking for each ocial medal sport of the SOP. The major limita,on of this study was that aqua,cs, canoe, cycling, equestrian, gymnas,cs, volleyball, & wrestling reported event- only raw scores for several variables. RecommendaJons The IOC should require standardized repor,ng of data for all variables in order to allow a comprehensive analysis of the universality data. The leaders of each ocial medal sports IF should consider using these data to help guide the development of the IFs strategic plan. References Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee. (2009). Factsheet: the sports on the Olympic programme update September 2009. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons Olympic Programme Commission. (2005). Olympic Programme Commission report to the 117th IOC session. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons Olympic Programme Commission. (2009). Report on the 26 core sports for the games of the XXXI Olympiad. Lausanne: Author. Retrieved from Interna,onal Olympic Commi6ee website: h6p://www.olympic.org/ioc-commissions/documents-reports-studies-publica,ons
DISCUSSION