LTE Technology Overview - RevB

LTE/EPC Technology overview
Agenda
LTE/EPC fundamentals LTE/EPC architecture overview Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Global LTE Commitments (May 2012)
Source : www.gsacom.com
2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Global LTE devices
Source : www.gsacom.com
LTE/EPC fundamentals
Its going to be speedy
1xEVDO rA 1xRTT
The LTE Air Interface LTE MIMO
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

When will Who have What coverage Where?
64 QAM 16 QAM QPSK UE4
eNB UE5 UE2
UE3
Downlink peak data rates (64QAM) Antenna config Peak data rate Mbps SISO 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO 100 QPSK 50 172.8 16 QAM 57.6 326.4 64 QAM 86.4
UE1
Uplink peak data rates (Single antenna) Modulation Peak data rate Mbps
64 QAM requires 10dB Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

LTE/EPC architecture overview
LTE/EPC architecture
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
S-GW S5 Uu X2 UE Evolved Node B S1-C MME S6a HSS S1-U S11 P-GW S10 Gx PCRF Sgi
Public Data Network
The LTE protocol and network architecture is characterized by three special requirements
1. 2. 3. Support for the PS domain only. There will be no circuit switched (CS) domain nodes. Voice services need to be delivered using VoIP Tight delay targets for small roundtrip delays 5 ms for bandwidths of 5 MHz and greater ; 10 ms for the bandwidths below 5 MHz Reduced cost of the system
Evolved 3GPP Network Architecture

GSM/GPRS/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN)
MS BSC
Serving Network
GSM-A
GPRS-Gb
Core & Services Network

MGW SMS SGW
Um
GSM EDGE Evolved EDGE BTS
Abis Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
CS Core (Voice) Nb
MSC/VLR
Nc
SS7/SIGTRAN
Mc
MGW
D/Gr
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
HLR/HSS
PS Core (Data) Gn
Iu-CS Iu-PS
SGSN GGSN
Uu
Iub Iur Iub

NodeB RNC
RNC
Gi
Public Data Network

Rx PCRF
WSP Services (IMS, VCC, )
UE W-CDMA HSPA/HSPA+
Radio Network Subsystem S12

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
S3
S4
S-GW
Gx
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S5 S1-U S11 S10

MME P-GW
Uu
UE LTE LTE Advanced
SGi S6a HSS CSCF MRF
X2
Evolved Node B
S1-C
EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

Scheduling
Dynamic resource allocation to UEs Transmission of Pages & broadcast information
Network Access Security (PDCP)

IP header compression Ciphering of user data stream
Radio Resource Management

Bearer & Admission control RF Measurement Reporting
EPC Network Selection

MME Selection at UE attachment User Plane routing to SAE-GW
eNB
eNodeB
Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC

Page 12

Mobility
MME Selection for Intra-LTE handovers SGSN Selection for 3GPP I-RAT Handover
UE Tracking and Reach-ability

Tracking Area List Management (idle or active)
EPC Access
Attachment & Service Request Security & Authentication
Bearer management
Dedicated bearer establishment PDN GW & SAE-GW selection
MME
Mobility Management Entity
Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane

Page 13

I-RAT Mobility Anchor Function
3GPP 2G/3G Handover Optimized Handover Procedures (e.g. in LTE-CDMA)
Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover
Packet routing & forwarding between EPC & eUTRAN
Lawful Interception
S-GW
SAE Gateway
Equivalent to the SGSN for the User Plane

Page 14
Charging support Policy enforcement (QoS) Lawful Interception
UE IP address allocation
P-GW
PDN Gateway
Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP access systems
Equivalent to the GGSN

Page 15
LTE Its all about pipes
E-UTRAN
EPC
Internet P-GW
Peer Entity
UE
eNB
S-GW
End to End Service IMS Control and User Planes EPS Bearer E-RAB Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5 Bearer Ext. Bearer
Radio
2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation |
S1
S5/S8
SGi
Page 17
EPC Fundamentals QoS Model
Todays 3G Services use best effort QoS Classes parameters for all PS services
An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers, each with its own QoS Class In the EPC, the QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit rates defined by 9 QCI labels.
L2 Packet Loss Rate
10-2 10-3 10-3 10-6 10-6 Conversational Voice Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing, progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
QoS Class Identifier

QCI=1 (GBR) QCI=2 (GBR) QCI=3 (GBR) QCI=4 (GBR) QCI=5 (non-GBR)
L2 Packet Delay Budget

100 ms 150 ms 50 ms 300 ms 100 ms
Example Services
QCI=6 (non-GBR)
300 ms
10-6
QCI=7 (non-GBR) QCI=8 (non-GBR) QCI=9 (non-GBR)
100 ms 300 ms 300 ms
10-3 10-6
Video (Buffered Streaming) TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, etc.) 10-6
Page 18 Page 18
EPC Fundamentals QoS Model

Application / Service Layer
UL Service Data Flows DL Service Data Flows
Non GBR Service Dropping Non Real-Time

RB-ID S1-TEID
S1-TEID S5/S8-TEID
UL-TFT
RB-ID
Radio Bearer
S1 Bearer
S5 Bearer S5/S8-TEI
DL-TFT
UE
eNB
SGW
PDN -GW
TFT = Traffic Flow Template

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation |
GBR Service Blocking Real Time
LSTI test results
LSTI test results
LSTI test results
LSTI test results
Voice over LTE
Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

Abstract
Voice has always been a backbone service for most of the operators ensuring a steady and healthy revenue stream. The actual situation for Voice Standards and Voice Delivery in LTE has for a long time been a source of heated debate, the complexities of delivering Voice has by some been exaggerated and by some underplayed. In this session some of the realities and facts will be discussed and some of the areas with inherent complexities will be examined to further understand how these can be managed.
Page 24 Page 24
NSD Mobile LTE SAE Technical Overview Voice over LTE (VoLTE) Analytics Anywhere Everywhere The Talking Pipes - Unraveling the Complexities Copyright 2010-2011 LTE World Summit 2011
Consumers View
Key Performance Indicators
Device
All in One Smarts Basic Voice, SMS, and Add-ons Services
Applications and Services

Stay Connected Anywhere, Everywhere and Be Seen as Connected Presence Productivity (Mobile Office), Networking, Chats, Payments, Gaming, Internet Browsing, Video
Affordability
Unlimited Price Plans without worrying about incurring additional charges without notifications Tiered pricing in terms of Application Awareness, Spending Limits Gating and QoS control
Living the Mobile Broadband Experience

Accessibility, Retainability, Integrity , Availability, Mobility
Specific to Voice
Per current Circuit Switch (CS) Voice experience in terms of the above mentioned indicators at equal or less cost as compared to GSM and UMTS, e.g. Lower or Equal Call Setup times with similar Quality
Page 25 Page 25
Voice over LTE

Service Delivery
Components
Functions and Applications
KPI Categories
QoS Validation
Device (IMS Agent/Codec) E-UTRAN (E-UTRA) Evolved Packet Core Policy Control
Basic Connectivity Additional Services
Accessibility
Subscribed
Integrity Mobility Roaming Non-LTE Access Mobility Retainability
Provisioned Shaped/Gated/ Prioritized Utilized
IMS Core Network Transport
Prioritized Emergency Availability Experienced
Page 26 Page 26

Evolution Path - Features
Voice over HSPA (VoHSPA) GSMA IR.58 Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)
Roaming Interconnect GSMA IR.65/88 Emergency
CS Voice over CS or PS (HSPA)
CS Fallback SMS over SGs
Voice over LTE (VoLTE) SMS over IP GSMA IR.92
Video over LTE (V2oLTE) GSMA IR.94
Over the Top (OTT) E.g. Skype etc. [Reference: GSMA]
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity GSMA IR.64
Single Radio Video Call Continuity

Evolution Path - Deployment
Voice via OTT (E.g. Skype etc.) CS Fallback to Legacy Access SMS over SGs (3GPP Legacy Accesses) and S102 (non-3GPPP Legacy Accesses)
Optimized
Voice over LTE (VoLTE) SMS over IP (SMSoIP) Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) Potential Throttling of OTT-based Voice options for Added Differentiation Others include Rich Communication Suite ((e)RCS) Introduction
Video over LTE (V2oLTE) Voice over HSPA Emergency Preemption and Prioritized Access Single Radio Video Call Continuity (vSRVCC) Roaming and Interconnect PS Handover (Voice and/or non-Voice) Enhanced Multimedia Priority Service (eMPS)
Essentials Evolved

Evolution Path Radio Access Radio Access Evolution evolution stork evaluation
No LTE coverage Spotty LTE coverage Areas with continues LTE coverage
LTE LTE
GERAN UTRAN GERAN/ UTRAN GERAN/ UTRAN UTRAN
LTE LTE LTE
LTE
LTE
Circuit Switched
CSFB
Circuit Switching
VoLTE SRVCC
Circuit Switched Packet Switching
VoLTE VoHSPA
Packet Switching
Operators will follow different paths

29
Voice over LTE

Accessibility - Attach and PDN Connectivity
EPS Attach Procedure 6+ Interfaces 8+ Protocols 19+ Transactions
Mobility increases complexity MME / SGW Relocations 2G I-RAT 3G I-RAT CSFB SRVCC
Additional Functions IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) Infrastructure Domain Name System (DNS)
It takes the whole end to end network to deliver an application/service to the end user.
[3GPP TS 23.401]
Page 30 Page 30 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation NSD Mobile LTE SAE Technical Overview Voice over LTE (VoLTE) Analytics Anywhere Everywhere The Talking Pipes - Unraveling the Complexities Copyright 2010-2011 LTE World Summit 2011
Voice over LTE

Accessibility - Services Access
Policy and Charging Control (PCC) Mediates between IMS CN SS and EPS for Voice Service delivery over LTE
I D L E
Policy and Charging Control E-UTRA

Originating UE
UE in IDLE (default EPS bearer established) Start Timer Cell Selection Random Access Procedure (establishment of RRC connection) (3GPP TS 36.300, section 10.1.5) UE Triggered Service Request Procedure (establishment of S1 and Radio bearers for IMS signalling) (3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.3.4.1) TOTAL CALL SETUP DELAY
EPC
eNB MME
IMS CN
Core IMS
P-CSCF P-CSCF
EPC
MME eNB
E-UTRA
Terminating UE
UE in IDLE (default EPS bearer established)
S-GW/P-GW
S-GW/P-GW
T O A C T I V E
I D L E T O A C T I V E
SIP INVITE (SDP offer)
C A L L S E T U P
Network Triggered Service Request Procedure= paging+UE Triggered Service Request Procedure (establishment of S1 and Radio bearers for IMS signalling) (3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.3.4.3)
SIP INVITE (SDP offer)
SIP 180 RINGING
C A L L S E T U P
[3GPP TS 23.203]
SIP 200 OK (SDP answer) Resource Reservation (Dedicated Bearer Activation Procedure 3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.4.1) Resource Reservation (Dedicated Bearer Activation Procedure 3GPP TS 23.401, section 5.4.1)
Interworking of Multiple Devices, Domains, Network Elements, Interfaces, Protocols

SIP ACK Stop Timer
Page 31 Page 31
Voice over LTE

E2e Complete Visibility
User Device
Air Interface
Network Equipment
Network Interfaces
E2e Complete Visibility
Multiple Dimensional Information Correlation, Measurements and Analysis

Devices, Domains, Network Elements, Interfaces, Protocols Intra and Inter Layers Applications, Device and Network Elements Internals
SIP/SDP SigComp TCP/UDP IP IPSec ESP PDCP Relay PDCP GTP-U UDP/IP RLC MAC PHY UE Gm RLC MAC PHY IPSec ESP DATA PHY S1-U Relay GTP-U GTP-U UDP/IP UDP/IP IPSec ESP IPSec ESP DATA PHY DATA PHY S5/S8 GTP-U UDP/IP IPSec ESP DATA PHY PDN GW IP IPSec ESP DATA PHY SGi/Gm IP IPSec ESP DATA PHY SIP/SDP SigComp TCP/UDP IP IPSec ESP Diameter SCTP IP IPSec ESP DATA PHY P/S-CSCF Cx Diameter SCTP IP IPSec ESP DATA PHY HSS
eNodeB
Serving GW
LTE/SAE IMS CN SS Protocol Stack Signaling (SIP/SDP)

SigComp (SIP/SDP) IPSec Encryption (NDS)
PDCP Ciphering (UP) IPSec Encryption (AKA)
Voice over LTE

Public Safety
3GPP Release 9 baseline Introduced as part of Release 9, hence Not possible with Release 8 Access and Non-Access Stratums E2e E-UTRAN, EPC Unauthenticated IMSI Limited Service Mode (LSM) Integrity APN, QoS profile, PDN GW Identity etc. PGW Selection Default Bearer QCI is per Operator configuration Retainability
KPI Categories (Emergency Calls Context to be taken into Considerations)

Accessibility
Prioritized Access, Barring, Admission Control and Pre-emption Overload Control Security
Emergency Configuration Data Provisioning
Policy and Charging Control (PCC) Mobility Handover Restrictions Bypass for Emergency Bearers CS Fallback Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
Mobility
Legacy Accesses Fallback Availability
Page 33 Page 33
Voice over LTE

Unraveling the Complexities
Service-based Top Down Analysis and Summarization Voice Call Success/Drop Rates, Quality
Network-wide Events, Alarms Correlation and Analysis Analyzing fragmented, multi-ordered cascaded events could be tedious and time consuming Pinpoint Specific Events of Interest and Triggering Network Element Events of Interest can be Failures, Latency, Packet Loss, Inactivity Timeout, Congestions etc. Examine Relativity On-demand, e.g. Specific failures with certain device types Failure to establish PDN connectivity due to IPv6 address assignment failures Time to access service too long, figuring out the long pole, e.g. DNS optimization Ciphering issues resulting in squeaky tones Call and Services Preempted due to Emergency Scenarios Call Attempt Failures due to RAN Congestion
Page 34 Page 34
MSF LTE IOT Event 2010

First LTE IOT event executed in March-2010
Worlds First Large-Scale LTE Multi-Vendors EPC IOT Event Focuses on validating core network interfaces to ensure multi-vendor deployment strategies for LTE technology Introduces Robustness Testing as an Industry First Forum to include Security Validation, aiming to uncover unknown Security Vulnerabilities
Focus areas
Basic Interoperability Roaming 3GPP Legacy Access Handover/Relocation Non-3GPP (eHRPD) Access and Interworking Robustness
MSF LTE IOT Event 2010 White Paper

http://www.msforum.org/interoperability/MSF%20LTE%20Interoperability%202010%20White%20Paper.pdf

MSF & GSMA VoLTE IOT Event 2011
Builds on initial LTE IOT event from March-2010
Complexity of the IMS standards => OneVoice initiative => GSMA VoLTE Inefficiencies in the radio interface standards => shared channels, smaller TTIs, semipersistent scheduling, TTI bundling, E2e QoS support etc.
Focus areas
Voice over LTE Compliant to GSMA PRD IR.92 Roaming and Interconnect Compliant to GSMA PRD's IR.65 and IR.88 GERAN/UTRAN Access to EPC Handover/Relocation Self Organizing Networks/Automatic Neighbor Relation Robustness Testing
MSF LTE VoLTE IOT Event 2011 White Paper

http://www.msforum.org/interoperability/MSF_VoLTE%20_2011_WhitePaper.pdf
VoLTE/RCS MSF & ETSI, GSMA VoLTE/RCS IOT planned Event 2012
Builds on VoLTE IOT event from 2011
Adding RCS v5.0 to the infrastructure under test
Focus areas
Home/Single Network
GSMA PRDs IR.92 & IR.90 GSMA PRDs IR.65, IR 88, IR.92 & IR.90 GSMA PRDs IR.88, IR.92, IR.90 and IR.67
Ut UE GERAN IMS UA S4 SGSN UE IMS UA UTRAN S6a DRA S6a Gx PCRF S3 MME UE IMS UA eNodeB S1-MME LTE-Uu SecGW S1-U S4 S12 S-GW S5 P-GW SGi S11
ENUM ENUM
Roaming Interconnect
IMS Core MMTel / RCS Application Servers I S C Mw I/S-CSCF
Mx
Non-LTE Access Mobility Inter-RAT Priority Call Handover

S6d HSS Cx Sh
Sh Cx
P-CSCF Rx
IBCF/TrGW
Ici/Izi
Rx ENUM Server
ENUM
IPX
Gx
Ici/Izi
Other PLMN
Voice over LTE

Summary
Voice Service Delivery over LTE introduces significant increase in complexity as compared to legacy CS Voice with requirements spanning across devices, domains, network elements, interfaces and protocols It is Essential to perform Interoperability Tests (IOT) between Multiple Network Element Vendors and Multiple Wireless Service Providers to ensure the full End-to-End service functions as expected
Contextual Measurements and KPI taking into consideration of Relative QoS Prioritization and Preemption esp. with Congestion and Overload, Emergency Services scenarios Without this, the risk is that the real customer experience will not be fully understood
Service delivery challenges are not unique to VoLTE as they are fully applicable for all subscriber, devices, services management
Page 38 Page 38
Next wave of Technology after initial basic LTE LTE Evolution and Usage
Sub waves Public Safety usage of LTE (2012+)
NIST is one driver (US) Strong driver for QoS and Policy Control LightSquared, US Everything Everywhere,UK Scartel/Yota, Russia Telenor/Tele2, Sweden SAE Core used for LTE, UMTS and GPRS IMS used as converged CS platform Increased capacity and coverage Increased peak performance
Technology evolutions
Cloud based RAN access (2014+)
NSN Liquid Radio ALU lightRadio CMCC Cloud RAN
Network Sharing (2012+)

Significant Network scalability, e.g. Internet of Things (2015+)

50B connected devices 2020 Referred to as HetNet Multiple Radio Access technologies including small cells co-operating to deliver best experience and capacity Required to manage data volume expected by 2015 2020. Even when significantly more spectrum is made available for LTE Note that only HetNet represent a technology discontinuity. The others are evolutions of LTE
Heterogeneous Networks (~2015+)
Core Network Consolidation (2013+)
LTE Femto (2013+) LTE Advanced (2015+)
JDSU Worldwide LTE Customer Presence
Helping all major network Equipment manufacturers realize LTE Helping operators trial and evaluate LTE on every continent Committed to stay ahead of the technology wave and lead the industry Playing an important part in LSTI

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LTE Technology Overview - RevB

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LTE/EPC Technology overview

LTE/EPC fundamentals LTE/EPC architecture overview Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Global LTE Commitments (May 2012)

Global LTE devices

Its going to be speedy

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

The LTE Air Interface LTE MIMO

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

eNB UE5 UE2

64 QAM requires 10dB Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

LTE/EPC architecture overview

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

Evolved 3GPP Network Architecture

Core & Services Network

Abis Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Iub Iur Iub

Public Data Network

Radio Network Subsystem S12

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

S5 S1-U S11 S10

SGi S6a HSS CSCF MRF

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

Network Access Security (PDCP)

Radio Resource Management

EPC Network Selection

Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC

EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

UE Tracking and Reach-ability

Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane

EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover

Packet routing & forwarding between EPC & eUTRAN

Equivalent to the SGSN for the User Plane

EPC Fundamentals - LTE Functional Nodes

Charging support Policy enforcement (QoS) Lawful Interception

Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP access systems

Equivalent to the GGSN

LTE Its all about pipes

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

EPC Fundamentals QoS Model

QoS Class Identifier

L2 Packet Delay Budget

QCI=7 (non-GBR) QCI=8 (non-GBR) QCI=9 (non-GBR)

100 ms 300 ms 300 ms

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

EPC Fundamentals QoS Model

Non GBR Service Dropping Non Real-Time

TFT = Traffic Flow Template

GBR Service Blocking Real Time

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

LSTI test results

2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation

JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

LSTI test results