Concept 4.

02
Unicellular Protists Transport- Intercellular transport within organism; Golgi apparatus processes and packages Excretion- Diffusion across the membrane Respiration- Occurs in mitochondria; breakdown of materials; carbon dioxide released Regulation- Plasma membrane Nutrition- Phagocytosis; in algae- chloroplasts perform photosynthesis Synthesis- Photosynthesis; protein synthesis in ribosomes Reproduction- Binary fission Growth and Development- Grow larger until division into more cells Annelid Worms Transport- Occurs through the vascular system Excretion- Tubular structures (metanephridia) in each segment remove wastes from blood Respiration- Moist skin for gas exchange; oxygen is transported by means of a circulatory system Regulation- plasma membrane; coelom; skin Nutrition- ingestion of materials Synthesis- ribosomal protein synthesis Reproduction- Sexual: male/female structures present in individual; internal fertilization Growth and Development- grow larger as time progresses Insects Transport- Circulatory system Excretion- Malpighian tubules remove wastes from the bloodlike fluid. Respiration- Insects breathe through thoracic and abdominal spiracles. Since the insect has no lungs, the spiracles go throughout the insect body to transport gases. Regulation- Plasma membrane; outer shell Nutrition- Insects obtain nutrition from plants or other materials they consume. Synthesis- Protein synthesis Reproduction- Sexual: separate males and females; internal fertilization. Growth and Development- undergo metamorphosis; transforming from larvae to insects Amphibians Transport- Circulatory system; capillaries Excretion- Kidneys maintain water balance and excrete nitrogen-containing wastes. Adult amphibians excrete waste in the form of urea. Respiration- An amphibian takes in oxygen through the skin. It then goes through the bloodstream directly (those who live underwater use gills). On land amphibians use lungs. Regulation- An amphibian is cold-blooded; therefore its body temperature is the same as its surrounding environment. These animals must rest periodically to soak up heat from the environment. Nutrition- Amphibians are predators with a diet consisting of a wide array of invertebrates and even some small vertebrates. Algae and other plants are part of the diet of some species of amphibians in their larval stage. Synthesis- ribosomal protein synthesis Reproduction- Sexual reproduction; mostly external fertilization. Embryo develops within non-waterproof egg in an aquatic environment. Usually thousands of offspring are produced. Parental care is not common.

Growth and Development- embryo develops within a non-waterproof egg in an aquatic environment; develop into mature species as time progresses Mammals Transport- diffusion across cells; circulatory system; capillaries Excretion- Kidneys maintain water balance and excrete nitrogen-containing wastes in the form of urea. Respiration- occurs in mitochondria; lungs inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide Regulation- epidermis prevents materials from entering/escaping; plasma membranes control intake in cells; hypothalamus; etc. Nutrition- ingestion Synthesis- ribosomal protein synthesis Reproduction- Sexual reproduction; internal fertilization. With the exception of the egglaying mammals, embryos develop internally. Mammal young are nourished with milk from mammary glands of female. Growth and Development- grow and mature sexually from zygote Non-Vascular Plants (Mosses and other bryophytes) Transport- Non-vascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves, since each of these structures is defined by containing vascular tissue. Because they do not have an efficient way to transport water, nonvascular plants will typically live in a moist environment. And those that do not do require a moist season, because flagellated sperm swim to the egg during the gametophyte generation. Excretion- transpiration Respiration- Plant respiration is the oxidation of certain substrates by enzymes, leading to the release of carbon dioxide. Sources of glucose for respiration include starches/the products of photosynthesis. Regulation- Cell walls; epidermis Nutrition- photosynthesis; chloroplasts Synthesis- Plants are able to undergo photosynthesis and convert light energy to chemical energy, thereby producing their own food. Reproduction- Male and female gametes are produced in reproductive structures in separate locations on the tips of the gametophytes. Sperm are flagellated and swim through a moist film to the eggs. Growth and Development- After fertilization, the zygote grows from the tip of the female gametophyte into a sporophyte, a stalk-like structure with a capsule at the top. This capsule produces and releases spores that grow into new gametophytes. The gametophyte is the dominant generation. Gymnosperms Transport - Gymnosperms use xylem vessels to transport water throughout the plant. Phloem vessels transport sugars and other essential nutrients through the plant. Excretion - Plants lose water through the process of transpiration. Respiration- in mitochondria; the breakdown of materials Regulation- Cell walls; epidermis; waxy cuticle Nutrition- Like all plants, gymnosperms undergo photosynthesis and convert light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Synthesis- ribosomal protein synthesis; photosynthesis Reproduction - Gymnosperms don't flower, but produce naked seeds that aren't enclosed in

a specialized chamber. Growth and Development- Seeds start in fruits; begin to germinate; develop into full-sized plants Angiosperms Transport - Angiosperms use xylem vessels to transport water throughout the plant. Phloem vessels transport sugars and other essential nutrients through the plant. Excretion - Plants lose water through the process of transpiration. Respiration- Plant respiration is the oxidation of certain substrates by enzymes, leading to the release of carbon dioxide. Sources of glucose for respiration include starches/the products of photosynthesis. Regulation- Cell walls; plasma membranes Nutrition- photosynthesis and converts light energy to chemical energy Synthesis- Photosynthesis; ribosomal protein synthesis Reproduction- Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. Growth and Development- seedling following fertilization; germinate until a stalk develops and becomes a full-sized plant Sample investigations: Cellular respiration lab; properties of cell walls/p. membranes Mammalian Heart Amphibian Heart

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Angiosperm life cycle

Gymnosperm life cycle

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