Digital Signal Processing-Subha

K.L.N.
College of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation
Compiled By.Prof.S.Nagammai HOD/EIE
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Unit 1
1)a) Explain the concept of energy and power signals. Also check whether the
following signals are energy or power signal.
1) { }
1
3
( ) ( )
n
x n u n
2)
( ) sin
4
x n n
b) Briefly explain Quantization.

2)Check whether the following systems for linearity, time invariance,
causality and stability.
i)
( )
( )
x n
y n e
ii)
( ) ( 2). y n x n +
3)Explain the basic signals in the study of DT signals and systems.
4)Determine the responses of the following systems to the input signal

| |, 3 3,
( )
0, .
n n
x n
otherwise

'
i)
( ) ( ) y n x n
ii)
( ) ( 1) y n x n
iii)
( ) ( 1) y n x n +
iv) [ ]
1
3
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) y n x n x n x n + + +
5)Clearly define the following with suitable examples.
1)Linear system
2)Time invariant system
3)Causal system.
6)Examine the system defined by
( ) ( 2) y n x n +
with respect to the
following properties:
i)Linear or Non-linear.
ii)Static or dynamic.
iii)Time invariant or time varying.
iv)Causal or Non-causal.
v)Stable or unstable.
K.L.N.College of Engineering
7)Give the mathematical and graphical representation of the following
sequences:
1)Unit sample sequence.
2)Unit step sequence.
3)Unit ramp sequence.
4)Exponential sequence.
8)Test the following properties:
i)Linearity of
( )
( ) ( )
x n
y n bx n ne + .
ii)Time invariance property of
2
( ) ( 1) ( ) . y n n x n c +
iii)Causality and stability condition of

( ) ( ) ( 1) ( 2). y n x n x n x n + + +

( ) sin ( ). y n x n
9)i)Derive the convolution sum formula to determine the response y(n) of
the discrete time LTI system whose impulse response is h(n) for an
arbitrary input x(n).
ii)Determine whether the following is causal, linear and time invariant.

( ) ( 2). y n x n
10)i)Explain the classifications of discrete time signals with suitable
examples.
ii)Check whether the unit step sequence is energy signal or power signal.
11)For each of the following discrete time system determine whether or not
the system is linear, time variant, causal and stable.
1)
( ) ( 7) y n x n +
2)
( ) ( ) y n nx n
3)
3
( ) ( ). y n x n
12)Check whether the system
( ) ( 1) ( ) y n ax n x n +
is linear, casual, shift
invariant and stable.
13)Determine whether the following signals are Linear, Time variant, causal
and stable.
1)
( ) cos[ ( )] y n x n
2)
( ) ( 2) y n x n +
3)
( ) (2 ) y n x n
4)
( ) ( ) ( 1) y n x n nx n + +
.

Unit 2
1)i)Determine the Z-transform of
0
( ) cos ( ) x n n u n
. (6)
ii)State and prove the following properties of Z-transforms:
1)Time shifting
2)Time reversal
3)Differentiation in Z-domain
4)Scaling in Z-domain. (10)
2)i)Determine the inverse Z transform of
1
1 2
1 3
( )
1 3 2
z
X z
z z
+ +
for |z|>2. (6)
ii)Compute the response of the system and check for stability

( ) 0.7 ( 1) 0.12 ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) y n y n y n x n x n + +
to input
( ) ( ) x n nu n
. (10)
3)The impulse response of a system is

1; 0 ( 1)
( )
0;
n N
h n
otherwise

'
Find the transfer function and frequency response. (16)

4)i)Response of a system is { } 1, 2, 3, 4
. Find Impulse response of the system if
the input is { } 1, 4, 3, 2
. (8)
ii)Determine the convolution sum of two sequences { } ( ) 4, 8, 2,1, 0, 5 x n
and
{ } ( ) 3, 2,1, 5, 6 h n
. (8)
5)Find the inverse Z transform for the following signal
2
( 3)( 5)
z
z z +
. When
the signal is right sided? (8)
6)i)State and prove convolution property of discrete Fourier transform. (8)
ii)State and prove the shifting property of DFT. (8)
7)i)Determine the Fourier transform of the signal
| |
( ) ;
n
x n a -1<a<1. (8)
ii)Determine the inverse Fourier transform for the first order recursive
filter
1
( ) (1 )
j
H ae

.(8)
8)Determine the z-transform of the following signals:
1) ( )
1
2
( ) ( )
n
x n u n
2) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
n n
x n a u n b u n + .
9)State and prove all the properties of the z-transform. (16)
10)Find x(n) by using convolution if
1 1
1 1
2 4
1
( )
(1 )(1 )
X z
z z

+
.
11)Determine the causal signal x(n) whose z transform is given by

1
1 2
1
( )
1 0.5
z
X z
z z
+
.
12)Find the output of the filter whose impulse response { } ( ) 1,1,1 h n
and the
input signal
( ) x n
is { } 3, 1, 0,1, 3, 2, 0,1, 2,1
. Using overlap save and overlap
add method.
13)Using the residue method find the inverse z transform of

1
( ) ;| | 0.5
( 0.25)( 0.5)
x z ROC z
z z
>

.
14)Determine the convolution sum of two sequences { } ( ) 3, 2,1, 2 x n
and
{ } ( ) 1, 2,1, 2 h n
. (8)
15)i)Find the impulse response and step response for the following system by
using z-transform.

( ) 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( ) ( 1) y n y n y n x n x n + +
. (10)
ii)compute the DFT of the sequence { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n
(6)
16)i)Find the z-transform of
1) ( ) 2 ( 2)
n
x n u n +
2)
2
( ) ( ) x n n u n . (8)
ii)Use convolution to find x(n), given
1 1
1 1
2 4
1
( )
(1 )(1 )
X z
z z

+
. (8)
17)i)State and explain any four properties of Z-transform. (8)
ii)Find the inverse z-transform if
2
( )
3 4 1
z
X z
z z
+
when the ROC 1)
| | 1 z >

and 2)
1
3
| | z >
. (8)
18)Compute the convolution of the following signals by means of the z
transform. (16)

( )
( )
1
3
1
1
2
, 0
( )
, 0
n
n
n
x n
n
'
<
( )
1
2 2
( ) ( )
n
x n u n .
19)Determine the solution of the difference equation

5 1
6 6
( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( ) y n y n y n x n +
for ( ) 2 ( )
n
x n u n . (16)
20)Determine the causal signal x(n) having the Z transform

1 1 2
1
( )
(1 2 )(1 )
x z
z z

+ +
.
21)Use the convolution to find x(n) if X(Z) is given by
1 1
1 1
2 4
1
(1 )(1 ) z z

+
for
ROC
1
2
| | z >
.
22) Determine the signal x(n) for the Fourier transform
4
( )
j
j
x e e

for

.
23)Find the magnitude and phase of the system
( ) 0.6 ( 1) ( ) y n y n x n
at

4

.
24)Find the convolution of
( ) ( ) x n h n
through z-transform method.

( )
( )
1
2
1
4
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n
n
x n u n
h n u n
25) i) Obtain and sketch the impulse response of shift invariant system
described by

( ) 0.4 ( ) ( 1) 0.6 ( 2) ( 3) 0.4 ( 4). y n x n x n x n x n x n + + + +
(8)
ii) An LTI system is described by the equation

( ) ( ) 0.81 ( 1) 0.81 ( 2) 0.45 ( 2). y x x n x n x n y n + +
Determine the transfer function of the system. Sketch the poles and
zeroes on the z-plane. (8)
26)Sketch the block diagram representation of the DT system described by

1 1 1
4 2 2
( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1). y n y n x n x n + +
27) Consider a causal and stable LTI system whose input x(n) and output y(n)
are related through the second order differential equation

1 1
6 6
( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( ) y n y n y n x n
.
Determine the impulse response h(n) for the system.
28)Determine the impulse response and the unit step response of the
systems described by the difference equation.

( ) 0.7 ( 1) 0.1 ( 2) 2 ( ) ( 2) y n y n y n x n x n +
. (16)
29)Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two linear time
invariant systems having impulse responses:
( )
1
1 2
( ) ( )
n
h n u n and ( )
1
2 4
( ) ( )
n
h n u n .
30)Determine the transfer function, magnitude and phase response, impulse
response for the system
3 1 1
4 8 3
( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( ) ( 1) y n y n y n x n x n + +
. (10)
31)Determine the impulse response and the unit step response of the
systems described by the difference equation.

( ) 0.6 ( 1) 0.08 ( 2) ( ) y n y n y n x n +
.
32)Describe the stability of the system described by

1
1 2
( )
1
z
H z
z z

.
Unit 3
1)Derive and draw the flow graph of the Radix-2 DIFFFT algorithm for the
computation of 8-point DFT.
2)What are the differences and the similarities between DIT and DIFFFT
algorithms?
3)Compute the 8-point DFT of the sequence { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2,1 x n
.
4)Illustrate the concept of circular convolution property of DFT.
5)Obtain the cascade and parallel realization of the system described by

( ) 0.1 ( 1) 0.2 ( 2) 3 ( ) 3.6 ( 1) 0.6 ( 2) y n y n y n x n x n x n + + + +
.
6)A signal x(n) has the following Fourier transform
1
( )
1
j
X
ae

.
Determine the Fourier transforms of the following signals

2
) (2 1)
) ( ) ( 1)
) ( 2)
) ( ) cos(5 )
n
i x n
ii x n x n
iii e x n
iv x n n
+
+
+
7)An LTI system with impulse response
1
( ) ( )
4
n
h n u n
_

,
.
Determine and sketch the magnitude and phase response of input and
output for the following signals.

{ }
3
) ( ) cos ,
10
) ( ) ...1, 0,1,1,1, 0,1,1,1, 0,1...
n
i x n n
ii x n
< <
8)Develop and draw 16 point FFT(DIT) algorithm using 2 point butterfly

structure.
9)Find the circular convolution of
( ) ( ) x n h n
.

( )
1
2
( ) 1; 0 10
( ) ; 0 10
n
x n n
h n n

10)State and prove Parsavals theorem.
11)Draw the FFT flowchart for radix-2, DIF algorithm.Assume N=8.
12)Compute the DFT of x(n)

0, 0 4
( )
1, 5 7.
n
x n
n

'

13)Find X(k) of the following signals using DIT-FFT algorithm:

{ } ) ( ) 0,1, 2, 3 i x n
) ( ) 2
n
ii x n where
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 n
.
14)Given { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2,1 x n
, find X(k) using DIF-FFT algorithm.
15)Compute the DFT of the sequence
( ) cos
2
n
x n

, where
0,1, 2, 3; n
using
DIF algorithm.
16)Using the raix-2 DITFFT algorithm, compute the 8 point DFT of the
sequence { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2,1 x n
. Draw the flow graph and show all the
intermediate results.

17)Draw the flow graph of 16-point DITFFT.
18)Compute the IDFT of the sequence
{ } ( ) 7, 0.707 0.707, , 0.707 0.707, 0.707 0.707, , 0.707 0.707 X K j j j j j j + +

using DIT algorithm.
19)Derive the signal flow graph for the N=4 point, radix-4, decimation in
time FFT algorithm in which input sequence is in the normal order and the
computations are done in peace.
20)Compute the 16-point DFT sequence
( ) cos ; 0 15
2
n
x n n
_

,
using radix-
2 decimation in time algorithm.
21)Compute linear and circular convolution of the 2 sequences { }
1
( ) 1,1, 2, 2 x n

and { }
2
( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n
.
22)Find out the output of the filter whose impulse response is { } ( ) 1, 2 h n
and the input signal { } ( ) 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1,1,1, 2, 1 x n
, using overlap save
method.
23)Derive the key equations of radix-2 decimation-in-time FFT algorithm
and draw the relevant flow graph taking the computation of an 8-point
DFT for your illustration. Using the above flow graph compute the DFT
sequence x(n) defined by { }
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
, , , , 0, 0, 0, 0
.Show the intermediate results
on the flow graph itself.
24)Explain how FFT algorithm is used to compute the IDFT.
25)Find the IDFT of the sequence
{ } ( ) 36, 4 9.656, 4 4, 4 1.656, 4, 4 1.656, 4 4, 4 9.656 X k j j j j j j + + +

using DIF FFT algorithm.
26)Find the inverse z-transform of
1
1 2
1 3
( ) ;| | 2
1 3 2
Z
X Z Z
Z Z

+
>
+ +
27)Compute the response of the system and check for the stability

( ) 0.7 ( 1) 0.12 ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) Y n y n y n x n x n + +
and
( ) . ( ) x n n u n
.
28)Perform the circular convolution of two sequences:

{ }
{ }
1
2
( ) 2, 4, 2,1
( ) 1, 2, 1, 2
X n
X n

29)Determine the response of the system whose input and impulse responses
are

{ }
{ }
( ) 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
( ) 2,1, 1
x n
h n

using overlap save method.
30)Compute the 8-point DFT of the sequence using DIT and DIF algorithm.
{ } ( ) 0.5, 0, 0.5, 3, 2,1, 0.5,1 x n
31)Compute the IDFT of the sequence using DIT and DIF algorithm.
{ } ( ) 8,1 2,1 , 0,1, 0,1 ,1 2 X K j j j j + +
32)Compute the DFT of the sequence { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n
.
33)Determine all possible signals x(n) associated with the z-transform

( ) ( )
1 2
1
( )
1 1
1
2 4
X z
z z

+
.
34)Perform the linear convolution of the two sequences { } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n
and
{ } ( ) 4, 3, 2,1 h n
. Use DFT.
35)Compute linear and circular convolution of the two sequences
{ }
1
( ) 1, 2, 2, 2 x n
and { }
2
( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n
.
36)Compute the FFT using DIT algorithm for the sequence
{ } ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2,1 x n
and draw the corresponding flow diagram.
37)Prove the multiplication of the DFTs of 2 sequences is equivalent to the
DFT of the convolution of the 2 sequences in time domain.
38)Discuss in detail the use of FFT algorithms in linear filtering.
39)Draw the flow group of an 8-point DIF,FFT and explain.
40)Given { } ( ) 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 x n
find X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm.
41)Using decimation-in-time draw the butterfly line diagram for 8-point FFT
calculation.
42)Given ( ) 2
n
x n and N=8, find X(k) using DIF FFT algorithm.
43)What is DIT FFT algorithm.
44)What is DIF FFT algorithm.
45)Find DFT for { } 1,1, 2, 0,1, 2, 0,1
using FFT DIT butterfly algorithm and plot
the spectrum.
46)Find IDFT for { } 1, 4, 3,1
using FFT-DIF method.
47)Find DFT for { } 1, 2, 3, 4,1
.
48)Realize the following filter using cascade and parallel form with direct
form-I structure.

1 2 3
1 1 2
1 5
(1 )(1 2 4 )
z z z
z z z

+ + +
+ + +
49)Find H(s) for the 3
rd
order lowpass butter worth filter.
50)Find DFT of a sequence { } ( ) 1,1, 0, 0 x n
and find the IDFT of
{ } ( ) 1, 0,1, 0 Y k
.
51)Compute the 4-point DFT of sequence { } ( ) 0,1, 2, 3 x n
using DIT and DIF
algorithm.
52)By means of DFT IDFT, determine the sequence
3
( ) x n
corresponding to
the circular convolution of the sequences { } { }
1 2
( ) 2,1, 2,1 , ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4 x n x n
.
53)State the difference between Overlap save method and Overlap add
method.
54)Compute the FFT for the sequence
( ) 1 x n n +
where N=8 using the in
place radix-2 decimation in frequency algorithm.
Unit 4
1)Discuss about any three window functions used in the design of FIR filters.
2)Deign a digital Butterworth filter satisfying the following constraints with
T=1sec. Using Bilinear transformation.Realize the same in Direct form II.

( )
0.707 | | 1; 0
2
j
H e

( )
| | 0.2;3
4
j
H e

3)List the three well known methods of design techniques for FIR filters
and explain any one.
4)Explain in detail triangular window method of FIR filter design

2 | | ( 1) 1
1 ;
( ) 1 2 2
0;
T
x N N
for n
W n N
otherwise

'
.
5)Explain with procedural steps the design of low pass digital Butterworth
filter and list its properties.
6)List the design procedure for low pass digital Chebyshev IIR filter.
7)Convert analog filter with system function
( )
a
H s
into digital filter using
bilinear transformation.
2
0.3
( )
( 0.3) 16
a
s
H s
s
+
+ +
.
8)Design a digital filter using with impulse invariance method

2
1
( )
9 18
H s
S S
+ +
with T=1sec.
9)Implement the following filter using direct form I and parallel structures.

1 1
1
(1 0.5 )(1 0.25 ) Z Z

.
10)An IIR filter has transfer function of
0.875
Z
Z
assuming input signal

(0) 0.75 x
computed results are rounded to 4 bit binary number (1 bit
allotted for sign) check for dead band effect.
11)Design a second order digital LPF using bilinear transformation with
cutoff frequency 1rad/sec and
1 sec
s
T m
.
12)Design a linear phase FIR filter approximately the ideal response

1;| |
6
( )
0; | |
6
H
'
Using Hamming window with 9 points.

13)The desired frequency response of a digital filter is

3
;
4 4
( )
0; | |
4
j
d
e
H

'
<
Determine the filter coefficients if the window function is defined as

1; 0 5
( )
0;
x
x
otherwise
'
.
14)List the various steps in designing FIR filters.
15)Derive the frequency response of linear phase FIR filter when impulse
response is symmetrical and N is odd.
16)How is the design of linear phase FIR filter done by frequency sampling
method? Explain.
17)Apply the bilinear transformation of
2
( )
( 1)( 2)
a
H s
s s
+ +
with T=1sec and
find H(z).
18)The normalized function of an analog filter is given by

2
1
( )
1.414 1
a n
n n
H s
s s
+ +
Convert the analog filter to a digital filter with a cutoff frequency of
0.4 using bilinear transformation.
19)Enumerate the various steps involved in the design of low pass digital
Butterworth IIR filter.
20)The specification of the desired low pass filter is

0.8 | ( ) | 1.0; 0 0.2
| ( ) | 0.2; 0.32
H
H

Design a Butterworth digital filter using impulse invariant
transformation.
21)Explain the various design methods of IIR filters through analog filters.
22)Describe in detail, the design of FIR filters using window function
method.
23)Convert the analog filter with system function
2
0.1
( )
( 0.1) 9
a
s
H s
s
+
+ +
into a
digital IIR filter by means of the impulse invariance method.
24)Convert the analog filter with the system function
2
0.1
( )
( 0.1) 16
a
s
H s
s
+
+ +
into a digital IIR filter by means of the bilinear transformation. The
digital filter is to have a resonant frequency of
2
r

25)Design a digital Butterworth filter that satisfies the following constraint
using bilinear transformation. Assume T=ls.

0.9 | ( ) | 1; 0
2
| ( ) | 0.2;3
4
i
i
H e
H e

.
26)A LPF is to be designed with the following desired frequency response

2
,
4 4
( )
0, | |
4
i
i
d
e
H e

'
Determine the filter coefficients

( )
d
h n
if the window function is defined
as
1; 0 4
( )
0;
n
n
otherwise
'
. Also determine the determine the frequency

response of the designed filter.
27)Determine the coefficients {h(n)} of a linear phase FIR filter of length
M=15 which has a symmetric unit sample response of frequency response
that satisfies the condition
1, 0,1, 2, 3
2
0, 4, 5, 6, 7 15
r
k
k
H
k
'

,

28)Determine the system function H(z) of the lowest order Chebyshev
digital filter that meets the following specifications:
i)1 db ripple in the passband
0 0.3
ii)Atleast 60 db attenuation in the stop band
0.35
. Use the
bilinear transformation method.
29)Derive the conditions that are to be satisfied by the impulse response of
an FIR system to have a linear phase.

30)The derived response of a low pass filter is
3
3
, 3 3
4 4
( )
0, 3
4
j
j
d
e
H e

'
Determine ( )
j
H e

for N-7 using a Hamming window.
31)Design a Chebyshev low pass filter such that the passband magnitude is
constant to within 1 db for frequencies below 0.2 and stop band filter
attenuation > 15 db for frequencies between 0.3 and
. Design digital
from analog filter using bilinear transformation.
32)Design a digital filter equivalent to
2
( )
( 1)( 2)
H s
s s
+ +
using impulse
invariant method.
33)Find H(s) using impulse invariant technique for the analog system
function
2
1
( )
( 0.5)( 0.5 2)
H s
s s s
+ + +
use T=1s
34)Obtain the direct form II, cascade form, parallel form structures for
the system
3 2
2
8 4 11 2
( )
( 0.25)( 0.5)
z z z
H z
z z z
+
+
.
35)Explain the type 1 and type 2 design of FIR filters using frequency
sampling technique.

36)Obtain the transformation formula for the bilinear transformation.
37)Compare the frequency domain characteristics of the different types of
window functions.
38)Explain the procedure for designing an FIR filter using Kaiser window.
39)Design a digital filter with
2
1
( )
7 12
H s
s s
+ +
using T=1 sec.
40)Design a digital filter using bilinear transform for
2
( )
( 1)( 2)
H s
s s
+ +
with
cutoff frequency as 100 rad/sec and sampling time=1.2 ms.
41)Design a linear HPF using Hamming window with N=9

1;
( )
0;
c
H
otherwise

< <
'
42)Realize the following FIR systems in

i)Direct form
ii)Cascade form

1 2 3 4
1 2
1 1 1
1) ( ) 1 2
2 2 2
2) ( ) 1 3 2
H z z z z z
H z z z

+ +
+ +
43)Consider the transfer function
1 2
1.0
( )
1 0.94 0.64
H z
z z

+
. Find the pole
location and effect due to rounding to 3-bit (excluding sign bit).
44)For the desired response

3
,
8 8
( )
0,
8
j
j
d
e
H e

'
Determine ( )
j
H e

for N=7 and compare the response for Hamming
window and rectangular window.
45)Design a digital filter corresponding to an analog filter
0.5( 4)
( )
( 1)( 4)
s
H s
s s
+
+ +
using the impulse invariant method to work at a sampling frequency of
samples/sec.

46)Determine the Direct Form I, Direct form II, Cascade and parallel
structure for the system

( ) 0.1 ( 1) 0.72 ( 2) 0.7 ( ) 0.25 ( 2) y n y n y n x n x n + +
.
47)What is the main drawback of impulse invariant method? How is this
overcome by bilinear transformation?
48)Compare the frequency domain characteristics of various window
functions.Explain how a linear phase FIR can be used using window
method.
49)Explain the type I frequency sampling method of designing an FIR filter.
50)Obtain direct and cascade form realizations for the transfer function of
the system given by
1 2 1 2
1 3 1 1
( ) 1 1
4 8 8 2
H z z z z z

_ _
+ +

, ,
.
51)Design a FIR linear phase digital filter approximating the ideal frequency
response
1,
6
( )
0,
6
d
H
'
<
.Determine the coefficient of a 11 tap

based window method using a rectangular window and Hamming window.
Unit 5
1)Describe the function of onchip peripherals of TMS 320 C 54 DSP
processor. What are the different buses of TMS 320 C 54 DSP
processor?
2)Discuss in detail the various quantization effects in the design of digital
filters.
3)Draw the circuit of a sample and hold circuit and explain its operation.


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K.L.N.

b) Briefly explain Quantization.

Find the transfer function and frequency response. (16)

8)Develop and draw 16 point FFT(DIT) algorithm using 2 point butterfly

13)Find X(k) of the following signals using DIT-FFT algorithm:

Using Hamming window with 9 points.

Determine the filter coefficients if the window function is defined as

Determine the filter coefficients

. Also determine the determine the frequency

42)Realize the following FIR systems in

.Determine the coefficient of a 11 tap

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