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BIS 2003

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
(Rea ffi r med 1998)
Ed i t i on 3.1
(1988-12)
P r i ce Gr ou p 6
Indian S tandard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RAFT
FOUNDATIONS
P ART I DESI GN
( S econd Revision )
(Incor por at ing Amendment No. 1)
UDC 624.153.61:624.0:69.001.3
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
BIS 2003
BUREAU OF I NDI AN STANDARDS
This publicat ion is pr ot ect ed under t he Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
r epr oduct ion in whole or in par t by any means except wit h wr it t en per mission of t he
publisher shall be deemed t o be an infr ingement of copyr ight under t he said Act .
Indian S tandard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RAFT
FOUNDATIONS
P ART I DESI GN
( S econd Revision )
Foundat ion Engineer ing Sect ional Commit t ee, BDC 43
Chairman Represent ing
PROF DINESH MOHAN Cent r al Building Resear ch Inst it ut e (CSIR),
Roor kee
Members
DR R. K. BHANDARI
SHRI DEVENDRA SHARMA ( Alt ernate )
Cent r al Building Resear ch Inst it ut e (CSIR),
Roor kee
CHIEF ENGINEER
SHRI S. GUHA ( Alternat e )
Calcut t a Por t Tr ust , Calcut t a
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE
SHRI N. C. DUGGAL ( Alt ernate )
The Concr et e Associat ion of India, Bombay
SHRI R. K. DAS GUPTA
SHRI H. GUHA BISWAS ( Alt ernate )
Simplex Concr et e Piles (India) Pvt Lt d,
Calcut t a
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR In per sonal capacit y ( 5, Hungerford Road
121, Hungerford S t reet , Calcutt a )
SHRI V. C. DESHPANDE The Pr essur e Piling Co (I) Pvt Lt d, Bombay
DIRECTOR (CSMRS) Cent r al Wat er Commission, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CSMRS) ( Alternat e )
SHRI A. H. DIVANJ I
SHRI A. N. J ANGLE ( Alt ernate )
Asia Foundat ions and Const r uct ion Co Pvt
Lt d, Bombay
SHRI A. GHOSHAL St up Consult ant s Lt d, Bombay
PROF GOPAL RANJ AN Univer sit y of Roor kee, Roor kee
DR J AGDISH NARAIN
PROF SWAMI SARAN ( Alternate )
Indian Geot echnic Societ y, New Delhi
( Cont inued on page 2 )
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
2
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Representing
SHRI G. S. J AIN
SHRI ASHOK KUMAR J AIN ( Alt ernat e )
G. S. J ain & Associat es, Roor kee
J OINT DIRECTOR (D)
SHRI SUNIL BERY ( Alt ernate )
Nat ional Buildings Or ganisat ion, New Delhi
J OINT DIRECTOR RESEARCH (SM), RDSO
J OINT DIRECTOR RESEARCH (B & S),
RDSO ( Alt ernate )
Minist r y of Railways
DR R. K. KATTI Indian Inst it ut e of Technology, Bombay
SHRI S. R. KULKARNI
SHRI S. ROY ( Alt ernate )
M. N. Dast ur & Co Pvt Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI O. P. MALHOTRA Public Wor ks Depar t ment , Chandigar h
SHRI A. P. MATHUR Cent r al War ehousing Cor por at ion, New Delhi
SHRI V. B. MATHUR Machenzies Limit ed, Bombay
SHRI T. K. D. MUNSI
SHRI M. IYENGAR ( Alt ernate )
Engineer s India Limit ed, New Delhi
SHRI Y. V. NARASIMHA RAO Bokar o St eel Plant (St eel Aut hor it y of India),
Bokar o
BRIG OMBIR SINGH
LT-COL K. P. ANAND ( Alt ernate )
Engineer -in-Chiefs Br anch, Ar my
Headquar t er s, New Delhi
SHRI B. K. PANTHAKY
SHRI V. M. MADGE ( Alt ernate )
The Hindust an Const r uct ion Company
Limit ed, Bombay
SHRI M. R. PUNJ A
SHRI S. MUKHERJ EE ( Alternate )
Cemindia Co Lt d, Bombay
SHRI N. E. V. RAGHVAN The Br ait hwait e Bur n & J essop Const r uct ion
Co Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI A. A. RAJ U Vijayanagar St eel Plant (SAI), New Delhi
DR V. V. S. RAO Nagadi Consult ant s Pvt Lt d, New Delhi
SHRI ARJ UN RIJ HSINGHANI
SHRI O. S. SRIVASTAVA ( Alternat e )
Cement Cor por at ion of India, New Delhi
DR A. SARGUNAN
SHRI S. BOOMINATHAN ( Alt ernate )
College of Engineer ing, Guindy
SHRI K. R. SAXENA Public Wor ks Depar t ment , Gover nment of
Andhr a Pr adesh, Hyder abad
DR S. P. SHRIVASTAVA
DR R. KAPUR ( Alternat e )
Unit ed Technical Consult ant s Pvt Lt d, New
Delhi
SHRI T. N. SUBBA RAO
SHRI S. A. REDDI ( Alternat e )
Gammon India Limit ed, Bombay
SHRI N. SIVAGURU
SHRI D. V. SIKKA ( Alt ernate )
Minist r y of Shipping and Tr anspor t , New
Delhi
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGNS)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGNS) V
( Alternate )
Cent r al Public Wor ks Depar t ment , New Delhi
( Continued on page 24 )
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
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Indian S tandard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RAFT
FOUNDATIONS
P ART I DESI GN
( S econd Revision )
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian St andar d (Par t I) was adopt ed by t he Indian
St andar ds Inst it ut ion on 5 Oct ober 1981, aft er t he dr aft finalized by
t he Foundat ion Engineer ing Sect ional Commit t ee had been appr oved
by t he Civil Engineer ing Division Council.
0.2 Raft foundat ion is a subst r uct ur e suppor t ing an ar r angement of
columns or walls in a r ow or r ows and t r ansmit t ing t he loads t o t he soil
by means of a cont inuous slab wit h or wit hout depr essions or openings.
Such t ypes of foundat ions ar e found useful wher e soil has low bear ing
capacit y. This st andar d was fir st published in 1965 and r evised in
1973. In t his r evision, besides making it s cont ent s up-t o-dat e,
guidelines have been given t o choose par t icular t ype of met hods in
par t icular sit uat ions and giving r efer ence t o finit e differ ence met hod
which will be cover ed at a lat er st age.
0.3 This edit ion 3.1 incor por at es Amendment No. 1 (December 1988).
Side bar indicat es modificat ion of t he t ext as t he r esult of
incor por at ion of t he amendment .
0.4 For t he pur pose of deciding whet her a par t icular r equir ement of
t his st andar d is complied wit h, t he final value, obser ved or calculat ed,
expr essing t he r esult of a t est , shall be r ounded off in accor dance wit h
IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places r et ained in t he r ounded
off value should be same as t hat of t he specified value in t his st andar d.
1. SCOP E
1.1 This st andar d (Par t I) cover s t he design of r aft foundat ion based on
convent ional met hod (for r igid foundat ion) and simplified met hods
(flexible foundat ion) for r esident ial and indust r ial buildings,
st or e-houses, silos, st or age t anks, et c, which have mainly ver t ical and
evenly dist r ibut ed loads.
*Rules for r ounding off numer ical values ( revised ).
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2. TERMI NOLOGY
2.1 For t he pur pose of t his st andar d, t he definit ions of t er ms given in
IS : 2809-1972* shall apply.
3. NECESSARY I NF ORMATI ON
3.1 For sat isfact or y design and const r uct ion of a r aft foundat ion, t he
following infor mat ion is necessar y:
a) S it e Plan Sit e plan showing t he locat ion of t he pr oposed as
well as neighbour ing st r uct ur e.
b) Building plan and ver t ical cr oss-sect ions showing differ ent floor
levels, duct s and openings, et c, layout of load bear ing walls,
columns, shear walls, et c.
c) Loading condit ions pr efer ably shown on a schemat ic plan
indicat ing design combinat ion of loads t r ansmit t ed t o t he
foundat ion.
d) Environmental Factors Infor mat ion r elat ing t o geologic hist or y
of t he ar ea, seismicit y of t he r egion, hydr ological infor mat ion
indicat ing gr ound wat er condit ions and it s seasonal var iat ions,
climat ic fact or s like vulner abilit y of t he sit e t o sudden flooding by
sur face r un-off, er osion, et c.
e) Geotechnical Informat ion Giving subsur face pr ofile wit h
st r at ificat ion det ails ( see IS : 1892-1979 ), engineer ing
pr oper t ies of t he founding st r at a, namely, index pr oper t ies,
effect ive shear par amet er s det er mined under appr opr iat e
dr ainage condit ions, compr essibilit y char act er ist ics, swelling
pr oper t ies, r esult s of field t est s like st at ic and dynamic
penet r at ion t est s, pr essur e met er t est s, et c.
f ) Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of S ubgrade Reaction
Appendix A enumer at es t he met hods of det er minat ion of modulus
of elast icit y ( E
s
) and Poissons r at io ( ). The modulus of subgr ade
r eact ion ( k ) may be det er mined in accor dance wit h Appendix B.
g) Limit ing values of t he angular dist or t ion and differ ent ial
set t lement , t he super st r uct ur e can wit hst and ( see IS : 1904-
1987 ).
h) A r eview of t he per for mance of a similar st r uct ur e, if any, in t he
localit y.
*Glossar y of t er ms and symbols r elat ing t o soil engineer ing ( first revision ).
Code of pr act ice for subsur face invest igat ions for foundat ions ( first revision ).
Code of pr act ice for design and const r uct ion of foundat ions in soils: Gener al
r equir ement s ( third revision ).
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j ) Infor mat ion necessar y t o assess t he possible effect s of t he new
st r uct ur e on t he exist ing st r uct ur es in t he neighbour hood.
k) Pr oximit y of mines or major st or age r eser voir s t o t he sit e.
3.2 P a r a met er s for t h e An a l ysi s These ar e obt ained by
aver aging t he par amet er s ( see 3.1 ) which can be det er mined only for
r elat ively less number of point s of t he foundat ion soil. The accur acy
wit h which t he aver age values r epr esent t he act ual condit ions is of
decisive impor t ance for t he final r esult s.
4. DESI GN CONSI DERATI ONS
4.1 Ch oi ce of Ra ft Typ e
4.1.1 For fair ly small and unifor m column spacing and when t he
suppor t ing soil is not t oo compr essible, a flat concr et e slab having
unifor m t hickness t hr oughout (a t r ue mat ) is most suit able ( see Fig. 1A ).
4.1.2 The slab may be t hickened under heavily loaded columns t o
pr ovide adequat e st r engt h for shear and negat ive moment . Pedest als
may also be pr ovided in such cases ( see Fig. 1B ).
4.1.3 A slab and beam t ype of r aft is likely t o be mor e economical for
lar ge column spacing and unequal column loads, par t icular ly when t he
suppor t ing soil is ver y compr essible ( see Fig. 1C ).
4.1.4 For ver y heavy st r uct ur es, pr ovision of cellular r aft or r igid
fr ames consist ing of slabs and basement walls may be consider ed.
4.2 Allowa b l e Bea r in g P r essu r e The allowable bear ing pr essur e
shall be det er mined in accor dance wit h IS : 6403-1981*.
4.2.1 In gr anular soils, t he ult imat e bear ing capacit y of r aft s is
gener ally ver y lar ge. However , for r aft s placed at consider able dept h
(for example basement r aft s), t he possibilit y of punching mode of
failur e should be invest igat ed. The influence of soil compr essibilit y
and r elat ed scale effect s should also be assessed.
4.2.2 For r aft s on cohesive soils st abilit y against deep seat ed failur es
shall be analysed.
4.2.3 In cohesive soils, t he effect of long t er m set t lement due t o
consider at ion shall be t aken int o consider at ion.
4.3 De p t h of F ou n d a t i on The dept h of foundat ion shall gener ally
be not less t han 1 m.
*Code of pr act ice for det er minat ion of bear ing capacit y of shallow foundat ion ( first
revision ).
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FIG. 1 COMMON TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS
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4.4 Su b-s oi l Wa t e r P r es s u r e The uplift due t o t he sub-soil wat er
shall be consider ed in t he design.
4.4.1 All const r uct ion below t he gr ound wat er level shall be checked
for flot at ion.
4.5 Ge n er a l
4.5.1 Dimensional Parameters The size and shape of t he foundat ion
adopt ed affect t he magnit ude of subgr ade modulus and long t er m
defor mat ion of t he suppor t ing soil and t his, in t ur n, influence t he
dist r ibut ion of cont act pr essur e. This aspect shall be t aken int o
consider at ion in t he analysis.
4.5.2 Eccentricity of Loading A r aft gener ally occupies t he ent ir e
ar ea of t he building and oft en it is not feasible and r at her
uneconomical t o pr opor t ion it coinciding t he cent r oid of t he r aft wit h
t he line of act ion of t he r esult ant for ce. In such cases, t he effect of t he
eccent r icit y on cont act pr essur e dist r ibut ion shall be t aken int o
consider at ion.
4.5.3 Properties of the S upporting S oil Dist r ibut ion of cont act
pr essur e under neat h a r aft is affect ed by t he physical char act er ist ics of
t he soil suppor t ing it . Consider at ions must be given t o t he incr eased
cont act pr essur e developed along t he edges of t he foundat ion on
cohesive soils and t he opposit e effect on gr anular soils. Long t er m
consolidat ion of deep soil layer s shall be t aken int o account in t he
analysis. This may necessit at e evaluat ion of cont act pr essur e
dist r ibut ion bot h immediat ely aft er const r uct ion and aft er complet ion
of t he consolidat ion pr ocess. The design must be based on t he wor st
condit ions.
4.5.4 Rigidit y of the Foundation Rigidit y of t he foundat ion t ends t o
ir on out uneven defor mat ions and t her eby modifies t he cont act
pr essur e dist r ibut ion. High or der of r igidit y is char act er ized by lar ge
moment s and r elat ively small, unifor m set t lement s. A r igid foundat ion
may also gener at e high secondar y st r esses in st r uct ur al member s. The
effect s of r igidit y shall be t aken int o account in t he analysis.
4.5.5 Rigidit y of the S uperst ructure Fr ee r esponse of t he
foundat ions t o soil defor mat ion is r est r ict ed by t he r igidit y of t he
super st r uct ur e. In t he ext r eme case, a st iff st r uct ur e may for ce a
flexible foundat ion t o behave as r igid. This aspect shall be consider ed
t o evaluat e t he validit y of t he cont act pr essur e dist r ibut ion.
4.6 Hea vy Vi b r a t or y Loa d s Foundat ions subject ed t o heavy
vibr at or y loads should pr efer ably be isolat ed.
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4.7 Exp a n si on J oi n t s In case t he st r uct ur e suppor t ed by t he r aft
consist s of sever al par t s wit h var ying height s and loads, it is advisable
t o pr ovide expansion joint s bet ween t hese par t s. J oint s may also be
pr ovided wher ever t her e is a change in t he dir ect ion of t he r aft .
5. METHODS OF ANALYSI S
5.0 The essent ial t ask in t he analysis of a r aft foundat ion is t he
det er minat ion of t he dist r ibut ion of cont act pr essur e under neat h t he
r aft which is a complex funct ion of t he r igidit y of t he super st r uct ur e,
r aft it self and t he suppor t ing soil, and cannot except in ver y simple
cases, be det er mined wit h exact it ude. This necessit at es a number of
simplifying assumpt ions t o make t he pr oblem amenable t o analysis.
Once t he dist r ibut ion of cont act pr essur e is det er mined, design
bending moment s and shear s can be comput ed based on st at ics. The
following met hods of analysis ar e suggest ed which ar e dist inguished
by t he assumpt ions involved. Choice of a par t icular met hod should be
gover ned by t he validit y of t he assumpt ions in t he par t icular case.
5.1 Rigi d F ou n d a t ion (Con ve n t i on a l Me t h od ) This is based on
t he assumpt ions of linear dist r ibut ion of cont act pr essur e. The basic
assumpt ions of t his met hod ar e:
a) The foundat ion is r igid r elat ive t o t he suppor t ing soil and t he
compr essible soil layer is r elat ively shallow.
b) The cont act pr essur e var iat ion is assumed as planar , such t hat
t he cent r oid of t he cont act pr essur e coincides wit h t he line of
act ion of t he r esult ant for ce of all loads act ing on t he foundat ion.
5.1.1 This met hod may be used when eit her of t he following condit ions
is sat isfied:
a) The st r uct ur e behaves as r igid (due t o t he combined act ion of t he
super st r uct ur e and t he foundat ion) wit h a r elat ive st iffness fact or
K > 0.5 (for evaluat ion of K, see Appendix C).
b) The column spacing is less t han 1.75/ ( see Appendix C ).
5.1.2 The r aft is analysed as a whole in each of t he t wo per pendicular
dir ect ions. The cont act pr essur e dist r ibut ion is det er mined by t he
pr ocedur e out lined in Appendix D. Fur t her analysis is also based on
st at ics.
5.1.3 In cases of unifor m condit ions when t he var iat ions in adjacent
column loads and column spacings do not exceed 20 per cent of t he
higher value, t he r aft may be divided int o per pendicular st r ips of
widt hs equal t o t he dist ance bet ween midspans and each st r ip may be
analysed as an independent beam wit h known column loads and
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known cont act pr essur es. Such beams will not nor mally sat isfy st at ics
due t o shear t r ansfer bet ween adjacent st r ips and t he design may be
based on suit able moment coefficient s, or on moment dist r ibut ion.
NOTE On soft soils, for example, nor mally consolidat ed clays, peat , muck, or ganic
silt s, et c, t he assumpt ions involved in t he convent ional met hod ar e commonly just ified.
5.2 F lexi b le F ou n d a t ion
5.2.1 S implified Method In t his met hod, it is assumed t hat t he
subgr ade consist s of an infinit e ar r ay of individual elast ic spr ings each
of which is not affect ed by ot her s. The spr ing const ant is equal t o t he
modulus of subgr ade r eact ion ( k ). The cont act pr essur e at any point
under t he r aft is, t her efor e, linear ly pr opor t ional t o t he set t lement at
t he point . This met hod may be used when t he following condit ions ar e
sat isfied ( see Appendix E ):
a) The st r uct ur e (combined act ion of super st r uct ur e and r aft ) may
be consider ed as flexible (r elat ive st iffness fact or K < 0.5, see
Appendix C).
b) Var iat ion in adjacent column load does not exceed 20 per cent of
t he higher value.
5.2.1.1 General met hod For t he gener al case of a flexible foundat ion
not sat isfying t he r equir ement s of 5.2.1, t he met hod based on closed
for m solut ion of elast ic plat e t heor y may be used. This met hod is based
on t he t heor y of plat es on winkler foundat ion which t akes int o account
t he r est r aint on deflect ion of a point pr ovided by cont inuit y of t he
foundat ion in or t hogonal foundat ion. The dist r ibut ion of deflect ion and
cont act pr essur e on t he r aft due t o a column load is det er mined by t he
plat e t heor y. Since t he effect of a column load on an elast ic foundat ion
is damped out r apidly, it is possible t o det er mine t he t ot al effect at a
point of all column loads wit hin t he zone of influence by t he met hod of
super imposit ion. The comput at ion of t he effect at any point may be
r est r ict ed t o columns of t wo adjoining bays in all dir ect ions. The
pr ocedur e is out lined in Appendix F.
NOTE One of t he r ecent gener al met hods based on t he above ment ioned t heor y is
numer ical analysis by eit her finit e differ ence met hod or finit e element met hod. This
met hod is used for accur at e analysis of t he r aft foundat ion. The det ails of t his met hod
could be cover ed at a lat er st age.
6. STRUCTURAL DESI GN
6.1 The gener al design for loads, shr inkage, cr eep and t emper at ur e
effect s and pr ovision of r einfor cement and det ailing shall confor m t o
IS : 456-1978*, t he foundat ion being consider ed as an inver t ed beam or
slab.
*Code of pr act ice for plain and r einfor ced concr et e ( third revision ).
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A P P E N D I X A
[ Clause 3.1(f) ]
DETERMI NATI ON OF MODULUS OF ELASTI CI TY ( E
s
)
AND P OI SSONS RATI O ( )
A-1. DETERMI NATI ON OF MODULUS OF ELASTI CI TY ( E
s
)
A-1.1 The modulus of elast icit y is a funct ion of t he composit ion of t he
soil, it s void r at io, st r ess hist or y and loading r at e. In gr anular soils it
is a funct ion of t he dept h of t he st r at a, while in cohesive soils it is
mar kedly influenced by t he moist ur e cont ent . Due t o it s gr eat
sensit ivit y t o sampling dist ur bance accur at e evaluat ion of t he modulus
in t he labor at or y is ext r emely difficult . For gener al cases, t her efor e,
det er minat ion of t he modulus may be based on field t est s (A-2). Wher e
a pr oper ly equipped labor at or y and sampling facilit y ar e available, E
s
may be det er mined in t he labor at or y ( see A-3 ).
A-2. F I ELD DETERMI NATI ON
A-2.1 The value of E
s
shall be det er mined fr om plat e loan t est given in
IS : 1888-1982*.
wher e
A-2.1.1 The aver age value of E
s
shall be based on a number of plat e
load t est s car r ied out over t he ar ea, t he number and locat ion of t he
t est s, depending upon t he ext ent and impor t ance of t he st r uct ur e.
A-2.1.2 Effect of S ize In gr anular soils, t he value of E
s
cor r esponding t o t he size of t he r aft shall be det er mined as follows:
*Met hod of load t est on soils ( second revision ).
q = int ensit y of cont act pr essur e,
B = least lat er al dimension of t est plat e,
s = set t lement ,
= Poissons r at io,
I
w
= Influence fact or , and
= 0.82 for a squar e plat e.
E
s
E
p

B
f
B
p
-------
B
f
B
p
+ ( )
2
2B
f
--------------------------- =
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wher e B
f
, B
p
r epr esent sizes of foundat ion and plat e and E
p
is t he
modulus det er mined by t he plat e load t est .
A-2.2 For st r at ified deposit s or deposit s wit h lenses of differ ent
mat er ials, r esult s of plat e load t est will be unr eliable and st at ic cone
penet r at ion t est s may be car r ied out t o det er mine E
s
.
A-2.2.1 St at ic cone penet r at ion t est s shall be car r ied out in accor dance
wit h IS : 4968 (Par t III)-1976*. Sever al t est s shall be car r ied out at
r egular dept h int er vals up t o a dept h equal t o t he widt h of t he r aft and
t he r esult s plot t ed t o obt ain an aver age value of E
s
.
A-2.2.2 The value of E
s
may be det er mined fr om t he following
r elat ionship:
E
s
= 2 C
kd
wher e
C
kd
= cone r esist ance in kgf/cm
2
.
A-3. LABORATORY DETERMI NATI ON OF E
s
A-3.1 The value of E
s
shall be det er mined by conduct ing t r iaxial t est in
t he labor at or y [ see IS : 2720 (Par t XI)-1971 and IS : 2720 (Par t XII)-
1981 ] on samples collect ed wit h least dist ur bances.
A-3.2 In t he fir st phase of t he t r iaxial t est , t he specimen shall be
allowed t o consolidat e fully under an all-r ound confining pr essur e
equal t o t he ver t ical effect ive over bur den st r ess for t he specimen in t he
field. In t he second phase, aft er equilibr ium has been r eached, fur t her
dr ainage shall be pr event ed and t he deviat or st r ess shall be incr eased
fr om zer o value t o t he magnit ude est imat ed for t he field loading
condit ion. The deviat or st r ess shall t hen be r educed t o zer o and t he
cycle of loading shall be r epeat ed.
A-3.3 The value of E
s
shall be t aken as t he t angent modulus at t he
st r ess level equal t o one-half t he maximum deviat or st r ess applied
dur ing t he second cycle of loading.
*Met hod for subsur face sounding for soils: Par t III St at ic cone penet r at ion t est ( first
revision ).
Met hods of t est for soils: Par t XI Det er minat ion of shear st r engt h par amet er s of a
specimen t est ed in unconsolidat ed undr ained t r iaxial compr ession wit hout t he
measur ement of por e wat er pr essur e.
Met hods of t est for soils: Par t XII Det er minat ion of shear st r engt h par amet er s of
soils fr om consolidat ed undr ained t r iaxial compr ession t est wit h measur ement of por e
wat er pr essur e ( first revision ).
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
12
A P P E N D I X B
[ Clause 3.1 (f) ]
DETERMI NATI ON OF MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTI ON
B-1. GENERAL
B-1.1 The modulus of subgr ade r eact ion ( k ) as applicable t o t he case
of load t hr ough a plat e of size 30 30 cm or beams 30 cm wide on t he
soil is given in Table 1 for cohesionless soils and in Table 2 for cohesive
soils. Unless mor e specific det er minat ion of k is done ( see B-2
and B-3 ), t hese values may be used for design of r aft foundat ion in
cases wher e t he dept h of t he soil affect ed by t he widt h of t he foot ing
may be consider ed isot r opic and t he ext r apolat ion of plat e load t est
r esult s is valid.
TABLE 1 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTI ON ( k ) F OR
COHESI ONLESS SOI LS
SOIL CHARACTERISTIC *MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION
( k ) IN kg/cm
3
Relat ive
Densit y
St andar d Penet r at ion
Test Value ( N )
For Dr y or Moist
St at e
For Submer ged
St at e
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Loose < 10 1.5 0.9
Medium 10 t o 30 1.5 t o 4.7 0.9 t o 2.9
Dense 30 and Over 4.7 t o 18.0 2.9 t o 10.8
*The above values apply t o a squar e plat e 30 30 cm or beams 30 cm wide.
TABLE 2 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTI ON ( k ) F OR
COHESI VE SOI LS
SOIL CHARACTERISTIC *MODULUS OF SUBGRADE
REACTION ( K
s
) IN kg/cm
3
Consist ency Unconfined Compr essive
St r engt h, kg/cm
2
(1) (2) (3)
St iff 1 t o 2 2.7
Ver y st iff 2 t o 4 2.7 t o 5.4
Har d 4 and over 5.4 t o 10.8
*The values apply t o a squar e plat e 30 30 cm. The above values ar e based on t he
assumpt ion t hat t he aver age loading int ensit y does not exceed half t he ult imat e bear ing
capacit y.
; ) ; )
; )
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
13
B-2. F I ELD DETERMI NATI ON
B-2.1 In cases wher e t he dept h of t he soil affect ed by t he widt h of t he
foot ing may be consider ed as isot r opic, t he value of k may be
det er mined in accor dance wit h IS : 9214-1979*. The t est shall be
car r ied out wit h a plat e of size not less t han 30 cm.
B-2.2 The aver age value of k shall be based on a number of plat e load
t est s car r ied out over t he ar ea, t he number and locat ion of t he t est s
depending upon t he ext ent and impor t ance of t he st r uct ur e.
B-3. LABORATORY DETERMI NATI ON
B-3.1 For st r at ified deposit s or deposit s wit h lenses of differ ent
mat er ials, evaluat ion of k fr om plat e load t est will be unr ealist ic and
it s det er minat ion shall be based on labor at or y t est s [ see IS : 2720
(Par t XI)-1971 and IS : 2720 (Par t XII)-1981 ].
B-3.2 In car r ying out t he t est , t he cont inuing cell pr essur e may be so
select ed as t o be r epr esent at ive of t he dept h of aver age st r ess influence
zone ( about 0.5 B t o B ).
B-3.3 The value of k shall be det er mined fr om t he following
r elat ionship:
wher e
B-3.4 In t he absence of labor at or y t est dat a, appr opr iat e values of E
s
and may be det er mined in accor dance wit h Appendix A and used
in B-3.2 for evaluat ion of k.
*Met hod of det er minat ion of subgr ade r eact ion ( k value ) of soils in t he field.
Met hods of t est for soils: Par t XI Det er minat ion of shear st r engt h par amet er s of
specimen t est ed in unconsolidat ed undr ained t r iaxial compr ession wit hout t he
measur ement of por e wat er pr essur e.
Met hods of t est for soils: Par t XII Det er minat ion of shear st r engt h par amet er s of
soil fr om consolidat ed undr ained t r iaxial compr ession t est wit h measur ement of por e
wat er pr essur e ( first revision ).
E
s
= Modulus of elast icit y of soil ( see Appendix A ),
E = Youngs modulus of foundat ion mat er ial,
= Poissons r at io of soil ( see Appendix A ), and
I = Moment of iner t ia of st r uct ur e if det er mined or of t he
foundat ion.
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
14
B-4. CALCULATI ONS
B-4.1 When t he st r uct ur e is r igid ( see Appendix C ), t he aver age
modulus of subgr ade r eact ion may also be det er mined as follows:
k
s
=
A P P E N D I X C
( Clauses 5.1.1, 5.2.1 and B-4.1 )
RI GI DI TY OF SUP ERSTRUCTURE AND FOUNDATI ON
C-1. DETERMI NATI ON OF THE RI GI DI TY OF THE
STRUCTURE
C-1.1 The flexur al r igidit y EI of t he st r uct ur e of any sect ion may be
est imat ed accor ding t o t he r elat ion given below ( see also Fig. 2 ):
wher e
E
l
= modulus of elast icit y of t he infilling mat er ial (wall
mat er ial) in kg/cm
2
,
I
l
= moment of iner t ia of t he infilling in cm
4
,
b = lengt h or br eadt h of t he st r uct ur e in t he dir ect ion of
bending,
H = t ot al height of t he infilling in cm,
E
2
= modulus of elast icit y of fr ame mat er ial in kg/cm
2
,
I
b
= moment of iner t ia of t he beam in cm
4
,
I
u
=
,
I
l
=
,
Aver age cont act pr essur e
Aver age set t lement of t he r aft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I
u
h
u
------
I
l
h
1
------
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
15
NOTE The summat ion is t o be done over all t he st or eys, including t he foundat ion
beam of r aft . In t he case of t he foundat ion, I
f
r eplaces I
b
and I
l
becomes zer o,
wher eas for t he t opmost beam, I
u
becomes zer o.
FIG. 2 DETERMINATION OF RIGIDITY OF A STRUCTURE
C-2. RELATI VE STI F F NESS F ACTOR K
C-2.1 Whet her a st r uct ur e behaves as r igid or flexible depends on t he
r elat ive st iffness of t he st r uct ur e and t he foundat ion soil. This r elat ion
I
b
=
,
l = spacing of t he columns in cm,
h
u
= lengt h of t he upper column in cm,
h
l
= lengt h of t he lower column in cm,
I
f
=
,
I
u
= moment of iner t ia of t he upper column in cm
4
,
I
l
= moment of iner t ia of t he lower column in cm
4
, and
I
f
= moment of iner t ia of t he foundat ion beam or r aft in cm
4
.
I
b
l
-----
I
f
l
----
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
16
is expr essed by t he r elat ive st iffness fact or K given below:
a) For t he whole st r uct ur e K =
b) For r ect angular r aft s or beams K =
c) For cir cular r aft s K =
wher e
C-2.1.1 For K > 0.5, t he foundat ion may be consider ed as r igid
( see 5.1.1 ).
C-3. DETERMI NATI ON OF CRI TI CAL COLUMN SP ACI NG
C-3.1 Evaluat ion of t he char act er ist ics is made as follows:
=
wher e
EI = flexur al r igidit y of t he st r uct ur e over t he lengt h ( a ) in
kg/cm
2
,
E
s
= modulus of compr essibilit y of t he foundat ion soil in
kg/cm
2
,
b = lengt h of t he sect ion in t he bending axis in cm,
a = lengt h per pendicular t o t he sect ion under invest igat ion
in cm,
d = t hickness of t he r aft or beam in cm, and
R = r adius of t he r aft in cm.
k = modulus of subgr ade r eact ion in kg/cm
3
for foot ing of
widt h B in cm ( see Appendix B ).
B = widt h of r aft in cm
E
c
= modulus of elast icit y of concr et e in kgf/cm
2
I = moment of iner t ia of t he r aft in cm
4
EI
E
s
b
3
a
-------------------
E
12E
s
-------------
d
b
---
,
_
3
E
12 E
s
---------------
d
2 R
----------
,
_
3
k B
4E
c
I
-------------
4
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
17
A P P E N D I X D
( Clause 5.1.2 )
CALCULATI ON OF P RESSURE DI STRI BUTI ON BY
CONVENTI ONAL METHOD
D-1. DETERMI NATI ON OF P RESSURE DI STRI BUTI ON
D-1.1 The pr essur e dist r ibut ion ( q ) under t he r aft shall be
det er mined by t he following for mula:
wher e
I
x
, I
y
, e
x
, e
y
may be calculat ed fr om t he following equat ions:
,
,
, and
wher e
Q = t ot al ver t ical load on t he r aft ,
A = t ot al ar ea of t he r aft ,
e
x
, e
y
, I
x
, I
y
= eccent r icit ies and moment s of iner t ia about
t he pr incipal axes t hr ough t he cent r oid of t he
sect ion, and
x, y = co-or dinat es of any given point on t he r aft wit h
r espect t o t he x and y axes passing t hr ough t he
cent r oid of t he ar ea of t he r aft .
I
x
, I
y
= moment of iner t ia of t he ar ea of t he r aft r espect ively
about t he x and y axes t hr ough t he cent r oid,
q
Q
A'
-----
Qe'
y
I'
x
----------- y
Qe'
x
I'
y
----------- x =
I'
x
I
x
I
xy
2
I
y
---------- =
I'
y
I
y
I
xy
2
I
x
---------- =
e'
x
e
x
I
xy
I
x
------- e
y
=
e'
y
e
y
I
xy
I
y
------- e
x
=
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
18
For a r ect angular r aft t he equat ion simplifies t o:
wher e
a and b = t he dimensions of t he r aft in t he x and y dir ect ions
r espect ively.
NOTE If one or mor e of t he values of ( q ) ar e negat ive, as calculat ed by t he above
for mula, it indicat es t hat t he whole ar ea of foundat ion is not subject t o pr essur e and
only a par t of t he ar ea is in cont act wit h t he soil, and t he above for mula will st ill hold
good, pr ovided appr opr iat e values of I
x
, I
y
, I
xy
, e
x
and e
y
ar e used wit h r espect t o t he
ar ea in cont act wit h t he soil inst ead of t he whole ar ea.
A P P E N D I X E
( Clause 5.2.1 )
CONTACT P RESSURE DI STRI BUTI ON AND MOMENTS
BELOW FLEXI BLE FOUNDATI ON
E-1. CONTACT P RESSURE DI STRI BUTI ON
E-1.1 The dist r ibut ion of cont act pr essur e is assumed t o be linear wit h
maximum value at t ained under t he columns and minimum at mid
span.
E-1.2 The cont act pr essur e for t he full widt h of t he st r ip under an
int er ior column load locat ed at point i ( p
i
) can be det er mined as ( see
Fig. 3B ):
wher e
I
xy
= xydA for t he whole ar ea about x and y axes t hr ough t he
cent r oid, and
e
x
, e
y
= eccent r icit ies in t he x and y dir ect ions of t he load fr om
t he cent r oid.
l = aver age lengt h of adjacent span ( m ),
P
i
= column load at point i ( t ), and
M
i
= moment under an int er ior columns locat ed at i.
q
Q
A
---- 1
12e
y
y
b
2
---------------
12e
x
x
a
2
---------------
,

_
=
p
i
5P
i
l
---------
48M
i
l
2
-------------- + =
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
19
E-1.3 The minimum cont act pr essur e for t he full widt h of t he st r ip at
t he middle of t he adjacent spans p
ml
and p
mr
can be det er mined as
( see Fig. 3A ):
p
ml
= 2P
i

p
mr
= 2P
i

p
m
=
wher e l
r
, l
l
as shown in Fig. 3A.
E-1.4 If E-2.3(a) gover ns t he moment under t he ext er ior columns,
cont act pr essur es under t he ext er ior columns and at end of t he st r ip p
e
and p
e
can be det er mined as ( see Fig. 3C ):
wher e P
e
, p
m
, M
e
, l
1
, C as shown in Fig. 3C.
E-1.5 If E-2.3 (b) gover ns t he moment under t he ext er ior columns, t he
cont act pr essur es p
e
and p
c
ar e det er mined as ( see Fig. 3C ):
p
e
= p
c
=
E-2. BENDI NG MOMENT DI AGRAM
E-2.1 The bending moment under an int er ior column locat ed at i ( see
Fig. 3A ) can be det er mined as:
M
i
= (0.24l + 0.16)
E-2.2 The bending moment at midspan is obt ained as ( see Fig. 3B ):
M
m
= M
o
+ M
i
wher e
M
o
= moment of simply suppor t ed beam
= [ p
i
( l ) + 4 p
m
+ p
i
( r ) ]
wher e l, p
i
( l ), p
i
( r ), p
m
ar e as shown in Fig. 3B.
l
r
l
l
l
--------- p
i

l
l
l
-----
l
l
l
r
l
--------- p
i

l
l
r
---- -
p
m r
p
m l
+
2
---------------------------
p
e
4P
e
6M
e
C
----------- p
m
l
1
+
C l
1
+
----------------------------------------------- =
p
c
3 M
e
C
2
-------------
p
e
2
----- =
4P
e
p
m
l
1

4C l
1
+
-----------------------------
P
i
4
------
l
2
48
------
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
20
FIG. 3 MOMENT AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AT COLUMNS
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
21
E-2.3 The bending moment M
e
under ext er ior columns can be
det er mined as t he least of ( see Fig. 3C ):
a) (0.13l
1
+ 1.06 C 0.50)
b)
A P P E N D I X F
( Clause 5.2.1.1 )
FLEXI BLE FOUNDATI ON GENERAL CONDI TI ON
F -1. CLOSED F ORM SOLUTI ON OF ELASTI C P LATE THEORY
F -1.1 For a flexible r aft foundat ion wit h nonunifor m column spacing
and load int ensit y, solut ion of t he differ ent ial equat ion gover ning t he
behaviour of plat es on elast ic foundat ion (Winkler Type) gives r adial
moment ( M
r
) t angent ial moment ( M
t
) and deflect ion ( w ) at any
point by t he following expr essions:
wher e
P = column load;
r = dist ance of t he point under invest igat ion fr om column
load along r adius;
P
c
4
------
4 P
e
p
m
l
1
( )
4C l
1
+
-------------------------------------
C
2
2
-------
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
22
F -1.2 The r adial and t angent ial moment s can be conver t ed t o
r ect angular co-or dinat es:
M
x
= M
r
cos
2
+ M
t
sin
2

M
y
= M
r
sin
2
+ M
t
cos
2

wher e
= is t he angle wit h x axis t o t he line joining or igin t o t he
point under consider at ion.
F -1.3 The shear Q per unit widt h of r aft can be det er mined by:
Q = Z
4

wher e
Z
4
= funct ion for shear ( see Fig. 4 ).
F -1.4 When edge of t he r aft is locat ed wit hin t he r adius of influence,
t he following cor r ect ions ar e t o be applied. Calculat e moment s and
shear s per pendicular t o t he edge of t he r aft wit hin t he r adius of
influence, assuming t he r aft t o be infinit ely lar ge. Then apply opposit e
and equal moment s and shear s on t he edge of t he mat . The met hod for
beams on elast ic foundat ion may be used.
F -1.5 Finally all moment s and shear s calculat ed for each individual
column and walls ar e super imposed t o obt ain t he t ot al moment and
shear values.
L = r adius of effect ive st iffness;
k = modulus of subgr ade r eact ion for foot ing of
widt h B;
D = flexur al r igidit y of t he foundat ion;
=
t = r aft t hickness;
E = modulus of elast icit y of t he foundat ion
mat er ial;
= poissons r at io of foundat ion mat er ial; and
Z
3
, Z
3
, Z
4
= funct ions of shear , moment and deflect ion
( see Fig. 4 ).
D
k
----
4
r
L
----
,
_
r
L
----
,
_
r
L
----
,
_
P
4L
-------
r
L
----
,
_
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
23
FIG. 4 FUNCTIONS FOR SHEAR MOMENT AND DEFLECTION
I S : 2950 (P a r t I ) - 1981
24
( Continued from page 2 )
Members Represent ing
SHRI M. D. TAMBEKAR Bombay Por t Tr ust , Bombay
DR A. VARADARAJ AN
DR R. KANIRAJ ( Alt ernate )
Indian Inst it ut e of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI G. RAMAN,
Dir ect or (Civ Engg)
Dir ect or Gener al, BIS ( Ex-officio Member )
S ecret ary
SHRI K. M. MATHUR
Deput y Dir ect or (Civ Engg), BIS
Bear ing Capacit y of Foundat ion Subcommit t ee, BDC 43
Convener
SHRI S. GUHA Calcut t a Por t Tr ust , Calcut t a
Members
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
(B & S), CB-II
Resear ch, Designs & St andar ds Or ganizat ion,
Lucknow
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (DESIGN) V Cent r al Public Wor ks Depar t ment , New Delhi
SHRI T. N. MUKHERJ EE Mar t in & Bur ns Co Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI B. G. RAO
SHRI AMAR SINGH ( Alt ernate )
Cent r al Building Resear ch Inst it ut e, Roor kee
SHRI K. R. SAXENA Engineer ing Resear ch Labor at or ies,
Hyder abad
SHRI O. S. SRIVASTAVA
SHRI S. K. CHATTERJ EE ( Alternat e )
Cement Cor por at ion of India, New Delhi
DR SWAMI SARAN Univer sit y of Roor kee, Roor kee
Bu r e a u of I n d i a n St a n d a r d s
BIS is a st at ut or y inst it ut ion est ablished under t he Bureau of Indian S tandards Act, 1986 t o pr omot e
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This Indian St andar d has been developed by Technical Commit t ee : BDC 43
Amen d men t s I ssu ed Si n ce P u bl i ca t i on
Ame n d No. Da t e of I ssu e
Amd. No. 1 December 1988
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