Introduction:

The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain. Production of cold drinks :

Theory:
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate

ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy tastewhich is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for theformation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic

contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

Experiment1

Aim:
Comparative Study and Qualitative Analysis of different brands of Cold Drinks Coca cola Spite Fanta Limca

Apparatus required:

Test Tubes Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

Chemicals Required:

Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Lime Water Fehlings A & B Solution Concentrated Nitric Acid Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate Iodine Solution

Procedure: Determination of Ph:

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale.

Observation:
S. No. Name Of The Drink
Coca Cola Sprite Limca

Colour Change
Pinkish Dark Orange Light Orange

pH Value

1 2 3

2.5-3 3 4

Fanta

Orange

3-4

Inference:
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.

Test For Carbon Dioxide:

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

Observation:
S. No. Name Of The Drink
Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta

Time Taken (sec)

28 20 38 36

Conclusion

1 2 3 4

CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT

Inference:
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for

its tangy taste.

Chemical Reaction:
Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)

Test For Glucose:

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:1. Benedicts Reagent Test:
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Observation
S.No. Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation Conclusion

1 2 3 4

Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate Reddish Colour Precipitate

Glucose is Present Glucose is Present Glucose is Present Glucose is Present

Inference:
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with

Benedicts reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

2. Fehlings Solution Test:

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehlings A solution and Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Observation:
S. No. Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Observation Conclusion

Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate Reddish Brown Precipitate

Glucose is Present

Sprite

Glucose is Present

Limca

Glucose is Present

Fanta

Glucose is Present

Inference:

All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehlings (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

Test For Phosphate:

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

Observation:
Sr. No. Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Observation Conclusion

Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate Canary Yellow Precipitate

Phosphate is Present

Sprite

Phosphate is Present

Limca

Phosphate is Present

Fanta

Phosphate is Present

Inference:
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for

phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

Test For Alcohol:

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks.

Observation:
S. No. Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation Conclusion

1 2 3 4

Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate Yellow Precipitate

Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present Alcohol is Present

Inference:
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol. Chemical Reaction:

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

Test for Sucrose:

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

Observation
S. No. Name Of The Drink Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta Observation Conclusion

1 2 3 4

Black Residue Black Residue Black Residue Black Residue

Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present Sucrose is Present

Inference:
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.

Result:
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. Coca Cola 2. Sprite 3. Limca 4. Fanta All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken. Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

PRECAUTIONS:
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are 1. Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care. 2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each experiment. 3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any possible damage.

4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water. 5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you leave your workstation. 6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at yourself or your neighbour .

Conclusion:
The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks leads to many serious health effects.

HEALTH EFFECTS:
The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dental cavities, and low nutrient levels. Experimental studies tend to support a causal role for sugar-sweetened soft drinks in these ailments, though this is challenged by other researchers. "Sugar-sweetened" includes drinks that use High-fructose corn syrup, as well as those using sucrose.

Many soft drinks contain ingredients that are themselves sources of concern: caffeine is linked to anxiety and sleep disruption when consumed in excess, and the health effects of high-fructose corn

syrup and artificial sweeteners remain controversial. Sodium benzoate has been investigated

as a possible cause of DNA damage and hyperactivity. Other substances have negative health effects, but are present in such small quantities that they are unlikely to pose any substantial health risk. Benzene belongs to this category: the amount of benzene in soft drinks is small enough that it is unlikely to pose a health risk In 1998, the Center for Science in the Public Interest published a report titled Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health. The report examined statistics relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks, particularly by children, and the consequent health ramifications, including

tooth decay, nutritional depletion, obesity, type-2 (formerly known as "adult-onset") diabetes, and heart disease. It also reviewed soft drink marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption.

Obesity and weight-related diseases:

The reason why there is a link between soft drinks and obesity is that these drinks are full of empty calories. An empty calorie is one where there is no nutritional value. For example a chicken breast has calories, but they come from muscle building proteins. A soda is full of sugar so that is all you are putting into your system. It is widely known that most sodas have over 9 tablespoons of sugar per can. Also a very disturbing fact is that they use a synthetic sugar that allows you to be able to drink more. 40 years ago you could not drink more than 1 or 2 sodas without throwing up because your body cant take that much sugar. This new synthetic sweetener allows people to be able to drink 2 liters at a time without any side effects immediately. Reviews of the

experimental evidence suggest that soft drink consumption does cause weight gain, but the effect is often small except for overweight individuals. The consumption of sugarsweetened soft drinks is also

associated with many weight-related diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors, and elevated blood pressure. Here are few steps to reduce prevent from obesity. Soft drinks, fruit juices, and sports drinks are loadedwith sugar; drink fat-free or low-fat milk or water instead. Eat at least five servings of fruit and vegetables a day. Plan meals and make better food selections (eat less fatty foods, avoid junk and fast foods).

Dental decay:
Most soft drinks contain high concentration of simple carbohydrates like glucose, fructose, sucrose an dother simple sugars. Oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acid, which dissolves tooth enamel during the dental decay process; thus, sweetened drinks are likely to increase risk of dental caries. The risk is greater if the frequency of consumption is high .The figure shows the bubles of softdrinks which acts on

tooth. A large number of soft drinks are acidic, and some may have a pH of 3.0 or even lower. Drinking acidic drinks over a long period of time and continuous sipping can therefore erode the tooth enamel. Drinking through a straw is often advised by dentists as the drink is then swallowed from the back of the mouth and does not come into contact with the teeth as much. It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid.

Hypokalemia:
There have been a handful of published reports describing individuals with severe hypokalemia (low potassium levels) related to chronic extreme consumption (4-10 L/day) of colas.[34]

Osteoporosis:
Research suggests a statistically significant inverse relationship between consumption of carbonated beverages and bone mineral density in young girls, which places them at increased risk of suffering fractures in the future.[35] One hypothesis to explain this relationship is that the phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas) displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to weakened bones,

or osteoporosis. However, calcium metabolism studies by Dr. Robert Heaney suggested that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulent) on calcium excretion in urine was negligible. Heaney concluded that carbonated soft drinks, which do not contain the nutrients needed for bone health, may displace other foods which do, and that the real issue is that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in calcium

Nutritional value:
Unless fortified, they also contain little to no vitamins, minerals, fiber, protein, or other essential nutrients. Soft drinks may also displace other healthier choices in people's diets, such as water, milk, fruit juice, and vegetable juice.

USES OF COLD DRINKS:

Cold drinks like coca cola are used as batteries to cellphones like nokia. A Chinese designer named Daizi Zheng has created a conceptual eco-friendly mobile phone for Nokia that actually runs on sugary drinks. The designer found that conventional batteries are too expensive and damage the environment when it comes to disposal. His answer to this global problem was to use soft drinks, namely Coca Cola to power mobile phones.

In many states, the highway patrol carries a few gallons of Soft Drinks in order to remove blood from the highway after auto accidents. Place a T-bone steak in a bowl of Soft Drinks and it will be gone in 2-3 days. The meat is consumed by the acid of the cola. Toilet Cleaning: Pour a can of Soft Drinks into the toilet bowl and let the "real thing" sit for one hour, then flush. It magically cleans better than if you had scrubbed it. The citric acid in Soft Drinks also removes stains from vitreous china. Remove rust spots from chrome car bumpers: Rub the bumper with a crumpled-up piece of Reynolds Wrap aluminum foil dipped in Soft Drinks. Clean corrosion from car battery terminals: Pour Soft Drinks over the terminals and the ultra-acid soft drink bubble away the alkaline corrosion in seconds.

Loosen a rusted bolt: Applying a cloth soaked in Soft Drinks to the rusted bolt for several minutes and loosens with a fraction of the effort. Baked ham: Empty a can of Soft Drinks into the baking pan, wrap the ham in aluminum foil, and bake. Thirty minutes before the ham is finished, remove the foil, allowing the drippings to mix with the Soft Drinks for sumptuous brown gravy. Remove grease from clothes: Empty a can of Soft Drinks into a load of greasy clothes, add detergent, and run through a regular cycle. The Soft Drinks will help loosen grease stains. It is also an excellent cleaner road haze from your windshield. The active ingredient in Soft Drinks is phosphoric acid. Its pH is 2.8. It will dissolve a nail in about 4 days. To transport Soft Drinks syrup (the concentrate) the commercial truck must use the Hazardous material place cards reserved for highly corrosive materials. The distributors of Soft Drinks have been using it to clean the engines of their trucks for about 20 years! Imagine What This Stuff is doing to Your Body!

Bibliography:

Following books and websites were a source for my project . www. Google.com www.Wikipedia.com www. Icbse.com www. Unoregon.edu