A

aggressive water Water which is soft (containing little to no minerals) and acidic and aggressively reacts (chemically) with materials it contacts (equipment, piping, plumbing, etc). anode The positive pole of an electrolytic system which gives up its electrons to the system when oxidation occurs. Anodes made of magnesium or zinc are sometimes installed in water heaters or other tanks to deliberately establish galvanic cells to control corrosion of the tank through the sacrifice of the anode.

B
boiling point The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding the liquid. brine Water that contains greater than 50,000 ppm salt. Brine discharges from desalination plants may also include constituents used in pre-treatment processes.

C
cathodic protection A corrosion control system in which the metal to be protected is made to serve as a cathode, either by the deliberate establishment of a galvanic cell or by impressed current. cavitation Process where pressure in the suction of a pump falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. The liquid boils causing vapor bubbles to form and move with the liquid flow. The bubbles or "cavities" collapse when they reach regions of higher pressure on the discharge side of the pump. The sudden collapse of these bubbles can cause pitting of both the impeller and casing of the pump. cogeneration A thermodynamically efficient use of fuel where during the production of electricity the waste heat is used for other production processes. This process is the source of heat for the desalination processes. corrosion The progressive deterioration of a metal by a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.

D
desalination

The process of removing salts from a water source, such as seawater or brackish water, to render it fit for consumption. diffusion The act of a substance moving and spreading from high concentration to low. distillate A purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling; the product of distilling. distillation The process of heating a liquid to its boiling point, capturing the hot vapors, and collecting the condensed vapors. In desalination, the intake water is heated to produce steam. The steam is then condensed to produce water with low salt concentration.

E
effluent Wastewater, treated or untreated, discharged after use. electrochemical reaction A reaction between elements or substances in which an exchange of electrons occurs within an electrolytic solution. erosion corrosion Corrosion which is increased because of the abrasive action of a moving stream; the presence of suspended particles greatly accelerates abrasive action.

F
flash Instantaneous evaporation of liquid at a higher temperature than the equilibrium temperature at the ambient pressure the liquid is exposed. When hot water is introduced in a vessel maintained at a lower pressure than its vapor pressure (boiling point at the original temperature), the water will "flash". foam A bubbly or frothy occurrence on the surface of a liquid that is formed by trapping gas bubbles and retaining them on the surface of the liquid. fouling Physical contamination and/or biological growth on heat transfer surface areas or filters which impede heat transfer or fluid flow.

G
galvanic corrosion Deterioration of a metal caused by the electric current produced when two unlike metals are in contact within an electrically conductive (electrolytic) solution. general corrosion Corrosion that is uniformly distributed over a surface (uniform corrosion).

H
heat of vaporization The heat absorbed per unit of mass of a given substance at its boiling point that completely converts the material to a gas at the same temperature; equal to the heat of condensation. (The heat required to boil a substance at it's saturation point) heat sink A structure or media that absorbs or conducts heat away from its source heat.

I J K L
latent heat Heat absorbed or released as the result of a phase change. There are three basic types of latent heat each associated with a different pair of phases: latent heat of fusion (solid-liquid), latent heat of vaporization (liquid-gas), and latent heat of sublimation (solid-gas). localized corrosion Corrosion at discrete sites where local conditions promote corrosion (pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking). Only specific areas on the surface of a metal are affected. Localized areas corrode at a faster rate than the rest of the component. loop A group of instruments that have electrical and/or pneumatic signals passing between them. Each loop starts at a primary element and finishes at a display instrument or regulating device.

M
multiple effect distillation A form of distillation where several mechanisms for the evaporation of seawater is used. In an MED, the two mechanisms are: heat addition using steam and pressure reduction using thermoejectors. multiple-stage flash distillation A form of distillation. Seawater is heated then discharged into a chamber maintained slightly below the saturation vapor pressure of the incoming seawater, so that part of the water content flashes into steam. The steam

condenses on the exterior surface of heat transfer tubing and produces product water. The unflashed brine enters another chamber at a lower pressure, where a portion flashes to steam. Each evaporation and condensation chamber is called a stage and as the name implies the flashing of sea water is accomplished in many sequential stages.

N O
oxidation The process when an atom or ion loses electrons. In plants a common form of oxidation is rust corrosion on metal.

P
passivation Treating or coating a metal to reduce the chemical reactivity of its surface. pollutant Any substance, as certain chemicals or waste products, that renders the air, soil, water, or other natural resource harmful or unsuitable for a specific purpose. potable water Water that is of sufficient high quality so that it can be consumed or used without the risk of immediate or long-term harm. product water The desalted, post-treated water generated from the desalination process ready for distribution.

Q R
remineralization The re-introduction of minerals and gas back into the product water of a distillation plant brining it within potable water standards and making it much less aggressive

S
salinity The measure of the amount of salts dissolved in water. scale

The hard deposits on plant surfaces, including different salts such as calcium carbonates and sulfates, metal oxides, and mud. As the temperature increases, the solubility of mineral salts decreases causing the rate of scale buildup to increase. Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) The unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a tensile stress in a corrosive environment, especially at elevated temperature in the case of metals. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments. The chemical environment that causes SCC for a given alloy is often one which is only mildly corrosive to the metal otherwise. Hence, metal parts with severe SCC can appear bright and shiny, while being filled with microscopic cracks. This factor makes it common for SCC to go undetected prior to failure. SCC often progresses rapidly, and is more common among alloys than pure metals

T U V W
Water Cycle The cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earths water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water. World Health Organization (WHO) A specialized agency of the United nations (UN) established in 1948 with the goal of improving human health. WHO assists countries in strengthening their health services, provides technical assistance in health emergencies, promotes disease prevention and control, and disseminates international food safety and medical standards.

X Y Z

A
absolute pressure absorb AC accessory gear box accumulator pressure measurements that use zero psi as its zero reference to take in and hold, not just on the surface, but deep into the material, usually forming a mixture or more substances alternating current an assembly connected to a rotor; it is used to drive several combustion turbine engine auxiliary components a surge tank with nitrogen on one side of a bladder and system fluid on the other side; absorbs the shock waves of the fluid as equipment is positioned, some in a rapid fashion temperature at which the moisture in the combustion air or flue gas condenses on the heat transfer surface rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions combine with water sound deadening or sound absorbing a chemical process where a molecule attaches loosely to the surface of another phase, without becoming incorporated into that phase referring to a variety that caters to the needs of aircraft combustion turbine modeled after or derived from aircraft jet engines combustion turbine modeled after or derived from aircraft jet engines near or towards the rear air-to-water heat exchanger used to cool the compressed air after it is discharged from the final stage of a compressor a component that transfers heat from the flue gas leaving a boiler to the combustion air flowing into the boiler portion of the LM 2500 Gas Turbine prior to the first stage of the compressor value at which a monitoring device of a physical property (temperature, pressure, level or flow) will cause one or more of the following: audio, visual, or a protective function, to occur through control system operation class of chemicals characterized by high pH and caustic properties, includes sodium hydroxide and ammonia a solid solution of metals and non-metal elements in varying composition to produce a material of desired properties surrounding a way of sending data in which the signal is similar, or

acid dew point temperature acid rain acoustic adsorb

aero-derivative aeroderivative combustion turbine aeroderivative turbine aft aftercooler air heater air inlet section alarm setpoint

alkalis alloy ambient analog

annular

anode arc armature ash ash fusion temperature ash resistivity as-received atmospheric/barometric pressure atomization atomize atomized attemperator

augmentation auxiliary boiler

auxiliary electrical power axial axial flow turbine axial-flow compressor

axially

analogous, to the original signal; analog signals are continuous expressions of electricity, as opposed to digital signals in which there is an alternating absence and presence of signal one of the most common types of combustion chamber in a combustion turbine; consists of a ring-like space that entirely surrounds the center body of the engine where fuel and air are introduced the positive terminal of an electrolytic cell at which oxidation occurs sparking that results when undesirable current flows between two points of differing potential the portion of the magnetic structure of a DC or universal motor which rotates the material that remains after all the combustible material in the coal is burned a test that determines the melting characteristics of coal ash a measure of the electrical properties of ash analysis of a coal sample that includes the total moisture content of the sample as it was received at the station pressure due to the weight of the earth's atmosphere: one standard atmosphere (1 atm) equals 14.69 psi or 29.92" Hg in a barometer the breaking up of liquid fuel into fine droplets break up into very small droplets to reduce to tiny particles or a fine spray a temperature control device, which applies a fine mist of boiler quality water into the superheated steam flow to reduce its temperature increase power output a small stand-alone steam generator used to provide supplementary steam during operation or steam prior to steam being available from the primary steam source electrical energy used to operate the equipment necessary for power production, also called station service moving in the direction of the axis axial-flow compressor the most common and most efficient form of air compressor used for combustion turbines; usually consists of numerous stages of stationary and moving blades forcing air in an axial direction in the direction of the turbine axis

B
babbitt an alloy of tin, antimony and lead used to line bearings, often called white metal; typically melts at about 300 degrees Fahrenheit an alloy used for lining bearings; especially: one containing tin, copper, and antimony; typically melts about 300 degrees Fahrenheit viewed as the resistance to steam flow from the turbine exhaust to the condenser a valve that uses system pressure from before the valve to maintain system pressure downstream of the valve plugging of the baghouse bag pores in the filter fabric a boiler flue gas particulate collection system that utilizes fabric filters over wire frames to separate flyash from the exiting flue gas A flat plate that controls or directs the flow of material. normally used to describe boilers that operate with a negative furnace pressure the safe, maximum, sustained generator electrical output large duct like feature surrounding the air inlet section of the LM 2500 Gas Turbine a chemical agent that is capable of destroying living organisms straw, wood, and agricultural waste a condition in which there is no power supplied to the facility, either from its own generation or from off-site sources cantilever appendages found to be on the rotor and/or stator of rotating machinery such as compressors and turbines; they are the items responsible for the transfer of energy from the working fluid to the rotor in a turbine or vice versa in a compressor the extraction of part of a working fluid from another point in the system to serve some operational purpose a mixture of the residual, crude, and distillate oils in specific proportions to meet desired specifications any microorganism capable of producing disease that is contained in the blood water discharged from a water system to control the concentration of salts or impurities in the water component(s) within the system that is/are designed to receive heat from chemical (coal, gas, oil) or nuclear operations and transfer the heat to the cooling fluid, typically water; an enclosed

babbitt

back pressure back-pressure valve bag blinding baghouse

baffle balanced draft base load bellmouth biocide biomass fuel black plant blades

bleed blended oil bloodborne pathogen blowdown boiler

boiler efficiency boiler feed pump

boiler load boiler seal boiler steam drum boiling point bottom ash

Brayton cycle

breakthrough British thermal unit

brush

Btu bulk density buoyant burners

vessel in which water is heated and circulated, either as hot water or as steam, for heating or power ratio of heat absorbed by the water and steam in a boiler to the heat input supplied by the fuel a pump that functions to increase the pressure of feedwater to a value high enough to move it through the components of the feedwater system and into the boiler amount of steam being drawn off of a boiler an air tight flexible seal connection between the bottom ash hopper and the bottom of the boiler a pressure vessel designed to separate saturated steam from saturated water another term for saturation temperature mixture of slag, clinkers, unburned fuel residue, coarse granular ash, and fine granular ash that is too heavy to become entrained in the flue gas and carried into the furnace convection pass also known as the simple cycle; refers to the thermodynamic system where a combustion turbine drives a generator with the exhaust gases from the turbine flowing directly to the atmosphere; cycle utilizing the 4 stages compression, combustion, exhaust and expansion where combustion and exhaust are at a constant pressure occurs when unwanted ions are found in the effluent (discharge) of the ion-exchanger, generally due to depletion of the resin bed (British thermal unit) the amount of heat required to raise on pound mass of pure water, one degree Fahrenheit; 1 Btu = 252cal = 778 ft-lb = 1055 J a piece of current conducting material (usually carbon or graphite) which rides directly on the commutator of a commutated motor and conducts current from the power supply to the armature windings British thermal unit weight per unit volume, normally expressed in pounds per cubic foot the ability to remain afloat in water a device, as in a furnace, stove, or gas lamp, that is lighted to produce a flame

C
calorie can annular 1 cal = 4.185 J = 0.003968 Btu = 3.087 ft-lb burners are arranged around the periphery of the combustor

casing cantilevered A projecting structure, such as a beam, that is supported at one end and carries a load at the other end or along its length. carbohydrate sugars, starches, and cellulose that are consumed by animals as a source of energy and life support carbon residue what is left after a liquid fuel is heated in the absence of air cardiopulmonary resuscitation emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration, used as the first treatment for a person who has collapsed, is unresponsive, has no pulse, and has stopped breathing; the purpose is to restore blood circulation and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen carotid artery either of the two main arteries of the neck, supplying blood to the head and neck cathode the negative terminal of an electrolytic cell at which the current exits the electrolyte center body (Bullet nose) center portion of the air inlet section of the LM 2500 Gas Turbine centimeter-gram-second 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches 1 gram = 0.0022 pounds mass centrifugal air compressor type of air compressor in which air is drawn through the eye of an impeller, accelerated by the impeller (kinetic energy added), and discharged through the volute, which converts the kinetic energy into pressure; multiple stages are used to obtain the desired pressure increase centrifugal compressor least common type of air compressor used for combustion turbine application centrifugal force the force created by a body's tendency to follow a straight path working against a force which causes it to move in a curve, the resultant force which pulls away from a central axis of rotation chock A block of wood used to prevent the sliding or rolling of a heavy object. circulating water a system that pumps cool water through condenser tubes to absorb latent heat from turbine exhaust steam clamshell bucket A dredging bucket opening at the bottom, consisting of two similar pieces hinged together at the top. clarification to free water of suspended matter classifier adjustable vanes at the coal/air outlet of a pulverizer that controls the particle size of the coal before entering the furnace clearance overall procedure of making equipment safe to work on by means of locking and tagging associated controls; also permission granted to work on equipment after it has been properly locked and tagged

clinker closed feedwater heater coagulation coal coalesce cogenerators

cold reheat steam combined cycle

combustible gas combustion

combustion air combustion triangle combustion turbine

combustor

commutator

compressor stall

condenser

conduction

ash that partially melts and then solidifies a heat exchanger in which the fluid being heated is separated and does not come into contact with the heating medium transferring or changing a liquid into a soft semi-solid or solid mass a solid fuel formed from fossilized plants and consisting of carbon, organic, and inorganic compounds to grow together, to fuse a facility that generates electricity but also produces a form of thermal energy, such as steam or heat that is used in an industrial process steam exhausted by the high-pressure turbine, prior to entry into the reheater superheater the thermodynamic system where a combustion turbine drives a generator with the heat from the exhaust gas being reused to produce steam via a heat recovery steam generator; a combination of the Brayton and Rankine cycle gas that can be combusted and will burn rapid oxidation that produces both heat and light; the chemical reaction of fuel, air, and heat with the purpose of releasing the thermal energy from the potential energy of a fuel air supplied to a furnace by fans to supply adequate oxygen for efficient burning of the fuel a representation of the three components needed for combustion (fuel, air and heat) industrial machine consisting of a compressor, combustor, and turbine that utilizes the Brayton thermodynamic cycle; coverts chemical energy into mechanical energy chamber of a gas turbine responsible for creating the ideal conditions to start and support combustion of the fuel from the feed system and air from the compressor a cylindrical device mounted on the armature shaft and consisting of a number of wedge-shaped copper segments arranged around the shaft (insulated from it and each other) condition in the compressor where air flow separates from the blades, resulting in high vibration and inefficient or disrupted compression a steam/water cycle component that converts steam exhausted from the turbine into condensate; also functions to remove air and other non-condensable gasses from the steam heat flow through a material

conductivity conductor confined space

constituents contaminants continuous blowdown

continuous emissions monitoring system convection

copper loss core corona corona discharge corrosion counter electromotive force counterweight CPR CPU

is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical charge material that conducts heat easily; substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of electricity any enclosed space where natural air circulation is not adequate to ensure the safety of personnel occupying the space; may be oxygen deficient or contain toxic gases; examples include tanks and vaults substances present any undesirable substances, which may have harmful effects on equipment process to reduce the concentration of contaminants within the steam drum water inventory by a controlled continuous removal of the highly contaminated water a method of sampling fossil-fired plant stack gases to ensure acceptable air quality emissions transfer of heat from a hot to a cold body by movement of the conveying substance such as a liquid or gas such as flue gas flowing over a heat exchanger's tubes heat losses, which result from the flow of current through the transformer windings the iron portion of the stator and rotor; made up of cylindrical laminated electric steel a sometimes visible electric discharge around a conductor at high potential an electrical discharge caused by the ionization of air around a conductor the deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action (CEMF) the voltage induced in a wire by self-induction that opposes the applied voltage, also called back emf A weight used as a counterbalance. abbreviation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Central Processing Unit, the part of a computer which controls all the other parts; designs vary widely but, in general, the CPU consists of the control unit, the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and memory (registers, cache, RAM and ROM) as well as various temporary buffers and other logic; the control unit fetches instructions from memory and decodes them to produce signals which control the other parts of the computer; this may cause it to transfer data between memory and ALU or to activate peripherals to perform input or output

crevice corrosion critical pressure of water

cross compound turbine

crude oil current transformer Curtis stage or wheel

cyclone separator cyclone-fired boiler

caused by localized anodic sites found in deposit created crevices pressure at which water and steam have the same density, and water can change state to steam without the additional latent heat of vaporization energy a turbine with its casings (HP and LP) and other components (generator and exciter) on the separate shafts but having only one steam system a mixture of organic compounds called hydrocarbons (CT) a series connected step-down transformer used to measure current and power controls a turbine stage consisting of one set of nozzles and two or more rows of moving buckets with a row of stationary buckets between each row of moving buckets any of various devices using centrifugal force to separate materials according to weight and/or size a boiler having horizontal cylindrical barrels that are attached to one or more furnace walls and contain the combustion process

D
DC deaerator degasifier density direct current a direct contact low-pressure heater that heats water and also removes non-condensable gas, such as air, from the water a component in the Demineralizer System to remove carbon dioxide total mass divided by total volume; has units of pounds per cubic foot for the English system and kilograms per cubic meter for the metric system occurs when the resin bed bead's have released their hydroxyl (anion) or hydrogen ions (cation) to the point that further ion exchange is no longer possible the natural process of laying down a deposit of a material the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous rate of change of one quantity relative to another a material used to dry or dehydrate is generally used to control the entropy of the steam, which is generally being dumped to a condenser a word used synonymously for error, the difference between the actual parameter value (process variable) and the desired value (setpoint) for the parameter is the temperature at, and below which, condensation can occur the stationary element found between the rotating rows of

depletion - exhaustion

deposition derivative desiccant desuperheater deviation

dew point diaphragm

dielectric strength differential pressure diode dispersant

dispersion distillate distillate oil distillation distributive control system

DOT

downcomers drain cooler approach (DCA) dry bottom furnace dry steam dual fuel

dual-fuel

duct burners duplex duty

buckets that contains buckets or nozzles the ability of a material to withstand an electrical charge across it the difference in pressure from the inlet of a component to the outlet of a component a semi-conductive electrical device made of silicon or germanium that conducts electricity in only one direction a low molecular weight polymer that is adsorbed to the particles to increase the strength of the like charge repulsion so the particles remain suspended scattering and dilution fuels prepared by distillation of petroleum, includes fuel oils and diesel fuels of various types light oils or hydrocarbon compounds that are removed from the extracted crude oil through a distillation process the process of separating two substances by heating (DCS) a system of computers, sensing devices, and controllers that transmits information and control signals throughout the plant via a communications network Department of Transportation; federal agency that regulates the transportation industry; part of its purpose is to enforce rules to promote public safety piping that connects the steam drum to the lower drum or distribution header to the riser temperature difference between the drain temperature exiting the heater shell and the feedwater temperature entering it a furnace in which bottom ash is in a dry state steam that is at a quality of 100%; there is only steam flowing through the pipe, no water entrainment refers to the ability of a combustion turbine to simultaneously use two different kinds of fuel at the same time when properly configured refers to the ability of a combustion turbine to simultaneously use two different kinds of fuel at the same time when properly configured fuel fired burners that augment the steam producing capability of a heat recovery steam generator in a combined cycle power plant having two principal elements or parts a measure of the load demands placed on a circuit element

ecological balance economizer eddy current efficiency

effluent electrical conductivity electrical current electrolytic cell electromagnet

electromotive force

electrostatic precipitator elliptical emission emulates energy energy conversion process enthalpy entrained entropy

environment EPA error

equilibrium between human resource development and nature a gas to water, convection heat exchanger; utilizes waste heat by transferring heat from flue gases to warm incoming feedwater circulating currents with a direction of motion that is at right angles to the direction of the magnetic flux the production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, effort, or skill; A measure of effectiveness; specifically, the useful work output divided by the energy input in any system the discharge of a process the transmission of electricity quantity of charge per unit time, measured in amperes (amps, A) a cell containing an electrolyte in which an electrochemical reaction produces an electromotive force a magnet produced by passing an electric current through and insulated wire conductor coiled around a core of soft iron, as in the fields of a dynamo or motor (EMF) expressed in volts, an energy-charge relation that results in electric potential (voltage), which produces or tends to produce charge (current) flow a device used to separate particulates from flue gas leaving the boiler rounded like an egg discharge of gases into the environment imitates or acts as the capacity to do work a progression that converts one form of energy into another, e.g. chemical energy to thermal energy the sum of the internal energy and the product of pressure and volume of a substance refers to material or substance suspended or captured within another material or substance a function of thermodynamic variables that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process. A closed system evolves toward a state of maximum entropy. conditions that affect and influence the growth and development of organisms, surroundings Environmental Protection Agency a difference between the actual parameter value (process variable) and the desired value (setpoint) for the parameter; can

evaporative cooler

excess air excitation exciter extraction

extraction steam

be introduced by faulty calibration, control function or component failure a cooling system that cools by evaporation; temperature reduction is dependent on how much water air can absorb (a function of relative humidity) an amount of air that exceeds the required amount to produce complete combustion the process of providing the current necessary to magnetize the generator rotor a device used to apply and control the amount of excitation current to an electrical generator a bleed of part of the working fluid from another point in the system to serve some operational purpose; usually air from the compressor in a gas turbine for the purpose of cooling or surge prevention steam drawn from the turbine interstages to heat feedwater in the feedwater heaters

F
fault feedback control an equipment failure attributable to some defect in an electric circuit an error driven control system in which the control signal to the actuators is proportional to the difference between a command signal and the process variable being controlled a method of control that compensates for a disturbance before its effect is felt in the output. It is based on a model that relates the output to the input where the disturbance occurs; steady state feedforward models are usually combined with dynamic compensation functions to set the manipulative variables and combined with feedback adjustments (trim) to correct for control model accuracy constraints boiler quality water received from the condensate system, treated, heated and then pumped to the boiler steam drum heat exchanger found in the steam water cycle used to preheat the condensate/feedwater before entering the boiler steam drum to improve unit efficiency glass, plastic, or fused silica fibers that transmit light to relay information in a computer network a term commonly used to describe the stationary (Stator) member of a DC Motor; the field provides the magnetic field with which the mechanically rotating (Armature or Rotor) member interacts

feedforward control

feedwater feedwater heater

fiber optic field

fill

that portion of a cooling tower which constitutes its primary heat transfer surface; sometimes referred to as packing fire point the temperature at which the fuel will ignite and continue to burn first aid emergency treatment for injury or sudden illness administered before professional medical care is available First Law of Thermodynamics if energy is transferred into a system the stored energy of that system increases by an amount equal to the transferred energy fixed carbon the combustible matter left after the volatile matter is driven off as a gas flammability degree of difficulty of a substance to drive off the combustible gasses and ignite and burn FLANGE A protruding rim, edge, rib, or collar, as on a wheel or a pipe shaft, used to strengthen an object, hold it in place, or attach it to another object. flash point the temperature at which the vapor given off by the fuel will ignite floc a mass of semi-solid material formed from suspended particles in water; formed in a fluid through precipitation or aggregation of suspended particles; short for flocculus flocculant substance that when mixed with a material forms a lumpy or fluffy mass; a high molecular weight polymer that attracts suspended particles to form a floc flocculation a process of bringing together the coagulated particles to form a larger mass flow-accelerated corrosion metal damage caused by abrasion, normally associated with high fluid velocities flue gas desulfurization one of several processes used to remove sulfur from flue gas fluidized bed combustion in the fluidized bed combustion process air is blown throughout the bed material; the solid particles (fuel and inert material) are lifted and suspended by the air, where combustion takes place; the solid fuel is burned in the bed flux magnetic lines of force fly ash light powder-like ash that is entrained in the flue gas and is commonly collected in the furnace back passes and by pollution control equipment forced draft normally used to describe boilers that operate with a positive furnace pressure fossil fuel a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel fouling the deposit of materials that will not form scale but will generally

frame fuel fuel stroke reference furnace

impact the flow and heat transfer in a fluid system the supporting structure for the stator parts of an AC motor; in a DC motor the frame usually forms a part of the magnetic coil fuel is matter consumed to generate energy, especially a material as wood, coal, gas or oil, that is burned to generate heat (FSR) an electrical signal from the combustion turbine control system used to position fuel valves and the VIGV controllers the open area in a boiler where fuel is burned

G
gag gage pressure galvanic corrosion generator generator jacking oil pump glycol governor gravity gravity take-up a device fastened or internal to a safety valve used to hold it closed; to be used only for maintenance purposes pressure measured relative to atmospheric and uses atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psi, as its zero reference a corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals come in contact with each other a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy the pump in the generator lube oil system that supplies oil to the generator rotor during the startup sequence chemical used as antifreeze, typically ethylene glycol a mechanical device for automatically controlling the speed of an engine or motor by regulating the intake of fuel, steam, etc. the force of attraction between the mass of an object and the mass of earth A mechanical system that automatically adjusts for the stretching or shrinking of a conveyor belt by a weighted pulley in the system. a measure of how easy it is to grind a sample of coal ratio of heat input to the actual electrical energy produced by the generator the leaking of current to the grounding conductor, a condition in which the electrical current flows from an ungrounded conductor to the earth through conductors that do not normally carry current that is encapsulated, e.g. a pipe within a pipe a white mineral known as calcium sulfate used to make plaster of Paris, plaster board, Portland cement, and fertilizers

grindability gross heat rate ground fault

guarded piping gypsum

H
haze moisture, dust, smoke and vapor suspended to form a partly

opaque condition head pressure height a pump would be able to force a column of water heat balance diagram simple diagram that represents the flow of energy in and through a plant cycle heat capacity the amount of heat energy required to be added to a quantity of a substance to raise its temperature by one degree Fahrenheit heat exchanger any device the transfers heat from one specific medium to another heat flux a measure of the quantity of heat energy applied per unit area heat rate amount of fuel energy, in Btu, that is required to produce 1 kWh of electrical energy heat recovery steam generator also known as the HRSG; a boiler that relies on the exhaust gas from a combustion turbine for its primary source of heat heat recovery steam generator an unfired boiler used to transfer heat from the exhaust gases of a (HRSG) combustion turbine to water in order to produce steam heat transfer flow of energy from one substance to another heat transfer coefficient a measurement of the ability of a material to transfer heat heating oil oil that remains after crude oil is refined to remove the more valuable hydrocarbons for other uses heating value measure of how much chemical energy is contained in a quantity of fuel helical curved in three dimensions and having one or more turns; corkscrew shaped higher heating value the amount of energy, expressed in Btu, generated by completely burning a unit weight of fuel hopper Funnel-shaped receptacles from which materials, such as grain or coal, can be emptied slowly and evenly into another receptacle below for distribution. horsepower unit of power; 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s = 746 watts hot reheat steam steam that has gained heat energy in the reheater superheater, prior to delivery to the intermediate-pressure turbine hotwell a collection point for condensed turbine exhaust steam located in the bottom of the condenser human machine interface any piece of equipment, such as a computer screen or terminal, that permits human communication with equipment Human-Machine Interface the device used by the operator to communicate with the (HMI) microprocessor based Control System; it can be a pointer (mouse) operation, a keyboard input, or a touch on a touch sensitive CRT, or any combination of these input means hydraulic operated by a fluid under pressure

hydrocarbon hydrogen hydrometer

hysteresis loss

one of more than a thousand plus compounds made from hydrogen and carbon atoms a light, colorless, and highly flammable gaseous element that has a high heat value a sealed, graduated tube that has a weight at one end that sinks into the fluid to a depth that is a measure of the fluid's specific gravity losses caused by the electromagnetic energy required to reverse the direction of the magnetic flux in the core during each cycle of AC current

I
ignition temperature the lowest temperature at which the combustion process generates more heat by combustion than is lost to the surroundings ignitors a device for lighting or igniting fuel; may also be spelled igniters impeller a device that imparts motion to a fluid; specifically, in a centrifugal compressor, a rotary disk which, faced on one or both sides with radial vanes, accelerates the incoming fluid outward into a diffuser; also called an impeller wheel impulse a type of turbine blade that works on the principle of impinging or impacting working fluid impurity an item present in a mineral which is not part of its integral structure, and may change its optical properties, such as color inches of water gage pressure ("H20)measurement of pressure; 1 psig is equal to 27.703 "H20 independent power producers wholesale power producers that are not affiliated with a utility; IPPs may sell power to utilities or other commercial/industrial customers induction the process by which an electrical conductor becomes electrified when near a charged body and becomes magnetized inert not readily reactive with other elements; forming few or no chemical compounds infinite grid the interconnection of the outputs of multiple generators such that the actions or failure of one generator will have a minimal impact on the operating parameters (voltage, frequency) of the transmission/distribution grid infrared light beyond the red end of the visible spectrum, wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves, produce heating effects inherent describes basic, essential characteristics instrument air a regulated and dried pressurized air source that supplies motive air to critical control equipment, such as valve actuators, and

insulator integral intercooler

interface interlock

internal energy intrinsic moisture ion ion exchange isolation

reference air and purge air on some types of critical instrumentation; required for operation of the plant a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical conductivity; material that does not conduct heat readily control action that automatically eliminates offset, or droop, between a setpoint and the actual process parameter air-to-water heat exchanger used to cool the compressed air as it travels between the outlet and inlet of stages in a multistage compressor defined point of separation between water and steam found in the steam drum a mechanical or electrical device that prevents the operation of equipment or modification of system lineups due to: permissives not being satisfied, trip relay operation, or some control logic is not met; interlocks are used in start-up and tripping (or shutdown) situations; in some applications interlocks must be physically reset prior to restart the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of an object moisture that is contained in the pores of the coal an atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons a process in which unwanted ions are removed from water and exchanged for ions that are more desirable a way to safely separate the load from the supply so that maintenance may be safely performed on the equipment

J
journal bearing a bearing that supports the journal of rotating machinery

K
kilowatt-hour kinetic energy a unit of electric energy equal to the work done by one kilowatt acting for one hour energy of motion

L
labyrinth laminar flow latching constructed with intricate passageways very even undisturbed flow patterns the process of using a digital logic circuit to store one or more bits; a latch has a data input, a clock input and an output; when the clock input is active, data on the input is "latched" or stored and transferred to the output either immediately or when the

latent heat of fusion latent heat of vaporization

clock input goes inactive; the output will then retain its value until the clock goes active again the amount of heat energy that is absorbed or given up when a substance changes from solid to liquid or vice versa additional energy that a fluid must absorb to change from liquid to steam; this additional absorbed energy does not result in an increase in the temperature of the fluid only a change in state energy cannot be created or destroyed, only altered in form linear describes systems in which an output is directly proportional to an input procedure in which the operating handle of a control switch, valve, etc. is locked in position by the application of a locking device, for the purpose of preventing operation of the equipment while work is being performed on it or other related equipment the concentration of a combustible in air below which there is not enough fuel to burn, the minimum concentration required to support ignition and continued combustion the amount of energy, expressed in Btu, generated by completely burning a unit weight of fuel, minus the amount of energy (Btu) produced by the combination of hydrogen in the fuel with oxygen that produced steam

Law of Conservation of Energy linear lock-out

lower explosive limit

lower heating value

M
magnetic flux makeup water manometer Mark VI mass megawatt meter-kilogram-second microbiological growth micron microprocessor mild steel molecule the magnetic field which is established around an energized conductor or permanent magnet water used to replace unrecoverable water in the steam/water cycle an instrument for measuring the pressure of gases or liquids refers to the control system usually supplied by General Electric for the LM6000 engine the amount of matter contained in a body a unit of power equal to one million watts 1 meter = 3.281 feet 1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds mass the growth of microbiological organisms on surfaces or in a system a measurement unit equal to one millionth of a meter an integrated circuit that can interpret and execute program instructions as well as handle arithmetic operations steel containing less than 0.15% carbon content the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and

MSDS

multi-fuel

municipal waste

physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces Material Safety Data Sheet; a document that provides a description of safety-related attributes of a hazardous material; this information includes product identification, composition, properties, hazards, and information regarding spills, fires, exposure, handling, transportation, and storage refers to the ability of a combustion turbine to burn any fuel for which it is configured, including diesel, jet fuel, natural gas, and others city government trash and garbage

N
NAAQS natural circulation natural draft negative pressure National Ambient Air Quality Standard flow of a fluid due to differences in densities air flow due to the difference in air density (temperature) a condition that exists when less air is supplied to a space than is exhausted from the space, so the air pressure within that space is less than that in surrounding areas; under this condition, if an opening exists, air will flow from surrounding areas into the negatively pressurized space net heat rate ratio of the heat input to the actual electrical energy delivered to the power system grid net positive suction head (NPSH) the difference between the suction pressure and the saturation pressure of the fluid being pumped, the minimum inlet pressure a pump needs to prevent cavitation; Static head + surface pressure head - the vapor pressure of your product - the friction losses in the piping, valves and fittings Non-Volatile Random Access random access memory that is not subject to a loss of data due to Memory (NOVRAM) a lost of power NOx nitrogen oxides produced during combustion processes; they are regulated and controlled in power plant gaseous emissions nozzle a device for converting the thermal energy of a fluid into kinetic energy by expanding the fluid nozzle block the first row of fixed blading in the control stage of a turbine; the blades are usually separated into groups so that each group can be supplied with steam from an individual turbine steam control valve

O
once-through boilers boilers that operate above the critical pressure of water

opacity open feedwater heater optimum organism

outage

out-of-phase overload oxidation oxidizing biocides oxygen

any dust, mist, fume or smoke emitted from the stack or chimney where combustibles are burned a heat exchanger in which the fluid being heated is in direct contact and mixed with the heating medium best or most favorable a living body, either vegetable or animal, composed of different organs or parts that function separately, but are mutually dependent a stoppage of plant operation, usually for maintenance or repair activities; unplanned or forced outages are the result of equipment failure and last until the problem can be temporarily corrected; planned outages are staged periodically to perform extensive repairs or maintenance and typically last a few weeks the condition of which voltage of different circuit elements are not at the same part of their cycles at the same instant load greater than the load for which the system or mechanism was intended general process of combining a substance with oxygen chemicals that oxidize, or accept, electrons from other chemicals odorless and tasteless gaseous element that makes up approximately 21% of the earth's atmosphere by volume

P
packing parameter particulate particulate matter particulates pawl peaking power peer-to-peer permeability permissive the material used to seal the space between the valve stem and the body of a valve to minimize leakage along the stem measurable factor that define a system and determine its behavior and are varied a small or minute separated particle, such as an ash particle very fine particles that are small enough to remain suspended in a gas, but can be filtered out very fine particles that are small enough to remain suspended in a gas, but can be filtered out a mechanical device that drops into a notch and prevents reverse motion power generated during periods of high demand refers to communications between components that reside in the same layer of control the specific capacity of a body for magnetic induction, or its conducting power for lines of magnetic force parameters that are required to be validated and correct for the initiation of equipment operation or modification of system

pH

phase photosynthesis

pitting placard

plenum pneumatic polymer

positive displacement pump

potential energy potential transformer pounds-force pounds-mass pour point power augmentation PPE

pressure pressure ratio

lineups; permissives must be "satisfied" before the system/equipment can be started the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is acidic and less than 7 is basic) a solid, liquid, or gaseous homogeneous form process by which plants convert light to chemical energy and combine organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water to form oxygen caused by localized anodic sites formed at metal surface cracks, scratches, or at points of oxygen differentials diamond-shaped signs that are standardized by the DOT and are applied to vehicles and containers used to transport hazardous materials, for the purpose of identifying safety-related characteristics of the material (explosive, corrosive, flammable, etc.) an enclosed space where the air pressure is higher than the outside atmosphere powered by air any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule rotary and reciprocating pumps are positive displacement type pumps; pumps in this category are lobe, internal gear, screw, and sliding vane type pumps; used to transport air, oils, and chemicals energy at rest or energy of position (PT) a parallel connected step-down transformer used to measure voltage and power controls 1 lbf = 4.448 N 1 lbm = 0.454 kg the lowest temperature at which oil flows a method of increasing mass flow through a combustion turbine resulting in an increased power output Personal Protective Equipment; a wide variety of devices used to protect a worker from specific types of workplace hazards; examples include hard hats, safety goggles, and earplugs force per unit area, the magnitude of a force acting perpendicular to a surface divided by the area over which the force acts ratio of the compressor discharge pressure to the compressor

primary winding process steam

process variable Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

proportional

protection proximate analysis pulverizer

inlet pressure; a very significant factor in compressor efficiency refers to the winding that is connected to the power source steam used for purposes other than the generation of electricity; examples of the use of process steam can be found in refinery processes, food processing, and the production of starch is the actual value of the monitored and controlled parameter is a digitally operating electronic apparatus that uses a programmable memory for the internal storage for implementing specific functions; it is designed to examine the status of an input interface and respond by controlling something through an output interface a control function that operates on percentage of output measured to determine percentage(s) of input required, adjusts the process proportionally to the demand a way to sense overload conditions and automatically disconnect the load from the supply when such conditions occur analysis used to determine the amount of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash of a coal sample. a component that reduces pieces of coal to a fine powder and dries the coal so it may be readily burned

Q
quarter wave dampening the effect of a well-tuned control circuit when each response wave is no larger than 1/4 the amplitude of the previous wave

R
radial radiation RAM moving away from an axis at a right angle transfer of energy between bodies by electromagnetic waves Random Access Memory, a computers solid state memory that can be written to or read from; a memory device in which information can be accessed in any order change in speed per unit time, normally in RPM/min refers to the steam turbine thermodynamic cycle in a combined cycle plant measure of acceleration, an amount of change of a measured parameter, per unit of time a turbine stage consisting of one set of nozzles and one row of moving buckets the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two or more thing the water used as input to the water treatment system; types of

ramp rate Rankine cycle rate of change Rateau stage ratio raw water

raw water may include rivers, lakes, the ocean, well water, or city water reaction a type of turbine blade that works on the principle of throwing a working fluid away from it for an equal and opposite reaction reactive power the product of the voltage, the current, and the sine of the phase angle between them reciprocating air compressor a compressor that uses a piston in a cylinder and a back and forth motion to compress vapor rectifier a device for converting alternating current into direct current redundant duplicates to provide function in case of a failure refractory high temperature insulating material regeneration the process used to recharge the bead sites with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions regenerative heating the use of waste heat from one process to add heat to another process reheater arrangements of pipes for heating turbine high-pressure exhaust steam by waste heat in the gases passing to the stack; a flue gas to steam heat exchanger used to heat steam exhausted from the high-pressure turbine prior to re-introduction to the intermediate turbine reluctance the resistance of a material to the path of magnetic lines of flux; analogous to resistance in an electric circuit residual oil the fuel oil that remains after the distillates, such as gasoline, have been removed. resistance temperature detector (RTD) a resistive element used as an electric temperature sensing device; its operation is based on the principle that the resistance of metals increases with temperature resistance temperature detector a resistive element used as an electric temperature sensing (RTD) device; its operation is based on the principle that the resistance of metals increases with temperature respirator a personal protective device that is worn over the nose and mouth and protects the wearer from breathing harmful particulates and, in some cases, harmful gases; typical respirators have replaceable filter canisters that can be selected to filter out specific types of particulates and/or gases; basic respirators filter air but do not provide oxygen risers provide the necessary heat transfer surface area to receive the heat generated by the burning of the fuel; heat received by the riser tubes is then transferred to the water within ROM Read Only Memory, memory hardware that allows fast access to permanently stored data but prevents addition to or modification of the data

root rotameter

rotating magnetic field rotor rundown tanks

the structure allowing a turbine or compressor blade to anchor into a stator or rotor to prevent both axial or radial movement a device for measuring the flow of gas or liquid; the fluid flowing up through a slightly tapered tube elevates a ball or other weight that partially obstructs the flow, until the wider crosssection allows that flow to pass around the floating obstruction the force created by the stator once power is applied to it that causes the rotor to turn a rotating part of an electrical or mechanical device; the rotating member of an induction motor made up of stacked laminations tanks that supply oil to the combustion turbine generator bearings following failure of the oil pumps or an emergency engine shutdown

S
saturated saturated steam saturated temperature saturation having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold steam at the temperature and pressure at which evaporation occurs the temperature at which evaporation occurs at a particular pressure conditions under which liquid and vapor can coexist in equilibrium, so that the temperature and pressure are called saturation temperature and saturation pressure; specifying the pressure determines the saturation temperature, and vice versa (Psat) pressure, applied to a fluid at a specific temperature, which results in the fluid coexisting as a liquid and vapor in equilibrium (Tsat) temperature, of a fluid with a specific pressure applied, which results in the fluid coexisting as a liquid and vapor in equilibrium; the temperature at which a substance cannot absorb or give up any more heat energy without changing phase the process of dense material buildup on metal surfaces air used to discard unwanted material pump that removes oil from the bearing sump Self Contained Breathing Apparatus; personal protective equipment used to provide breathing air for workers in oxygendeficient atmospheres; consists of an air supply, face mask, hoses, and possibly a carbon dioxide scrubber pack that allows partial air re-circulation no system working in a cycle can convert all of the heat energy into useful work, and heat cannot pass from a colder system to a hotter system

saturation pressure

saturation temperature

scaling scavenge air scavenge oil pump SCBA

Second Law of Thermodynamics

secondary winding sensible heat serpentine

serrated service air

service run servo valve setpoint ship channel shock

short circuit simple cycle

simplex filter slag slip

slip rings sluice smoke solid state

refers to the winding that is connected to the load heat that is released or absorbed by a material as its temperature changes (does not include a phase change) characterized by many turns; refers to passages built underneath the surface of a machine component in order to allow the flow of a cooling fluid, usually air in a gas turbine notched like a saw, with teeth pointing toward the highest point (apex) a pressurized air source for all items in the plant that use air, but are not necessary for the continued operation of the plant; considered non-critical air the length of time an ion exchange vessel is in service and effectively removing ions from the incoming water a small mechanical device that uses electrical impulses to route actuating oil to hydraulically actuated valves the desired value of a monitored and controlled parameter Artificial or dredged waterways for moving ship traffic. a reaction to bodily trauma such as severe injury or loss of blood, often characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure, a rapid pulse, and decreased responsiveness when current flows "short" of reaching a device; caused by an energized conductor accidentally contacting a neutral or ground also known as the Brayton cycle; refers to the thermodynamic system where a combustion turbine drives a generator with the exhaust gases from the turbine flowing directly to the atmosphere; cycle utilizing the 4 stages compression, combustion, exhaust and expansion where combustion and exhaust are at a constant pressure a type of filter that removes particles as well as moisture hard, glass-like material that can form in either large pieces or small granules the difference between the speed of the rotating magnetic field (which is always synchronous) and the rotor in a nonsynchronous induction motor is known as slip and is expressed as a percentage of a synchronous speed the rotating contacts which are connected to the loops of a generator draw off or flush with a large quantity of water the suspension of carbonaceous matter in a gaseous medium, a cloud of fine unburned carbon particles device which utilizes the electric, magnetic, and photic

soluble soot specific gravity

specific gravity of oil specific heat specific volume

spontaneous combustion

spurious SSS clutch

stack emissions stage

starting starting clutch Static Frequency Converter (SFC)

stator steam drum

properties of solid materials the ability to be loosened or dissolved in water a fine dispersion of black particles, mainly carbon, generated by the incomplete combustion of coal, oil, wood, or other fuels measure of the density or specific weight of a substance compared to the same property for water; the measure of specific gravity has no units since it is the ratio of two quantities having the same units the ratio of the density of the oil at 60F to the density of water at 60F defined as mass (weight) per unit volume the amount of heat energy required to raise one pound of a substance by one degree Fahrenheit the amount of space taken up by a unit of mass of a particular substance, typically reported in units of cubic feet per pound (cu ft/lb) the ignition in a thermally isolated substance (fuel) caused by a localized heat increasing reaction between the oxidant (air) and the fuel false or erroneous Synchro-Self-Shifting clutch is a piece of equipment that permits the generator to disengage from the combustion turbine after synchronization a substance discharged from a plant into the air; limits are regulated by federal, state, and local emissions regulations one single set of stationary blades, vanes, or nozzles (on the stator) working together with a single set of rotating nozzles, or blades (on the rotor) to convert the energy of a working fluid in a compressor or turbine a way to safely turn on or start the load equipment a coupling that connects or disconnects driving and driven components of a driving mechanism device used to accelerate the generator shaft and connected CT from turning gear speed during CT startup; a variable frequency current is supplied to the generator stator at the same time the generator rotor is supplied with DC excitation current; this allows the generator to function as a synchronous motor; just as the speed of a synchronous generator controls the frequency of the generated current, adjusting the frequency of the supplied current can control the speed of a synchronous motor the part of an AC induction motor's magnetic structure which does not rotate provides the defined point of separation between steam and

steam generator

steam quality steam tables

steam trap steam turbine generator

steam-water cycle sternum stoichiometric air stress corrosion cracking sulfur dioxide super-critical boilers superheat superheat temperature superheated steam

superheater

surface moisture surge

surging

water, within the boiler component(s) within the system that is/are designed to receive heat from chemical (coal, gas, oil) or nuclear operations and transfer the heat to the cooling fluid, typically water the percent by weight of steam in a steam and water mixture scientific tables that list various properties of steam (specific volume, for example) under varying conditions of temperature and pressure device installed on a steam line used to discharge accumulated condensate or condensed steam converts thermal energy to electrical energy; a machine that utilizes the energy from superheated steam via a steam turbine to produce electrical energy with an electrical generator the energy conversion processes in a power plant that takes water from the condenser hotwell and returns to the condenser hotwell a thin, flat structure of bone and cartilage to which most of the ribs are attached in the front of the chest; breastbone the chemically perfect amount of air needed to support the complete combustion of a fuel a localized corrosion that occurs in a corrosive environment with metal stress present gas that is formed in the combustion process when sulfur in a fossil fuel is burned with oxygen in the air boilers that operate above the critical pressure of water to heat steam beyond its saturation point, or the point at which it changes phase from liquid to vapor the temperature above that of dry saturated steam at the same pressure steam with its temperature raised above that of saturation; the temperature in excess of its saturation temperature is referred to as superheat heat exchanger, found in the flue gas flow path; used to heat steam, within its pipes, past the steam's saturation temperature for the pressure of the steam water that is on the surface of the coal a negative, possibly damaging event occurring with the operation of a combustion turbine that results from the breakdown of pressure and reversal of flow of the working fluid during operation a disruption or disturbance of airflow within the stages of a centrifugal air compressor; can be caused when air demand

suspension-fired, pulverized coal furnace swirl chamber swirl cups

synchronous speed

syngas

increases or decreases very rapidly, causing the loading valves to move too quickly a furnace where coal is ground to a fine powder and blown into a furnace where the coal burns in mid-air (suspension) a chamber that causes mixing or separation of a substance part of a burner/combustor assembly; impart a rotational motion on fuel and air to properly mix them together in order to support the most complete combustion possible occurring at the same speed as the source input; the speed of the rotating magnetic field set up by the stator winding of an induction motor gas generated by coal gasification

T
tag-out procedure in which the operating handle of a control switch, valve, etc. is tagged with a DANGER, DO NOT OPERATE, or similar tag, for the purpose of preventing operation of the equipment while work is being performed on it or other related equipment a turbine with all its casings (HP and LP) and other components (generator and exciter) on the same shaft meeting a curve or surface in a single point if a sufficiently small interval is considered; for the struts for more even air flow difference between the saturation temperature inside the heater shell and the feedwater temperature leaving the heater a condition in which air temperature increases with increasing altitude holding surface air and pollutants down close to the surface compressive and tensile stresses created in an object due to a temperature gradient (temperature differential) across the object scientific study of heat and motion reducing the flow rate through a valve by closing down on the valve mechanism a bearing designed to absorb thrust parallel to the axis of revolution a class of four-layer semiconductor devices that act as switches, rectifiers, or voltage regulators any of several semiconductor devices that act as switches, rectifiers, or voltage regulators force that produces a rotational motion; turning force delivered by a motor or gearmotor shaft, usually expressed in lbs. ft

tandem compound turbine tangential terminal temperature difference (TTD) thermal inversion

thermal stresses thermodynamics throttling thrust bearing thyristor thyristor bridge torque

torque converter torque motor tourniquet treatment time trend log trough tuning turbidity turbine

turbine cycle efficiency turbine cycle heat rate two-out-of-three voting

derived by completing H.P. x 5250/RPM = full load torque a fluid coupling that amplifies a twisting force a small motor inside the servo valve that positions the jet tube to port oil to the appropriate side of the spool piece any device for compressing a blood vessel to stop bleeding, as a bandage twisted about a limb the amount of time an ash particle will be in contact with the collecting electrodes a graphic illustration of the response of the system to changes in parameters or setpoints A concave, or v-shaped channel. to adjust a control system or function to achieve optimum performance, quality, or efficiency of a process the appearance of a liquid that contains suspended particles any of various machines in which the energy of a moving fluid is converted to mechanical power by the impulse or reaction of the fluid with a series of blades arrayed about the circumference of a wheel or cylinder ratio of enthalpy difference across the turbine to the enthalpy difference across the boiler ratio of heat added to the turbine cycle to the electrical output at the generator control scheme with three separate signals from the same component; two of the three signals are required to be present for the automatic action to take place

U
ultimate analysis analysis used to determine the amount of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen of a coal sample

V
vacuum vanadium vane pressure that is less than atmospheric a grayish, ductile metallic element used to make alloys a converging passage much like a nozzle used to change the pressure and velocity of a working fluid; some are of the variable type which allow for changes in size to match the desired effect a fan that draws air and vapor out of the lube oil tank and discharges to atmosphere; this maintains a slight negative pressure on the lube oil tank volt ampere reactive; phenomena that is caused by inductive loads that make current lead voltage in AC power distribution

vapor extractor

VARs

venturi

viscosity viscous volatile voltage

volume

systems a fitting or device that consists of a tube constricted in the middle and flared on both ends; a fluid's velocity will increase and a fluid's pressure will decrease while passing through the constriction placing a tube or pipe at the constriction point creates a vacuum; fluid or air can then be drawn in through the tube a measure of measure of the oil's resistance to flow having a sticky consistency, resistant to flow evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures quantity measured as a signed difference in electric potential between two points in an electrical circuit; voltage is expressed as a signed number of volts (V) a measure of the amount of space it occupies and in the English System, has units of cubic feet or cubic inches

W
warm up guns water hammer oil or gas burners used to warm up the furnace during startup or when placing fuel burning equipment in or out of service destructive forces that can occur in pipes when water droplets are entrained in steam flow or when liquid water near its saturation temperature experiences a sudden drop in pressure, causing some of the water to flash to steam containing water droplets; shock produced by a sudden change in velocity of water flowing through a pipe refers to the introduction of water or moisture into a turbine; a temperature difference of 50F between the upper and lower casing halves is an indication of water induction relatively small water filled tubes that conduct heat from the furnace and usually make up the walls of the furnace series of closely placed pipes that are used to define the exterior of the boiler and provides the necessary heat transfer surface area to receive the heat generated by the burning of the fuel; heat received by the waterwalls is transferred, through the pipe walls, to the water it contains (W) a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; the power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm the measurement of the force of attraction, or gravity, between the mass of the object and the mass of the earth; weight has the units pounds-force (lbf) a furnace in which bottom ash is in a molten or fluid state

water induction

water wall tubes waterwalls

watt

weight

wet bottom furnace

wet deck white metal windbox work

working fluid

the platform area inside a cooling tower located above the fill; distributes the water evenly across the cooling tower alloys of lead and tin (babbitt metal) used in bearings a furnace component that surrounds the ignitors and burners and distributes air to the furnace for combustion a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance" a substance that can be moved around from point to point and can change its pressure and temperature to do mechanical work

X Y Z
zones of protection an area defined by one or more pieces of equipped that are monitored and protected by a relay for specific fault conditions; any failure occurring within a given zone will cause the tripping (i.e. opening) of all circuit breakers within that zone, and only those breakers