www.zaluu.

com
www.zaluu.com

1990-

.
,
.
,

,
.

.
, ,
,
.
, 55000 3
,
.
,
,

, .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

, ,



.
.


.
.
/3600 . /,
/III . /, ,
. XIX



. ,
.
.
,

,
. 1930

,
,

, ,
. I 80- ...

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
,
,
.
.
1891

..

. ... 1895
() ,
.

/ 1924
, 1930 / ..., ..


.
20-
1000
,
.

15002000 .
2 , 4,
8 .. . 1960-

.
1020 ,
:
,
, ,
,
, , ,

,

, ,

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
, ,
.

. , :
, ,
, .
:
-2500 /3-
-1800-2500 /3
-500-1800 /3
-500 /3- .
:
,

(-

),

), ,
.
:
.
- .
- .
:
:
() -
.
:- ,
.
:-
.
: .
(,
, ) . , ,
,
. ,
, ,

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

,
.
,
.
.
1. :
, ,
, .
2. :
,
, .
3. ,
, , .
4.
.
5. :
, ,
, , ,
.

.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

.
15-20% .

,
.

.

: ,
.

: ,

.

: ,
, ,

: ,

40

.
,

.
(- , )

.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
1.
1.1

, , , ,

.
V .
,
- ,

1.2


,
.


, ,
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
, , 6
, .

//

//

//

23440

240

3300

3.1

400

17960

280

1550

2.92

350

17960

400

1550

2.8

350

11960

280

890

2.2

350

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

5950

400

1000

1.4

350

11960

650

1400

2.9

400

5960

300

400

0.72

250

11960

300

400

1.82

250

6260

1190

180

0.79

200

5860

1190

180

0.714

200

6260

790

180

0.49

200

5860

790

180

0.46

200

63.12

59.12

63.08

59.08

13

-16

2400

1600

300

0.987

150

14

-14

2400

600

580

0.815

150

15

-6

2400

600

580

0.815

150

31.25.2 3180

250

220

0.173

200

250

220

0.16

200

250

220

0.14

200

10
11
12

16

2
17

28.25.2 2880
2

18

25.25.2

2580

1.3
5-
, 253
.
1 :
25000
98.82 3
253

1 1 8 :
98.82
12.35 3
8

: 1.1

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
1

14

12.35

98.82

494.1

988.2

2075,22

25000

781,2

252

65,1

21

3,1

735,6

252

61,3

21

2,92

705,6

252

58,8

21

2,8

554,4

252

46,2

21

2,2

-
3

352,8

252

29,4

21

1,4

730,8

252

60,9

21

2,9

181,2

252

15,1

21

0,72

458,4

252

38,2

21

1,82

1990,8

2520

165,9

210

7,9

10

2337,6

3276

194,8

273

9,28

13

1234,8

2520

102,9

210

4,9

10

1159,2

2520

96,6

210

4,6

10

10

11

12

13

3729,6

3780

310,8

315

14,8

15

14

3079,2

3780

256,6

315

12,22

15

15

2053,2

2520

171,1

210

8,15

10

16

1785,6

10332

148,8

861

7,09

41

17

1612,8

10080

134,4

840

6,4

40

18

1411,2

10080

117,6

840

5,6

40

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

1.5. ,


,

13

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

.


.. .

1000 - .

(
)

,
.

.
1.6

.
3 - .
15 , 5
- .



.
.

.

.
30-40 0 .

.
, .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
,
.
2
80-90 0 .
.

100 0 .
, 8...10
.
, ,
,
1.5-4
.
1200/ 3 -
40.50 0 / 90100 0
.

60..80%

. , ,

,

.
20.40% .
1.6.1
1.

lk = nl+(n+1)l1= 4*6+(4+1)*0.5= 26.5

n
l ,
l1 ,l1 = 0.4 ... 0.5

b = n1*b +(n1+1)*b1= 4*1.2+(4+1)*0.4= 6.8

n1-
b ,
b1- ,b1 = 0.35 ... 0.4
()

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
h = n2*(h+h1 )+ h2+ h3= 9*(0.1+0.2)+0.15+0.05 = 2.9
n2
h ,
h1 h1 0.2
h2 , h2 0.15
h3 h1 0.05
2.
n = G T/n = 8.5* 23.2 /1200 =3
G - ,
n ( ) ,
T- ,
T=t1+t2+t3 =4.6+14+4.6= 23.2
t1- , ; t1= t*n=0.23*1200/60=4.6(t
) ; n- ( ) ,
t2- ,
t3- ,

= V/V = 83.5/196.554=0.42

= V/V = 43.2/196.554= 0.2
..................................................... L=26.5
B=6.8
H= 3.3
....................................h= 2.2
..............................................

..................................................= 1.2
/**
................................=2350 /3
.............=0.2
/*
.......................................................................,

...................................G.=1700

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
.............................G= 500
.........................=0.2 /*
........................... G= 21000
........................................= 0.125
/*
............................... G= 36000
..............................= 14
....................... =2.5
..=9
..=2.5
............................................................ t=15 0

Q. = G (b-m) = 21000 * 0.125*(35-2.44)2.5*0.33= 70512.75

Q.= G (t. t0)= 36000*0.115*(85-15)= 289800

Q.=(0.115 G.+0.6 G )(t. - t)=(0.115*1700+0.6*0.6*500)(85-15)=26285

=5
Q.=0.85(t -t-35)

ccc c (2LH+ 2BH+ LB)=0.85*(85-15-

35)*53*(2*12.3*3.4+2*4.7*3.4+12.3*4.7)= 180332.9

1=4.6 /2 **4
t1 = t =50 t2 = t =15
= 4 t1 t2 +

T
T
C1
[( 1 )4( 2 )4]=12.5 / 2 **
t1 t 2 100 100

S=2L(H-2)+2B(H-2)=2*12.3*(3.4-2)+2*4.7*(3.4-2)=47.6 2

Q.= (BL+ S)(t -t) =12.5*(4.7*12.3+47.6)*(50-15)*2.5=115292

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
Q=

pod

( Q. +Q. +Q. +Q. +Q.)=

1 0.15
( 180332.9+ 289800 +
2.5

26285 + 17306.2 +115292)= 629016.1 /

L=540
/
G .=

Qmax 629016.1
=
= 1164.8/
540
lp

t=tc-(t 0- t 0) A=90-(85-30)0.4=68
t=tc-(t 0- t 0) A=90-(85-30)0=90

t=

t p 2tts
3

t.=

t =

= (90+2*68)/3= 75.3

t p 2tts
3

= (85+2*30)/3= 48.3

t sr. pod t sr.iz

2

=(48.3+75.3)/2= 62

Q= t = 62*9=558 *

Q=58.2
Q= Q+ Q=58.2+558 =616 *
Q=45 / 1 3
Q+= GQ=254.5*45= 11452.5
m =

Qiz pod Qpod

cb b iz

= (11452.5-4800)/0.125*700*9=8.4 /

(tc t )miz
x
=0 =
= 64*5/20*55=0.4
(b m)(t 0p tts0 )
R

(tc t )miz
x
=1 =
= 13.2*5/20*55=0.1
(b m)(t 0p tts0 )
R
9
t(0.9) = tc-( A + ) (t 0- t 0) = 90-(0.4-0.4) (85-30) =90
t(0.9) = tc-( A - ) (t 0- t 0) = 90-(0-0.1) (85-30) =95.5

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

t.=

t ( R.9) 2t (0.9)
= (95.5+2*90)/3=91.8
3

Q.=G(t.-t.-m )= 21000*0.125 (91.8-48.3-5*9)=27562.5
Q.= G(t.-t.)=36000*0.115(95.5-85)= 43470
t- t
Q.=(0.115 G.+0.6 G )(t- t)=(0.115*1700+0.6*0.6*500)(90-70)=7510

Q.=Q Q.=0.85(t t-35)

ccc c (2LH+ 2BH+ LB)- Q.=0.85*40*

88.85*(2*12.3*3.4+2*4.7*3.4+12.3*4.7) -180332.9=165167.4

Q.= (BL+ S)(t -t) =12.5(4.7*12.3+47.6)*(50-15)*9=415051.9

=0.15
Q =(1+)( Q. + Q.+Q. + Q +Q. + Q.+Q. + Q.+Q.
+Q.)=(1+0.15)(70512.75+27562.5+89800+43470+180332.9+165167.4+41
5051.9+115292+26285+7510)=1312132.1
14
Q =

Qo

=1312132.1/14 = 93723.7 /

Q . =

Qsr
=93723.7/540 = 173.6 */
Ip

1
2
3
4
5
6

,
, %
98075.25
7.6
117362.5
8.9
345500.3
26.3

530343.9
40.4

220850.2
16.8

1312132.1
100
1.7

-302

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

1200

800

17

(1)

14
18

1.2
, , .
.

-MNS 976-99

-MNS 392-99

-MNS 346-98

-MNS-960-85

: MNS 346-98-
. :

20
R=185

-45%

3%

1%

F=100-200

MNS392-99- .
-

=2.4-3,5

0,63 ()-

37-70%

5-10 - -

5%-

3%-

0,5% -

5%-

40%

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
mv = 1500-1550 /3

mv >1550

.
: MNS 976-99-
.
0,08 15%-

45

12

R //2/

400

1,5%-3,5 %

5%
(/3)
3

-3,05-3,15
-

6%-

.
:
PH 4- .
< 7 , PH > 7 . h ey =5 . ,
, .
1.3

,
.


, ,
,
.


,
, 6 , ,
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
, ,

200003 .

.
25000 3
.
- .


.


.

1.

2.
3.
.
a)

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

b)

.
c)

.
d)

.
e)

.-

,
.
f)

.
g)

.
h)

1.5 . 4 ,
4.9-

11.1-71

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4860 2

.
.

72

60

9.8,14.5,16.4 S=4680
2 .

18,24,18- 20 10 -
.

.
:
1.

2.

3. -
4.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
:
, ,

.
1- :



2- :,

.
3- :

4- :
.
2-
.


.
. :
1.

. ,
,
,

.
2.

,
//
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
3.

.
3- .
. :
,
. :
.
.

.



. 150
.

.... . ,
.

.
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

1- ,
2- .
. 4.6x4.8,1.84
.
.
, ,,
.
.
, ,
. ,

.
, .
+16; ,
+18; .
.

.
:

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
2-
. 2-01-02-85-
.

, .
.
2- .

1,0 .
.

,
.

.

.

.

2- 2-

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

:
.
. 200 .

1:2

, 10
.
: .
: . 30

1500*500,800*500
:

3 .
:24 - .

6-1

, .
:

.
200 . 1:2
10
.
: .
: .
, ,
.
: 18 .

6-1

, , ,
, 3-5-1- 3 2-
380-71 .
424- .
: . -15
50*80

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
: .

. 150, 8 .
: 1
. 45505400, 18002950
.
42004000
21002000

3.
250003
:
3.2

. (
), ( )
.
.

.24 -

hcr 2.4

.18 -

hcr 1.9

hr 0.15

-70

//,

a1 0.15

hcb 1

( ) .
H1 9 (hcb hr ) a2 9 (1 0.15) 0.15 8

( ) .
H 2 hcr hcb hr a2 2.4 1 0.15 0.15 4.05

a2 0.15

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

H H1 H 2 8 4.05 12.05
0.8 ,

.
H Tol H H f 12.05 0.8 12.85

3.2.2
0

h2 600 .

.
1
1
1
1
h1 H 1 8 80....57
14
14
10
10

.
1
1
h1 80 ; b H 45...37.5 50
25 30

.

b h2 500 600 .


, .

750
h1 2 hbr 2 750 0 1500

Q 20
(10)

h1 1500

. b h1 500 1500
,
,
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

3.3
3.3.1
.
.
: 3.1

3x6

H/2

f 1

f 1

H/2

2500

1.1

2500

2750

50

1.3

50

65

600

1.3

600

741

360

1.3

360

468

90

1.3

90

117

/ 4 /

t 150 /

/ f 18 /3

t 20

/

/ 3

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

3600

4141

n 0.95

24 5.6 54.88

18 4.1 40.2

5.85

.57.4

-
18

F 4.141 6 40,2 0.5 1.1 0.95 233,4

2

1
1

F 4.141 6 18 24 54.88 40.2 1.1 0.95 521.7 52.2 573.9

2
2

.
6.9 -
.

F ( g1 h1 g 2 h2 ) B f n (2.5 5.4 0.4 2.4) 6 1.1 0.95 90.6

g1 2.5 H/2

g 2 0.4 H/2

1.2 4.2 5.4

F (2.5 1.8 0.4 5.4) 6 1.1 0.95 41.7

.
F (Gn G p B) f n (57.4 1.5 6) 1.1 0.95 69.3

: G p 1.5 / -1
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com


F 0.5 0.6 4,1 25 1.1 0.95 32,1

F 0.5 0.8 25 1.1 0.95 94.05

F 0.5 0.6 4.1 25 1.1 0.95 32.1

F 0.25 9 2 2.6 0.9 3 0.4 (1.2 2 0.25) 0.5 25 1.1 0.95 100.2
3.3.2
.

S n S 0 0.5 0.8 0.4 /2

S 0 1

0.8
12 0 - 3
v 4 /
.

k 1.2 0.1 v 1.2 0.1 4 0.8

.

F Sn B

L1
18
f n 0.4 6 1.4 0.95 28.7
2
2

F Sn B

L1 L2
18 24
f n 0.4 6
1.4 0.95 67.03
2
2
.

1- Q 100
2- Q 200
3- Q 100

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

-18
I cr L1 2 18 2 0.75 16.5

-24
I cr L1 2 24 2 0.75 22.5

,

: 3.2
1 3-

2-

G k ()

21

36

B ()

630

630

k ()

440

440

GT ()

8.5

Fn,max ()

125

220

Fn,mix (Q GKP ) / 2 Fn,max

()

28

44.8

Fn,mix (Q GKP ) / 2 Fn,max (200 279.6) / 2 195 44.8

28.5 g 28.5 9.81 279.6

Fn,mix (Q GKP ) / 2 Fn,max (100 206) / 2 125 28

21 g 21 9.81 206

1 3-
Fmax Fn,max f n 125 1.1 0.95 130,6

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
Fmin Fn,min f n 28 1.1 0.95 29,3

L2
Fmax Fn,max f n 195 1.1 0.95 203,8

Fmin Fn,min f n 44,8 1.1 0.95 46,8

1-

H max

QG
100 40
0.5 f n
0.5 1.1 0.95 3,66
20
20

2-
H max

QG
200 85
0.5 f n
0.5 1.1 0.95 7,3
20
20

.
- 1-

Dmax Fmax y 130.6 0.85 (1 0.267 0.917 0.083) 251.6

Dmix Fmix y 29.3 0.85 (1 0.267 0.917 0.083) 56.5
- 2-

Dmax Fmax y 203.8 0.85 (1 0.267 0.917 0.083) 392.7

Dmix Fmix y 46.8 0.85 (1 0.267 0.917 0.083) 90.2
: 0.85

Dmax (251.6 392.6) 0.85 / 0.85 644.2

: 0.85

.
1-

H H max y 3.66 0.85 2.2 6.84

2-

H H max y 7.3 0.85 2.2 13.65

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

3.7
3.7.1

:

15
Ra 8.5
Rbt 0.75
Eb 20.5 10 3

( d 10 )

-III

RS RSC 365 ,

E S 2 10 5

-I

1-0
2-1 .
3.7.2

. b 50 , h2 60
h0 h a 60 4 56
,

1. I 0 2H 2 2 4.1 8.2
f
h2
60 2

17.32
A
12
12

2. i
3.

I0
720

41.5 14
i 17.32

.
.
.
1.

e0 M / N 241.19 / 1297.09 0.18

18

ea1 I 0 / 600 720 / 600 1.2

ea 2 h2 / 30 60 / 30 2

ea 3 1

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
2. 0.004 -
.
J S b h0 (0.5 h a) 2 0.004 50 56 (0.5 60 4) 2 7571.2

4
3.

ES / Eb 2 105 / 20.5 103 9.75

.

6.4 Eb J
N cr
I 02

0.11

0.1 J S

0.1

6.4 2050000 900000

0.11

0
.
1

9
.
75

7571
.
2

74180000
720 2

1.58 0.1 0.286

7418
P
.

P 1

N
N cr

1
1.1
771.6
1
7418

e e0 0.5 h a 18 1.1 0.5 60 4 49.8

0.008 Rb 0.85 1.1 0.008 8.5 0.7752 -

0.85
sr RS 365
sr.u -

R
1

cr
1
sc.u 1.1

0.7752
0.611 0.423
365 0.7752
1
1

400
1.1

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
b 2 1.0 sr.u 400 0.423 R 0.611
.

N
771600
771600 49.8 56
N e h0

b
2 1.1 850 50
b

I
AS AS

0.83 2
I
36500 (56 4)
Rsc (h0 a )

.
.
AS ASI 0.002 b h0 0.002 50 56 5.6 2

316 -III ( AS 6.03 ) .

AS ASI 2 6.03

0.0043
b h0
50 56

.
-

I 0I 1.5 H 2 1.5 3.6 5.4

- :

50 2
14.43
12

- :

I 0I
I
540

37.42 0 41.5
i 14.43
i

.
3.7.3
.

b 50

h1 120

hbr 25

c 95

h0 25 3 22

2-1
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

N e 600.2 ,
M e 31.47 .,

Qe 1.8

II-
, III- .
.
.
1.
I 0 H1 1.5 6.3 9.45

2.
.
2
rred

c2

3 c
4 1 2 2 2
n hbr
2

0.95 2

3 0.95
4 1 2 2
2
1.5 3 0.25
2

0.067 2

rred 0.067 0.26

3.

red I 0 / rred 9.45 / 0.26 36.34 14

.
4.
e0 M / N 294.94 / 987.15 0.2987 29.87

ea1 I 0 / 600 9450 / 600 1.57
ea 2 hbr / 30 0.25 / 30 0.008 0.8

ea 3 1
.
e0 29.87 .

5.

2
2
b hbr2
50 25 2
c
95
J 2
b hbr 2
50 25 56.46 10 5 4
12
2
12

2

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
6.
.

1
:

M 1
253.62
1 1
1.33
M1
763.83

M 1 M 1

M 1 31.47 600.2

0.95
253.62 .
2

M 1 294.94 1119.83

7. e. min 0.5 0.01

0.95
672 .
2

9450
0.01 1.1 8.5 0.381
120

e 29.87 / 120 0.24 e. min 0.381

e e. min 0.381 - .
0.0065 -
.
2

95
J S 0.0065 50 25 2 36660 4
2

6.4 Eb J
N cr
I 02

0.11

0.1 J S

0.1

6.4 2050000 56.46 10 5

9450 2
1.33

22580

0
.
11

0.1 9.75 36660 22580000

0.1 0.381

N
N cr

1
1.05
1119.83
1
22580

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
N M 987.15 294.94 1.04

493.5 322.8
2
c
2
0.95

N br

N br1 816.3

N br2 170.7

M ds
Qds

Q S 0.91 1.95

0.8 .
2
2

Q S 0.91 1.95

1.8 .
c
0.95

.
M ds

Q S 0.91 1.95

0.4 .
4
4

.
e0 M br / N br 0.4 / 816.3 0.0004 0.04

ea1 I 0 / 600 195 / 600 0.325
ea 2 hbr / 30 0.25 / 30 0.0083 0.83

ea 3 1
e0 ea 1 e0 1 .

e e0

hbr
25
a 1
4 9.5
2
2

.
an

N
816300

1.36 r 0.611
b 2 Rb h0 1.1 850 50 21

h0 25 4 21
e
a
a n 1 n
2
h0
as
I
1

1.36 9.5 1 1.36

2

21
0.22 0
1 0.1904

I a I / h0 4 / 21 0.1904

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
a S 0
. a 0 -
.

an (1 R ) 2 a S R 1.36 (1 0.611) 2 0.22 0.611

0.96 R 0.611
1 R 2 aS
1 0.611 2 0.22

, .

e
9.5 0.96 0.96
1

N h0 a n 2 816300 21 1.36
2
I
AS AS

2.35
RS
36500
1 0.1904
1 I
.

AS ASI 0.002 b h0 0.002 50 56 5.6 2 316 -III (

AS 6.03 )

I 0 0.8 H1 0.8 6.3 5.04

50 2
14.43
12

I 0 / i 504 / 14.43 34.9 red 35

.
3.7.4
b 50 , h 40 , a a I 0.04

M ds 22.75 ., N ds 47.89 .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
AS ASI

2275000
1.95 2
36500 (36 4)

214 A-III ( AS ASI 2) .

.
Q b 4 b 2 Rbt b h0 0.6 1.1 75 50 36 89100 H 89.1

Qds 47.9
: b 4 - , b 4 0.6
Q 89.1 Qds 47.9

A-1 6 S 100 ( n 2 )
.

c1 c 2
k

M z K z b m M q d m ( M q 1) H b m M c C11

M I , M q , M c -
11 280 M I 0.98 , M q 4.93 , M c 7.4

c1 ; c 2 -
, c1 1.25
, L / H 72 / 14.385 5.0 4 c1 1

k Z - b 10 k Z 1

d 1.35 -
H b - , H b 0

m 20 /2, c11 - ( c11 3 )

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
k - 11 c11 - .
k 1 , 11 c11 -
k 1.1 .
.
R

1 1.25
0.98 1 2.3 20 4.93 1.35 20 (4.93 1) 7.4 240
1.1

0.24

Pn. max

N n Gn
A

6 e0 1088.74 6 0.23
2
1
1

258.5 /
a 2.75 2.3
2.75

1.2 R 288
Pn. min

Pn.m

1576.38 6 0.23
2 0
1
121.7 /
6.45
2.75

Pn. max Pn. min 258.5 121.7

190.1 /2 R 240 /2
2
2

.
3.8.4

.

Rmax

N M 1 1576.38 246.9

329.5 /2
A W
6.45
2.9

Rmax

N M 1 1576.38 246.9

159.2 /2
A W
6.45
2.9

M f M Q h 222.62 20.26 1.2 246.9 .

W b h 2 / 6 2.3 2.752 / 6 2.9 3

I-I, II-II, III-III
.
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
M I I

( PI I 2 Pmax ) b (a a1 ) 2 (314 2 159.2) 2.3 (2.75 2.25) 2

14.8
24
24

ai a1 2.25

PI I Pmax
M II II

Pmax Pmin a a1
329.5 159.2 2.75 2.25

329.5

314 /2
a
2
2.75
2

(298.5 2 329.5) 2.3 (2.75 1.75) 2

91.76 .
24

PII II Pmax
M III III

Pmax Pmin a a1
329.5 159.2 2.75 1.75

329.5

298.5 /2
a
2
2.75
2

(283 2 329.5) 2.3 (2.75 1.25) 2

203 .
24

PIII III Pmax

Pmax Pmin a a1
329.5 159.2 2.75 1.25

329.5

283 /2
a
2
2.75
2

M I I
14.8 10 5
AS1

2.349 2
Rs 0.9 h0 2800 0.9 25
AS 2

M II II
53.48 10 5

3.859 2
Rs 0.9 h0 2800 0.9 55

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
AS 3

M III III
203 10 5

10 2
Rs 0.9 h0 2800 0.9 80

1012 A-II ( As 11.31 2 10 2) .

3.9

,

.
3.9.1
.

: 3.10

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

/2

/3 /

0.15

1.3

0.195

/ =18/3 t=20/

0.2

1.3

0.26

0.5

1.2

0.6

0.04

1.2

0.05

36

1.45

1.1

1.595

2.74

=4/3 t=150/

3.12

F1 g I B d 3.12 6 3 56.16
F2 g I B 0.5 d 3.12 6 0.5 3 28.08

.
F 2 F1 F2 2 28.08 56.16 112.32

.

p p0 f c

: f - ,
g H / p0 - .
g H / p0 2.74 / 0.5 5.48 f 1.4 .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
p p fs 0.5 1.4 0.7 .2

.
F1S p B d 0.7 6 3 12.6
F2S F1S / 2 12.6 / 2 6.3

.
FS 2 F1S F2S 2 6.3 12.6 25.2

I x d 300

. -9

. 80 .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
R 240
0.685 .

Ad

N
367.11 10

31.8 2
R c 0.6 240 0.8

Ad

N
65.5 10

5.6 2
R c 0.6 240 0.8

Ad

N
169.86 10

14.7 2
R c 0.6 240 0.8

x I / rx 290 / 2.78 104.3

I / ry 580 / 6.95 83.4

min 104.3 , min 0.5

N b8 n
175.23 10 1

239 R y 240
min A c
0.5 15.2 0.95

.
3.9.6
.
// , .

. -8
.
Ad

N n 175.25 10 0.95

7.6 2
R c
240 0.95

Ad

N n 101.01 10 0.95

4.43 2
R c
240 0.95

Ad

N n 148.19 10 0.95

6.49 2
R c
240 0.95

N
175.25 10
R y c
185 240 0.95 228
A
19.7

.
3.9.7

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

082
.
k f 8 . / /
t 10
// - // - k . min 5
.
.

: 3.14

20

110x70x8

0
f

N kH

kH

299.6

Iw N 0 / 2 f
k 0f Rwg 1

Nn

Knf

kH

Iw N 0 / 2 f
k 0f Rwg 1

220 0.8

300

113

0.8

150

190 0.6

250

120.8 0.6

150

96.5 0.6

200

103.6 0.6

180

4
19

140x10

235.0
3
17

80x50x6

154.8

2
16

140x10

-66.98

80.7 0.5

170

76

0.5

90

14

80x50x6

-54.3

75 0.5

250

44

0.5

150

18

110x8

-19.98

81.2 0.5

275

9.2

0.5

250

15

125x10

-67.47

102 0.5

300

24.3

0.5

160

4.
4.4 ,
//, ,

.
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4.4.1
: ,

.
.
, , , .
.

. ,
/ /
.
:
=h+h+h+h=7,2+0,5+0,495+1,6=9,7
h-
=7,2
h- //=0,45
h- =1,5
h- =0,5
:
tg=2(-h)/b+2s=2(9,7-1,5)/12+2*1,5=1,0455
=46,27
h- =1,5
b- =12( )
s- =S1,5
sin=0,723

cos=0,69

:
(H-ha)
(b+2s)
9.7 1.5 12+2*1.5
LY = ---------- + --------- = ----------- + ----------- = 21.715
sin
2cos
0.723
2*0.69
:
L = Ly cos + d = 21.715 x 0.69 + 1.5 = 16.48

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4.4.2
: 4.4

min

1,1

ma

mi

max

-1003

1,7

25

4,5

17

5,4-44

0,23148

11347,6

-753

1,0

10

3,7

17

3,7-18

0,5787

9979,5

-1252

0,33

20

27,4

3,5-

0,29

10800,2

31,5

1- -1003
Kl=Qg/Qmaxmax1
-
Q- ,
Qg=q1n1+q2n2+.....+qini/n1+n2+....+ni=1574,04/272=5,787
Qmax-
l=5,787/25=0,23148
i=P/N-
i i- , (3)
P - ,
N-- i-
,
i=73,69/10,505=7,0147
i=iti/i

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
i - ,
i ,
ti - , 8
-
i=36000000*8/7,0147*1800=22809,2
i=(1,08 i-+1,6g)/ i
i-1(3)
i-- i- /-/
g-
,
i-=10000
i=(1,08*10000+1,6*31000)/7,0147=8610,5
CiCii
Ci-1 (3) ,
Ci8610,5+0,12*22809,2=11347
2-

-753

=5,787/10=0,5787

i=73,69/10,505=7,0147
i=18000000*8/7,0147*1800=11404,62
i-=10000
i=(1,08*10000+1,6*31000)/7,0147=8610,5
Ci8610,5+0,12*11404,62=9979,05
3-

-1252

l=5,787/20=0,289
i=73,69/10,505=7,0147
i=28800000*8/7,0147*1800=18247,4
i-=10000
i=(1,08*10000+1,6*31000)/7,0147=8610,5
Ci8610,5+0,12*18247,4=10800,2
4.4.3
: .
.
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
, , .
18....30 6....15
. 12....20
.

//
.
: ,
.

. .

.
.

.

. :
,

.


.
.
,
.
, .
400400 4
. 400400- 2 .
,
,

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
.

. .
.
4.4.4
, ,
.

:
.
.

. ,
.
, .
4
.
.
,
.

: .

.
.

.

.

.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4 .
2
.
4
.

.

.
.


. 4
2 .
.
.

.

,
: 4.5

45569

1914483

36

0.33

16

0.33

16

0.01

2.5

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4

2105
-28

546

0.09

0.12

2008-09

0.1

4.4.5
:

. 3 .
1. :
. :
4 , 2 , 2

.
2. :
.
//
. 2

.
3.

. :
,
.
2 .
1.
2.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

.
50-60%,

70%-

,

.

.
:
: ,

.
:, ,
.
:

.


.
: , 2-3
, .


.
, ,
, , , ,

.

. : ,
, .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

.
:
,

.

.
: , ,

.

.
.

.

.

.
, .
70%-
.
.
4.4.6

: 4.6

1
2

24

13,75

330

24

7.8

187.2

//
a*b*c

10500*3400

40

21

8000*3400

40

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
3

25

1,18

29,5

25

1,3

32,5

8,5

51

44

2.7

118,8

0.5

1.5

13

0.3

3.9

108

1.3

140.4

458520

8000*3400

15

18

8000*3400

15

15000*3400

15

13500*3000

15

40

5000*2700

15

5000*2700

15

5000*2700

15

10

4.4.6 ,
: 4.7

27

124010-75

9233-60

,
,

1705-72 -1

50

39/228-9-2-72

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

7041-57

1405-72 -2

1405-1 2

1405-72 -

24

-50

10

-600

11

-500

12

-5

13

13 4

14

4-500

15

16

-50

17

3-20

18

-300

19

-10

, .
(
.)
.
,,
.

, ,
.
, .

.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

1.
.


.
.


.



.

, ,

.
:
:
.
.
:
.
:
. , ,
.
:
,
.
1. .
. , , ,
.
.
2. .
, ,
.
.
3. : ,
.(, , ,
, , )
4. :
.
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

.

. , ,
.
2
.

, ,

.
:
Q=Q/*n*K1*K2
Q-

-
n-
1-
2-

, ,
.1-
,
// .
:
S=Q/q*
q-12
-

1

, ,

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

, , ,
, , ,
1. ,

, , ,

, ,
, ,

,

, ,
-

50

50 -

15-20

5-10

7-20

20-25

8-12

10-15

25-30

12

15-20

. .


.


.
, ,
.
:
1.
2.
3.

0.25-0.4
0.6-0.7
0.5-0.7
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.5
0.5-0.6
0.6-0.7
0.5-0.6

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
4. .

-
-
-
:
-
.
-
16 5-6 .
- 0.6-0.8 3
.

5
242

12

57.6

1
72

14

1000

202

150

3.0

1
0.92

150

135.0

1
0.052
15
1

150

7.5
10

150

64.5
13

150

10.5

(
)

1
0.432
12
1

1
0.072

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

4
0.62

150

22.5

10

500
202

150

2.

.

,

.


.

=+/ ///
=0,5(+/)+ ///

Q
v 1.2
K1
8 3600
Q- //
Q 51.4 300 3 154.2 200 44.4 250 119040
1- 1,5
1.2-

119040
= 1.2
1.5 7.45 /
8 3600

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
q1 K 2

q2 K 3

, /
/= Amax 8.0
3600

Amax- (50)
q1-
60-80
30-40
K2- (2.5-3)
q2-1 25-30
K3- 0.3-0.4

70 2.8

30 0.4

0.5 , /
/= Amax 8.0
3600

,
.:
30 -10/
30-50 -15/
50-70 -25/ .
2/
2 () .
10
.
0.5 10/ .


.

D
-

4 * YH *100
*

=7.45+0.5+10=18 , /

-
-
0.7-1.2/
0.6-0.9

4 18 1000
159.6
3.14 0.9

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com


,
, , ,
, ,


.

.
-
.
1 2

, 3 ,
cos

cos

- //
-
//
, - //
, - //
1,2-

K1

cos

24 0.45 3.8 0.27 71 0.2 47,42 / KBT /

0.45

0.65

0.65

/0,75-1.0/
1.

-24=24 =0,45 cos=0,45

3,8 =0,27 cos=0,65
71-78 =0,2 cos=0,65
2.

.
=0,015*15=0.225 //
. , ,
=0,008*61,8=0,49 //
.
=0,0012*922,8 =1,107 //

3.

S 4860

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
=

4860
3 14.6 //
1000

=60,52+65,9+24,09+0,001=150,51 //

1.1 47.42 0 1.82 14.6 70.22

, / /
-100
(100) .

.
- .
-35 2
-45 2
-,
- , / /
-35- -500 1000
-45- -1000 1500 .
S- /2/

0.3 2.470 4860

8
1000

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

,


.

, ,

.
,

.
, , ,

.
3 .
1.
2.
3.
.

.

/ /-
.


.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com



. .
,
,
,

.

. 5-

.
.
, ,
.
. 50 - 3
- .
:


.
.
.
50 - .
:
10 16-18
16 16-18
20 18-
50 18- .
:

. ,
, . ,

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
10 / .
.
,
1
. :
14-1 18-

.
14-2
.
.
14-3 .

.
.
14-4 ,
, ,
.
14-5.
.
.
14-6.
.
14-7.

.
14-8.

.
14-9. .
:
14-10. .
14-11. / , /
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
14-12. .
14-13. , ,
.
14-14. ,
.
14-15.
.
14-16. .

.
14-17.
.
14-18.
.
.
14-19.

.
14-20. .
14-21.
.
14-22. .

, .

,

.
, ,
.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
.
.
:
, ,

. ,

. ,
.
10-15%-
, 50%- .
75-100 .

.
,
/ /- .

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com

2005

2003

2002

.
2003
.
,

2004

., ., .

. 2001

.2002

.1984

., .

., ., .

.1976

., ., .

.2001

-.2003

.1969

.3.03.02-90. , .
,
.5.2-95.

www.zaluu.com
www.zaluu.com
.5.2-86.
.2. , ,
..1990
.5.2-95.
,.4- . 1- .
..1986,1996
.47.80.
..1981.
.939-82.

.3.01.05-90.

.5.3-74.
.., .., ..

.1975

..

1970

..

1971

.. ..

1984

..

2002

..

Hansen
Durability of high performance concrete

-- 2005