Content List

Chapter-1 Introduction

1. Introduction to the topic Literature Review 2. Introduction to the Field 3. Introduction the People 4. Aims and objectives 5. Research Methodology Applied Chapter-2 Chapter-3 List of tables List of Maps Bibliography Finding and Analysis Conclusion and Suggestion

Introduction

Introduction to the topic Literature Review

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap). The World Health Organization states that: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of WHO and UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as

connection to a public sewer connection to a septic system pour-flush latrine simple pit latrine ventilated improved pit latrine

According to that definition, 62% of the world's population has access to improved sanitation in 2008, up by 8% since 1990. Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of

the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation and thus must resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines. This includes 1.2 billion people who have access to no facilities at all. This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate drinking water and cause life threatening forms of diarrhea to infants. Improved sanitation, including hand washing and water purification, could save the lives of 1.5 million children who die from diarrheal diseases each year. In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include a target to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015. In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 'The International Year of Sanitation', in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. The year aims to develop awareness and action to meet the target. Particular concerns are:

Removing the stigma around sanitation, so that the importance of sanitation can be more easily and publicly discussed. Highlighting the poverty reduction, health and other benefits that flow from better hygiene, household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment.

The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) coordinated research programme on Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a radically different approach to rural sanitation in developing countries and has shown promising successes where traditional rural sanitation programmes have failed. CLTS is an unsubsidized approach to rural sanitation that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take collective action to clean up and become open defecation free. It uses communityled methods such as participatory mapping and analysing pathways between feces and mouth as a means of galvanizing communities into action. An IDS 'In Focus' Policy Brief

suggests that in many countries the Millennium development goal for sanitation is off track and asks how CLTS can be adopted and spread on a large scale in the many countries and regions where open defecation still prevails. Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was implemented in 1999 by the Government of India to achieve universal rural sanitation coverage by 2012. The community-led, demanddriven approach of this programme seeks to achieve not only 100 percent open defecation free communities but also broader environmental sanitation objectives such as promotion of improved hygiene behaviors and solid/liquid waste management. After more than a decade of its implementation, a report by Water and Sanitation Program assesses and analyses this flagship programme on the basis of primary and secondary data on the TSC to arrive at an understanding of the processes, outputs and outcomes at a national level and across the states. Lets take a look at some of the highlights of the report. Figure 1 indicates the progress made by TSC so far. TSC is currently being implemented at scale in 606 districts of 30 states/Union Territories (UTs). After sluggish progress in the 80s and 90s, rural sanitation coverage (individual household latrines) nearly tripled from 22 per cent in 2001 to 65 per cent in 2010. These are the same years when TSC has been in operation across all states in India.

JHARKHAND STATE

In India, among the states Jharkhand is the 28th state formed in the year 2000, 15th November. Jharkhand state has 24 districts at present. Our research area was in the East Singhbhum district. East Singhbhum district earlier constituted 10 blocks. But recently there has been formation of a new block namely Gurabandha Block.

East Singhbhum District

Blocks of East Singhbhum 1) Boram 3) Patamda 5) Gulmuri cum Jagsalai 7) Potka 9) Musabani 11) Gurabandha (recently formed) 2) Dumaria 4) Dhalbhumgard 6) Chakulia 8) Bahragora 10) Ghatshila

Block History Gurabandha Block is newly formed out of two blocks one is Dhalbhumgard and other is Baragoda. It constitutes Eight (8) panchayats, four panchayats each from both the blocks which covers 92 villages in totality. Following 8 Panchayats are: Village Panchayat Angrapara Balijuri Banmakri Bhalki No. of Households 804 979 849 827 Population 4071 4866 4148 4232

Forest Block Gurabandha Murakti Singpura

1071 1135 978 834

5176 5604 4742 3846

SINGPURA PANCHAYAT

Singpura Panchayat comprises of 10 villages. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Bhakhar Chaksol Dongadah Jaighanipur Jwalkata Makri Nagrapal Phulkhunta Singpura

10) Taraspur The Block Office is purposed to be setup at Jwalkata village as it is in centre geographically.

No. of Individual in Different Age Groups

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 30 and 31-40 less than 30 41-50 51-60 61-70 70 and above

No. of Individual in Different Age Groups

Head of the Family

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Male Female

Head of the Family

Marital status of head of the family

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Married Unmarried Widow

Marital status of head of the family

Communities in Jwalkata village

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mahto Sabar Communities in Jwalkata village

Toilet Facilty available in the Household

50 40 30 20 10 0 Yes No Toilet Facilty available in the Household

Cost Taken under TSC Programme

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 50 70 Not Given Cost Taken under TSC Programme

Hand Wash Medium

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Soap Ash Others (Mud) Hand Wash Medium