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Technical Reference Table of Contents

Spray Performance considerations Basic Nozzle Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 Spray Angle and Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5 Spray Drop Size (Atomization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 Drop Size Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7 Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7 Nozzle Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8 Nozzle Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Summary of Spray Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Estimating Pressure Drops Through Fluidline Accessories . . . . . A10 Weights, Measurements, formulas Volumetric Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Liquid Pressure Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Linear Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Miscellaneous Equivalents and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12

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Technical RefeRence

Technical Reference

Spray Performance Considerations

Technical Reference

Basic Nozzle Characteristics


Spray nozzles are precision components designed to yield very specific performance under specific conditions. To help you determine the best nozzle type for your application, the following reference chart summarizes the performance that each nozzle type is designed to deliver. Contact your local Spraying Systems Co. sales engineer for more detailed technical bulletins or a no-obligation consultation.

Hollow Cone (Whirlchamber-Type)


General Spray Characteristics Available in a wide range of capacities and drop sizes. Provides a good interface between air and drop surfaces. Comments

Spray pattern:

The extensive range of capacities and drop sizes makes the hollow cone nozzle useful for a variety of applications where a combination of small drop size and capacity is required.

Spray angles: 40 to 165

Hollow Cone (Deflected-Type)


General Spray Characteristics Utilizes a deflector cap to form an umbrella shaped hollow cone pattern. Comments

Spray pattern:

Larger capacities can be used to flush or clean tube and pipe interiors and small tanks.

Spray angles: 100 to 180

Hollow Cone (Spiral-Type)


General Spray Characteristics Provides a hollow cone pattern with drops that are slightly coarser than those in other hollow cone sprays. Comments

Spray pattern:

Provides high flow rate in a compact nozzle size. The onepiece design features maximum throughput for a given pipe size.

Spray angles: 50 to 180

Full Cone
General Spray Characteristics Utilizes an internal vane to provide a uniform, round, full spray pattern with medium-to-large sized drops. Comments

Spray pattern:

Provides full spray pattern coverage with medium-to-large flow rates. Some vaneless models and oval spray models are also available.

Spray angles: 15 to 125

Full Cone (Spiral-Type)


General Spray Characteristics Provides relatively coarse drops in a full cone pattern with minimal flow obstruction. Comments

Spray pattern:

Spray coverage is not as uniform as that from conventional internal vane-type nozzles. Provides high flow rates in a compact nozzle size.

Spray angles: 50 to 170

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Flat Spray (Tapered)


General Spray characteristics A tapered-edge flat spray pattern nozzle is usually installed on a header to provide uniform coverage over the entire swath as a result of overlapping distributions. comments

Spray pattern:

Designed to be used on a spray manifold or header for uniform, overall coverage across the impact area.
Spray pattern:

Spray angles: 15 to 110

Flat (Even)
General Spray characteristics Provides even distribution throughout the entire flat spray pattern. Produces medium-sized drops. Ideal where high and uniform spray impact is required. comments

The thin rectangular pattern of this nozzle provides uniform coverage. In manifold set-ups, the nozzles are carefully positioned for edge-to-edge pattern contact. Designed primarily for high-impact applications.
Spray pattern:

Spray angles: 25 to 65

Flat Spray (Deflected-Type)


General Spray characteristics Produces a relatively even flat spray pattern of medium-sized drops. The spray pattern is formed by liquid flowing over the deflector surface from a round orifice. comments

Large free passage design through the round orifice reduces clogging. Narrow spray angles provide higher impact, while the wide-angle versions produce a lower impact.
Spray pattern:

Spray angles: 15 to 150

Solid Stream
General Spray characteristics Solid stream nozzles provide the highest impact per unit area. comments Ideal wherever a very high spray impact is required.

Spray angles: 0

Atomizing (Hydraulic, Fine Mist)


General Spray characteristics A hydraulic, finely atomized, low capacity spray in a hollow cone pattern. comments

Spray pattern:

Used to produce finely atomized sprays when compressed air is not desirable.

Spray angles: 35 to 165

Air Atomizing and Air Assisted


General Spray characteristics Atomization produced by a combination of air and liquid pressures. Air assisted nozzles feature internal impingement atomization to assist fine drop formation. comments

Spray pattern:

The most widely used nozzle group for producing finely atomized sprays in a wide range of capacities.

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Spray Performance Considerations

Spray Performance Considerations

Technical Reference

Capacity
Nozzle Capacity Varies with Spraying Pressure.
In general, the relationship between flow rate and pressure is as follows:

Capacity Factors for Specific Nozzle Types


Nozzle Type
Hollow Cone Nozzles (All) Full Cone Nozzles (Vaneless) Full Cone Nozzles (15 and 30 Series) Flat Spray Nozzles (All) Solid Stream Nozzles (All) Spiral Nozzles (All) Full Cone Nozzles (Standard) Full Cone Nozzles (Square Spray) Full Cone Nozzles (Oval Spray) Full Cone Nozzles (Large Capacity) Full Cone Nozzles (Wide Spray) Full Cone Nozzles (Wide Square Spray)

Exponent n

Q1 Q2

(P1)n (P )n
2

.50

Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min) P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar) n: Exponent applying to the specific nozzle type
All capacity tabulations in this catalog are based on water. Since the specific gravity of a liquid affects its flow rate, tabulated catalog capacities must be multiplied by the conversion factor that applies to the specific gravity of the liquid being sprayed as explained in the Specific Gravity section below.

.46 .44

Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid to the mass of the same volume of water. In spraying, the main effect of the specific gravity of a liquid (other than water) is on the capacity of the spray nozzle. Since the values in this catalog are based on spraying water, a conversion factor or formula can be applied to determine the nozzle capacity when using a liquid other than water.

Capacity of Liquid Being Sprayed

Capacity of Water

Specific Gravity

Conversion Factor

Specic gravity versus conversion factor WATER


KEY: Conversion factor multiplied by the capacity of the nozzle when spraying water gives the capacity of the nozzle when spraying a liquid with a specific gravity corresponding to the conversion factor. This conversion factor accounts only for the effect of specific gravity on capacity and does not account for other factors affecting capacity.

Specic Gravity of Liquid

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Spray Angle and Coverage


Tabulated spray angles indicate approximate spray coverages based on spray of or distribution of water. In actual spraying, the effective spray angle varies with spray distance. Liquids more viscous than water form relatively smaller spray angles (or even a solid stream), depending upon viscosity, nozzle capacity and spraying pressure. Liquids with surface tensions lower than water will produce relatively wider spray angles than those listed for water. This table lists the theoretical coverage of spray patterns as calculated from the included spray angle of the spray and the distance from the nozzle orifice. Values are based on the assumption that the spray angle remains the same throughout the entire Spray Angle spray distance. In actual practice, the tabulated spray angle does not hold for long spray distances. If the spray coverage requirement is critical, request data sheets for specific spray coverage data.

Spray Distance

Theoretical Coverage

Theoretical Spray Coverage


at Various Distances in Inches (cm) from Nozzle Orifice
Spray angle 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 2" .2 .4 .5 .7 .9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.7 6.9 8.6 10.9 14.9 5 cm .4 .9 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.8 6.4 7.0 7.7 8.4 9.2 10.0 10.9 11.9 14.3 17.3 21.5 27.5 37.3 4" .4 .7 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.3 8.0 8.7 9.5 11.4 13.9 17.2 21.9 29.8 10 cm .9 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.6 12.7 14.0 15.4 16.8 18.3 20.0 21.8 23.8 28.6 34.6 42.9 55.0 74.6 113 229 6" .5 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.3 6.9 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.1 11.0 12.0 13.1 14.3 17.1 20.8 25.7 32.9 44.7 68.0 15 cm 1.3 2.6 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.0 9.5 10.9 12.4 14.0 8" .7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.5 20 cm 1.8 3.5 5.3 7.1 8.9 10.7 12.6 14.6 16.6 18.7 10" .9 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.4 5.4 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 25 cm 2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 11.1 12" 1.1 2.1 3.2 4.2 5.3 30 cm 2.6 5.3 7.9 10.6 13.3 15" 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.3 6.6 40 cm 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.1 17.7 18" 1.6 3.1 4.7 6.4 8.0 50 cm 24" 60 cm 30" 70 cm 36" 80 cm 48" 100 cm

4.4 2.1 8.8 4.2 13.2 6.3 17.6 8.5 22.2 10.6 26.8 31.5 36.4 41.4 46.6 52.1 57.7 63.7 70.0 76.7 12.8 15.5 17.5 19.9 22.4 25.0 27.7 30.5 33.6 36.8

5.2 2.6 6.1 3.1 7.0 4.2 8.7 10.5 5.2 12.3 6.3 14.0 8.4 17.5 15.8 7.9 18.4 9.5 21.1 12.6 26.3 21.2 10.6 24.7 12.7 28.2 16.9 35.3 26.6 13.3 31.0 15.9 35.5 21.2 44.3 32.2 37.8 43.7 49.7 56.0 62.5 69.3 76.5 84.0 92.1 101 110 120 131 143 171 208 257 16.1 18.9 21.8 24.8 28.0 31.2 34.6 38.2 42.0 46.0 50.4 55.0 60.0 65.5 71.6 85.6 104 37.5 44.1 51.0 58.0 65.3 72.9 80.8 89.2 98.0 107 118 128 140 153 167 200 243 19.3 22.7 26.2 29.8 33.6 42.9 50.5 58.2 66.3 74.6 25.7 30.3 34.9 39.7 44.8 53.6 63.1 72.8 82.8 93.3 104 115 127 140 153 168 183 200 218 238 286

13.4 6.4 15.8 7.6 18.2 8.7 20.7 9.9 23.3 11.2 26.0 28.9 31.9 35.0 38.4 42.0 45.8 50.0 54.6 59.6 12.5 13.8 15.3 16.8 18.4 20.2 22.0 24.0 26.2 28.6

16.1 8.1 21.4 9.7 18.9 9.5 25.2 11.3 21.8 10.9 29.1 13.1 24.9 12.4 33.1 14.9 28.0 14.0 37.3 16.8 31.2 34.6 38.2 42.0 46.0 50.4 55.0 60.0 65.5 71.5 15.6 17.3 19.2 21.0 23.0 25.2 27.5 30.0 32.8 35.8 41.7 46.2 51.0 56.0 61.4 67.1 73.3 80.0 87.3 95.3 114 139 172 220 299 18.7 20.6 22.9 25.2 27.6

15.6 8.3 20.8 10.3 17.3 9.2 23.1 11.5 19.1 10.2 25.5 12.7 21.0 11.2 28.0 14.0 23.0 12.3 30.7 15.3 25.2 27.5 30.0 32.7 35.8 42.9 52.0 64.3 82.4 112 170 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.5 19.1 33.6 36.7 40.0 43.7 47.7 16.8 18.3 20.0 21.8 23.8

37.5 83.3 50.0 41.6 92.4 55.4 45.8 102 61.2 50.4 112 67.2 55.2 123 73.6 60.4 66.0 72.0 78.6 85.9 103 134 147 160 175 191 229 80.6 88.0 96.0 105 114

30.3 83.9 40.3 33.0 91.6 44.0 36.0 100 48.0 39.3 109 52.4 43.0 119 57.2 51.4 62.4 77.3 98.6 143 173 215 275 68.5 83.2 103

22.8 57.1 28.5 71.4 34.3 85.7 42.8 27.7 69.3 34.6 86.6 41.6 104 52.0 34.3 85.8 42.9 107 51.5 129 64.4 43.8 110 54.8 137 65.7 165 82.2 59.6 149 74.5 187 89.5 224 112 90.6 227 113 284

22.7 56.7 45.4 45.8 114 91.6

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Spray Performance Considerations

Spray Performance Considerations

Technical Reference

Spray Drop Size (Atomization)


Accurate drop size information is an important factor in the overall effectiveness of spray nozzle operation particularly in industrial applications such as gas cooling, gas conditioning, fire suppression and spray drying. Drop size refers to the size of the individual spray drops that comprise a nozzles spray pattern. Each spray provides a range of drop sizes; this range is referred to as drop size distribution. Drop size distribution is dependent on the spray pattern type and varies significantly from one type to another. The smallest drop sizes are achieved by air atomizing nozzles while the largest drops are produced by full cone hydraulic spray nozzles. One inch = 25,400 m One millimeter = 1,000 m m = micrometers

Actual Drop Sizes

500 m

1,200 m

5,500 m

Liquid properties, nozzle capacity, spraying pressure and spray angle also affect drop size. Lower spraying pressures provide larger drop sizes. Conversely, higher spraying pressures yield smaller drop sizes. Within each type of spray pattern the smallest capacities produce the smallest spray drops, and the largest capacities produce the largest spray drops.

Drop Size
Spray Pattern Type Air Atomizing Fine Spray Hollow Cone Flat Fan Full Cone

by Spray Pattern Type at Various Pressures and Capacities


10 psi (0.7 bar) .005 .02 .22 .05 12 .05 5 .10 12 .02 .08 .83 .19 45 .19 18.9 .38 45 20 100 375 360 3400 260 4300 1140 4300 .008 8 .03 .43 .10 24 .10 10 .19 23 40 psi (2.8 bar) .03 30 .1 1.6 .38 91 .38 38 .72 87 15 200 110 330 300 1900 220 2500 850 2800 100 psi (7 bar) Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns 12 .05 .69 .16 38 .16 15.8 .30 35 45 .2 2.6 .61 144 .61 60 1.1 132 400 110 290 200 1260 190 1400 500 1720

Based on a sampling of nozzles selected to show the wide range of possible drop sizes available.

Drop Size Terminology


Terminology is often a major source of discrepancy and confusion in understanding drop size. To accurately compare drop sizes from one nozzle to another, the same diameters have to be used. Drop size is usually expressed in microns (micrometers). Following are the most popular mean and characteristic diameters and their definitions. Volume Median Diameter (VMD)
also expressed as Dv0.5 and Mass Median Diameter (MMD): A means of expressing drop size in terms of the volume of liquid sprayed. The Volume Median Diameter drop size when measured in terms of volume (or mass) is a value where 50% of the total volume of liquid sprayed is made up of drops with diameters larger than the median value and 50% with smaller diameters.

Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD)

also expressed as D32: A means of expressing the fineness of a spray in terms of the surface area produced by the spray. The Sauter Mean Diameter is the diameter of a drop having the same volume-to-surface area ratio as the total volume of all the drops to the total surface area of all the drops.

Number Median Diameter (NMD)

also expressed as DN0.5: A means of expressing drop size in terms of the number of drops in the spray. This means that 50% of the drops by count or number are smaller than the median diameter and 50% of the drops are larger than the median diameter.

More complete drop size data is available on all types of spray nozzles. For more information, request An Engineers Practical Guide to Drop Size or contact your local Spraying Systems Co. sales engineer.
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Impact
Impact, or the impingement of a spray onto the target surface, can be expressed in several different ways. The most useful impact value with regard to spray nozzle performance is the impact per square inch (cm). Basically, this value depends on the spray pattern distribution and spray angle. To obtain the impact per square inch (cm) [pounds (kg)-force per square inch (cm)] of a given nozzle, first determine the theoretical total impact using the following formula.

I = K x Q x P I: Total theoretical spray impact K: Constant Q: Flow rate P: Liquid pressure

I K Q P

pounds .0526 gpm psi

kilograms .024 l/min kg/cm2

Unit Impact per Sq. Inch (cm)*


Spray Pattern Spray angle
15 25 35 40 50 65 80 15 30 50 65 80 100 60, 80

Then, from the chart on the right, obtain the impact per square inch (cm) as a percent of the theoretical total impact and multiply by the theoretical total. The result is the unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) at 12" (30 cm) distance from the nozzle. The highest unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) is provided by solid stream nozzles and can be closely approximated by the formula: 1.9 x [spraying pressure, psi (bar)]. As with all spray patterns, the unit impact decreases as the distance from the nozzle increases, thereby increasing the impact area size.

Percent of Theoretical Total impact


30% 18% 13% 12% 10% 7.0% 5.0% 11% 2.5% 1.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 1.0 to 2.0%

Flat Fan

Full Cone

Hollow Cone

Operating Pressure

*At 12" (30 cm) distance from the nozzle.

The values given in the tabulation sections of this catalog indicate the most commonly used pressure ranges for the associated spray nozzle or accessory. Some spray nozzles and accessories can perform below or above the pressures shown, while others can be modified at our factory or redesigned to accommodate the requirements of specific new applications. contact your local Spraying Systems co. sales engineer if your application requires pressure ranges beyond those stated in this catalog.

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Spray Performance Considerations

Technical Reference

Nozzle Materials
For each nozzle there is a selection of standard materials that have been determined to meet the usual requirements of the applications most commonly associated with that type of nozzle. Standard materials include brass, steel, cast iron, various stainless steels, hardened stainless steels, many plastics and various carbides. Spray nozzles can also be supplied in other materials upon special request including: AMPCO 8 CARPENTER 20 (Alloy 20) Ceramics CUPRO NICKEL Graphite HASTELLOY INCONEL MONEL Nylon Polypropylene, PVC and CPVC

REFRAX Silicon carbide Stellite PTFE Titanium Zirconium

Nozzle Wear
Nozzle wear is typically characterized by an increase in nozzle capacity, followed by a general deterioration of the spray pattern. Flat fan spray nozzles with elliptical orifices experience a narrowing of the spray pattern. In other spray pattern types, the distribution within the spray pattern deteriorates without substantially changing the coverage area. The increase in nozzle capacity can sometimes be recognized by a decrease in system operating pressure, particularly when using positive displacement pumps. Materials having harder surfaces generally provide longer wear life. The chart to the right provides standard abrasion resistance ratios for different materials to help you determine if you should consider a different material for your nozzles, orifice inserts and/or spray tips. Materials that offer better corrosion resistance are also available. However, the rate of chemical corrosion on specific nozzle materials is dependent on the solution being sprayed. The corrosive properties of the liquid being sprayed, its percent concentration and temperature, as well as the corrosion resistance of the nozzle material to the chemical must all be considered. We can supply you with this information upon request.

Approximate Abrasion Resistance Ratios


Spray Nozzle Material Aluminum Brass Polypropylene Steel MONEL Stainless Steel HASTELLOY Hardened Stainless Steel Resistance Ratio 1 1 12 1.5 2 23 46 46 10 15 10 15 90 130 90 200 180 250 600 2000

New

New

Stellite Silicon Carbide (Nitride Bonded) Ceramics Carbides

Corroded

Excessive wear

Synthetic Ruby or Sapphire

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Viscosity
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity is the property of a liquid which resists change in the shape or arrangement of its elements during flow. Liquid viscosity is a primary factor affecting spray pattern formation and, to a lesser degree, capacity. High viscosity liquids require a higher minimum pressure to begin formation of a spray pattern and provide narrower spray angles as compared to those of water. See the chart below for the general effects of viscosity other than water.

Surface Tension
The surface of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size; acting, in this respect, like a membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts a tension upon adjacent portions or upon other objects with which it is in contact. This force is in the plane of the surface and its amount per unit of length is surface tension. Its value for water is about 73 dynes per cm at 70F (21C). The main effects of surface tension are on minimum operating pressure, spray angle and drop size. The property of surface tension is more apparent at low operating pressures. A higher surface tension reduces the spray angle, particularly on hollow cone and flat fan spray nozzles. Low surface tensions can allow a nozzle to be operated at a lower pressure. See the chart below for the general effects of surface tension on spray nozzle performance.

Temperature
The values given in this catalog are based on spraying water at 70F (21C). Although liquid temperature changes do not affect the spray performance of a nozzle, they often affect viscosity, surface tension and specific gravity which do influence spray nozzle performance. See the chart below for the effects of temperature changes on spray nozzle performance.

Summary of Spray Performance Considerations


The chart below summarizes the various factors that affect a spray nozzles performance. However, because there are so many different types and sizes of spray nozzles, the effects may vary for your specific application. In some applications, there are interrelated factors which may counteract certain effects. For instance, in the case of a hollow cone spray nozzle, increasing the temperature of the liquid decreases the specific gravity, thereby producing a greater flow rate while at the same time decreasing the viscosity which reduces the flow. for assistance with your specific application, please contact your local Spraying Systems co. sales engineer.

nozzle characteristics Pattern Quality Drop Size Spray Angle

increase in Operating Pressure Improves Decreases Increases then decreases Increases Increases Increases Increases

increase in Specific Gravity Negligible Negligible Negligible

increase in Viscosity Deteriorates Increases Decreases Full/hollow cone increases Flat decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases

increase in fluid Temperature Improves Decreases Increases Depends on fluid sprayed and nozzle used Increases Increases Depends on fluid sprayed and nozzle used

increase in Surface Tension Negligible Increases Decreases

Capacity Impact Velocity Wear

Decreases Negligible Decreases Negligible

No effect Negligible Negligible No effect

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Estimating Pressure Drops Through Fluidline Accessories


The rated capacities listed in this catalog for valves, strainers and fittings typically correspond to pressure drops of approximately 5% of their maximum operating pressure. Use the following formula to estimate the pressure drop of other flow rates.

Example:
3 gpm 5 gpm 11 l/min 19 l/min = (P1).5 (25 psi).5 (P1).5 (1.8 bar).5 P1 = 9 psi

Q1 (P1).5 = Q2 (P2).5

Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min) P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar)

P1 = 0.6 bar

For pressure drop information on a specific product, contact your local sales engineer for data sheets listing pressure drops at various flow rates.

Accessory rated capacity Maximum recommended operating pressure

5 gpm (19 l/min) 500 psi (35 bar)

Estimated pressure drop at 5 gpm (19 l/min) = 5% x 500 psi (35 bar) = 25 psi (1.8 bar)

Approximate Friction Loss in Pipe Fittings


in Equivalent Feet (meters) of Straight Pipe Pipe Size Std. Wt. (in.) 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 4 5 6 Actual Inside Dia. in. (mm) .269 (6.8) .364 (9.2) .622 (15.8) .824 (21) 1.049 (27) 1.380 (35) 1.610 (41) 2.067 (53) 2.469 (63) 3.068 (78) 4.026 (102) 5.047 (128) 6.065 (154) Gate Valve FULL OPEN ft. (m) .15 (.05) .20 (.06) .35 (.11) .44 (.13) .56 (.17) .74 (.23) .86 (.26) 1.1 (.34) 1.3 (.40) 1.6 (.49) 2.1 (.64) 2.7 (.82) 3.2 (.98) Globe Valve FULL OPEN ft. (m) 8.0 (2.4) 11.0 (3.4) 18.6 (5.7) 23.1 (7.0) 29.4 (9.0) 38.6 (11.8) 45.2 (13.8) 58 (17.7) 69 (21) 86 (26) 113 (34) 142 (43) 170 (52) 45 Elbow ft. (m) .35 (.11) .50 (.15) .78 (.24) .97 (.30) 1.2 (.37) 1.6 (.49) 1.9 (.58) 2.4 (.73) 2.9 (.88) 3.6 (1.1) 4.7 (1.4) 5.9 (1.8) 7.1 (2.2) Run of Std. Tee ft. (m) .40 (.12) .65 (.20) 1.1 (.34) 1.4 (.43) 1.8 (.55) 2.3 (.70) 2.7 (.82) 3.5 (1.1) 4.2 (1.3) 5.2 (1.6) 6.8 (2.1) 8.5 (2.6) 10.2 (3.1) Std. Elbow or Run of Tee Reduced 1/2 ft. (m) .75 (.23) 1.1 (.34) 1.7 (.52) 2.1 (.64) 2.6 (.79) 3.5 (1.1) 4.1 (1.2) 5.2 (1.6) 6.2 (1.9) 7.7 (2.3) 10.2 (3.1) 12.7 (3.9) 15.3 (4.7) Std. Tee Through Side Outlet ft. (m) 1.4 (.43) 2.2 (.67) 3.3 (1.0) 4.2 (1.3) 5.3 (1.6) 7.0 (2.1) 8.1 (2.5) 10.4 (3.2) 12.4 (3.8) 15.5 (4.7) 20.3 (6.2) 25.4 (7.7) 31 (9.4)

Air Flow (scfm and nl/min) Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe


Applied Nominal Standard Pipe Size (scfm) Pressure 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" psig 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 .5 .8 1.2 1.7 2.7 3.9 4.9 6.6 13.0 27 44 75 135 195 255 315 40 64 110 200 290 380 470 80 125 215 385 560 135 200 350 640 900 7.7 11.0 21 34 50 65 80 62 93 120 150 3" 240 370 600 1100 1600 Applied Nominal Standard Pipe Size (Nl/min) Pressure 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" bar 0.3 0.7 1.4 2.8 4.1 5.5 6.9 14.2 34.0 76.5 139 22.7 48.1 110 218 36.8 85.0 187 370 70.8 155 340 650 187 310 525 370 595 990 765 1245 2125 1130 1810 3115 2265 3540 6090 2-1/2" 3820 3" 6796

5665 10480 9910 16990

1.3 3.0

6.6 13.0 18.5 35

2.5 5.5 12.0 23 3.5 8.0 18.0 34 4.7 10.5 23 5.8 13.0 29 44 54

960 1755 3820

5665 10900 18120 31150 8210 15860 25485 45305

99.1 227 510 965 1415 2630 5520

720 1200 2100 900 1450 2600

133 297 650 1245 1840 3400 7220 10760 20390 33980 59465 164 370 820 1530 2265 4250 8920 13310 25485 41060 73625

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A10

Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe


flow Pressure Drop in psi for Various Pipe Diameters
10 ft. Length Pipe

flow

Pressure Drop in bar for Various Pipe Diameters


10 m Length Pipe 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4" 5" 6" 8"

gpm 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4" 5" 6" 8" l/min 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000 2000 .42 .70 1.1 1.5 2.5 3.7 8.0 .16 .24 .33 .54 .13 .83 .19 .06 1.8 .40 .12 4.5 1.0 .32 .08 6.4 1.4 .43 .11 11.1 2.4 .74 .18 .06 3.7 1.1 .28 .08 5.2 1.6 .38 .12 9.1 2.8 .66 .20 4.2 1.0 .30 2.2 .64 3.8 1.1 1.7 2.4 3.2 .05 .08 .16 .28 .42 .59 .79 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.2 .08 .13 .19 .27 .36 .47 .59 .72 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 .04 .06 .08 .11 .14 .17 .20 .29 .38 .50 .62 .76 1.2 1.7 2.9 .04 .06 .07 .08 .12 .16 .20 .25 .31 .47 .67 1.2 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 .16 .22 .39 .59 .84 .04 .05 .08 .11 .19 .28 .40 .70 .04 .06 .10 .15 .05 .21 .07 .37 .12 .05 .57 .18 .07 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100 115 130 150 170 190 230 260 300 340 380 470 570 750 950 1150 1500 1900 .07 .16 .26 .40 .56 .96 2.0 3.5 .04 .06 .08 .12 .21 .45 .74 1.2 1.7 2.6 .03 .05 .10 .17 .25 .35 .54 .92 1.2 2.1 .02 .03 .05 .08 .11 .17 .28 .45 .62 1.1 .01 .02 .03 .04 .01 .07 .02 .11 .03 .15 .04 .25 .08 .54 .16 .93 .28 .43 .58 .72 .01 .02 .04 .07 .12 .14 .18 .23 .29 .36 .50 .02 .03 .05 .06 .08 .10 .13 .16 .23 .32 .38 .50 .61

13.4 3.0 .66 .21 .05

.006 .009 .01 .015 .02 .03 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 .14 .18 .28 .39 .64 .01 .012 .016 .02 .03 .04 .04 .06 .07 .11 .15 .26 .009 .01 .02 .02 .03 .04 .05 .09 .14 .19 .007 .009 .01 .02 .03 .04 .06 .09 .16 .009 .01 .02 .007 .03 .05 .08 .13 .01 .02 .03 .01 .04 .02 .09 .03 .009 .16 .06 .02 .23 .06

.39 .16 .04 2800 .68 .27 .07 3800 1.0 .26 7500

Recommended capacity range for each size is shown in outlined areas.

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A11

Technical RefeRence

Spray Performance Considerations

Weights, Measurements, Formulas

Technical Reference

Table of Equivalents
Volumetric Unit Equivalents
Cubic Centimeter Cubic Centimeter Fluid Ounce Pound of Water Liter US Gallon Cubic Foot Cubic Meter
l

Fluid Ounce .034


l

Pound of Water 2.2 x 103 .065


l

Liter .001 .030 .454


l

US Gallon 2.64 x 104 7.81 x 10 .12 .264


l
3

Cubic Foot 3.53 x 105 1.04 x 10 .016 .035 .134


l
3

Cubic Meter 1.0 x 106 2.96 x 105 4.54 x 104 .001 3.78 x 103 .028
l

29.4 454 1000 3785 28320 1.0 x 106

15.4 33.8 128 958 3.38 x 104

2.2 8.34 62.4 2202

3.785 28.3 1000

7.48 264

35.3

Liquid Pressure Equivalents


Lb/In2 (psi) Lb/In (psi)
2

Ft Water 2.31
l

Kg/Cm2 .070 .030


l

Atmosphere .068 .029 .968


l

Bar .069 .030 .981 1.01


l

Inch Mercury 2.04 .882 29.0 29.9 29.5


l

kPa (kilopascal) 6.895 2.99 98 101 100 3.4


l

Ft Water Kg/Cm Bar Inch Mercury kPa (kilopascal)


2

.433 14.2 14.7 14.5 .491 .145

32.8 33.9 33.5 1.13 .335

Atmosphere

1.03 1.02 .035 .01

.987 .033 .009

.034 .01

.296

Linear Unit Equivalents


Micron Micron Mil Millimeter Centimeter Inch Foot Meter
l

Mil .039
l

Millimeter .001 2.54 x 102


l

Centimeter 1.0 x 10 .10


l
4

Inch 3.94 x 10 .001 .0394 .394


l
5

Foot 8.33 x 105 3.28 x 103 .033 .083


l

Meter .001 .01 .0254 .305


l

25.4 1000 10000 2.54 x 10


4

2.54 x 103

39.4 394 1000 1.2 x 104 3.94 x 104

10 25.4 305 1000

2.54 30.5 100

3.05 x 105 1.0 x 106

12 39.4

3.28

Miscellaneous Equivalents and Formulas


Unit Ounce Pound Horse-Power British Thermal Unit Square Inch Square Foot Acre Equivalent 28.35 Gr. .4536 Kg. .746 Kw. .2520 Kg. Cal. 6.452 cm2 .09290 m
2

Dimensions
Equivalent 43,560 ft2 = 9/5 (C) + 32 = 5/9 (F 32) = 3.1416 x D = .7854 x D2 = .5236 x D3 = 3.1416 x D2

Unit Acre Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C) Circumference of a Circle Area of a Circle Volume of a Sphere Area of a Sphere

The catalog tabulations show orifice dimensions as Nom. (nominal). Specific dimensions are available on request.

.4047 Hectare

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A12

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