Professional Documents
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Spray Performance considerations Basic Nozzle Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 Spray Angle and Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5 Spray Drop Size (Atomization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 Drop Size Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7 Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7 Nozzle Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8 Nozzle Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Summary of Spray Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9 Estimating Pressure Drops Through Fluidline Accessories . . . . . A10 Weights, Measurements, formulas Volumetric Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Liquid Pressure Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Linear Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12 Miscellaneous Equivalents and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12
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A1
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
Technical Reference
Spray pattern:
The extensive range of capacities and drop sizes makes the hollow cone nozzle useful for a variety of applications where a combination of small drop size and capacity is required.
Spray pattern:
Larger capacities can be used to flush or clean tube and pipe interiors and small tanks.
Spray pattern:
Provides high flow rate in a compact nozzle size. The onepiece design features maximum throughput for a given pipe size.
Full Cone
General Spray Characteristics Utilizes an internal vane to provide a uniform, round, full spray pattern with medium-to-large sized drops. Comments
Spray pattern:
Provides full spray pattern coverage with medium-to-large flow rates. Some vaneless models and oval spray models are also available.
Spray pattern:
Spray coverage is not as uniform as that from conventional internal vane-type nozzles. Provides high flow rates in a compact nozzle size.
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A2
Spray pattern:
Designed to be used on a spray manifold or header for uniform, overall coverage across the impact area.
Spray pattern:
Flat (Even)
General Spray characteristics Provides even distribution throughout the entire flat spray pattern. Produces medium-sized drops. Ideal where high and uniform spray impact is required. comments
The thin rectangular pattern of this nozzle provides uniform coverage. In manifold set-ups, the nozzles are carefully positioned for edge-to-edge pattern contact. Designed primarily for high-impact applications.
Spray pattern:
Spray angles: 25 to 65
Large free passage design through the round orifice reduces clogging. Narrow spray angles provide higher impact, while the wide-angle versions produce a lower impact.
Spray pattern:
Solid Stream
General Spray characteristics Solid stream nozzles provide the highest impact per unit area. comments Ideal wherever a very high spray impact is required.
Spray angles: 0
Spray pattern:
Used to produce finely atomized sprays when compressed air is not desirable.
Spray pattern:
The most widely used nozzle group for producing finely atomized sprays in a wide range of capacities.
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A3
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
Capacity
Nozzle Capacity Varies with Spraying Pressure.
In general, the relationship between flow rate and pressure is as follows:
Exponent n
Q1 Q2
(P1)n (P )n
2
.50
Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min) P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar) n: Exponent applying to the specific nozzle type
All capacity tabulations in this catalog are based on water. Since the specific gravity of a liquid affects its flow rate, tabulated catalog capacities must be multiplied by the conversion factor that applies to the specific gravity of the liquid being sprayed as explained in the Specific Gravity section below.
.46 .44
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid to the mass of the same volume of water. In spraying, the main effect of the specific gravity of a liquid (other than water) is on the capacity of the spray nozzle. Since the values in this catalog are based on spraying water, a conversion factor or formula can be applied to determine the nozzle capacity when using a liquid other than water.
Capacity of Water
Specific Gravity
Conversion Factor
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A4
Spray Distance
Theoretical Coverage
4.4 2.1 8.8 4.2 13.2 6.3 17.6 8.5 22.2 10.6 26.8 31.5 36.4 41.4 46.6 52.1 57.7 63.7 70.0 76.7 12.8 15.5 17.5 19.9 22.4 25.0 27.7 30.5 33.6 36.8
5.2 2.6 6.1 3.1 7.0 4.2 8.7 10.5 5.2 12.3 6.3 14.0 8.4 17.5 15.8 7.9 18.4 9.5 21.1 12.6 26.3 21.2 10.6 24.7 12.7 28.2 16.9 35.3 26.6 13.3 31.0 15.9 35.5 21.2 44.3 32.2 37.8 43.7 49.7 56.0 62.5 69.3 76.5 84.0 92.1 101 110 120 131 143 171 208 257 16.1 18.9 21.8 24.8 28.0 31.2 34.6 38.2 42.0 46.0 50.4 55.0 60.0 65.5 71.6 85.6 104 37.5 44.1 51.0 58.0 65.3 72.9 80.8 89.2 98.0 107 118 128 140 153 167 200 243 19.3 22.7 26.2 29.8 33.6 42.9 50.5 58.2 66.3 74.6 25.7 30.3 34.9 39.7 44.8 53.6 63.1 72.8 82.8 93.3 104 115 127 140 153 168 183 200 218 238 286
13.4 6.4 15.8 7.6 18.2 8.7 20.7 9.9 23.3 11.2 26.0 28.9 31.9 35.0 38.4 42.0 45.8 50.0 54.6 59.6 12.5 13.8 15.3 16.8 18.4 20.2 22.0 24.0 26.2 28.6
16.1 8.1 21.4 9.7 18.9 9.5 25.2 11.3 21.8 10.9 29.1 13.1 24.9 12.4 33.1 14.9 28.0 14.0 37.3 16.8 31.2 34.6 38.2 42.0 46.0 50.4 55.0 60.0 65.5 71.5 15.6 17.3 19.2 21.0 23.0 25.2 27.5 30.0 32.8 35.8 41.7 46.2 51.0 56.0 61.4 67.1 73.3 80.0 87.3 95.3 114 139 172 220 299 18.7 20.6 22.9 25.2 27.6
15.6 8.3 20.8 10.3 17.3 9.2 23.1 11.5 19.1 10.2 25.5 12.7 21.0 11.2 28.0 14.0 23.0 12.3 30.7 15.3 25.2 27.5 30.0 32.7 35.8 42.9 52.0 64.3 82.4 112 170 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.5 19.1 33.6 36.7 40.0 43.7 47.7 16.8 18.3 20.0 21.8 23.8
37.5 83.3 50.0 41.6 92.4 55.4 45.8 102 61.2 50.4 112 67.2 55.2 123 73.6 60.4 66.0 72.0 78.6 85.9 103 134 147 160 175 191 229 80.6 88.0 96.0 105 114
30.3 83.9 40.3 33.0 91.6 44.0 36.0 100 48.0 39.3 109 52.4 43.0 119 57.2 51.4 62.4 77.3 98.6 143 173 215 275 68.5 83.2 103
22.8 57.1 28.5 71.4 34.3 85.7 42.8 27.7 69.3 34.6 86.6 41.6 104 52.0 34.3 85.8 42.9 107 51.5 129 64.4 43.8 110 54.8 137 65.7 165 82.2 59.6 149 74.5 187 89.5 224 112 90.6 227 113 284
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A5
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
500 m
1,200 m
5,500 m
Liquid properties, nozzle capacity, spraying pressure and spray angle also affect drop size. Lower spraying pressures provide larger drop sizes. Conversely, higher spraying pressures yield smaller drop sizes. Within each type of spray pattern the smallest capacities produce the smallest spray drops, and the largest capacities produce the largest spray drops.
Drop Size
Spray Pattern Type Air Atomizing Fine Spray Hollow Cone Flat Fan Full Cone
Based on a sampling of nozzles selected to show the wide range of possible drop sizes available.
also expressed as D32: A means of expressing the fineness of a spray in terms of the surface area produced by the spray. The Sauter Mean Diameter is the diameter of a drop having the same volume-to-surface area ratio as the total volume of all the drops to the total surface area of all the drops.
also expressed as DN0.5: A means of expressing drop size in terms of the number of drops in the spray. This means that 50% of the drops by count or number are smaller than the median diameter and 50% of the drops are larger than the median diameter.
More complete drop size data is available on all types of spray nozzles. For more information, request An Engineers Practical Guide to Drop Size or contact your local Spraying Systems Co. sales engineer.
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A6
Impact
Impact, or the impingement of a spray onto the target surface, can be expressed in several different ways. The most useful impact value with regard to spray nozzle performance is the impact per square inch (cm). Basically, this value depends on the spray pattern distribution and spray angle. To obtain the impact per square inch (cm) [pounds (kg)-force per square inch (cm)] of a given nozzle, first determine the theoretical total impact using the following formula.
I K Q P
Then, from the chart on the right, obtain the impact per square inch (cm) as a percent of the theoretical total impact and multiply by the theoretical total. The result is the unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) at 12" (30 cm) distance from the nozzle. The highest unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) is provided by solid stream nozzles and can be closely approximated by the formula: 1.9 x [spraying pressure, psi (bar)]. As with all spray patterns, the unit impact decreases as the distance from the nozzle increases, thereby increasing the impact area size.
Flat Fan
Full Cone
Hollow Cone
Operating Pressure
The values given in the tabulation sections of this catalog indicate the most commonly used pressure ranges for the associated spray nozzle or accessory. Some spray nozzles and accessories can perform below or above the pressures shown, while others can be modified at our factory or redesigned to accommodate the requirements of specific new applications. contact your local Spraying Systems co. sales engineer if your application requires pressure ranges beyond those stated in this catalog.
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A7
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
Nozzle Materials
For each nozzle there is a selection of standard materials that have been determined to meet the usual requirements of the applications most commonly associated with that type of nozzle. Standard materials include brass, steel, cast iron, various stainless steels, hardened stainless steels, many plastics and various carbides. Spray nozzles can also be supplied in other materials upon special request including: AMPCO 8 CARPENTER 20 (Alloy 20) Ceramics CUPRO NICKEL Graphite HASTELLOY INCONEL MONEL Nylon Polypropylene, PVC and CPVC
Nozzle Wear
Nozzle wear is typically characterized by an increase in nozzle capacity, followed by a general deterioration of the spray pattern. Flat fan spray nozzles with elliptical orifices experience a narrowing of the spray pattern. In other spray pattern types, the distribution within the spray pattern deteriorates without substantially changing the coverage area. The increase in nozzle capacity can sometimes be recognized by a decrease in system operating pressure, particularly when using positive displacement pumps. Materials having harder surfaces generally provide longer wear life. The chart to the right provides standard abrasion resistance ratios for different materials to help you determine if you should consider a different material for your nozzles, orifice inserts and/or spray tips. Materials that offer better corrosion resistance are also available. However, the rate of chemical corrosion on specific nozzle materials is dependent on the solution being sprayed. The corrosive properties of the liquid being sprayed, its percent concentration and temperature, as well as the corrosion resistance of the nozzle material to the chemical must all be considered. We can supply you with this information upon request.
New
New
Corroded
Excessive wear
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A8
Viscosity
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity is the property of a liquid which resists change in the shape or arrangement of its elements during flow. Liquid viscosity is a primary factor affecting spray pattern formation and, to a lesser degree, capacity. High viscosity liquids require a higher minimum pressure to begin formation of a spray pattern and provide narrower spray angles as compared to those of water. See the chart below for the general effects of viscosity other than water.
Surface Tension
The surface of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size; acting, in this respect, like a membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts a tension upon adjacent portions or upon other objects with which it is in contact. This force is in the plane of the surface and its amount per unit of length is surface tension. Its value for water is about 73 dynes per cm at 70F (21C). The main effects of surface tension are on minimum operating pressure, spray angle and drop size. The property of surface tension is more apparent at low operating pressures. A higher surface tension reduces the spray angle, particularly on hollow cone and flat fan spray nozzles. Low surface tensions can allow a nozzle to be operated at a lower pressure. See the chart below for the general effects of surface tension on spray nozzle performance.
Temperature
The values given in this catalog are based on spraying water at 70F (21C). Although liquid temperature changes do not affect the spray performance of a nozzle, they often affect viscosity, surface tension and specific gravity which do influence spray nozzle performance. See the chart below for the effects of temperature changes on spray nozzle performance.
increase in Operating Pressure Improves Decreases Increases then decreases Increases Increases Increases Increases
increase in Viscosity Deteriorates Increases Decreases Full/hollow cone increases Flat decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases
increase in fluid Temperature Improves Decreases Increases Depends on fluid sprayed and nozzle used Increases Increases Depends on fluid sprayed and nozzle used
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A9
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
Example:
3 gpm 5 gpm 11 l/min 19 l/min = (P1).5 (25 psi).5 (P1).5 (1.8 bar).5 P1 = 9 psi
Q1 (P1).5 = Q2 (P2).5
Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min) P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar)
P1 = 0.6 bar
For pressure drop information on a specific product, contact your local sales engineer for data sheets listing pressure drops at various flow rates.
Estimated pressure drop at 5 gpm (19 l/min) = 5% x 500 psi (35 bar) = 25 psi (1.8 bar)
1.3 3.0
2.5 5.5 12.0 23 3.5 8.0 18.0 34 4.7 10.5 23 5.8 13.0 29 44 54
133 297 650 1245 1840 3400 7220 10760 20390 33980 59465 164 370 820 1530 2265 4250 8920 13310 25485 41060 73625
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A10
flow
gpm 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4" 5" 6" 8" l/min 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000 2000 .42 .70 1.1 1.5 2.5 3.7 8.0 .16 .24 .33 .54 .13 .83 .19 .06 1.8 .40 .12 4.5 1.0 .32 .08 6.4 1.4 .43 .11 11.1 2.4 .74 .18 .06 3.7 1.1 .28 .08 5.2 1.6 .38 .12 9.1 2.8 .66 .20 4.2 1.0 .30 2.2 .64 3.8 1.1 1.7 2.4 3.2 .05 .08 .16 .28 .42 .59 .79 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.2 .08 .13 .19 .27 .36 .47 .59 .72 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 .04 .06 .08 .11 .14 .17 .20 .29 .38 .50 .62 .76 1.2 1.7 2.9 .04 .06 .07 .08 .12 .16 .20 .25 .31 .47 .67 1.2 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 .16 .22 .39 .59 .84 .04 .05 .08 .11 .19 .28 .40 .70 .04 .06 .10 .15 .05 .21 .07 .37 .12 .05 .57 .18 .07 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 100 115 130 150 170 190 230 260 300 340 380 470 570 750 950 1150 1500 1900 .07 .16 .26 .40 .56 .96 2.0 3.5 .04 .06 .08 .12 .21 .45 .74 1.2 1.7 2.6 .03 .05 .10 .17 .25 .35 .54 .92 1.2 2.1 .02 .03 .05 .08 .11 .17 .28 .45 .62 1.1 .01 .02 .03 .04 .01 .07 .02 .11 .03 .15 .04 .25 .08 .54 .16 .93 .28 .43 .58 .72 .01 .02 .04 .07 .12 .14 .18 .23 .29 .36 .50 .02 .03 .05 .06 .08 .10 .13 .16 .23 .32 .38 .50 .61
.006 .009 .01 .015 .02 .03 .04 .05 .07 .09 .11 .14 .18 .28 .39 .64 .01 .012 .016 .02 .03 .04 .04 .06 .07 .11 .15 .26 .009 .01 .02 .02 .03 .04 .05 .09 .14 .19 .007 .009 .01 .02 .03 .04 .06 .09 .16 .009 .01 .02 .007 .03 .05 .08 .13 .01 .02 .03 .01 .04 .02 .09 .03 .009 .16 .06 .02 .23 .06
.39 .16 .04 2800 .68 .27 .07 3800 1.0 .26 7500
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A11
Technical RefeRence
Technical Reference
Table of Equivalents
Volumetric Unit Equivalents
Cubic Centimeter Cubic Centimeter Fluid Ounce Pound of Water Liter US Gallon Cubic Foot Cubic Meter
l
Cubic Meter 1.0 x 106 2.96 x 105 4.54 x 104 .001 3.78 x 103 .028
l
7.48 264
35.3
Ft Water 2.31
l
Atmosphere
.034 .01
.296
Mil .039
l
2.54 x 103
12 39.4
3.28
Dimensions
Equivalent 43,560 ft2 = 9/5 (C) + 32 = 5/9 (F 32) = 3.1416 x D = .7854 x D2 = .5236 x D3 = 3.1416 x D2
Unit Acre Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C) Circumference of a Circle Area of a Circle Volume of a Sphere Area of a Sphere
The catalog tabulations show orifice dimensions as Nom. (nominal). Specific dimensions are available on request.
.4047 Hectare
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A12