Hist 100 1. 2. 3. 4.

War Religion Government Innovation

Mesopatamia (between 2 rivers tigris and euphrates): 1500B.C. Neolithic Revolution Beginning of city-states Fertile Crescent Sumer -pay taxes -intensely religious -value families -constantly at war -appreciate good party In the dynastic eras, summers cities came to be dominated by powerful families, aristocratic classes and priestly castes. The origins of writing in these cities date back and perhaps as far as 700BCE. Accountants needed a quick, efficient system of recording economic transactions. 2 biggest cities-states Ur and Uruk (5,000 people each) -Bad sanitation -No women rights -Men in military on and off -Mud houses little stone Desired proximity due to a hostile world Government is initially temporary due to crisis Once crisis became constant kings stayed in power. Succession in bloodline. (3500BCE) Big problem WATER. Irrigation becomes first big infrastructure project Government oversaw. -Revolutionizes agriculture Occupational Diversity not all have to be farmers anymore

Ziggurats Slaves>Laborers>Land-Owners>Skilled Craftsmen>Religious Leaders>Royalty Cuneiform Wedge-like indentation punched into tablets Roughly 1200 symbols that represented both objects and sounds that constituted words. Revolutionary concept of preserving speech in physical form. A consequence of societal organization? First records devoted to economics (Debt)

New Legal Codes and The Egyptian Empire Timeline: 3100-1000BCE Terms: -Sargon Creates worlds first Bureaucracy -Babylon Mesopotamian City -King Hammurabi Bureaucracy/Written Legal Code -The Nile River -Pyramids Sumer and Egypt developing concurrently.

2350 Akkadian Empire: Give EMPIRE and BUREAUCRACY Sargon become king of city-state Akkad -Accomplished military leader -Through brutal tactics and negations through reputation creates and empire -Creates a bureaucracy (5600 administrators) to keep control Freedom of religion, speech But must pay taxes and dont oppose military

2000 Assyrians (Lords of the Massacres and Also Darn Good Traders) -Once gain power, try to micromanage economy -More controlled, more use of black market So facilitated open market international trade system, protected it and taxed it.

Babylonia c. 1750 1792-1750 Hammurabi Writes first code of law The Code of Hammurabi -Purpose is to control

Egypt and The Nile Valley 3100-1000 BCE Egypt is united. Annual flooding is predictable Viable for fishing Steady flow Egyptian Hieroglyphs develop at the same time of cuneiform Develop concurrently, but relatively separately. Does the same things. Slaves>unskilled workers>Farmers and Herders>Traders, artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes>Priests and Nobles>Noble family and Pharaohs The Pyramids: Early experiments with mastabas and step pyramids give way to the Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) and Giza, around 2250 BCE. Covers 13 acres with 2.3 million blocks of precisely cut stone. Were they designed merely to exalt a single individual? Other societal benefits from their construction? Workers composed of slaves and free citizens as a means of paying taxes. Egyptian religion Polytheism Pharaoh is one of those gods Men and Women are more equal

Hebrews and Monotheism Timeline: c. 3000-0. Terms: -Old Testament/10 Commandments Primary Source -Hebrews -Judaism

-Monotheism -Religious Free-Will Migrate from Ur to Palestine Lead by Abraham ~1500 Hebrews migrated to Egypt Enslaved Mt. Sinai The Forming of a Covenant 1200-1250 Involves the 10 Commandments Hebrew people articulate they believe in one god -organize society around that concept Want to remain culturally distinct and do Dead Sea Scrolls almost complete transcripts of the book of Isaiah. Hebrews code hasnt changed Monotheism Emphasis on Social Justice Human Universalism Religious Individualism

Greece: A Story of Radical Democracy and Violent Militarism Timeline: c. 2200-330BC 5000BCE Emergence 2200-1200 Steady Rise 1200-700 Dark Age 776 Olympics Reemergence (Athens and Sparta) -The Olympics -The Polis -Athens v. Sparta -The Reforms of Solon -Persian War (499-479) The Aegean World Minoa and Mycenae (c. 1500 BC) 2200-first inhabitants Sense of governmental and welfare structure warehouses of containters

Polyculture multiple strains of agriculture (food is always available, improving life)

The Aegean Dark Age -Sudden and total collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms after 1200 BCE. -Perhaps as a result of a second wave of Indo-European invaders from the Balkan peninsula, or as a part of the larger system collapse of the Easter Mediterranean, the kingdoms fragments into tinier units-and all writing disappears. -Memories of a great and glorious era linger in a small-scale, but rich, oral tradition. -The tales will eventually find their way into the Homeric epics, the Iliad, Odysseus. 776 BCE The First Olympics (Things improving) Sports and military Religious components Athletes become celebrities

A Greek Hero: Milo of Croton Polis Rights to Citizens, Outlines Responsibilities Military Service = Political Rights Each city-state defended by hoplite army More than 1000 city-state, 2 major are Sparta and Athens. All allied with either of the two Sparta: Not active trade (land-locked) Early military - Phalanx formation 725BCE Sparta crisis slave revolt (10 slaves (helots) to every 1 citizen) -2 weeks kill and maim -now focused on self-defense -first thing king does every year is start war vs. helots -try to create worlds best army (weak infants removed and left to die) -age 7 military discipline -age 20 full military service -Have to get married -age 30 can get your own house -age 60 done Spartan Government -2 Kings (Military and everything else) Council of Nobles All Male citizens held a vote

Athens -not as military focused, buy has military -by sea -extremely polarized coming out of the dark age -Children and wives sold into slavery Solon the Lawmaker temporary dictator -abolishes all debt -restores citizenship to as many wives and children as he can -ban predatory loans -divides all Athenian society into 4 classes -Athenian government represents every class -when he dies, dictatorship dies Conflict Looming: Sparta v. Athens

Greece at War Timeline and Terms: c. 500-400 BC -Persian War (499-479) The Hellenic League Battle at Marathon Battle at Thermopiles Athens (Dalian League) Sparta (Peloponnesian League) Peloponnesian War (431-404) The Persian War (499-479 BCE) -Problems in Intl Diplomacy -Greek victory at Marathon (490) -Xerxes invades in 480 (hundreds of thousands) -Hellenic League formed, uniting Greece -Stand at Thermopylae (lose, but killed 10x Persians) -Greek victory (479) Greeces Golden Age 500-400 BCE Athens Delian League: Contortion for defense purposes Sparta Peloponnesian League

Pericles (495-429) -Majority Rule

-Political Ostracism -Ostracism -Acropolis -The Peloponnesian War (431-404) Sophist -Socrates (and the Plato and Aristotle -Socratic Method -Trial of Socrates 399BCE Pericles (495-429) -Making democracy pragmatic -Corruption Ostracism (write in who needs to be exiled, if get 30% that person is removed) -More codified majority rule The Golden Age of Greece (500-400BCE) -The Formation of Competing Empires-the Delian League v. Peloponnesian Leage -Pericles Radical Democracy -Architecture and Art -The Peloponnesian War (431-404) -The Life and Trail of Socrates The Parthenon at the Acropolis State funded religious building built by Pericles to attract tourists Greek Theater -State supported -Comedies and Tragedies -Highly competitive -Used as an educational/political tool General appreciation of education formed Ability to make a speech very valued Education lead by Sophist (Wise Men) Socrates (469-399) -Widely known -Power and Justice -His method to learning Travel and ask questions -Beloved by some and hated by others -at 70 put on trial (corrupting youth and disbelieving ancestral gods) -Sentenced to death Athens v. Sparta The Peloponnesian War (431-404BC) -The Hellenic unity of the Persian War erodes

-Sparta leads Peloponnesian League -Athens, Delian League -Spartas infantry vs. Athens navy -Plague hits Athens -Battle for control of Greek legacy

Spreading Greek: Hellenism and the Beginnings of Rome Timeline: c.400BC-350AD Terms: Alexander the Great Hellenism Rome The Punic Wars Carthage/Hannibal 386 Sparta and Persia Athens, Thebes, Corinth 371 Sparta is defeated by Thebes Then Sparta and Athens team up vs Thebes 359 Macedon Phillip II 359 Invests in new technology -Long spears 345 Phillip take control of Greece 336 Phillip assassinated Son takes over Alexander the Great Alexander the Great -Educated by Aristotle -Rules 336-323BC -Spread Greek Culture -Brilliant Military Leader -A Blood-Thirsty Tyrant or Great Explorer? -Sets the Stage for Roman Empire

334 First battle vs Persia Gives away much of the land gained, he gives to his soldiers Idea of polis and majority rule spreads Alexander (III) the Great and the Persian Campaign -Phillip II assembles a conference at Corinth in 337 and proposes a unified Greek war of revenge on Persia for the Persian Wars of the previous century -Soon before he is to launch his campaign 323 - Age 33 Alexander dies (depressed) Bloodthirsty tyrant or culture spreader? The Hellenistic Era (323-30BCE) -common nationality

(Missed a day Decline of Rome) -The Crisis of the Third Century (235-284) -Subvisions created The Tetrarchy (the rule of 4) -Problems with inflations -Too big to be united -Reforms attempted

Caesar dies in 44 Octavius adopted son - killed Marc Antony general or army Brutus - killed Marc Antony -turns all power over to senate -senate already on his side -senate turns all power back to Marc Antony -Caesar Augustus -Roman Republic is dead Pax Romana -27BC-180AD -the Time of Happiness -Virgil The Aeneid

-Ptolemy Amalgest(The Greatest) -Gladiator Fights Marcus Aurelius Meditations The Glory of Rome -built structures Virgils Rome -A divine mission to bring peace and civilized life to the world. There are objections to the gladiator fights. Is this good for Rome? While Rome is Ruling the World Jesus of Nazareth 6-4BC Jesus Borne 29AD Christs ministry begins 33AD Jesus dies Marcus Aurelius (161-180) -last ruler of Rome -Rome filled with contradiction Rome After -211-300 AD: more than 70 emperors -Invasions of Barbarian tribes -Cannot defend borders -Formation of mercenary army -Loss of stability, end of peace -Romes tenure of dominance is ending Following Rome: The Middle Ages -Timeline 395-1500 - The Huns - West -Byzantine Empire -Islam -Muhammad - South -Charlemagne -Feudalism -Crusades -Black Death Diocletian whoever wants to come in do, hopefully they become citizens Christains a problem tries to start religion of empire worship killed

Constantine the Great - Christian convert -Moves capital from Rome to Constantinople -Makes Christianity the official religion of Rome Rome begins to crumble 395 Emperor Theodosius Dies The Roman Empire Splits West process of naturalization -people of in from northern Europe -people running from Attila and the Huns (400-600s) (Huns perfect cavalry, and look different) East Byzantine Empire -Centered in Constantinople -Spreads Christianity -Expands Under Justinian (527-565) -Sets stage for Crusades South The Rise of Islam -Prophet Muhammad (570-632) -Quran -Monotheistic -United Arabias Tribes -Becomes an Heir of the Roman Empire -Conflicts with Byzantines

A Slow Decline: Early Europe in Conflict Timeline: c. 850-1400 Terms: -The Franks -Feudalism -Middle Ages 500-1500 The Fall of the Roman Empire -395 Split in Two -Byzantines in the East -Fragmentation of the West -Germanic Peoples Begin Moving into W. Roman Empire -Running from Attila and the Huns Rise of Islam -Muslims Capture Portions of Roman Empire

Vladimir (and thus Russia) Accepts Christianity c. 1000 Shapes Europes Religious Alliances The Franks -Roman Legacy, Christianity, Germanic -Dominated by Carolingians -Tension with Pope and Church -Charles the Great Charlemagne -Gets the Popes Blessing: Christmas Day Mass, 800 -Society Shaped Feudalism Peasants, Serfs < Merchants, Farmers, Craftsman < Knights, Vassals < Nobles < Monarch < Pope/Church The Carolingian Family: Charles the Great (aka: Charlemagne) Religion v. Government Score One for the Kings Pope Leo Crowns Charlemagne, Christmas 800

Missed Sept. 30

The Renaissance Era c. 1400-1700 -The Reformation -The Scientific Revolutions -The Enlightenment Religious Conflict: Part 1 Timeline: c. 1000-1517 Terms: -The Crusades -Papal Primacy -The Great Schism -The Investiture Conflict -Pope Urban the II and the First Crusade The Reformation -1517, Martin Luther and his 95 Theses -Questioning the Pope; Challenging the Church -But Holy Roman Empire brings different nations together in an awkward alliance

The Papacy office of Pope -Starts with the Apostle Peter -Linked to Rome -The Bishop of Rome assumes leadership -325 the Council at Nicaea (if there is disagreement, the Pope has final say over other churches) -The concept of Papal Primacy solidified Not without Controversy, Even among Christians -1054: The Great Schism -Churches in west and churches in east (Rome and Constantinople) -Pope declares all worship be done in Latin (Constantinople doesnt know Latin) -Eastern Orthodox church The Investiture Conflict -Who controls the offices of the Church? -1073-1085 -Pope Gregory VII v. King Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire -Separation of State from Church -Pope says king is no longer supported (if Christian then you cant support the king) -King Hendry promises to never interfere with church The Crusades -c. 1095-1291 -4 major crusades -Focused on Jerusalem -Demonstrated power structures -Mixed motivations -First-Pope Urban II 700 Years of Religious Conflict Who wrote the 95 theses? Martin Luther Who were most of the criticisms aimed at? The Pope Should not charge people for? Condolences Timeline: 1000-1700 Terms: -The Crusades -Papal Primacy -The Great Schism -The Investiture Conflict -Pope Urban the II and the First Crusade -Martin Luther

-The Peasants War -The St. Bartholomews Day Massacre 1204: The Sack of Constantinople The Avignon Papacy(1309-1378) -Pope flees the Mongols and unrest in Rome -French Popes solidify churches financial and legal structures -Pope Urban VI elected in 1378 Now 2 Popes -Then 3 Popes in 1409!! -Finally back to a consensus Pope in 1417 And Finally Martin Luther (1517) -Wants Reform, Not Revolutions -Indulgences -Posts his 95 Theses -Excommunicated -Then calls for revolution Christian church and pope are anti-Christian The Peasants War (1525) Then the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day (1572)

Notes for Exam 2 The St. Bartholomews Day Massacre 10/17/2011 Isaac Newtwon Gravity/Physics Calculus Light/Optics Mirror Based Telescope Alchemy The Principia Mathematica 3 Universal Laws of Mation 10/21/2011 Columbus had a compass and Portuguese sails The first Atlas 1475 The Catalan Atlas -Lines of latitude and longitude 1492 First globe goes on sale (in critical mass)

Portugal and Spain take over seas around Europe Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) makes it around Africa -Believes Indians will be impresses with trade/ afraid of take over -Meet bigger Chinese ships Christopher Columbus (Spain) 1501-06 -Extraordinary Sailor -Self Promoter 1492 goes to Bahamas with 3 ships

Pope steps in with Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) -Portugal gets East -Spain gets West Magellan (1519-1520) Circumnavigate the world

10/17/2011 Isaac Newtwon Gravity/Physics Calculus Light/Optics Mirror Based Telescope Alchemy The Principia Mathematica 3 Universal Laws of Mation
10/21/2011 Columbus had a compass and Portuguese sails The first Atlas 1475 The Catalan Atlas -Lines of latitude and longitude 1492 First globe goes on sale (in critical mass)

Portugal and Spain take over seas around Europe Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) makes it around Africa -Believes Indians will be impresses with trade/ afraid of take over -Meet bigger Chinese ships Christopher Columbus (Spain) 1501-06 -Extraordinary Sailor -Self Promoter 1492 goes to Bahamas with 3 ships

Pope steps in with Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) -Portugal gets East -Spain gets West Magellan (1519-1520) Circumnavigate the world

10/28/11 America Breaks Away from the Empire Timeline: 1760s 1783 Terms: French and Indian War Stamp Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Thomas Jefferson George Washington Thomas Pains Common Sense Declaration of Independence (1776) Treaty of Paris (1783) 1. How and why did nationalism develop in America? (What did Britain do wrong?) 2. What is being advocated here? The French and Indian War Aka The War for Empire 1756-1763 A war of alliances Colonists serve in British Military Treaty of Paris (1763) Snapshot of 1760s America Growing cities Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, Charleston 1/5 population of African decent 90% of all slaves located in southern colonies Military Governors, colonial assemblies and the policy of Benign Neglect Daniel Boone Can we go West now? George Grenville First Lord of the Treasury 1764 Revenue Act o Sugar Act 1765 Currency Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act

11/2/11 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) 1789-> National Assembly Louis XIV Marie Antoinette: Diplomacy by marriage (France+Austria) Austrian: Married into France Wants to be more involved->Becomes obsessed with shopping Were out of food and you have food in your hat 1791-King and Queen flee to Austria Apprehended by army of National Assembly Put on trial for treason, more of a sham Sentenced to death Marie Antoinette also publicly executed RADICAL Reactionary Backlash: Maximillien Robespierre and the Reign of Terror Committee of Public System Timeline: 1776-1830 Terms: -Articles of Confederation -Constitution -Federalism -Napoleon Bonaparte -Napoleonic Code -Battle of Waterloo (1815) -Toussaint LOverture Articles of Confederation -Agreed by 2nd Continental Congress -Government by National Legislature -Creates These United States (Not The United States) The Federalism Question -Commitment to acting as a group, permanently bound together -James Madison, Federalist 51 Balance of Powers Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. -Alexander Hamilton-The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that Union. Shays Rebellion -1765

11/09/2011 Europe Saved Waterloo 1815 Toussaint LOuverture Haitis Independence (1804) Colonialism Shattered (1804-1830) The Industrial Revolutions: When the Working World Changed Timeline: 19th Century Terms: -The Industrial Revolutions -Eli Whitney -John D. Rockefeller -Victorian Ideals and Separate Spheres -Vertical and Horizontal Integration -Frederick W. Taylor -Henry Ford The Big Changes 1. Creation of an Employee Nations 2. Rise of Behemoth, National Corporations 3. Rapid Urbanization 4. The New Types of Wealth and Poverty Was this really a revolution? John D. Rockefeller -Owner of Standard Oil -Controls 90% of the worlds oil refining business -Wanted more, but: We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the worlds oil.

Four causes: 1. New technologies and energy sources 2. Transportation boom 3. New organizations and management techniques 4. Steady government support for business Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin Steel and the Bessemer Process

11-14-2011 Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration- Control materials, pre-production, production and distribution Horizontal Integration- Control (through monopolies and trusts) all companies doing the same thing Frederick Taylor -Obsession with optimal production -Founds Scientific Management -New ways of driving labor -Solidifies split between management and labor The Taylorism Gospel Spreads -American boom grants Taylor credibility -Missionaries take Taylors system abroad -World War I further internationalizes big business -Taylor writes: -Shop Management (1903) -The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Fords Model T Fords Assembly Line and Mass Production -Introduced without warning -Highly specialized tasks -Respond to workers problems -Regulate pace of work -Compete for good workers A new (and better?) world -Material -World power -Less control -Polarized wealth -Increased urbanization

11-16-2011 Not everybody likes the new focus on technology and profits Timeline: 1848-1920 Terms: -Karl Marx and Frederick Engels The Communist Manifesto -The International Working Mens Association -The Proletariat v. the Bourgeoisie -The Bolshevik/Russian Revolution -Vladimir Lenin Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848) -Class struggle, working class should control everything -Until that can happen government should take control of everything -No private property -Wants to destroy capitalism International Working Mens Association (Marx Inaugural Address in 1864) Marx Responds to Fears about Anarchy, Radicalism, and Secrecy Trying Marxism During WWI: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917 The Climate for Revolution: 1905 Protests Ineffective Leadership: Tsar Nicholas II -Tried to ruse a vast undeveloped country -Took command of the Russian military during WWI -Could not feed his people The Rasputin Scandal -Catches ear of Tsars wife -Gains inordinate power Russian Industrial Life (12 hour days, Meager Pay, Not Enough Food, Crowded Cities) 1917 Vladimir Lenin Returns Gets Russia Out of WWI -The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 1924 Soviet Union Inaugurated

Hist 11-28 Peace and the Interwar Years 1915 France mounted defense -Trench Warfare Timeline: 1918-1930s Terms: -Wilsons 14 points -Treaty of Versailles -The Lost Generation -The Great Depression -Joseph Stalin -Benito Mussolini November 11, 1918 Germany Surrenders Wilsons 14 Points Plan Treaty of Versailles -Germany to assume war-guilt -Pay to other European nations - $33 billion -Cede portions of German Empire -Promise not to remilitarize (100,000 men) -Included Wilsons League of Nations The Lost Generation of Europe Men who dont come back from the war Britain debts to US/damage to infrastructure France debts Germany no economy US revitalize Japan revitalize All Quiet of the Western Front -Written by Remarque German WWI Vet -Story of German students turned soldiers -Published 1928 -1930 US film wins Academy Award for Best Picture Boom then Bust: the 1920s 1929- Stock market crashes

12-2-2011 Post WWI Hyper-Inflation Hitlers Paintings Adolph Hitler Nazis Ascent to Power -Publication of Mein Kampf 1923 -Gained assembly seats in 1920 and 32 -Hitler appointed Chancellor 1932 -Hitler given unlimited war powers 1933 -1933 Establishment of Third Reich -Night of Long Knives 1934 Heinrich Himmler and the Shutzstaffel (SS) -Second military group to watch SA -Creates fear -Getstapo created to watch SS Germanys Gradual Advance Europes Appeasement 1939 Beginning of WWII

12-05-2011 The Holocaust Timeline: 1930s and 40s Terms: -Holocaust -Auschwitz -September 1, 1939 -Propaganda Ethic cleansing via concentration caps 1935 ghettos start -Concentration camps -death camps Propaganda Aimed not at Recruitment, But Raising Moral and Spreading Racism Racism on both sides Also via Films

September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland June 1940 Paris Captured December 7, 1941 Japan Attacks the United States at Pearl Harbor Fighting of WWII Timeline: 1939-1945 Terms: -D-Day Invasion -Yalta Peace Conference -Hiroshima and Nagasaki -The Marshall Plan A War of Extermination Germany (and the Axis Powers) Invade USSR -June 1941, Germany invades USSR -Germany engaged in a two-front war -More than 2 million Soviet soldiers killed in first six months -Germans reach the outskirts of Moscow -C. 14 million die on the Eastern Front

Mesopotamia o Region between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Cuneiform o First records used for debt o Wedge shaped Hammurabis Code o First code of law o Babylonia The Hebrews o Monotheism o Mount Sinai Covenant 10 commandments The Old Testament o Religious writings of ancient Islam Monotheism o Believe in only one god Egypt o The Nile River Hieroglyphics o First records concurrent with Cuneiform The Pyramids o Several acres large o For pharaoh afterlife o Pharaoh is a god in their polytheistic religion The Greek polis o City State o Gives rights to citizens and outlines responsibilities The Olympics o 776 BC Athens o Solon the Lawmaker brings out of the dark ages o Delian League Sparta o Phalanx o 2 kings o War on helots o Peloponnesian League The Persian War o 499-479 BC o Battle at Marathon o Battle at Thermopiles Pericles o 495-429 BC o Ostracism o Majority rule o Pantheon and Acropolis The Naked Olympics o Outside Reading The Peloponnesian War o 431-404 o Athens vs. Sparta o Navy vs. Infantry o Athens hit by plague Socrates o Travelled and asked questions o Sentenced to death for corrupting youth and disbelieving ancestral gods Macedonia

Term, Details, Significance, Time

The Renaissance o Florence, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo o Improve secular and worldly through revival or ideas from antiquity and through novel approaches to thought o 14th-17th centuries Humanism o Study of poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric o Studied ancient Greece and Rome o Ideal citizen transcend with perfect mind and body o Pico della Mirandola Oration of the Dignity of Man o Matteo Palmieri On civic life 1528 The Reformation o Martin Luther, John Calvin and other protestants o Northern Europe turned Protestant o Southern Europe stayed catholic o Thirty years war (Habsburg vs. protestant princes) Peace of Augsburg o 16th-century Indulgences o Pay money to forgive sins o Abused Martin Luther o 95 theses o Pope should not charge for Indulgences o 1517 St. Bartholomews Day Massacre o Group of assassins and violent catholic mob directed at Huguenots o Marriage between Henry III and Margaret o Failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny o Turning point of French Wars of Religion killed many aristocrat leaders o 1572 The Scientific Revolution o Modern Science, Copernicus (Heliocentrism), Galileo (Atronomer) , Kepler (Laws of Planetary Motion) o Scientific method o 16th and 17th centuries Isaac Newton o Gravity/Physics, Calculus, Light/Optics, Mirror based telescope, Alchemy o 3 universal laws of motion o 1642-1727 The Enlightenment o Thomas Hobbes Leviathan o Baron de Montesquieu French separation of powers o Romanticism(Rousseau) and Skepticism(Immanuel Kant)

Exam 3 Notes 11-14-2011 Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration- Control materials, pre-production, production and distribution Horizontal Integration- Control (through monopolies and trusts) all companies doing the same thing Frederick Taylor -Obsession with optimal production -Founds Scientific Management -New ways of driving labor -Solidifies split between management and labor The Taylorism Gospel Spreads -American boom grants Taylor credibility -Missionaries take Taylors system abroad -World War I further internationalizes big business -Taylor writes: -Shop Management (1903) -The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Fords Model T Fords Assembly Line and Mass Production -Introduced without warning -Highly specialized tasks -Respond to workers problems -Regulate pace of work -Compete for good workers A new (and better?) world -Material -World power -Less control -Polarized wealth -Increased urbanization