93

19121937

iii

29
29
51
66
78
81
81
101
109
119
121
121
131
139
155
167

19121937

169
1912-1913 169
179
185
199
210
213
213
220
232
240
251
258
261
262
272
287
309
311
312
328
352
370

xi

373
383
407

xii

19121937

1 98
2
1910 99
1
1912 2 1 ~28 138
1 171
2 174
11929 12 7 6 277
2

1934 4 11 5 280

2008

30
1 2007

2 2008
14,467 156,710 2010
11 17,000
19 3

1
2008 2

http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/20082/28/content_904648.htm2010/
12/8
2
2007 10 28

http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_830517.htm2010/12/8
3
15 2009 9 18

http://www.moj.gov.cn/index/content/200909/18/content_
1155877.htm?node=73432010/12/8
20
2010 11 23 http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010
11/23/content_1751316.htm2010/12/8

19121937

2008
15,234 8,938 4
1/6
1/125

4
2008 9 http://www.bmla.org.cn/

bjlawyers2/xiehuigonggao080903.htm2008/12/30

2008

http://www.lawyers.com.cn/huangye/2008-lxxjgg.htm
2008/12/30
5
http://db.cei.gov.cn
6

2009 11 6366 2009

2009 4 1216
7
http://www.chrlcg-hk.org2010/12/24

1912 9

10

1
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21 1932 1

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2010 10 5457
10

1998 37128

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3.23 5 2004
1 3.6 7 11
1910

12

13 1949
30 14

1987 1930
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in Kathryn Bernhardt and Philip C. C. Huang, eds., Civil Law in Qing and
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2008
168237

2009 20140
13

1994 46
497784
14

19491957

2006
77118

15

modernization

1990
alternative modernity

multiple modernities16

15 19451987

2006
36
94 19711990 1971
845 486 1990 1,751
1286 691971 1,839,641
1990 2,646,474 1971 1
2.64 1990 4.86
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Ambrose Y. C. King, The

Emergence of Alternative Modernity in East Asia, in Dominic Sachsenmaier, Jens
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prospective vision
19
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17

2000

299321

2007
5193
18

2007 10 6788
19 Philip C. C. Huang, Beyond the Right-Left Divide: Searching for Reform from the

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20
2003

425442

1999 1 4755

1997 6 5057

21

21
1972

15136 37
128
2000

19121937

22

23

barrister

22

1976 205216

1991
125190
2000

297356
23

2007

2008

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24

1930

state building

24

Xiaoqun Xu, Trial of Modernity: Judicial Reform in

Early Twentieth-Century China, 1901 1937 (Stanford: Stanford University
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11

1900

25

1900

26
27
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2003
220249

26

1988

1178
27

1987 473483

332001 7
2969

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28
29
17961820

30

28

1970 4

1021

1813 18

1886 1968 49
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29

Melissa Macauley, Social Power and Legal Culture, Litigation Masters in Late
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1996
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2009
933
30

1997 7 18 21b22a

13

professionalization
Alison W. ConnerDaniel Duman

legal profession

31

attribute model

freiberufler freier

31 Alison W. Conner, Lawyers and the Legal Profession during the Republican

Period, pp. 215248.

14

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beruf32
2000
1990

33
2000
34

35
36

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Professional Assoiciations in Shanghai, 19121937, pp. 12, 913, 215267.

33
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34
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1930 2006 8 4955

2010
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200319121936

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2008 6 7380
2955102120
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37

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38

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9 2

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1926
41 1929

42

1931
5

43

40

1 31919 10

4072
18951919
2006
371
41

1983
1 158
1 170
42
71929 7 24
43
1931 1 1 1 4

17

44

1856
London Missionary Society
James Legge
profession
Robert Morrison
Samuel W.
WilliamsWalter H. Medhurst
profession 45
profession
46 profession

44
1931 1 22 1

4
45

2002 71
46 art, trade or profession calling or professionprofession, vocation or occupation profession

calling, a profession learned profession

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47

1942
48

47

1856
253
48

1942 11 1 8

19

49

Bryna

49

1945~1949 24 42007 12
8085

2006

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19121937

Goodman
sojourning merchants in
ShanghaiShanghai merchants
50

Supreme
Court 1844 10 1
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Identities in Shanghai, 18531937 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of

California Press, 1995), p. 216.
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Paul Ivy SterlingEdward Farncomb

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Henry Charles Sirr

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parliamentary debates, and the rise, progress, and successive changes in the
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21

52

1865

53 54
1876
55
1870 Inns of Court
56 1880

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Ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo, and Shanghai

, Treaties, Conventions, etc., Between China and For
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54 1900 15 14

43
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Columbia College
New York State Bar Association
57

1904
Timothy Richard1907
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6

60

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60
3 5 6 1911 6 2 2 2

3 5 6 1911 6 2
3
2 3 5 6 1911 6
2
3 2

23

1912

1913 2 14
557
61

1915
62

1929 3 63

1900 1912
61
91913 6 95
62
176178354
63
251929 12 35

24

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64
19121926

1913

65

1910

1926

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Professional Associations in Shanghai, 19121937, pp. 3942.

5
65
1914 5 9 1 1

25

1930

14591 66 1/10
67

66

1999 140
67 2000

26

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1920

27