VIU Faculty of Management Harvard Referencing

The Faculty in Business requires the Harvard (Oxford) style of referencing for academic papers. Please refer to Quote, Unquote Referencing, at http://web.viu.ca/management/harvard_2004.pdf.

Introduction
Quote, Unquote (2004) provides an excellent summary that explains why a referencing system is necessary: During your studies you will often refer to work produced and written by someone else. You need to prove that you have some idea of what has been written on the subject previously, but absolutely must not pretend the ideas are yours this is called plagiarism or cheating. A formal system of referencing is necessary to: Acknowledge the work of other writers and researchers Demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work Enable other researchers to trace your sources easily and lead them on to further information When you are searching the literature on your chosen subject, it is important to save or note down precisely all the details of the references to sources that you find. If you dont do this, you may not be able to trace accurately the sources you need and you will have additional work when you need to list these references in your bibliography. If you follow the formulas in this booklet, it will ensure that you include all the relevant facts for each reference, whether it is a reference to a journal article, book, video, web site or other source (p. 3).

Citing within a work

Each and every sentence in a piece of writing that employs ideas or concepts from a source must indicate the source. There are many ways of doing so. Here are four examples. 1. Paraphrasing (Quote, Unquote, 2004, p. 5) Customer compatibility management emphasises the controllability of customer to customer interaction in the higher education environment (Rowley, 1996). Paraphrasing involves putting a concept into your own words entirely, not merely changing a few terms or the order of the words used in a sentence. In fact, if you paraphrase a particular concept, you must also provide the page number.

2. Direct quotations (Quote, Unquote, 2004, p. 6) There is a need to create stopping off places in the learning process or what Kornbluh and Green refer to as professional encapsulations (1989, p. 78). These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned, mastered and brought to fruition (Jones, 1995, pp. 122-3). Notice that page is abbreviated p. and pages are pp. Where legal section numbers are being cited, the abbreviations are s for section and ss for sections. Direct quotes should only be used when it is important to use the authors own words for the appropriate effect. Direct quotations that are longer than 2 lines should be indented and single space in a double-spaced document. 3. Multiple authors (Quote, Unquote, 2004, p. 6) Three or fewer authors Cutler, Williams & Schmitt (1986) believe that the fermentation process is prolonged by such low temperatures. Four or more authors Matlock et al. (2004) discussed the suite of electronic databases. 4. Further sentences using the same source Once you have cited a source, the sentences that immediately follow and continue to refer to that source do not need to provide bracket citations. However, your writing must indicate that you are still referring to concepts from the same source. For example, the following two sentences could be used to describe the course textbook. The first provides the citation; the second shows that the same source is still being employed. Robbins, Coulter & Langton (2009) cover a broad range of management topics in their textbook that provide a valuable theoretical background for future managers. The authors also provide a host of practical examples. Quote, Unquote (2004) also provides many other citation examples beginning on page 8, covering several of the ways that sources may be cited, depending on how it is used in a sentence.

Bibliography
Your work must include a bibliography at the end, which includes all the sources cited in your work. The references must be formatted using the Harvard method for each type of source. Quote, Unquote (2004, pp. 11-43) provides instructions and many examples for different types of sources. It also includes sample bibliography on pages 44-45. Note that the references must be in alphabetical order, single spaced with a space between each.

Reference Formats in the Bibliography

From a book:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Author(s), or the editor(s)/organization that produced the book Year of publication in parentheses Title and subtitle (if any) highlighted using underline, bold, or italics - followed by a period Series and individual volume number (if any) followed by a period Edition if not the first, for example 2nd ed. Place of publication (if known) followed by a comma Publisher followed by a period

Example for book: Robbins, S., Coulter, M., & Langton, N. (2009) Management. 9th Canadian ed. Toronto, Ontario, Pearson/Prentice Hall.

From an electronic journal:

1. Author(s) of the article 2. Year of the publication in parentheses 3. Title of the article followed by a period 4. Title of the journal highlighted using underline, in bold, or in italics - followed by a period 5. The word Internet in square brackets and followed by a comma 6. Date of publication followed by a comma 7. Volume number 8. Issue number in parentheses and followed by a comma 9. Page numbers (or online equivalent) followed by a period 10. The words Available from followed by a colon 11. The Internet address in chevrons (< >) 12. The word Accessed and the date you viewed the web page in square brackets and followed by a period Example for journal article: Kuvaas, B. (2006) Work performance, affective commitment, and work motivation: the roles of pay administration and pay level. Journal of organizational behaviour [Internet], 27(3), pp.365385. Available from: <http://www3.interscience.wiley.com> [Accessed 13 January 2009].

Resources
VIU http://www.viu.ca/business/resources.asp (Faculty of Management, Business Department Student Resources) http://www.viu.ca/writingcentre/index.asp (Writing Centre) http://www.viu.ca/technology/students/workshops.asp (Student Technology Workshops) Internet http://www.plagiarism.org (great site for material on academic writing) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ (Purdue Universitys Online Writing Lab) http://www.library.ualberta.ca/guides/plagiarism (University of Albertas site for academic writing) http://www.lmu.ac.uk/lskills/open/sfl/content/harvard/ (LMUs source of Quote Unquote guide - online tutorial version)