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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012 30

Design and Analysis of Sierpinski Gasket Fractal Antenna


Praveen Tiwari , Rajneesh Chawhan , Dr. R. P. Agarwal , Sanjay Sharma
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M.Tech Student (Design & Analysis of Fractal Antennas, Shobhit University, Meerut) IIMT Engineering College, Meerut, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Tech.,Meerut. 3 Shobhit University, Meerut 1, 3, 4 Shobhit University, Meerut
2 1

Abstract-- The progress in wireless communication systems and increasing of a variety wireless applications have remarkably increase the demand of multiband/wideband antennas with smaller dimensions than conventionally possible. This wider bandwidth and low profile antennas are in great demand for both commercial and military applications. This has initiated antenna research in various directions; one of which is by using fractal shaped antenna elements. Traditionally, each antenna operates at a single or dual frequency bands, where different antenna is needed for different applications. This cause a limited space and place problem.There are an important relation between antenna dimension and wavelength. This relation states if antenna size less than half of wave length, than antenna is not an efficient radiator because the radiation resistance, gain and bandwidth are deteriorated. The entire fractal antenna family shows multiband in resonant frequencies.
Index Terms fractal antenna, Multiband, iterative method, IE3D.

I. INTRODUCTION
The Sierpinski Gasket antenna also known as Sierpinski Triangle was described by Waclaw Sierpinski in 1915 and it become an important sample of fractal set. The objective of this paper is to be design Sierpinski gasket fractal antenna. The behaviors of this antenna are investigate such as return loss, number of iteration and simulation have been done. The design of Sierpinski antenna starts with an equilateral triangle with operating frequency 1GHz and analysis take place between 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz at various iteration.

Stage 0

Stage 1

II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION


The antenna was feed with transmission line feeding technique. The iteration process is done up to second iteration. The antenna is simulated using glass-epoxy material with relative permittivity,
Stage 2 Fig. 1 The stages of iteration of Sierpinski Gasket Fractal antenna.

= 4.4, substrate thickness, d = 1.6mm

where the radiating element is the cooper clad.

The design of the antenna was start with single element using basic square patch Microstrip antenna. The operating frequency is at 1.0GHz. Side length of the equilateral triangle can be calculated by (1) and (2).

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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012 31

= (2 c)/( 3* f * ) .1 r

a(eff) = a [1 + 2.199 (h / a) - 12.853 (h / (a Er)) +16.436 (h /(aEr)) + 6.182 (h/a)- 9.802 ( 1 / Er) (h / a)] ..2. Here c = velocity of light in free space. f = resonant frequency. h = height of the substrate. dielectric constant of the substrate. r= Thus an equilateral triangle with side a(eff) is the base shape as shown by stage (0) in figure 1.

III. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION


0

Return Loss(dB)

-5

-10

-15

-20 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 3

Radiation pattern at f =1.0GHz (a) (b) E-total, phi = 0(deg) E-total, phi = 90(deg

Fig. 2 Variation of return loss with frequency for base shape.

Table 1 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for base shape. Frequency(Simulated) ReturnLoss(Simulated) Frequency(Measured) ReturnLoss(Measured) 1.0 GHz

In fig2: the return loss -18.01 dB with frequency 1.0GHz was obtained from simulation. The measurement response frequency has shifted to 0.98 GHz with measured return loss -19.8 dB.

-18.01 dB 0.98 GHz -19.8 dB


Return Loss(dB)

-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4 Variation of return loss with frequency for first iteration.

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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012 32

Table 2 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for first iteration Frequency(Simulated) Return loss(Simulated) Frequency(Measured) Return loss(Measured) 0.64 GHz -11.07 dB 0.68 GHz -10.01 dB 2.27 GHz -15.23dB 2.32 GHz -20.04 dB

(a)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6

Radiation pattern at f =2.27 GHz (a) E-total, phi = 0(deg)

(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg)

(b)
Fig. 5 Radiation pattern at f =0.64GHz (a) (b) E-total, phi = 0(deg) E-total, phi = 90(deg

Figure 4 shows the result of return loss for first iteration. The resonant frequency was found at 0.64GHz and 2.27GHz from simulation. Measurement response frequencies have shifted at 0.68 GHz and 2.32 GHz. The best return loss -20.04dB (2.32GHz) was found.

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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012 33

0
ReturnLoss(dB)

-5 -10 -15 -20 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3


Fig. 8 (a) (b) Radiation pattern at f =0.74GHz E-total, phi = 0(deg) E-total, phi = 90(deg)

(b)

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 7

Variation of return loss with frequency for second iteration.

Table 3 Frequencies at which minimum return loss occur for second iteration

Frequency(Simulated) Return loss(Simulated) Frequency(Measured) Return loss(Measured)

0.74GHz -10.47dB 0.78 GHz -10.01 dB

1.47GHz

1.99GHz

-18.90 dB -11.90 dB 1.58 GHz -19.2dB 2.15 GHz -18.3 dB (a)

(b)
Fig. 9 Radiation pattern at f =1.47GHz (a) E-total, phi = 0(deg)

(a)

(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg)

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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME, 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012 34

V REFERENCES
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Second Edition, John Wiley & Son , 2000. [2] Baliarda, C.P.; Borau, M.N.; Robert, J.R., An Iterative model for
Fractal antennas; application to the Sierpinski gasket antenna, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on vol.48, Issue 5, May 2000, pp.713-719.

.[3] David M.Pozar, Microstrip Antenna, IEEE Transaction on Antenna and Propagation, January1992. [4] M.K. A. Rahim, N. Abdullah, and M.Z. A. Abdul Aziz, Micro Strip (a)
Sierpinski Carpet Antenna Design IEEE Transaction on Antenna and propagation,December 2005. [5] John Gianvittorio, Fractal antennas: Design, Characterization, and Application, Master Thesis, University of California, 2000. [6] B.B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of nature, New York, W.H. Freeman, 1983. [7] Douglas H. Werner and Suman Ganguly. An Overview of Fractal Engineering Research , IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, vol.45, no.1, pp.38-57, Feb 2003.

(b)
Praveen Tiwari Student of M.Tech (Communication Engineering) from Shobhit university Meerut and presently working in IIMT engineering college, Meerut.

Fig. 10 (a)

Radiation pattern at f =1.99GHz E-total, phi = 0(deg)

(b) E-total, phi = 90(deg)

Second iteration fig7 shows that three frequencies responses existed at 0.74GHz, 1.47GHz and 1.99GHz. There were all frequencies response obtained from measurement. The best return loss at 1.47 GHz (-18.90 dB)for simulation as well as for Measurement.

IV CONCLUSION
The antenna has been design, simulated and fabricated. The multiband frequencies appeared after applied fractal technique. It is observed that as the number of iterations is increased, number of frequency bands also increases. For zero iteration one band occur, for first iteration two bands occur and for second iteration three bands occur. The antenna can be used for GPS, WLAN applications.

Rajneesh Chawhan B.E. (Electronics) in 1997, M.Tech.(Digital Communication) in 2010 from U.P.T.U. & presently working as a Assistant Professor in Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut (India) affiliated by UPTU, Lucknow. Area of research interest includes Antenna Designing, Microwave component designing, and written one book on Switching Theory with ISBN 81-88476-29-X published by JPNPs. Meerut. He has published two Research papers in International Journals and two research papers in national Conference Proceedings.

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Prof. R.P. Agarwal obtained his B.E. (Hons.) in Electronics &Telecommunication from Govt. Engineering College at Jabalpur University and M.E. from College of Engineering at Pune University in 1967 and 1970 respectively.He is Former Vice-Chancellor of Sagar University & Bundelkhand University, Jhansi He started his academic career as Lecturer in University of Roorkee in August 1970. He was awarded Commonwealth Scholarship for pursuing higher studies in 1970. He was awarded Ph. D. in 1977 by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Prof. Agarwal has rich varied experience of teaching, research, development and administration. He was appointed as an Indian Expert at Military Technical College, Baghdad, Iraq during 1981-84. He has coordinated number of human resources testing and development projects for Public Sector Undertakings, Govt. organizations and Technical Institutes. He is a senior member of IEEE (USA), Fellow of IE (I), IETE and Life Member of ISTE. He was the Vice President of IEEE-UP, Professor & Staff Advisor of ISTE Students Chapter, Chairman ISTE UP Section, Associated Dean (Acad.), Chairman, AIMCET-2004, Chairman GATE-2005 and Dean (Acad.). Prof. Agarwal has contributed significantly in the area of scientific and technical research and development. He has 102 technical papers to his credit which have been published in national and international journals of repute and conferences. He has authored 2 books and edited 5 proceedings of National Seminar. He has handled 10 Consultancy and sponsored research projects as Principal Investigator. He has guided 6 Ph.D. scholars and is currently guiding another 3 Ph.D. thesis. Prof. Agarwal has traveled extensively to USA, UK, Europe, Middle East, Austria, Hungary, Finland, Denmark and Sweden to deliver lectures and attend conferences, symposia and meetings.

Sanjay Kumar Sharma was born in India on July 25, 1970. He received his B.Sc. degree from Agra University in 1988 He received his Diploma in Electronics Engineering from Board of Technical Education, Lucknow with Hons. in the year 1992, Bachelor Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi(Presently Delhi Technological University) (India), in 2000 and M. E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Punjab University, Chandigarh in the year 2010. Presently he is working as Assistant Professor in Shobhit University Meerut. His area of interest is Metamaterial based Antennas and Artificial Neural Networks and its applications in Electromagnetic. He has published 2 Research papers in International Journals & 11 research papers in International and national Conference Proceedings.

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