American International University Bangladesh Faculty of Engineering EEE 4106: Telecommunication Engineering Laboratory

Experiment 2: Sampling and Signal Reconstruction

Objectives To understand how a wave can be sampled To investigate the minimum sampling frequency of an idle system To identify the principles of the operation of a PAM system Equipments Oscilloscope Modicom 1 board Power supplies (+12 v, 0 V, -12v, +5v, 0v) Introduction Sampling is a method used in pulse modulation to identify the intelligence signal by a sequence of pulses that represents the intelligence signal by a sequence of pulses that represents the intelligence at a particular time The sampling principle states that the intelligence can be reconstructed by filtering when the sampling signal frequency or sampling (Fs) is greater than twice the maximum intelligence signal frequency (Fm). The Nyquist rate is a condition that occurs when the sampling signal frequency is equal to twice the maximum intelligence signal frequency (Fs = 2Fm, where is the sampling signal frequency and Fm is the maximum frequency of the intelligence signal). The frequency response of the low-pass filter must be capable of passing the maximum intelligence signal to reconstruct the intelligence signal frequency while rejecting side band frequencies of the sampling signal to reconstruct the intelligence free of distortion.

The MODICOM 1 Board Blocks The board can be considered as five separate blocks as shown in Figure 2.1: Power Input Sampling Control Logic Sampling Circuits 2nd Order Low Pass Filter 4th Order Low Pass Filter

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Fig 2.1 Modicom 1 Board blocks Power input The figure 2.2 shows the electrical input connections necessary to power the module. The LJ Technical Systems' "I.C. Power 60" or "System Power 90" are the recommended power supplies.

Fig 2.2 Power input Sampling control logic This circuitry as shown in Figure 2.3 generates the timing and control signals that sample the input waveform, and also creates a sinusoidal 1kHz signal for use during the

Fig 2.3 Sampling control logic

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It is recommended that this signal is used for most of the experiments, as you will find that it is difficult to synchronize more than one oscilloscope trace when the input comes from an external source. Sampling circuits The signal at the ANALOG INPUT socket is sampled at a rate, and for duration, which depends on the applied sampling control signal as shown in the Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Sampling circuits

Second order and Fourth order low pass filter This is a filter having a 3.4kHz bandwidth as shown in the Figure 2.5. Similar to the Second Order Low Pass Filter, Fourth order has a steeper cut off gradient represented by the graph on the board.

Figure 2.5 Second order and Fourth order low pass filter

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Procedure 1. Observe how a signal can be sampled. 2. Obtain a variety of sampling frequencies from the MODICOM 1 board. 3. Demonstrate that the pulse duration of the sampling control signal can be varied. 4. Calculate the frequency spectrum of a pulse amplitude modulated signal. 5. Investigate the minimum sampling frequency of an ideal system. 6. Record the effects of changing the sampling rate in a PAM system. 7. Observe the effects of changing the width of the samples. 8. Recognize the differences between second order and fourth order filters. 9. Compares the performance of sample amplifiers and sample & hold amplifiers.

Discussions 1) Draw all of the waveforms at various stages with your interpretation. 2) Draw the frequency spectrum of a sine wave (~1kHz) with sampling frequency 4kHz before and after the sampling process. 3) What is the relationship between the duty cycle and the reconstructed signal? 4) Describe the required characteristics of the low pass filter, and the sampling frequency to reconstruct the intelligence signal.

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Prepared by Farhadur Arifin