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Contents

Contents..................................................................................................................... 1 1.0Introduction of Triple Bottom Line .........................................................................1 Table 1. A brief description of social, Environmental and Economics in TBL...........1 Figure 1. Sustainable development (Balance with Society, Economy and environment)........................................................................................................ 2 Sustainable Communities ........................................................................................2 Sustainable Environment .......................................................................................3 Sustainable Economy ..............................................................................................3 A Strategy for Sustainable Construction .................................................................3 Table 02. Different category and its environmental aspects..................................5 2.0 Relation of Triple Bottom Lines to Sustainable development principles. ................5 2.1 Humility Principle .............................................................................................5 2.2 Precautionary Principle ......................................................................................7 2.3 Reversibility Principle ........................................................................................8 ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Can the current world development continue sustainably? ................................8 2.5 Effect of pollution. .............................................................................................9 2.6 Problems created for future generations. ........................................................10 3.0 Significance of TBL in Sustainable Development. ................................................12 4.0 Significance of TBL in Engineering Sustainable Construction..............................13 5.0 Case study of Leighton Contractors.....................................................................14 Table 03 Global Reporting Initiative Indicators....................................................14 6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................15 References................................................................................................................ 15

1.0

Introduction of Triple Bottom Line

The triple bottom line is a form of reporting and stepping stones that takes account the impact of construction/development in terms of social and environmental values along with financial returns. Whereas traditional models were all about profit, profit and more profit; triple bottom line accounting recognizes that without happy, healthy people to start a business and the natural environment able to sustain those people and supply resources for trade; business is, well, simply unsustainable in the long run. Triple Bottom Line reporting is becoming an accepted way for construction/development to demonstrate that they have strategies for sustainable growth. The TBL captures the essence of sustainability by measuring the impact of an organizations activities on the world, including both its profitability and shareholder values and its social, human and environmental capital. (Hawken 2012) Sustainable development comprises of the three broad themes of social, environmental, and economic accountability, often known as the triple bottom line. These themes are also shown in Figure 1 and outlined in Table 1. A brief description of these themes is also presented. Table 1. A brief description of social, Environmental and Economics in TBL Theme Sub-theme Issues ns Etc. Social Equity Community Etc. Poverty Minorities Inner cities Transport Communicatio Environmental Global Local and Site Internal Etc. Climate change Resources Construction Internal External Wildlife Etc.
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Economic Construction Materials Infrastructure Etc. Profitability Employment Productivity Transport and utilities Building stock value Etc.

environment environment

Sustainable Construction

Figure 1. Sustainable development (Balance with Society, Economy and environment) Sustainable Communities The following sub-themes and issues fall under this theme: Education, Food, Health, Water, Poverty, Housing, Fuel Planning, Employment, Transportation, Construction of buildings, Settlement and growth of community, Meeting local needs, Skills development, Empowering community. Opportunities for cultural, leisure & recreational activities, Worker health and safety, Impacts on local communities, Quality of life, Benefits to disadvantaged groups e.g. disabled, Reduce level of crime, etc. Communities growth should be sustainable together with the growth of a country, as a country growth are directly proportional to the growth of sustainable communities, where the crime rate will be lower and all local communities with have equal job opportunity .

Sustainable Environment The philosophy of environmental sustainability is to leave the Earth in as good or better shape for future generations than we found it for ourselves. By a definition, human activity is only environmentally sustainable when it can be performed or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment. This includes minimum non renewable natural resource consumption such as natural gas and fuel. Materials consumed should be made up entirely of 100% post-consumer recycled materials or from renewable resources (which were harvested without harm to the environment and without depletion of the resource base), Recycling of waste streams should be 100%, Energy should be conserved and energy supplies should be entirely renewable and non-polluting (solar thermal and electric, wind power, bio-mass, etc.), Use of natural resources efficiently, minimisation of waste and pollution, Protect natural diversity, Reduce green house gases emission, Reduce road traffic, Good quality of rivers; Population of wild birds, Building new homes on brown field, Reduced waste, effluent generation, and emissions to environment, Reduced impact on human health, Use of renewable raw materials, Elimination of toxic substances, etc. Plantation, construction, extraction of natural forest products and waste management should all be done with proper planning, where impact of such activities towards the environment should be clearly accessed (Environmental Impact Assessment) and the rectification steps should be implemented to prevent depletion towards the natural environment. Sustainable Economy Sustainable economy consist of sub-themes, such as Investment in people and equipment for a competitive economy, Job opportunities, Vibrant local economy, Services are accessible which reduction on the usage of personal vehicles, Creation of new markets and opportunities for sales and growth. Cost reduction through efficiency improvements and reduced energy and raw material inputs, Creation of additional value, etc. Sustainable development should not impose higher cost compared to conventional construction. Thus balancing the cost in construction, social (Professional requirement) and waste management. (Dunphy 2012) A Strategy for Sustainable Construction

The UK Government and other developed countries has taken sustainable development on board and it is also firmly on the construction industry agenda. Government considers sustainable construction as a set of profitable and competitive industries which delivers assets (Building, Engineering structures such as bridge, infrastructure and the surrounding landscape) which: Enhance quality of life and offer customer satisfaction; Offer flexibility and the potential to cater for user changes in the future; Provide and support desirable natural and social environments; and Maximise the efficient use of resources. Strategy development for sustainable construction highlighted the importance of design in order to reduce the materials used as building or any other facilities are the end product of the design decision taken at the outset of a project. Design impacts are in variety of ways, choice of materials and their application have a significant environmental impacts, which depends on the sources of the materials, application of the materials, energy required to configure the materials where it can be used, durability and the potential that it can be reused and recycled. . Civil engineers, architects and planner should also build on their strengths during design stages to incorporate the environmental aspects where the entire environmental management system should be fully analysed, the terms of the outcome and they should consider the whole range of alternatives design. Engineers should attend and develop their knowledge to perform a much more sustainable development and to prevent pollution as much as possible. Break down of different categories and the aspect of environment issues related are shown in Table 02 (Different category and its environmental aspects.)

Category Management

Title Green Star Accredited Professional, Commissioning Clauses, Building Tuning, Independent Commissioning Agent,

Building Guides, Environmental Management, Waste Management, Waste Management, Learning Resources, Maintainability Ventilation Rates, Air Change Effectiveness, Carbon Dioxide Monitoring and Control and VOC Monitoring, Daylight, Thermal Comfort, Hazardous Materials, Internal Noise Levels, Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde Minimisation, Indoor Environment Quality Mould Prevention, Daylight Glare Control, High Frequency Ballasts, Electric Lighting Levels, External Views Conditional Requirement, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Sub-metering, Peak Energy Demand Reduction, Lighting Zoning, Unoccupied Areas, Stairs, Efficient External Lighting, Energy Shared Energy Systems Provision of Car Parking, Fuel Efficient Transport, Cyclist Facilities, Commuting Mass Transport, Transport Design and Transport Planning Occupant Amenity Water, Water Meters, Landscape Irrigation, Heat Rejection Water, Fire System Water, Potable Water Water Use in Laboratories Recycling Waste Storage, Building Reuse, Recycled Content & Re-used Products and Materials, Concrete, Steel, PVC Minimisation, Sustainable Timber, Design for Disassembly, Materials Dematerialisation, Flooring, Joinery, Loose Furniture Conditional Requirement, Topsoil, Reuse of Land, Reclaimed Land Use & Ecology Contaminated Land, Ecological Value of Site Refrigerant ODP, Refrigerant GWP, Refrigerant Leaks, Insulant ODP, Stormwater, Discharge to Sewer, Light Emissions Innovation Pollution, Legionella Innovative Strategies & Technologies, Exceeding Green Star Benchmarks, Exceeding Green Star Scope

Table 02. Different category and its environmental aspects

2.0 Relation of Triple Bottom Lines to Sustainable development principles.

2.1

Humility Principle

Humans design and knowledge had polluted the environment. Design concepts had changed drastically from Design to Last into Design to discard. Recent years various industries had changed their business concept to maximise income while polluting the environment when their company grow. Machineries, information technologies components like computers, printers, hand phones, Tablets and even simple components like mouse are never meant to last. Designers and companies would not like replacement or repairmen to be done. New models are being released at such alarming rate, that a three months old laptops will be considered outdated. This had created a trend in most youngsters, where if their electronic is broken, they will not bother for repair, they would just buy a new one and the broken one will be left in garbage with less than 5 % being recycled and reused. The economics, environment and social aspects of TBL are directly affected by human principle. Lack of human knowledge in the earlier times, where the products that were being used daily affect the environment, such as the usage of CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons), it was only being banned after 10 years of usage. The impact was then too great for us to rectify it. The ozone layer was already being depleted by then. In the sense of development, structure buildings were erected without any concern to the ecosystem, food chain were broken and disturbed. We took the privilege of being the greatest living things in the earth to do what we feel like doing. Wastes are being discharged directly into stream, river and the sea. Unplanned and unmanaged development had created lots of problems towards the environment. Water, air and biodiversity are being greatly affected. In Malaysia, the regulation for installation of a sewage treatment plant for buildings like hospital, residential and any building with more than 150 PE were only implemented few years back. Only recently, engineers causes have in cooperated environment and sustainable design. Those engineers who graduated in the 80s and early 90s will not have such knowledge in them. For them, the money is more important. Some will reach the extends of over design the structure up to 3 times higher than the requirement just to get higher payment. Lack of concern and knowledge of human towards the importance of environment are also one of the main factors that caused deterioration of the environment. Students should be taught the importance of the environment from the young age. Subjects like environment should be
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incorporated into all professional fields, not only the engineers and architects, but also to lawyers, doctors, investors, etc. As the environment is for all where it is everyones responsibility to look after it and make sure the same privilege and enjoyment we have now should be preserved for the future generations. Obviously we do not want to be blamed as we are blaming the older generation when they had depleted the environment, and we are cleaning up their mess. (Dunphy 2012)

2.2

Precautionary Principle

Precautionary Principle based on proper planning. As it better to prevent something from happening than cleaning up the mess after the disaster had being created. Lots of investment had being spent currently to clean up the pollution that was caused by various activities where the initial planning was poor and bad. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is something very new for developing countries like Malaysia. Enforcement for EIA is still in its initial phases. Lots of changes and auditing are being carried out yearly to improve the aspects and requirements for EIA. EIA is part of the precautionary principle, where impacts of a development were clearly indicated and highlighted in the report. After the assessment is being done, Environmental Management Plan should be carried out, to make sure that what should be done is done to preserve the environment. A single wrong move will easily lead to super chain reaction, where not only one factor of the environment will be affected. A wrong choice of materials in construction started from the planning stage till the construction stage, red clay bricks were an adaptation from other countries which we being widely used in building construction in Malaysia. Red clay brick are strong in compression, but the dense molecular arrangements make it a good heat transfer materials. In a normal day, the walls which are exposed to sun light will be so hot when touched internally. Lots of energy is used just cool down the bricks other than cooling the room itself. If Malaysian had take the initiative for careful testing and research before such materials are being used, we will be spending less to cool down our rooms and houses. Replacement such as wood planks, compressed wood fibres, and hollow brick either from clay or concrete are a much better choice.

2.3

Reversibility Principle

Some pollution are reversible, development are one of it. The decisions on development whether acceptable or rejected now, can be purely reversible in the future, when the future generations had better understanding and knowledge to make the development more sustainable. Buildings are starting to go higher than growing in numbers, but the concept is not well accepted in some state of Malaysia. States like Sarawak in Malaysia still have the privilege to have lots of lands for development. Energy sector faced the same issues, Nuclear Power Plant are a huge issues in most developing and developed countries, no matter do we accept or reject the ideas, our future generation can be able to destroy it and change it to any other energy sources which are much more environmental friendly. Some harms done towards the environment, even thought it can be reversible but the reverse process may take centuries. Deforestation and major development would sure require lots of years to get back the natural ecosystems and the biodiversity that were existed in the forest before.

2.4

Can the current world development continue sustainably?

Drastic developments are seen in all over especially third world and developing countries like China, Malaysia and India. Most development so far focuses on one issue only, which is to built as many as possible and get as much profit as possible, where the issues of the environment and social are not being considered at all. Everyone is trying their very best to squeeze as much money from everyone just to make money other than preserving the environment. If such attitude and mentality are continuing, very soon we will reach the state of no return, where the environment had become so badly polluted that we can stay in the earth anymore. Huge money are already spent to explore other planets, NASA is looking for ways to survive in others planets. Had we really screw our planet up so bad that we need to look for ways to live elsewhere? If proper planning and management is done, development will sure be sustainable. With the ever growing birth rate and reduction or delay in death rate, human population are growing
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so drastically where the demands for food, clean water, and place to stay, etc are increasing. Proper control and knowledge on plantation will ensure sufficient nutrients in the soil for continuous plantation and to feed the growing population. Architects had start to design buildings to be higher, where a single building can accommodate more human population thus providing more lands for plantations, besides that architects and engineers had start to develop technologies to make the building a ground for plants to grow, concept like vertical garden, roof top gardens and even plants on every floor in planter box fitted outside each story. Such development and grow will ensure sustainable. Besides that, if Information Technologies company like Apple , Samsung, Dell, Sony and Etc, changed their concept from Design to Discard to Design to last where they sell and produce spare parts in huge amount, so customers can replace the parts thus reducing the amount of waste produced. I believe if this is being done properly, the ITs companies will earn more than they are earning currently. Usage of un-recycled materials should be reduced. People should be educated Sustainable development is a job for everyone. Not only for the professional. Children should be tough the concepts of recycling reduce and renew from young. If everyone do their parts and not just focusing on one particular point in TBL which is economic, all development will be sustainable.

2.5

Effect of pollution.

Pollution is a huge problem for all living things, but sadly we as human are the only living things in the earth that create pollution. Air, water, soil, noise, sight and even the forest are being badly polluted. Water is the main requirement for human, we need water to survive. Water are being badly polluted from daily activities, the waste we generated, either biological or non biodegradable waste are being discarded into rivers and streams. The chemicals and toxic which leak out from such substances had badly polluted our drinking water source. Water is contaminated with toxic and various chemicals where most filtration and purification process cant be able to filter out all this dangerous toxic and chemicals. Huge dosage of synthetic hormones is found in our river nowadays, as when a country grows the amount of
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pharmaceutical products use also increases. No well research had being done so far on the bio-absorption of medicine in human being. As most chemicals which are not being absorbed by the body will be excreted as urine and end up in the river, which pollute the river living things and if not being filtered out, people who drink water which is polluted by such chemicals, we will be taking such medicine without us knowing it. Deforestation, a primary source of income for most developing countries like Malaysia is causing and leading to various pollution issues, such as soil pollution, water pollution and air pollution. Almost all huge timber or logging companies will not bother about the environment when they cut down the trees for log; recent case of log jam in Rejang River at Sarawak was purely due to logging activities. If logging companies play their role in preserving the environment, such issues can be solved. They can perform replanting for every single log they harvest. (Dunphy 2012) Cleaning if the pollution will require more money, planning and more professionals compare to preventing it from happening. Soon, our future generation should pay just to breath; they can only see the beauty of nature in front of their monitor screen, where the photos are either edited or being taken now. Animals can only being seen in Zoos and some National Park, worse some animals which had already extinct can only be seen in museum with wax and synthetic feather and fur.

2.6

Problems created for future generations.

Future generations will no longer enjoy the privilege of having natural and fresh air, water, soil and foods like what we have now. Up to date, we still can enjoy fresh clean water from rivers and streams, but in some poor countries where the river and stream are so limited, people had started too refined, filtered and reuse water from sewage for dinking. It is like drinking water directly from the toilet bowl or our septic tank for some people even though it is safe for dinking, lots of nations still cannot accept this concept. Even some countries like Japan, had even started research in developing edible meat from human solid waste or faeces. As they had found that human faeces contain a huge amount of proteins, if the current rate of pollution are not being controlled properly, soon our children will be

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eating burgers with synthetic beef flavours with the meat patty made up from human or animals faeces and drink water recycled and reused from flushing of toilet. Same problems would occur also to various other food materials such as vegetables, meat, poultry and dairy products. Other from enjoying and benefiting from natural products, soon we will be consuming all synthetic food, as fertile land had reduced. Landslides occurred due to improper deforestation, Landslides will deplete all the nutrients in the soil which make the soil infertile for any plantation. Without proper knowledge and control, landslides will continue to occur if deforestation is not being controlled and planned properly. (Harris 2012) Landslides will create lots of pollution, include water pollution. Our future generation would not only enjoy nice flora and fauna, and clean drinking water, with landslides continuing like this, our future generation would also do not have fertile soil to use. (Harris 2012) Human create lots of waste, improper waste management will create lots of future problem. Average human will generate about 1 to 3 kilograms of solid waste daily. Lots of this rubbish was end up in the rubbish dump area. Recycling are only enforcing on substances that is expensive and crucial to human like aluminium, metal, glass and paper but substances like wood, plastic, rubber and fabric are not being recycled. These materials will all end up in rubbish dump. Green management are intended to go towards 0 (Zero) waste generation. Lots of industries are changing its way of management into producing zero waste, but manufacture and production lines had created more waste. Packaging is getting nicer and prettier, but the quantity of products remains the same or in some cases reduced. These are being created by marketers to create more profit thus creating more problems towards the environment. With this being continued and uncontrolled, soon the earth will be packed with rubbish, where our future generation would be so busied to clean up the waste other than enjoy themselves. The electronic gadgets had also created lots of waste, information technologies companies are focusing on design to discard concept, where the electronic gadgets created are not meant to last forever. Replacement or spare parts are either very hard to be found or either very expensive making the replacement or servicing not worthwhile. This broken electronic gadgets are being dumped and being exported to third world countries like India, Malaysia and China, where it will being melted and the expensive metals will be extracted and sold.
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Melting of such components is not properly done, with no proper protection and no concern towards environment. Such unprotected melting will caused a chain reaction an unstable and unsuitable environment which will pollute the nature even further. In country like India, the melting of the electronic components are being done with cooking woks, where the cooking woks are then being used again to cook. This will caused the younger generation to be digesting heavy metal and other dangerous substances which will sure affect the health of younger generation.

3.0

Significance of TBL in Sustainable Development.

With the guidelines of TBL, development can be more sustainable, where the balance between economics, environment and social can be balanced. Our future generations can secure a much better future with more sustainable environment where the biodiversity and the ecosystem will be balanced. Development of all sectors should be balanced. It will not make any much difference if only one sector or industry develop sustainably. Construction industries are one of the most important industry that need to develop more sustainably as construction industry are very crucial for a countrys growth. A construction produces lots of waste and lots of pollution. A proper plan and management will ensure a more sustainable development. TBL will ensure a more sustainable construction and development. Technologies industry should also follow the TBL very strictly to ensure a more sustainable development, where the technologies growth should ensure the electronic components are repairable and can be upgraded at any time. They should divert their design to be more environmental friendly. Printers company such as Canon, HP and etc are producing so many new models where the old models components and parts are not suitable for their new models. This will surely ensure customers to replace their old models with the new ones, which at the end created a new rubbish sector known as technologies rubbish or garbage. If these technologies development company change their concept and follow the TBL strictly, all this unnecessary waste will sure be reduced and the future generations can sure ensure a better future with more greens.

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TBL can ensure the sustainable development to be accountable, with the initiation of Green Building Index. Construction can be rated based on the environmental friendliness with the guidelines of TBL, where the balances of economic, environmental and social are being kept. Green building Index will focus on the design stage, the usage of energy and the ability of the building to generate its own energy; it is being rated based on the amount of waste generated. GBI (Green Building Index) TBL will be the benchmark for sustainable development. Ensuring the balance of economics, environment and social aspect is the best way to ensure sustainable development.

4.0

Significance of TBL in Engineering Sustainable Construction.

Engineering construction focuses on the construction of bridges in all kind, drainage system, dams and stream diversion system. Engineering construction designs are always the toughness to ensure balance on the economic, environment and social aspect. Engineering construction normally only focuses on the economic and social growth, while the environmental aspects are being ignored totally, as it is not easy to maintain the environment aspects to reach sustainable construction. In engineering construction, the important and relevant TBL indicators are the energy, green house gases emissions, water pollution, materials used, waste generated and the emission that is being released into the atmosphere. Energy indicators focus on the amount of fossil fuels used during construction and the amount of electricity used from the suppliers during the construction period. Engineering construction focuses on the land resources also, as most engineering construction requires a huge area for construction where, lots of biodiversity will be destroyed to allow path for this construction. The economic indicator of TBL for engineering construction are very easily reachable, as the construction of bridges and dams will sure have strong economic impact towards the countrys economic growth, but the environmental indicator are very hard to be balanced up. Engineering construction will require a huge land and lots of resources. In ABS Measures of Australias Progress, lots of headlines had being indicated in economic, social and environmental categories. (Dunphy 2012)
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5.0

Case study of Leighton Contractors.

Leighton Contractors is a leading contractor and service provider to various clients throughout Australia and New Zealand. Company main business is in industrial engineering, infrastructure development and investment, resources and telecommunications services. Long termed commitment to the management of environmental sustainability was created in 2008 with Environmental Sustainable Strategy. The join CitySwitch Green Office in July 2009 had provided a strong platform for Leighton Contractors to achieve office based energy efficiency targets as part of the organisations greater Environmental Sustainability Strategy. The tenancy size of total 2,583 m2 with NABERS commitment rating of 4 stars, where they had successfully produce a green technologies and strategies to save a total energy cost of about $5,946 a year and the total CO2 reduction of about 33.82 Ton. The technologies include De-lamping, transition to T5 lighting, incentives computer monitoring and behaviour changes. Total of 127 unnecessary lights were removed and the transitioning is being changed and updated to T5 lighting. Besides that they also enable energy saving features on office equipment and they ensure that all future appliances purchased should be energy efficient. Even simple steps such as conducting surveys and competitions to engage all the staff was taken account to increase the efficiency of electric usage. Where the focuses category were categories in the Table 03 Global Reporting Initiative Indicators.

Table 03 Global Reporting Initiative Indicators Category Energy GRI Indicator Unit EN3 Direct k Energy Use Definition Energy from fossil fuel used + Electricity purchased from suppliers + Energy from renewable sources Energy provided in
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other organisation EN4 - Indirect k Energy Use EN 17 NA Initiatives Energy use to deliver energy products Initiatives to use renewable energy sources and to increase energy efficiency.

From the GRI indicators EN 17, it had showed and proved that by removing the total of 127 unnecessary T8 bulbs had reduced the electricity consumptions by 15,621 kwh per year with a total saving of about $2,500 yearly. They take the initiatives to marked all the removed light bulbs to ensure no future replacement so energy saving can be sustained. Biggest challenges faced is the identification stages, where the light bulbs which are not required should be clearly identified, issues like to keep all the staff working and cooperating together is not easy also. As energy saving is not the work of one individual but the entire team. Solving and reducing the amount of energy used is a professional works. The whole team were all engaged at the end of the programme as the stakeholder take the initiative lasting behavioural changes. (Darren 2012)

6.0

Conclusion.

TBL had become a great stepping stone and a main key to ensure sustainable development and sustainable construction. It is the role of everyone in the world to reduce the usage of energy, recycle and reuse and even up to the extend to reduce the amount of waste generated.

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