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Form 1
Density = mass of substance (g) Volume of substance (cm3) =gcm-3
PROCESS EQUATIONS
Form 1 1. Respiration Glucose + oxygen
Form 2
1. Work done(joule)= force(Newton) X distance (m) Work(joule) = Nm 2. Power (watt) = work done (joule) Time (second) = Js-1 3. First class lever F Second class lever L in the middle of tools Third class lever E 4. The principle of moments; Load(N) X distance = effort (N) X distance of the load (m) of the effort(m) Distance must be from FULCRUM 5. Moment of Force = Force(N) X Perpendicular Distance from the turning point(m)
carbon dioxide + Energy Hydrocarbon + Oxygen carbon dioxide + Energy + water Form 2 1. Photosynthesis sunlight Carbon dioxide glucose + + water chlorophyll oxygen 2. Neutralization Acid + Alkali Salt + Water (name of salt- alkali first than acid) Form 3 1. Reactions of minerals Metal carbonates Metal sulphides
Form 3
1. Ohms Law R(resistance) = V (voltage) I (current) Series V= V1 + V2 + V3 I = I 1 = I2 = I3 R = R1 + R2 + R3 Parallel : V= V1 = V2 = V3 I = I1 + I2 + I3 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/ R2+ 1/R3 Transformers (step-up or step down ) Ns = Vs Np = Vp Electrical energy; ( 1 Kilowatt = 1000 watt) Power (watt) = energy(joule) Time (second) = Js-1 Power (watt) = voltage (V) X current (A) Current(A) = Power (W) Voltage(V) Electrical Energy (kWh) = power (kW) X time (h) 1 unit of electrical energy(Joule) = 1 kWh Cost of electrical energy = power( kW) X time(h) X cost per energy(RM)
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2. Reactions of metals Metal + oxygen Metal oxide Metal + sulphur Metal sulphide 3. Silicon compounds Silica forms from--- silicon,oxygen Silicate forms from---- silicon,oxygen,metal 4. Calcium compound Calcium carbonate(limestone) Calcium salt + water Carbonate + + Acid carbon dioxide Calcium calcium oxide + Carbonate heat carbon dioxide Calcium oxide (quicklime) Calcium oxide calcium + energy + water hydroxide Calcium hydroxide(slaked lime): Calcium hydroxide calcium(limewater ) + more water hydroxide solution
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Durasnita/2012
NUTRITION
maltose
Salivary amylase
Carbon dioxide
Burning splinter Limewater Hydrogen bicarbonate Litmus solution Universal indicator Sodium hydroxide solution Acidified pottasium manganate(VII) solution
polypeptides
Hydrochloric acids - Stop amylase reaction - Provide acidic medium for reaction of enzyms - Kill bacteria in food
DUODENUM Maltose
maltase
Polypeptides
Fat
Lipase
Water vapour
Polypeptides
Protease
Fat
Lipase
Sucrose
Sucrase
Lactose
Acids
Blue litmus paper pH paper universal indicator reaction with metal Red litmus paper pH paper universal indicator
Alkali
Turns red 0-6 pH Red, yellow. orange Release hydrogen gas Turns blue pH 7- 14 blue, purple,
Durasnita/2012
Durasnita/2012
7. Sound & hearing; produced by vibrations; cannot travel through vacuum Hard and smooth surface= good reflectors of sound Soft and rough surface = good absorbers of sound Deafness = total hearing loss Stereophonic hearing = hearing with two ears 8. Stimuli & responses in plants; tropism- certain directions & nastic movements Phototropism shoots +ve, root ve Geotropism shoots ve, root +ve Hydrotropism shoots ve, root +ve Thigmotropism- response to touch or contacts- tendrils, twine their stem Nastic movements- not depends on direction; mimosa pudica; venus fly trap 9. Nutrition -; Carbohydrate- main source of energy Proteins- for growth and repair damaged cells - kwasyiokor Fats- source and storage of energy; act as soluble for vits A, D, E, K. Vit- B beri-beri & Vit C- skurvi Vit A Night blindness; Vit D-rickets; Vit E- sterility; Vit K- prolonged bleeding calcium- rickets; sodium- muscular cramps; iron-anaemia; Iodine- goiter; phosphorus- rickets; potassium- paralysis Fibre- peristalsis ---- constipation Water- solvent; regulates body temperature. 10. Balanced diet; age; body size; sex; occupation; climate; state of health 11. Human digestive system; alimentary canal Mouth; oesophagus ; stomach; duodenum; small intestine; large intestine ;anus Mouth saliva- amylase enzyme- starch to maltose-------------peristalsis Stomach gastric juices; protease-proteins to polypeptides/peptones---HCL(for enzyme reaction/ kill bacteria) Duodenum- bile;- emulsifies fats; pancreatic juice;- amylase- starch to maltose; protease- proteins to polypeptides; lipase- fats and oil to fatty acids & glycerol Small intestine- maltase- maltose to glucose;
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22. Food chain+ food chain = food web 23. Pyramid numbers; energy flow & Number of organisms- decrease bottom to top. size of organisms- increase from bottom to top. 24. Photosynthesis; need sunlight, chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide, === oxygen&glucose 25. Test for starch ; a. immerse in boiling water- break the cell walls b. immerse in alcohol decolorize the leaf/remove chlorophyll c. soaked in hot water soften the leaf d. iodine test blue black colour -starch is present 26. Experiments; MV, CV, RV- presence of starch : plant kept in dark for 2 days to remove starch in leaf. a. to show carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis present of sodium hydroxide solution to absorb carbon dioxide b. to show water is needed for photosynthesis- present of anhydrous calcium chloride to absorb water vapour c. to show sunlight is needed for photosynthesis- part of leaf is covered with black paper d. to show chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis- use variegated leaf 27. Cabon cycle & oxygen cycle Importance: maintain the balance of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas through process of photosynthesis which needed carbon dioxide and produce oxygen for respiration of living things, combustion, decomposition also rusting 28. Enviromental issue; green house effect- cause by increase in carbon dioxide ( deforestration) effect: increase in earth temperature because heat is trap by a layer of carbon dioxide ice melting at both pole, raising sea level, global climatic change. thinning of ozone layer- cause by using CFC producteffect: can cause skin cancer acid rain- cause by sulphur dioxide & nitrogen dioxide from factorieseffect: corrodes
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Durasnita/2012
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6. Transport systems in humans; heart vena cava; aorta; pulmonary artery; pulmonary veins; right & left atrium; right & left ventricle; bicuspid, tricuspid & semilunar valve------function each part. 7. Blood vessels; artery; veins ; capillaries. 8. Pulmonary circulation ; carries blood between the heart & lungs 9. Systemic circulation;. Carris blood between the heart & other parts of the body 10. Human blood; a. Plasma- yellow pale colour for transportation of nutrients, excretory products and distributes heat b. red blood cell(erythrocytes)- transport oxygen c. white blood cell(leucocytes)- produce antibodies, fight infections d. Platelets( thrombocytes)-blood clotting 11. Oxygenated blood- bright red, under high pressure, from heart to all parts of bodies, in arteries except pulmonary artery 12. Deoxygenated blood- Dark red, under low pressure, from body to heart, in veins except pulmonary vein 13. Blood group : A, B, AB, O, universal donor O --- universal recipient AB transfusion-incompatible-agglutination 14. Transport systems in plants; xylem - water & mineral salt; phloem;-glucose (experiment) 15. Transpiration; plants wilts- process of loss of water vapour through stomata ; guard cell 16. Factors- rate of transpiration RV MV, CV a. temperature, b. light intensity, c. air humidity d. air movement 17. Human excretion; process of removing waste product- through skin,lungs and kidneys;18. Urinary system; kidney ( cortex, medulla, pelvis, artery, vein) ureter, urinary bladder, urethra; ---dialysis technique separating particles of different sizes in liquid mixture, blood is filtered through an artificial membrane in the dialysis machine;
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IUD-preventing implantation Diaphragm/condom-prevent sperm enter vagina Spermicide-kill sperm Rhythm method-prevent fertilisation 25. Plants reproductive system; flower; stamen(anther& filament) pistil (stigma,style,ovary), ovul,petal,sepal----(function)---pollen grain 26. Pollination; self pollination & cross pollination ---(comparison) agents;winds; insects; animals; water (comparison-wind-pollinated flower &insectpollinated flower) advantages cross pollination; tenera sp Papaya. Eksotika Malaysia, corn masmadu 27. Development of fruit & seed; fertilization; pollen grain, style, stigma, pollen tube, ovary, ovule, male gametes, female gamete, micropyle. 28. Germination of seeds; embryo(plumule + radical) seed coat(cotyledon, testa, hilum,micropyleendosperm for monocotyledon) ----(function) air, water, suitable temperature for germinating of seed. 29. Vegetative reproduction; roots; sweet potato, carrot; underground stems; potato, ginger horizontally stem; water lettuce, strawberry runner modified stems onion, hyacinth bulb. leaves; bryopyllum, begonia 30. Application of research on vegetative reproduction ; stem cuttings; tissue culture 31. Growth ; growth curve of human-most rapid growth-infants;- old age negative growth. growth curve of boys & girls; comparison. Girls reach puberty first than boy.. adolescence overcome boys at 12-14 yrs old 32. Lands & its resources; haematite (iron,oxygen)-haemaIRO cassiterite (Tin,oxygen) CassiTiO Calcite (calcium, carbon, oxygen)-CalCarO malachite (copper,carbon,oxygen) MalCoCarO Iron pyrite (iron,sulphur) IroSul, Galena (lead, sulphur)GaLeSul Properties: do not dissolve in water. Hard. Metal oxide- do not decompose when
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tyres of aeroplane,spark plug 39. Current; the rate of flow of charges ( only electrons move) from +ve to ve terminal cell . Electron move from ve to +ve terminal cell. Amphere(A) 40. Voltage; the force needed to move electrical charges. Volt(V) 41. Resistance; electrical conductors (resistor) that have the resisting of the flow of electrical current. Good conductorlower resistance, poor conductorhigher resistance.Ohm () 42. Series & parallel circuit; (refer formula) 43. Magnetism; produced magnetic fields line. Magnetic force strongest at its poles. Compass always pointing North. Magnetic fields line run from North to South pole. 44. Electromagnetism; its magnetism is produced by the flow of electic current. Right hand grip rule. 45. Generators; thermal, hydroelectric,nuclear & gas turbine generators. 46. Transformer ; step-up & step-down transformer.(refer formula) 47. Transmission& distribution; power station step-up transformernational grid networkstep-down transformerbranch substation. 48. Power supply & wiring system at home; main fuseelectris metermain switchcircuit breakerslive wireneutral wireearth wire. (function) single phase ( 1,2 & 3 + neutral line) three phase ( 1+2, 2+3, 1+3, + neutral line) 49. 3-pin plug; international colour code, live wire-brown, neutral wire- blue, earth wireyellow green stripes. FUSE. 50. Fuses; break off electrical circuit .A short circuit occurs when current flow through a shorter path of lower resistance. Earth wire; ensures the leakage of current flows to the ground. 51. The sun; layer; corona, chromosphere, photosphere, core. Phenomena ;sunspot, prominences, solar flares. Suns energy nuclear fusion ( hydrogen changed to helium) CC3PC
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Write down all short forms which you can remember in this space without referring notes.