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some of them. Spreading or sprawling shrubs 2-3 m tall, prickles 3-7 mm long, slightly hooked, laterally flattened, scattered on stems, both leaf surfaces and main veins, sprase on agen and mature growth all parts pubescent with stellate hairs, spares on upper leaf surface. Leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate elliptic, variable in size, 10-15cm long 8-10cm wide, staminate flowers. Berries few to 10 in clusters, drab yellow, brownish at maturity, mucilaginous, drying with age, globose, 1-1.5cm in diameter, pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, thickened below calyx, calyx not much enlarged. Seeds numerous, drab brownish, flattened, discoid, 1.5-2mm long, slightly reticulate, Self compatible6 . Solanum torvum was used in many Ayurvedic treatments; it has seeing diuretic and digestive properties. It used in the treatment for coughs, liver diseases. Solanum torvum used to reduce body heat and strengthening the body 7 . The plants are considered to be promising source of medicine in the traditional healthcare system. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicine have turned the major pharmaceutical population towards medicinal plants research. The present work was carried out to investigate the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of selected Solanum torvum plant extracts. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Extract Preparation The health plant leaves of Solanum torvum was collected from Western Ghats of Madurai range, Tamil Nadu, India. They were collected in early morning and were washed in tap water and shade-dried for 10 days. The shade dried plant material was powdered using mixer grinder and that powder was subjected to Soxhelet extraction with petroleum ether and methanol (60o C) for 24 hrs. Each solvent extract was distilled and condensed at 40o C. The condensed extract was stored at room temperature in air tight bottles and used for further studies. 2.2 Phytochemical Studies The presence of bioactive phytocompounds was secondary metabolites from the leaves of Solanum torvum and Solanum nigrum were qualitatively analysed by thin layer chromatography. Solid phase of silica gel were kept in hot air oven in 100o C for 20 minutes. Silica powder was mixed with petroleum ether
*Corresponding author.
Kannan Marikani, P.G. Department of Microbiology, V.H.N.S.N.College, Virudhunagar-626 001, TamilNadu, India.
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3.2 Antibacterial activity The antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts of Solanum torvum and are determined against five bacterial strains. The results were compared with those produced by the standard antibiotic Tetracycline 1mg/ml. The results of the sensitivity are summarized in table 3. All strains showed sensitivity toward methanolic extract. Among the gram negative bacteria E. coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed promising sensitivity 2.6 to 30mm to methanolic extract. The Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were showed promising sensitivity toward methanolic extract. The high concentration (100%) of Solanum torvum effective against Pseudomonas aeroginosa (30.0 mm), E.Coli (28.2mm), Staphylococcus aureus (25.0mm), Bacillus subtilis (18.3mm) and Salmonella species (15.8mm). Antibacterial activity that may be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and sterols. The biologically active compounds are screened by dissolving the crude powder on various compound specific solvents confirmed by the TLC. The antibacterial activity was expressed at varying concentration and dose dependent. The various concentration of (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%) methanol extracts of showed significant activity against all the bacteria tested. The methanol extract of Solanum leaves which showed activity against all bacterial species tested at all the dosages.
Table 3: Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts from leaves of Solanum torvum
Sl. No. Pathogens Zone of inhibition (mm) 100% 80% 60% 40% 28.2 18.3 25 15.8 30 23.1 16 17.6 13 18.4 18.5 14.7 15.2 10.3 15 8 10.5 9.6 4.1 10.7 C 20% 5.7 4.2 3.6 2.6 4.8 Solvent control Tetracycline 1mg/ml 34 22 28 10 17
The TLC profiles of secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenols, Saponins and Sterols) are tabulated in the Table-2. Among the six groups of phytochemicals determined from the leaves of Solanum torvum. The flavonoids are found to be the most abundant one followed by Alkaloids and Glycosides. But the Phenals, Saponins and Sterols were low in concentration. The data of secondary metabolites of Solanum torvum revealed the presence of six, pink to intense black coloured (Plate 1) secondary metabolites with hRf values 74.49, 83.33, 69.39, 33.33, 46.09, 46.09 and 21.05. The qualitative HPLC flavonoids profile were detected at a wavelength of 254 nm due to sharpness of the peaks and proper baseline and recorded its (Rt min), percent area and heights were recorded. The plant Solanum torvum showed the single major peak at 3.973 Retention time. The HPLC studies proved the presents of the bioactive compound in the selected sample. Therefore, the data generated from these experiments have provided the chemical basis for the wide use of this plant as therapeutic agent for treating various ailments. However, there is need to further carryout advanced hyphenated spectroscopic studies in order to elucidate the structure of these compounds. Further more, this data maybe handy in probing of active biocompounds of this plant in the future.
Table 2: TLC Profile of phytochemicals presenting in Solanum torvum
S.No.Plant Name Colour of the spot Name of the Secondary metabolites Compound Alkaloids Flavonoids Glycosides Phenols Saponins Sterols R f value
1 2 3 4 5
Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella species Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3.3 Antioxidant Studies The level of antioxidant activity in the Solanum torvum was determined by using the Fenton reagent by free radicle scavenging studies (Table 4). The free radicle scavenging activity of Solamun torvum was compared with Ascorpic acid test control. It showed the does deperdest variation was observed in anti oxidant studies; the selected plants have the moderate antioxidant activity. The bioactive compounds of the Solanum torvum have antioxidant proparties and were relatively difficult to measure each antioxidant compound separately. Therefore, several different methods have been delayed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of biological samples 12,13,14 . Solanum torvum was exhibiting strong antioxidant activity in Fentons reagent assay, also showed strong activity in the free radical scavenging assay. From these results could suggest that the consumption of this plant extract could possibly after some dietary benefits since they contain constituents, which are able to protect against lipid peroxidation and to scavenge free radicals. The moderate antioxidant activity of Solanum torvum indicated by the Fentons reagent assay, is possibly due to their essential oil constituents15 . One of the previous studies showed the antimicrobial compounds in ethylacetate extract from Solanum torvum especially towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nosocomial
Table 4: Analaysis of antioxidant activity from the various concentration of the plant extract of Solanum torvum
S. No. 1 2 3 4 Samples Standard Test control Plant Extract control Plant Extract 0.5 ml 0.036 (- 93.93%) 0.593 0.471 (- 20.57%) 0.635 -7.08% 1.0 ml 0.175 (- 70.14%) 0.586 0.56 (- 4.44%) 0.688 -17.40% 1.5 ml 0.237 (- 62.55%) 0.633 0.627 (- 0.95%) 0.708 -11.85%
Solanum torvum
Percentage of results given in paranthesis was compared with the test control.
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