Reort Verified

PROJECT REPORT ON
MEASUREMENT AUTOMATION FOR HF IMPEDANCE STANDARD USING LABVIEW

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)
Report Submitted By: POWRNIMA G KUMAR :-7210406872
BHUTTA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Punjab Technical University
LUDHIANA, PUNJAB ORGANISATION PROFILE
NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

The National Physical Laboratory is the premier research laboratory in India in the field of physical sciences. It has developed core competencies in standards, apex level calibration, engineering materials, electronic materials, materials characterization, radio and space physics, global change and environmental studies, low temperature physics, and instrumentation. Established in 1947, it is one of the oldest laboratories of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Its main activities are : 1. Research and development 2. Consultancy 3. Sponsored and contract research 4. Calibration and testing
National Physical Laboratory
VISION Make India prosperous by assisting industries, national and other agencies in their development tasks by providing precision measurements and calibration. Also, to establish world class science and technology base and provide decisive edge to problems related to Physics by equipping them with internationally competitive system and solutions. The various divisions at NPL are :Physio Mechanical Standards
The division is responsible to establish, maintain and continually upgrade the national standard of Measurements related to activities and disseminates the standards by providing the apex level calibration services to the industry and institutions of the country and thus ensures the traceability to measurements made by these. 1. Electrical & Electronic Standards The electrical and electronics standards division of NPLI is in NPLI is involved in the realization, establishment, maintenance and dissemination of SI unit (Si), primary standard, and national standards of various electrical, electronic and magnetic parameters. 2. Engineering Materials The Division of Engineering Materials mainly comprises of Metals & Alloys, Advanced Carbon Products, Polymeric & Soft Materials and Liquid Crystal groups. The objective of this division is to develop materials, processes and technologies for components, devices and systems in the above mentioned areas.
3. Electronic Materials
Punjab Technical University The Division of Electronic Materials has undertaken R & D work on several types of materials: electroluminescent, photovoltaic and electro chromic materials, nanostructure materials, high temperature superconducting materials, advanced ceramic materials and polymeric materials. 4. Materials Characterization Characterization of various materials being developed at NPL, like thin films, nano tubes, Nano rods, Nano wires, composite materials for engineering applications, electronic materials for device fabrication etc. are being carried out regarding their composition, trace impurities, crystalline structure, crystalline perfection, surfaces & interfaces, at this division regularly as central facility of the laboratory. 5. Radio & Atmospheric Sciences The activities of the Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division comprise with two Major Laboratory projects of the laboratory. The first project is entitled Radio Physics and Applications. The second Major Laboratory Project is entitled Atmospheric Environment and Global Change. It also operates Regional Warning Centre (RWC, NPL-India), an International facility for providing Space Weather Alerts to the users in the country Superconductivity and Cryogenics A major activity of the division has been continuation of basic research in doped MgB2 superconductors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The submission of this project gives me the opportunity to convey my gratitude to all those who have helped me in the completion of this project. I would like to take this opportunity to thank and
acknowledge Mr. A.K.SAXENA, Scientist F., LH & HF Impedance & DC standards and Mr. SATISH, Scientist B for his guidance and support, an inspired project in charge for this project without which my submission would not have been possible. It has been an enriching experience while working for this project.
POWRNIMA G KUMAR
LIST OF FIGURES
S . NO. 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
FIGURES VI FRONT PANEL VI BLOCK DIAGRAM LCR CIRUIT CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS INDUCTOR CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS CAPACITOR CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS RESISTOR LCR PARALLEL CIRCUIT WAYNE KERR 6500P WAYNE KERR 6500P INSTRUMENT FRONT PANEL OPERATION OVERVIEW COMPONENT FIXTURE AGILENT E4980A AGILENT E4980A INSTRUMENT FRONT PANEL OPERATION OVERVIEW STANDARD CAPACITORS STANDARD INDUCTORS AND RESISTORS CONFIGRATION BLOCK EXECUTION BLOCK WRITING TO SPREADSHEET AGILENT E4980A BLOCK DIAGRAM AGILENT E4980A FRONT PANEL WAYNE KERR6500P BLOCK DIAGRAM WAYNE KERR 6500P FRONT PANEL
PAGE No. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 29 33 34 36 37 40 44 44 46 49 52 53 54 55 56
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE No.
1 2
OBJECTIVE INSPIRATION
8 9
Punjab Technical University 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM RESULT CONCLUSION DISCUSSION CHALLENGES FACED BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX 10 11 53 57 65 66 67 68 69
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to automate a LCR meter with the help of a software program. This is done with the help of LabVIEW . It is a graphical programming language which helps in execution on the program in a sequential manner. The project is useful as the measurements made are accurate and unwanted human errors can be dissolved. Automation is extremely important as the measurement time is considerably reduced and possibilities of errors are significantly low.
INSPIRATION
Graphical programming is relatively new and different from the theoretical languages. Coding with C, C+ + can be tedious and tough at times and also requires a lot of time and effort. So I chose a graphical language, like LabVIEW which is a extremely user friendly software, more innovative than the basic languages and is easy to use. In labVIEW troubleshooting is far more easier as compared to any other programming language. With the help of a program I was able to automate an instrument from which precise and accurate readings can be measured.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE Laptop / Desktop LCR Meter o Wayne Kerr (6500P) o Agilent E4980A Capacitors GPIB Interface
SOFTWARE LabVIEW Software
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1. AUTOMATION
The creation and application of technology to monitor and control the instrument for delivery of results is known as automation. Automation encompasses many vital elements, systems, and job functions. Automation provides benefits to virtually all of industry. Manufacturing , including food and pharmaceutical, chemical and petroleum, pulp Transportation , including automotive, aerospace, and rail Utilities , including water and wastewater, oil and gas, electric power, and telecommunications Defense and paper
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Punjab Technical University Facility operations , including security, environmental control, energy management, safety, and other building automation Automation means Self Dedicated that comes from a Greek word The automation can be done through computer numerical control etc. This will help in the reduction of need for human intervention. Nowadays they became the important source in industries because they produce good quality in low cost. The control of industrial machines and process with the help of computer by replacing human operators is known as Industrial Automation
1.1 Features of Automation The purpose of a measurement automation process is based on the principles of goal-driven measurement. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in our daily lives. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Automation can perform the following functions: identification of the instrument configuring the instrument trigger
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Punjab Technical University calculation of required parameters report generation
Measurement Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the measurements of parameters of an instrument. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
1.2 Automation Software .Although manual tests may find many defects in a software application, it is a laborious and time consuming process. In addition, it may not be effective in finding certain classes of defects. Measurement automation is a process of writing a computer program to do testing that would otherwise need to be done manually. Once tests have been automated, they can be run quickly and repeatedly. This is often the most cost effective method for software products that have a long maintenance life, because even minor patches over the lifetime of the application can cause features to break which were working at an earlier point in time. There are two general approaches to measurement automation:
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Punjab Technical University Code-driven testing Graphical user interface testing.
What to automate, when to automate, or even whether one really needs automation are crucial decisions which the development team must make. Selecting the correct features of the product for automation largely determines the success of the automation. Automating unstable features or features that are undergoing changes should be avoided. Advantages of Automation:

High quality, Repeatability, Reduced lead time, Increase in production, Cost is reduced.
Some industries have lacking of productivity ratio in their product. However the setup of automation cost is high, the industries started picking up industrial automation to develop their productivity ratio at low cost and good quality.
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2. LABVIEW SOFTWARE
LabVIEW is a graphical programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create applications. In contrast to text-based programming languages, where instructions determine program execution, LabVIEW uses dataflow programming, where the flow of data determines execution. In LabVIEW, you build a user interface with a set of tools and objects. The user interface is known as the front panel. You then add code using graphical representations of functions to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this code. In some ways, the block diagram resembles a flowchart. You can purchase several add-on software toolsets for developing specialized applications. All the toolsets integrate seamlessly in LabVIEW. The design on a VI program minimizes the use of hardware the National Physical Laboratory 14
Punjab Technical University automation as it is being carried out with the support of software written in NI LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench).
2.1 Virtual Instrumentation Introduction Virtual Instrumentation uses off-the shelf mainstream computer technologies combined with innovative, flexible software and modular high-performance hardware technologies to create powerful computer based instrumentation solutions. The objective in virtual instrumentation is to use a PC to mimic real instruments with their dedicated controls and displays with the added versatility that come with software. Virtual Instrumentation combines hardware and software with industrial standard computerized technologies to create user-defined instrumentation solutions. National Instruments specializes in developing plug-in, distributed hardware and driver software for data IEEE 488(GPIB), serial and industrial communications. The driver software is the application programming interface to the hardware and is consistent across National Instruments application software, such as LabVIEW. This platform delivers the sophisticated display and analysis capabilities that the Virtual Instrumentation requires. Virtual Instrumentation can be used to create a complete and customized system for measurement and industrial automation by combining different hardware and software components. If there is any upgrade required in the process the same system can be used with some modifications, there is option of extending present components for the further use. National Instruments LabVIEW is an industry-leading software tool for designing test, measurement, and control systems. Since its introduction in 1986, engineers and scientists worldwide who have relied on NI LabVIEW graphical development for projects throughout the product design cycle have gained improved quality, shorter time to market, and great engineering and
manufacturing efficiency. By using the integrated LabVIEW environment to interface with real-world
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Punjab Technical University signals, analyze data for meaningful information,. Because LabVIEW has the flexibility of programming language combined with built-in tools designed specifically for test, measurement and control.
FUNDAMENTALS OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTS
Traditional Instruments Vendor-defined Function-specific, stand-alone connectivity Hardware is the key Expensive Closed, fixed functionality
with
Virtual Instruments User-defined limited Application-oriented system with connectivity to networks, peripherals, and applications Software is the key Low-cost, reusable Open, flexible functionality leveraging off familiar
computer technology Slow turn on technology (5-10 year life cycle) Fast turn on technology (1-2 year life cycle) Minimal economics of scale Maximum economics of scale High development and maintenance Software minimizes development and costs Graphical Programming is basically maintenance costs.
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Punjab Technical University Easy to use Fast Development Time Graphical User Interface Graphical Source Code Easily Modularized Application Builder to create stand-alone executables
2.2 LabVIEW - Ideal for virtual instrumentation LabVIEW is an integral part of virtual instrumentation because it provides an easy-touse application development environment designed specifically for engineers and scientists .LabVIEW offers powerful features that make it easy to connect to a wide variety of hardware and other software. This ease of use and these features deliver the required flexibility for a virtual instrumentation software development
environment. The result is a user-defined interface and user-defined application functionality. One of the most powerful features that LabVIEW offers is its graphical programming paradigm. With LabVIEW, we can design custom virtual instruments by creating a graphical user interface on the computer screen through which they: Operate the instrumentation program Control selected hardware Analyze acquired data Display results
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Punjab Technical University They can customize the LabVIEW user interface, or front panel, with knobs, buttons, dials, and graphs to emulate traditional instrument control panels of, create custom test panels, or visually represent process control and operation. Determine virtual instrument behavior by connecting icons to create block diagrams. With graphical programming, we can develop systems more rapidly than with conventional programming languages, while retaining the power and flexibility needed to variety of applications. LabVIEW is an open environment that includes ready-to-use libraries for everything from serial, Ethernet, and GPIB communication .LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their appearance and operation imitate physical instruments.
2.3 Basic components in LabVIEW A VI contains the following two major components: Front Panel Block Diagram 2.3.1 VI Front Panel In the front panel Controls = Inputs Indicators = Outputs
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VI FrontPan el
Front Panel Toolbar Boolean Control Icon Graph Legend
Waveform Graph Plot Legend Scale Legend
FIG 1- VI FRONT PANEL
2.3.2 VI Block Diagram The block diagram basically has Components wired together Accompanying program for front panel
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VI Block Diagram
Block DiagramToolbar Divide Function Graph Term inal Wire Data
SubVI
While Loop Structure
Num eric Constant
Tim ing Function
Boolean Control Term inal
FIG 2- VI BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. LCR CIRCUIT (SERIES AND PARALLEL)

3.1 Series Circuit The circuit contains all the elements namely inductance, capacitance and resistance, as well as their properties such as Reactance, Phase, Impedance etc. When L C and R are connected together in series and supplied with an alternating voltage, the same circuit current (I) flows through all the components of the circuit, and VR VL and VC indicate the voltages across the resistor, the inductor and the capacitor
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Punjab Technical University respectively. In LCR circuits both internal (inductor) resistance, and external resistance are present in the complete circuit. So it is easier to consider that the voltage VR is the voltage across the TOTAL circuit resistance, which comprises the internal resistance of L, added to any separate fixed resistor and V S is the applied supply voltage. The phase relationship between the supply voltage VS and the circuit current IS depends on the relative values of inductance and capacitance, and whether the inductive reactance (XL) is greater or less than the capacitive reactance (XC). There are various conditions possible, which are illustrated using phasor diagram
FIG 3- LCR SERIES CIRCUIT
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FIG 4- CIRCUIT BEHAVES LIKE INDUCTOR
The diagram shows the circuit conditions when the inductive reactance (XL) is greater than the capacitive reactance (XC). In this case, since both L and C carry the same current, and XL is greater than XC, it follows that VL must be greater than VC. (VL = ISXL and VC = ISXC). The VC and VL are in anti-phase to each other due to their 90 leading and lagging relationship with the circuit current (IS). As VL and VC directly oppose each other, a resulting voltage is created, which will be the difference between VC and VL. This is called the REACTIVE VOLTAGE and its value can be calculated by simply subtracting VC from VL. This is by the phasor (VL VC). The length of the phasor (VL VC) can be arrived at graphically by removing a portion from the tip of the phasor (VL), equivalent to the length of phasor (VC). VS is therefore the phasor sum of the reactive voltage (VL VC) and VR. The phase angle shows that the circuit current IS lags on the supply voltage VS by between 90 and 0, depending on the relative sizes of (VL VC) and VR. Because IS lags VS, this must mean that the circuit is mainly inductive, but the value of inductance has been reduced by the presence of C. Also the phase difference between IS and VS is no longer 90 as it would be if the circuit consisted of only pure inductance and resistance.
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FIG 5- CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS CAPACITOR
This diagram illustrates the phasor diagram for a LCR series circuit in which XC is greater than XL showing that when VC exceeds VL The resultant reactive voltage is now given by (VC VL) and VS is the phasor sum of (VC VL) and VR. The phase angle now shows that the circuit current (IS) leads supply voltage (VS) by between 0 and 90. The overall circuit is now capacitive, but less so than if L was not present.Looking at the phasor diagrams for a LCR series circuit it can be seen that the supply voltage (VS) can either lead or lag the supply current(IS) depending largely on the relative values of the component reactances, XL and XC.
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FIG 6- CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS RESISTOR
The diagram shows the situation, which must occur at some particular frequency, when XC and XL (and therefore VC and VL) are equal. The opposing and equal voltages VC and VL now completely cancel each other out. The supply voltage and the circuit current must now be in phase, so the circuit is apparently entirely resistive! L and C have completely "disappeared". 3.2 Parallel Circuit The circuit in is an "Ideal" LC circuit consisting of only an inductor L and a capacitor C connected in parallel. Ideal circuits exist in theory only, but their use makes understanding of basic concepts easier. It allows consideration of the effects of L and C, ignoring any circuit resistance that would be present in a practical circuit. In phasor diagrams for the circuit , under three different conditions are below, above and at resonance. Unlike the phasor diagrams for series circuits, these diagrams have a voltage VS as the reference (horizontal) phasor, and have several phasors depicting currents. This is because, in a parallel circuit the voltage VS is common to both the L and C arms of the circuit and each of the component arms (L and C) can have individual Currents
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Punjab Technical University The phasors for L and C seem to be reversed compared with the phasor diagrams for series circuits, but the parallel phasor diagram shows the current IC through the capacitor leading the supply voltage VS by 90, while the inductive current IL lags the supply voltage by 90.
FIG 7- LCR PARRALEL CIRCUIT
The supply current IS will be the phasor sum of IC and IL but as, in the ideal circuit, there is no resistance present, IC and IL are exactly in anti phase, and IS will be simply
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Punjab Technical University the difference between them. the circuit operating at some frequency below resonance r where IL is greater than IC and the total current through the circuit IS is given by IL IC and will be in phase with IL, and it will be lagging the supply voltage by 90. Therefore at frequencies below r more current flows through L than through C and so the parallel circuit acts as an INDUCTOR.. When X C will be lower than XL more current will flow through C. IC is therefore greater than IL and as a result, the total circuit current IS can be given as IL IC but this time IS is in phase with IC. The circuit is now acting as a CAPACITOR. At resonance (r) the reactances of C and L will be equal, so an equal amount of current flows in each arm of the circuit, (IC = IL). This produces a very strange condition. Considerable current is flowing in each arm of the circuit, but the supply current is ZERO. This impossible state of affairs of having currents flowing around the circuit with no supply current, indicates that the circuit must have infinite impedance to the supply. As there is no resistance in either L or C in the ideal circuit, current continues to flow from L to C and back again. This only happens of course in an ideal circuit, due to the complete absence of resistance in either arm of the circuit.
4. LCR METER
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Punjab Technical University The LCR meter can be used to measure the various parameters used measurement.

in
WAYNE KERR 6500P AGILENT E4980A
4.1 WAYNE KERR 6500P LCR METER
FIG 8-WAYNE KERR 6500P
The 6500P series of High Frequency LCR Meters provides impedance measurement capability of components from 20Hz up to 120MHz. A comprehensive range of functions enables a component to be accurately characterized over a wide frequency range. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) combined with the large touch screen TFT display enables measurement parameters to be modified easily and quickly. The instruments may be remotely controlled using the GPIB or LAN interface
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4.1.1 Measurement Parameters A comprehensive range of AC functions enables a wide range of components to be accurately characterized. Each measurement displays two user selectable component parameters, which allow specific component characteristics to be monitored. Capacitance (C) Inductance (L) Resistance (R) Reactance (X) Conductance (G) Susceptance (B) Dissipation Factor (D) Quality Factor (Q) Impedance (Z) Admittance (Y) Phase Angle ()
All the above functions can be selected via manual front panel control or controlled remotely via the GPIB or LAN interfaces for fully-automated high-speed testing.
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4.1.2 Front Panel
FIG 9 -FRONT PANEL
1) Switching the Instrument ON When the instrument is connected to the correct AC power supply, press the POWER switch. The power indicator will light, the bias indicator will flash and after running the start up routine the instrument will display Meter Mode. 2) Switching the Instrument OFF The power can be switched OFF at any time without damage to the instrument, but to avoid losing trim and calibration data, the instrument should be switched OFF when it is in a quiescent state rather than when it is running a routine, e.g. trimming, calibration or data entry. 3) Touch Panel Interface The instrument should always be controlled using the LCD display touch panel interface.
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Punjab Technical University the stylus supplied to select instrument modes, functions and measurement parameters. The parameter to be modified is done by lightly touching the LCD screen with the point of the stylus and the screen will respond by displaying the new setting. The item selected by the stylus only becomes active when the stylus is lifted off the touch screen.
4) The Navigation Keys
The navigation keys can be used in place of the touch screen display or mouse to move around the screen. 5) Measurement Keys
6) Trigger When in single shot mode, the Trigger key initiates a single measurement. If it is pressed and held, the analyzer will continue to make measurements until the key is released. 5) Bias The Bias key applies DC bias to the AC measurement signal if a DC bias option (/D1) is fitted.
6) Control Keys
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7) Menu Displays or hides the File, Mode or Display menu items.
8) Tab It selects the next menu, test parameter or option. Deletes the last entered character when the screen data input keypad is displayed. 9) F1 and F2 Menu specific functions 10) Enter Confirm data entry when the screen data input keypad is displayed. 11) Save Saves the instrument set-up. 12) Help Displays the instrument type and the software revision instrument 13) Local
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Punjab Technical University Restores control to the front panel when the instrument is under external (GPIB) control. 14) Data Entry Keypad
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4.1.3 Operation Overview The 6500P series of High Frequency LCR Meters features a touch screen display which enables the instrument to be controlled by selecting menu items, measurement parameters and control functions directly from the displayed image. It is recommended that a stylus always be used when controlling the instrument using the touch screen interface. Alternatively the instrument may be controlled using the front panel keypad or external keyboard and /or mouse. The settings can be saved independently using the Save command from the File drop-down menu These settings can then be recalled using the Load command from the File
FIG 10- FRONT PANEL OVERVIEW
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4.1.4 Measuring a Component

1) Component Fixture
FIG 11- COMPONENT FIXTURE
2) Measurement Parameters Any of the following parameters can be measured and displayed. 3) AC Functions Capacitance (C), Inductance (L), Resistance (R), Reactance (X), Conductance (G), Susceptance (B), Dissipation Factor (D), Quality Factor (Q), Impedance (Z), Admittance (Y) and Phase Angle ( ). 4) Equivalent Circuit Series or Parallel.
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5) Test Conditions Frequency Range 65120P 20Hz to 120MHz
6) Specification
Measurement Range G,Y,B L C R, Z, X
Q
0.01nS to >2kS 0.1nh to > 2kH 1Ff to >1F 0.01mohm to >2Gohm

0.00001 to >1000
0.00001 to >1000
Measurement accuracy Dissipation factor 0.0005 (1+D2)** Quality factor 0.05 %( Q+1/Q)** Capacitance / Inductance / Impedance 0.05% ***Varies with frequency, drive level and measured impedance 7) AC Drive Drive Level (AC Measurements)
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4.2 AGILENT
E4980A
FIG 12-AGILENT E4980A
The Agilent E4980A is a general-purpose LCR meter for incoming inspection of components, quality control, and laboratory use. The E4980A is used for evaluating LCR components, materials, and semiconductor devices over a wide range of frequencies (20 Hz to 20 MHz) and test signal levels (0.1 mVrms to 2 Vrms, 50 A to 20 mArms). The E4980As test signal level range spans 0.1 mV to 20 Vrms, and 50 A to 200 mArms The E4980A offers C-D measurement with a basic accuracy of 0.05% (C), 0.0005 (D) at all frequencies with sevendigit resolution (the dissipation factor resolution is 1 ppm) in every range.. The E4980A can be easily combined with a component handler, a scanner, and a system controller to fully automate component testing, sorting, and quality-control data processing. The E4980As list sweep function permits entry of up to 201 frequencies, test signal levels, or bias level points to be automatically measured. The GPIB/LAN/USB interfaces are standard interfaces on the E4980A and enable automatic testing.
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4.2.1 Front Panel This section describes the names and functions of the parts on the E4980As front panel.
FIG13- FRONT PANEL
1) Power switch Used for choosing between power-on and -off states of the E4980A. When turned on, the switch lights up in yellow-green and all operating voltages are applied to the instrument. When turned off, the switch lights up in orange and no operating voltages are applied to the instrument. 2) LCD The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) displays measurement results, test conditions, etc. Occasionally there are missing pixels or constantly lit pixels, but this is not a malfunction and does not affect the performance of the instrument. 3) Soft keys
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Punjab Technical University Five soft keys are used to select measurement conditions and parameter functions. Each Soft key has a soft key label along its left side. 4) Menu keys Menu selection keys are used to access the corresponding selection of instrument controls. 5) Cursor keys These keys used to move the field select cursor from field to field on a displayed page. When the cursor is moved to a certain field, that field changes to an inverse video image of the original field. The cursor can only be moved from field to field. 6) Entry keys These keys are used to enter numeric data into the E4980A. The entry keys comprise the digits 0 to9, a period (.), and a plus/minus (+/-) sign. Entered values are displayed on the input line(second line from the bottom of the LCD screen), and pressing the softkey terminatesnumeric input. The plus/minus key deletes the last character of the input value. 7) LED indicator The LED indicator lights up when DC Bias or DC Source is on. The USB indicator lights up while accessing a USB memory. 8) Preset key A key used to return the LCR meter to the initial setup state 9) Trigger key A key used to manually trigger the E4980A when it is set to the manual trigger mode. 10) DC Bias key This key is used to toggle on and off of the DC bias output. When the DC bias output is set to on, the DC bias indicator lights up and DC BIAS is displayed in the status display area on the screen. If the DC Bias
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Punjab Technical University key is set to off, even though the DC bias is set to on according to the LCD display, the DC bias is not output. Regardless of which page is displayed, when the DC BIAS key is pressed, the value that has been set in the BIAS field of MEAS SETUP (and MEAS DISPLAY) is output 11) DC Source key This key is used to toggle on and off of the DC source output. When the DC source output is set to on, the DC Source indicator lights up and DC SRC is displayed in the status display area screen. Regardless of which page is displayed, when the DC SOURCE key is pressed, the value that has been set in the DC SRC field of MEAS SETUP is output. 12) UNKNOWN terminals These are the UNKNOWN terminals used to connect a four-terminal pair test fixture or test leads for measuring the device under test (DUT). 13) Front USB port This port is used to save data in a USB memory. The USB indicator lights up while accessing the USB memory. 14) USB memory type USB memory is used for USB mass-storage-class compliant and format. 15) Frame terminal This is used for measurements that require guarding. 16) DC Source terminal Outputs the DC source in the range from -10 V to 10 V. Option 001 is required for this.
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4.2.2 Operation Overview

Screen Area: Names and Functions of Parts
FIG 14- FRONT PANEL OVERVIEW
1) Display Page Area Shows a display page name of the current display page. On each display page, three lines are collected together as one area. 2) Comment Line Area The input is up to 30 characters in ASCII format by using the front panel or the Display: LINE command of the GPIB command. The first 22 characters are displayed in this area. This area is displayed on the following display pages. MEAS DISPLAY page BIN No. DISPLAY page BIN COUNT DISPLAY page LIST SWEEP DISPLAY page MEAS SETUP page
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Punjab Technical University 3) Soft key Area This displays the soft key labels corresponding to the field. A display to the right of a soft key indicates that pressing that soft key will display the soft key label one level lower 4) Measurement Data/Conditions Area It displays measurement conditions and measurement results. Under certain conditions one of the following messages may be displayed instead of the measurement results. 5) Input Line Area This displays numeric values entered with the entry key. 6) System Message Area This displays a system message, warning, and error message. 7) Status Display Area This displays the status when DC bias or DC source is on, or any front panel key is locked. When sending SCPI commands from the external controller, RMT is displayed and the front panel keys are locked.
4.2.3 Measurement parameter descriptions
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Punjab Technical University Primary parameter
Cp - Capacitance value measured using the parallel equivalent circuit model Cs - Capacitance value measured using the series equivalent circuit model Lp - Inductance value measured using the parallel equivalent circuit model Ls - Inductance value measured using the series equivalent circuit model R - Resistance Z - Absolute value of impedance G - Conductance Y - Absolute value of admittance
Secondary parameter
D - Dissipation factor Q - Quality factor (inverse of dissipation factor) G - Conductance Rs - Equivalent series resistance measured using the series equivalent circuit model Rp - Equivalent parallel resistance measured using the parallel equivalent circuit model X - Reactance B - Sustenance - Phase angle
4.2.4 Equivalent parallel and serial combinations
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Punjab Technical University PRIMARY FACTOR Z SERIES MODE Z-r Z-d Y --------Y-r Y-d C Cs-D Cs-Q Cs-Rs L Ls-D Ls-Q Ls-Rs Ls-Rdc R R-X Cp-D Cp-Q Cp-G Cp-Rp Lp-D Lp-Q Lp-G Lp-Rp Lp-Rdc --------PARALLEL MODE -------
----------
G-B
5. OTHER REQUIREMENTS
5.1 DUC (Device Under Calibration) National Physical Laboratory 43
This includes standard Capacitors, Resistors and Inductors.
FIG 15-STANDARD CAPACITORS
FIG 16-STANDARD RESISTORS AND INDUCTORS
6. GPIB
6.1 Introduction
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Punjab Technical University Hewlett-Packard designed the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus ( HP-IB ) to connect their line of programmable instruments to their computers. Because of its high transfer rates (nominally 1 Mbytes/s), this interface bus quickly gained popularity. It was later accepted as IEEE Standard 488-1975, and has evolved to ANSI/IEEE Standard 488.1-1987. Today, the name General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) is more widely used than HP-IB. Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI ) took the command structures defined in IEEE 488.2 and created a single, comprehensive programming command set that is used with any SCPI instrument.
7. AUTOMATION PROGRAM (AGILENT E4980A)
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Punjab Technical University The Automation Program for Agilent E4980A can be studied under three stages Configuration Block Execution Block Writing data into spreadsheet
7.1 Configuration Block
FIG 17-CONFIGRATION BLOCK
The Configuration Block includes various input parameters which are required to feed
before
Measurements. It is required (i) to select the Parameter, (ii) to define the input frequency (iii) Meter speed is either slow, fast or medium etc.(iv) DUC value etc.
7.1.1 VISA
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Punjab Technical University The start of a program is done by a VISA resources. VISA is an object-oriented language. The most important objects in the VISA languageare known as resources. In object-oriented terminology, the functions that can be used with an object are known as operations. In addition to the operations that can be used with an object, the object has variables associated with it that contain information related to the object. In VISA, these variables are known as attributes. 1) VISA Resource name Visa resource name specifies the resource to be opened .The visa resource name control also specifies session and the class. If duplicate session is TRUE and there is currently a session opened to the resource, another session is opened to the resource. If duplicate session is set to FALSE and a session is opened to the resource, the open session is used. A VISA session is a unique logical identifier used by VISA to communicate with a resource. Error in (no error) describes error conditions that occur before this node runs .This input provides standard error in functionality. VISA resource name out is the resource to which a VISA session is opened and its class. The class matches that of the VISA resource name input .Error out contains error information This output provides standard error out functionality 2) VISA Open It is used to open sessions to the resources in the system using the Default Resource Managers ability to open sessions. The VISA Open VI that carries out this operation is shown below.
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The resource name input is the VISA instrument descriptor for the resource to which a session will be opened.. 3) VISA Write and Read A user only needs to know that they would like to write a message or read a message from a messagebased device. The VIs that are used to perform these operations are VISA Write and VISA Read The Write VI is shown below
The only input, besides the instrument session, is the string to be sent to the instrument. The VISA Read VI is equally easy to use. It is shown below
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7.1.2 Pick line function Chooses a line from multi-line string and appends that line to string. The connector pane displays the default data types for this polymorphic function.
7.2 Execution Block
FIG 18- EXECUTION BLOCK
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Punjab Technical University The Execution unit basically executes the data. It includes For loop function, Scan from string function, VISA Write, Strings, Mean Variance and Standard Deviation function etc. 7.2.1 For Loop Executes its subdiagram n times, where n is the value wired to the count (N) terminal. The iteration (i) terminal provides the current loop iteration count, which ranges from 0 to n-1. 7.2.2 Scan From String Function
Scans the input string and converts the string according to format string.Use this function when you know the exact format of the input. The input can be string path, enumerated type, time stamp, or numeric data
7.2.3 Format Into String
Increase the number of parameters by right-clicking the function and selecting Add Parameter from the shortcut menu or by resizing the function.If you wire a block diagram constant string to format string, LabVIEW uses format string to determine the number of outputs and the data type of each output at compile time.
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Punjab Technical University 7.2.4 Standard Deviation and Variance VI
Computes the mean, standard deviation, and variance of the values in the input sequence. Mean is the mean or average of the values of x. Standard deviation is the standard deviation calculated from the values in the input sequence x Variance is the calculated variance of the values in the input sequence x
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7.3 Writing into Spreadsheet
FIG 18- WRITING TO SPREADSHEET
7.3.2 Writing into spreadsheet Data can be transferred into spreadsheet with the help of Microsoft office tools box present in LabVIEW. automatically data can be incurred with its help. 7.3.3 MS Office Report This function is used to measure the output readings ,and can be used to plot graphs
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SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM AGILENT E4980A

Block Diagram
FIG 20-AGILENT E4980A BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Punjab Technical University Front Panel
FIG 21-AGILENT E4980A FRONT PANEL
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WAYNE KERR 6500P

Block Diagram
FIG 22-WAYNEE KERR 6500P BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Punjab Technical University Front Panel
FIG 23- WAYNE KERR 6500P FRONT PANEL
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RESULT
The LCR meter is being successfully automated with the help of LabVIEW program and the
measurements of various capacitors at different frequencies are as follows:CAPACITANCE 1pF 0.1%

Frequency (Hz) 100 500 1000
9.41074E-13 1.00240E-12 9.96398E-13 9.50512E-13 1.00524E-12 9.97026E-13 1.07052E-12 1.00592E-12 9.96868E-13 8.50415E-13 1.00592E-12 9.95843E-13 9.45594E-13 1.00389E-12 9.94982E-13 9.45594E-13 1.00389E-12 9.94982E-13 7.83078E-14 1.39175E-15 8.33058E-16
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
MEAN
S.D
Reference value
Frequency (Hz) 100 500 1000 Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5
0.94107 1.00240 0.99640
0.95051 1.00524 0.99703
0.95051 1.00592 0.99687
0.95051 1.00359 0.99584
0.95051 1.00389 0.99498
DISSIPATION FACTOR
Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
MEAN
S.D
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Punjab Technical University CAPACITANCE 1pF0.1% GRAPH
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CAPACITANCE 10pF 0.1%

Reading 1
Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 5
MEAN
S.D
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CONCLUSION
This project has been a step towards automating the whole process involved in the calibration of LCR Meter. It helps to automate the entire process and has been a successful step towards the creation of a friendly environment while working with the LCR meter. It is not only easy to understand for a person but also very user friendly. The time required by the program can be further reduced if more efficient or say, fast detectors could be used. In that case only the delays of the program need to be eliminated out. There are further more possibilities which can be include in this program
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DISCUSSION
I started this project by building small programs in LabVIEW, then moved on to basic program of LCR meter which was implemented on Wayne Kerr 6500 LCR meter, and then with further modification and improvement in the program I was able to make a program to automate the instrument. This program with further enhancement was used for automation of Agilent E4980A LCR meter as well with which I measured various capacitors at different frequencies.
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CHALLENGES FACED
Even if the code that was syntactically correct and functionally complete, there would be errors due to data loss or difference in string formats In this project identifying the source and fixing the cause of unexpected or undesirable software errors was tedious and time-consuming. Highlighted execution plays a major role in identifying the source of error as the program gets stopped and can be mended at that point, for successful running of data.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com www.ni.com National Instruments LabVIEW manual Wayne Kerr 6500P manual Agilent E4980A manual
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APPENDIX PARAMETERS OF LCR METER

1) INDUCTANCE Inductance is the property of an electrical circuit causing voltage to be generated proportional to the rate of change in current in a circuit. This property also is called self inductance to discriminate it from mutual inductance, describing the voltage induced in one electrical circuit by the rate of change of the electric current in another circuit. The quantitative definition of the self inductance L of an electrical circuit in SI units (Webbers per ampere, known as henries) 2) CAPACITANCE Capacitance is the ability of a body to hold an electrical charge. Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electrical energy stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad; 1 farad is 1 coulomb per volt. 3) RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE The electrical resistance of an electrical element measures its opposition to the passage of an electric current; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion of friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in Siemens (S).
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4) IMPEDANCE Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to alternating current (AC). Electrical impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative amplitudes of the voltage and current, but also the relative phases. The symbol for impedance is usually and it may be represented by writing its magnitude and phase in the form .
5) REACTANCE Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change of electric current or voltage, due to element's capacitance or inductance. A built-up electric field resists the change of voltage on the element, while a magnetic field resists the change of current 6) SUSCEPTANCE Susceptance (B) is the imaginary part of admittance. The inverse of admittance is impedance and the real part of admittance is conductance. In SI units, susceptance is measured in Siemens. 7) QUALITY FACTOR the quality factor or Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-
damped an oscillator or resonator 8) DISSIPATION FACTOR the dissipation factor (DF) is a measure of loss-rate of power of a mode of oscillation (mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical) in a dissipative system. It is the reciprocal of Quality factor,
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1) MEASUREMENT It is an act of a quantitative comparison between a predefined standard and the unknown magnitude of a physical quantity. It is essential that the measuring instruments should be calibrated against more accurate and traceable measurement standards using specified calibration procedures. 2) CALIBRATION Calibration is a process of verifying the operational integrity of test and measuring equipment or measuring standards of unverified accuracy by comparing them to the standards of verified (known) greater accuracy in order to detect, co-relate report or eliminate by adjustment any deviation in accuracy, capability or from any other required performance. Simply, it is a process in which the equipment under test or use is compared with standard equipment. 3) ADVANTAGE OF CALIBRATION a) It enables us to achieve accuracy, precision and interchangeability. b) It enhances the confidence for use of measurement by knowing the uncertainties associated with them. c) It fulfills the requirement of traceability to National Standards. 4) TRACEABILITY Traceability is the ability to relate measurements back to known National Standards through an unbroken chain of comparison. 5) STANDARD
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Punjab Technical University A standard is a physical device having stable, precisely defined characteristics, that is used as a reference for a unit of measurement or a physical device, which maintain a unit of some physical quantity, is called standard of that physical quantity. Its characteristics are: a) Stability b) Accuracy c) Reliable d) Insensitive to change in environmental conditions. e) Reasonable price. f) Simplicity in construction and use. 6) PRECISION (REPEATABILITY) The closeness of agreement between results of successive measurements of the same value of a quantity carried out under identical conditions in a short interval is known as precision. It is used to characterize the random error. The term Repeatability can be defined as the ability of the instrument to reproduce a group of measurements of the same measured quantity, made by the same observer, using the same instrument and under same conditions. S, known as Precision index of data available, quantifies precision. A large precision index means a lot of scatter in data and conversely a small precision index means high precision. 7) ACCURACY Accuracy of a measuring system is defined as the degree of closeness to the true value of quantity under measurement. It mainly depends on the inherent limitations of the device. 8) UNCERTAINTY 8.1 Introduction
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Punjab Technical University There is no such thing as a perfect measurement! All measurements have errors and uncertainties, no matter how hard we might try to minimize them. Hence, a statement of results of measurement is complete only it contains both the values attributed to the measurand and the uncertainty in measurement associated with that value. Without such an indication, measured results cannot be compared, either among themselves or with reference values given in a specification or standard. 8.2 Uncertainty The uncertainty of measurement is a parameter, associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the true value, which could reasonably be attributed to the measurand. It is a statement of the limits of the range within which the true value of a measurement is expected to lie in relation to recorded result and it must include the probability of the true value lying within these limits. This probability is termed as confidence level. 8.3 Sources of Uncertainties The uncertainty of the result of a measurement reflects the lack of complete knowledge of the value of the measurand. Complete knowledge requires an infinite amount of information. Uncertainty in a measurement can arise from mainly three possible origins: the measuring device, the procedure of how you measure, and the observed quantity itself. Both systematic and random errors affecting the observed results contribute to the uncertainty. These contributions have been referred to as systematic and random components of uncertainty respectively. Nowadays, uncertainty is evaluated according to either a Type A or a Type B method of evaluation. There are many possible sources of uncertainty in a measurement, which could be as follows: Incomplete definition of the measurand; Non-representative sampling- the sample measured may not represent the defined measurand;
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Punjab Technical University Inadequately known effects of environmental conditions; Inexact values of measurement standards; Inexact values of constants and other parameters obtained from external sources and used in datareduction algorithm; Approximations and assumptions incorporated in the measurement method;
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PROJECT REPORT ON

MEASUREMENT AUTOMATION FOR HF IMPEDANCE STANDARD USING LABVIEW

Report Submitted By: POWRNIMA G KUMAR :-7210406872

BHUTTA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Punjab Technical University

LUDHIANA, PUNJAB ORGANISATION PROFILE

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

National Physical Laboratory

Punjab Technical University

National Physical Laboratory

National Physical Laboratory

Punjab Technical University

National Physical Laboratory

National Physical Laboratory

Punjab Technical University

National Physical Laboratory

Punjab Technical University

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE LabVIEW Software

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Punjab Technical University

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1. AUTOMATION

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Punjab Technical University calculation of required parameters report generation

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Punjab Technical University Code-driven testing Graphical user interface testing.

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Punjab Technical University

National Physical Laboratory

FUNDAMENTALS OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTS

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Punjab Technical University

Waveform Graph Plot Legend Scale Legend

FIG 1- VI FRONT PANEL

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Punjab Technical University

While Loop Structure

Num eric Constant

Tim ing Function

Boolean Control Term inal

FIG 2- VI BLOCK DIAGRAM

3. LCR CIRCUIT (SERIES AND PARALLEL)

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FIG 3- LCR SERIES CIRCUIT

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Punjab Technical University

FIG 4- CIRCUIT BEHAVES LIKE INDUCTOR

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FIG 5- CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS CAPACITOR

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Punjab Technical University

FIG 6- CIRCUIT BEHAVES AS RESISTOR

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FIG 7- LCR PARRALEL CIRCUIT

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National Physical Laboratory

WAYNE KERR 6500P AGILENT E4980A

4.1 WAYNE KERR 6500P LCR METER

FIG 8-WAYNE KERR 6500P